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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a06f8ee --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63659 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63659) diff --git a/old/63659-0.txt b/old/63659-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 7e30c46..0000000 --- a/old/63659-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11548 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Roswell Report: Case Closed, by James McAndrew - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Roswell Report: Case Closed - -Author: James McAndrew - -Release Date: November 7, 2020 [EBook #63659] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROSWELL REPORT: CASE CLOSED *** - - - - -Produced by Tim Lindell, Robert Tonsing and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -The Cover - -A solarized image taken from a U.S. Air Force motion picture of -experiments conducted for Project HIGH DIVE. This image, -unsolarized, appears on page 34 (Figure 37). - - - - - The Roswell Report - CASE CLOSED - - Headquarters United States Air Force - - - - - Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data - - McAndrew, James, 1963— - The Roswell report: case closed/James McAndrew - p. cm. - Includes index. - 1. Unidentified flying objects—Sightings and encounters—New - Mexico—Roswell. I. Title - TL789.5.N6M33 1997 - 001.942’09789’43—dc21 97-11361 - CIP - - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office - Washington, D.C. 20402 - - For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office -Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328 - ISBN 0-16-049018-9 - - - - - Foreword - - -The “Roswell Incident” has assumed a central place in American folklore -since the events of the 1940s in a remote area of New Mexico. Because -the Air Force was a major player in those events, we have played a key -role in executing the General Accounting Office’s tasking to uncover -all records regarding that incident. - -Our objective throughout this inquiry has been simple and consistent: -to find all the facts and bring them to light. If documents were -classified, declassify them; where they were dispersed, bring them into -a single source for public review. - -In July 1994, we completed the first step in that effort and later -published _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico -Desert_. This volume represents the necessary follow-on to that first -publication and contains additional material and analysis. I think that -with this publication we have reached our goal of a complete and open -explanation of the events that occurred in the Southwest many years ago. - -Beyond that achievement, this inquiry has shed fascinating light into -the Air Force of that era and revitalized our appreciation for the -dedication and accomplishments of the men and women of that time. As we -celebrate the Air Force’s 50th Anniversary, it is appropriate to once -again reflect on the sacrifices made by so many to make ours the finest -air and space force in history. - - SHEILA E. WIDNALL - Secretary of the Air Force - - - - - Guide For Readers - - -This publication contains the complete report as submitted to the -Secretary of the Air Force. The exceptions are the statements found -in Appendix B. Due to Privacy Act restrictions and by request, the -addresses of the individuals making these statements have been deleted. - -This volume is divided into two sections, eight subsections, eleven -sidebar discussions, and three appendices. Section One examines alleged -events at two locations in rural New Mexico. Section Two examines the -alleged activities at the Roswell Army Airfield Hospital. - -Appendix A is a table listing the launch and landing locations of test -equipment for U.S. Air Force scientific research projects HIGH DIVE and -EXCELSIOR. Appendix B is a collection of signed sworn statements based -on in-person interviews conducted for this report by U.S. Air Force -researchers. The exception is the statement of Lt. Col. William C. -Kaufman, which was not sworn due to equipment failures at the time of -interview. - -Appendix C contains transcripts of interviews of alleged witnesses -presented by UFO theorists. The interviews of Gerald Anderson, Alice -Knight, and Vern Maltais were excerpted in their entirety from unedited -interviews used to prepare the video, _Recollections of Roswell, Part -II_ (1993), and appear courtesy of the Fund for UFO Research. The -interview of Mr. W. Glenn Dennis was provided by the interviewer, Karl -T. Pflock. The transcript of the interview of Mr. James Ragsdale was -provided by Kevin Randle, the coauthor of the _Truth About the UFO -Crash at Roswell_ (Avon Books, 1994), in which direct quotes from this -transcript appear. - -A selected bibliography of technical reports and how to obtain them -are found on page 221. For additional information on this subject, see -Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. -Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government -Printing Office, 1995). - - - - - The Author - - -Captain James McAndrew serves as an Intelligence Applications Officer -assigned to the Secretary of the Air Force Declassification and -Review Team, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.. Captain McAndrew was the -coauthor, with Col. Richard L. Weaver, of _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. -Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (1995), the first Air Force work on -the alleged “Roswell Incident.” He participated in the declassification -of the _Gulf War Air Power Survey_ (1993) and has served special tours -of duty with the Drug Enforcement Administration and High Intensity -Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Task Force. He holds a BS degree with -honors, from Metropolitan State College, Denver, Colo. and is a native -of Washington, D.C. - - - - - Contents - - - _Page_ - - =Foreword= iii - - =Guide for Readers= v - - =Introduction= 1 - - - SECTION ONE - =Flying Saucer Crashes - and Alien Bodies= 5 - - 1.1 The “Crash Sites,” Scenarios, and Research Methods 11 - - 1.2 High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops 23 - - 1.3 High Altitude Balloon Operations 37 - - 1.4 Comparison of Witnesses Accounts to U.S. Air Force Activities 55 - - - SECTION TWO - =Reports of Bodies at Roswell - Army Air Field Hospital= 75 - - 2.1 The “Missing” Nurse and the Pediatrician 81 - - 2.2 Aircraft Accidents 93 - - 2.3 High Altitude Research Projects 101 - - 2.4 Comparison of the Hospital Account to the Balloon Mishap 109 - - - =Conclusion= 123 - - - Notes - - Section One 127 - - Section Two 139 - - APPENDIX A - =Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch - and Landing Locations= 155 - - - APPENDIX B - =Witness Statements= - - Charles E. Clouthier 160 - - Charles A. Coltman, Jr., Col., USAF, MC (Ret) 162 - - Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF (Ret) 164 - - Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14 (Ret) 166 - - Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF (Ret) 169 - - William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret) 171 - - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret) 174 - - Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF (Ret) 178 - - Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col. USAF (Ret) 180 - - Frank B. Nordstrom, M.D. 182 - - - APPENDIX C - =Interviews= - - Gerald Anderson 187 - - Glenn Dennis 197 - - Alice Knight 213 - - Vern Maltais 214 - - James Ragsdale 215 - - - =Selected Bibliography of - Technical Reports= 221 - - - =Index= 225 - - - Tables - - SECTION ONE - 1.1 Comparison of Testimony to Actual Air Force Equipment - and Procedures Used to Launch and Recover - Anthropomorphic Dummies 69 - - SECTION TWO - 2.1 Persons Described and Periods of Service at - Roswell AAF/Walker AFB 91 - - 2.2 Fatal Air Force Aircraft Accidents by Year - in the Vicinity of Walker AFB-1947–1960 93 - - 2.3 Analysis of Air Force Aircraft Accidents - by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB-1947–1960 94 - - - Figures - - SECTION ONE - - 1. _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction In The New Mexico Desert._ - - 2. The International UFO Museum and Research Center, Roswell, N.M. - - 3. Drawing of Project MOGUL Balloon Train. - - 4. Maj. Jesse Marcel With “Flying Disc” Debris. - - 5. ML-307B/AP Radar Target on Ground. - - 6. ML-307B/AP Radar Target in Flight. - - 7. “Harassed Rancher Who Located ‘Saucer’ Sorry He Told About It,” - _Roswell Daily Record_, July 9, 1947. - - 8. Announcement from November 4, 1992 _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor - Chieftain_. - - 9. B.D. “Duke” Gildenberg. - - 10. Charles B. Moore. - - 11. Map of New Mexico Depicting “Crash Sites” and “Debris Field.” - - 12. Missile Recovery Scene. - - 13. Drone Recovery Scene. - - 14. “Sierra Sam” Type Anthropomorphic Dummy. - - 15. National Transportation Highway Safety Administration - Advertisement Featuring “Vince and Larry.” - - 16. “Dummy Joe” with J.J. Higgins and Guy Ball, McCook Field, Ohio, - 1920. - - 17. Rope and Sandbag Parachute Drop Dummy on Ground. - - 18. Rope and Sandbag Parachute Drop Dummy Descending at Wright - Field, Ohio. - - 19. Ted Smith Model Anthropomorphic Dummy in Ejection Seat. - - 20. Anthropomorphic Dummy “Oscar Eightball” at Muroc AAF, Calif. - - 21. “Sierra Sam” Anthropomorphic Dummy in Ejection Seat. - - 22. Alderson Laboratories Anthropomorphic Dummies Hanging in - Laboratory. - - 23. Project HIGH DIVE Dummy Launch. - - 24. Map of New Mexico Depicting Dummy Landing Locations. - - 25. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.’s Record Parachute Jump. - - 26. Article In December 1960 National Geographic Featuring Project - EXCELSIOR. - - 27. Magazine Covers Depicting U.S. Air Force Aero-Medical - Experiments. - - 28. M-342 Five-Ton Wrecker. - - 29. Project HIGH DIVE Gondola and “Sierra Sam” Type Anthropomorphic - Dummy. - - 30. 1st Lts. Raymond A. Madson and Eugene M. Schwartz with “Sierra - Sam” Type Anthropomorphic Dummy. - - 31. M-35 Two-Ton Cargo Truck. - - 32. M-37 ¾-Ton Cargo Truck. - - 33. Lt. Col. John P. Stapp Preparing for Rocket Sled Test. - - 34. Cover of September 12, 1955 _Time_ Magazine Depicting - Lt. Col. John P. Stapp. - - 35. Anthropomorphic Dummy with Missing Fingers. - - 36–38. Anthropomorphic Dummy Falling from Balloon Gondola. - - 39. Memo from Project HIGH DIVE Files. - - 40. Hanging Anthropomorphic Dummies and Hospital Gurney. - - 41. Anthropomorphic Dummy in Insulation Bag. - - 42–43. High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Report Covers. - - 44. Inflation of High Altitude Balloon for Project VIKING. - - 45. Lobby Card from _On The Threshold of Space_. - - 46. Promotional Photo From _On The Threshold of Space_. - - 47. Promotional Photo From _On The Threshold of Space_. - - 48. Relative Sizes of High Altitude Balloon, Airliner, and Hot Air - Balloon. - - 49. Target Balloon Launch Near Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 50. DISCOVERER Nosecone Rigged for High Altitude Balloon Flight. - - 51. DISCOVERER Capsule Aboard the _USS Haiti Victory_. - - 52. VIKING Spaceprobe at Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, Colo. - - 53. Balloon Launch Of VOYAGER-MARS Space Probe. - - 54. VIKING Space Probe at Roswell Industrial Airport, Roswell, N.M. - - 55. VIKING Space Probe Awaiting Recovery at White Sands Missile - Range. - - 56. Drawing of Alleged UFO. - - 57. “Vee” Balloon at Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 58. Current Members of the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch. - - 59. B.D. Gildenberg, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., and Lt. Col. - David G. Simons (MC). - - 60. Ranch Family with Panel from Project STARGAZER. - - 61. Balloon Recovery Personnel and “The Hermit.” - - 62. Mule Borrowed for Balloon Payload Recovery. - - 63. Bulldozer Used for Balloon Payload Recovery. - - 64. M-43 Ambulance. - - 65–66. Unusual Balloon Payloads. - - 67. U.S. Army Communications Payload. - - 68. Scientific Balloon Payload Flown for The Johns Hopkins University. - - 69. Balloon Payload Flown from Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 70. Project HIGH DIVE Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch. - - 71. Vehicles Present at High Altitude Balloon Launch and Recovery - Sites. - - 72. Alderson Laboratories Anthropomorphic Dummies. - - 73. Anthropomorphic Dummies Attached to Rack. - - 74. Anthropomorphic Dummy with “Bandaged” Head. - - 75. Anthropomorphic Dummy with Torn Uniform. - - 76. Promotional Photo From _On The Threshold of Space_. - - 77. L-20 Observation Aircraft. - - 78. C-47 Transport Aircraft. - - 79. Balloon Crew Preparing Balloon for Launch. - - 80. Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch Scene. - - 81. Typical High Altitude Balloon Launch Scene. - - 82. Map of New Mexico. - - SECTION TWO - - 1. The International UFO Museum and Research Center. - - 2. Capt. Eileen M. Fanton. - - 3. “Flying Saucer Swindlers,” _True_ Magazine, August 1956. - - 4. “The Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Green Men,” _True_ - Magazine, September 1952. - - 5. Col. Lee F. Ferrell and U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez. - - 6. Lt. Col. Lucille C. Slattery. - - 7. KC-97 Aircraft. - - 8. 4036th USAF Hospital, Walker AFB, N.M., 1956. - - 9. Ballard Funeral Home, Roswell, N.M. - - 10. Maj. David G. Simons (MC), Otto C. Winzen, and Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr. - - 11. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in MAN HIGH Capsule. - - 12. Lt. Col. David G. Simons. - - 13. Bernard D. “Duke” Gildenberg and 1st Lt. Clifton McClure. - - 14. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and the EXCELSIOR High Altitude - Balloon Gondola. - - 15. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and William C. White with - STARGAZER Gondola. - - 16. Capt. Grover Schock and Otto C. Winzen. - - 17. Capt. Dan D. Fulgham and Capt. William C. Kaufman. - - 18. Thirty-foot Polyethylene Training Balloon. - - 19. Maj. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in Vietnam. - - 20. A2C Ole Jorgeson and M-43 Ambulance Converted to a Communications - Vehicle. - - 21. Stenciled Letters Described as “Hieroglyphics.” - - 22. A2C Ole Jorgeson in Rear of M-43 Ambulance. - - 23. Polyethylene Balloon on Ground After High Altitude Flight. - - 24. Hospital Dispensary, Building 317, Walker AFB, N.M., 1954. - - 25. Main Gate at Walker AFB, N.M., 1954. - - 26. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and Dr. J. Allen Hynek. - - 27. Clinical Record Cover Sheet of Capt. Dan D. Fulgham. - - 28. Capt. Dan D. Fulgham at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. - - 29. Maj. Dan D. Fulgham, James Lovell, Hilary Ray, and Alan Bean. - - 30. Maj. Dan D. Fulgham at Ubon AB, Thailand. - - 31. Memorial Plaque at Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 32. Nenninger Balloon Launch Facility at Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 33. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. Following EXCELSIOR I. - - - - - Introduction - - -In July 1994, the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force concluded -an exhaustive search for records in response to a General Accounting -Office (GAO) inquiry of an event popularly known as the “Roswell -Incident.” The focus of the GAO probe, initiated at the request of New -Mexico Congressman Steven Schiff, was to determine if the U.S. Air -Force, or any other U.S. government agency, possessed information on -the alleged crash and recovery of an extraterrestrial vehicle and its -alien occupants near Roswell, N.M. in July 1947. - -Reports of flying saucers and alien bodies allegedly sighted in the -Roswell area in 1947, have been the subject of intense domestic -and international media attention. This attention has resulted in -countless newspaper and magazine articles, books, a television series, -a full-length motion picture, and even a film purported to be a U.S. -government “alien autopsy.” - -The July 1994 Air Force report concluded that the predecessor to the -U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army Air Forces, did indeed recover material -near Roswell in July 1947. This 1,000-page report methodically explains -that what was recovered by the Army Air Forces was not the remnants of -an extraterrestrial spacecraft and its alien crew, but debris from an -Army Air Forces balloon-borne research project code named MOGUL.[1] -Records located describing research carried out under the MOGUL -project, most of which were never classified (and publicly available) -were collected, provided to GAO, and published in one volume for ease -of access for the general public.[*] - -[*] MOGUL records which ultimately lead to the identification of the -origin of the 1947 claims of “flying saucer” debris, described balloon -research that was never classified. Other MOGUL records, describing -military applications of balloon-borne acoustical sensors, were -declassified, along with millions of pages of other unrelated executive -branch documents by Executive Order 11652, issued on March 6, 1972 by -President Richard M. Nixon. - -Although MOGUL components clearly accounted for the claims of “flying -saucer” debris recovered in 1947, lingering questions remained -concerning anecdotal accounts that included descriptions of “alien” -bodies. The issue of “bodies” was not discussed extensively in the 1994 -report because there were not any bodies connected with events that -occurred in 1947. The extensive Secretary of the Air Force-directed -search of Army Air Forces and U.S. Air Force records from 1947 did not -yield information that even suggested the 1947 “Roswell” events were -anything other than the retrieval of the MOGUL equipment.[2] - - [Illustration: Fig. 1. _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction - in the New Mexico Desert_ contains, in its entirety, the report - submitted to the Secretary of the Air Force in July 1994. It is - available for sale from the U.S. Government Printing Office, - Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C., 20402-9328. Stock - No. 008-070-00697-9, ISBN 0-16-048023-X.] - -Subsequent to the 1994 report, Air Force researchers discovered -information that provided a rational explanation for the alleged -observations of alien bodies associated with the “Roswell Incident.” -Pursuant to the discovery, research efforts compared documented Air -Force activities to the incredible claims of “flying saucers,” “aliens” -and seemingly unusual Air Force involvement. This in-depth examination -revealed that these accounts, in most instances, were of actual Air -Force activities but were seriously flawed in several major areas, most -notably: the Air Force operations that inspired reports of “bodies” (in -addition to being earthly in origin) did not occur in 1947. It appears -that UFO proponents have failed to establish the accurate dates for -these “alien” observations (in some instances by more than a decade) -and then erroneously linked them to the actual Project MOGUL debris -recovery. - -This report discusses the results of this further research and -identifies the likely sources of the claims of “alien” bodies. -Contrary to allegations that the Air Force has engaged in a cover-up -and possesses dark secrets involving the Roswell claims, some of -the accounts appear to be descriptions of unclassified and widely -publicized Air Force scientific achievements. Other descriptions of -bodies appear to be descriptions of actual incidents in which Air Force -members were killed or injured in the line of duty. - -The conclusions of the additional research are: - - • Air Force activities which occurred over a period of many years - have been consolidated and are now represented to have occurred in - two or three days in July 1947. - - • “Aliens” observed in the New Mexico desert were probably - anthropomorphic test dummies that were carried aloft by U.S. Air - Force high altitude balloons for scientific research. - - • The “unusual” military activities in the New Mexico desert were - high altitude research balloon launch and recovery operations. The - reports of military units that always seemed to arrive shortly - after the crash of a flying saucer to retrieve the saucer and - “crew,” were actually accurate descriptions of Air Force personnel - engaged in anthropomorphic dummy recovery operations. - - • Claims of bodies at the Roswell Army Air Field hospital were most - likely a combination of two separate incidents: - - 1) a 1956 KC-97 aircraft accident in which 11 Air Force members - lost their lives; and, - - 2) a 1959 manned balloon mishap in which two Air Force pilots were - injured. - -This report is based on thoroughly documented research supported by -official records, technical reports, film footage, photographs, and -interviews with individuals who were involved in these events. - - [Illustration: Fig. 2. Roswell, N.M. (pop. 37,000), boasts - competing “museums” focusing on the Roswell Incident, including - this one, The International UFO Museum and Research Center.] - - - - - SECTION ONE - - Flying Saucer Crashes and Alien Bodies - - -The most puzzling and intriguing element of the complex series of -events now known as the Roswell Incident, are the alleged sightings of -alien bodies. The bodies turned what, for many years, was just another -flying saucer story, into what many UFO proponents claim is the best -case for extraterrestrial visitation of Earth. The importance of bodies -and the assumptions made as to their origin is illustrated in a passage -from a popular Roswell book: - - _Crashed saucers are one thing, and could well turn out to be - futuristic American or even foreign aircraft or missiles. But - alien bodies are another matter entirely, and hardly subject to - misinterpretation._[3] - -The 1994 Air Force report determined that project MOGUL was responsible -for the 1947 events. MOGUL was an experimental attempt to acoustically -detect suspected Soviet nuclear weapon explosions and ballistic missile -launches.[4] MOGUL utilized acoustical sensors, radar reflecting -targets and other devices attached to a train of weather balloons over -600 feet long. Claims that the U.S. Army Air Forces recovered a “flying -disc” in 1947, were based primarily on the lack of identification of -the radar targets, an element of weather equipment used on the long -MOGUL balloon train. The oddly constructed radar targets were found by -a New Mexico rancher during the height of the first U.S. flying saucer -wave in 1947.[5] The rancher brought the remnants of the balloons and -radar targets to the local sheriff after he allegedly learned of the -broadcasted reports of flying discs. However, following some initial -confusion at Roswell Army Air Field, the “flying disc” was soon -identified by Army Air Forces officials as a standard radar target.[6] - -From 1947 until the late 1970s, the Roswell Incident was essentially -a non-story. The reports that existed contain only descriptions of -mundane materials that originated from the Project MOGUL balloon -train—“tinfoil, paper, tape, rubber, and sticks.”[7] The first claim -of “bodies” appeared in the late 1970s, with additional claims made -during the 1980s and 1990s. These claims were usually based on -anecdotal accounts of second- and third-hand witnesses collected by UFO -proponents as much as 40 years after the alleged incident. The same -anecdotal accounts that referred to bodies also described massive field -operations conducted by the U.S. military to recover crash debris from -a supposed extraterrestrial spaceship. - - [Illustration: Fig. 3. An illustration of a Project MOGUL balloon - train similar to one found on a ranch 75 miles northwest of - Roswell, N.M. in June 1947, which contains all of the “strange” - materials described as part of a “flying disc.” Initial confusion - at Roswell AAF and delayed identification of this equipment was the - first in a series of unrelated events now known as the “Roswell - Incident.”] - -A technique used by some UFO authors to collect anecdotal corroboration -for their theories was to solicit cooperating witnesses through -newspaper announcements. For example, one such solicitation appeared in -the _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor Chieftain_ on November 4, 1992, on behalf -of Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, the authors of the book _Crash -at Corona_. This request solicited persons to provide information about -the supposed crashes of alien spacecraft in the Socorro area.[8][*] - - [*] Socorro, N.M. is situated at the northwest boundary of White - Sands Missile Range, the largest military test range in the United - States. Since the 1940s, White Sands and the surrounding areas of - New Mexico have been the site of a high volume of military test - and evaluation activity, including the launch and recovery of - anthropomorphic dummies carried aloft by high altitude balloons. - - [Illustration: Fig. 4. (_Right_) Maj. Jesse Marcel, an intelligence - officer from Roswell Army Air Field, with the debris found 75 miles - northwest of Roswell in June 1947. When compared to a standard - radar target used by project MOGUL, it is clear that they are - the same object. (_Courtesy, Special Collections Division, the - University of Texas at Arlington Libraries, Arlington, Tex._)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 5 & 6. (_Below, left and right_) Constructed - of aluminized paper glued and taped to a balsa wood frame, several - ML-307B/AP radar targets were used on the MOGUL balloon train to - make it visible to radar. (_U.S. Air Force photos_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 7. This account from the July 9, 1947 _Roswell - Daily Record_, described the materials “tinfoil, paper, rubber, - tape, and sticks” found on the ranch 75 miles northwest of Roswell, - in June 1947. - - _Harassed Rancher who Located ‘Saucer’ Sorry He Told About It_ - - W. W. Brazel, 48, Lincoln county rancher living 30 miles south east - of Corona, today told his story of finding what the army at first - described as a flying disk, but the publicity which attended his - find caused him to add that if he ever found anything else short of - a bomb he sure wasn’t going to say anything about it. - - Brazel was brought here late yesterday by W. E. Whitmore, of radio - station KGFL, had his picture taken and gave an interview to the - Record and Jason Kellahin, sent here from the Albuquerque bureau - of the Associated Press to cover the story. The picture he posed - for was sent out over AP telephoto wire sending machine specially - set up in the Record office by R. D. Adair, AP wire chief sent here - from Albuquerque for the sole purpose of getting out his picture - and that of sheriff George Wilcox, to whom Brazel originally gave - the information of his find. - - Brazel related that on June 14 he and an 8-year old son, Vernon - were about 7 or 8 miles from the ranch house of the J. B. Foster - ranch, which he operates, when they came upon a large area of - bright wreckage made up on rubber strips, tinfoil, a rather tough - paper and sticks. - - At the time Brazel was in a hurry to get his round made and he did - not pay much attention to it. But he did remark about what he had - seen and on July 4 he, his wife, Vernon and a daughter Betty, age - 14, went back to the spot and gathered up quite a bit of the debris. - - The next day he first heard about the flying disks, and he wondered - if what he had found might be the remnants of one of these. - - Monday he came to town to sell some wool and while here he went to - see sheriff George Wilcox and “whispered kinda confidential like” - that he might have found a flying disk. - - Wilcox got in touch with the Roswell Army Air Field and Maj. Jesse - A. Marcel and a man in plain clothes accompanied him home, where - they picked up the rest of the pieces of the “disk” and went to his - home to try to reconstruct it. - - According to Brazel they simply could not reconstruct it at all. - They tried to make a kite, out of it, but could not do that and - could not find any way to put it back together so that it would fit. - - Then Major Marcel brought it to Roswell and that was the last he - heard of it until the story broke that he had found a flying disk. - - Brazel said that he did not see it fall from the sky and did not - see it before it was torn up, so he did not know the size or shape - it might have been, but he thought it might have been about as - large as a table top. The balloon which held it up, if that was how - it worked, must have been about 12 feet long, he felt, measuring - the distance by the size of the room in which he sat. The rubber - was smoky gray in color and scattered over an area about 200 yards - in diameter. - - When the debris was gathered up the tinfoil, paper, tape, and - sticks made a bundle about three feet long and 7 or 8 inches thick, - while the rubber made a bundle about 18 or 20 inches long and about - 8 inches thick. In all, he estimated, the entire lot would have - weighed maybe five pounds. - - There was no sign of any metal in the area which might have been - used for an engine and no sign of any propellers of any kind, - although at least one paper fin had been glued onto some of the - tinfoil. - - There were no words to be found anywhere on the instrument, - although there were letters on some of the parts. Considerable - scotch tape and some tape with flowers printed upon it had been - used in the construction. - - No strings or wire were to be found but there were some eyelets in - the paper to indicate that some sort of attachment may have been - used. - - Brazel said that he had previously found two weather observation - balloons on the ranch, but that what he found this time did not in - any way resemble either of these. - - “I am sure what I found was not any weather observation balloon.” - he said. “But if I find anything else, besides a bomb they are - going to have a hard time getting me to say anything about it.”] - -In response to the newspaper announcement, two scientists central to -the actual explanation of the “Roswell” events, Professor Charles -B. Moore, a former U.S. Army Air Forces contract engineer, and -Bernard D. Gildenberg, retired Holloman AFB Balloon Branch Physical -Science Administrator and Meteorologist, came forward with pertinent -information.[9] According to Moore and Gildenberg, when they met with -the authors their explanations that some of the Air Force projects they -participated in were most likely responsible for the incident, they -were summarily dismissed. The authors even went so far as to suggest -that these distinguished scientists were participants in a multifaceted -government cover-up to conceal the truth about the Roswell Incident. - - [Illustration: Fig. 8. Announcement from the November 4, 1992 - _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor Chieftain_ soliciting witnesses of flying - saucer crashes in New Mexico. When former Air Force scientists - responded to advise the authors that Air Force projects were most - probably responsible for the UFO accounts, they were summarily - dismissed by the authors who placed the announcement, and then were - accused of participating in a cover-up. - - _Authors seek UFO witnesses_ - - Co-authors of a major book on the 1947 crash of at least one - alien spacecraft in the New Mexico desert will be at the Golden - Manor Motel in Socorro on Monday, Nov. 16 to seek out additional - witnesses to these events. - - Nuclear physicist Stanton T. Friedman and aviation/science writer - Don Berliner, whose “Crash at Corona” is now in its second - printing, want to meet with people having knowledge of the 1947 - crashes. - - Their book, being published in August by Paragon House of New York, - is being prepared for a made-for-TV movie. It is the story of the - discovery, retrieval, shipping and cover-up of what the authors - call the most important scientific discovery of the past thousand - years. - - It is based on dozens of interviews with first- and second-hand - civilian and ex-military witnesses to various parts of what is - referred to as a very complex series of events. - - In order to strengthen their case for government knowledge of what - they call “the truth behind almost 50 years of UFO sightings,” the - authors are seeking out additional, reliable witnesses. It remains - their policy to honor requests to keep the names of witnesses - private. - - For more information, contact Don Berliner, 1202 S. Washington St., - Alexandria. VA., 22314 (703-548-0405); or Stanton T. Friedman, 79 - Pembroke Crescent, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 2V1, Canada (506 - 457-0232). - - Witnesses are invited to call either author collect or to make - arrangements to meet them at any of their stops in New Mexico, - which include the cities of Santa Fe, Albuquerque, Las Cruces, - Alamogordo and Roswell.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 9. (_Left_) B.D. “Duke” Gildenberg served - as the civilian meteorologist, engineer, and physical science - administrator for the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch from - 1951–1981. Gildenberg actively participated in thousands of - high altitude balloon operations, including the flights that - dropped anthropomorphic dummies at off-range locations throughout - New Mexico. Gildenberg, the “father” of Air Force scientific - ballooning, was instrumental in identifying the many actual Air - Force activities now known as the “Roswell Incident.”] - - [Illustration: Fig. 10. (_Right_) Charles B. Moore, Professor - Emeritus of Atmospheric Physics at the New Mexico Institute of - Mining and Technology, was the project engineer for New York - University under contract to the U.S. Army Air Forces to develop - high altitude balloon technology for Project MOGUL. Moore launched - the balloon train on June 4, 1947, that when combined with other - events, are now known as the “Roswell Incident.”] - -Since many of the Roswell accounts and allegations were collected by -irregular methods and are not specifically documented, the series -of events as alleged by UFO theorists has become very complex and -requires clarification. Therefore, the following section will briefly -examine some of the more confusing elements of the Roswell stories, -specifically, the multiple crash sites and complex scenarios, in order -to facilitate an objective analysis of actual events. - - - - - 1.1 - The “Crash Sites,” Scenarios, and Research Methods - - -The “Crash Sites” - -From 1947 until the late 1970s, the Roswell Incident was confined -to one alleged crash site. This site, located on the Foster Ranch -approximately 75 miles northwest of the city of Roswell, was the actual -landing site of a Project MOGUL balloon train in June 1947.[10] The -MOGUL landing site is referred to in popular Roswell literature as the -“debris field.” - -In the 1970s, the 1980s and throughout the 1990s, additional witnesses -came forward with claims and descriptions of two other alleged crash -sites. One of these sites was supposedly north of Roswell, the other -site was alleged to have been approximately 175 miles northwest of -Roswell in an area of New Mexico known as the San Agustin Plains.[11] -What distinguished the two new crash sites from the original debris -field were accounts of alien bodies. - - [Illustration: Fig. 11. Map of New Mexico depicting the “crash - sites” and “debris field.” ] - - -The Scenarios - - [Sidenote: “_It must be emphasized that the claims of bodies only - became part of the Roswell Incident after 1978, when they were - erroneously linked to the July 1947 retrieval of Project MOGUL - components._”] - -UFO enthusiasts have attempted to explain the obvious contradiction -of multiple impact sites involving only one alien craft through the -introduction of complicated scenarios. These scenarios have become -increasingly convoluted since the proponents of each crash site must -make allowances to have “their” flying saucer at the correct time -and place—the actual MOGUL balloon train landing site in early July, -1947—in order to “fit” with the rest of the story. The actual Project -MOGUL landing site, 75 miles northwest of Roswell, lends credibility, -and more importantly establishes a _time frame_, for the other accounts -that include reports of bodies. Flying saucer enthusiasts use the -documented presence of U.S. Army Air Forces personnel at the MOGUL -site in July 1947, who were there to retrieve the MOGUL balloon train, -to provide the nucleus of unrelated and much later accounts that -include reports of “bodies.” It must be emphasized that the claims of -“bodies” only became part of the Roswell Incident after 1978, when they -were erroneously linked to the July 1947 retrieval of Project MOGUL -components. - -In general, “Roswell Incident” scenarios claim that a disabled alien -craft momentarily touched down at the site 75 miles northwest of -Roswell, leaving behind parts of the spaceship (material that has been -subsequently identified as components of a MOGUL balloon train) to -create the original “debris field.” The scenarios further contend that -the damaged craft again became airborne and flew to its final crash -site, at either the location north of Roswell or 175 miles northwest of -Roswell on the San Agustin Plains. - -Regardless of the dispute over the location, an element common to -most scenarios was that, once recovered, the bodies were supposedly -transported to the hospital at Roswell Army Air Field for autopsy. Also -common to these theories is that the bodies were later shipped from -Roswell AAF to another facility, usually Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (or -a host of other facilities—this is another area of further disagreement -among UFO theorists) for further evaluation and ultimate deep-freeze -storage. - - -Research Methods - -In an attempt to untangle this collection of complicated assertions and -determine if there was any validity to the reports of bodies, Air Force -researchers faced the task of sorting through and examining anecdotal -testimony of hundreds of witnesses. However, a large number of the -accounts were eliminated by applying previously established facts to -the testimonies. The July 1994 report to the Secretary of the Air Force -clearly presented and documented these facts: - - _a._ The U.S. Army Air Forces did not recover an extraterrestrial - vehicle and alien crew. This conclusion was based on extensive - research that included a thorough review of both classified - and unclassified materials at record depositories, archives, - libraries and research facilities throughout the nation. Of the - millions of pages of material reviewed, there was no mention of - any activities that even tangentially suggested such an event. - Additionally, former and retired Air Force members and civilian - contract scientists were located and released from any possible - nondisclosure agreements they may have entered into regarding - past classified activities. This release allowed them to freely - discuss with Air Force researchers, or any other persons, - information related to this issue. These releases were issued at - the express written direction of the Secretary of the Air Force. - Interviews with these persons yielded no information supporting - extraterrestrial claims or any other unusual activities. - - _b._ The reports of bodies were not associated with Project MOGUL. - The MOGUL balloon train did not, was not designed to, nor could it - carry passengers. Neither did it carry hazardous materials that - would have caused injury, death, or mutilation to persons who may - have come in contact with any of its components. - - _c._ Actual events, if any, that inspired reports of bodies did - not occur in 1947. Based on extensive examinations of U.S. Army - Air Forces activities in 1947, no evidence was found to support - allegations that the Army Air Forces was involved in any uncommon - operations other than the retrieval of the MOGUL balloon train - in the Roswell area in July 1947. Examination of research and - development projects, aircraft crashes, errant missiles and - possible nuclear accidents yielded no information to support a 1947 - claim. - -In light of these documented facts, the hundreds of anecdotal accounts -were reduced to a few. Eliminated were accounts that were likely -descriptions of materials known to be part of the Project MOGUL balloon -train and accounts describing transportation of these materials. - -From the remaining testimony, Air Force researchers developed the -following set of working hypotheses to assist in identifying the actual -events, if any, matching those described by the witnesses. - - _a._ Due to the number and great detail provided in some of the - accounts, it was likely that some event(s) actually did occur. - - _b._ Due to the many similarities of the two crash site - descriptions and the considerable distance between them, it was - likely that more than one event with similar characteristics was - the basis for these accounts. - - _c._ Since the account of bodies at the Roswell Army Air Field - hospital did not contain elements similar to reports of the two - crash sites, it was likely that this account was unrelated to - the crash site accounts. (The hospital account will be addressed - separately in Section Two of this report.) - -The remaining testimony was examined with regard both to the facts and -to working hypotheses to determine if there were common threads or -links connecting any of the accounts. If similarities were found, the -next step was to determine if they were related to an actual event. -Finally, if there were actual event(s), were they part of U.S. Air -Force or U.S. Government activities? - - -Common Threads - -Careful examination of the testimony revealed that primary witnesses -of the two “crashed saucer” locations contained descriptions common to -both. These areas of commonality contained both general and detailed -characteristics. However, before continuing, the accounts were -carefully examined to determine if the testimony related by individual -witnesses were of their own experiences and not a recitation of -information given by other persons. While many aspects of the remaining -accounts were judged to be similar, other aspects were found to be -significantly different. The accounts on which the analysis is based -were determined, in all likelihood, to have been independently obtained -or observed by the witnesses. - -=General Similarities.= The testimony presented for both crash sites -generally followed the same sequence of events. The witnesses were -in a rural and isolated area of New Mexico. In the course of their -travels in this area, they came upon a crashed aerial vehicle. The -witnesses then proceeded to the area of the crash to investigate and at -some distance they observed strange looking “beings” that appeared to -be crewmembers of the vehicle. Soon thereafter, a convoy of military -vehicles and soldiers arrived at the site. Military personnel allegedly -instructed the civilians to leave the area and forget what they had -seen. As the witnesses left the area, the military personnel commenced -with a recovery operation of the crashed aerial vehicle and “crew.” - -=Detailed Similarities.= Along with general similarities in the -testimonies, there also existed a substantial amount of similar -detailed descriptions of the “aliens,” and the military vehicles and -procedures allegedly used to recover them. - -The first obvious similarity was the descriptions of the aliens. -Mr. Gerald Anderson, an alleged witness of events at the site 175 -miles northwest of Roswell, recalled, “I thought they were plastic -dolls.”[12] Mr. James Ragsdale, an alleged witness of the site north of -Roswell, stated, “They were using dummies in those damned things.”[13] -Another alleged witness to a “crash” north of Roswell, Frank J. -Kaufman, recalled that there was “talk” that perhaps an “experimental -plane with dummies in it” was the source of the claims.[14] - -Additional similarities were also noted. Mr. Vern Maltais, a secondhand -witness of the site 175 miles northwest of Roswell, described the -hands of the “aliens” as, “They had four fingers.”[15] Anderson -characterized the hands as, “They didn’t have a little finger.”[16] -He also described the heads of the aliens as “completely bald”[17] -while Maltais described them as “hairless.”[18] The uniforms of the -aliens were independently described by Anderson as “one-piece suits -... a shiny silverish-gray color”[19] and by Maltais as “one-piece -and gray in color.”[20] The date of this event was also not precisely -known. Maltais recalled that it may have occurred “around 1950”[21] and -another secondhand witness, Alice Knight stated, “I don’t recall the -date.”[22] - -Witnesses of different sites also used the terms “wrecker”[23] and -“six-by-six”[24] when they described the military vehicles present at -the different recovery sites. One witness described seeing a “medium -sized Jeep/truck”[25] and another witness described seeing a “weapons -carrier”[26] (a weapons carrier is a mid-sized Jeep-type truck). - - -The Research Profile - -When the general and specific similarities were combined, a profile -emerged describing the event or activity that might have been observed. -The profile, which contains elements common to at least two, and in -some cases, all of the accounts, established a set of criteria used -to determine what the witnesses may have observed. The profile is as -follows: - - _a._ An activity that, if viewed from a distance, would appear - unusual. - - _b._ An activity of which the exact date is not known. - - _c._ An activity that took place in two rural areas of New Mexico. - - _d._ An activity that involved a type of aerial vehicle with dolls - or dummies that had four fingers, were bald, and wore one-piece - gray suits. - - _e._ An activity that required recovery by numerous military - personnel and an assortment of vehicles that included a wrecker, a - six-by-six, and a weapons carrier. - -Based on this profile, research was begun to identify events or -activities with these characteristics. Due to the location of the -sites, attention was focused on Roswell AAF (renamed Walker AFB in -1948), White Sands Missile Range and Holloman AFB, N.M. The aerial -vehicles assigned or under development at these facilities were -aircraft, missiles, remotely-piloted drones, and high altitude -balloons. The operational characteristics and areas where these -vehicles flew were researched to determine if they played a role in the -events described by the witnesses. - -=Missiles and Drones.= Missiles and drones were determined not to have -been responsible for the accounts.[*] The areas where the alleged -crashes took place were, in all likelihood, too far from the White -Sands Missile Range. Missiles were equipped with a self-destruct -mechanism that was activated if it strayed off-course or out of the -White Sands Missile Range. There was never a program that required -a dummy or doll to be placed inside a missile or a drone. However, -missiles were launched from White Sands carrying monkeys and other -small animals aloft for scientific research.[27] These projects were -well documented, and none of these missiles landed near either of the -two crash sites. - - [*] From September 1961 until March 1965 12 Atlas F - intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) were deployed by the - 579^{th} Strategic Missile Squadron in areas surrounding Walker - AFB, N.M. These missiles were determined not to have been involved - in the Roswell Incident. - -=Aircraft.= Aircraft seemed just as unlikely as missiles to have been -responsible for the extraterrestrial claims as outlined in the profile. -Although additional research revealed the significant role dummies -played in the test and evaluation of aircraft emergency escape systems, -these dummies were used on board aircraft and on the high-speed test -track at Holloman AFB. However, aircraft test flights demanded strict -adherence to established flight profiles over the instrumented portions -of the White Sands Missile Range, many miles from the alleged crash -sites. Dummies used on the high-speed track remained in the immediate -vicinity of the track facilities at Holloman AFB. This geographical -impossibility ruled out dummies that were ejected from aircraft -and those used on the high-speed track as a cause of alleged alien -sightings. (Aircraft accidents will be discussed extensively in Section -Two of this report.) - - [Illustration: Figs. 12 & 13. Missiles (_left_) and drones - (_right_) under development at Holloman AFB, N.M. were determined - not to have been involved in the “Roswell Incident.” (_U.S. Air - Force photos_)] - -=High Altitude Research Balloons.= The only vehicles not yet evaluated -as a possible source of the accounts were high altitude research -balloons. Previous reviews of early research balloon flight records -revealed that trajectories of high altitude balloons were, at times, -unpredictable and did not usually remain over Holloman AFB or White -Sands Missile Range.[28] Many of the scientific payloads required -recovery so the data collected during flight could be returned to the -laboratory for analysis. - -These characteristics seemed to fit at least some of the research -profile. Atmospheric sampling apparatus or weather instruments, the -typical payload of many high altitude balloons, could hardly have been -mistaken for space aliens. A careful examination of the instruments -carried aloft by the high altitude balloons revealed that one unique -project used a device that very likely could be mistaken for an -alien—an anthropomorphic dummy. - -An anthropomorphic dummy is a human substitute equipped with a variety -of instrumentation to measure effects of environments and situations -deemed too hazardous for a human. These abstractly human dummies -were first used in New Mexico in May 1950, and have been used on a -continuous basis since that time.[29] - -In the 1950s, anthropomorphic dummies were not widely exposed outside -of scientific research circles and easily could have been mistaken for -something they were not. Today, anthropomorphic dummies, better known -as crash test dummies, are easily identifiable and are even the “stars” -of their own automotive safety advertising campaign. During the 1950s -when the U.S. Air Force dropped the odd-looking test devices from high -altitude balloons in its program to study high altitude human free-fall -characteristics, public awareness and stardom were decades away. It -seems likely that someone who unexpectedly observed these dummies at a -distance would believe they had seen something unusual. In retrospect, -when interviewed over 40 years later, they could accurately report that -they had seen something _very unusual_. - -With the introduction of anthropomorphic dummies as a possible -explanation for the reports of bodies, another element of the research -profile appeared to be satisfied. Specific information that described -the locations, methods, and procedures used to employ the dummies was -required before any definitive conclusions could be drawn. To gather -this detailed information, research efforts were concentrated on high -altitude balloon operations and the specific projects that utilized -balloon-borne anthropomorphic dummies. - - [Illustration: Fig. 14. (_Left_) Example of an anthropomorphic - dummy carried aloft by U.S. Air Force high altitude balloons. These - dummies landed at numerous locations throughout New Mexico during - the 1950s. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 15. (_Right_) Newspaper advertisement depicting - anthropomorphic dummies “Vince and Larry” “stars” of the successful - advertising campaign by the National Highway Traffic Safety - Administration to encourage use of safety belts. (_Courtesy of - NHTSA_) - - “I’LL JUST BRACE - MYSELF WITH THE - STEERING WHEEL” - - Who are you trying to fool? There’s no way a steering wheel - can stop you from slamming into a dashboard. Only a safety belt can. - Stop making excuses and start buckling your safety belt. - - YOU COULD LEARN A LOT FROM A DUMMY. - BUCKLE YOUR SAFETY BELT. - - A Public Service Message - US Department - of Transportation -] - - - Test Dummies Used by the U.S. Air Force - -Since the beginning of manned flight, designers have sought a -substitute for the human body to test hazardous new equipment. Early -devices used by the predecessors of the U.S. Air Force were simply -constructed parachute drop test dummies with little similarity to the -human form. Following World War II, aircraft emergency escape systems -became increasingly sophisticated and engineers required a dummy with -more humanlike characteristics. - - -Parachute Drop Dummies - -During World War I research and development of the first U.S. military -parachute was underway at McCook Field, Ohio. To test the parachute, -engineers experimented with several types of dummies, settling on -a model constructed of three-inch hemp rope and sandbags with the -approximate proportions of a medium-sized man.[30] The new invention -was soon known by the nickname “Dummy Joe.” Dummy Joe is said to have -made more than five thousand “jumps” between 1918 and 1924.[31] - -By 1924, parachutes were required on military aircraft with their -serviceability tested by dummies dropped from aircraft.[32] For this -routine testing, several types of dummies were used. The most common -type is shown in figures 17 and 18. Parachutes were individually -drop-tested from aircraft until the early stages of World War II, when, -due both to increased reliability and large numbers of parachutes in -service, this routine practice was discontinued. Nonetheless, test -dummies were still used frequently by the Parachute Branch of Air -Materiel Command (AMC) at Wright Field, Ohio, to test new parachute -designs. - - [Illustration: Fig. 16. “‘Dummy Joe,’ the hero of five thousand - jumps” is shown here with engineers J.J. Higgins (_left_) and Guy - Ball at McCook Field, Ohio in 1920. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 17. (_Left_) Early rope and sandbag dummy used - to test parachutes. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 18. (_Right_) Parachute drop dummies in use at - Wright Field, Ohio. The historic Flight Test hangars, Hangars 1 and - 9, can be seen in the background. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - -Anthropomorphic Dummies - -The ejection seat had been developed and used successfully by the -German Luftwaffe during the latter stages of World War II. The utility -of this invention was realized when the U.S. Army Air Forces obtained -an ejection seat in 1944.[33] To properly test the ejection seat, the -Army Air Forces required a dummy that had the same center of gravity -and weight distribution as a human, characteristics that parachute -drop dummies did not possess. In 1944, the USAAF Air Materiel Command -contracted with the Ted Smith Company of Upper Darby, Pa. to design -and manufacture the first dummy intended to accurately represent a -human.[34] The dummy had the same basic shape as a human, but with only -abstract human features, and “skin” made of canvas. - - [Illustration: Figs. 19 & 20. (_Left & Right_) These early - anthropomorphic dummies, manufactured by the Ted Smith Co., of - Upper Darby, Pa., were used by the Army Air Forces beginning in - 1944. They were replaced by a more realistic dummy in 1949. - - (_Right_) “Oscar Eightball,” the name given to this early model - anthropomorphic dummy by Col. John P. Stapp, is shown following a - run of the high-speed track at Muroc AAF (now Edwards AFB), Calif., - in 1947. (_U.S. Air Force photos_)] - -In 1949, the U.S. Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory submitted a -proposal for an improved model of the anthropomorphic dummy.[35] -This request was originated by the renowned Air Force scientist and -physician John P. Stapp, now a retired Colonel, who conducted a series -of landmark experiments at Muroc (now Edwards) AFB, Calif., to measure -the effects of acceleration and deceleration during high-speed aircraft -ejections.[36] Stapp required a dummy that had the same center of -gravity and articulation as a human, but, unlike the Ted Smith dummy, -was more human in appearance. A more accurate external appearance was -required to provide for the proper fit of helmets, oxygen masks, and -other equipment used during the tests. Stapp requested the Anthropology -Branch of the Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright Field to review -anthropological, orthopedic, and engineering literature to prepare -specifications for the new dummy.[37] Plaster casts of the torso, legs, -and arms of an Air Force pilot were also taken to assure accuracy.[38] -The result was a proposed dummy that stood 72 inches tall, weighed -200 pounds, had provisions for mounting instrumentation, and could -withstand up to 100 times the force of gravity or 100Gs. - -In 1949, a contract was awarded to Sierra Engineering Company of Sierra -Madre, Calif., and deliveries began in 1950.[39] This dummy quickly -became known as “Sierra Sam.” - -In 1952, a contract for anthropomorphic dummies was awarded to Alderson -Research Laboratories, Inc., of New York City.[40] Dummies constructed -by both companies possessed the same basic characteristics: a skeleton -of aluminum or steel, latex or plastic skin, a cast aluminum skull, and -an instrument cavity in the torso and head for the mounting of strain -gauges, accelerometers, transducers, and rate gyros.[41] Models used by -the Air Force were primarily parachute drop and ejection seat versions -with center of gravity tolerances within one quarter inch. - -Over the next several years the two companies improved and redesigned -internal structures and instrumentation, but the basic external -appearance of the dummies remained relatively constant from the mid -1950s to the late 1960s. Dummies of these types were most likely the -“aliens” associated with the “Roswell Incident.” - - [Illustration: Figs. 21 & 22. Examples of a “Sierra Sam” (_left_) - and Alderson Laboratories anthropomorphic dummies (_right_) of the - type dropped from balloons at off-range locations throughout New - Mexico during the 1950s. (_U.S. Air Force photos_)] - - - - - 1.2 - High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops - - -From 1953 to 1959, anthropomorphic dummies were used by the U.S. Air -Force Aero Medical Laboratory as part of the high altitude aircraft -escape projects HIGH DIVE and EXCELSIOR.[42] The object of these -studies was to devise a method to return a pilot or astronaut to earth -by parachute, if forced to escape at extreme altitudes.[43] - - [Illustration: Fig. 23. Project HIGH DIVE anthropomorphic dummy - launch, White Sands Proving Ground, N.M., June 11, 1957. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -Anthropomorphic dummies were transported to altitudes up to 98,000 feet -by high altitude balloons. The dummies were then released for a period -of free-fall while body movements and escape equipment performance were -recorded by a variety of instruments. Forty-three high altitude balloon -flights carrying 67 anthropomorphic dummies were launched and recovered -throughout New Mexico between June 1954 and February 1959.[44] Due -to prevailing wind conditions, operational factors and ruggedness of -the terrain, the majority of dummies impacted outside the confines -of military reservations in eastern New Mexico, near Roswell, and in -areas surrounding the Tularosa Valley in south central New Mexico.[45] -Additionally, 30 dummies were dropped by aircraft over White Sands -Proving Ground, N.M. in 1953. In 1959, 150 dummies were dropped by -aircraft over Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (possibly accounting for -alleged alien “sightings” at that location).[46] - - [Illustration: Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch and Landing Locations] - -A number of these launch and recovery locations were in the areas where -the “crashed saucer” and “space aliens” were allegedly observed. - -Following the series of dummy tests, a human subject, test pilot Capt. -Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., now a retired Colonel, made three parachute -jumps from high altitude balloons. Since free-fall tests from these -unprecedented altitudes were extremely hazardous, they could not -be accomplished by a human until a rigorous testing program using -anthropomorphic dummies was completed. - - [Illustration: Fig. 25. “Lord, take care of me now,” were Capt. - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.’s words as he exited the EXCELSIOR III - balloon gondola at 102,800 feet on August 16, 1960, over White - Sands Proving Ground, N.M. Kittinger’s courageous scientific - achievement remains, to this day, the highest parachute jump ever - accomplished. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - A Cover-Up? - -Countering claims of a cover-up, Air Force projects that used -anthropomorphic dummies and human subjects were unclassified and -widely publicized in numerous newspaper and magazine stories, books, -and television reports. These included a book written by test pilot -Kittinger, _The Long, Lonely Leap_, another book, _Man High_, by MAN -HIGH Project Scientist, Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), a feature -article in _National Geographic_, and cover stories in _Life_, -_Collier’s_, _Popular Mechanics_, and _Time_.[47] A characterization -of Kittinger’s record parachute jump even appeared in the adolescent -magazine, _MAD_.[48] The intense public interest in HIGH DIVE, -EXCELSIOR and other aero medical projects conducted at Holloman AFB -also resulted in a 1956 Twentieth Century Fox full-length motion -picture, _On the Threshold of Space_ (see page 38). - - [Illustration: Fig. 26. This photo of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, - Jr. taken by a remotely operated camera on the EXCELSIOR III - gondola, was featured in the December 1960 _National Geographic_. - - The Long, Lonely Leap - - _World’s highest jump tests a new type of parachute for - high-altitude flyers and scientists returning from the threshold of - space_ - - By CAPT. JOSEPH W. KITTINGER. JR., USAF - - _Illustrations by National Geographic photographer VOLKMAR WENTZEL_ - - OVERHEAD my onion-shaped balloon spread its 200-foot diameter - against a black daytime sky. More than 18½ miles below lay the - cloud-hidden New Mexico desert to which I shortly would parachute. - - Sitting in my gondola, which gently twisted with the balloon’s slow - turnings, I had begun to sweat lightly, though the temperature read - 36° below zero Fahrenheit. Sunlight burned in on me under the edge - of an aluminized antiglare curtain and through the gondola’s open - door. - - In my earphones crackled the voice of Capt. Marvin Feldstein, one - of our project’s two doctors, from ground control at Holloman Air - Force Base: - - “Three minutes till jump, Joe.” - - I was ready to go, for more reasons than one. For about an hour—as - the balloon rose from 50,000 to 102,800 feet above sea level—I - had been exposed to an environment requiring the protection of a - pressure suit and helmet, and the fear of their failure had always - been present. If either should break, unconsciousness would come in - 10 or 12 seconds, and death within two minutes. - - In our altitude-chamber flights at the laboratory, I always - - “=Lord, take care of me now=,” I pray, then take the big step-off - that begins my return from the edge of space, a 13-minute, - 45-second plunge to an earth wrapped in clouds. The lanyard - attached to my parachute pack is my last link with the gondola. - It starts a timer on a small stabilization chute that will - open 16 seconds later and prevent horizontal spinning. Without - stabilization, man could not survive a jump from these high - altitudes. - - A National Geographic camera mounted above the gondola took this - remarkable photograph at 102,800 feet. - - MS Ektachrome National Geographic Society -] - - [Illustration: Fig. 27. Contemporary magazines that featured - experiments at Holloman AFB, N.M. _Clockwise from top left_, - _Time_, September 12, 1955; _Life_, August 29, 1960; _Popular - Mechanics Magazine_, (_center_) January 1951; _Collier’s_, June 25, - 1954; and _Life_, September 2, 1957.] - - -Dummy Drop Procedures - -For the majority of the tests, dummies were flown to altitudes between -30,000 and 98,000 feet attached to a specially designed rack suspended -below a high altitude balloon.[49] On several flights the dummies -were mounted in the door of an experimental high altitude balloon -gondola.[50] Upon reaching the desired altitude, the dummies were -released and free-fell for several minutes before deployment of the -main parachute. - - [Illustration: Fig. 28. (_Left_) Witnesses at both flying saucer - “crash” sites stated that a “wrecker” was used in the recovery - of the “alien” craft. This was a likely reference to the M-342 - five-ton wrecker, used to launch and recover anthropomorphic - dummies.] - - [Illustration: Fig. 29. (_Right_) Three tests utilized - anthropomorphic dummies mounted in the door of an experimental - Project HIGH DIVE gondola. This launch took place on October 8, - 1957, in front of curious onlookers at the public picnic area of - White Sands National Monument, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -The dummies used for the balloon drops were outfitted with standard -equipment of an Air Force aircrew member. This equipment consisted -of a one-piece flightsuit, olive drab, gray (witnesses had described -seeing aliens in gray one-piece suits) or fuchsia in color, boots, -and a parachute pack.[51] The dummies were also fitted with an -instrumentation kit that contained accelerometers, pressure -transducers, an oscillograph, and a camera to record movements of the -dummy during free-fall.[52] - - [Illustration: Fig. 30. A “Sierra Sam” with HIGH DIVE Project - Officers 1st Lts. Eugene M. Schwartz (_left_) and Raymond A. Madson - (_right_). This dummy is outfitted in a “sage green” colored - flightsuit (a shade of gray) with red tape sealing its neck, - wrists, and ankles. (_U.S. Air Force_)] - -Recoveries of the test dummies were accomplished by personnel from -the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch.[53] Typically, eight to twelve -civilian and military recovery personnel arrived at the site of an -anthropomorphic dummy landing as soon as possible following impact. -The recovery crews operated a variety of aircraft and vehicles. -These included a wrecker, a six-by-six, a weapons carrier, and L-20 -observation and C-47 transport aircraft—the exact vehicles and aircraft -described by the witnesses as having been present at the crashed saucer -locations.[54] On one occasion, just southwest of Roswell, a HIGH DIVE -project officer, 1st Lt. Raymond A. Madson, even conducted a search for -dummies on horseback[55] (see statement in Appendix B). - - [Illustration: Fig. 31. An M-35 2½-ton cargo truck, commonly - referred to as a “six-by-six,” were used by the Holloman Balloon - Branch to launch and recover anthropomorphic dummies and suspension - racks at numerous locations throughout New Mexico. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 32. M-37 ¾-ton utility trucks, known as - “weapons carriers,” were used for high altitude balloon recoveries - by the Holloman Balloon Branch during the 1950s. Here, recovery - technicians use an M-37 to retrieve an Aero Medical gondola from a - location on Holloman AFB, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -To expedite the recoveries, crews were prepositioned with their -vehicles along a paved highway in the area where impact was -expected.[56] On a typical flight the dummies were separated from -the balloon by radio command and descended by parachute.[57] Prompt -recovery of the dummies and their suspension racks, which usually -did not land in the same location resulting in extensive ground and -air searches, was essential for researchers to evaluate information -collected by the instrumentation and cameras. To assist the recovery -personnel, a variety of methods were used to enhance the visibility -of the dummies: smoke grenades, pigment powder, and brightly colored -parachute canopies.[58] Also, recovery notices promising a $25 reward -were taped to an exposed portion of a dummy.[59] Local newspapers and -radio stations were contacted when equipment was lost.[60] - - - The Bravest Man - - America was introduced to Col. John Paul Stapp on December 10, - 1954, when he became known as both the “the bravest” and “the - fastest” man on earth. Stapp earned these titles following a - rocket sled test that accelerated him to 632 miles per hour. He - reached this speed in just five seconds—faster than a .45 caliber - bullet—and was decelerated to a stop in 1.4 seconds, subjecting - his body to more than 42 times the force of gravity! While this - was America’s introduction to Col. Stapp, the 1954 rocket sled - test that examined aircraft restraint devices and human responses - to accelerative/decelerative forces and windblast, was just one of - many achievements of this legendary Air Force physician. - - [Illustration: Fig. 33. The first “space doctor,” Lt. Col. John - P. Stapp (now a retired Colonel) being strapped into the rocket - sled Sonic Wind Nᵒ 1, on December 10, 1954, at Holloman AFB, N.M. - Courageously, Stapp was his own volunteer subject on 29 rocket sled - tests and earned two awards of the Legion of Merit and the Cheney - Award for valor and self-sacrifice. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - Born in Bahia, Brazil to American missionary parents, Stapp sold - pots and pans door to door during the Depression while he earned - both undergraduate and graduate degrees in zoology and chemistry - at Baylor University. He went on to earn a doctorate in biophysics - from the University of Texas, and a doctorate in medicine from the - University of Minnesota. - - In 1944 Stapp entered the U.S. Army Air Forces and became - a flight surgeon. From 1946 to 1963, due to his unique - qualifications in biophysics and medicine, he conducted a series - of acceleration/deceleration experiments on the high-speed track - at Muroc (now Edwards AFB), Calif.,[61] and later at Holloman - AFB, N.M. Developments from these and other studies resulted in - innovations which have saved many lives. These included improved - safety belt restraint systems and design specifications for - aircraft and automobiles, aircraft ejection and emergency escape - systems, refinement of automobile airbag systems, and development - of the modern anthropomorphic test dummy. - - As commander of the U.S. Air Force Aeromedical Field Laboratory - at Holloman AFB, N.M. and later the Aero Medical Laboratory at - Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Stapp won support for the Air Force - manned high altitude balloons projects—MAN HIGH and EXCELSIOR. As - a testament to his thorough safety preparations, these and other - extremely hazardous projects administered by Stapp, did not result - in a single debilitating injury to a test subject. These projects - helped pave the way for future flights of both high altitude - aircraft such as the X-15, and of spacecraft for the MERCURY, - GEMINI, and APOLLO programs. In fact, Stapp’s expertise was called - upon to assist in the selection of the initial cadre of astronauts, - the “MERCURY Seven.” - - He retired from the Air Force in 1970, but not before amassing a - collection of awards and honors. These included two awards of the - Legion of Merit for rocket sled experiments, the Cheney Award for - 1954, and membership in the National Aviation Hall of Fame. - - In association with the Society of Automotive Engineers, Stapp - continues to participate in annual conferences in which industry - experts assemble to discuss vehicle safety issues. The conferences, - now in their 40th year bear his name: the Stapp Car Crash - Conferences. - - In 1991, in recognition of a lifetime of unselfish dedication - to scientific research, Stapp was awarded the National Medal of - Technology, bestowed upon him at the White House by President - George Bush. - - He is married to the former Lillian Lanese, a former soloist with - the Ballet Theater of New York, and resides in Alamogordo, N.M. At - 87 years old he continues to maintain a dizzying pace of travel and - lectures. - - It is not an exaggeration that virtually every person who has - safely operated, or ridden in, an automobile, aircraft, or - spacecraft, has benefited from the genius of Col. John Paul Stapp, - and owes this brave scientist, physician, and visionary, a great - deal of thanks. - - [Illustration: Fig. 34. September 12, 1955 edition of _Time_ - featuring Col. John P. Stapp and his rocket sled experiments at - Holloman AFB, N.M.] - -Despite these efforts, the dummies were not always recovered -immediately; one was not found for nearly three years and several -were not recovered at all.[62] When they were found, the dummies and -instrumentation were often damaged from impact.[63] Damage to the -dummies included loss of heads, arms, legs and fingers.[64] This -detail, dummies with missing fingers, appears to satisfy another -element of the research profile—aliens with only four fingers. - - [Illustration: Fig. 35. Rough treatment and parachute failures - during balloon drops often caused damage to the hands of the - dummies. This detail, “beings” with “four fingers,” was related by - two witnesses as a distinguishing feature of the Roswell aliens. - (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Figs. 36–38. Actual photographs of an Alderson - Laboratories type anthropomorphic dummy falling away from its - suspension rack at high altitude over New Mexico. Fig. 37 - (_center_) appears on the cover of this publication. (_U.S. Air - Force photos_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 39. Memo taken from Project HIGH DIVE files - explaining the loss of a dummy near Roswell, N.M. in November 1955. - - Loss of MR Equipment - WCUSS-22 WCRDB-4 19 Jan 56 - ATTN: Mr. R.L. Mason Lt. Nielsen/1bc - Ext. 2-4194/B.33 - - 1. On 17 November 1955, an anthropomorphic dummy, B-15 jacket and - a stop watch were lost during a high altitude dummy drop from a - balloon at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. - - 2. The drop was performed to determine the effectiveness of a - two stage personnel parachute in lowering a man-like dummy from - 85,000 feet. The test was part of a continuing task “High Altitude - Escape Studies”, 7218-71719. The point at which the dummy reached - the ground was not known to the recovery crews at the time and an - extensive search lasting through the first week of December 1955 - failed to discover the lost items. - - 3. Lost are: - - a. 1 ea., dummy, anthropomorphic, Sierra Engineering Co. model 120, - stock no. 3500-NL-30010, - - b. 1 ea., jacket, B-15, spec. 3220, size 36, stock no. - 8415-269-0512, - - c. 1 ea., stop watch, Fisher Scientific Co. P/N 14-646, stock no. - 8TAA 98545. - - 4. Because of the loss of these items as a result of a test, - it is requested that Lt. Henry P. Nielsen be relieved of the - responsibility for these items. - - HARVEY E. SAVELY - Chief, Biophysics Branch - Aero. Medical Laboratory - Directorate of Research - - CONCURRENCE -] - -What may have contributed to a misunderstanding if the dummies were -viewed by persons unfamiliar with their intended use, were the methods -used by Holloman AFB personnel to transport them. The dummies were -sometimes transported to and from off-range locations in wooden -shipping containers, similar to caskets, to prevent damage to fragile -instruments mounted in and on the dummy.[65] Also, canvas military -stretchers and hospital gurneys were used (a procedure recommended by a -dummy manufacturer) to move the dummies in the laboratory or retrieve -dummies in the field after a test.[66] The first 10 dummy drops also -utilized black or silver insulation bags, similar to “body bags” in -which the dummies were placed for flight to guard against equipment -failure at low ambient temperatures of the upper atmosphere.[67] - - [Illustration: Fig. 40. Air Force personnel used stretchers and - gurneys to pick up 200-pound dummies in the field and to move them - in the laboratory. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 41. For the first 10 balloon flights, dummies - were placed in insulation bags to protect temperature-sensitive - equipment. These bags may have been described by at least one - witness as “body bags” used to recover alien victims from the crash - of a flying saucer. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -On one occasion northwest of Roswell, a local woman unfamiliar with the -test activities arrived at a dummy landing site prior to the arrival of -the recovery personnel.[68] The woman saw what appeared to be a human -embedded head first in a snowbank and became hysterical. The woman -screamed, “He’s dead!, he’s dead!”[69] - -It now appeared that anthropomorphic dummies dropped by high altitude -balloons satisfied the requirements of the research profile. However, -the review of high altitude balloon operations revealed what appeared -to be explanations for some other sightings of odd objects in the -deserts and skies of New Mexico. - - [Illustration: Figs. 42 & 43. These reports detailed the methods - and procedures used for the dummy tests. They may be obtained from - the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Va. - - WADC TECHNICAL REPORT 57-477 - PART I. - ASTLA DOCUMENT No. AD 130965 - - HIGH ALTITUDE BALLOON DUMMY DROPS - PART I. THE UNSTABILIZED DUMMY DROPS - - _RAYMOND A. MADSON, 1ST LT., USAF_ - - _AERO MEDICAL LABORATORY_ - - OCTOBER 1957 - - WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER - - WADC TECHNICAL REPORT 57-477 (II) - - HIGH ALTITUDE BALLOON DUMMY DROPS - II: THE STABILIZED DUMMY DROPS - - _RAYMOND A. MADSON, 1ST/LT, USAF_ - - _LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS LABORATORY - AEROSPACE MEDICAL LABORATORY_ - - AUGUST 1961 - - AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION - AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND - UNITED STATES AIR FORCE - WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO - ] - - - - - 1.3 - High Altitude Balloon Operations - - -Research has shown that many high altitude balloons launched -from Holloman AFB, N.M., were recovered in locations, and under -circumstances, that strongly resemble those described by UFO proponents -as the recovery of a “flying saucer” and “alien” crew. When these -descriptions were carefully examined, it was clear that they bore more -than just a resemblance to Air Force activities. It appears that some -were actually distorted references to Air Force personnel and equipment -engaged in scientific study through the use of high altitude balloons. - -Since 1947, U.S. Air Force research organizations at Holloman AFB, -N.M., have launched and recovered approximately 2,500 high altitude -balloons. The Air Force organization that conducted most of these -activities, the Holloman Balloon Branch, launched a wide range of -sophisticated, and from most perspectives, odd looking equipment into -the stratosphere above New Mexico. In fact, the =_very first_= high -altitude data gathering balloon flight launched from Alamogordo Army -Airfield (now Holloman AFB), N.M., on June 4, 1947, was found by the -rancher and was the first of many unrelated events now collectively -known as the “Roswell Incident.” - - [Illustration: Fig. 44. Inflation of a U.S. Air Force 626 ft. long, - 34.6 million cu. ft. research balloon on August 13, 1972. This - balloon was launched from Roswell Industrial Air Center (formerly - Roswell AAF), Roswell, N.M., to test components of the NASA VIKING - space probe. (_photo by Ole Jorgeson_) ] - - - On the Threshold of Space - - In 1956, Twentieth Century Fox released _On the Threshold of - Space_, a full-length motion picture based on Air Force aero - medical projects conducted at Holloman AFB, N.M. Starring Guy - Madison, John Hodiak, and Dean Jagger, this drama chronicled the - high altitude balloon experiments of projects HIGH DIVE/EXCELSIOR - and the high-speed track studies conducted by Col. John P. Stapp. - Filmed on location at Holloman AFB, Air Force personnel, high - altitude balloons, aircraft, vehicles, and other equipment, - including the actual anthropomorphic dummies responsible for - sightings of aliens, were used in the making of this film. - - In an ironic twist, in 1990 the television program _Unsolved - Mysteries_, featured a segment on the Roswell Incident. The - program, hosted by actor Robert Stack, depicted a dramatized - version of the claims of “aliens,” space ships and mysterious - government recovery crews. Interestingly, a review of newspapers - from 1956 announcing the Hollywood premiere of _On the Threshold - of Space_, listed Stack among the persons scheduled to attend this - star-studded event.[70] - - [Illustration: Fig. 45. Lobby card of the 1956 Twentieth Century - Fox release, _On the Threshold of Space_ starring Guy Madison - (_seated_) and Martin Milner (_right_).] - - [Illustration: Fig. 46. Publicity photograph from _On the Threshold - of Space_ with (_from left_) Cameron Mitchell, Guy Madison and - Dean Jagger. Scenes from the movie clearly depict the actual - anthropomorphic dummies described nearly 40 years later as - extraterrestrial “aliens.”] - - [Illustration: Fig. 47. Col. J. P. Stapp’s historic 1954 rocket - sled test was re-created for _On the Threshold of Space_ (_see - figure 33, page 31_).] - - -High Altitude Polyethylene Research Balloons - -In 1946, as a result of research conducted for project MOGUL, -Charles B. Moore, a New York University graduate student working -under contract for the U.S. Army Air Forces, made a significant -technological discovery: the use of polyethylene for high altitude -balloon construction.[71] Polyethylene is a lightweight plastic that -can withstand stresses of a high altitude environment that differed -drastically from, and greatly exceeded, the capabilities of standard -rubber weather balloons used previously. Moore’s discovery was a -breakthrough in technology. For the first time, scientists were able to -make detailed, sustained studies of the upper atmosphere. Polyethylene -balloons, first produced in 1947 for Project MOGUL, are still widely -used today for a host of scientific applications. - -High altitude polyethylene balloons and standard rubber weather -balloons differ greatly in size, construction, and utility. The -difference between these two types of balloons historically has been -the subject of misunderstandings in that the term “weather balloon” is -often used to describe both types of balloons. - -High altitude polyethylene balloons are used to transport scientific -payloads of several pounds to several tons to altitudes of nearly -200,000 feet. Polyethylene balloons do not increase in size and burst -with increases in volume as they rise, as do standard rubber weather -balloons. They are launched with excess capacity to accommodate the -increase in volume. This characteristic of polyethylene balloons makes -them substantially more stable than rubber weather balloons and capable -of sustained constant level flight, a requirement for most scientific -applications. - - [Illustration: Fig. 48. Relative sizes of a modern high altitude - polyethylene research balloon, an airliner, and a hot-air balloon. - Inaccurate characterizations of the giant high altitude research - balloons as “weather balloons” (which are typically 15 feet in - diameter) has historically been the source of confusion. (_courtesy - of Mike Smith, Raven Industries_) - - Raven Industries 40 million cubic foot balloon. 450 ft in diameter - at 130,000 feet - - Hot-air balloon. 50 ft in diameter - - DC-9 airliner 104 ft long] - -The initial polyethylene balloons had diameters of only seven feet and -carried payloads of five pounds or less.[72] As balloon technology -advanced, payload capacities and sizes of balloons increased. Modern -polyethylene balloons, some as long as several football fields when -on the ground, expand at altitude to volumes large enough to contain -many jet airliners. Polyethylene balloons flown by the U.S. Air Force -have reached altitudes of 170,000 feet and lifted payloads of 15,000 -pounds.[73] - -During the late 1940’s and 1950’s, a characteristic associated -with the large, newly invented, polyethylene balloons, was that -they were often misidentified as flying saucers.[74] During this -period, polyethylene balloons launched from Holloman AFB, generated -flying saucer reports on nearly every flight.[75] There were so many -reports that police, broadcast radio, and newspaper accounts of these -sightings were used by Holloman technicians to supplement early balloon -tracking techniques.[76] Balloons launched at Holloman AFB generated -an especially high number of reports due to the excellent visibility -in the New Mexico region. Also, the balloons, flown at altitudes -of approximately 100,000 feet, were illuminated before the earth -during the periods just after sunset and just before sunrise. In this -instance, receiving sunlight before the earth, the plastic balloons -appeared as large bright objects against a dark sky. Also, with the -refractive and translucent qualities of polyethylene, the balloons -appeared to change color, size, and shape. - -The large balloons generated UFO reports based on their radar -tracks.[77] This was due to large metallic payloads that weighed -up to several tons and echoed radar returns not usually associated -with balloons. In later years, balloons were equipped with altitude -and position reporting transponders and strobe lights that greatly -diminished the numbers of both visual and radar UFO sightings. - -One classic misidentification of a Holloman balloon that was mistaken -for a UFO, was launched on October 27, 1953.[78] According to the -following account published in a widely distributed 1958 history of -Air Force balloon operations, _Contributions of Balloon Operations to -Research and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center -Holloman Air Force Base, N. Mex. 1947–1958_, a suspected Holloman -balloon was tracked both visually and by radar over London, England on -November 3, 1953. - -“English accounts of the incident contained such statements as -‘tremendous speed,’ ‘practically motionless,’ ‘circular or spherical -and white in color,’ ‘emitting or reflecting a fierce light.’ Altitude -was reported as 61,000 feet—and as no research balloon had recently -been sent up from Britain, there was ample room for local saucer -enthusiasts to claim the ‘unidentified flying object’ as proof of their -theories. A much likelier explanation, however, is that this was really -the balloon launched from Holloman on 27 October.”[79] - - -High Altitude Balloon Payloads - -Over the years, payloads transported by high altitude polyethylene -balloons ranged from simple radio transmitters to anthropomorphic -dummies to sophisticated satellite components and NASA interplanetary -space probes. Many of these payloads, some of which weighed many tons, -were not what someone would typically envision as being associated with -a balloon. Examples of payloads flown in New Mexico by Air Force high -altitude balloons can be found on pages 52 and 53 at the end of this -section. - -Research projects of the late 1940’s and 1950’s conducted at Holloman -AFB which began with the Project MOGUL flights in June 1947, covered -a wide spectrum of scientific research. One important experiment -in space biology measured the effects of exposure to cosmic ray -particles on living tissues.[80] Other projects gathered meteorological -data and collected air samples to determine the composition of the -atmosphere.[81] The first high altitude photographic reconnaissance -project, a forerunner to today’s reconnaissance satellites, Project -119L, also used high altitude balloons launched at Holloman AFB.[82] - -As early as May 1948, polyethylene balloons coated or laminated with -aluminum were flown from Holloman AFB and the surrounding area.[83] -Beginning in August 1955, large numbers of these balloons were flown -as targets in the development of radar guided air to air missiles.[84] -Various accounts of the “Roswell Incident” often described thin, -metal-like materials that when wadded into a ball, returned to their -original shape. These accounts are consistent with the properties of -polyethylene balloons laminated with aluminum. These balloons were -typically launched from points west of the White Sands Proving Ground, -floated over the range as targets, and descended in the areas northeast -of White Sands Proving Ground where the “strange” materials were -allegedly found. - -In 1958 the first manned stratospheric balloon flights were made from -Holloman AFB (see page 102). In 1960, balloon tests of components of -the first U. S. reconnaissance satellite were also flown at Holloman -AFB. In the 1960’s, 70’s, and 80’s high altitude balloons were used -in support of Air Force, and other U.S. Government and university -sponsored research projects. Instrument testing of atmospheric entry -vehicles for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) -space probes is one prominent example. - - [Illustration: Fig. 49. Holloman Balloon Branch personnel prepare a - polyethylene balloon laminated with aluminum to serve as a target - for radar guided missiles over White Sands Proving Ground, N.M. - (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - -High Altitude Balloons and America’s First Satellite - - An illustration of the important contributions of the Holloman AFB - Balloon Branch, and the necessity for a rapid recovery of a high - altitude balloon payload, were evaluations of components of the - first U.S. satellite-based reconnaissance system, code named CORONA. - - The Soviet Union had already beaten the U.S. into space with - the launch and orbit of SPUTNIK I on October 4, 1957. The next - achievement in the quest for space superiority were the physical - recovery of a payload that had been in orbit.[85] The DISCOVERER - satellite, the sensor used in the CORONA program, was to be - propelled into orbit and then eject a capsule containing an - American flag to enable the U.S. to claim this honor.[86] - - The DISCOVERER program had been plagued by failure with 10 - unsuccessful missions in 1959 and 1960. With the eyes of the nation - watching, and the Soviets testing a similar system, more failures - could not be tolerated. To test the faulty components of the - DISCOVERER, U.S. Air Force high altitude balloons at Holloman AFB - were determined to be the most expedient method of conducting the - evaluations. - - In April 1960, DISCOVERER XI, on the launch pad at Vandenberg - AFB, Calif., was put into a hold pending results of the balloon - tests.[87] The first test at Holloman AFB on April 5th was - unsatisfactory due to a parachute failure.[88] On April 8th, with - pressure mounting, the Balloon Branch launched another balloon - with the DISCOVERER capsule. This test, in which the capsule was - dropped over White Sands Missile Range and recovered immediately, - was a total success.[89] The results were relayed by telephone - from the Balloon Control Center at Holloman AFB to the launch pad - at Vandenberg AFB where the countdown resumed.[90] Despite the - successful balloon drop, DISCOVERER XI and DISCOVERER XII were - failures.[91] Therefore, balloon testing continued throughout the - summer of 1960. - - Finally, on August 11, 1960, DISCOVERER XIII successfully ejected - a capsule and, amid much fanfare, the first recovery of a manmade - object that had orbited the earth was accomplished.[92] This first - successful mission of an American satellite, made possible in part - by Holloman AFB high altitude balloons, enabled the U.S. to beat - the Soviets and claim the honor of the first space recovery by only - nine days.[93] - - [Illustration: Fig. 50. (_Left_). A Holloman Balloon Branch launch - crew prepares a nosecone of the DISCOVERER satellite for a high - altitude balloon flight at Holloman AFB, N.M. in April 1960. (_U.S. - Air Force photo_) ] - - [Illustration: Fig. 51. (_Right_). A U.S. Navy helicopter aboard - the _USS Haiti Victory_ is shown here with the capsule from the - DISCOVERER XIII satellite. It was recovered from the Pacific Ocean - 330 miles northwest of Hawaii on August 11, 1960. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_) ] - -The SURVEYOR (Moon), VOYAGER-MARS (Mars), VIKING (Mars), PIONEER -(Venus), and GALILEO (Jupiter) spacecraft were tested by Air Force high -altitude balloons before they were launched into space. - -=VIKING and VOYAGER-MARS Space Probes.= Examples of unusual payloads, -not likely to be associated with balloons, were qualification trials of -NASA’s VOYAGER-MARS and VIKING space probes. Both of these spacecraft -looked remarkably similar to the classic dome-shaped “flying saucer.” - -In 1966–67 and 1972, eight of the UFO lookalikes were launched by the -Balloon Branch from the former Roswell Army Air Field (now Roswell -Industrial Air Center), N.M.[94] The spacecraft were transported by -Air Force balloons to altitudes above 100,000 feet and released for a -period of self-propelled, supersonic, free-flight prior to landing on -the White Sands Missile Range.[95] While the origins of the “Roswell” -scenarios cannot be specifically traced to these vehicles, their -flying saucer-like appearance, and the fact that they were launched -exclusively from the original “Roswell Incident” location, leaves an -impression that perhaps these odd balloon payloads may have played -some role in the unclear and distorted stories of at least some of the -“Roswell” witnesses. - - [Illustration: Fig. 52. A NASA VIKING space probe is rolled out of - its assembly building at Martin Marietta Corporation in Denver, - Colo. (_NASA_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 53. (_Above Left_) The aeroshell of a NASA - VOYAGER-MARS space probe just prior to launch at Walker AFB, N.M. - (formerly Roswell AAF). (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 54. (_Above Right_) This NASA VIKING flying - saucer-like space probe was test flown by U. S. Air Force high - altitude balloons in 1972 at the former Roswell Army Air Field. - (_NASA_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 55. (_Right_) Following a supersonic test - flight in 1972, a VIKING space probe awaits recovery at White Sands - Missile Range, N.M. (_NASA_)] - -=Tethered Balloons.= The Holloman Balloon Branch, in addition to high -altitude research activities, also conducted low altitude tethered -balloon flights. It appears that descriptions of these balloons may -have become part of the “Roswell Incident.” - -Most standard shaped tethered balloons are readily identified when near -the ground or when the tether is visible. Other experimental tethered -balloons are not so easily identified. During the 1960s, Balloon Branch -personnel flew experimentally shaped tethered balloons from deep -canyons of central New Mexico. To a distant observer, from a vantage -point above the canyon rim, where the tether and ground anchors are -not visible, an experimental tethered balloon might lead some persons -to speculate as to the oddly shaped balloon’s origin and purpose. One -design of a low altitude tethered balloon may have inspired at least -one account of an “alien” craft. In _The Truth About the UFO Crash at -Roswell_, the authors published a drawing of a crashed alien spaceship -allegedly based on a drawing given to them by an anonymous witness.[96] -When this drawing is compared to a photograph of an experimental -tethered balloon flown at Holloman AFB in March 1965, the similarities -are undeniable.[97] The tethered balloon and the NASA space probes are -just two examples of the uncommon technologies that were flown in New -Mexico by the Holloman Balloon Branch. - - [Illustration: Fig. 56. (_Left_) A drawing from a popular UFO - book, _The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell_, depicts an alien - spacecraft allegedly drawn by an anonymous witness. (_The Truth - About the UFO Crash at Roswell_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 57. (_Right_) A tethered “Vee” balloon shown - here at Holloman AFB, N.M. in March 1965. This experimental - balloon, is strikingly similar to the “alien” craft. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -Today, the Air Force maintains a reduced but still highly capable -high altitude balloon program at Holloman AFB. The Space and Missile -Command, Test and Evaluation Unit (SMC/TE, OL-AC) represents the sole -Department of Defense high altitude research balloon capability. The -ability of a U.S. Air Force high altitude balloon to lift a scientific -payload to more than 100,000 feet, above 99 per cent of the earth’s -atmosphere, for days at a time, presents a profoundly useful scientific -tool at a fraction of the cost of a space research platform. Recent -tests that utilized Holloman balloons included atmospheric sampling -and gravity measurement experiments, high altitude astronomic studies, -weapons systems evaluations, and gamma ray detection experiments. While -most tests continue to be launched from the permanent balloon launch -facility at Holloman AFB, U.S. Air Force balloon crews have recently -launched balloons from numerous field locations in the U.S. (including -two sites in Roswell), as well as Alaska, Panama, and Antarctica. - - [Illustration: Fig. 58. Present members of the Holloman Balloon - Branch in front of the Balloon Operations Center, Building 850, at - Holloman AFB, N.M., (_from left_) TSgt. Roger J. Welch, Mr. Joseph - Fumerola, Mr. Alvin W. Hodges, Mr. Joseph Longshore, MSgt. Ray A. - Pitts, Sr., Amn. John Witkop, and Mr. Harvey L. Harris. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - -Balloon and Payload Recoveries - -UFO theorists support their claims of an extraordinary occurrence in -the New Mexico desert by describing mysterious U.S. military personnel, -operating a variety of vehicles and aircraft that always seem to -arrive shortly after the crash of a “flying saucer.” When carefully -scrutinized, the descriptions of the mystery crews, their equipment, -methods, and the areas where the recoveries allegedly occurred—in -targeted high altitude balloon recovery areas—indicates that Holloman -Balloon Branch activities were most likely responsible for the claims. - -To successfully recover high altitude balloons, balloon recovery -technicians regularly ventured far from Holloman AFB. In most instances -the balloons and their scientific payloads were recovered from -predetermined recovery areas. These regularly targeted areas, located -in Arizona, West Texas, and New Mexico, included the area surrounding -Roswell.[98] From 1947 to the present, the Roswell area has been the -site of hundreds of balloon and payload recoveries (including those -that carried anthropomorphic dummies).[99] - -The regularly targeted areas were the result of the evolution of high -altitude balloon control techniques developed at Holloman AFB. These -techniques were based on meteorological, geographical, and operational -conditions that exist in New Mexico. These factors, combined with ample -amounts of skill and experience of balloon controllers at Holloman AFB, -determined the impact points of Holloman high altitude balloons. - -Many of the procedures used to position Air Force balloons are -described in _General Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control_, -and _Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations in -the Southwestern United States_, both by Bernard D. Gildenberg (see -statement in Appendix B).[100] Gildenberg served as the Holloman -Balloon Branch Meteorologist, Engineer, and Physical Science -Administrator from 1951 until 1981. During this period, Gildenberg, a -recognized world expert in upper atmospheric wind patterns, pioneered -methods to launch, control, track, and recover high altitude balloons. -Many of these methods are still used today by the U.S. Air Force and by -research organizations throughout the world. - - -Interaction with Civilians - - [Illustration: Fig. 59. Bernard D. “Duke” Gildenberg (_center_) - Balloon Branch Meteorologist, is shown here in May 1957 in front - of the MAN HIGH I gondola. With Gildenberg are MAN HIGH I pilot - Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (_left_), and MAN HIGH project - scientist/pilot, Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC). When Gildenberg - attempted to inform UFO theorists that high altitude balloon - projects were likely responsible for some of the UFO claims, his - explanations were rejected, _see also_ pages 8 & 9. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -In several accounts, unsubstantiated allegations have been made -that military personnel who retrieved equipment from rural areas of -New Mexico intimidated and threatened civilians. Contrary to these -charges, Balloon Branch personnel enjoyed good relations with the -local community and often solicited their assistance in the area of a -balloon or payload landing. In the flat, featureless desert areas of -southeastern New Mexico near Roswell, the parachutes, payloads, the -balloons themselves, and circling chase aircraft often drew crowds of -curious onlookers from the local community. In fact, so many civilians -were often present at balloon or payload landing sites, the scene was -described by longtime civilian Balloon Branch recovery supervisor, -Robert Blankenship, as being like the “circus coming to town.”[101] - -Allegations that civilians were threatened or told to “forget what they -saw” are profoundly inaccurate. Threats, intimidation, or other types -of misconduct by Balloon Branch personnel would have served no purpose -since without the cooperation of local persons, many recoveries would -not have been possible.[102] - - [Illustration: Fig. 60. (_Right_) This ranch family assisted in the - recovery of a Project STARGAZER high altitude balloon payload and - is shown here with a panel from the unmanned gondola. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -Most balloon recoveries were coordinated in advance with local -law enforcement agencies.[103] If a balloon or payload landed on -private property and the owner could not be located, Balloon Branch -operating instructions dictated that the local sheriff or police -must be contacted.[104] In situations where local persons arrived at -balloon landing sites before the recovery crews, they were simply -asked to “step back” to allow recovery personnel to secure the -balloon equipment.[105] If these persons inquired as to the purpose -of a balloon flight, they were informed by technicians that it was a -U.S. Air Force scientific study and were given a telephone number at -Holloman AFB if they required additional information. At Holloman AFB, -individuals qualified to answer detailed questions responded to these -inquiries. There was never a reason to mislead or threaten individuals -who observed balloon operations. Relations with local citizens were -good, and Balloon Branch personnel and equipment were a common sight to -residents in areas with high incidences of balloon operations. - -In a few instances, situations arose when persons not familiar with the -procedures and equipment used by the Balloon Branch misunderstood their -activities. Such misunderstandings occurred several times during the -1970s and 1980s when recovery crews not only attracted the attention of -local citizens while coordinating balloon recoveries, but also drew the -attention of federal law enforcement agencies.[106] - -Checks with the local sheriff revealed that the trucks and circling -aircraft in the desert near Roswell were part of a balloon recovery -mission, and not a drug smuggling operation. Apparently, balloon -recoveries appeared to be something suspicious even to federal agents. - - [Illustration: Fig. 61. A typical Holloman Balloon Branch recovery - crew is shown here with a man known as “The hermit” who assisted - them in a balloon recovery northwest of Silver City, N.M. in the - 1960s. (_photo collection of Robert Blankenship_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 62. A mule (named Ida) was borrowed from a - local rancher when a balloon payload landed in difficult terrain 20 - miles north of Wickenburg, Ariz. in October 1966. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 63. On occasion, Air Force balloon recovery - crews rented or borrowed equipment from local residents. This - bulldozer was rented for one recovery in the Sacramento mountains - west of Roswell. (_photo collection of Robert Blankenship_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 64. Balloon Branch vehicle at roadside café. - This M-43 ¾-ton field ambulance, converted by the Holloman Balloon - Branch into a communications vehicle, was a common sight in the - areas surrounding Roswell during the 1950s and early 1960s. (_photo - collection of Ole Jorgeson_)] - - [Illustration: Figs. 65 & 66. Examples of unusual payloads flown by - Air Force high altitude balloons at Holloman AFB, N.M. (_U.S. Air - Force photos_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 67. (_Left_) This U.S. Army communications - payload was flown at Holloman AFB, N.M. on September 30, 1976. - (_U.S. Army photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 68. (_Right_) Payload launched by an Air Force - high altitude balloon from Holloman AFB, N. M. on March 20, 1965. - This payload was a scientific experiment for The Johns Hopkins - University Astrophysics Laboratory. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 69. High altitude balloon payload launched from - Holloman AFB on September 14, 1976. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - - - 1.4 - Comparison of Witnesses Accounts to U.S. Air Force Activities - - -Were they aliens or dummies? This question can be answered by comparing -witness testimony and the Air Force projects of the 1950s, HIGH -DIVE and EXCELSIOR. Both of these projects employed anthropomorphic -dummies flown by high altitude balloons and appeared to satisfy the -requirements of the previously established research profile: - - _a._ An activity that if viewed from a distance would appear - unusual. - - _b._ An activity for which the exact date was not likely to have - been known because many dummies were dropped over a six-year period - (1953–1959). - - _c._ An activity that took place in many areas of rural New Mexico. - - _d._ An activity that involved a type of aerial vehicle with - dummies that had four fingers, were bald and wore one-piece gray - suits. - - _e._ An activity that required recovery by numerous military - personnel and an assortment of vehicles that included a wrecker, a - six-by-six, and a weapons carrier. - -The testimony used in the following comparison, an undocumented mixture -of firsthand and secondhand re-countings, are the actual statements, -not the interpretations of UFO proponents, that are presented to -“prove” the Earth was visited by extraterrestrial beings and the U.S. -Air Force has covered up this fact since 1947. This comparison is -augmented by references to photographs whenever possible to illustrate -the undeniable similarities between the descriptions provided by the -witnesses and the equipment and methods employed by the Air Force -projects. - - [Illustration: Fig. 70. Project HIGH DIVE anthropomorphic dummy - launch. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - - - “Crash” Site 1 - (Allegedly North of Roswell) - - -This summarized account is the basis for the alleged “flying saucer” -crash site north of Roswell.[*] The exact location is not known since -the witness, Mr. James Ragsdale, in two separate sworn statements, has -described two different sites, many miles apart.[107] This account was -excerpted from an interview with Mr. Ragsdale by author Donald Schmitt. -A transcript of the complete interview is included in Appendix C. - -[*] In _The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell_ (Avon Books, 1994, p. -131), the authors provided a corroborating account for this testimony -from a 96-year-old man who was in ill health, whose interview was not -tape recorded, and has since died. According to the book, the man’s -“wife and daughter said that he was easily confused” and “memories of -his life were jumbled and reordered.” - - -The Account -James Ragsdale - -“_They was using dummies in those damned things_”[108] - -Testimony attributed to Ragsdale, who is deceased, states that he and -a friend were camping one evening and saw something fall from the sky. -The next morning, when they went to investigate, they saw a crash site: - -“One part [of the craft] was kind of buried in the ground and one part -of it was sticking our [out] of the ground.” “I’m sure that [there] was -bodies ... either bodies or dummies.” “The federal government could -have been doing something they didn’t want anyone to know what this -was. They was using dummies in those damned things ... they could use -remote control ... but it was either dummies or bodies or something -laying there. They looked like bodies. They were not very long ... -[not] over four or five foot long at the most.” “We didn’t see their -faces or nothing like that ... we had just gotten to the site and the -Army ... and all [was] coming and we got into a damned jeep and took -off.” - -This testimony then describes an assortment of military vehicles used -to recover the “bodies”: “It was two or three six-by-six Army trucks a -wrecker and everything. Leading the pack was a '47 Ford car with guys -in it.... It was six or eight big trucks besides the pickup, weapons -carriers and stuff like that.” Ragsdale also said that before he left -the area he observed the military personnel “gathering stuff up” and -“they cleaned everything all up.” - - -Assessment - -In his testimony, Ragsdale made numerous references to equipment, -vehicles, and procedures consistent with documented anthropomorphic -dummy recoveries for projects HIGH DIVE and EXCELSIOR. The repeated -use of the term “dummy” and the witness’ own admission that “they was -using dummies in those damned things” and “I’m sure that was bodies ... -either bodies or dummies” leaves little doubt that what he described -was an anthropomorphic dummy recovery. - -Based on testimony attributed to this witness, the confusion could -have resulted from the fact that he observed these activities from a -distance. If the witness was even a short distance from the odd looking -anthropomorphic dummies, it would be logical for him to believe, when -interviewed 35 to 40 years after the event, that he “thought they were -dummies or bodies or something.” Also, for some of the high altitude -drops, the dummies did not separate from the suspension rack and -“rode the rack” to the ground without deployment of a parachute.[109] -If the parachutes of the dummies or parachutes of the rack assembly -did not deploy (a common occurrence during the early dummy drops), -then they free-fell from up to 98,000 feet.[110] As a result of these -malfunctions, the arms and legs of the dummies were often separated -from the body on impact.[111] This may account for the witness’ -description of bodies [not] “over four or five foot” tall. - -Another portion of his testimony suggesting that the witness observed -an Air Force high altitude balloon and dummy recovery was the -statement: “The federal government could have been doing something -because they didn’t want anyone to know what this was ... they was -using dummies in those damned things ... they could use remote -control.” Balloon controllers used remote control to relay commands to -the balloon control package to valve gas and drop ballast.[112] The -dummies themselves were also dropped from the suspension rack by remote -control.[113] - -[Illustration: Fig. 71. Numerous vehicles and various types -of equipment, were often present at high altitude balloon and -anthropomorphic dummy launch and recovery locations. (photo collection -of Ole Jorgeson) ] - -The witness also described a Balloon Branch procedure that required the -area of a balloon or payload landing to be restored to its original -condition. It was evident in the statements “They cleaned everything -all up” and “They began gathering the stuff up.” Thoroughly cleaning -a balloon or dummy landing site and removing any debris deposited -there was a standard procedure to maintain good community relations and -avoid legal claims that could arise over property damages or livestock -losses.[114] Cattle were known to ingest scraps of polyethylene balloon -material that sometimes littered entire fields following a balloon -failure or flight termination.[115] - -The military vehicles described were also consistent with recovery -and communications vehicles used during the 1950s to retrieve -anthropomorphic dummies and suspension racks.[116] The witness stated -he saw a “wrecker,” a “six-by-six,” a “weapons carrier,” a “'47 Ford -car,” and a “pickup.” The “wrecker” was most likely a M-342 5-ton -wrecker that was assigned to the Balloon Branch for launch and recovery -operations.[117] Other vehicles described were also the type used to -launch and recover anthropomorphic dummies. The “six-by-six” is a -likely reference to a M-35 2½-ton cargo truck; “weapons carriers” were -the common name of a Dodge M-37 ¾-ton utility truck. References to -“the pickup” and a “'47 Ford car,” were likely descriptions of other -civilian and military vehicles often present at high altitude balloon -launch and recovery locations. - - - - - “Crash” Site 2 - (Allegedly 175 miles Northwest of Roswell) - - -This purported flying saucer “crash” site is allegedly 175 miles -northwest of Roswell in an area of New Mexico known as the San Agustin -Plains.[118] The contention that a flying saucer crashed at this -location and was recovered by the U.S. military is supported by three -principal testimonies, two secondhand and one firsthand. - - -The Secondhand Accounts - -These accounts were related by Mr. Vern Maltais and Ms. Alice Knight, -who were acquainted with the alleged original eyewitness, Mr. Grady -L. Barnett, who is deceased. Unless otherwise noted, the following -statements appeared on footage used to prepare a video, _Recollections -of Roswell Part II_, by The Fund for UFO Research (see Appendix C). - - -Alice Knight - -“_I don’t recall the date_”[119] - -“I don’t remember whether it was before my husband and I were married -or after, I don’t recall the date. But he [the eyewitness] saw a UFO -fall ... and he got nearly to the site ... but they got nearly up to -the UFO but it was close enough that you could see some creatures. -He said they didn’t look like human beings out there. And along came -government cars and trucks. I guess it was government. You know it was -a long time ago ... and they told him to go on back and forget that -they ever saw anything, and that’s all I recall.” - - -Assessment - -This brief testimony suggests that the witness did not know the date -of this event. It also appears that the “creatures” were seen from a -distance, as evidenced by the statement, “They got nearly up to the -UFO but it was close enough that you could see some creatures.” The -testimony also seems consistent with a description of anthropomorphic -dummies as the witness stated they “didn’t look like human beings.” - - -Vern Maltais - -“_Their heads were hairless ... no eyebrows, no eyelashes, no -hair_”[120] - -This secondhand witness alleged that the eyewitness told him he -observed “beings” from a “flying saucer that had burst open” that were -“about three and a half to four feet tall, very slim ... their heads -were hairless, with no eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair” with “sort of -a pear-shaped head.” He also related that “the beings were ... not -exactly like human beings ... similar but not exactly.” He described -that the hands of the beings “were not covered” ... and [they] only had -“four fingers.” He also related that the clothing of the beings was -“one-piece and gray in color”.[121] The witness concluded that “As they -[the witnesses] were just starting to look things over really closely, -the military moved in and gave them a briefing to not say anything -about it.” - - [Illustration: Fig. 72. “Their heads were hairless ... no - eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair,” a likely description of Alderson - Laboratories type anthropomorphic dummy. These Alderson dummies, of - the same type used for Projects HIGH DIVE/EXCELSIOR, were used to - test NASA’s APOLLO spacecraft three-man couch at Holloman AFB, N.M. - in 1965. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - -Assessment - -This description of events also indicates that the eyewitness -apparently did not closely examine the scene and was “just starting -to look things over” when the military arrived. As with the previous -testimony, from a distance the dummies were likely to look, as -described by the witness, “not exactly like humans ... similar but not -exactly.” The description of the flying saucer that had “burst open” -is a likely description of the dummy suspension rack that was open on -the sides (see figures 74, 75, 76). The detailed descriptions of the -“beings” as “about three and a half to four feet tall, very slim in -stature ... their heads were hairless, with no eyebrows, no eyelashes, -no hair,” with “hands that were not covered” and “had only four -fingers,” is a likely description of an Alderson Research Laboratories -model anthropomorphic dummy. The head of the Alderson dummy was “bald” -and the area of the eyebrows protruded but had no “hair” (see figure -72). Also, a distinguishing feature of the Alderson dummy, unlike the -Sierra dummy, was that it had individual fingers not covered by gloves -that were often damaged during the tests resulting in the loss of -fingers (see figures 35, 73, 75). - -Due to the secondhand nature of these accounts, even UFO theorists were -not convinced that this “incident” actually occurred. Corroborating -testimony of a firsthand witness was necessary to verify these claims. -The firsthand testimony is examined next. - - -The Firsthand Account - -This testimony became part of the Roswell Incident in 1990 following an -episode of the television program _Unsolved Mysteries_.[122] Following -a dramatized re-creation on the program, persons with information -concerning this event were encouraged to call a special toll free -telephone number. - -From the outset, some UFO theorists were skeptical of this testimony -due to the amount of detail provided from the witness who was only five -years old in 1947. In fact, UFO organizations sponsored a conference -in February 1992 to evaluate the testimony for authenticity.[123] -The witness was asked to take a polygraph examination, which he -passed.[124] Many UFO enthusiasts remained skeptical of the claims and -denounced this testimony as “no more than a fabrication.”[125] - -Unless otherwise noted, two sources of testimony attributed to the -witness have been used in this examination; interviews used to prepare -the video _Recollections of Roswell Part II_ by the Fund for UFO -Research (see Appendix C) and _Crash at Corona_ by Don Berliner and -Stanton Friedman (passages from this book were used only when exact -quotations of the witness were indicated). - - -Gerald Anderson - -“_I thought they were plastic dolls ... I didn’t think they were -real_”[126] - -Anderson related that as a five-year-old boy on an outing with his -family in west central New Mexico, they stumbled upon the crash of -some type of aerial vehicle.[127] When he first saw the craft he -thought it was a “blimp.”[128] According to Anderson he “didn’t really -get very close,”[129] but thought he saw four bandaged crewmembers -and at first he “thought they were plastic dolls.”[130] He also -described attempts by persons in his party to communicate with one -of the “crewmembers.”[131] Soon after, other civilians arrived (some -wearing pith helmets) followed by military personnel in an assortment -of vehicles and aircraft commanded by a “redheaded captain.”[132] The -military personnel, after “screaming and hollering” at the civilians -“this is a military secret,” started a recovery operation of the alien -craft and crew.[133] Anderson also recalled that the military personnel -threatened some of the civilians with imprisonment or death before -escorting them out of the area.[134] - - -Assessment - -Anderson’s choice of the terms “blimp” to describe the crashed vehicle, -and “dolls” to describe the “crew,” strongly suggests that a balloon -with an anthropomorphic dummy payload was the foundation for this -testimony. He also provided an abundance of supporting details that -accurately described vehicles, aircraft, equipment, and procedures -used by the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch to launch and recover -anthropomorphic dummies. - -An aspect of this testimony that is not accurate is the alleged threats -and intimidation of civilians by military personnel. The use of such -heavy-handedness was not a tactic used by the Air Force. A careful -review of official records and interviews with numerous persons -who actively participated in and were responsible for the conduct -of Air Force members on high altitude balloon recovery operations -revealed that these allegations are untrue.[135] Additionally, the -witness alleges that the military personnel were “screaming and -hollering” “this is a military secret.”[136] This statement might lead -uninitiated persons to believe that the witness observed something -highly classified and that by telling everyone present that it was a -“military secret” would somehow help it to remain so. However, logic -dictates that if something was classified “screaming and hollering” -it was “secret,” would compromise it and not serve to protect its -classification. This application of logic, combined with the fact that -the launch and recovery of anthropomorphic dummies was unclassified, -widely publicized, and often observed by local civilians, indicates -that the witness’ recollections are in error. There was never a reason -to disrespect, “scream,” “holler,” or forbid any person from talking -about the launch or recovery of anthropomorphic dummies. - -=The “Crewmembers.”= The statement “I thought they were plastic -dolls” seems an odd choice of words to describe an extraterrestrial -being and is a likely reference to an anthropomorphic dummy whose -skin was made of plastic.[137] This description is similar to that -of the sole witness of the other crash site, north of Roswell, who -described the “aliens” as “dummies.”[138] Other references provided -by this witness further indicate that anthropomorphic dummies were -the basis for these descriptions. The heads of the “crewmembers” were -described as “completely bald” with “no visible ears ... just a rise -... and then a hole.”[139] This is an accurate description of Alderson -Research Laboratories model dummies that did not have “hair” and had -either plastic “ears” molded to the head or a circular opening where -a “demountable ear” or additional instrumentation was attached (see -figure 22).[140] The statement “they didn’t have a little finger,”[141] -a detail very similar to one provided by another witness, also appears -to be a description of dummies manufactured by Alderson Laboratories -that were often damaged during the balloon tests resulting in the loss -of fingers. - - [Illustration: Fig. 73. “Some kind of container, a metal box,” was - described as laying on the ground near the alleged aliens. This - appears to be a reference to boxes containing electrical components - of the remote controlled systems positioned on the top of the dummy - suspension rack. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 74. “They looked like they had some sort of - bandages on ’em ... over his ... arm ... around his midsection and - partially over his shoulder”—witness description of tape and nylon - webbing used to prevent arms and legs from flailing, and parachute - harness that had chest and shoulder straps. Tape was also used to - secure the removable back plate of the head (_also see figs. 29, - 30, 73, 75_). (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -The assertion that “they were all wearing one-piece suits ... a shiny -silverish-gray color,” “trimmed in ... maroon-like cording”[142] is -a likely reference to a standard issue, gray, Air Force flightsuit -used to outfit the dummies and red duct-type tape used in the tests -that prevented air from filling the flightsuit (see fig. 30).[143] The -recollection that “crewmembers” had “bandages”[144] on their bodies -were likely references to tape and nylon webbing used to prevent -flailing of a dummy’s arms and legs during tests.[145] A reference to -a bandage “around his [the crewmember’s] midsection and partially over -his shoulder”[146] is a likely reference to the standard B-4 or B-5 -parachute with chest and shoulder straps worn by the dummies.[147] - - [Illustration: Fig. 75. “Its uniform was torn in a couple spots ... - their uniforms were in pretty sad shape”—witnesses description of - secondhand flightsuits that were used repeatedly on tests; tears - and other damage were common. In this photo, 1st Lt. Raymond A. - Madson “rigs” a dummy to its suspension rack for project HIGH DIVE - at Holloman AFB, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 76. A witness described at least one person - at a “crash” site wearing a pith helmet. In the 1950s, the pith - helmet was part of the Air Force uniform and was often worn on - balloon launches and recoveries. In this publicity photo from _On - the Threshold of Space_, Air Force members at Holloman AFB who were - extras in the film can be seen wearing pith helmets. (_also see - figure 49_)] - -=The “Craft.”= In what appears to be a clear reference to a balloon, -was that when he saw the crashed vehicle he “thought it was a -blimp.”[148] Additional descriptions of cables that “went from one -kind of a package of components to another kind of package” and a -“metal box” were likely references to the balloon control package that -was positioned on top of the dummy suspension rack.[149] A further -reference to a balloon payload is the statement that on a hot New -Mexico day the crashed vehicle was “ice cold, it felt like it just -came out of the freezer.”[150] This accurately describes a physical -condition known as “cold soaking” common to high altitude payloads -that had recently been exposed to sub-zero temperatures of the upper -atmosphere. - - [Illustration: Fig. 77. “An observation aircraft ... a high-winged - aircraft”—a witness’s probable reference to a U.S. Air Force L-20 - aircraft used extensively by Holloman AFB crews to track and - recover anthropomorphic dummies. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 78. Described as present at a flying saucer - “crash” site was a C-47 aircraft. This is a probable reference to - a U.S. Air Force C-47 transport aircraft used to move equipment to - launch sites distant from Holloman AFB. These aircraft were also - used for aerial tracking of high altitude balloon flights including - those that flew anthropomorphic dummies. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -=Military Aircraft.= The witness also described two aircraft of the -same type used for anthropomorphic dummy recoveries as having been -involved in the activity he witnessed. One aircraft was described as -a “C-47” and another as an “observation aircraft ... a high-winged -aircraft.”[151] These were a C-47 and a L-20 aircraft used extensively -by the Balloon Branch during the mid 1950s for tracking and recovering -anthropomorphic dummy balloon flights.[152] This testimony also -described aircraft that were typically overhead during a recovery and -an established procedure of landing on a rural road or in a field to -reach isolated balloon launch or recovery locations.[153] - -=Military Vehicles.= Numerous military vehicles, several of which -were described by other witnesses as having been at the other crash -site north of Roswell, were also described. Witnesses at the two -different sites described a “wrecker” and a “six-by-six,” both of the -type used for anthropomorphic dummy recoveries.[154] The account also -described two vehicles unique to the Balloon Branch that were used for -the majority of high altitude balloon recoveries during the mid- to -late-1950s. - -The witness described a “jeep-like truck that had a bunch of radios -in it”.... There was a guy sittin’ in there wearin’ earphones and he -was talking on the radio.“[155] This is a likely description of a -Dodge M-37 ¾-ton utility truck, known as a weapons carrier, that had -been specially modified to carry radio equipment for balloon recovery -operations. The Holloman AFB Balloon Branch modified these vehicles -in 1953, ruling out the possibility that the witness observed them in -1947, when such vehicles were not available to organizations performing -balloon operations.[156] The other vehicle described and used by the -Balloon Branch were “military ambulances.”[157] During the mid-1950s, -the Balloon Branch modified three M-43 ¾-ton ambulances for use as -balloon recovery and communications vehicles.[158] These vehicles were -used for anthropomorphic dummy launch and recovery missions to relay -messages to circling recovery aircraft and the balloon operations -center at Holloman AFB.[159] The witness also described “a trailer with -a motor on it, like a generator.”[160] This@ is a likely description -of a 1½-ton cargo trailer with an MB-19 15 Kilowatt diesel generator. -These generators were used primarily on balloon launch sites during the -1950s and 1960s (see fig. 71). - - [Illustration: Fig. 79. “Stretching stuff out on the ground, - dragging stuff out of trucks”—a likely witness reference to high - altitude balloon inflation procedure that required the balloon to - be stretched out on a protective ground cloth prior to inflation. - (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -=Balloon Branch Procedures.= Descriptions of military personnel -“stretching stuff out on the ground, dragging stuff out of trucks”[161] -is a likely description of a balloon launch procedure that required -the fragile polyethylene balloon and its protective ground cloth to -be removed from a launch vehicle and laid out on the ground prior to -inflation. Another procedure described by the witness was an apparent -reference to a balloon recovery practice of recording the names of -civilians who observed high altitude balloon recoveries.[162] The -witness stated that military personnel “took everybody’s name and -everything,”[163] which was a procedure to ensure payment of a $25 -dollar reward to persons who assisted in the recovery. This procedure -was also necessary to settle future claims of property damage caused by -the balloon, payload, or recovery vehicles.[164] - - [Illustration: Fig. 80. Witnesses described a “tanker,” “military - ambulances,” a “6 × 6,” and a “wrecker”—probable references to - (_from left_) a helium tank trailer, a M-43 ambulance (converted to - a communications vehicle), a M-35 cargo truck (partially obscured), - and a M-342 wrecker. These vehicles were used for off-range launch - and recovery operations of anthropomorphic dummies for Project HIGH - DIVE/EXCELSIOR. Shown here is a May 29, 1957 dummy launch near - Hatch, N.M. (_also see figs. 23, 28, 64, 71, 81_). (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 81. Scene typical of a mid- to late 1950s - off-range high altitude balloon launch. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - Summary - -When the claims offered by UFO theorists to prove that an -extraterrestrial spaceship and crew crashed and were recovered by the -U.S. Air Force are compared to documented Air Force activities, it is -reasonable to conclude, with a high degree of certainty, that the two -“crashes” were actually descriptions of a launch or recovery of a high -altitude balloon and anthropomorphic dummies. This conclusion was based -on the remarkable similarities and independent corroboration between -the witnesses who described _both_ of the “crash sites.” Statements -such as “they was using dummies in those damned things” and a -characterization of the crashed vehicle as, “I thought it was a blimp” -are two of the many similarities. The extensive detailed descriptions -provided by the witnesses, too numerous to be coincidental, were of -the equipment, vehicles, procedures, and personnel of the Air Force -research organizations who conducted the scientific experiments HIGH -DIVE and EXCELSIOR. - -Though it is clear anthropomorphic dummies were responsible for these -accounts, the specific locations of the events described was difficult, -if not impossible, to determine since the witnesses were not specific. -A witness to the “crash site” north of Roswell, Mr. James Ragsdale, -was not certain of the actual location as evidenced by a change in -his sworn testimony that moved the site many miles from its original -location.[165] - -However, since Ragsdale reportedly lived or worked in the Roswell, -Artesia, and Carlsbad, N.M. areas during the period when the dummies -were used, it is likely he described one or more of the nine documented -dummy recoveries in areas near there. - -Reports of the other crash site, allegedly 175 miles northwest of -Roswell on the San Agustin Plains, is likely based on descriptions of -more than one launch and recovery of anthropomorphic dummies. Since -one witness, Gerald Anderson, described procedures consistent with the -launch _and_ recovery of high altitude balloons, it is likely that he -witnessed both of these activities, with at least one that included an -anthropomorphic dummy payload. - -The two secondhand witnesses to this “crash,” Vern Maltais and Alice -Knight, could have related descriptions from any of the dummy launch -or landing sites. However, Maltais and Knight repeatedly described the -impact location of the flying saucer as on the San Agustin Plains. -One possible explanation is that the witnesses, in the 30 or more -years since they were told the story by the original eyewitness, Mr. -Barney Barnett, a soil conservation engineer who reportedly traveled -extensively throughout New Mexico, may have confused San Agustin -Plains with San Agustin Pass or San Agustin Peak, an area in the San -Agustin Mountains of New Mexico. These areas are just outside the -boundary of the White Sands Missile Range and the adjacent Jornada -Test Range. Numerous anthropomorphic dummy balloon flights terminated -and were recovered in this area. Furthermore, if the civilians -witnessed dummy landings on either the White Sands Missile Range or the -Jornada Test Range, both test areas and restricted U.S. Government -reservations, then this explains why they may have been told to leave -the landing site. In the popular Roswell scenarios, witnesses were -allegedly instructed by military personnel to leave the area because -they witnessed something of a highly classified nature. This would -be unlikely since the witnesses described projects that utilized -anthropomorphic dummies which were unclassified. It is likely, however, -that if the witnesses ventured onto one of these ranges they were -instructed to leave, not because of classified activities, but for -their own safety. - -These conclusions are supported by official files, technical reports, -extensive photographic documentation, and the recollections of numerous -former and retired Air Force members and civilian employees who -conducted Projects HIGH DIVE and EXCELSIOR. The descriptions examined -here, provided by UFO theorists themselves, were so remarkably—and -redundantly—similar to these Air Force projects that the only -reasonable conclusion can be that the witnesses described these -activities. These many similarities are summarized in Table 1.1. - -The next section will examine the accounts of “aliens” at the hospital -at Roswell Army Air Field. As previously stated, due to the lack of -general or detailed similarities with testimony of the two rural “crash -sites,” the hospital account was determined not to be associated with -these reports. - -[Illustration: Fig. 82.] - - - Table 1.1 - - Comparison of Testimony to Actual Air Force Equipment, Vehicles, and - Procedures Used to Launch and Recover Anthropomorphic Dummies - - Notes: - - “Crash Site” 1—Site North of Roswell - - “Crash Site” 2—Site 175 miles Northwest of Roswell - - Shaded areas indicates corroboration between witnesses. - - Boxed shaded areas indicates corroboration between witnesses at - different “crash” sites. - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Air Force - Witness Description Equipment/Procedure “Crash Site” - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - =The “Aliens”= - +--------------------------+ - 1. “They was using dummies in |Reference to | Site 1 - those damned things.”[166] |anthropomorphic dummies | - _Ragsdale_ |(figs. 11, 14, 21–22, 29, | - |30–33, 35, 40, 72–75, 45).| - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 2. “I thought they were |Reference to | Site 2 - plastic dolls”[167] |anthropomorphic dummies | - _Anderson_ |that had plastic skin. | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 3. “an experimental plane with |Reference to | Site 1 - dummies in it”[168] |anthropomorphic dummies. | - _Kaufman_ +--------------------------+ - - - +--------------------------+ - 4. “I’m sure that was bodies |Reference to | Site 1 - ... either bodies or |anthropomorphic dummies. | - dummies.”[169] +--------------------------+ - _Ragsdale_ - - +--------------------------+ - 5. “it was either dummies or |Reference to | Site 1 - bodies or something laying |anthropomorphic dummies. | - there.”[170] +--------------------------+ - _Ragsdale_ - - +--------------------------+ - 6. “his eyes was open, staring |Reference to | Site 2 - blankly”[171] |anthropomorphic dummy. | - _Anderson_ +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 7. “not exactly like human |Reference to | Site 2 - beings ... similar, but not |anthropomorphic dummies. | - exactly.”[172] +--------------------------+ - _Maltais_ - - +--------------------------+ - 8. “didn’t look like human |Reference to | Site 2 - beings”[173] |anthropomorphic dummies. | - _Knight_ +--------------------------+ - - 9. “they didn’t have a little Reference to Alderson Site 2 - finger”[174] Laboratories dummy that - _Anderson_ were reused many times and - were often damaged but - remained in service. - (figs. 35, 73, 75). - - 10. “they had four Corroboration of Site 2 - fingers”[175] description #9. See above. - _Maltais_ - - +--------------------------+ - 11. [the beings were] “three |Likely description of | Site 2 - and a half to four feet |anthropomorphic dummy | - tall”[176] |missing legs after fall | - _Maltais_ |from altitude. | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 12. [the beings were] “four |Corroboration of | Site 2 - foot tall, four and a half |description #11. See | - feet tall.”[177] |above. | - _Anderson_ +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 13. “they weren’t over four or |Corroboration of | Site 1 - five foot long at the |description #11. See | - most.”[178] |above. | - _Ragsdale_ +--------------------------+ - - 14. “Their skin coloration ... Probable description of a Site 2 - [was] a bluish tinted milky “Sierra Sam” dummy with - white”[179] pale white “skin” (fig. 21). - _Anderson_ - - 15. “their heads were Anthropomorphic dummies Site 2 - hairless ... no eyebrows, did not have “hair” (figs. - no eyelashes, no hair”[180] 21, 22, 36–38, 40). - _Maltais_ - - 16. “no hair ... completely Corroboration of Site 2 - bald”[181] description #15. See above. - _Anderson_ - - 17. “no visible ears ... just Dummies had ears that were Site 2 - a rise there and then a molded to their heads with - hole”[182] openings for placement of - _Anderson_ instruments (fig. 22). - - 18. “The hands were not Reference to Alderson dummy Site 2 - covered”[183] which did not have gloves on - _Maltais_ hands (figs. 35, 73–75). - - 19. “they were all wearing one Reference to gray flight Site 2 - piece suits ... a shiny suits worn by the dummies - silverish gray color”[184] for some of the tests (figs. - _Anderson_ 14, 29, 30). - - 20. “Their clothing seemed to Corroboration of description Site 2 - be one piece and gray in #19. See above. - color.”[185] - _Maltais_ - - 21. “It’s uniform was torn in Dummy uniforms were often Site 2 - a couple spots ... their secondhand, rips and other - uniforms were in pretty sad defects were common but - shape.”[186] they remained in service - _Anderson_ (fig. 75). - - 22. “Around the collar it [the Reference to red duct tape Site 2 - suit] was trimmed in ... used to prevent air from - maroon-like cording”[187] filling the dummy’s - _Anderson_ flightsuit (figs. 29, 30). - - 23. “They looked like they Reference to tape and nylon Site 2 - had some sort of bandages webbing used to prevent - on ’em ... over his [the arms and legs of dummy - crewmember’s] arm.”[188] from flailing. Tape was also - _Anderson_ used to secure the removable - back plate of head (figs. 29, - 30, 35, 72–75). - - 24. [bandages] “around his Reference to parachute Site 2 - midsection and partially over harness that had chest and - his shoulder”[189] shoulder straps. - _Anderson_ - - =The “Craft”= - - 25. “It [the crewmember] felt Description of a high Site 2 - dead when I touched it, it was altitude balloon payload that - very cold.”[190] was cold soaked at sub zero - _Anderson_ temperatures of the upper - atmosphere. - - 26. “it was a dirigible, a Reference to a partially Site 2 - that had crashed”[191] inflated or deflated high - blimp altitude balloon (figs. 23, - _Anderson_ 70). - - 27. “a flying saucer that had Reference to the dummy Site 2 - burst open”[192] suspension rack that did not - _Maltais_ have sides (figs. 35, 73–75). - - 28. “clusters of thread-like Numerous cables and wires Site 2 - material in the form of a were used in the dummy - cable”[193] instrumentation kits and - _Anderson_ balloon control package. - - 29. “others of those [cables] Both balloon control package Site 2 - went from one kind of package and dummy instrumentation - of components to another kind kits were connected by cables - of package”[194] (fig. 73). - _Anderson_ - - 30. “some kind of container, Reference to balloon control Site 2 - a metal box”[195] package or dummy - _Anderson_ instrumentation kit (fig. 73). - - 31. “it was ice cold, it felt Condition of a balloon Site 2 - like it just came out of a payload after it has been - freezer”[196] “cold soaked” in the upper - _Anderson_ atmosphere at temperatures - far below zero. - - =Vehicles= - - +--------------------------+ - 32. a “jeep-like truck that had |Reference to a modified | Site 2 - a bunch of radios in it and two |M-37 ¾-ton utility | - big antennas.... There was a |truck commonly referred to| - guy sittin’ in there wearin’ |as a weapons carrier, | - earphones and he was talking |unique to the Balloon | - on the radio.”[197] |Branch. One of the primary| - _Anderson_ |vehicles used by recovery | - |crews. Balloons were | - |tracked by direction | - |finding gear and required | - |a radio operator to wear | - |headphones (fig. 32). | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 33. “weapons carriers”[198] |Corroboration of | Site 1 - _Ragsdale_ |description #32. See | - |above. | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 34. “six by six Army |Reference to M-35 | Site 1 - trucks”[199] |2½-ton cargo truck used | - _Ragsdale_ |to transport dummies and | - |suspension racks for | - |launch and recoveries | - |(fig. 31). | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 35. “six by [six] ... military |Corroboration of | Site 2 - truck with canvas ... wagon |description #34. See | - type ... thing over it”[200] |above. | - _Anderson_ +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 36. “wreckers [with] cranes |Reference to M-246 wrecker| Site 2 - on ’em”[201] |used to launch and recover| - _Anderson_ |anthropomorphic dummy | - |payloads (figs. 23, 28, | - |70). | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 37. “a wrecker”[202] |Corroboration of | Site 1 - _Ragsdale_ |description #36. See | - |above. | - +--------------------------+ - - 38. “there was military Reference to a converted Site 2 - ambulances”[203] M-43 ambulances used as - _Anderson_ balloon recovery - communications vehicles - (figs. 64, 71, 80). - - 39. “the pick-up”[204] Pick-up trucks were often Site 2 - _Anderson_ used to recover - anthropomorphic dummies - (figs. 71, 79). - - 40. “tankers, like, maybe had Reference to M-49 fuel Site 2 - fuel or water in ’em”[205] trucks used to refuel - _Anderson_ aircraft or helium trailer - used to inflate balloon - (figs. 23, 70, 80, 81). - - +--------------------------+ - 41. “a military car”[206] |A variety of military and | Site 2 - _Anderson_ |civilian cars were often | - |used for balloon | - |recoveries and launches | - |(fig. 71). | - +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 42. “’47 Ford car”[207] |Corroboration of | Site 1 - _Ragsdale_ |description #41. See | - |above. | - +--------------------------+ - - 43. “there was a jeep that was Reference to 1-ton trailer Site 2 - pulling a trailer with a motor and MB-19 15 Kilowatt - on it, like a generator.”[208] diesel generator that were - _Anderson_ used at balloon launch and - recovery locations (fig. - 71). - - =Aircraft= - - 44. “observation aircraft ... Reference to an L-20 Site 2 - high winged aircraft”[209] aircraft, primary “chase” - _Anderson_ aircraft used for balloon - recovery in the mid 1950s - (fig. 77). - - 45. “C-47 sittin’ there” [on C-47 aircraft were often Site 2 - the road][210] used on dummy launch and - _Anderson_ recovery operations (fig. - 78). - - =Procedures= - - 46. “The federal government Reference to balloon borne Site 1 - could have been doing anthropomorphic dummies - something because they didn’t that were dropped by remote - want anyone to know what this control by balloon - was ... they was using dummies controllers at Holloman AFB - in those damned things ... they - could use remote control”[211] - _Ragsdale_ - - 47. “they took everybody’s Procedure used by Balloon Site 2 - name and everything”[212] Branch to ensure payment - _Anderson_ of $25 reward and to settle - claims of property damage. - - 48. “they cleaned everything all Balloon Branch personnel Site 1 - up ... I mean they cleaned were required to remove as - everything”[213] much debris as possible from - _Ragsdale_ balloon and payload landing - areas to avoid complaints - and legal actions. - - +--------------------------+ - 49. “they had the road |Procedure used for | Site 2 - barricaded off”[214] |aircraft operations. | - _Anderson_ +--------------------------+ - - +--------------------------+ - 50. “they had the road |Corroboration of | Site 1 - sealed off”[215] |description #49. See | - _Ragsdale_ |above. | - +--------------------------+ - - 51. “airplanes sitting there Established procedure to Site 2 - they had landed on the refuel an aircraft, launch - highway”[216] a balloon from an isolated - _Anderson_ location or recover a - small payload near a rural - road. - - 52. “there was airplanes in Reference to balloon Site 2 - the sky” [over the crash “chase” aircraft used to - site].[217] direct ground recovery crews - _Anderson_ to balloon impact site. - - 53. “stretching out cables of Reference to balloon Site 2 - some kind ... they were inflation procedure that - stretching stuff out on the required the balloon and - ground, dragging stuff out of ground cloth to be removed - trucks”[218] from a vehicle and laid on - _Anderson_ the ground (fig. 79). -*/ - - - - - SECTION TWO - - Reports of Bodies at the Roswell AAF Hospital - - -This section examines the remaining portion of the Roswell Incident -claims--the reports of “bodies” at the Roswell AAF hospital. -Examinations of the various “crashed saucer” scenarios revealed -references to the Roswell AAF hospital appeared in virtually all of -them. Most of these were based on the account of one individual, W. -Glenn Dennis. His undocumented and uncorroborated recollections, -reportedly first related in 1989, over 42 years after the alleged -Roswell Incident, are based on activities he allegedly encountered as -a mortician providing contract services to the Roswell AAF hospital. -Dennis’ recollections have, in turn, been interpreted by UFO theorists -as evidence that the U.S. Army Air Forces recovered “alien” bodies and -autopsied them at the Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947. - -Dennis has been described as the “star witness” and his claims as the -most credible of the Roswell Incident.[1] This, even though his most -sensational assertions were not based on his own experiences but on -information allegedly related to him by unidentified mystery witnesses. - - [Illustration: Fig. 1. The International UFO Museum and Research - Center in Roswell, N.M. ] - -The mystery witnesses were allegedly an Army Air Forces nurse and a -pediatrician both assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital in 1947.[2] To -casual observers, this account, which contains references to actual -U.S. Army Air Forces and U.S. Air Force personnel and activities, -appears to have a ring of authenticity. However, when examined closely -by Air Force researchers, the dates of events, the events themselves, -and the people described as having participated in them, were found to -be grossly inaccurate and totally unrelated to activities of July 1947. - - -The Account - -The following is a summary of information provided by W. Glenn Dennis, -who claimed he was a 22-year-old mortician at the Ballard Funeral Home -in Roswell in July 1947, when he alleged these events occurred.[*] - - [*] Excerpts of interviews contained in this summary were taken - from audio or video recordings made by persons referenced in the - appropriate endnote. The sole exception is the interview conducted - by Stanton T. Friedman on August 5, 1989. Quotations from this - interview were taken from a transcript which is reportedly an - accurate representation of the interview. Friedman has not honored - repeated requests for an audio recording. - -On July 7, 1947, Dennis alleged he received a series of phone calls at -the Ballard Funeral Home, where he worked, from the Mortuary Affairs -officer at Roswell Army Air Field. He recalled that the mortuary -officer inquired as to the availability of child sized caskets and -procedures for preserving bodies that had been “laying out in the -elements.”[3] Later that day he received an emergency ambulance call -(the civilian mortuary for which he worked also provided an ambulance -service) to respond to the site of a minor traffic accident in -Roswell.[4] The accident victim was an “airman” stationed at Roswell -AAF, and Dennis transported the airman to the hospital at the base.[5] - -As Dennis walked into the hospital he noticed three military box-type -ambulances, one or more of which contained what appeared to be -“wreckage.”[6] He described the wreckage as being inscribed with odd -markings or symbols and bluish-purplish in color.[7] He recalled that -some of this wreckage was resting against the inside wall of the rear -compartment of the ambulance and two pieces of it “looked kind of like -the bottom of a canoe.”[8] He described other wreckage on the floor of -the ambulance as being “all sharp” and as best he could tell “was like -broken glass.”[9] He also recalled observing Military Policemen (MPs) -standing at the back of two of these ambulances.[10] - -When he went inside the hospital, he encountered a military nurse who -was assigned there and with whom he was previously acquainted.[11] The -nurse, who looked upset, was covering her mouth with a cloth and told -him that “you’re going to get in a lot of trouble” and that he should -“just get out of here.”[12] Dennis also stated that he encountered -a military doctor who was assigned to the hospital, a pediatrician, -with whom he was “pretty good friends” but did not speak with at that -time.[13] - -Having seen the wreckage in the rear of the ambulance and believing -there had been an accident, he asked another officer in the hospital if -there had been a plane crash. The officer, whom Dennis had never seen -before, asked him: “Who in the hell are you?” When he responded he was -“from the funeral home,” the officer summoned two MPs to escort him -from the hospital.[14] - -However, before Dennis and the two MPs had left the hospital, he -heard someone say, “We’re not through with that SOB, bring him back -here.”[15] When Dennis turned around, he observed a redheaded captain -(in one version of these events Dennis is quoted as describing this -person as a “big redheaded colonel”[16]) who said, “You did not see -anything. There was no crash here. You don’t go into town making any -rumors that you saw anything or that there was any crash ... you could -get in a lot of trouble.”[17] - -Angry about being called an SOB, Dennis informed the redheaded officer -that he was a civilian, not under his authority, and that he, the -redheaded officer, “can’t do a damn thing to me.”[18] The redheaded -officer was alleged to have threatened Dennis by responding “Oh yes we -can”.... “Somebody will be picking your bones out of the sand”.... “We -can do anything to you ... that we want to.”[19] A black sergeant, whom -Dennis recalled had accompanied the redheaded officer, allegedly stated -he would “make real good dog food.”[20] Following this exchange, Dennis -claimed he was “picked up ... arm and arm” and escorted back to his -place of business by two MPs.[21] - -The following day, July 8, 1947, Dennis attempted to telephone the -nurse he had seen in the hall at the hospital to find out “what was -going on.”[22] He stated that he was unable to reach the nurse but did -reach another nurse, a “Captain Wilson,” who explained to him that the -nurse he was trying to contact was not on duty, but “Wilson” would give -her a message to call him.[23] The nurse called Dennis later that same -day at the funeral home where he worked and agreed to meet with him at -the officers’ club at Roswell AAF that afternoon.[24] - -When the two met, the nurse appeared disturbed and ill.[25] Dennis -asked her to explain what was going on when they met in the hospital -the day before. The nurse explained that, in the course of her normal -duties, she entered an examining room to get some supplies and -encountered two doctors whom she did not recognize that “supposedly -were doing a preliminary autopsy” on “three,” “very mangled,” “black,” -“little bodies.”[26] The doctors requested the nurse remain in the -room because they needed her assistance.[27] She allegedly explained -that there was a terrible odor in the room that made both her and the -doctors ill.[28] Due to this terrible odor and inadequate ventilation, -the nurse allegedly told Dennis that the autopsies were moved to -another facility on the base and then “everything” was taken to “Wright -Field” (now Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio).[29] - -The nurse described the little bodies in detail and even provided a -diagram.[30] She described “little bodies” three to four feet in length -that had large, “flexible,” heads, and concave eyes and noses.[31] - -After this meeting Dennis claimed he never saw the nurse again, and he -was told she had been shipped out the same afternoon (July 8, 1947) -or the next day (July 9, 1947).[32] However, some time later Dennis -received a letter from the nurse that indicated she was in London, -England.[33] Dennis stated that he tried to respond to the nurse, but -his letter was returned stamped “return to sender” and “deceased.”[34] -After receiving this letter, he inquired at the base about the nurse -and was told by “Captain Wilson” that she didn’t know where the nurse -was, but there was a rumor that she and several other nurses had been -killed in a plane crash while on a training mission.[35] - -Some years later, Dennis stated that he visited the unidentified -military pediatrician he had seen at the hospital.[36] The pediatrician -had since left the military and set up practice in Farmington, N.M.[37] -Dennis said he and the pediatrician discussed the incident of years -past but was stopped short when the pediatrician told him that he was -consulted regarding this incident, but that “it was completely out of -[his] field of medicine,” then ended the discussion.[38] - -Based on this account, UFO theorists have presented the following -assertions: - - =a.= Dennis, the “missing” nurse, and the unidentified pediatrician - inadvertently stumbled onto the highly classified autopsies of - alien bodies at Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947. - - =b.= The two mysterious doctors at the hospital were sent - to Roswell AAF from a higher headquarters to conduct the - autopsies after which the bodies were transported to what is now - Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. - - =c.= The bluish-purplish wreckage that looked like the bottom of - a canoe in the rear of the ambulance, were “escape pods” from a - flying saucer flown by the aliens that crashed in the Roswell area. - - =d.= Dennis was forcibly removed from the hospital and threatened - with death by the redheaded officer because he had witnessed some - of these activities. - - =e.= The nurse was kidnapped, possibly murdered, and all records - that she ever existed were systematically destroyed by government - agents, also because she witnessed these activities. - -As in other accounts examined in this report, the episodes described -here became part of the Roswell Incident only because the witness -claimed they occurred at a very specific time, July 7–9, 1947. These -dates coincide with an actual event: the retrieval of experimental -Project MOGUL research equipment that was erroneously reported as -a flying disc (see Section One).[39] If the events described here -occurred at any other time—years, months, weeks, or even days before or -after July 7–9, 1947—they might be considered unusual to an uninformed -person, but certainly not part of the Roswell Incident. - -Air Force research revealed that the witness made serious errors -in his recollections of events. When his account was compared with -official records of the actual events he is believed to have described, -extensive inaccuracies were indicated including a likely error in the -date by as much as 12 years. - - - - - 2.1 - - The “Missing” Nurse and the Pediatrician - - -To illustrate the errors in this account and to identify actual events, -the following section will examine the accounts of the missing nurse -and the unidentified pediatrician. Both of these persons were allegedly -present at the Roswell AAF hospital when the events described by the -witness occurred. - - -The “Missing” Nurse - -Dennis recalled that the nurse was quickly and suspiciously shipped out -either the same day or the day after he met with her in the Roswell -AAF Officers’ Club. If this allegation was true, it certainly seemed -unusual—and verifiable. Therefore, the morning reports, the certified -daily personnel accounting records required to be kept by all Army Air -Forces units at that time, were obtained and reviewed. These reports -did not indicate that a nurse or any other person was reassigned on -the days alleged, July 8 or July 9, 1947.[40] The morning reports of -the 427th Army Air Forces Base Unit (AAFBU) Squadron “M,” the unit -that all the medical personnel at Roswell AAF were assigned in July -1947, did not indicate a sudden or overseas transfer of a nurse or -any other person. Records indicated that one nurse was reassigned on -July 23, 1947, over two weeks after the purported events described by -Dennis.[41] That nurse was transferred by normal personnel rotation -procedures to Ft. Worth AAF (now Carswell AFB), Texas, where she -remained on active duty until March 1949.[42] In fact, the Squadron “M” -morning reports revealed the strength of the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) at -Roswell AAF for July 1947 was only five nurses. Of these five nurses -none were transferred overseas or killed in a plane crash—the “rumored” -fate of the missing nurse.[43] - -This review of the hospital morning reports also indicated that the -name of the missing nurse provided by the witness was inaccurate. The -witness stated in several interviews that he believed the nurse’s name -was Naomi Maria Selff.[44] A comprehensive search of morning reports -and rosters from the Roswell AAF Station Hospital indicated that no -person by this name, or a similar name, had ever served there. This -finding was supported by a search of personnel records at the National -Personnel Records Center (NPRC) in St. Louis, Mo., a part of the -National Archives and Record Administration. NPRC is the depository for -all U.S. military personnel records. The search at NPRC also did not -find a record that a person named Naomi Maria Selff had ever served in -any branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. - -These findings were consistent with previous efforts of several -pro-UFO researchers who have also attempted to locate this nurse or -members of her family. They, likewise, were also unable to confirm -her existence.[45] While some UFO theorists continue to allege that -this absence of records regarding a nurse by this name is part of a -conspiracy to withhold information, the most likely reason for the lack -of records is that this name is inaccurate.[*] - - [*] Interestingly, an article published in the Fall 1995 edition - of _Omni_ magazine, a publication that in the past has published - sensational “Roswell” claims, also independently accounted for all - five of the nurses and expressed a decidedly skeptical opinion of - the account of the “missing nurse.” - -Even though the name of the nurse is incorrect, it appears that a nurse -assigned to the Roswell AAF Station Hospital in 1947 may have been the -basis for the claims. Eileen Mae Fanton was the only nurse of the five -assigned to Roswell AAF in July 1947, whose personal circumstances and -physical attributes not only resembled those of the missing nurse, but -appeared to be nearly an exact match. - - -The “Missing Nurse?” - - [Illustration: Fig. 2. Eileen M. Fanton (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - 1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton was assigned to the Roswell Army Air - Field Station Hospital from December 26, 1946 until September 4, - 1947.[46] Fanton, who is deceased, was retired from the U.S. Air - Force at the rank of Captain on April 30, 1955, for a physical - disability.[47] - - In this account, the missing nurse is described as single, “real - cute, like a small Audrey Hepburn, with short black hair, dark - eyes and olive skin.”[48] Lieutenant Fanton was single in 1947, - 5′1″ tall, weighed 100 pounds, had black hair, dark eyes, and was - of Italian descent.[49] Dennis also stated that the nurse was of - the Catholic faith, and had been “strictly raised” according to - Catholic beliefs.[50] Fanton’s personnel record listed her as Roman - Catholic, a graduate of St. Catherine’s Academy in Springfield, - Ky. and as having received her nursing certification from St. Mary - Elizabeth’s Hospital in Louisville, Ky.[51] - - The witness also recalled that the “missing nurse” was a - lieutenant, was a general nurse at the hospital, and had sent him - correspondence at a later date which stated she was in London, - England with a New York, N.Y. APO number (military overseas mailing - address) as the return address.[52] Records revealed that Fanton - was a First Lieutenant (promoted from Second Lieutenant to First - Lieutenant in June 1947), and she was classified as a “nurse, - general duty.”[53] Records also indicated that of the five nurses - assigned to the Roswell AAF Station Hospital in July 1947, she - was the only one that later served a tour of duty in England. - Furthermore, she was assigned to the 7510th USAF Hospital, APO - 240, New York, N.Y., where she served from June 1952 until April - 1955.[54] The 7510th USAF Hospital was located approximately 45 - miles north of London at Wimpole Park, Cambridge, England. - - An additional similarity between Fanton and the “missing nurse” - is that her personnel record indicated that she quickly departed - Roswell AAF and it is probable that the hospital staff would not - have provided information concerning her departure. Fanton’s - unannounced departure from Roswell AAF, on September 4, 1947 was - to be admitted to Brooke General Hospital, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas, - for a medical condition.[55] This condition was first diagnosed - in January 1946 and ultimately led to her medical retirement - in 1955.[56] Therefore, if someone other than a family member - contacted the Station Hospital at Roswell AAF and inquired about - Fanton, as Dennis stated he did, the staff was simply protecting - her privacy as a patient. The staff was not participating in a - sinister “cover-up” of information as alleged by UFO theorists. - - -The Pediatrician - -In at least two interviews, the witness stated that a pediatrician -stationed at the hospital was involved in the events he described.[57] -When asked by an interviewer how he knew the pediatrician was -involved, Dennis was quoted as replying, “I know he was involved -because I saw him there.”[58] Dennis is also quoted as saying that -he and the pediatrician were “pretty good friends,” and after the -pediatrician left the military he [the pediatrician] set up a practice -in Farmington, N.M. “I used to go fishing all the time up north and -I visited him several times up there and he was involved,” Dennis -said. “I don’t remember his name, I think he is still practicing in -Farmington.”[59] - -A review of personnel files and interviews with former members of the -Roswell AAF/Walker AFB hospital staff, revealed that only one physician -ever relocated to Farmington, N.M. following his military service. The -former Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom served at Walker AFB from June 1951 -until June 1953.[60] Records also revealed that Nordstrom was indeed a -pediatrician and while at Walker AFB, served as the Chief of Pediatric -Services.[61] When Nordstrom, a resident of the small town of Aztec, -N.M., was interviewed for this report, he stated that he did not recall -ever meeting Dennis and could not recall any events that supported any -of his claims (see signed sworn statement in Appendix B).[62] - -Farmington (population 8,000 in 1954) is located in the primarily -rural Four Corners region of New Mexico approximately 300 miles -northwest of Roswell. According to Nordstrom, Farmington did not have a -pediatrician before his arrival in 1954. From 1954 until approximately -1970, Nordstrom believes he was the only pediatrician in the area. His -recollections were confirmed by a local Farmington pharmacist, Charles -E. Clouthier.[63] Clouthier also served at the Walker AFB hospital, -from 1955 to 1957, and following his military service returned to -Farmington, his hometown, where he had lived since 1934. Clouthier has -been employed by and co-owned a business, Farmington Drug, since 1957. -He is familiar with most, if not all, of the doctors who practice -in Farmington and the Four Corners region of New Mexico. Clouthier’s -confirmation that Nordstrom was the first pediatrician to practice -in the Farmington area, was based on both his frequent professional -contacts with local physicians and his experiences as a longtime -Farmington resident.[64] - -Although Nordstrom believed that he was the pediatrician described, he -was at a loss to explain how Dennis gained information concerning his -military and civilian employment history. In a signed sworn statement, -Nordstrom stated that he did not recall ever meeting Dennis and had -certainly never been visited by Dennis as he has claimed. One possible -source of the information is that from approximately 1958 until -approximately 1961 Dennis operated a drugstore in Aztec, N.M., a small -town near Farmington where Nordstrom resides (interestingly Aztec is -the location of the original “crashed flying saucer” story, see below). -However, Nordstrom also did not recall any contact with Dennis in his -capacity as a drugstore operator. - - - Behind the Roswell Incident? - - [Illustration: Fig. 3. Story by J.P. Cahn, that appeared in the - August 1956, _True_ magazine.] - - The “Roswell Incident” story is hardly original. In 1948, a work - of fiction reportedly appeared in the _Aztec_ (N.M.) _Independent - Review_ describing the crash of a flying saucer with “little - men” near Aztec, N.M. In 1950, Frank Scully, a columnist for - the theatrical publication _Variety_, published a book, _Behind - the Flying Saucers_, which proclaimed the story to be true.[65] - Based on the Aztec story, _Behind the Flying Saucers_ bears many - similarities to the Roswell Incident, most notably, descriptions - of covert “flying saucer” and “little men” recoveries interspersed - with doses of unsubstantiated accusations directed at the U.S. Air - Force.[66] - - In his book, Scully claimed he had information from two scientists, - Silas M. Newton and a mysterious “Dr. Gee,” who he claimed - investigated the crash for the government.[67] In reality, - Newton and Gee were con-men who convinced Scully of the story’s - authenticity.[68] - - Intrigued by the sensational claims made in _Behind the Flying - Saucers_, a reporter for the _San Francisco Chronicle_, J. P. Cahn, - decided to look into the matter. What resulted from Cahn’s research - were articles in the September 1952 and August 1956 edition of - _True_ magazine which determined that the story was as “phony as a - headwaiters bow and smile.”[69] - - Cahn, with the assistance of a magician, devised a plan to “sting” - the two con-men.[70] To execute the sting, he used sleight of - hand switching an “indestructible” metal disk, claimed to be - from a flying saucer, with a slug of his own manufacture. After - the switch, Cahn submitted the disk to a laboratory for analysis - revealing that they were of earthly origin, in particular, a grade - of aluminum used to manufacture pots and pans![71] - - Even with the exposure of this obvious fraud, the Aztec story is - still revered by UFO theorists. Elements of this story occasionally - reemerge and are thought to be the catalyst for other crashed - flying saucer stories, including the Roswell Incident. - - [Illustration: Fig. 4. September 1952 _True_ magazine story that - exposed the Aztec, N.M. hoax.] - - -Descriptions of Other Air Force Members - -Since official records proved that none of the nurses at Roswell AAF -in July 1947 were missing, and the nurse and pediatrician described -in this account had been identified, major discrepancies between -Dennis’ recollections and official records were apparent. In an effort -to provide for the fullest possible accounting of these claims, even -though key aspects had already been proven false, Air Force researchers -sought additional information to determine if there was validity to -_any_ portion of the account. Since the witness has never provided -documentation to support his claims, the only source of additional -information was the numerous interviews he had previously provided to -private researchers and the media. His many statements, which have -appeared in newspapers, videos, magazines, movies, books, lectures, -journals and television programs, were reviewed for information that -might further explain his testimony. - -Examination of this large body of publicly available information -immediately provided clues that the witness may have recalled -incidents from a period other than July 1947. The first clue was that -he repeatedly, in all of the interviews, referred to the injured -military person he allegedly transported to the Roswell AAF hospital -as an airman. The rank of airman was not in existence in 1947. It -was implemented on April 1, 1952.[72] Prior to that date an airman -in the Air Force was referred to by the U.S. Army equivalent, a -private. Another possible indication that he recalled events from a -different time was the description of an alleged “black sergeant” that -accompanied the redheaded officer at the hospital. The pairing of a -white officer with a black NCO seemed unlikely since in 1947 the U.S. -Army Air Forces was racially segregated, as were all branches of the -armed forces. The U.S. Air Force did not begin racial integration until -the May 11, 1949 issuance of Air Force Letter 35-3 that formally ended -segregation.[73] Though it was not impossible in 1947 for a black NCO -to accompany and seem to be working with a white officer, it would be -unlikely. These two discrepancies did not provide a firm time frame of -actual events, if any occurred at all. - -To approximate a time frame for actual events, the specific details -of the information provided were examined. This examination was to -determine if any military members were identified by name or by a -combination of any other distinguishing characteristics such as rank, -position, age, or physical attributes. If the testimony identified -a military member as having been present for an event, then their -personnel record could be used to affix an approximate date. Affixing -a date of an event by referencing personnel records was possible since -each military member’s personnel file contains a physical description -and chronological listing of duty stations, units of assignment, and -work assignments for his/her entire military career. - -This detailed examination revealed several likely references to -specific individuals, which through their personnel files, were -documented as having been assigned to the hospital at Roswell AAF or -Walker AFB (Roswell AAF was renamed Walker AFB in January 1948). - -=The “Big Redheaded Colonel.”= An indication that Dennis might have -mistaken the date of actual events was that he was quoted in at least -one book as having said that the officer who threatened him in the -hospital was a big redheaded colonel.[74] Research revealed that only -one tall colonel with red hair was known to have been assigned to the -Walker AFB hospital. Colonel Lee F. Ferrell was the hospital commander -from October 1954 until June 1960.[75] Ferrell was 6′1″ tall and had -red hair.[76] - - [Illustration: Fig. 5. Col. Lee F. Ferrell (_left_), was commander - of the Walker AFB hospital from 1954–1960. In this photo Ferrell - escorts U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez (N.M.) on a tour of the new - Walker AFB hospital in June 1960, which was named in honor of the - senator. (_U.S. Air Force photo_) ] - -“=Captain ‘Slatts’ Wilson.=” In at least two interviews Dennis -repeatedly made reference to a nurse named “Captain Wilson.”[77] He -recalled that “Captain Wilson”, who he believed was the head nurse, was -another nurse stationed at the Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947.[78] -Dennis claims he spoke to “Captain Wilson” several times in reference -to the alleged missing nurse.[79] - -He claims that on the day after he met with the missing nurse at the -Roswell AAF Officers’ Club, he attempted to contact her by telephone -at the hospital but was told that she wasn’t on duty.[80] Instead, he -spoke with “Captain Wilson.” “I called the station I knew she [the -missing nurse] always worked at,” Dennis said, “She was a general -nurse.... I was informed that she wasn’t working that day. [Dennis -then telephoned] An old girl by the name of Wilson, Captain Wilson, -and I asked her ‘what happened’? She said, ‘Glenn, I don’t know what -happened, she’s not on duty.’ She said she’d try to get word to her -[the missing nurse] that you [Dennis] want to talk to her.”[81] Later -in the same interview Dennis further described Wilson. “We called -her ‘Slatts’ Wilson who was a big tall nurse about six foot two or -three—big tall skinny gal—and we called her ‘Slatts’—everybody called -her ‘Slatts.’ She’s the one who told me she heard there was a plane -crash and the nurses went down on a training mission.”[82] - -The testimony appeared to clearly identify by name, rank, position, -physical attributes and by a distinctive nickname, “Slatts,” another -nurse present at the hospital in July 1947. But a review of the morning -reports of the Roswell AAF hospital for July 1947 did not contain the -name of a nurse, or anyone else, named Wilson.[83] The only female -captain assigned to the Roswell AAF Hospital in July 1947 was the -Chief Nurse Capt. Joyce Goddard.[84] Goddard, who was 5′6″ tall, was -transferred from Roswell AAF to Korea on August 21, 1947.[85] - -Therefore, according to Dennis’ recollection of events, this review of -the morning reports indicated that there were two missing nurses, not -one—“Lieutenant Naomi Selff” and “Captain ‘Slatts’ Wilson.” Further -scrutiny of personnel records of individuals assigned to the Roswell -AAF/Walker AFB hospital indicated that Dennis’ recollections of events -were apparently inaccurate. - -Examination of the August 1947 morning reports did not list a nurse -named Wilson, but they _did_ list a nurse named Slattery.[86] Captain -Lucille C. Slattery, who retired as a Lieutenant Colonel and is now -deceased, was reassigned from Ft. George Wright, Wash. to Roswell AAF -on August 7, 1947.[87] - - [Illustration: Fig. 6. Lt. Col. Lucille C. Slattery, the only Air - Force nurse ever known as “Slatts,” served as a captain at the - Roswell AAF/Walker AFB hospital from August 1947 to September 1950. - Records indicate that Slattery did not arrive at Roswell AAF until - one month _after_ the “Roswell Incident,” in direct contradiction - to statements made by the sole witness to this account. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - -Slattery replaced Goddard as the Chief Nurse and was the only female -captain assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital. Interviews of persons -with longtime professional and personal associations with Slattery, -revealed that she was known by the unusual nickname of Slatts.[88] -Additionally, former associates of Slattery interviewed for this -report, recalled that she was the only Air Force nurse that had ever -been known as Slatts.[89] Persons interviewed were Air Force nurses -who retired in the 1960s, each with more than 20 years of service, -including retired Air Force Col. Ethel Kovatch-Scott, who served as -Chief Nurse of the Air Force from 1963 to 1965. - -Upon review of Slattery’s personnel file it was learned that she was -only 5′3″ tall and therefore was most likely not the 6′2″ or 6′3″ “tall -skinny” nurse described.[90] This discrepancy in physical description -and the fact that she did not arrive at Roswell AAF until nearly one -month _after_ Dennis claims he spoke to her, led to the conclusion that -perhaps he confused Slattery with some other tall thin nurse, possibly -named Wilson, who was stationed at the Roswell AAF or Walker AFB -hospital at some other time. - -Consequently, a comprehensive review of the morning reports and -rosters of the Roswell AAF/Walker AFB hospital revealed that only one -nurse named Wilson had ever served there and she did not arrive until -February 1956.[91][*] Capt. Idabelle Miller, who became Maj. Idabelle -Wilson in 1958 due to marriage and a promotion, was assigned to the -Walker AFB hospital from February 1956 until May 1960.[92] - -[*] Records were also searched for names similar to Wilson. Three -nurses stationed at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB were identified: Martha -Wasem, Carol Williams, and Chalma Walker. None of these nurses physical -descriptions or personal/professional circumstances were similar to the -descriptions of “Captain Wilson” described by the witness. - -Upon review of Maj. Wilson’s personnel file, it was learned that she -was 5′9″ tall and thin. Also, she served as the Head Nurse of the -surgical ward at the Walker AFB hospital.[93] Therefore, Wilson’s -physical attributes, tall and thin, and position as Head Nurse matched -Dennis’ recollections of “Captain Wilson.” When contacted by Air Force -researchers, Wilson stated she had no recollection of Dennis, of ever -having conversations with him, any of the events he described, or of -a nurse that was missing.[94] She also made it abundantly clear that -as an Air Force officer and medical professional she would not spread -a rumor of a plane crash, as Dennis alleged “Captain Wilson” did in -conversations with him.[95] - - - - - Results of Missing Nurse and Pediatrician Research - -Examination of the missing nurse and the pediatrician stories, and -other facts established by research, provide a foundation for further -analysis to determine what actual event(s), if any, were responsible -for these claims. Based on information developed, it appears this -witness may be mistaken in some of his statements, especially regarding -the time frame of these events. - -The following facts have been established: - - =a.= The only physician who ever relocated to Farmington, N.M., - following his military service at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB was the - former Chief of Pediatric Services at the Walker AFB hospital, - the former Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom. Further, he did not arrive - at Walker AFB until June 1951, four years _after_ the purported - Roswell Incident, has no recollection of Dennis, the statements - Dennis attributes to him, or of any actual events that explain his - account. - - =b.= The only nurse ever assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital - (subsequently renamed Walker AFB) named Wilson, was Idabelle - Wilson. She served at the Walker AFB hospital from 1956 until 1960 - and had no recollection of ever meeting or speaking with Dennis or - any of the activities he described. - - =c.= Captain Lucille C. Slattery, the only Air Force nurse ever - known by the distinctive nickname “Slatts,” _was_ stationed at the - Roswell AAF hospital. However, she did not arrive until August 7, - 1947. This was one month _after_ the Roswell Incident, making it - improbable that Dennis spoke with her in early July 1947. - - =d.= There is no record that a nurse named Naomi Maria Selff, was - ever assigned to Roswell AAF, Walker AFB, or was ever a member of - the U.S. military. - - =e.= All nurses assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947, - have been accounted for, thereby eliminating any possibility that - there was ever a missing nurse. - -Since actual Air Force members who served at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB -hospital were described in this account, the next step was to determine -if actual events that occurred at the hospital were possibly the source -of this story. As stated earlier in this report, a thorough examination -of both classified and unclassified records from 1947 revealed no Army -Air Forces or U.S. Air Force activities that explained the alleged -events. Therefore records were reviewed from other time periods, based -on personnel records of individuals believed to have been identified. -These persons and the periods when they were assigned to Roswell -AAF/Walker AFB are listed in Table 2.1. - - - Table 2.1 - Persons Described and Periods of Service - at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB - - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Witness Actual Individual Period of Service at - Description Described Roswell AAF/Walker AFB - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - - the “missing” nurse 1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton Dec. 1946-Sept. 1947 - - “Capt. ‘Slatts’ Wilson” Capt. Lucille C. Slattery Aug. 1947-Sept. 1950 - (composite of two and - individuals) Maj. Idabelle M. Wilson Feb. 1956-May 1960 - - “the pediatrician” Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom June 1951-June 1953 - - “big redheaded colonel” Col. Lee F. Ferrell Oct. 1954-June 1960 - - -The Research Profile - -With the establishment of a possible time frame, research efforts -paralleled the previous examination in Section One of this report that -determined high altitude balloons with anthropomorphic dummy payloads -were responsible for the reports of aliens at the two rural New Mexico -“crashed saucer” locations. A further review of Air Force activities -was then made to determine if any were significantly similar to the -information provided. Based on the time period established by personnel -records and statements contained in the witness’ own account, the -following profile of possible events was established: - -An event involving the Walker AFB hospital that took place between 1947 -and 1960; - - =a.= that may have resulted in “very mangled,” “black,” “little - bodies,” that had a strong “odor” being placed in “body bags”; - - =b.= that may have resulted in two persons not normally assigned to - the hospital, believed to be doctors, that were “supposedly doing - preliminary autopsies” on the “little bodies”; - - =c.= that may have involved a body with a head that was much larger - than normal which was transported to Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio; - - =d.= that may have involved a redheaded captain or a big redheaded - colonel; - - =e.= that may have resulted in an ambulance parked in the rear - of the hospital containing wreckage with inscriptions, that were - bluish-purplish which looked kind of like the bottom of a canoe; - and, - - =f.= that may have required a heightened state of security. - - - - - 2.2 - - Aircraft Accidents - - -The examination of events that involved the Walker AFB hospital that -may explain reports of bodies was begun by reviewing the most prominent -possible source, which were aircraft accident(s).[*] A review of -aircraft accidents from 1947 to 1960 revealed eight fatal accidents -that involved Walker AFB. - - [*] Other possible explanations such as automobile accidents, - house fires, etc., were also examined. However, none of these were - determined to be responsible for this account of bodies. - - - Table 2.2 - Fatal Aircraft Accidents by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB - 1947–1960 - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Year Aircraft Location of Accident Number of - Type (distance from Walker AFB, N.M.) Fatalities - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - - =1947= - None - - =1948= - 8/12/48 B-29 4 miles South 13 - - =1949= - 5/16/49 C-47 6 miles Northeast 6 - 12/15/49 B-29 2 miles Northwest 7 - - =1950= - 6/1/50 KB-29 12 miles East/Southeast 3 - - =1951= - None - - =1952= - None - - =1953= - None - - =1954= - None - - =1955= - 6/16/55 T-33 On runway 2 - 10/3/55 B-47 34 miles West 2 - - =1956= - 6/26/56 KC-97 8.8 miles South 11 - - =1957= - None - - =1958= - None - - =1959= - None - - =1960= - 2/3/60 KC-135 On runway and ramp 13 - -The following three basic criteria were used to narrow research efforts -to specific accidents for more detailed examinations: were the victims -burned, resulting in possible descriptions of “black” “little bodies”?; -were the victims transported to the Walker AFB hospital?; and, were -the victims autopsied? To facilitate this examination, researchers -reviewed official accident reports, organizational and base histories, -individual personnel records of victims, and contemporary newspaper -accounts of the accidents. Interviews of persons who participated in -the aftermath of these accidents were also conducted. As a result, only -one accident met the three criteria, the June 1956 KC-97 accident. - - - Table 2.3 - Analysis of Air Force Aircraft Accidents - by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB - 1947–1960 - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Date of Aircraft Fatalities - Accident Type - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Burned? Taken to WAFB Autopsied? - Hospital? - - 8/12/48 B-29 Yes[96] No[97] No[98] - - 5/16/49 C-47 Yes[99] No[100] No[101] - - 12/15/49 B-29 No[102] Yes[103] Yes[104] - - 6/1/50 KB-29 No[105] No[106] No[107] - - 6/16/55 T-33 Yes[108] No[109] Yes[110] - - 10/3/55 B-47 Yes[111] No[112] No[113] - - 6/26/56 KC-97 Yes[114] Yes[115] Yes[116] - - 2/3/60 KC-135 Yes[117] No[118] No[119] - -Upon detailed review of records of the 1956 accident and interviews -with persons who participated in the recovery and identification of the -victims, extensive similarities to the description the witness provided -were apparent. - - -Fatal KC-97 Aircraft Mishap - -In 1956, Walker AFB, N.M. was the home of Strategic Air Command’s 6th -and 509th Bombardment Wings.[120] Additionally, Walker was home of the -509th Aerial Refueling Squadron (509th ARS) equipped with the KC-97G -aircraft. - - [Illustration: Fig. 7. A KC-97 similar to this of the 509th Aerial - Refueling Squadron crashed 8.8 miles south of Walker AFB on June - 26, 1956 with the loss of 11 lives. Descriptions of the aftermath - of this tragedy are believed to be the basis for some of the - reports of “bodies” at the Walker AFB hospital. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - -The accident occurred on June 26, 1956, 8.8 statute miles south of -Walker AFB.[121] A KC-97G aircraft with 11 crewmen on board, while on -a refueling training mission, experienced a propeller failure four -and one half minutes after takeoff.[122] As a result of the propeller -failure, a propeller blade was believed to have punctured the deck fuel -tank of the fully loaded tanker causing an intense cabin fire.[123] The -aircraft was quickly engulfed in flames, spun out of control, and was -completely destroyed. All 11 Air Force members were killed instantly by -the fire and impact explosion.[124] Due to the isolated rural impact -location on property owned by the state of New Mexico, there was -minimal collateral damage and no fatalities or injuries to persons on -the ground.[125] - -The remains of the crewmen were recovered from the crash site and -transported by members of the 4036th USAF Hospital (numerical -designation of the hospital at Walker AFB) to the hospital facility at -Walker AFB for identification.[126] - -On the day following the crash, an identification specialist from -Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio arrived at the hospital to assist in -identifying the remains.[127] Part way through the identification -process, conducted by both the identification specialist and Air -Force members assigned to the Walker AFB hospital, the identification -activities were moved to a refrigerated compartment at the Walker AFB -commissary.[128] This was due to an overpowering odor emitted by the -burned and fuel-soaked bodies and the lack of proper storage facilities -at the small base hospital.[129] Also on the day following the crash, -June 27, 1956, autopsies of three of the victims were accomplished by -a local Roswell pathologist.[130] These examinations were performed -at a local funeral home.[131] Upon completion of the identification -procedures and the postmortem examinations, the remains were shipped to -the next of kin for burial. - - [Illustration: Fig. 8. Main entrance of the 4036th USAF hospital - at Walker AFB, 1956. Initial identification procedures of the - 11 aircrewmen killed in the June 26, 1956 KC-97 accident were - conducted here before being transferred to another facility on the - base with refrigeration capability. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - -Comparison of the Account to the KC-97 Mishap - -This series of actual events contains extensive similarities to the -account provided by Dennis. The numerous and extensive similarities -indicate that some elements of this actual event were most probably -included in Dennis’ account. This aircraft accident provides an -explanation for the following elements of the research profile—the very -mangled, black, little bodies in body bags, the odor, the two strange -doctors, and the report of a redheaded colonel. - - - Aircraft Crashes and UFOs - - Since the first flying saucer story in June 1947, persons have - attempted to exploit actual military aircraft accidents to support - UFO theories and propagate the flying saucer phenomenon. - - One of the first exploitation attempts involved a fatal August 1, - 1947 Army Air Forces B-25 accident near Kelso, Wash. Descriptions - of this accident, which UFO theorists contend was caused because - the aircraft carried parts of a flying saucer, were included in - a poorly executed hoax. Nonetheless, it received a considerable - amount of attention. - - Another incidence was photographs of an “alien,” supposedly from - a 1948 crash of a flying saucer in Mexico. However, when the - photographs were examined by Air Force officials, they noticed - a pair of government issue, aviator style, sunglasses lying - underneath the “alien” body. - - Perhaps the most famous attempt to exploit an actual aircraft - accident involved the fatal January 1948 crash of a Kentucky Air - National Guard F-51 fighter near Franklin, Ky. Theorists contend - the fighter was shot down by a UFO. However, it was determined - that this aircraft most probably crashed while observing a newly - invented high altitude research balloon thought to be a UFO. The - large balloon, which matched eyewitnesses’ descriptions at the - time, was released the previous day, and its ground track placed - it precisely in the area where the unidentified object was sighted - the next day. Regardless, shameless attempts to exploit this - event continued as recently as 1995, when the tabloid TV program, - _Sightings_, aired and published (_Sightings_, Simon & Schuster, - 1996, 170–176) a distorted interpretation of this tragedy. - - -=The “Black” “Little Bodies.”= Review of the autopsy protocols of -the victims of this accident revealed extensive similarities to the -descriptions of the bodies allegedly described by the missing nurse. -Dennis related in various interviews that the missing nurse described, -“... three; very mangled; black; little bodies in body bags.”[132] -Records of this mishap confirmed that the victims suffered “injuries, -extreme, multiple.”[133] According to persons who assisted in the -identification of the remains from this crash, and in compliance with -Air Force directives in effect at that time, human remains pouches, -commonly called body bags, were used to recover and transport victims’ -bodies.[134] - -Statements made by Dennis described bodies that were “three-and-a-half -to four feet tall,” and “black” in color.[135] The autopsy protocols -of two victims described extensive third degree burns and loss of the -lower extremities.[136] Dennis also described a head of one of the -bodies that was not rigid but “flexible” and tissues of a body in -“strings” that looked as if they were “pulled” by predatory animals -after the crash.[137] An autopsy protocol of a victim described -“multiple fractures of all bones of the skull” and “partially cooked -strands of bowel ... over the abdomen and in the chest.”[138] -Additional similarities between the autopsy protocols and Dennis’ -statements were a detached hand and descriptions of the fingers and -arms of the crash victims.[139] - -The autopsy protocol of one victim also described remains with a “face -completely missing.”[140] This description corresponds with Dennis’ -recollections of a body with eyes and nose that were concave. Also, -the drawing of the head of one of the “little bodies” Dennis claims -is representative of a drawing given to him by the missing nurse is -a reasonably accurate representation of a human body with its face -completely missing.[141] - -Another similarity to Dennis’ account is that of the 11 victims of this -accident, only three were autopsied—the same number of bodies that -were allegedly autopsied in the missing nurse’s account.[142] Finally, -records revealed that due to limited facilities at the Walker AFB -hospital, the autopsies were performed at the Ballard Funeral Home in -Roswell.[143] This is the same funeral home where Dennis claimed to be -employed in 1947 until 1962.[144][*] - - [*] It is unclear when Dennis worked at this funeral home since - city and phone directories listed him as co-owning a different - funeral home in Roswell, as vice-president of another funeral home - in Roswell, and as having been employed as a drug store supervisor - and oil field worker during the periods when he claims he worked at - the Ballard Funeral Home. - -=The Odor.= Transportation of remains to a small base hospital was -unusual since the hospital did not have the necessary facilities—a -preparation room, refrigeration equipment or a morgue, to accommodate -multiple deceased persons. Records of other crashes involving Walker -AFB showed that the remains of crash victims were transported either to -another facility on Walker AFB or directly to a local funeral home.[145] - - [Illustration: Fig. 9. Three of the 11 Air Force members killed - in the June 26, 1956 KC-97 accident were autopsied at the Ballard - Funeral Home in Roswell. The actual descriptions of the remains - (only three were autopsied), closely corresponds with Dennis’ - descriptions regarding the “little bodies.” Additionally, this is - the same funeral home where Dennis claimed to be employed from 1947 - until 1962.] - -In fact, the Air Force manual that prescribed the policies, standards -and procedures relating to the care and disposition of deceased Air -Force personnel in effect in 1956, Air Force Manual 143-1, _Mortuary -Affairs_, did not direct that remains be brought to a hospital. It -encouraged the local commander to “improvise facilities” and make -use of “garages, warehouses, large tents, or other facilities for -processing groups of remains.”[146] Nonetheless, records of the June -1956 crash and interviews with the persons who processed the remains -indicated that the victims were brought from the crash site to the -Walker AFB hospital.[147] During the identification procedures, the -odor became too strong and the bodies and the identification activities -were moved to a refrigerated compartment at the base commissary.[148] - -Interviewed for this report were the registrar of the hospital, 1st -Lt. Jack Whenry (now a retired Major) and a medical administration -specialist assigned to the registrar, SSgt. John Walter (now a -retired Master Sergeant), both of whom assisted in the processing and -identification of the deceased aircrewmen. Whenry and Walter both -recalled the strong odor, that some persons became ill during the -procedures (as did the alleged missing nurse), and the unusual transfer -of the remains to the Walker AFB commissary (the nurse also allegedly -described the transfer of remains to another building on the base). -However, neither recalled that a nurse was missing or any of the other -activities as described by Dennis.[149] - -=The “Big Redheaded Colonel.”= The big redheaded colonel is a likely -reference to the hospital commander, Col. Lee F. Ferrell, who was -6′1″ tall and had red hair. Ferrell served at the Walker AFB hospital -from 1954 until 1960.[150] It would not be unusual for the hospital -commander to be present at the hospital following a major aircraft -accident. - -=The Two Mysterious “Doctors.”= The two doctors not assigned to the -Walker AFB hospital who were allegedly observed at the hospital -performing preliminary autopsies have been identified as an Air Force -civilian identification specialist and a local Roswell pathologist. - -=_Identification Specialist._= In an aircraft mishap involving multiple -fatalities, identification of victims can go beyond the capabilities -of a small Air Force hospital such as the one at Walker AFB. Beginning -in July 1951, the Air Force Memorial Affairs Branch, now called Air -Force Mortuary Services, employed full-time civilian morticians and -funeral directors, known as identification specialists, to assist Air -Force installations in the identification of deceased persons.[151] -When requested by the local commander, the identification specialists, -on a 24-hour standby basis, responded from Wright-Patterson AFB to the -location of an incident.[152] Records confirm that Walker AFB only -requested an identification specialist on two occasions, in October -1955 and to identity the victims of the June 1956 crash.[153] For this -accident the identification specialist arrived at Walker AFB on June -27, 1956 and made positive identifications of the 11 crewmen on June -28, 1956.[154] - -When contacted for this report, the retired identification specialist -who responded to this accident, Mr. George Schwaderer, did not have -any recollections of Dennis, the nurse, the pediatrician, or any of -the other unusual activities as alleged.[155] Schwaderer did recall -that on identifications of group remains such as this, it was typical -to wear standard hospital surgical gowns and masks and that he was -often mistaken for a pathologist.[156] - -Due to restrictions on the release of information concerning the -identification process, uninformed individuals who may, by chance, have -witnessed some portions of the identification, were often the source -of a considerable amount of speculation. The identification procedures -employed by the identification specialists were not classified, but -AFM-143-1, _Mortuary Affairs_, directed that “no information will be -divulged concerning identification or shipment of any remains until a -final determination of identity has been resolved for all remains.”[157] - -For this accident, identification took approximately two days and any -releases of information were restricted to individuals with an official -requirement. These restrictions extended, not only to the general -public, but also to Air Force members. - -A possible reference to the identification specialist is found in one -of Dennis’ recitations of the account. Dennis, a mortician who might -possess limited knowledge of Air Force mortuary procedures, stated that -he was told the “doctors” might be pathologists from “Walter Reed Army -Hospital.”[158] Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington D.C. is -a likely location that an unknown pathologist performing an autopsy on -military personnel might have been based. Co-located at Walter Reed is -the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) and beginning in 1955, -AFIP sent pathologists into the field to examine aircraft accidents. A -review of records at AFIP and interviews with persons involved with the -identification procedures at Walker AFB do not indicate AFIP sent any -personnel to assist in this accident.[159] - -=_Pathology Consultant._= In June 1956, the Walker AFB hospital did -not have a pathologist on staff.[160] All autopsies and examinations -of pathological specimens were conducted by a civilian consultant from -Roswell.[161] The autopsy protocols of the deceased crewmen from the -June 1956 crash indicated that Dr. Alfred S. Blauw of Roswell performed -the three autopsies.[162] Obviously, neither the pathologist nor the -identification specialist were normally assigned to the Walker AFB -hospital and would not be expected to be present at the hospital, -especially to an observer with limited knowledge of these activities. - - - Continuing Research - -The focus of research was now shifted to other activities that might -explain the remaining portions of the profile. The unexplained portions -were: - - =a.= the presence of a redheaded captain; - - =b.= the wreckage in the rear of the ambulance outside the Walker - AFB hospital; - - =c.= the heightened state of security at the Walker AFB hospital; - and, - - =d.= the shipment of a body with a large head to Wright-Patterson - AFB. - -Based on previous research, this effort began by examining records of -the other Air Force aerial vehicle known to have operated extensively -in the Roswell area since the late 1940s—high altitude research -balloons. - - - - - 2.3 - - High Altitude Research Projects - - -By 1960, hundreds of high altitude research balloons, some that -carried anthropomorphic dummies, descended and were recovered in areas -surrounding Walker AFB and Roswell. But based on the descriptions of -the bodies and the involvement of a hospital and medical personnel, -it did not seem likely that high altitude research balloons with -scientific instruments or anthropomorphic dummies could possibly -account for this testimony. Therefore, the focal point of the research -shifted to manned high altitude balloon flights conducted by the Air -Force during the mid to late 1950s and early 1960s. - - -Manned Balloon Flights - -Two manned balloon projects, MAN HIGH and EXCELSIOR, were conducted -within the time period targeted for research: MAN HIGH from 1957 to -1958[163] and the manned portion of EXCELSIOR in 1959 and 1960. The -only other manned high altitude balloon project in Air Force history, -STARGAZER, did not fly until 1962. - -It was discovered that only six manned flights were made for MAN -HIGH and EXCELSIOR. These flights were determined unlikely as the -source of the testimony since there were no injuries or deaths, all -six flights had been the subject of intense media coverage, and none -were flown in the vicinity of Roswell. Despite the apparent dead end -these flights presented to explain this account, records were obtained -and persons involved in MAN HIGH and EXCELSIOR were contacted and -interviewed. These records and interviews confirmed that there were, -in fact, only six USAF manned high altitude balloon flights, none -with characteristics similar to the testimony. However, detailed -examinations of the records revealed that, in addition to the six -high altitude balloon flights, there were also numerous low altitude -balloon flights made to train and qualify the high altitude balloon -pilots.[164] Records of the training flights indicated that some -of these were conducted at Holloman AFB, N.M., and several mishaps -occurred resulting in injuries to the pilots.[165] - - [Illustration: Fig. 10. Maj. David G. Simons (MC) (_left_), balloon - designer Otto C. Winzen (_center_) and Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, - Jr., examine a scale model of a low altitude balloon gondola used - to train pilots for high altitude missions. (_photo courtesy of - Mike Smith, Raven Industries_)] - -Further research revealed that one accident had taken place just -northwest of Roswell.[166] The accident occurred on May 21, 1959, 10 -miles northwest of Walker AFB, on a pilot training mission for the -upcoming Project EXCELSIOR and STARGAZER flights scheduled to begin -that fall. Analysis of the accident revealed actual events that closely -resembled the remaining portions of the established profile. - - - U.S. Air Force Manned High Altitude Balloon Projects - - In addition to unmanned high altitude balloon research flights, - from 1957 to 1962 the U.S. Air Force conducted a series of seven - manned high altitude flights. These forward-looking projects - investigated the upper reaches of the earth’s atmosphere and - laid the foundation for manned spaceflight. Most flights were - conducted before rocket booster technology was available to propel - a spacecraft into earth’s orbit. In this interim period, to “bridge - the gap” while awaiting developments in rocket technology, high - altitude balloons were the only vehicles capable of reaching the - altitudes required. All three of the USAF manned high altitude - balloon projects, MAN HIGH, EXCELSIOR, and STARGAZER utilized - Holloman AFB balloons to transport men to the very edge of space, - above approximately 99 per cent of the earth’s atmosphere, a region - known as “near space.” - - =Project MAN HIGH.= In 1955, a combined effort by the U.S. Air - Force Aeromedical Field Laboratory, Winzen Research International, - and the Holloman Balloon Branch resulted in the first Air Force - manned balloon program. Project MAN HIGH, officially known as the - Biodynamics of Space Flight, directed by Lt. Col. David Simons - (MC), was the first of the three widely publicized manned high - altitude balloon programs. The objective of Project MAN HIGH was - to measure the physiological and psychological capabilities of a - human in a space equivalent environment. Many developments of this - successful project were later incorporated into the first phase - of the U.S. Air Force Man in Space Program nicknamed MAN IN SPACE - SOONEST (MISS). Technology developed for MISS was transferred to - NASA in 1959 and became part of Project MERCURY, the initial series - of U.S. space missions.[167] - - [Illustration: Fig. 11. (_Left_) Test pilot Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr. just before launch of MAN HIGH I at New Brighton, - Minn. on June 2, 1957. Kittinger flew in all three USAF high - altitude balloon projects and has accumulated more high altitude - balloon flying hours than anyone else in the world. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 12. (_Center_) Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), - a physician and pilot of the MAN HIGH II high altitude balloon - mission, is shown here boarding the recovery helicopter near - Frederick, S.D. following the successful flight on August 19, - 1957. This flight lasted 33 hours and 10 minutes attaining a peak - altitude of 101,500 feet. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 13. (_Right_) Holloman AFB Balloon Branch - Meteorologist and Engineer, Bernard D. Gildenberg, instructs high - altitude balloon pilot 1st Lt. Clifton McClure, pilot of MAN HIGH - III, in the operation of a low altitude training balloon on May 12, - 1959 at Holloman AFB, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 14. Project officer and pilot, Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr., standing beside the EXCELSIOR gondola at Holloman - AFB, N.M. On his third and final high altitude parachute jump, from - 102,800 feet, he established world records for highest parachute - jump and length of free-fall which still stand today. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - =Project EXCELSIOR.= In 1959 and 1960 the U.S. Air Force Aero - Medical Laboratory collaborated with the Holloman Balloon Branch - for Project EXCELSIOR, the second Air Force manned high altitude - balloon program. EXCELSIOR was the dramatic climax of the high - altitude free-fall studies that began as Project HIGH DIVE in 1953 - using anthropomorphic dummies. As the test director for Project - Excelsior, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. made three parachute - jumps from balloons, EXCELSIOR I, II, and III, from 76,000, - 75,000, and a still standing record altitude of 102,800 feet. - EXCELSIOR’S scientific objective was to develop a parachute system - and techniques required to return a pilot or astronaut to earth - following an emergency high altitude escape. - - =Project STARGAZER.= Project STARGAZER was the third Air Force - manned high altitude balloon program. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger. - Jr., the veteran high altitude balloon pilot of MAN HIGH and - EXCELSIOR, was both the pilot and project engineer. On December - 13, 1962, Kittinger and U.S. Navy civilian astronomer William C. - White rose to 86,000 feet to make astronomical observations with - a gyro-stabilized telescope. A joint U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, - Smithsonian Institution, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology - program, STARGAZER made only one of a scheduled four flights due to - budget shortfalls and equipment difficulties. - - [Illustration: Fig. 15. Project STARGAZER pilot and project - engineer, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (_left_), after landing - near Lordsburg, N.M. on December 13, 1962 with U.S. Navy civilian - astronomer William C. White. Kittinger and White ascended to 86,000 - feet to make astronomical observations in the seventh, and final, - U.S. Air Force manned high altitude balloon flight. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - - Table 2.4 - U.S. Air Force Manned High Altitude Balloon Flights - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Date Project/Flight Altitude (feet) Pilot - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - 6/2/57 MAN HIGH I 96,200 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - - 8/19/57 MAN HIGH II 101,500 Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC) - - 10/8/58 MAN HIGH III 99,700 1st Lt. Clifton McClure - - 11/16/59 EXCELSIOR I 76,400 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - - 12/11/59 EXCELSIOR II 74,700 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger. Jr. - - 8/16/60 EXCELSIOR III 102,800 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - - 12/13/62 STARGAZER 86,000 Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - -With the completion of Project STARGAZER and the success of NASA’s -Project MERCURY space flights, future investigations were accomplished -by space vehicles. This signaled the end of an era of manned high -altitude balloon flight; however, these projects had indeed “bridged -the gap,” and manned space flight was now safely possible. - - -Low Altitude Balloon Training Missions - -=Background.= In April 1958, Col. John P. Stapp, commander of the U.S. -Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB, appointed a -new project officer for Project EXCELSIOR, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, -Jr. EXCELSIOR was part of an ongoing program to examine high altitude -aircraft escape procedures and equipment.[168] Kittinger was an -experienced fighter test pilot who was the pilot of the first Air Force -manned high altitude balloon project, MAN HIGH I, in June 1957.[169] -In addition to being the EXCELSIOR project officer, Kittinger was -the pilot and project engineer of STARGAZER which also utilized high -altitude balloons. - -By 1959, Kittinger was an integral part of both EXCELSIOR and STARGAZER -and one of only three individuals in the Air Force with high altitude -balloon pilot experience. Due to the hazardous nature of these -important projects, Stapp was concerned that an injury to Kittinger -might result in the cancellation of one or both of them. Therefore, -Stapp determined there was a need for backup pilots. Selected as backup -pilots were Captains Dan D. Fulgham and William C. Kaufman. Both men -were rated aircraft pilots, parachutists, and research and development -officers assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright-Patterson -AFB. - -During the third week of May 1959, a series of low altitude manned -balloon flights were flown to train Fulgham and Kaufman.[170] These -flights were launched by the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch. To satisfy -safety requirements, the flights were closely monitored by medical -personnel at all times. A helicopter with medical personnel followed -the flights during daylight hours, a C-131 aircraft followed during -hours of darkness, and at all times medical personnel followed in an -ambulance.[171] Balloon recovery and communications technicians also -followed the missions on the ground in a communications vehicle and a -balloon recovery vehicle.[172] The safety requirements were a result of -several recent balloon mishaps that resulted in serious injuries to the -pilots. - -To meet the training schedule, Kittinger, Kaufman and Fulgham were -assigned temporary duty (TDY) from the Aero Medical Laboratory at -Wright-Patterson AFB to the Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB, N.M. - - [Illustration: Fig. 16. In 1958 while training for the upcoming - U.S. Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory high altitude MAN HIGH III - balloon flight, balloon designer Otto C. Winzen (_right_) and - space physiologist Capt. Grover Schock (_left_), were seriously - injured in a balloon accident near Ashland, Wisc. Additionally, - two training flights at Holloman AFB also resulted in injuries to - pilots. These injuries prompted Air Force officials to require - close medical supervision during future training flights. (_photo - courtesy of Mike Smith, Raven Industries_)] - -The three pilots, Kittinger, Kaufman and Fulgham, flew training -missions together. Kaufman and Fulgham alternately flew the balloon -while Kittinger instructed. The missions were flown at night to take -advantage of light winds and avoid the effects of diurnal heating on -the helium (the lifting gas that filled the balloon). Used for these -missions were 30-foot diameter polyethylene balloons and an aluminum -gondola especially designed for low altitude training. - -The first training mission scheduled for May 19, 1959 was canceled due -to equipment problems.[173] Problems overcome, the next day at 1:30 -a.m. the mission launched from White Sands Proving Ground.[174] The -objective of this flight was to practice gas valving and ballasting -techniques necessary for balloon control and to practice landings. -After a five-hour flight, the balloon landed without incident just -after sunrise northwest of El Paso, Texas.[175] - -The second training flight, launched at 2:41 a.m. on May 21, 1959, from -behind the Balloon Branch building, Bldg. 850 at Holloman AFB.[176] -Near the end of another successful training mission with the same -objectives as the previous flight, a mishap occurred resulting in -injuries to two of the pilots, Fulgham and Kittinger.[177] - - [Illustration: Fig. 17. In May 1959, Capt. Dan D. Fulgham (_left_) - and Capt. William C. Kaufman, pilots and Aero Medical Research - officers from Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio were assigned temporary - duty to Holloman AFB, N.M. to train as high altitude balloon - pilots. Fulgham and Kaufman were trained by Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr. (_photo collection of Dan D. Fulgham_)] - -=The Mishap.= Just after sunrise on May 21, 1959, following a -successful low level training flight east of Holloman AFB over the -Sacramento Mountains, Kittinger, the instructor pilot, determined -the balloon should be landed in a small field approximately 10 miles -northwest of Roswell.[178] This was necessary because of approaching -bad weather and the field was the last suitable landing site before -overflying the city of Roswell.[179] When the balloon touched down, -a higher than normal forward velocity for landing caused the gondola -to overturn.[180] The three pilots, Kittinger, Fulgham, and Kaufman, -were spilled from the gondola pinning Fulgham’s head between the edge -of the gondola and the ground.[181] The impact shattered his helmet -and he sustained a head injury.[182] When the three pilots climbed out -from under the gondola, Fulgham noticed that his “head seemed to be -protruding outward from underneath [his] helmet.”[183] Kittinger also -received an injury, a minor facial laceration. The crew of the nearby -chase helicopter and personnel in the ground tracking vehicles rushed -to the scene.[184] For medical treatment, the pilots were transported -by the helicopter to nearby Walker AFB.[185] - -When the helicopter landed at Walker AFB, it was met by armed security -personnel who sought to verify the purpose of the unannounced -arrival.[186] The security personnel escorted the balloon pilots to -the hospital.[187] The balloon recovery and communications crew, after -retrieving the gondola and balloon, drove to Walker AFB to check on the -injured crew and to inform the Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB of the -accident.[188] - -At the Walker AFB hospital, Fulgham and Kittinger received treatment -for their injuries and neither required admission. Meanwhile, the -Walker AFB security officials continued to escort the unannounced -visitors while verifying their identities.[189] The pilot’s identities -and purpose for their visit were confirmed via phone by Colonel Stapp, -Aero Medical Laboratory commander at Wright-Patterson AFB (the pilots -and Project EXCELSIOR were assigned to this organization).[190] - -Kittinger, the EXCELSIOR project officer, wanted to leave the -hospital as quickly as possible after he and Fulgham received medical -attention.[191] The quick departure was to avoid unwanted scrutiny by -Walker AFB flying safety officials.[192] When released by the flight -surgeon, the three pilots boarded the chase helicopter and returned to -Holloman AFB approximately 100 miles to the west. - - [Illustration: Fig. 18. The balloon training missions flown from - Holloman AFB, N.M. in May 1959, were made in an open gondola - suspended beneath a 30-foot diameter polyethylene balloon. This - photo was taken on May 21, 1959 by Balloon Branch communications - technician, A2C Ole Jorgeson just prior to the mishap which - resulted in injuries to two of the pilots. (_photo collection of - Ole Jorgeson_)] - - - - - 2.4 - - Comparison of the Hospital Account to the Balloon Mishap - - -The balloon mishap near Roswell on May 21, 1959 provides the probable -explanation for some of the remaining elements of the incident -profile—the redheaded captain, the unusual security at the hospital, -the wreckage in the rear of an ambulance, and one portion of the -accounts of “aliens” at the Roswell AAF hospital. - - -The “Redheaded Captain” - -It is highly probable that the descriptions of a redheaded captain -are those of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., now a retired Colonel. -Kittinger, who has red hair, was present at the Walker AFB hospital the -entire time the events involving the balloon mishap took place. This -is the second Roswell account that describes a captain with red hair. -As related in Section One of this report (see page 77 and Appendix -C, page 194), a redheaded captain was also allegedly present at the -“crashed saucer” site on the San Agustin Plains.[193] That account -was consistent with Kittinger’s responsibilities as the EXCELSIOR and -STARGAZER pilot and project officer. As project officer of two research -programs that utilized high altitude balloons and as a chase pilot on -many other high altitude balloon missions, Kittinger often accompanied -balloon launch and recovery crews. He was present both on the ground -and in the air at balloon launch and recovery locations throughout -New Mexico and the Southwest United States to launch and retrieve -anthropomorphic dummies used for Project EXCELSIOR and unmanned test -gondolas used for Project STARGAZER.[194] - -Following the accident, when the balloon pilots were transported to -the Walker AFB hospital for medical treatment, Kittinger wanted to -leave as soon as possible.[195] He recalled in a recent interview that -his desire to quickly leave Walker AFB was to avoid the initiation -of a formal accident investigation. He believed that an accident -investigation might bring unwanted scrutiny to Project EXCELSIOR and -delay or even cancel the controversial project.[196] The controversy -surrounding Project EXCELSIOR was due principally to the hazardous -nature of the high altitude escape research. Some senior research -and development officials within the Air Force were reluctant to -support a project that required a human subject to parachute from -a balloon gondola at over 100,000 feet. An accident investigation -at this juncture would most likely delay the human high altitude -free-fall tests scheduled for the fall of 1959 and may have resulted in -cancellation of the project.[197] - -While at the hospital, Kittinger consulted by phone with his commander, -Colonel Stapp.[198] Stapp agreed with Kittinger’s assessment that -a quick departure from the Walker AFB hospital, after receiving -appropriate medical attention, was in the best interest of the -project.[199] - -The statements attributed to the redheaded captain, “You did not see -anything. There was no crash here. You don’t go into town making any -rumors that you saw anything or that there was any crash,”[200] were -consistent with Kittinger’s desire to avoid an accident investigation. -However, when interviewed for this report, neither Kittinger nor any -of the other persons documented as having been present in the hospital -that day recalled encountering Dennis.[201] - -What may have led an uninformed person, such as Dennis, to believe -they were witnessing, or were told of, an unusual or classified event, -was that when the injured balloon pilots arrived at the Walker AFB -hospital, even though Project EXCELSIOR was unclassified, Kittinger -sought to limit disclosure of negative information and publicity.[202] - -By 1959, having been the subject of intense media scrutiny following -his June 1957 MAN HIGH I high altitude balloon flight, Kittinger -was aware of both the positive and negative aspects of publicity. -In his 1961 book, _The Long, Lonely Leap_, Kittinger described this -self-imposed secrecy regarding Project EXCELSIOR, “The secrecy imposed -upon EXCELSIOR was of our own choosing. We believed ... that any -unnecessary conversation about our activities ... would simply be -premature.”[203] When interviewed for this report, Kittinger further -explained of Project EXCELSIOR and the visit to the hospital at Walker -AFB: “We didn’t want publicity ... about anything we were doing. So it -would have appeared to someone not conversant with the project that we -were ‘hush-hush,’ that we were secretive ... it might look like we were -trying to cover up a classified mission.”[204] - -The allegations that the redheaded captain, an apparent reference to -Kittinger, threatened anyone while he was at the Walker AFB hospital -are untrue. When interviewed for this report and in signed statements -obtained from Kittinger, the two other balloon pilots, the doctor who -treated them, the medic aboard the helicopter, and the Balloon Branch -communications technician who were present at the hospital that day -(see Appendix B), none of them recalled that Kittinger was involved in -an altercation or made threatening remarks to anyone.[205] Involvement -in an altercation with a civilian would have highlighted the presence -of the balloon crew and possibly brought the type of negative -publicity Kittinger sought to avoid. This would not only have violated -Kittinger’s policy of maintaining a low profile in regard to EXCELSIOR, -but would be completely out of character for the seasoned test pilot. - -Throughout his career, Kittinger was renowned for his ability -to maintain his composure in difficult, often life threatening, -situations. He faced these situations as a test pilot, as a combat -pilot and squadron commander in Southeast Asia, and as a Prisoner -of War while subjected to severe torture at the hands of the North -Vietnamese. In _The Pre-Astronauts_, which chronicles many of -Kittinger’s accomplishments in the field of aeronautics, including -Project EXCELSIOR and STARGAZER, the author offered the following -description of him: - - _Kittinger was not Buck Rogers, nor was he a daredevil or - thrill-seeker. He was a modern day test pilot: intense, focused, - usually quiet, and always polite with firm religious convictions - and a powerful sense of loyalty. If he was often stubborn, - uncompromising, and demanding he also dealt fairly and respectfully - with those who came into contact with him. He was a straight arrow - and a straight shooter._[206] - - - [Illustration: Fig. 19. Maj. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in 1963 as a - member of the 1st Air Commando Wing, Ben Hoa, Republic of Vietnam. - (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - - Colonel Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., USAF (Ret) - - Colonel Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.’s career in the U.S. Air Force - and in aviation has spanned the spectrum of experiences: test - pilot, balloon pilot, test parachutist, combat fighter pilot, MiG - killer, combat squadron commander, and prisoner of war. He has - demonstrated, during a nearly 30-year military career and beyond, - that he is among the very best in the U.S. Air Force and the field - of aeronautics. - - Kittinger began his career in 1949 as a U.S. Air Force aviation - cadet. After earning his wings at Las Vegas AFB, Nev. in March - 1950, he was assigned to fighter squadrons in Germany and then as - a test pilot for NATO. In 1953, Kittinger received an assignment - as a test pilot to Holloman AFB, N.M. While at Holloman, he began - a many year collaboration with the legendary Air Force scientist - and physician, Col. John P. Stapp. In association with Stapp on - numerous aero medical projects, Kittinger became the first pilot - to fly zero-gravity experiments, now commonly used for astronaut - training. For project MAN HIGH on June 2, 1957, Kittinger piloted a - high altitude balloon to 96,000 feet to examine the physiological - and psychological effects on man in a space equivalent environment. - This flight marked the origins of the manned U.S. space program - with the experience gained from MAN HIGH being incorporated in - NASA’s Project MERCURY. - - After MAN HIGH, and again in association with Stapp, Kittinger - directed Project EXCELSIOR, a study of human free-fall - characteristics following aircraft escape at extremely high - altitudes. After extensive testing with anthropomorphic dummies, - Kittinger made three parachute jumps from high altitude balloons: - 76,400 feet on November 16, 1959; 74,700 feet on December 11, - 1959; and 102,800 feet on August 16, 1960. For these courageous - scientific achievements Kittinger was awarded the Distinguished - Flying Cross, the Harmon Trophy by President Eisenhower, the - still-standing world records for highest parachute jump and length - of a free-fall—and the distinction of being the only living person - to exceed the speed of sound without an aircraft or spacecraft! - - With the completion of EXCELSIOR, Kittinger became the pilot, - project officer, and project engineer for STARGAZER, an - astronomical observation experiment. This was the third and final - Air Force manned high altitude balloon project, Kittinger had flown - in all three. - - In 1963, he was assigned to the Air Commandos (now Special - Operations) and flew two combat tours in Southeast Asia in B-26 - and A-26 aircraft. After a tour in Germany as a liaison officer - with the U.S. Army Special Forces, Kittinger returned to Southeast - Asia in 1971, flying F-4 aircraft and commanding the famous 555th - “Triple Nickel” Tactical Fighter Squadron at Udorn AB, Thailand. On - March 1, 1972 Kittinger engaged and destroyed a MiG-21 over North - Vietnam and is credited with an aerial victory. On May 11, 1972, - after 483 combat missions and more than 1,000 combat flying hours, - Kittinger was shot down over Hanoi and spent 11 months as a POW in - the infamous “Hanoi Hilton.” When placed with other POWs following - solitary confinement and severe torture, Kittinger was moved - repeatedly by his North Vietnamese captors due to his effectiveness - in motivating other prisoners to maintain strong resistance - postures. - - Kittinger retired from the Air Force in 1978 and became involved - in both sport aircraft flying and gas ballooning. He operated - Rosie O’Grady’s Flying Circus in his hometown of Orlando, Fla., - performing skywriting, banner towing, and hot air and helium - balloon demonstrations at nearby Walt Disney World. He also - captured the coveted Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Championship an - unprecedented four times (three consecutive), entitling him to - retire the trophy. - - In September 1984, Kittinger made history again, when, in the - tradition of Lindbergh, he became the first person to make a solo - crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by balloon. - - Kittinger’s military decorations include the Silver Star with - one oak leaf cluster, Legion of Merit with one oak leaf cluster, - Distinguished Flying Cross with five oak leaf clusters, Bronze Star - Medal with “V” device and two oak leaf clusters, Air Medal with - 23 oak leaf clusters, Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster, POW - medal, and the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm. - - Kittinger’s indomitable spirit, personal courage and dedication to - duty are legendary. His ability to achieve seemingly unattainable - objectives while earning the respect and absolute loyalty of those - who served with him defines this rare breed of warrior-leader. - - In October 1995, he received yet another honor and was named a - recipient of the prestigious “Elder Statesman of Aviation” award by - the National Aeronautics Association. This honor is bestowed upon - an individual who over a period of years, has made “significant - contributions to aeronautics” and for “reflecting credit upon - himself and America.” Without a doubt, there are few that exemplify - these virtues more than this truly distinctive American, Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr. - - -The “Wreckage” in the Rear of the Ambulance - -The various types of wreckage described in the rear of an ambulance at -the Walker AFB hospital also appear to be related to the 1959 balloon -accident. Some of this wreckage allegedly had odd inscriptions, touted -by UFO theorists as “alien” hieroglyphics. - -A requirement of balloon pilot training missions were that they be -closely monitored by balloon recovery and medical personnel.[207] -Ground crews from Holloman AFB followed the balloon flight from -its launch site there to its landing site 10 miles northwest of -Roswell.[208] Two of the vehicles that followed the balloon were Dodge -M-43 ¾-ton field ambulances and a third was an M-37 ¾-ton utility -vehicle or “weapons carrier.”[209] One ambulance was assigned to this -mission for its standard use—a medical response vehicle. The other -ambulance had been converted by the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch and -served as a communications vehicle on balloon recovery missions.[210] -The additional communications equipment, mounted in the rear -compartment of the ambulance, drastically altered what someone expected -to see in an ambulance of this type. - -Dennis related that he was walking fast when he observed what he -thought was wreckage in the rear of an ambulance.[211] This quick -glance apparently resulted in descriptions of two pieces of wreckage -leaning against the interior of the rear compartment of the ambulance -that “was kind of like the bottom of a canoe ... like stainless steel -... with kind of a bluish-purplish tinge to it.”[212] UFO theorists -have suggested that these objects were alien spaceship “escape pods” -recovered by the Army Air Forces. However, this appears to be a -remarkably accurate description of two steel panels painted Air Force -blue on a converted ambulance used by the Balloon Branch for this -mission. - - [Illustration: Fig. 20. Balloon Branch Communications Technician, - A2C Ole Jorgeson, now a retired Master Sergeant, in the rear - compartment of an M-43 ambulance. Ambulances of this type were - converted by the Balloon Branch to communications vehicles in - the late 1950s. It appears the witness described the two panels - painted Air Force blue (_lower right and left of ambulance_) - as “bluish-purplish” “wreckage” that looked “kinda like the - bottom of a canoe” and the stenciled writing above them as - “hieroglyphics”—See figs. 21 and 22 on next page. (_photo - collection of Ole Jorgeson_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 21. (_Above_) Enlargement of stenciled writing - from photograph below. This lettering was apparently later - described as “hieroglyphics.”] - - [Illustration: Fig. 22. (_Below_) Steel panels painted Air Force - blue (_lower right and left_) described as “bluish-purplish” - “wreckage” that looked “kinda like the bottom of a canoe.” (_U.S. - Air Force photo_)] - -The “inscription or something,”[213] the so called “hieroglyphics,” -were a probable reference to the lettering painted on the equipment -support rack above the panels. The lettering on the rack would be -visible, but probably not readable, to an observer that quickly walked -past the ambulance. Other wreckage “all over the floor” that was “like -broken glass,”[214] was a probable reference to the clear plastic -30-foot polyethylene balloon that was recovered following the balloon -training mission and placed in the back of the converted ambulance or -the weapons carrier for later disposal. - -Dennis also recalled that he parked the vehicle he was driving -near three field ambulances and then walked up the ramp into the -hospital.[215] The description of ambulances near a “ramp” is -consistent with the recollections of the Balloon Branch Communication -Technician who drove the converted ambulance to the Walker AFB hospital -following the balloon accident. While waiting for the injured pilots, -A2C Ole Jorgeson, now a retired Master Sergeant, recalled in a recent -interview that he parked the converted ambulance near a ramp at the -hospital.[216] A review of Walker AFB hospital records revealed -that there was only one ramp. The ramp was attached to the hospital -dispensary, Walker AFB Bldg. 317.[217] The other ambulances described -by the witness were either the other ambulance from Holloman AFB that -provided medical support of the balloon flight or the two “standby” -ambulances, that in May 1959, were routinely positioned adjacent to the -ramp behind the dispensary at Walker AFB.[218] - - [Illustration: Fig. 23. “It was all sharp ... like broken glass,” - a witness’ description of debris in the rear of an ambulance at - Walker AFB. The debris described was most probably the remnants - of the polyethylene balloon, similar to the one in this photo, - recovered by Balloon Branch personnel following the mishap in May - 1959. (_U.S. Air Force photo_) ] - - -Additional Security at the Walker AFB Hospital - -The witness described what appeared to be a heightened state of -security at the hospital when he allegedly took the injured airman -there for treatment. UFO theorists contend the heightened security at -the hospital was because alien remains were being autopsied. However, -it appears that the witness described the security measures taken by -Walker AFB personnel due to the unusual circumstances of the arrival of -the balloon crew. - -In 1959, Walker AFB was a part of the 47th Air Division of Strategic -Air Command (SAC). It was home of the 6th Bombardment Wing (6th BW), -equipped with the nuclear capable B-52 Stratofortress bomber (the -509th BW was reassigned to Pease AFB, NH on July 1, 1958).[219] The -mission of the 6th BW, to strike the enemy with nuclear weapons -anywhere in the world at a moment’s notice, demanded a heightened state -of security at all times. One of the methods instituted during this -period to maintain the high standards of security and effectiveness -of SAC units, was unannounced “surprise” visits of Headquarters SAC -inspection teams. A favored method of transportation for these surprise -visits was a helicopter. When a SAC inspection team landed at a base, -often the first evaluation they made was of the security response to -their unannounced arrival. Failure of security personnel to properly -challenge unidentified visitors, regardless of their method of arrival, -was considered a serious breach of security. - -When transported to Walker AFB for medical treatment, unexpected and at -an early hour, the balloon crew, not surprisingly, was met by armed -security personnel.[220] The security personnel escorted them to the -hospital and remained with them until their identities and purpose of -their visit were verified. Kaufman, one of the balloon pilots, recalled -that their presence at Walker AFB was initially met with skepticism. - -“The [helicopter] pilot called the tower and said ... having come from -an experimental base, it was nothing unusual for him to have a balloon -accident. ‘We’ve got an injured pilot on board. There’s been a balloon -accident and we would like the flight surgeon and an ambulance to meet -us at the tower.’ The tower established the fact that yes, we were an -Air Force chopper and that we seemed to have somebody injured and what -had we been doing? We had been shooting touch and go landings in a -balloon?... We got clearance to land ... right in front of the tower, -and we were met by an ambulance and several MPs with machine guns.”[221] - - [Illustration: Fig. 24. Walker AFB Building 317, hospital - dispensary with attached ramp, as it appeared in June 1954. It is - in this building that UFO theorists allege that “alien autopsies” - were accomplished in July 1947. However, this was the same building - that Capt. Fulgham received treatment following the balloon - accident on May 21, 1959. Persons apparently observed him and later - related the unusual circumstances surrounding the balloon mishap as - part of the “Roswell Incident.” (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 25. Main gate at Walker AFB, N.M., formerly - Roswell AAF, as it appeared in 1954. During the 1950s, the highly - secure base was the home of the nuclear capable 509th and 6th - Bombardment Wings of Strategic Air Command. (_U.S. Air Force - photo_)] - -According to the medical technician who arrived on the helicopter -with the pilots, he had difficulty persuading a flight surgeon to -attend to the injured pilots. SSgt. Roland H. “Hap” Lutz, now a -retired Chief Master Sergeant, recalled when he first contacted the -Walker AFB hospital explaining that he had three persons injured in a -“gondola accident,” the flight surgeon told him to “Go home and sleep -it off.”[222] Fulgham, the injured pilot, recalled that when they got -to the hospital, “there was this controversy going on in the hospital -about who in the hell we were ... we weren’t supposed to be there and -nobody knew anything about Air Force officers flying balloons ... we -could have been ... [trying] to penetrate the security.”[223] Walker -AFB security officials were satisfied of the pilots’ identities when -they spoke to Colonel Stapp, commander of the Aero Medical Laboratory -at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. - - [Illustration: Fig. 26. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (_right_), - is shown here in 1962 with Dr. J. Allen Hynek while preparing for - the project STARGAZER high altitude balloon flight. (_U.S. Air - Force photo_)] - - - The “Red-headed Captain” and Dr. J. Allen Hynek - - Captain Kittinger, the STARGAZER high altitude balloon pilot and - project engineer, had extensive professional contact with Dr. - J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer and STARGAZER project scientist. - Additionally, Hynek was also one of the scientific consultants in - the Air Force study of UFOs, Project BLUEBOOK. Hynek is best known, - however, for his apparent endorsement of extraterrestrial theories - concerning UFOs after concluding his associations with the Air - Force. - - When asked about his recollections of Hynek, Kittinger stated - that when they were associated, from 1958 to 1963, they discussed - UFOs at length.[224] At that time, Hynek was steadfast in his - opinion that most, if not all, UFO sightings could be resolved by - applying known scientific analysis.[225] Kittinger said he was - “flabbergasted” when, years later, Hynek appeared to reverse his - opinion and endorse extraterrestrial explanations.[226] Hynek’s - reversal in philosophies led to numerous commercial endeavors, most - notably as a technical advisor for the science-fiction film _Close - Encounters of the Third Kind_. - - Also, based on his experience with project STARGAZER, Hynek was - familiar with balloon operations at Holloman AFB, visiting the - Holloman Balloon Branch several times.[227] Interestingly, there - is no record that Hynek, who died in 1986, ever endorsed what is - now presented as the “best evidence” of UFOs, the so-called Roswell - Incident, which was actually a conglomeration of numerous events, - some with origins in Holloman AFB launched balloons. - - -The Alien at the Hospital - -In at least one account of the Roswell Incident, a witness claimed he -observed a “creature” walk under its own power into the hospital.[228] -While the specifics of this particular sighting cannot be verified, -the injury that caused Fulgham’s head to swell, resembling the classic -science-fiction alien head, makes this account (and some others) that -at first appeared to be the work of over-active imaginations, seem -possible. - - [Illustration: Fig. 27. Clinical Record Cover Sheet from medical - records of Capt. Dan D. Fulgham describing injuries he received in - the balloon accident on May 21, 1959. - - CLINICAL RECORD COVER SHEET 8511 - - 1. ADMISSION NOTES - 1045 hrs - A or N: No - - 2. WARD 1 - - 3. TYPE OF CASE - IRJ - - 4. LAST NAME—FIRST NAME—MIDDLE INITIAL - FULGHAM Dan D - - 5. SEX - M - - 6. Religion - P - - 7. PREV. ADM. - NO - - 8. REGISTER NO. - 16059 - - 9. SERVICE NO. - 44734A - - 10. GRADE - Capt - - 11. RATING OR DESIG. - Sr Pilot - - 12. DEPARTMENT - Air Force - - 13. ORGANIZATION AND BRANCH OF SERVICE - ARDC Wright Patterson(a) - - 14. FLYING STATUS - Yes - - 15. NAME AND ADDRESS OF EMERGENCY ADDRESSEE - Joyce Fulgham (W) - 5540 Gross Drive Dayton Ohio - - 16. AGE - 31 - - 17. RACE - Cau - - 18. LENGTH OF SERVICE - 12 yrs - - 19. DATE OF ADMISSION - 12 May 59 - - 20. SOURCE OF ADMISSION - From duty - - 21. ADMITTING OFFICER - L. E. Eason Capt USAF MC - - 22. CONTINUATION OF ITEMS 12 AND 20. - (a) AFB, Ohio - - 23. DIAGNOSES - 8715 Hematoma, traumatic, n.e.c. forehead LD: Pending AF Form 348 - - AI: Approximately 0600 hours, 21 May 1959, North of Roswell, New - Mexico, patient states he was taking part in a military project - involving balloon testing. When he and two others landed in the - balloon the “gondola” upset, and hit him in the head causing injury. - - 24. OPERATIONS AND SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES - None - - 25. SELECTED ADMINISTRATIVE DATA - None - - 26. PHYSICAL PROFILE - - 27. DATE DURATION THIS FACILITY - - ALL 3 IN HOSPITAL OR INFIRMARY 3 - - 28. NATURE OF DISPOSITION - Duty - - 29. DATE OF DISPOSITION - 24 May 59 - - 30. SIGNATURE OF ATTENDING PHYSICIAN - LESLIE E EASON CAPT USAF HC - - 31. SIGNATURE OF REGISTRAR OR RECORDS OFFICER - ROLAND E DOZOIS CWD W-3 USAF - - 32. NAME AND LOCATION OF MEDICAL TREATMENT FACILITY - 6580TH USAF HOSPITAL HOLLOMAN AFB NM - - 33. REGISTER NUMBER - 16059 -] - -When the balloon gondola struck Fulgham’s head, he received, according -to his clinical record from May 21, 1959, an “Extensive hematoma -forehead and ant [anterior] scalp.”[229] A hematoma is a localized -blood-filled swelling, that in this instance was on the forehead. The -hematoma resulted in immediate facial swelling, two black eyes and -later caused his skin to turn yellow.[230] - -The rapid onset of the swelling caused both of Fulgham’s eyes to -close. As it progressed, according to Kittinger who accompanied -Fulgham at the hospital, “His whole face had swollen up and his -nose barely protruded.”[231] This appearance lead Kittinger to -characterize Fulgham’s appearance at the time as “just a big blob” and -“grotesque.”[232] - -When interviewed, Fulgham remembered that even though he didn’t feel -bad, “I didn’t know how bad I looked.” There was no attempt to hide -or limit Fulgham’s exposure to persons in the hospital that day. In -fact, when he arrived at the hospital Fulgham recalled that he stopped -outside the building to smoke a cigarette. Kaufman also recalled that -the injured pilots, Fulgham and Kittinger, waited for treatment on a -bench in the hallway of the hospital. Kaufman added that a number of -military wives were present in the hospital that day for prenatal care, -and there was no effort to keep Fulgham from their view.[233] - - [Illustration: Fig 28. Capt. Dan D. Fulgham at Wright-Patterson - AFB, Ohio several days after the balloon accident with a “traumatic - hematoma” on his forehead. This photo shows Fulgham after blood - had been aspirated from under his scalp and a substantial amount - of swelling had dissipated. Concerns that Fulgham’s odd appearance - might startle uninformed persons was why he was returned to - Wright-Patterson AFB aboard a specially arranged flight from - Holloman AFB, N.M. (_photo collection of Dan D. Fulgham_)] - - -=“Bodies” with Large Heads and Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio= - -UFO theorists contend that the U.S. Army Air Forces secretly shipped -the alien bodies with large heads to Wright-Patterson AFB for further -processing and deep-freeze storage. However, it is likely that, in this -account, this is a reference to Fulgham’s return to Wright-Patterson -AFB following the balloon mishap. - -Although Fulgham did not require hospitalization at Walker AFB, upon -his return to Holloman AFB he was admitted to the base hospital for -observation. Three days later on May 24, 1959, the balloon pilots were -flown from Holloman to Wright-Patterson AFB on a specially arranged -flight aboard a C-131 hospital aircraft.[234] - -The return to Wright-Patterson AFB was directed by Stapp and -coordinated by Kittinger.[235] The preliminary arrangements for this -flight were made by Kittinger while at the Walker AFB hospital.[236] -Kittinger recalled that conversations with Stapp regarding their -return to Wright-Patterson AFB were made by phone in busy areas of the -hospital and these conversations could have been overheard by nearly -anyone present.[237] - -Upon their arrival at Wright-Patterson, Fulgham, who Kittinger did not -want to transport on a commercial flight due to his odd appearance, -still could not open his eyes and had to be led down the steps of the -aircraft. Kittinger recalled that Fulgham’s wife was waiting at the -bottom of the aircraft steps when they arrived. - -“They dropped the ramp and I looked down at the bottom and there was -Dan Fulgham’s wife,” Kittinger said. “Dan couldn’t see ... so I grabbed -him by the arm ... Dan’s wife sees me leading this blob down the -staircase ... and she looks right at me and says, ‘Where’s my husband?’ -I said, ‘Ma’am, this is your husband’. I presented her this blob that I -was leading down the ramp. And she let out this scream you could hear a -mile away. He was such a horrendous looking thing that she had no idea -that the thing I was leading down that ramp was her husband.”[238] - - [Illustration: Fig. 29. As a physiologist for the space program, - Fulgham (_third from left_) discusses Project GEMINI emergency - escape systems at the U.S. Navy Aerospace Recovery facility at - El Centro, Calif. on January 28, 1965. Shown with Fulgham (_from - left_) are NASA astronaut Jim Lovell, NASA project engineer Hilary - Ray, and NASA astronaut Alan Bean. (_U.S. Navy photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 30. A veteran of 100 combat missions during the - Korean conflict, Fulgham flew 133 combat missions in F-4 aircraft - (shown here) in 1966–67 as a member of the 555th “Triple Nickel” - Tactical Fighter Squadron at Ubon Air Base, Thailand. (_photo - collection of Dan D. Fulgham_)] - -Fulgham recalled that upon his return to work at the Aero Medical -Laboratory he received reactions of “immediate compassionate sympathy” -from persons he encountered, including his secretary, who cried when -she saw him.[239] Within several weeks, Fulgham returned to flying -status with no permanent effects. Fulgham went on to complete a -distinguished career in the Air Force and retired as a colonel in 1978. -Fulgham’s assignments included combat tours in fighter aircraft in -both Korea and Vietnam, as well as an assignment as an experimental -parachutist and physiologist for the space program. - - - Summary - -In this section, documented research revealed that the reports of -“bodies” at the Roswell AAF hospital were grossly inaccurate and most -probably had origins in actual Air Force mishaps. Examinations of -official records of the alleged primary witnesses revealed that the -“missing nurse” was never missing, and the pediatrician did not arrive -at the Walker AFB hospital until 1951—four years _after_ the alleged -incident. The many fundamental errors in the story, combined with the -substantial similarities to the actual mishaps, show that the most -credible account associated with the “Roswell Incident” is certainly -not extraterrestrial and is unrelated to any events that occurred in -July 1947. - - - - - Conclusion - - -When critically examined, the claims that the U.S. Army Air Forces -recovered a flying saucer and alien crew in 1947, were found to be -a compilation of many verifiable events. For the most part, the -descriptions collected by UFO theorists were of actual operations and -tests carried out by the U.S. Air Force in the 1950s. Despite the -usual unsavory accusations by UFO proponents of cover-up, conspiracy, -intimidation, etc., documented research revealed that many of the -activities were actually historic scientific achievements of which the -Air Force is very proud. However, other descriptions are believed to be -distorted references to Air Force members who were killed or injured in -the line of duty. The incomplete and inaccurate intermingling of these -actual events were grounded in just enough fact to weave a sensational -story, but cannot withstand close scrutiny when compared to official -records. - -To analyze reports of alien bodies that at first appeared to be so -offbeat as to not be remotely based in fact, it was necessary to -evaluate a wide range of books, interviews, videos, etc., that a -less objective review might have rejected out of hand. Only through -an inclusive evaluation of these sources were Air Force researchers -able to understand the interconnectivity of the widely separated -events believed responsible for this “incident.” And, in opposition -to critics who believe Air Force research involving this subject is -anything but objective, this research relied almost exclusively on -the descriptions _=provided by the UFO proponents themselves=_. When -collected and examined, the actual statements of the witnesses—not -the extraterrestrial interpretations of UFO proponents—indicated that -something was very wrong. When these descriptions were compared to -documented Air Force activities, they were much too similar to be a -coincidence. Soon, it became apparent that the witnesses or the UFO -proponents who liberally interpreted their statements were either 1) -confused, or 2) attempting to perpetrate a hoax, believing that no -serious efforts would ever be taken to verify their stories. - -In preparing this report, attempts were made not to only explain -_what_ conclusions were reached, but _how_ they were reached. This -undertaking was to try to de-mystify the research process by outlining -the simple and logical research techniques that identified the -underlying actual events. In regard to statements of witnesses that -were clearly descriptions of Air Force activities, such as those -that described anthropomorphic dummies, these could be generously -viewed as situational misunderstandings or even honest mistakes. -Other descriptions, particularly those believed to be thinly veiled -references to deceased or injured Air Force members, are difficult -to view as naive misunderstandings. Any attempt to misrepresent or -capitalize on tragic incidents in which Air Force members died or were -injured in service to their country significantly alters what would -otherwise be viewed as simple misinterpretations or honest mistakes. - - [Illustration: Fig. 31. Plaque placed at Holloman AFB honoring - three Balloon Branch members killed during a high altitude balloon - recovery when their L-20 balloon chase plane crashed in the rugged - Gila Mountains near Stafford, Ariz. (_U.S. Air Force photo_) - - IN MEMORIAM - - WIRED P. CHAMPLAIN, 1ST LT. U.S.A.F. RONALD J. NIELSEN, AIRMAN 1/C - - U.S.A.F. - - ROBERT W. MITCHELL - - WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE RECOVERY OF INSTRUMENTS FROM THE - STRATOSPHERE 25 AUGUST 1955] - - [Illustration: Fig. 32. (_Left_) The balloon launch facility at - Holloman AFB, N.M. was named in honor of Maj. Richard L. Nenninger - who died of injuries received in an aircraft crash during a balloon - recovery mission on April 7, 1970 in the Sacramento Mountains near - Ruidoso, N.M. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - - [Illustration: Fig. 33. (_Right_) A semiconscious Capt. Joseph - W. Kittinger, Jr., following the EXCELSIOR I parachute jump from - 76,000 feet. With his parachute wrapped around his neck and body - and hopelessly out of control, his life was saved by an ingeniously - designed reserve parachute system that opened just moments before - contacting the desert floor; White Sands Proving Ground, November - 16, 1959. (_U.S. Air Force photo_)] - -Finally, after reviewing this report, some persons may legitimately ask -why the Air Force expended time and effort to respond to mythical, if -not comedic, allegations of recoveries of “flying saucers” and “space -aliens.” The answer to those persons is: - - • Initially the Air Force was required to respond to an official - request from the General Accounting Office. - - • High altitude balloon research, aircraft escape systems, and - other technologies that were misrepresented as part of the Roswell - Incident, accounted for significant contributions to the knowledge - of the atmosphere, to the quest for space flight, and to the - defense of this nation. The U.S. Air Force is exceedingly proud of - these accomplishments. Distorted and incomplete descriptions of - these activities do not pay tribute to these important exploits - or to the individuals who, often at great personal risk, boldly - carried them out. - - • A sobering reality of the mission of the U.S. Air Force, as - evidenced by the aircraft mishaps described in this report, is - that defending this nation is a dangerous profession. On a daily - basis, members of the U.S. Air Force perform hazardous missions in - many locations throughout the world. Unfortunately, these missions - sometimes result in injuries or deaths. It is the right—and indeed - the duty—of the Air Force to challenge those who attempt to exploit - these human tragedies wherever, and whenever, they are discovered. - - • The misrepresentations of Air Force activities as an - extraterrestrial “incident” is misleading to the public and is - simply an affront to the truth. - -This comprehensive further examination of the so-called “Roswell -Incident” found no evidence whatsoever of flying saucers, space aliens, -or sinister government cover-ups. But, even if unintentionally, it did -serve to highlight a series of events that embody the proud history of -the finest air force in the world—the U.S. Air Force. The actual events -examined here, rich in human and scientific triumph, tempered by the -stark realities of the dangers of the Air Force mission, are but one -small portion of that history. The many Air Force activities cobbled -together in the ever changing collage that has become the “Roswell -Incident,” when examined in the clear light of historical research, -revealed a remarkable chapter of the Air Force story. In the final -analysis, this examination simply illustrates once again, that fact is -indeed stranger, and often much more fascinating, than fiction. - - - - - Notes - Section One - - -[1] Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. -Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government -Printing Office, 1995), 20–22. - -[2] ibid. - -[3] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 14. - -[4] Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. -Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government -Printing Office, 1995), 20–22. - -[5] Ted Bloecher, _Report of the UFO Wave of 1947_ (Washington D.C.: -author, 1967), I-13-14. - -[6] Combined History, 509th Bomb Group and Roswell Army Airfield, 1 -July-31 July 1947, 39, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell -AFB, AL. - -[7] _Roswell Daily Record_, July 9, 1947, 1. - -[8] _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor Chieftain_, November 4, 1992. - -[9] Don Berliner, _A Rebuttal of the Air Force Project Mogul -Explanation for the 1947 Roswell, New Mexico, UFO Crash_ (Mount Ranier, -Md.: The Fund for UFO Research, 1995), 2. - -[10] Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact -vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government -Printing Office, 1995), Attachment 32, _Synopsis of Balloon Research -Findings_, by 1st Lt. James McAndrew, 9. - -[11] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 14. - -[12] Video, _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Gerald Anderson -interview (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993) (hereafter -_Recollections of Roswell, Part II_). - -[13] James Ragsdale, transcript of interview with Donald R. Schmitt, -January 26, 1994. - -[14] Frank J. Kaufman, interview with Kevin Randle and Donald Schmitt, -January 27, 1990. - -[15] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Maltais interview. - -[16] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[17] ibid. - -[18] ibid., Maltais interview. - -[19] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[20] Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, _The Roswell Incident_ (New -York: Berkley, 1980), 61. - -[21] ibid. - -[22] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Alice Knight interview. - -[23] Ragsdale and _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson -interview. - -[24] ibid. - -[25] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[26] Ragsdale. - -[27] James M. Grimwood, _Project Mercury: A Chronology_, Report No. -SP4001 (Wash. D.C.: NASA, 1963) 2–3, and Lloyd Mallan, _Men, Rockets -and Space Rats_, (New York: Julian Messier Inc., 1955) 84–98. - -[28] Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, -_Technical Report No. 93.02, Constant Level Balloons_, Section 3, -_Summary of Flights_, July 15, 1949. - -[29] Capt. Vincent Mazza and Capt. Richard V. Wheeler, _High Altitude -Bailouts_, MCREXD-695-66M (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: USAF Air Materiel -Command, September 18, 1950), 10–11. - -[30] A. M. Jacobs, “The Flier’s SOS,” _St. Nicholas Magazine_, Vol. -LII, No. 10 (August 1925), 1034–1039. - -[31] ibid. - -[32] Memo, Major H.H. Arnold, Chief Field Service Section, to -Commanding Officer, San Antonio Air Depot, subj: Drop Testing of -Parachutes, November 2, 1929. National Air and Space Museum Archives, -Paul E. Garber Facility, Silver Hill, Md., file no. 452.031, -Parachutes-(Dummies) 1927–1929. - -[33] J. Allen Neal, _History: Development of Methods for Escape from -High Speed Aircraft, Vol. 1_, (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: Air Research -and Development Command, 1958), U.S. Air Force Museum Archives, -Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. - -[34] Memo, Ted Smith, to W.A. Daler, subj: Bid for Purchase Request -No. 301200, September 17, 1954, National Archives and Records -Administration, Accession No. 342-67E-2954, box 5/15, file 28. - -[35] H.T.E. Hertzberg, _Anthropology of Anthropomorphic Dummies_, Air -Force Medical Research Laboratory, AMRL-TR-69-61, February 1970, 3. - -[36] Maj. John P. Stapp, _Human Tolerance to Linear Deceleration, -Part I. Preliminary Survey of the Aft Facing Seated Position_, Air -Force Technical Report 5915, (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air -Development Center, 1949) and Maj. John P. Stapp, _Part II. The Aft -Facing Position and the Development of a Crash Harness_, Air Force -Technical Report 5915 (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air Development -Center, 1951). - -[37] H.T.E. Hertzberg, _Anthropology of Anthropomorphic Dummies_, Air -Force Medical Research Laboratory, AMRL-TR-69-61, February 1970, 3. - -[38] ibid. - -[39] ltr., H.L. Daulton, Vice President and Secretary-Treasurer, -Sierra Engineering Company, to W.A. Daler, Headquarters Air Materiel -Command, subject: Proposal, Purchase Request No. 301200, September -16, 1954, National Archives and Records Administration, Accession No. -342-67E-2954, box 5/15, file 28. - -[40] Joseph Smreka, Senior Design Engineer, First Technology Safety -Systems, “Dummies—Past and Present,” 2 (unpublished manuscript). - -[41] Sierra Engineering Co., “Sierra Sam,” 1955, National Archives and -Records Administration, Accession No. 342-67E-2954, box 5/15, file 28. - -[42] 1st Lt. Raymond A. Madson, _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, -Part I. The Unstabilized Dummy Drops_, WADC Technical Report 57-477, -(Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air Development Center, Oct 1957) -(hereafter _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_), 27, and 1st -Lt. Raymond A. Madson, _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, II. The -Stabilized Dummy Drops_, WADC Technical Report 57-477 (II) (Wright -Patterson AFB, OH: Aeronautical Systems Division, Air Force Systems -Command, August 1961) (hereafter _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops -Part II_), 18. - -[43] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, 1. - -[44] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, and _High Altitude -Balloon Dummy Drops Part II_, and Holloman Air Development Center, -Weekly Test Status Reports, Project MX-1450B (Manned Balloon), National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, MO, Accession No. 342-62A-A-641, box 115/248, folder; -R-695-61D, “High Altitude Escape Studies, Gen B-1, Manned Balloon -Flights.” - -[45] ibid. - -[46] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, 1, and _High Altitude -Balloon Dummy Drops Part II_, 18. - -[47] Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., _The Long, Lonely Leap_, -(New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961), and Lt. Col. David G. -Simons, _Man High_, (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1960), and -Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., “The Long, Lonely Leap,” _National -Geographic_ 118, no. 6 (December 1960): 854-873, “Fantastic Catch -in the Sky, Record Leap towards Earth,” _Life_ 49, no. 9 (August -29, 1960): 20–25, _Popular Mechanics Magazine_, January 1951: 118, -_Collier’s_, June 25, 1954, _Time_, September 12, 1955, “The Fastest -Man on Earth”. - -[48] Don Reilly, “MAD Salutes an Unsung Hero,” _MAD_, no. 61, (March -1961), 46. - -[49] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, and _High Altitude -Balloon Dummy Drops Part II_. - -[50] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part II_, 11–12. - -[51] Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret) -and _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 16. - -[52] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 5. - -[53] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 17. - -[54] ibid., and Memorandum, subj: Balloon Tracking and Recovery -Equipment, n.d., National Archives and Records Administration, -Accession No. 342-67B-2133, box 65/249, file 2, “Biophysics -Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude Escape Studies, 7218-71719,” -and Robert Blankenship, retired Balloon Branch Recovery Supervisor, -telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, July 14, 1995. - -[55] Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret). - -[56] Blankenship, and Balloon Tracking and Recovery Equipment, n.d., -and Bernard D. Gildenberg, _Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level -Balloon Operations in the Southwestern United States_ (hereafter -_Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations in the -Southwestern United States_), AFCRL-66-706 (L.G. Hanscom Field, -Bedford, MA: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, October 1966), -27. - -[57] Historical Branch, Office of Information Services, Air Force -Missile Development Center, _Contributions of Balloon Operations to -Research and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center -Holloman AFB, N. Mex. 1947–1958_ (Holloman AFB, NM: Air Research -and Development Command, 1958) (hereafter _Contributions of Balloon -Operations to Research and Development at the Air Force Missile -Development Center, 1947–1958_), 90. - -[58] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 16. - -[59] ibid., 17. - -[60] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 17. - -[61] Maj. John P. Stapp, _Human Tolerance to Linear Deceleration, -Part I. Preliminary Survey of the Aft Facing Seated Position_, Air -Force Technical Report 5915, (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air -Development Center, 1949) and Maj. John P. Stapp, _Part II. The Aft -Facing Position and the Development of a Crash Harness_, Air Force -Technical Report 5915 (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air Development -Center, 1951). - -[62] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II_, 6. - -[63] Signed, sworn statement of Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF -(Ret). - -[64] ibid. - -[65] Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., “Instructions for Operation -and Maintenance, Model F-95 Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,” May 3, -1956, 1, and Glenn Richards, retired Balloon Branch Instrumentation -Specialist, telephone interview with Capt. James McAndrew, September 5, -1995. - -[66] Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., “Instructions for Operation -and Maintenance, Model F-95 Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,” May 3, -1956, 1, and Ronald G. Hansen, Lt. Col. USAR, (Ret), Balloon Recovery -Helicopter Pilot, telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May -1, 1995. - -[67] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 7–8. - -[68] Blankenship. - -[69] ibid. - -[70] _The Beverly Hills Citizen_, March 12, 1956, 7. - -[71] Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, -_Special Report No. 1, Constant Level Balloon_, May 1947, 20–22. - -[72] Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, -Technical Report No. 93.03, _Constant Level Balloons, Operations_, -March 1, 1951, 105. - -[73] U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, “Phillips Laboratory Space -Experiments Directorate, Balloon, Rocket, and Satellite Capabilities,” -n.d., 33. - -[74] Bernard D. Gildenberg, Balloon Branch Meteorologist and Engineer, -interviewed by 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 28, 1995, and _Contributions -of Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 73. - -[75] ibid. - -[76] ibid. - -[77] _Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 73. - -[78] “Flight Summary, Non-Extensible Balloon Operations, 6580th Test -Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 22–24. - -[79] _Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 73–74. - -[80] Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), _Stratosphere Balloon Techniques -for Exposing Living Specimens to Primary Cosmic Ray Particles_, -Holloman Air Development Center TR 54-16, November 1954, 10–11. - -[81] “Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations 6580th -Test Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 1–31, and -_Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 24. - -[82] “Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations 6580th Test -Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 4. - -[83] Research Division, College of Engineering, New York University, -_Technical Report No. 93.02, Constant Level Balloons_, Section 3, -_Summary of Flights_, July 15, 1949, 32, in Headquarters United States -Air Force, _The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico -Desert_ (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), -Appendix 12. - -[84] Holloman Air Development Center, “Test Report on Radar Target -Balloons”, October 31, 1955, Air Force Historical Research Agency, -Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel # 31811, Frame 1139, and _Contributions of -Balloon Operations 1947–1958_, 40–45. - -[85] Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., _Corona: America’s First Satellite Program_ -(Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central -Intelligence Agency, 1995), 22. - -[86] ibid., 21–22. - -[87] Air Force Missile Development Center, “Chronology of Events,” -Sept. 1, 1957-Aug 10, 1962, Air Force Historical Research Agency, -Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel # 31731, Frame 561, and Flight Records of -Bernard D. Gildenberg, Meteorologist, Holloman AFB Balloon Branch, -October 12, 1956-March 14, 1961. - -[88] Flight Summary, DISCOVERER Balloon Flights, March 31, 1960-April -22, 1960, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel# -31811, frame 569. - -[89] ibid. - -[90] ibid. - -[91] Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., _Corona: America’s First Satellite Program_ -(Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central -Intelligence Agency, 1995), 21–22. - -[92] ibid. - -[93] ibid. - -[94] Martin Marietta Corporation, “Viking '75, Balloon Launched -Decelerator Test Program Post Flight Report, BLDT Vehicle AV-3,” TR -3720293, 1972, IV-I and Edward J. Kirschner, _Aerospace Balloons; From -Montgolfiere to Space_ (Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: Aero Publishers, 1985), -64–66. - -[95] Martin Marietta Corporation, “Viking '75, Balloon Launched -Decelerator Test Program Post Flight Report, BLDT Vehicle AV-3,” TR -3720293, 1972, IV-I. - -[96] Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt, _The Truth About the UFO -Crash at Roswell_ (New York: Avon Books, 1994), photograph section. - -[97] Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, “Report on Research, -for the Period July 1965-June 1967”, AFCRL TR-68-0039, November 1967, -150–151. - -[98] Gildenberg. - -[99] Database of high altitude balloon operations on file at SAF/AAZD -compiled from the following sources: Research Division, College of -Engineering, New York University, _Technical Report No. 93.02, Constant -Level Balloons_, Section 3, _Summary of Flights_, July 15, 1949; -“Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations 6580th Test Squadron -(Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., -Accession No. 342-62A-181, box 14/18; Flight Records of Bernard D. -Gildenberg, Meteorologist, Holloman AFB Balloon Branch, October 12, -1956-March 14, 1961; “Summary of Balloon Flights Launched from Holloman -AFB, N.M., 1962 thru 1987”, Space and Missile Command, Test and -Evaluation Unit (SMC/TE, OL-AC) files, Holloman AFB, N.M. Additional -flight data on file (microfilm), U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, -Geophysics Directorate, Hanscom AFB, Mass. - -[100] Bernard D. Gildenberg, _Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level -Balloon Operations in the Southwestern United States_, AFCRL-66-706 -(L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, MA: Air Force Cambridge Research -Laboratories, October 1966), and Bernard D. Gildenberg, _General -Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control_, in Lewis A. Grass, ed., -_Proceedings, Sixth AFCRL Scientific Balloon Symposium_, AFCRL-70-0543, -(L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass.: Air Force Cambridge Research -Laboratories, October 1970). - -[101] Blankenship. - -[102] ibid. - -[103] ibid. - -[104] ibid. - -[105] ibid. - -[106] Joseph Longshore, Balloon Branch Supervisor, telephone interview -with Capt. James McAndrew, August 16, 1995. - -[107] Signed sworn statement of James Ragsdale in Ragsdale Productions -Inc., _The Jim Ragsdale Story: A Closer Look at the Roswell Incident_ -(Hall Poorbough Press, Inc., 1996), 10–11, and signed sworn statement -of James Ragsdale in Karl T. Pflock, _Roswell in Perspective_ -(Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1994), 167. - -[108] James Ragsdale, interview with Donald R. Schmitt, January 26, -1993. - -[109] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II_, 17. - -[110] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, 27–30 and _High -Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II_, 6, 10–12, 17. - -[111] Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret), interview with 1st -Lt. James McAndrew, June 23, 1995. - -[112] _Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research and Development -at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1947–1958_, 90, and -_Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations in the -Southwestern United States_, 1. - -[113] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I_, 24. - -[114] Blankenship and Kittinger. - -[115] ibid. - -[116] Memorandum, subj: Balloon Tracking and Recovery Equipment, n.d., -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-67B-2133, box 65/249, -file 2, “Biophysics Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude Escape -Studies, 7218-71719.” - -[117] ibid., and Blankenship. - -[118] Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, _The Roswell Incident_ (New -York: Berkley, 1980), 64, and Don Berliner and Stanton Friedman, _Crash -at Corona_ (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 88. - -[119] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Knight interview. - -[120] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Maltais interview. - -[121] Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, _The Roswell Incident_ (New -York: Berkley, 1980), 64, and Don Berliner and Stanton Friedman, _Crash -at Corona_ (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 88. - -[122] Berliner and Friedman, 89. - -[123] Mark Rodeghier and Fred Whiting, _The Plains of San Agustin -Controversy, July, 1947: Gerald Anderson, Barney Barnett, and the -Archaeologists_, Introduction (Chicago, IL, Washington, D.C.: J. Allen -Hynek Center for UFO Studies and The Fund for UFO Research, June 1992), -2. - -[124] ibid. - -[125] Kevin D. Randle, Donald R. Schmitt, and Thomas J. Carey, _Gerald -Anderson and the Plains of San Agustin, in The Plains of San Agustin -Controversy, July, 1947: Gerald Anderson, Barney Barnett, and the -Archaeologists_ (Chicago, IL, Washington, D.C.: J. Allen Hynek Center -for UFO Studies, and The Fund for UFO Research, June 1992), 19. - -[126] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[127] Berliner and Friedman, 90. - -[128] ibid., 91. - -[129] Gerald F. Anderson, interview with Kevin D. Randle, February 4, -1990, in _The Plains of San Agustin Controversy, July, 1947: Gerald -Anderson, Barney Barnett, and the Archaeologists_ (Chicago, IL, -Washington, D.C.: J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies and The Fund -for UFO Research, June 1992), 59. - -[130] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[131] ibid. - -[132] ibid. - -[133] ibid. - -[134] ibid. - -[135] Blankenship and Kittinger. - -[136] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[137] “Sierra Sam: Scientific Whipping Boy,” _Machine Design_, December -22, 1960 and “Dummy Takes a Beating for Science’s Sake,” _Aviation -Week_, January 12, 1953. - -[138] Ragsdale. - -[139] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[140] Alderson Research Laboratories Inc., “Modular Series -Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,” Alderson Research Laboratories Inc., -June 1955), 5. - -[141] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[142] ibid. - -[143] Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., USAF -(Ret). - -[144] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[145] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 22. - -[146] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[147] _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, 9, and _High -Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II_, 8. - -[148] Berliner and Friedman, 91. - -[149] ibid., 92–94. - -[150] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[151] ibid. - -[152] Memorandum, subject: Balloon Tracking and Recovery Equipment, -n.d., National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-67B-2133, box 65/249, -file 2, “Biophysics Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude Escape -Studies, 7218-71719,” and _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I_, -17, and “Weekly Test Status Report on Project 7218, Manned Balloon -Flights, (MX-1450B)”, for Week Ending 28 February 1955, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-66A-181, Box 14/18. - -[153] Kittinger and Historical Branch, Office of Information Services, -Air Research and Development Command, _History of Flight Support -Holloman Air Development Center 1946–1957_ (Holloman AFB, N.M.: -Holloman Air Development Center, 1957), 101. - -[154] Blankenship. - -[155] Berliner and Friedman, 106. - -[156] Bernard D. Gildenberg, _Techniques Developed for Heavy Load -Non-Extensible Balloon Flights_, Report No. HADC-TN-54-3 (Holloman AFB, -NM: Holloman Air Development Center, March 1954), 7. - -[157] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[158] Blankenship and Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF, (Ret), Balloon Branch -Communications Supervisor, interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May -28, 1995. - -[159] ibid. - -[160] Berliner and Friedman, 107. - -[161] ibid. - -[162] Blankenship. - -[163] Berliner and Friedman, 106. - -[164] Blankenship. - -[165] Signed sworn statement of James Ragsdale in, Ragsdale Productions -Inc., _The Jim Ragsdale Story: A Closer Look at the Roswell Incident_ -(Hall Poorbough Press, Inc., 1996), 10–11, and signed sworn statement -of James Ragsdale in Karl T. Pflock, _Roswell in Perspective_ -(Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1994), 167. - -[166] Ragsdale. - -[167] Frank J. Kaufman, interview with Kevin Randle and Donald Schmitt, -January 27, 1990. - -[168] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[169] Ragsdale. - -[170] ibid. - -[171] Berliner and Friedman, 92. - -[172] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Maltais interview. - -[173] ibid., Knight interview. - -[174] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[175] ibid., Maltais interview. - -[176] ibid. - -[177] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[178] Ragsdale. - -[179] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[180] ibid., Maltais interview. - -[181] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[182] ibid. - -[183] ibid., Maltais interview. - -[184] ibid., Anderson interview. - -[185] Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, _The Roswell Incident_ (New -York: Berkley, 1980), 61. - -[186] Berliner and Friedman, 92. - -[187] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[188] Berliner and Friedman, 91. - -[189] ibid. - -[190] ibid., 92. - -[191] ibid., 91. - -[192] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Maltais interview. - -[193] Berliner and Friedman, 93. - -[194] ibid., 93–94. - -[195] ibid., 92. - -[196] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[197] Berliner and Friedman, 106. - -[198] Ragsdale. - -[199] ibid. - -[200] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[201] ibid. - -[202] Ragsdale. - -[203] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[204] ibid. - -[205] ibid. - -[206] Berliner and Friedman, 106. - -[207] Ragsdale. - -[208] Berliner and Friedman, 107. - -[209] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[210] ibid. - -[211] Ragsdale. - -[212] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[213] Ragsdale. - -[214] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[215] Ragsdale. - -[216] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Anderson interview. - -[217] ibid. - -[218] Berliner and Friedman, 107. - - - - - Notes - Section Two - - -[1] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[2] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 117, 120, and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with -Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992, 18–19. - -[3] Video, _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis -interview (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993) (hereafter -_Recollections of Roswell, Part II_). - -[4] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[5] ibid. - -[6] ibid. - -[7] ibid. - -[8] ibid., and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November -2, 1992, and Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell -Breaks His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[9] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[10] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[11] ibid. - -[12] ibid. - -[13] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 120, and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. -Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[14] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[15] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[16] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 117. - -[17] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[18] ibid. - -[19] ibid. - -[20] ibid. - -[21] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, -1989. - -[22] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[23] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[24] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[25] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[26] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[27] ibid. - -[28] ibid. - -[29] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 119, and Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The -Mortician of Roswell Breaks His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, -105. - -[30] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[31] ibid. - -[32] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[33] ibid. - -[34] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn Dennis, -interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[35] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105. - -[36] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, -1989. - -[37] ibid. - -[38] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 119. - -[39] Headquarters United States Air Force, _The Roswell Report: -Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_ (Washington, D.C.: U.S. -Government Printing Office, 1995), Attachment 32, “Synopsis of Balloon -Research Findings by 1st Lt. James McAndrew”. - -[40] 427th AAFBU Sq “M” Morning Reports, July 8–9, 1947, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[41] Personnel record of 1st Lt. Angele A. (LaRue) Thessing, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[42] ibid. - -[43] Personnel records of Capt. Joyce Goddard, 1st Lt. Rosemary J. -Brown, 1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton, 1st Lt. Angele A. LaRue, 1st Lt. -Claudia Uebele, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[44] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 132, and W. Glenn Dennis, -interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, 1989. - -[45] Paul McCarthy, “The Case of the Vanishing Nurses,” _Omni_, Fall -1995, 107–114. - -[46] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel -Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[47] DD Form 214, “Armed Forces of the United States Report of -Transfer or Discharge”, April 30, 1958, Personnel file of Capt. Eileen -M. Fanton, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[48] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 132. - -[49] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and WD AGO FORM -66-3, “AAF Medical Dep’t Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel -Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[50] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[51] WD AGO FORM 66-3, “AAF Medical Dep’t Officer’s Qualification -Record,” Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo. - -[52] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 104 and W. Glenn Dennis, interview -with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992, 11, 15. - -[53] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel -Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[54] ibid. - -[55] WD MD FORM 55A, “Clinical Record Brief,” September 5, 1947, and WD -AGO FORM 8-38, “Special Examination or Additional Data,” September 11, -1947, Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[56] ibid, and Physical Examination Board Proceedings, Capt. Eileen M. -Fanton, August 24, 1955, Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[57] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, -1989, and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, -1992. - -[58] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, -1989. - -[59] ibid. - -[60] Roster of Officers, 6th Bomb Wing, Walker AFB, N.M., December -30, 1952, “History of the 6th Bomb Wing, December 1952,” Air Force -Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[61] ibid. - -[62] Dr. Frank B. Nordstrom, interview with Capt. James McAndrew, April -25, 1996, and Dr. Frank B. Nordstrom, Signed Sworn Statement, April 25, -1996. - -[63] Charles E. Clouthier, Signed Sworn Statement, April 26, 1996. - -[64] ibid. - -[65] J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Green Men,” -_True_ 31, No. 184, (September 1952), 19. - -[66] ibid., 103. - -[67] ibid., 19. - -[68] J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucer Swindlers,” _True_ 36, No. 231, (August -1956), 36. - -[69] ibid., 36. - -[70] J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Green Men,” -_True_ 31, No. 184, (September 1952), 110. - -[71] ibid. - -[72] “4 Rank Titles Change,” _Air Force Times_, March 29, 1952, 1, 22. - -[73] Alan L. Gropman, _The Air Force Integrates, 1945–1964_ -(Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1985), 243. - -[74] Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, _Crash at Corona_ (New York: -Paragon House, 1992), 117. - -[75] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and AF FORM 11, -“Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Col. Lee F. Ferrell, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[76] ibid. - -[77] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn Dennis, -interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[78] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105. - -[79] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn Dennis, -interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[80] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - -[81] ibid. - -[82] ibid. - -[83] 427th AAFBU Sq. “M” Morning Reports, July 1–31, 1947, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[84] WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU Sq. “M,” April -1, 1947 through October 1, 1947, and WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s -Qualification Record,” Personnel Record of Capt. Joyce Goddard, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[85] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel Record -of Capt. Joyce Goddard, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[86] WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU, Sq. “M,” August 7, -1947, National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[87] ibid., and WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” -Personnel Record of Capt. Lucille C. Slattery, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[88] Ethel Kovatch-Scott, Col., USAF (Ret), telephone interview with -Capt. James McAndrew, May 5, 1995 and July 3, 1996, and Mary Hoadley, -Lt. Col., USAF (Ret), telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, -May 5, 1995, and Mary L. Wiggins, Maj., USAF (Ret), telephone interview -with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 5, 1995. - -[89] ibid. - -[90] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” Personnel -Record of Capt. Lucille C. Slattery, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[91] WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU, Sq. “M,” 509th -Station Medical Group, 509th Medical Group, 509th Medical Squadron, -January 1947 through February 1952, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. -and Rosters of Officers, 509th Bomb Wing- February 1952 through July -1958, 6th Bomb Wing- February 1952 through March 1967, and AF FORM 11, -“Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Maj. Idabelle M. Wilson, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[92] AF FORM 11, “Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Maj. -Idabelle M. Wilson, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[93] ibid. - -[94] Idabelle M. Wilson, Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone interview with -1st Lt. James McAndrew, April 28, 1995. - -[95] ibid. - -[96] Memo: Jack A. Comstock, Maj. (MC), Surgeon, 509th Station Medical -Group, to Major Robert W. Schick, Investigating Officer, Headquarters, -USAF, subj: Investigation of B-29 Crash, 18 August 1948, Aircraft -Accident No. 48-8-12, Aircraft #44-86383, Air Force Historical Research -Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. and WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” -12 August 1948, Personnel records of Air Force members, service -numbers AF 18041408 and AF 16191866, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[97] ibid. - -[98] ibid. - -[99] WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 16 May 1949, Personnel -records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 827137 and AF -42050093, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[100] WD AGO Form 5-4, “Individual Crash Fire Report,” 20 May 1949, -Aircraft Accident No. 49-5-16, Aircraft #43-48401, Air Force Historical -Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[101] WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 16 May 1949, -Personnel records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 827137 and -AF 42050093, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[102] WD AGO Form 5-4, “Individual Crash Fire Report,” 19 December -1949, Aircraft Accident No. 49-12-15-2, Air Force Historical Research -Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[103] WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 19 December 1949, -and “Autopsy Report,” Personnel records of Air Force members, service -numbers 17343A, AF 11101085, and 15239923, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[104] ibid. - -[105] WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 1 June 1950, -Personnel records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 685565 and -AF 32668639, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[106] ibid. - -[107] ibid. - -[108] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 16, 1955 of Air Force -members, service numbers AO 3006516 and AO 3004607, Aircraft Accident -No. 55-6-16-6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[109] DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June 16, 1955, -Personnel Records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 3006516 and -AO 3004607, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[110] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 16, 1955, of Air -Force members, service numbers AO 3006516 and AO 3004607, Aircraft -Accident No. 55-6-16-6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell -AFB, AL. - -[111] Air Force Form 14b, “Medical Report of an Individual Involved in -AF Aircraft Accident,” 3 October 1955, Aircraft Accident No. 55-10-3-6, -Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[112] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, thru October -7, 1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to MCTSG, -October 12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip -Rpts., Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records -Center, St. Louis, Mo., and AF Form 715, “Preparation Room History,” -4 October 1955, Personnel Record of Air Force member, service number -1521B/2009467, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[113] Air Force Form 14b, “Medical Report of an Individual Involved in -AF Aircraft Accident,” 3 October 1955, Aircraft Accident No. 55-10-3-6, -Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[114] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[115] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, Accession -No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: -Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[116] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Air Force Form 14b, -“Medical Report of an Individual Involved in AF Aircraft Accident,” -June 26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland AFB, N.M. - -[117] AF Form 697, “Identification Findings and Conclusions,” 3 Feb -1960, Personnel Records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 794152 -and 1046844, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[118] ibid. - -[119] ibid. - -[120] Charles A. Ravenstein, _Air Force Combat Wings; Lineage and -Honors Histories, 1947–1977_ (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing -Office, 1984), 16, 275–276. - -[121] Air Force Form 14, “Report of Air Force Aircraft Accident,” June -26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland AFB, N.M. - -[122] ibid. - -[123] ibid. - -[124] ibid. - -[125] ibid. - -[126] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, Accession -No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: -Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[127] ibid. - -[128] Jack L. Whenry, Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone interview with 1st -Lt. James McAndrew, January 26, 1995, and John C. Walter, MSgt., USAF -(Ret), telephone interview with Capt. James McAndrew, June 29, 1995 and -July 12, 1996. - -[129] ibid. - -[130] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, Accession -No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: -Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[131] ibid. - -[132] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview, -and Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His -Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 104. - -[133] DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June 26, 1956, -Personnel Record of AF 37578524, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[134] Whenry, Walters, and Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, -“Mortuary Affairs,” 28, Record Group 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm -Reel 167, National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - -[135] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[136] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[137] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[138] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force member, service number AF 37578524, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[139] ibid. - -[140] ibid. - -[141] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[142] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Air Force Form 14b, -“Medical Report of an Individual Involved in AF Aircraft Accident,” -June 26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland AFB, N.M. - -[143] DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June 26, 1956, -Personnel Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and -AF 37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[144] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 108. - -[145] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, thru October 7, -1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to MCTSG, October -12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., -Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo., and AF Form 697, “Identification Findings and Conclusions,” -3 Feb 1960, Personnel Records of Air Force members, service numbers -AO 794152 and 1046844, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[146] Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary Affairs,” -28–29, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel 167, -National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - -[147] Official Trip Report—Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George J. Schwaderer, Identification Specialist, to Thomas -W. Toy, Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, July 5, 1956, Accession No. -342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: Mar 56 to -Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Jack L. Whenry, -Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, -January 26, 1995, and John C. Walter, MSgt., USAF (Ret), telephone -interview with Capt. James McAndrew, June 29, 1995 and July 12, 1996. - -[148] Walter and Whenry. - -[149] ibid. - -[150] WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and AF FORM 11, -“Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Col. Lee F. Ferrell, -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[151] “Air Force Care of Deceased Personnel (1951–1959), Volume -1: Text”, Historical Study No. 236, Call No. K 201-326, Air Force -Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[152] Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary Affairs,” -27, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel 167, National -Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - -[153] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, July 5, -1956 and Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, thru October -7, 1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to MCTSG, October -12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., -Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo. - -[154] Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 June -1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas W. Toy, -Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, July 5, -1956, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search -& Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[155] George J. Schwaderer, telephone interview with Capt. James -McAndrew, June 28, 1996. - -[156] ibid. - -[157] Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary Affairs,” -27, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel 167, National -Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - -[158] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 104. - -[159] Memo, Charles J. Stahl, M.D., Armed Forces Medical Examiner, -to Capt. James McAndrew, SAF/AAZD, subj: Request for Information on -Aircraft Crash Fatalities, October 13, 1995. - -[160] Unit history, 4036 USAF Hospital, Walker AFB, N.M., June 1956, 6, -Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[161] ibid. - -[162] Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, Personnel -Record of of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and AF -37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[163] Air Force Missile Development Center, _MAN-HIGH I_, MDC-TR-59-24, -1959, and Lt. Col. David G. Simons, _MAN HIGH II_, Air Force Missile -Development Center, Holloman AFB, N.M., AFMDC-TR-59-28, June 1959, 1, -and Air Force Missile Development Center, _MAN HIGH III_, MDC-TR-60-16, -1961. - -[164] Historical Branch, Office of Information Services, Air Force -Missile Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, -Holloman AFB, N.M., _Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research -and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center Holloman -Air Force Base, N. Mex. 1947–1958_ (hereafter _Contributions of Balloon -Operations 1947–1958_), 11. - -[165] ibid., and Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, -Schedule Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 19, -20, 22, 1959, Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo. - -[166] DD FORM 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” May 21, 1959, -Personnel Record of Capt. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., -and Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule Request- -Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 20, 1959, Accession No. -342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records Administration, -National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[167] DD Form 613, R&D Progress Card, Project 7164, “Physiology of -Flight,” Task 71840, “Life Supporting Systems for Advanced Vehicles,” -February 24, 1959, 30–31, National Archives and Record Administration -Accession No. 342-75-095, Box 93/100, folder 1, and Technical “R&D” -Record Book, Aeromedical Laboratory, Physiology Branch, “Life Support -System for Orbital Flight,” Project 7164, Task 71840, 13–16, National -Archives and Record Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. Accession No. 342-75-095, Box 93/100, folder 2. - -[168] Air Force Form 77, “USAF Officer Effectiveness Report, 1 Feb -58 to 31 Jan 59, Personnel Record of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., -National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel -Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., -_The Long, Lonely Leap_, (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961) 131. - -[169] Air Force Missile Development Center, _Man-High I_, MDC-TR-59-24, -1959. - -[170] Schedule Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” -May 19, 20, 22, 1959, Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National -Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, -St. Louis, Mo. - -[171] ibid. - -[172] Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st Lt. James -McAndrew, May 28, 1995. - -[173] Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule -Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 19, 1959, -Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[174] Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule -Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 20, 1959, -Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22. - -[175] ibid. - -[176] ibid. - -[177] ibid., and Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret), interview -with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, June 23, 1995. - -[178] Kittinger. - -[179] ibid. - -[180] ibid. - -[181] Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st Lt. James -McAndrew, May 26, 1995. - -[182] ibid. and Standard Form 539, “Abbreviated Clinical Record,” May -21, 1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives -and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. -Louis, Mo. - -[183] ibid. - -[184] Jorgeson and Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF (Ret), interview with -1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 31, 1995. - -[185] ibid. - -[186] Fulgham and William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF, (Ret), interview -with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 24, 1995. - -[187] ibid. - -[188] Jorgeson. - -[189] Kaufman. - -[190] Signed, sworn statement of Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), May -25, 1995. - -[191] Kittinger. - -[192] ibid. - -[193] Video, _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, Gerald Anderson -interview, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993). - -[194] Kittinger and Air Force Form 77, “USAF Officer Effectiveness -Report,” 1 Feb 58 to 31 Jan 59, Personnel Record of Col. Joseph W. -Kittinger, Jr., National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[195] Kittinger. - -[196] ibid., and Kaufman. - -[197] Kittinger. - -[198] ibid. - -[199] ibid. - -[200] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[201] Signed, sworn statements of Charles A. Coltman, Col. (MC), USAF, -(Ret), Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., -Col., USAF, (Ret), Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), Ole Jorgeson, -MSgt., USAF, (Ret), and statement of William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., -USAF, (Ret). - -[202] Kittinger. - -[203] Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., _The Long, Lonely Leap_, (New -York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961) 130. - -[204] Kittinger. - -[205] Signed, sworn statements of Charles A. Coltman, Col. (MC), USAF, -(Ret), Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., -Col., USAF, (Ret), Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), Ole Jorgeson, -MSgt., USAF, (Ret), and statement of William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., -USAF, (Ret). - -[206] Craig D. Ryan, _The Pre-Astronauts_, (Annapolis: Naval Institute -Press, 1995), 200. - -[207] Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule -Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 19, 1959, -Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and -Memo: Maj. Lawrence M. Bogard, Chief, Balloon Branch, to MDWXB, subj: -Project 7222, 8 May 1959. - -[208] ibid., and Jorgeson. - -[209] Jorgeson. - -[210] ibid. - -[211] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[212] ibid. - -[213] ibid. - -[214] Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks -His Code of Silence,” _Omni_, Fall 1995, 103. - -[215] _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - -[216] Jorgeson. - -[217] Unit History, 47th Air Division, June 1954, photo section, Air -Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - -[218] Unit History, 6th Bomb Wing, June 1959, Annex “N,” “Base Support -Plan, Medical,” June 1, 1959. - -[219] Charles A. Ravenstein, _Air Force Combat Wings; Lineage and -Honors Histories, 1947–1977_ (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing -Office, 1984), 16. - -[220] Kaufman. - -[221] ibid. - -[222] Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st Lt. James -McAndrew, May 31, 1995. - -[223] Fulgham. - -[224] Kittinger. - -[225] ibid. - -[226] ibid. - -[227] ibid., and ltr., Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Director, Dearborn -Observatory, Northwestern University, to Maj. Hector Quintanilla, Chief -Aerial Phenomena Branch, December 6, 1965, National Air Intelligence -Center historical files, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. - -[228] Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt, _The Truth About the UFO -Crash at Roswell_ (New York: Avon Books, 1994), 22. - -[229] Standard Form 539, “Abbreviated Clinical Record,” May 21, 1959, -Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives and Records -Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[230] Fulgham. - -[231] Kittinger. - -[232] ibid. - -[233] Kaufman. - -[234] DD Form 640, “Nursing Notes,” May 24, 1959, and DD Form 728, -“Doctor’s Orders,” May 22, 1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. -Fulgham, National Archives and Records Administration, National -Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - -[235] Kittinger, Kaufman, and DD Form 728 “Doctor’s Orders,” May 22, -1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives and -Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, -Mo. - -[236] ibid. - -[237] Kittinger. - -[238] ibid. - -[239] Fulgham. - - - - - Appendix A - - [Illustration: Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch and Landing Locations - - Source: Test records of U.S. Air Force aeromedical project no. - 7218, task 71719 (HIGH DIVE) and project no. 7222, task 71748 - (EXCELSIOR).] - - - High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - Number Date Launch Site Landing Site - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - 1 6/23/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 2 6/28/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. Dunkin, N.M. - - 3 6/30/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. 10 miles Southwest of - Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 4 12/1/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 5 12/2/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. 12 miles South of Artesia, N.M. - - 6 12/6/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. Near Twin Buttes, N.M. - - 7 12/9/54 Holloman AFB, N.M. 3 miles West of Twin - Buttes, N.M. - - 8 2/23/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 28 miles East of Roswell, N.M. - - 9 3/1/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 25 miles South of Caprock, N.M. - - 10 3/3/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 25 miles East/Northeast of - Roswell, N.M. - - 11 6/15/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 5 miles Northwest of - Dunkin, N.M. - - 12 6/23/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 35 miles Southwest of - Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 13 6/29/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 25 miles West of Three - Rivers, N.M. - - 14 7/7/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 13 miles West of Tularosa - Peak, N.M. - - 15 7/15/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 15 miles Northeast of - Hatch, N.M. - - 16 11/17/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. 8 miles Northwest - of Roswell, N.M. - - 17 11/21/55 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 18 1/25/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 19 2/8/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. 20 miles South of - Roswell, N.M. - - 20 2/21/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. 20 miles East of Dunkin, N.M. - - 21 2/21/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 22 5/18/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Data Not Available - - 23 5/22/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Data Not Available - - 24 8/21/56 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 25 5/16/57 Truth or White Sands Proving - - Consequences, N.M. Ground, N.M. - - 26 5/29/57 Hatch, N.M. 25 miles Northwest of - Las Cruces, N.M. - - 27 6/4/57 Holloman AFB, N.M. 11 miles North of - Las Cruces, N.M. - - 28 6/6/57 Holloman AFB, N.M. 17 miles South of - Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 29 6/7/57 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 30 6/11/57 Hatch, N.M. West of San Agustin Pass, N.M. - - 31 6/13/57 Holloman AFB, N.M. Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 32 9/27/57 White Sands Natl - Monument - Picnic Area Orogrande, N.M. - - 33 10/8/57 White Sands Proving 10 miles East of Picacho, N.M. - Ground - - 34 1/29/58 Data Not Available 20 miles South of - Alamogordo, N.M. - - 35 1/9/59 Holloman AFB, N.M. White Sands Proving - Ground, N.M. - - 36 1/14/59 Las Palomas, N.M. 30 miles East/Southeast of - Roswell, N.M. - - 37 1/30/59 Nutt, N.M. White Sands Proving - Ground, N.M. - - 38 2/4/59 Holloman AFB, N.M. 1 mile North of Bent, N.M. - - 39 2/6/59 Lake Valley, N.M. Data Not Available - - 40 2/10/59 Caballo Dam, N.M. White Sands Proving - Ground, N.M. - - 41 2/11/59 Hatch, N.M. Data Not Available - - 42 2/14/59 Data Not Available 30 miles West of - Holloman AFB, N.M. - - 43 2/16/59 Ft. Craig, N.M. Mescalero Apache Reservation - (N.M.) - - - - - Appendix B - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Date: 26 April 1996 Place: Farmington, NM - - I Charles E. Clouthier, hereby state that James McAndrew, was - identified as a Captain, USAFR on this date at my place of - employment do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I was on active duty in the US Air Force and stationed at Walker - AFB, Roswell, NM, from February 1955 until October 1956. During that - time I was a pharmacist assigned to the base hospital. Following - my tour of duty with the Air Force, I returned to my hometown, - Farmington, NM, where I became an employee and eventually a - co-owner of Farmington Drug. - - With the exception of the two years in the US Air Force, I have - been a resident of Farmington, NM since 1934. It is my recollection - that Dr Frank B. Nordstrom was the first pediatrician to practice - in the Farmington area and he remained the only pediatrician in - Farmington until approximately 1970. I base these recollections on - extensive professional and personal contacts with physicians in the - Farmington area and as a father of two children who were patients - of Dr Nordstrom’s. - - Also based on nearly 40 years of contact with physicians in the - Farmington area, I believe that Dr Nordstrom is the only physician - who served a tour of duty at Walker AFB. During the 1960s, I - became aware that Dr Nordstrom had also served at the Walker AFB - hospital. At various times in the ensuing years. Dr Nordstrom - and I reminisced about our service at Walker AFB. During these - conversations Dr Nordstrom never mentioned any activities during - his tour of duty I considered unusual or that might explain reports - of bodies or aliens. During the time I was stationed at Walker AFB, - I did not witness, nor did I hear rumors, of anything that involved - flying saucers, aliens, or anything else of an extraterrestrial - nature. - - I am not part of a conspiracy to withhold information from either - the US government or the American public. There is no classified - information that I am withholding related to this inquiry, and I - have not been threatened by US government persons concerning not - talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before a - person authorized to administer oaths - this 26th day of April 1996 at - Farmington, NM - - [Signature] [Signature] - Charles E. Clouthier James McAndrew, Capt, USAFR - - WITNESS: - [Signature] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 25 May 95 - - I, Charles A. Coltman, Jr., Col, USAF, MC (Ret), hereby state that - James McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR, on this date - at my place of employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own - free will, make the following statement. This was done without - having been subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or - unlawful inducement. - - I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1957 as a flight surgeon and was - assigned to Walker AFB, NM, in 1958. Following a residency at Ohio - State University from 1959 to 1963, I was assigned to Wilford Hall - USAF Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX, where I eventually became - the Chairman of the Department of Medicine. I retired from the Air - Force in 1977. I am presently a Professor at The University of - Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and Chief Executive - Officer of the Cancer Therapy and Research Foundation of South - Texas. - - I remember a balloon crash that happened north of Roswell, NM, in - May, 1959. I received a phone call from the NCOIC of the Flight - Surgeon’s office, who informed me of the crash. The NCOIC, Earl - Wormwood, came to my quarters and we drove, in an old blue Air - Force “crackerbox” ambulance, to the crash site. I remember the - gondola laying on its side and the deflated balloon on the ground. - The crew members were sitting next to the gondola. I examined the - pilots and determined they were not seriously injured. They told me - they were practicing touch-and-go’s and a gust of wind had dumped - them on the ground, and the gondola had struck one of the pilots - in the head. Also present were Air Force technicians in trucks who - tracked the balloon. The injured pilots were transported to the - Flight Surgeon’s office at the hospital at Walker AFB. - - The injury sustained by the crew member was a head - abrasion/contusion and a hemotoma. The hemotoma caused the - patient’s head to swell, however, it was not serious enough for - him to be admitted. I remember receiving a call from Col (Dr.) - John Stapp. He was in charge of the balloon project and was quite - famous. Dr Stapp inquired about the injuries to the pilots and he - wanted them returned to Holloman AFB as quickly as possible. - - The hospital was an old World War II cantonment-type building with - long corridors and a capacity of fifty beds. I do not recall a - nurse assisting me in the treatment of the patient, although a - nurse may have been on duty and observed the patient. I was the - only doctor in the hospital that morning. There were no visiting - doctors from other bases or facilities. I do not remember any - altercations or arguments that day. During my time at Walker, I do - not recall that any autopsies were performed at the hospital, since - we did not have a pathologist on staff. I do not recall any remains - brought to the hospital in body bags, or wreckage transported in - the back of an ambulance. There may have been remains brought to - the hospital in body bags after a KC-97 crash, but that was before - I arrived at Walker. Dr Ed Bradley was involved in the recovery of - the remains. - - At no time was there ever any involvement of the Walker hospital - with UFO’s or “space aliens” I know this to be true because the - hospital was very small and had a small staff. If any activity, - other than normal hospital functions, had occurred, I would have - known about it. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Sworn to and subscribed before me, - an individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Charles A. Coltman, Jr., M.D. James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - [Signature] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 25 May 95 - - I, Dan D. Fulgham, Col, USAF (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - place of employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free - will, make the following statement. This was done without having - been subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful - inducement. - - I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1952 as an aviation cadet. I flew - F-84s on 100 combat missions during the Korean war. After a tour as - a flight instructor I was assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory - at Wright Patterson. I participated in both the Air Force Man in - Space program and Project Mercury. I also participated in the X-15 - and X-20 programs and worked as a bioastronautics officer with NASA - on Gemini. During my Air Force career, I earned both a Master’s and - Doctorate degree from Purdue University. I flew a combat tour in - Southeast Asia in F-4s as a member of the 555th Tactical Fighter - Squadron and flew 133 combat missions. I retired from the Air Force - in 1978 as the Commander of the Human Resources Laboratory at - Brooks AFB, TX. I am presently the Director Of Biosciences for a - research organization in San Antonio, TX. - - In 1959 I volunteered for training to become a back up pilot for - Capt Joe Kittenger in his high altitude balloon projects. I flew - two missions for training purposes with Capt Kittenger and Capt - Bill Kaufman from Holloman AFB, NM in May, 1959. On the second - flight we were practicing touch and go landings north of Roswell, - NM when we “crashed” on one of the landings. The gondola flipped - over and my head was pinned to the ground by the lip of the - gondola. We managed to lift the gondola off of my head and looked - it over for damage. Capt Kittenger was bleeding from a cut on his - face and I noticed that my head seemed to be protruding outward - from underneath my helmet. Realizing I was injured, I sat down and - feared I might go into shock. I was not in pain but my entire head - was throbbing and began to swell. - - I then remember boarding the “chase” helicopter that was following - us and flying a short distance to Walker AFB for medical treatment. - I recall walking into the hospital and also stopping on the - front step to smoke a cigarette. I remember security personnel - escorting and questioning us to determine who we were. Security - was very tight at Strategic Air Command bases such as Walker. On - occasion surprise inspection teams from SAC headquarters arrived - in helicopters just as we did. In addition, a story of three Air - Force officers crashing in a balloon was somewhat far fetched. The - security people were convinced of our identities when they spoke - with Col John P. Stapp, the Aero Medical Laboratory Commander. - - While I was at Walker my head had swelled considerably and both - eyes were turning black. Later the skin on my face turned yellow. - I remember being seen by one doctor and I do not believe any other - doctors participated in my treatment. I do not recall any nurses - attending to me. I also do not recall that a black NCO was present - nor do I recall any civilian men in the hospital. I do not recall - that Capt Kittenger was involved in an altercation of any kind - while we were there. After I was treated and released we all flew - back to Holloman on the helicopter. - - At Holloman I was admitted to the hospital and had blood aspirated - from under my scalp. I remember my forehead drooping down, I had - to use my fingers to open my eyelids, and I had to sleep sitting - up. Several days later I returned to Wright Patterson with Capt - Kittenger and Capt Kaufman. My wife met the airplane and when she - saw me, she burst into tears due to the swelling of my head, the - two black eyes, and the yellow color of my skin. When I returned to - my office at Wright Patterson, my secretary also began to cry when - she saw me. After some weeks my head returned to normal size and I - was returned to flying status. - - During my Air Force career I was involved in many different - scientific research projects including the space program. I can - state with certainty that none of them, including the incident - described here, had anything to do with UFOs or “space aliens”. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before me, an - individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Dan D. Fulgham, Col, USAF (Ret) James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - [Signature] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 28 May 95 - - I, Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14, (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - home and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I became involved in high altitude balloon development while an - undergraduate student at New York University (NYU). Following - graduation I was hired by the Air Force at Holloman AFB and worked - continuously as both a meteorologist and aerospace engineer at - the Balloon Branch from 1951 until my retirement in 1981. My job - responsibilities were to forecast the weather and fly by remote - control, high altitude balloons for many different scientific - projects. During this time. I became internationally recognized as - an authority on high altitude balloon trajectory forecasting. I - have published numerous technical reports and articles. - - The first project in which I was involved, while still an - undergraduate student at NYU, was the acoustical detection of - nuclear explosions. The name of the project, Mogul, was classified - and I didn’t know this name until several years ago. Based on - my experience with this project I am certain project Mogul was - responsible for some portions of what has become to be known as the - “Roswell Incident”. - - Following project Mogul I was involved in perfecting high - altitude balloon technology and made many test flights with large - polyethylene balloons from Holloman AFB. I worked extensively on - atmospheric sampling projects and biological flights in which - the balloons lifted small animals to altitude for cosmic ray - experiments. I also worked on the Moby Dick Project that collected - meteorological data and the classified Gopher (119L) reconnaissance - project. - - I was relied upon to forecast the weather, conduct climatological - studies, predict balloon trajectories, and to hit with precision, - ground targets both on and off the White Sands Missile Range. - Balloon trajectories in New Mexico below the tropopause, are - predominantly towards the east-northeast, when launched from - Holloman AFB with the exception of July and August when balloons - remained over the Holloman area. At high altitude, above the - tropopause, trajectories are generally westerly during the summer - and easterly during the spring, fall, and winter. As a result - these winds, the Holloman balloon branch recovered many, probably - hundreds, of balloons and scientific payloads from the Roswell, NM - area over the years. - - During the time of the year when trajectories were to the east I - attempted to drop the equipment near accessible non mountainous - areas and paved roads. The main target area was the first large - north-south road on the other side of the Sacramento Mountains - from Holloman AFB, Highway 285. This road goes north and south - through Roswell. The standard procedure was to preposition military - recovery crews near the projected point of payload impact. The - crews consisted primarily of Air Force members in uniform and - they operated military vehicles. I often directed these crews to - “standby” along the shoulder of Highway 285, both north and south - of Roswell until the balloon was in position. The recovery crews - received detailed instructions from the tracking aircraft that led - them to the exact location of the payload. The recovery vehicle - included, depending on the mission, a crane, weapons carriers, - communications van, and occasionally tanker trucks to refuel the - aircraft that would sometimes land on nearby roads. - - During the time of the year when balloon trajectories were to the - west, I attempted to drop the payloads in the Rio Grande Valley. - I also aimed for another valley, the flat area north of Truth or - Consequences that includes the Plains of San Augustin. In addition, - many remote balloon launch sites were located throughout the Rio - Grande Valley west of the White Sands Proving Grounds. Launch crews - were also mostly military and used much of the same equipment as - the recovery crews. - - I had extensive involvement with Project 7218 that later became - Project 7222. This project studied the free-fall characteristics - of anthropomorphic dummies dropped from balloons from altitudes - up to 100,000 feet. The missions usually consisted of two dummies - attached to a suspension rack that I directed to be released at - altitude. Depending on the wind conditions and time of year, the - dummies, on many occasions, landed in the Roswell area. I recall - some difficulties in the release mechanisms of the dummies that - resulted in some of them free-falling to the ground while they were - still attached to the rack. Someone without a good vantage point - or not associated with the project might mistake these dummies for - “aliens” due to their odd flesh tones and abstract human features. - - I also recall an accident involving a manned balloon flight. I - remember this event clearly because I am also a balloon pilot - and had an accident approximately two years before. The accident - occurred on a flight that Capt Joe Kittenger was “checking out” - two back up pilots for his high altitude missions. The balloon was - launched around midnight from behind the Balloon Branch at Holloman - AFB. I remember that some of the steel ballast used by the balloon - caused a “fireworks” display when it contacted some nearby power - lines during the launch. I was operating the control center for - this flight and I received notification from the communications - vehicle that was following the balloon that there had been an - accident north of Roswell. I later learned that the gondola had - rolled over during a practice touch and go landing and one of the - pilots had been struck in the head and injured. I recall speaking - to Capt Kittinger about the accident and I saw the injured pilot. - Although his injury was not serious, his head had considerable - swelling and he looked very odd. - - I also worked with Capt Kittinger on Project Stargazer. I also had - met several times the civilian scientific advisor Dr. J. Allen - Hynek. Dr Hynek was thoroughly familiar with the balloon operations - at Holloman and visited the Balloon Branch numerous times. This - project experienced some difficulties and only one manned flight - was conducted. - - Another project I was involved with was the Air Force - investigations of UFOs. Project Bluebook. Since I was a - meteorologist and amateur astronomer I evaluated, starting in 1951, - local sightings of UFOs. New Mexico had alot of sightings because - of the good visibility and the many experimental projects of the - White Sands Proving Grounds. During my time on Project Bluebook - there wasn’t any sightings that we could not explain. Nevertheless - popular literature still refers to some of these sightings as - unexplained. - - Another project with which I was involved, was the NASA Voyager - and Viking Projects. These space vehicles were tested by launching - them from our balloons at extremely high altitude to simulate the - atmosphere of Venus and Mars. To utilize the instrumentation on - the White Sands Missile Range I elected to launch the balloons and - attached space vehicles from the Roswell Industrial Air Center, - formerly the Roswell Army Airfield. The Holloman Balloon Branch - made approximately eight launches of these two vehicles from - Roswell. In appearance the Viking and Voyager probes could be - mistaken for a flying saucer. They were both unclassified highly - publicized projects and I do not recall getting any UFO reports for - these flights. I believe one of these probes is on display at White - Sands Missile Range and its known as the “flying saucer”. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before me, an - individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14 (Ret) James McAndrew, 1st Lt. USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 28 May 95 - - I, Ole Jorgeson, MSgt. USAF, (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - home and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I enlisted in the U.S. Air Force in 1957 and became a Ground - Communications and Electronic Repairman. I remained in this career - field throughout my career. I completed three tours at the Balloon - Branch at Holloman AFB, NM. I retired from the Air Force in 1977 as - the NCOIC of the Communication and Instrumentation Section of the - Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB. - - I recall an overnight balloon training mission that was conducted - in May, 1959. Capt Joe Kittinger was training back up pilots - for one of his upcoming projects. I was an airman assigned to - coordinate communications and to assist in the recovery of the - balloon upon completion of the mission. I followed the balloon in - an old Korean War vintage “crackerbox” ambulance that had been - converted into a communications van. Another airman and I followed - the balloon throughout the night on an easterly trajectory over the - Sacramento Mountains to an area north of Roswell. Also following - the balloon were recovery technicians in a weapons carrier. We - stayed in contact with the balloon crew by radio and also observed - flares the crew would light at various intervals so we could - visually track them. Just after sunrise I recall the balloon - landing north of Roswell and Capt Kittinger offered me some coffee - and told me he was going to make one more touch and go landing to - complete the mission. I remember that I took some photographs of - the balloon and waited for the last landing. Several minutes later - I remember hearing a “bang”, this was the squib that fired to - release the gondola from the balloon. We immediately went to where - the gondola landed and saw the gondola laying on its side and saw - two of the pilots standing and one lying down. Lying on the ground - was a shattered helmet that was worn by one of the pilots. Capt - Kittinger told me they were attempting to land to avoid some power - lines and a row of trees. - - Soon after I arrived at the crash site, a helicopter that was also - following the flight landed and transported the three aircrew - members to Walker AFB for medical attention. I recall I assisted - the recovery technicians load the balloon and the gondola on the - weapons carrier and then drove 15 to 20 minutes to the hospital - at Walker AFB. When I arrived at Walker, we parked the converted - ambulance near the hospital and either the other airman with me - or the recovery technicians called the balloon control center to - notify them of the accident. I recall waiting near the hospital - for a short period of time and then returning to Holloman AFB. - During the time I was waiting at the hospital I did not observe - any arguments or altercations. I did not observe Capt Kittinger - speaking disrespectfully to anyone. I also do not recall any male - civilians or any vehicles that belonged to a mortuary. - - I participated in many, probably more than 100, balloon recoveries. - I often recovered payloads and balloons from the area surrounding - Roswell, NM. It was routine to be directed by the balloon control - center to an area near Roswell to wait to recover a balloon. We - would wait along the side of the road, at small airports, or at - the armory in Roswell. It would not be uncommon for our recovery - vehicles to be seen waiting to recover balloons throughout New - Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas. When we recovered the balloons - and payloads sometimes civilians would be in the area and make - inquires. We would tell them what we were doing and provide them - with a telephone number at Holloman AFB if they wanted to report - any damages. We were required to clean up the area and remove all - debris before we left. In addition to the recoveries, I recall - making balloon launches from sites up and down the Rio Grande - Valley. I remember that some of these launches were made from an - area west of Soccoro, NM. - - Another project I participated in was the testing of the Viking - space probe in 1972. These four launches were all made from the - Roswell Industrial Air Center, the former Roswell Army Airfield. - Approximately twenty Air Force personnel were on temporary duty to - Roswell throughout the summer of 1972 to support this project. NASA - personnel prepared the spacecraft for launch from the old hangers - of the former Air Force base. This project was not classified and - was covered by the news media. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before me, an - individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Ole Jorgesen, MSgt, USAF, (Ret) James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 28 October 1996 - - I, William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret), hereby voluntarily and - of my own free will, make the following statement. This was done - without coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I was drafted into the Army of the United States in 1943, - transferred to the Army Air Forces, and was commissioned as a pilot - in 1944. From 1950 until 1967, with a break for training for a - combat tour in Korea and for educational assignments to AFIT, I was - assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB, - OH. During that time I was a physiological training officer and - worked in the development of early pressure suits. I tested many - high altitude pilots and also the first group of astronauts. Later - during my Air Force career, in 1961, I earned a Ph.D. in Physiology - and Biophysics. I was assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory for - three tours and retired in 1968 as the Chief of the Biodynamics - Branch of the Aero Medical Field Laboratory at Holloman AFB, NM. - - During my third assignment at Wright Patterson, I volunteered, - along with Capt Dan Fulgham, to be a backup pilot for Capt Joe - Kittinger for his high altitude balloon project, Project Excelsior. - Capt Kittinger instructed Capt Fulgham and me in ballooning in May - 1959. At the end of an overnight training flight, on the morning - of May 21, 1959, northwest of Roswell, NM, we (Kittinger, Fulgham - and I) had an accident with the balloon. We were practicing touch - and go landings when a severe gust of wind overturned the gondola, - dumping all of us to the ground with the gondola on top of us. - The accident occurred in a small pasture where a pony was grazing - next to a small cottage. For safety, we were followed during hours - of darkness by a C-131 aircraft and during the day by a H-21 - helicopter. We were followed the entire time by technicians in a - truck for communications and for the recovery of the balloon and - gondola. Seeing the accident, the crews of the helicopter and the - recovery trucks came to our assistance, much to the dismay of the - farmer who owned the pony, which had run away when the truck broke - down the fence to reach the crash site. I recall that a member of - the helicopter crew attempted to calm the farmer. - - Capt Fulgham sustained an injury to the forehead when the lip of - the gondola struck him. Capt Fulgham thought he had fractured - his skull but the experimental helmet he was wearing apparently - protected him. Capt Kittinger was bleeding from a cut on the face. - I was beneath Fulgham and Kittinger and unhurt. Fulgham was loaded - into the helicopter and we were taken to the nearest hospital, - at Walker AFB, in Roswell. I recall the helicopter pilot called - the air traffic control tower at Walker and informed them we were - inbound with an injured pilot from a balloon accident. This was - quite unusual and I believe the tower personnel might have thought - we were a surprise Strategic Air Command inspection team that at - the direction of the SAC Commander, Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, sometimes - made unannounced visits by helicopter. We landed in front of the - tower and were met by an ambulance along with a detail of military - police with machine guns. The military police escorted us to the - hospital for treatment and to verify our story of the balloon crash. - - While Capt Fulgham and Capt Kittinger were being treated I was - asked to explain to the Walker AFB Base Commander what had - happened. After Capt Kittinger was treated he called Col Stapp from - a phone adjacent to the waiting room were numerous military wives - were waiting for pre-natal care. Capt Kittinger, as the project - officer, was concerned what effect this accident might have on the - future of his program. As we waited for Fulgham, Kittinger paced up - and down the hall concerned about Fulgham and getting out of the - hospital before Walker AFB officials might complicate matters. I - do not recall any male civilians in the hospital, nor do I recall - Capt Kittinger being involved in an altercation of any kind. Capt - Kittinger did not shout or use obscene language, he was simply - interested in getting medical attention for Fulgham and leaving as - soon as possible. I do recall that one or two nurses were present. - I do not recall a black NCO accompanying Kittinger while we were in - the hospital. - - When the medical personnel were finished treating Fulgham, all - three of us returned to Holloman AFB by helicopter about noon the - same day. The following day I took my FAA exam and was awarded a - balloon pilot license. Three days later, on Sunday, Kittinger, - Fulgham and I returned to Wright Patterson via a special C-131 - flight. Fulgham looked very odd with two black eyes and protruding - forehead; his head was so swollen he could not wear his uniform hat - for some time. I later worked with Capt Kittinger on the Stargazer - project and and occasionally flew aircraft with him. - - During my entire time at the Aero Medical Laboratory I neither - saw nor heard anything that would lead me to believe that the Air - Force was keeping “aliens” at Wright Patterson. I knew there was a - project on UFOs called Bluebook, at the base, but to my knowledge - the Aero Medical Laboratory was not involved. Many scientific - accomplishments came out of the various laboratories at Wright - Patterson but I am unaware of any that might have involved aliens - or UFOs. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - This is as I recollect those events. - - SIGNED: - - [Signature] - William C. Kaufman, LtCol. USAFC (Ret) - - WITNESS(s): - [Signature: Patricia A. Kaufman] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 24 June 95 - - I, Joseph W. Kittinger. Jr., Col. USAF (Ret), hereby state that - James McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this - date at my home and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free - will, make the following statement. This was done without having - been subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful - inducement. - - I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1949 as an Aviation Cadet. From - 1950 to 1953 I flew fighters in Europe before being assigned to the - Fighter Test Section at Holloman AFB, NM in July, 1953. During my - tour as a test pilot I conducted the first zero gravity tests and - was the balloon pilot of the first Project Man High high altitude - research mission. In 1958 I was assigned to the Escape Section of - the Aero Medical laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB, OH. During - this tour I was the Project Officer of Project Excelsior and made - three high altitude parachute jumps, the highest from 102,800 feet, - which today remains a world record. For these jumps I was awarded - the Hannon Trophy for 1960 by President Eisenhower. Following - Excelsior, I was the Project Officer of Stargazer, a project that - made astronomical observations from a high altitude balloon. I - flew two combat tours in Southeast Asia with the Air Commandos. I - later flew a tour in F-4s and was the Squadron Commander of the 555 - Tactical Fighter Squadron. I accumulated over 1,000 combat flying - hours and I am credited with one aerial victory. I spent ten months - as a POW in Hanoi. Upon my return I attended Air War College, flew - F-4s and retired from the Air Force in 1978. In 1984 I became the - first person to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic by balloon. - - In 1958 I was made the Project Officer of Excelsior by Col John - Paul Stapp, the Aero Medical Laboratory Commander. I supervised - and was actively involved in the dropping and recovery of - anthropomorphic dummies from high altitude balloons at Holloman - AFB, NM for this project. We also dropped dummies, from aircraft - only, at Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. The object of the Holloman tests - were to study the free fall characteristics of dummies dropped from - balloons at altitudes of 50,000 to 100,000 feet. Based on this data - we designed a parachute that stabilized the dummies and I later - used this parachute on my three high altitude jumps. - - The balloons carrying the dummies were launched from various - locations in New Mexico and often impacted off of the White Sands - Proving Ground depending on the wind conditions. The dummies were - outfitted with clothing and equipment of an Air Force pilot. The - facial features of the dummies were not as pronounced as a human. - The ears and noses did not protrude. I do not recall any dummies - with ears or noses. Some of the dummies were not complete; they - sometimes did not have arms or legs. To someone not associated with - the project or who viewed the dummies from a distance, they could - appear to be human or with some imagination a space “alien.” In - fact, I recall one incident at Wright-Patterson where one of our - dummies landed near the backyard of Gen. Rawlings, Commander of - the Air Research and Development Command. Gen. Rawling’s wife was - entertaining officer’s wives that afternoon when one of our dummy’s - parachute failed to deploy and impacted the ground in full view of - the ladies at Gen. Rawling’s home. I acted quickly to retrieve the - dummy and went to the impact site and recovered it by throwing it - in the back of a pickup truck and quickly driving away. Later that - day I received a call from Col Stapp who informed me that some of - the women at the party believed that the dummy was a human and they - were appalled to see the careless nature in which the obviously - dead or injured “parachutist” was hauled away. - - At Holloman AFB recoveries of the dummies were handled by the - Balloon Branch but members of my project team, including myself, - often assisted. The standard procedure was to track the dummy - both from the ground and air to attempt to recover the dummies - in a timely manner. On the ground we used an assortment of Air - Force vehicles to track and recover not only the dummies but also - other scientific balloon payloads. We used trucks, communications - vans, converted field ambulances, cranes, and trailers. In the - air we used helicopters, C-47s transports, and L-19 and L-20 - light observation aircraft. On occasion civilians would observe - our recovery operations. We often attracted a crowd due to the - odd appearance of the balloon payloads and dummies and also the - aircraft that circled overhead or landed on nearby roads. We also - used many of the same procedures and equipment to launch from off - range locations. During the recoveries weapons were not carried - because there was no classified information or equipment. I do not - recall any altercations of any kind. At no time did I or any of the - personnel makes threats against civilians. We always attempted to - maintain good relations with the local civilians and explained the - purpose of the project to them if they asked. We were directed to - remove as much of the material dropped by the balloon as possible. - Sometimes this was difficult because the balloon and pay load would - break apart and cover a large area. We collected the debris in - these cases by “fanning out” across a field until we had collected - even very small portions of the payload and balloon. We were - particularly careful to recover the large plastic balloons because - cattle would ingest the material and the ranchers would file claims - against the government. Additionally, there were reward notices - that offered twenty five dollars for the return of the equipment - attached to each of the balloons. I wrote a book, _The Long, Lonely - Leap_ (E. P. Dutton & Co., 1961), that completely describes Project - Excelsior and my participation. - - Also as a part of the high altitude balloon projects, I trained - balloon pilots in May 1959 at the request of Col Stapp. Col Stapp - was concerned that I might be injured as a result of the hazardous - nature of the projects and he wanted backup pilots to be trained. - The backup pilots, Capt Dan Fulgham and Capt Bill Kaufman were - volunteers from the Aero Medical Laboratory and they were sent to - Holloman from Wright-Patterson for training on a temporary duty - basis. On our second training flight, Fulgham, Kaufman and I, flew - an overnight mission that was launched at Holloman and ended with - a crash northwest of Roswell, NM. We were followed on this mission - by an aircraft at night, a helicopter during the day, and a ground - crew in trucks at all times. - - I recall that just after sunrise the weather had deteriorated and I - directed Fulgham to land the balloon in a small field. This was the - last suitable field before we would overfly the City of Roswell. I - remember approaching the field just over the trees and I recall our - forward velocity was about 10–12 knots, a little fast for landing. - When we touched down Fulgham cut the balloon away and due to the - forward velocity the gondola flipped over spilling all three of us - on the ground. While lying on the ground I realized that Fulgham - was injured and Kaufman and I raised the gondola. Fulgham had been - struck in the head by the edge of the gondola and I could see the - blood rapidly accumulating under his scalp in the forehead area. We - treated him for shock and soon the recovery vehicles and the chase - helicopter arrived. I decided to transport Fulgham by helicopter to - the hospital at nearby Walker AFB. - - When we arrived at Walker I remember that security was tight, as - it was at all Strategic Air Command bases, and we were closely - scrutinized by security personnel due to the unusual circumstances - and early hour of our arrival. I had two concerns once we arrived - at the hospital, first to get treatment for Fulgham and second - to leave as soon as possible. After I was assured that Fulgham’s - injuries were not serious I wanted to quickly leave the base before - the Walker AFB Flying Safety Officer arrived to fill out an - accident report. I didn’t want a report filed because an accident - investigation would bring unwanted scrutiny to the project. Even - though the project was unclassified I did not want any publicity or - premature releases of information. - - Although Fulgham’s injuries were not serious, his head had swollen - considerably—both eyes were black and his face had swollen so - much you could barely see his nose. I believe that if someone saw - him while we were at Walker they would have been startled. When - his treatment was completed we all three returned to Holloman on - the helicopter. At Holloman, Fulgham was admitted to the hospital - and I made preparations for him to return to his duty station at - Wright-Patterson AFB. Due to his grotesque appearance, I did not - want Fulgham to fly on a commercial airline. I made arrangements - for all of us to fly to Wright-Patterson on a C-131 a few days - later. When we arrived at Wright-Patterson, I assisted Fulgham down - the steps of the aircraft because his eyes were swollen shut and - he could not see. His wife was waiting at the bottom of the steps - of the aircraft and she asked me where her husband was. I replied - “this is your husband” and she screamed and began to cry. - - While I was at the Walker AFB hospital, I do not recall any contact - with a male civilian. I certainly did not call anyone an “SOB” - or speak to anyone in a disrespectful manner. I did not make any - threats or instruct anyone else to make threats. I recall nurses - in the hospital but I am not certain if they participated in the - treatment of Capt Fulgham. I was not accompanied by a black NCO at - the hospital, but there may have been a black NCO on the balloon - recovery team. I recall no body bags in the hospital and I am sure - there were no “aliens” at the hospital, just Dan Fulgham with a - very odd looking head injury. - - I was also involved in the joint Air Force, Navy, and Massachusetts - Institute of Technology astronomical observation project, Project - Stargazer. The object of this project was to make observations via - a stabilized telescope mounted atop of a gondola suspended from - a high altitude balloon. I was the USAF project officer and Dr - J. Allen Hynek was the scientific advisor. I worked very closely - with Dr Hynek over a period of five years from 1958 to 1963. Dr - Hynek would typically spend a half day working on Stargazer and - then the rest of the day participating as one of the consultants - on the UFO study, Project Bluebook, that was also conducted at - Wright-Patterson AFB. Dr Hynek, as the scientific advisor to - Stargazer, was very familiar with the techniques and capabilities - of the Air Force high altitude balloon program. Dr Hynek once - approached me and we discussed at length, the possibility that - Air Force high altitude balloons were responsible for many UFO - sightings. We ended the conversation in agreement that the - balloons probably accounted for many of the UFO sightings. In - other conversations Dr Hynek always gave me the impression that - there were very few UFO sightings that could not be explained by - good scientific investigation. At no time did Dr Hynek mention - or discuss the alleged “Roswell Incident”. I was therefore - “flabbergasted” when Dr Hynek appeared to believe that some of - these sightings were of an extraterrestrial origin. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Sworn to and subscribed before me, - an individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col, USAF (Ret) James McAndrew, 1st Lt. USAFR - - WITNESS(s): - - [Signature: Sherry Kittinger] - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 31 May 95 - - I, Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt, USAF, (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - home and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1947 and transferred to the U.S. Air - Force in 1958. In June, 1958 I was assigned to the flight surgeon’s - office at Holloman AFB, NM as an Aero Medical Technician. I served - several tours in Southeast Asia and retired from the Air Force in - 1974 as an Aero Medical Superintendent. - - On May 20–21, 1959 I was assigned to provide medical coverage for a - balloon training mission that took off from Holloman AFB and ended - with a crash near Roswell, NM. Capt Joe Kittinger was training - two other pilots, Capt Fulgham and Capt Kaufman. I followed the - balloon in an ambulance during the night and at daybreak I followed - the balloon in an H-21 helicopter. Just after daybreak I saw the - balloon crash and the three pilots were dumped form the gondola. - I immediately informed the helicopter pilot and we landed in a - field on which cattle were grazing. I recall the rancher was upset - because the helicopter was frightening his cattle and some cattle - had gotten out of the field. - - I assesed the injuries to the pilots and recommended they be taken - immediately to the closest hospital which was at Walker AFB, - apprximately 5 to 10 minutes away by helicopter. Capt Fulgham’s - head was swelling due to a hemotoma he received when the gondola - struck him. Capt Kittinger was cut on the face and was bleeding. - Capt Kaufman was uninjured. At Walker I remember a telephone - conversation with a flight surgeon who told me to “go home and - sleep it off”. He apparently did not believe my story of three - Air Force pilots that were victims of a balloon crash. However, - I was able to convince him and he treated Capt Fulgham and Capt - Kittinger. While at the hospital Capt Fulgham’s head had swelled - enormously and his eyes were beginning to turn black. - - I do not recall that anything unusual occurred at the hospital - at Walker. I remember the three pilots sitting on a bench in - the hallway waiting to be treated. I do not remember that Capt - Kittinger was involved in an altercation with anyone while at the - hospital, if he had, I would have known about it. Capt Kittinger - was concerned with getting medical treatment for his injured crew - member, Capt Fulgham, and returning to Holloman. I also do not - recall a black NCO accompanying Capt Kittinger while we were at - the hospital. I do not remember a nurse assisting in the treatment - of Capt Fulgham or Capt Kittinger. I also do not remember a male - civilian or any personnel or vehicles from a mortuary, and I do not - recall any remains in body bags in the hospital. - - I was present the entire time when the events described here took - place. I am certain that this event had nothing to do with “space - aliens” or any other irregular activity that would require a cover - up. It was a balloon crash and nothing else. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Subscribed and sworn before me, an - individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt, USAF, James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - (Ret) - - WITNESS(s): - - [Signature] - Harry C. Aderholt, Brig. Gen., USAF (Ret) - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Place Date: 20 June 95 - - I, Raymond A. Madson, Lt Col, USAF (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my - place of employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free - will, make the following statement. This was done without having - been subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful - inducement. - - I was born, raised, and presently reside in New Mexico. I graduated - from New Mexico A&M College in 1954. I entered the Air Force in - 1955 and was assigned a short time later to the Aero Medical - Laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB, OH. At the Aero Medical - Laboratory I was assigned to the Escape Section as a project - officer and test parachutist. During this time I also had extensive - participation in various aspects of the space program and worked - on the highly classified U-2 project. I served a tour of duty in - Alaska and at the School of Aerospace Medicine at Brooks AFB, - TX, before being reassigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory at - Wright Patterson. I retired in from the Air Force in 1979 and I am - currently and Environmental Specialist for the State of New Mexico. - - The first project that I was assigned at Wright Patterson was - Project 7218, later changed to Project 7222. This project was first - known by the name High Dive and then was known as Excelsior. The - object of this project was to study the free fall characteristics - of anthropomorphic dummies from balloons at altitudes of 50,000 - to 100,000 feet. Following satisfactory dummy drops, Capt Joe - Kittinger made a series of high altitude parachute jumps that - culminated with a jump from 102,800 feet. - - I assumed the duties of Project Officer for the dummy drops in the - spring of 1956. I made numerous trips to Holloman AFB, NM, the - site of the drops, from 1956 until the end of the project in 1959 - (dummies were also dropped for this project at Wright Patterson - AFB by personnel from the Parachute Branch). I wrote two technical - reports that described the project in considerable detail. The - type of anthropomorphic dummy used primarily was manufactured by - Alderson Laboratories but we also used Sierra Manufacturing type - dummies. Both of these dummies are shown in the technical reports. - The Alderson dummy had facial features that were not life-like - and ears that were not well defined. The dummies were outfitted - with flight suits of various colors, fuchsia, olive drab, and sage - green (a shade of gray). We chose the Alderson dummy because it was - relatively inexpensive as compared to the Sierra dummy. - - We encountered considerable difficulty dropping the dummies from - the balloons. I designed the rack that suspended the dummies, two - at a time, from the balloon. On numerous occasions the dummies were - fouled during the release sequence and the dummy rode a “streamer” - all the way to the ground. Other times malfunctions occurred that - caused the two dummies and the entire rack assembly to descend to - the ground as one package. Both of these instances are described in - the technical reports. - - I participated in at least two dummy recoveries. The meteorologist - from the Balloon Branch, Duke Gildenberg, would determine the best - place to launch the balloons depending on the prevailing weather - conditions. Duke also predicted, with considerable accuracy, - where the dummies would impact. I specifically recall a dummy I - recovered near the Jornada test range, between Leasburg and Organ, - NM. During this recovery I drove a weapons carrier and I was only - able to locate one of the dummies. I never found out what happened - to the other one. The next recovery I remember was on a ranch just - southwest of Roswell. We were given directions to the area by the - balloon branch personnel who had been contacted by a rancher. The - equipment had reward notices taped to them to aid in recovery. We - went to the Smith ranch. I remember the name because I went to New - Mexico A&M with the rancher. I knew him as Smitty. We searched that - day from horseback and could not find the dummies. The following - day we resumed our search from horseback and again could not - find the dummies. I also recall that Smitty asked us for some of - the parachute material so he could make a shirt. We dropped many - dummies from the balloons and I know many were not immediately - recovered, but most were. - - I served for twenty five years in the Air Force and most of those - years were in the aero medical field. I participated in the space - program and the highly classified early stages of U-2 program. - Never during this time were “aliens” or “flying saucers” a part of - any project. There were, however, countless achievements by the - Air Force in aerospace medicine that were the result of dedicated - scientific research. It seems likely to me that someone could have - mistaken our anthropomorphic dummies for something that they were - not. - - I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Sworn to and subscribed before me, - an individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995, - at - - [Signature] [Signature] - Raymond A. Madson, Lt Col, James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - USAF (Ret) - - WITNESS(s): - - - STATEMENT OF WITNESS - - Date: 25 April 1996 Place: Aztec, NM - - I Frank B. Nordstrom, M. D., hereby state that James McAndrew, - was identified as a Captain, USAFR on this date at my home and do - hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the following - statement. This was done without having been subjected to any - coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement. - - I was on active duty in the US Air Force and stationed at Walker - AFB, Roswell, NM from July 1951 until June 1953. During that time I - was a pediatrician assigned to the base hospital. Following my tour - of duty with the Air Force I attended the University of Colorado as - a resident in pediatrics. In July 1954 I relocated to Farmington, - NM and began a private pediatric practice. I retired from private - practice in 1987 and became the Medical Director of the San Juan - Regional Medical Center, which is also located in Farmington, NM. - In 1989 I retired from that position and presently reside in Aztec, - NM. - - I have been shown two transcripts of interviews where an individual - named Glenn Dennis described conversations and visits he claims - he had with a pediatrician in the late 1940s or early 1950s in - Farmington, NM. According to these interviews, Mr Dennis also - claims that this pediatrician had previously served at the hospital - at Walker AFB/Roswell AAF. Since I am the only physician in - Farmington, NM who previously served at the Walker AFB/Roswell - AAF hospital, I believe I am the person he is referring to in - these interviews. I am confident of this because I know I was the - first pediatrician to practice in Farmington, which when I arrived - in 1954, was a small community of approximately 8,000 people. I - remained the sole pediatrician there for approximately 20 years and - I know most, if not all, of the physicians in the area. - - Even though I believe I am the person Mr Dennis referred to in the - interviews, I do not remember him. I can state with reasonable - certainty that I cannot recall any conversations with him, and he, - to my knowledge, never visited me in Farmington, NM, in Colorado, - or anyplace else. I have been told, however, that a person named - Glenn Dennis operated a drugstore in the late 1950s-early 1960s, - just outside Farmington, in Aztec, NM. But I do not recall any - contact with him there either. - - While I was stationed at Walker AFB, I do not recall any incidents - that may explain the information Mr Dennis provided in the - interviews. To my knowledge there was only one fatal aircraft - accident during my tour of duty and that accident involved a Walker - AFB based aircraft in the United Kingdom. I was not involved in any - aspect of that accident. I also do not recall any other incidents - such as automobile accidents or house fires that may be the source - of this information. Nor do I recall a nurse named Lt Naiomi Selff - or a nurse named Capt “Slats” Wilson. While at Walker AFB I did not - witness or hear rumors of anything that involved flying saucers, - aliens, or anything else of an extraterrestrial nature. - - I am not part of a conspiracy to withhold information from either - the US government or the American public, there is no classified - information that I am withholding related to this inquiry and I - have not been threatened by US government persons concerning not - talking about this matter. - - SIGNED: Sworn to and subscribed before me, - an individual authorized to administer - oaths, this 25th day of April 1996 at - Aztec, NM - - [Signature] [Signature] - Frank B. Nordstrom, M.D. James McAndrew, Capt, USAFR - - WITNESS: - - - - - Appendix C - - - Transcript of Interview with - Gerald Anderson[*] - Alleged firsthand witness to - “Crash Site” Two - (allegedly 175 miles northwest of Roswell) - - [*] Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video, - _Recollections of Roswell Part II_, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO - Research, 1993). - -A: We drove down to the Plains of San Agustin which is west of Socorro, -New Mexico in the Magdalena, Datil, area. We were down there looking -for banded and moss agate, which according to my uncle Ted and my -cousin Victor was prevalent in the area. My brother being an amateur -rock hound had wanted to get some of this. That was a way of showing us -around the area. They had relatives down in Magdalena that they wanted -to introduce us to. - -So we had gone down there and we got down in the Horse Springs area and -had driven off onto the plains down an old rutted road for, oh, a mile -or so and it seemed like a long ways. We parked the car, got out of the -car and walked down a hillside. - -There’s a semi-forest, I guess you could say. It had pinon trees and -scrub oak and stuff like that on it and we walked—well, not scrub oak, -but cedar—and walked down the hillside into an arroyo, a dry wash, and -then walked south down a dry wash toward where the agates were supposed -to be at. - -As we came around a bend in the arroyo that had pinon and cedar -trees growing, we were able to see farther ahead down the arroyo and -on the next ridge line there was a large silver disc shaped object -was embedded in this side of the ridge line ... there was debris -and wreckage strewn about the area mainly this thing was intact. I -would estimate its size from an adult perspective to something like -35 feet in diameter. I’ve heard other people who were there say they -thought it was like 50 feet. But as an adult, I would say about 35 -feet in diameter, quite large. When we got up to it there were four -bodies there ... not human, there was two of them that were obviously -dead, one of them was obviously very badly injured, and one of them -apparently suffered no ill effects ... or it didn’t appear to be -injured and was ambulatory, was mobile. It was just setting there next -to the one... - -Q: Were they right next to the vehicle? - -A: Right next to it. Right under the edge of it. And this craft had -apparently come in from the east and bounced off one ridge line, -plowing through this arroyo area and then crashed into the ridge line -and embedded itself. They were sitting back under the edge, it was kind -of tilted up like this and they were sitting back under the edge here. -And I’m assuming that this one creature that was all right had laid -this material on the ground but it looked like unrolled tinfoil that -these other three creatures were laying on. Like it was trying—like -you do a person in shock, you know, a put him on a blanket, that kind -of thing. And apparently it had some boxes there around it and had -apparently been trying to give first aid or help these other creatures -when we first got there. - -As we approached, the creature drew back like this, like it was in -fear, like we were going to hurt it. And it wasn’t very long, you know, -we were trying to communicate with it, the adults were. It seemed -to calm down and just sat there and kind of looked back and forth, -watching them, apparently trying to figure out what was going on... - -Q: What did it look like, a little bit more. - -A: These creatures, all of them, were, oh, about four foot tall, four -and a half feet tall. They had very large heads that were shaped larger -on the top and they kind of tapered down, not to a real sharp point -but just tapered down where they were thin. And they had very large, -very large, oval shaped or almond shaped, I guess you could say, black -eyes. The head... They were so shiny, they had almost a bluish tint to -them when the light reflected off of them. Their skin coloration, the -best way that I could describe that is it was kind of a bluish tinted -milky-white. It looked like someone in shock. And the ones that were -laying on the ground were really—really looked more that way, more blue -in the light, you know... - -Q: How about ears, nose, mouth? - -A: No, there were no visible ears on the creatures except like—if you -was just to cover your ear like this to where there was just a rise -there and then a hole without, you know, your ear lobe and the rest of -the area... - -Q: How about nose? - -A: It was—the nose was very, very small, almost imperceptible. It’s -like two holes, straight in; and the lips were just a straight line. It -was like a cut and you couldn’t see, just the lips like we have, it was -just a slit. And... - -Q: What hair color? Sound? - -A: Pardon? - -Q: What hair color? - -A: There was no hair. They were completely bald. - -Q: And no sounds? - -A: I never heard a sound one, not out of any of the creatures including -the one that was... - -Q: Did you see fingers? - -A: Yes, they had fingers like this. They didn’t have a little finger. -They just had the thumb and three extra digits except the center digit -was longer and the other two were about the same size. They were very -long and slender and looked very delicate and I made the statement -before and I’ll make it again, I think he would have made an excellent -violinist because of the structure of their hands. - -They were wearing one piece suits. All of them were dressed exactly the -same. It was sort of a real shiny silverish gray color. - -Q: No zippers, buttons? - -A: No, I saw no zippers, no buttons. - -Q: Insignias? - -A: No, no insignias. The only thing that was different, you know, and -they all had this, but the only that was different from the silvery -gray thing, the suit, was that down like a seam line, like there was -a seam on his shoulder and around the collar it was trimmed in what -appeared to be maroon, like cording. - -Then the suits were continuous with their footwear. We could see right -this area down, it seemed to be less pliable then it was up here, like -this was a stiffer area, like they were boots or shoes or something. -But they were all dressed exactly the same. - -Q: Okay. So you and your family are talking back and forth, wondering -what was going on, what did your family say? I mean... - -A: Well... - -Q: ...did they say anything? - -A: Yes, my brother, one of his first remarks I heard him say him say, -“That’s a god damn spaceship.” You know there were bodies up there and, -you know, I was told not to go up there, which I didn’t. And... - -Q: How old was your brother at the time? - -A: He was in his early twenties, I think, 20, 21, something like that. - -Q: He was a lot older than you were? - -A: Oh, yes, considerably. - -When we got up there I kind of meandered off to one side. This thing -was cocked up and I was standing here, the bodies were here, and -everybody else was kind of down here except my cousin Victor was over -here playing and looking in this gaping hole on the side of this disk. -And it was shaped just like a discus except for a round dome was up on -top and there was this big gaping gash in there. We could see inside -and it looked like a double hull. - -Q: How big—explain it? The gash. - -A: The dome? - -Q: No, the gash. - -A: Well, it covered the greater majority from the center of the craft -out. It was just like a gaping hole in there. I mean I’m thinking, you -know, it’s like about 32, 35 feet in diameter so we’re talking about 17 -feet maybe. Most of that one side was ripped open like that. You could -see inside and you could see another double hull, like—in there. And -there were just rows of components that was on there. - -And there were lights that flashed on and off. Some of them were steady -and some were flashing. There was a lot of debris and stuff hanging out -of the hole. There was evidence that there apparently had been fire. It -looked like it had been burned along the edge there. The gash... - -Q: Now this wasn’t a gash that could have been caused by the thing -coming in for the ground? It wasn’t at the leading edge of the vehicle? - -A: No, no. This was in the side like—it almost appeared it was -elliptical. It almost appeared as if something the same shape as the -disk we were looking at had hit that same—you know, like it hit the -disk and left an imprint that pretty closely approximated the outside -diameter of the disk itself. And it appeared to be caved in looking, -kind of like it hit them like this and it just crumpled and caved in -and ripped it open. - -Q: Okay, so you’re there, you take all this in, everybody is mystified. -What were the circumstances outside? Hot, cold? - -A: Very, very hot. Incredible to me, being the first time in New Mexico -and coming from back east. I had dry heaves. It was like the inside of -an oven. It was unbelievable to me. You know, the odd part about this -was that the closer you got to it, the cooler it was. And standing -under it in the shade there next to these creatures’ bodies, it was -like refrigerated air conditioning. And... - -Q: Did you feel air coming out of this thing? - -A: No, it was just like it was (inaudible). - -And I remember reaching up and putting my hand on the side of it but I -think I was afraid I was going to hit my head because there was enough -room for me as small child, you know, I was approximately the same size -as these creatures, to walk up under there and stand there but I kind -of did like that, put my hand up against this thing. - -Q: What did it feel like? - -A: It was ice cold. It felt like it just came out of a freezer. - -Q: Was it smooth? Was it rough? - -A: It was very smooth. It had a very smooth texture to it. It was -obviously made out of metal. It was very solid and it was very cold, -ice cold. - -And there was a smell in the area. It smelled volatile, acrid, like -acetone. And that seemed to be coming out of that gash, that smell. But -the closer you got to this thing, the cooler it was so, you know, I -kind of remained there. - -And I guess that while they were over here, my father and my uncle Ted -and my brother. Uncle Ted was trying to talk to this thing in Spanish -and of course it didn’t understand a word he said. And dad tried to -talk to it and then they tried, you know, sign language and that didn’t -work. - -And I don’t know, for some reason, I just—I reached down and touched -it, this one that was laying next to me. When I touched it I realized -and I jumped back. It scared me. It startled me because I suddenly -realized that these weren’t dolls. I thought they were plastic dolls. -And I—you know, it was still in my mind that these were dolls until I -touched it and then I realized, you know, this was a dead thing. - -I’d seen dead relatives before and unfortunately made a mistake one -time in touching a relative that was in a casket and I just knew this -was a dead thing and it scared me, and I ran around behind my father -and my uncle and this thing was sitting there on the ground and it kept -looking back and forth. And it just had its hands like this in its lap, -and just kept looking back and forth between the three of them and—like -it was trying to understand. - -And all of a sudden it just turned and looked right straight at me -between my uncle Ted and myself. And this is when—it was just like an -explosion of things in my head, things... I started, you know, feeling, -just terrible depression and loneliness and fear and just, you know, -awful, awful feelings that just suddenly burst in to my mind there. I -don’t know if that meant that it was communicating with me and I was -the only one there that it could communicate with because I was a kid. -I don’t know. - -I turned and ran and I ran across the arroyo and up on the area that it -had bounced off of during the crash. I was just standing there looking -down at this scene, you know, at my family, and off in the distance I -could see cattle grazing. I could see a windmill and could see dust -trails out on the plains out there. - -And, oh, I was there for a while and then I came back down. I guess we -were there—Victor was, when I got back down there Victor was up in the -craft and Ted yelled at him to get out of there and Glen went over and -grabbed him by the belt and jerked him around... - -Q: That’s your brother? - -A: Yes. - -And jerked him off, says, “Get out because this thing may explode and -kill us all,” you know, and then of course he went prowling around in -there. - -I was kind of standing off to one side looking. That’s why I knew that -there was—I can look off these rocks that I was standing on and look -right into this thing. That’s why I knew, you know, about the lights -and the components and stuff. - -And then I heard other people talking. I turned and there was a group -of people coming up the arroyo from out on the plains from the south. -They had come up there and of course they walked up and was talking. - -Q: How many? - -A: There was an older man and five younger students. - -Q: Boys, girls? - -A: Three boys and two girls. And they were all, you know, introducing, -talking to my father and my uncle and my brother... - -Q: What did the older one look like? - -A: He was a very tall man, a very big man. He was wearing a pith helmet -when he first came up, one of those kind of explorer helmets. And he -was bald and I know that because he had taken it off and he had, you -know, wiped it with a handkerchief and put it back on. He was a balding -man. And he had a round face. He was very ruddy complected. A big man, -and he apparently was a doctor because they kept calling him doctor and -it was my understanding that it was an archeological group that was out -there on some kind of summer thing. And they talked and he apparently -was able to speak several foreign languages and he tried to talk to -this creature several times in different languages, again to no avail. - -Q: How did they happen to be there? Had he seen the thing... - -A: Well, they claim that they saw—they said they saw this thing come -down the night before in flight, you know, and they thought it was a -meteorite and they had talked about well, early in the morning, you -know, we’ll go over and see this, where this meteor came down, because -that’s what they thought it was. - -And when the sun came up the next morning, you know, and they got -about their business, got up and somebody looked over and said, you -know, they saw this shiny metal and stuff across the plains there and -they realized it wasn’t a meteorite, it may have been an airplane that -had crashed so they all decided to go over there and see if there was -anybody left alive, you know, that was hurt that needed help. - -Q: They had driven over? - -A: No, they walked over apparently, the way I understand it. And it’s -quite a ways across that plain so it had to take a very long time -to do this or they may have had a vehicle, I don’t know. That’s an -assumption, I think, on my part, where they walked. - -Q: Okay. So they’re around... - -A: But they came across... - -Q: ...with the family... - -A: ...the plains. I don’t know why I said that. I’m not sure if they -drove or not. I didn’t hear any cars. - -Q: And then somebody else shows up? - -A: Yes, they were down just, oh, 15 maybe 20 minutes tops, you know. -And they were picking up things, some of the students. And this Dr. -Buskirk, that they called him, this one girl went up and said, “Look, -doctor, wouldn’t this make a beautiful ring?” And she was holding what -looked like a red rod, a red tube that was some kind of silvery-red. - -And he kind of snapped at her, you know, “Put that down because you -don’t know what that thing is. That thing could hurt you. Don’t pick -this stuff up.” - -And she kind of said, “Well, yes, okay, doctor.” And then he went back -to what he was doing and she walked away and put it in her pocket. - -And a lot of them were doing this, sort of picking up things and -feeling things. I was picking up things and feeling things. It was all -kinds of material and metal, stuff like that. I heard it, well, we all -heard it, the sound of a motor coming, like a truck. And I went back up -the incline area to the ridge line and I could see out there, there was -a truck coming up. It was an old pick-up truck. It was sort of a beige -color, a tan colored van with an antenna on it. And it stopped and this -guy got out and he’s wearing brown clothes. He’s got boots on and he’s -wearing a straw hat, just like the kind that Harry Truman always wore, -and he had wire rimmed glasses. He was a big man and he looked exactly -like Harry Truman to me. You know, I’d seen him in the Movietone News... - -Q: He was president then. - -A: Yes, I was well aware who Harry Truman was. Everybody was. He was -kind of a hero, you know, and he just kind of looked like him except -bigger, bigger. You know, I don’t think he—and he didn’t look as old -either. His hair was kind of light gray. - -And he walked over there and they got to talking, you know, with -everybody and he told them that he worked out on the plains out there -and that he made maps and that he had seen the wreckage from out there -on the plains and he saw the people and he thought it was a plane wreck -and, you know, that something was going on and he came over to see. - -And he hadn’t been there but just a very, very few minutes when we -heard all kinds of motors and engines straining and stuff. And here -comes a military car with a big white star on the side of it followed -by a six-by which is a military truck with a kind of canvas wagon, kind -of a canvas thing over it and it’s full of soldiers. They’ve got guns. -And right behind them is what we call a four-by which is like a medium -sized jeep/truck situation and it had two big high whip antennas, all -kinds of radio gear in the back and a guy back there with ear phones -and stuff on and he’s, you know, working these radios. And they all -pulled up and stopped. - -Q: Which direction did they come from, do you know? - -A: They came from the north, from the Horse Springs area, right... - -Q: So they could have come off the highway there... - -A: Oh, yes. I’m sure that’s exactly how they got there. They come off -the highway, the same way we did. Well, in the meantime, when they -stopped, this black soldier, this sergeant, the reason I know he was -a sergeant, my brother told me he was, and he got out of this car and -then a guy got out on the other side and he was a, Glen said he was a -captain, he told me later he was a captain and this guy had orange and -red hair. So all the soldiers and them came running over there pointing -guns at people, telling them, “Get away, get away, get away,” you know? -And when this creature saw these people, the military, he went nuts. He -went into an absolute panic, worse than what he did when he saw us. - -Q: Did he move around or just his eyes or... - -A: He just, he just... - -Q: Oh, okay. - -A: ...went crazy. And it was like... - -Q: Like he was scared? - -A: Yes, like he was looking for a place to run and hide. - -Q: But he never got up? - -A: He never got up. He never left the beings that were next to him. - -And this red headed officer, this guy was a real butt hole. He made all -the threats. He threatened to have people shot. - -Q: Everybody? - -A: He went, “Get away, get away,” you know, “We’ll shoot. Get away -from there. This is a military secret.” You know, just screaming and -hollering. He told my uncle and my father that if they didn’t want to -spend the rest of their life in prison they would never say anything -about what they saw there, if they ever wanted to see us kids again, -they’d take the kids away. They’d never see the kids, you know, meaning -me and Victor. That we’d better keep our mouths shut because if we did -not, this is what was going to happen. They were threatening people and -pushing people... - -Q: The students as well and Dr. Buskirk? - -A: Oh, yes. They were hustling everybody. And one of the soldiers -pushed my uncle. He had a rifle like this and he shoved him back like -that. Well, that was something you didn’t do to my uncle Ted. Ted had -a violent temper. And he grabbed the rifle and reached over top and -smacked this guy and dropped him right there. And Ted would go out and -fight, heck, this guy’s a cowboy. He’ll hit you in a minute. - -And of course when he did that there was bolts opened and I guess -cocking, they were cocking their rifles. They were pointing guns at -people and everybody Buskirk and Glen and dad grabbed him, you know, -pulled him back and got him away. “No, don’t, Ted, they’re going to -shoot. Don’t do that.” You know, trying to stop this. And I think we -came very close to having someone shot. - -Then they really started threatening, you know, and they... - -Q: Did the redhead do all the talking, pretty much? - -A: Pretty much. Except once in a while the sergeant would, you know, -chime in and make statements like that to other people in response to -the redhead. But mainly it was the redhead... - -Q: Was there a name tag? - -A: Yes, sir, there was. His name was Armstrong. And I’m not sure if I -know that from having read it or know that from remembering it and now -being able to read it in my memory, or if someone said that to me. But -his name was Armstrong, it was right here on his uniform. - -Q: But he chased you guys away pretty quick? - -A: Yes, yes, he did. - -And they herded us up like cattle and we were just up the arroyo, back -in the direction we came from, over the protest of this Dr. Buskirk who -said, “No, no, we’ve got to go the other way. We came from over there.” - -“I don’t care where you came from, get your ass up the arroyo.” - -And they ran us up the arroyo and... - -Q: So you get to your car again? - -A: Oh, right. - -Now they took us up the arroyo and just over the hill we came down, -they broke us off and moved us up the hill. - -Now this whole time, no one has ever frisked us down, no one has ever -checked our pockets to see if we picked up any of this material and -this girl, Agnes, still had that stuff in her pocket and some of the -other students had stuff. To my knowledge, up to that point, they had -not been searched. Whether they did so afterward, I don’t know. They -never searched us, ever. They ran us back up the hill and when we got -to where the car was parked, where dad had parked the car up there, -there’s a jeep with a guy sitting in the back and there is a mounted -machine gun in the back of this jeep and all of these soldiers. - -The jeep pulls out, we’re told to get in the car, we follow the jeep, -and the soldiers go with us all the way back out to the highway. When -we get back out to the highway, they set us right there. They wouldn’t -let us out of the car. They wouldn’t let us move forward. I don’t know -whether they were making a decision or what. - -When we got out to the highway, this place was absolutely full of -military personnel, military equipment. There was airplanes sitting out -there that they had landed on the highway. - -Q: Did you see any airplanes when you were back at the site? - -A: Yes, there was airplanes in the sky but nobody thought much about. -You know, I didn’t think anything about it. I was used to airplanes -being in the sky, having been raised in Indianapolis, Indiana, the home -of the Norden bombsight, you know, the sky was always full of military -aircraft at night. - -And when we get back on to the highway, there’s observation aircraft, -you know, high winged aircraft, and there’s one, of what I know now to -be a C-47 setting there. And how we didn’t hear that land is beyond me -and how he landed—well, of course, I guess you could land it if you’re -a good pilot out there as there were no poles or anything. - -And it was—they had torn the fence down on the north side of the highway -and all this equipment was setting back up there. The plane was up -there and they were taking stuff out of the plane. There was military -ambulances and there were trucks with—like wreckers, cranes on them. -And there was tankers, like maybe had fuel or water in them. There was -just—everywhere you looked there was military. - -Q: A major recovery operation? - -A: Yes, it looked like an invasion force. It really did. - -And they were all wearing these light khaki uniforms. They didn’t look -like, you know, olive drabs. They were light khaki and they all had the -same patch over their—that kind of blue funny patch with the circles on -it, was on his shoulder. - -And a lot... - -Q: Do you have a clue as to where they came from? Did your brother or -your uncle? - -A: No. I don’t know where they came from. No, I don’t think anybody -ever ascertained that. - -There were a lot of MP patches and some of them were wearing -nightsticks off of these webbed utility belts. They had night sticks -and they had .45’s in holsters, you know, the automatics, full -holsters. And these were the people that were giving most of the orders. - -They had the road barricaded off out there and we sat there for a very -long time and, you know, we were getting thirsty and everything and we -asked if we could go back to Horse Springs to get some water. - -“Oh, no, no. You can’t through there.” - -And right after that, they said, “Now you just turn around and you head -out of here now and you go to Socorro,” and this is the redhead again, -“Keep your mouths shut. Just keep going and don’t look back.” - -Well, as we drove away, you know, dad, “The hell with it, we’ll go to -Magdalena. We’ll get water in Magdalena.” You know, because that’s -where John Trujillo lived, a relative of Ted’s. - -And so as we drove away, I was looking out the back window and I could -see Dr. Buskirk and these kids and that guy, the guy in the pick-up was -standing there and this Dr. Buskirk was doing just like this in this -redheaded officer’s face and he kept pointing back behind him and I -guess that meant, you know, we’ve got to go back that way and he was -fed up with this guy or something and he was shaking his finger in his -face when they were yelling at each other and that’s pretty much the -last I saw of the whole situation. I don’t know what happened after -that because we just kept going. - - (END) - - - Transcript of Interview with - W. Glenn Dennis[*] - (Alleged firsthand witness to - events at the Roswell AAF hospital) - - [*] W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, - 1992. - -Q: You started getting calls from the base mortuary officer is that -right, some time in the afternoon on some day in July [1947]. - -A: Right after noon, yeah. - -Q: Do you recall, was that before the story appeared in the [Roswell -Daily] Record? - -A: I don’t know. I’m sure it was. I can’t honestly say, but I don’t -think the paper came out until the next day, I don’t think. I’m just -assuming that. - -Q: I understand. When things like that happen to me way after the fact -I try to remember, and I wasn’t sure if you had any recollection or -not. It was the base mortuary officer who called you, not any of the -MDs out there. - -A: No. - -Q: He was just, the mortuary officer was just the guy... - -A: We used to have a standing joke. What did you do that was so bad -they made you the mortuary officer. - -Q: Exactly. - -A: He wasn’t a doctor or anything, but he was an officer and he was -probably some old boy they was trying to figure out something to do -with. - -We used to all have them come in, even the officer himself, say, “God, -I didn’t know I screwed up that bad.” - -Q: Was this a guy you’d worked with before? Somebody you knew real well? - -A: No. Those guys come and go. - -Q: I realize that. You don’t remember what his name was or anything -like that? - -A: No. I’m like Bob [Shirkey]. I think if I would see it or heard it -or something I might. Those guys, they were in and out. The mortuary -officer, usually they would appoint some sergeant or somebody. The -only time the doctors were involved is when you’d have an embalming -inspection or dress inspection where the doctors came in and examined -the body to make sure everything was right. You had another inspection -to make sure their dog tags, make sure all the medals and everything... - -They always had two crews of inspectors. The doctors were only involved -in the cause of death or the autopsies or identification process, -dental charts and all that. After they did their work, then a doctor -would always come in and make sure the body was embalmed because [they] -know more about it than the other people. But they were involved -before. You know. - -Q: The reason they contacted you was because Burt Ballard’s funeral -home up here had a contract with the base, right? - -A: Yeah. - -Q: You worked for Burt for a lot of years, didn’t you? - -A: Yeah, a long time. - -Q: When did you first go to work for him? - -A: I went to work for him, I was hanging around the funeral home when -I was like a freshman in high school. I’d want to make some extra -money. “I’ll give you 50 cents to wash the hearse.” I knew his daughter -real well. We were all in school together. That’s where I really got -involved in the funeral home. I just kind of worked my way in it. - -Q: He basically taught you the trade and all that. - -A: Oh, yeah. My folks weren’t in the funeral business. - -Q: The reason I was curious about it was because when I went back... -I’m one of these guys that goes to Washington and then gets fed up -and leaves and swears I’m never going to go back, and then I go -back anyway. But the last time I went back and did that, I shared a -townhouse with a guy for awhile who was a mortician from Michigan. But -he had to go through all this formal training and all this rigmarole... - -A: No. That started in (inaudible). Maybe you don’t want to hear -this, but I was in the 9th grade, and this teacher was going around -and wanted us to write a composition on what we wanted to be when we -graduated from school. What were our future plans. I was kind of a wise -guy, I guess I must have been, but I said undertaker, and I don’t even -know why. All the girls squealed, so I got a little attention. Then -she said okay, if that’s what you want to do then you’ve got a week, -you bring me your composition. I want to know why you want to be an -undertaker. - -So I went to the funeral home. They didn’t have any books in those days -or anything, but that’s where I went. That’s why I got involved in it, -started. - -Q: How long were you in that business before you... I know you ran the -Wortley Hotel up in Lincoln [N.M.]. - -A: Oh, that was after I retired. - -Q: Oh, I see, you retired from the mortuary business... - -A: Oh, yeah. I was in the funeral business 33 years. - -Q: All the time with Ballard? - -A: Oh no, I had my own funeral home over in Las Cruces [N.M.], and one -in Socorro [N.M.]. - -Q: Oh, okay. - -Speaking of that, do you know Norman Todd or his family? - -A: His dad and I took the state board together. He was at Clovis -[N.M.]. Norman’s his son isn’t it? - -Q: Yeah. He’s a lawyer over in Las Cruces [N.M.]. His... - -A: Wasn’t his dad the funeral director in Clovis [N.M.]? - -Q: I think so. The reason I know him is because Mike Cook, who is Steve -Schiff’s press secretary, and he have been friends ever since they were -in kindergarten together. It turns out that Iris Todd, I guess his -stepmother, is the niece of Loretta Proctor. So talk about small world. - -You got these calls from the mortuary officer who was asking you all -these questions. We don’t have to go back through all of this. Then at -some point you decided to go out to the base. What took you to the base? - -A: At some point I didn’t decide, that’s not correct. Somebody wrote -that, but I don’t think it’s right. The way I ended up out at the base -later, we had the ambulance service. The way I got it, the ambulance -service, I got a call, was an airman that was hurt. I took him to the -base. The best I remember, he wasn’t on a stretcher or anything because -we walked up the ramp and he sat up in the front seat with me. So he -weren’t real bad and weren’t dying. Anyway... This guy walked in, I -walked him in. Where I usually park the ambulance, there was a field -ambulance there. I had to go back up to the front. The airman and I -walked up the ramps. That’s why I went to the base. - -Q: The hospital in those days was apparently a complex of buildings, -right? - -A: Yeah. Kind of like Bob [Shirkey] said, like the officer’s club. -They’re all wooden barrack types. - -Q: So the building that’s out there now, the rehab center is a -completely new building and had nothing to do with that. - -A2 [Bob Shirkey]: No. Think of a long walkway, like a tunnel, attached -to the front of a series of... - -Q: I know just what you’re talking about. - -A: ...with a little of breezeway between each building, the best I -remember it. Isn’t that right. Bob? - -A2 [Bob Shirkey]: Yeah. Here was the building and you came out the -front door and you went down this walkway, which I just said, like a -tunnel. You could see from one end to the other, but all these separate -buildings which were different wings of the hospital. - -Q: This was the infirmary where you took the airman, right? - -A: There were some ramps there, I think the old ramp’s still there. It -was. Anyway, that’s the kind of buildings they were. You don’t see it -today, no. - -Q: I knew that the building, most of it, was new, but I wasn’t sure if -they’d built onto it... - -A: That had been worked over two or three times. - -Q: When you look at it looks like it’s been one of these things where -they’ve added things to it. - -So you pulled around behind the infirmary, basically. - -A: It was a pretty tight squeeze in there. You couldn’t get very many -cars in there. - -Q: How many of those ambulances were back there? - -A: There were three old box ambulances. I call them box ambulance. I -guess you call them... I wasn’t in the military so I don’t know what -all the terms were. - -Q: Like these old field ambulances. - -A: They’ve got the old square field ambulances, you know. - -Q: The airman walked up that ramp with you. Both of you guys went -into... - -A: The airman and I both went in. - -Q: Did he see that stuff in... - -A: He wasn’t paying any attention because he had, I had a tourniquet -and towel over his busted nose, and he went right on in. - -Q: Got himself into a little trouble in town, did he? - -A: Rode an old motorcycle. The reason I remember it is because he had -an old Indian motorcycle, and I’d just bought one. I paid $40 for one -and he [rode] one, and I didn’t have any fenders, and I was thinking of -maybe of... - -Q: So you took him in there, and then basically after you got him taken -care of you figured you’d go look up your friend, the nurse. - -Let’s get that straight. - -A: Stan Friedman, I think, somebody thought that I was having a -relationship with this nurse. I was not. This girl wouldn’t even think -about going with me, and she was going strictly, when she got her -time paid back to the service she was going into an order of the nuns, -sisters, and she was going to be in education and later on she changed -to the nursing deal. The only reason she was in it, because her folks -were in debt and she went in the service to get her education. She got -her education and then she was going to pay back the church what they -owed her. Her whole thing in life was, from the day she was born, her -life was planned that she was going to be in an order. - -Q: Did she ever tell you which order that was? - -A: It was in St. Paul, Minnesota. That’s all I know. - -Q: That’s where she was from. - -A: That’s where she was born and raised. She never went out of the city -until she went to... My understanding was she never went anywhere and -she never lived anywhere. She was raised up from the time... Strictly -raised by the church. That was the only life she ever planned. She -wouldn’t date a man if her life depended on it. She’d get around and -talk and everything, but there was no way. But everybody said I was -going to marry her and... That’s bull shit. - -Q: The implication was that she was cute and... - -A: She was cute. I could have been interested. If I wouldn’t have -played second fiddle to the Catholic church, because that’s what she -would have been. - -Q: How did you get to know her, just being out there on the base? - -A: The ambulance service. You go out there, and you’ve got your splints -on a guy, you’ve got first aid, whatever, you can’t just throw them off -of your stretcher. You maybe help them... Sometimes you’re out there -two hours or three. Then while you’re waiting to get your equipment -back you sit in the coat room with the doctors and with the nurse’s -quarters. That’s where we always had our cokes and stuff. - -Q: So you’d just shoot the breeze with whoever’s around. - -A: You get to know these people. That’s the only way. See, she’d only -been there less than three months. Of course, I’m a crazy son of a -gun... Nearly everybody remembered her. She was a good looking little -thing, a beautiful little girl. We thought she was kind of lonely. - -Q: As you well know, there’s been a major effort to try to find her. - -[Skip in tape] - -A: She was out here less than three months. - -Q: So you went back there. Tell me what happened. - -A: I started back there, and that’s when I got in trouble. I saw this -officer standing there, and I saw this debris in the back of the -ambulance. Two of them was full of debris. Like Bob [Shirkey] saw a -bunch little stuff, and there was a couple of pretty good sized. - -Q: Two of the three ambulances had stuff... - -A: One of them’s door was closed, but the other two... There was two -MPs standing right out, kind of just leaning up against the back of -those. I remember. - -Q: Did they challenge you when you tried to go in? - -A: No... Evidently because I drove up with that airman, and they just -figured whatever. - -Another thing, when I was there, all the people that was there, that -nurse was the only person I saw that was permanent station. Everybody -else was all new in that whole hospital operation. Even in the coke -room, there wasn’t anybody in there that I knew. I started back and got -to the door, and I saw this... - -(Pause) - -We’ve been friends for years, but I don’t want to talk with him around. - -Q: So the stuff you saw, you said it was not aluminum... - -A: ...looked like hot stainless steel when it got hot. When you put -flame on stainless, see, I do sculpture work and all that, and I know -what the stuff looks like. - -Q: Oh, you’re a sculpture? I didn’t know that? - -A: Yeah, I’ve been doing it for years. I had my own foundry... I did. I -don’t do it any more. I have my stuff done. But anyway, this stuff was -a blue purplish, it looked like hot stainless steel, is what it looked -like. Steel that got hot. It didn’t look like aluminum, it wasn’t even -melted like aluminum. I don’t even think it was melted, just like a -bunch of fragments. - -Q: But there were some bigger things in there besides the fragments, -right? - -A: Yeah. There were was two pieces. - -Anyway, do you want to go back to the nurse? - -Q: Yes, please. - -A: I started back, see, and this captain was standing there, and -naturally, I just thought we had a plane crash. When we had that, -we used to fill up the ambulances and everything else. It would -(inaudible) for you to have a hand here or an arm or a foot or -something. You know what I’m talking about. Then you’ve got to get -in and take all that stuff and separate it and put those bodies back -together with identification. That’s what you’ve got to do. I thought -we had a crash. - -I saw this guy, I didn’t know him. He was standing there at the door. - -Q: Just inside? - -A: Just kind of standing like in between the door of this room up -there. I was going down the hall. I said, “Sir, it looks like we had a -plane crash. Do I need to go in and get ready for it?” - -Q: This was an officer? - -A: Yeah, he was a captain. I remember the bars on his [inaudible]. He -said, “Who are you?” I told him I was from the funeral home, and he -said, “Wait right there, don’t move.” - -Then he came back, that’s when the two MPs came up. When the nurse came -out, we started down the hall and that’s when somebody in the back of -us said, “Bring that son of a bitch back.” That’s when the redheaded -captain asked where the sergeant came in right there. Then they took me -on out. As I was going down the hall, she came out of, like Bob said, -out of this room, and there was two guys in back of her, and they all -had towels over their face. - -She saw me and she said, “Glenn, what are you doing here? Get out of -here, you’re going to get in a lot of trouble. How did you get in -here?” She said that two or three times. She was sick. - -Q: This is when you were talking to that first officer? - -A: Yeah. He just told the MPs to take me back to the funeral home. - -Q: He had just told them that, and then she appeared at that point? - -A: He told them to take me to the funeral home, and we started down the -hall, back out the hall, and that’s when she came out of another room -with these other two guys. What happened, she told me the next day, -they were all sick because those little bodies were in those sacks, and -two of them were very mangled and the smell was horrible and one was -whole and two of them were very badly mangled. - -Q: Did you get a whiff of that stuff yourself? - -A: No, evidently not. If I would have, I would have known what it was. -I worked on a hell of a lot of stuff. - -Q: In that tape you talked about working on floaters and all that kind -of stuff. - -A: You know. - -Q: I haven’t had professional experience in it, but I’ve been involved -in it. - -A: In New Mexico you’ve got this hot 100 degree stuff, and you’ve got -bodies out there two or three days, and (inaudible). - -Q: This red headed guy, what was his rank, do you remember? - -A: I think he was a captain. It seemed to me like he had on some bars. - -Q: When he first appeared and started getting, essentially, pretty -rough, was the sergeant around at that time, or did he show up... - -A: He was kind of beside of him. I think they were standing there.... -Yeah, they were definitely standing there together. I don’t know if -they walked in together, because I didn’t see them until they turned me -around. - -Q: Was there a lot of activity at that time? Were there people... - -A: People were [fastened] everywhere. And the odd part of it was, there -wasn’t anybody, wasn’t any of our regular people. These were all people -that I’d never seen before. That’s why I got in so much trouble. I’d -never seen these guys. - -Q: These were not any of the guys that would ordinarily recognize you -as somebody who would... - -A: And they sure as hell didn’t want me there, you know that. - -Q: When he says, “Get him out of there,” the redhead, did he make any -threats to you himself? Did he say, “Don’t say anything about this, -forget it...” - -A: He said, just like that. He says, “Now listen, Mister, you don’t -go back into town starting a bunch of damn rumors.” This guy swore as -much as I do. Anyway, he said, “Don’t start a bunch of damn rumors, -because nothing happened out here. There’s no plane crashes. Nothing’s -happened. You don’t go in and start.” Then he told the MPs, “Get the -son of a bitch out of here.” - -That’s when I said, right then, I said, “Look, Mister, I’m a civilian, -and you can’t do a damn thing to me, you go to hell.” That’s when he -said, “Listen, Mister, somebody will be picking your bones out of the -sand.” - -Then the black sergeant said, “Sir, he would make good dog food,” or -something like that. I remember the dog food. - -The next morning at 6:00 o’clock the sheriff was out at my dad’s house -and told my dad, “Glenn may be in a lot of trouble with the base, and -tell him to keep his mouth shut.” - -I never told my story to anybody, but my dad came up, I was living in a -room at the funeral home. He came up and got me out of bed and wanted -to know what I’d done. He was a very patriotic old man, and he said, -“If you done anything against our government, I’ll take care of it.” - -Q: When was this? - -A: The next morning. - -Q: You were saying what the heck? What’s going on? - -A: Yeah. I said, well hey... He said, George Wilcox—the sheriff and my -dad were real good friends, and he said George tells me you’re in a lot -of trouble out there. He wasn’t going to leave, and I told my dad the -story. He got all upset because they threatened me and all this kind of -stuff. - -I didn’t see the nurse, then, until the next day. After I saw her, then -I kept calling. When I got back to the funeral home I started calling, -because she was in trouble and so was I. - -Q: It was the next morning after you’d been hustled out of there that -your dad came by to see you. - -A: Yeah, 6:00 o’clock in the morning. - -Q: He’d been called by the sheriff... - -A: The sheriff went to my mother and dad’s house, and at 6:00 -o’clock... My dad always got up early, sat and had coffee. He was an -old carpenter and building contractor. He and George were old friends -because he used to go hunting, and dad was making gun stocks, so they -were good friends. They used to play some kind of domino games or 42, -whatever you call it. They were good friends. - -Q: So the sheriff went by to see your dad... - -A: Dad said he was there at 6:00 o’clock. - -Q: The sheriff came by early in the morning and then your dad -immediately came from home and came to see you. - -A: After George Wilcox left, my dad came up to the funeral home and -wanted to know what I did. - -Q: Did your dad say why the sheriff... Had the sheriff been contacted -by the base, or... - -A: No, he just said, he was concerned about what I’d done, how I’d got -in trouble. - -Q: Do you remember what he told you about what Wilcox told him? - -A: He just said George said I was in trouble at the base, and what did -I do. - -Q: Then after having this rude awakening, you then... Did you call the -nurse? - -A: Well, yeah, this was in mid-morning. I remember I finally, I waited -until kind of, well, it must have been 9:00 o’clock or so, and I -called. I knew the work station that she always worked at. She was a -general nurse. They didn’t specialize. Just orderlies and everybody was -on general duty in those days. I was informed that she wasn’t there, -she wasn’t working. She wasn’t working that day. - -Q: It was one of the other nurses that you talked to? - -A: Yeah, it was an old girl by the name of Wilson, Captain Wilson. I -asked her, I said “what happened?” She said, “Glenn, I don’t know what -happened, but she’s not on duty. I’ll try to get the word to her that -you want to talk to her.” She was wanting to talk to me, but she was -sick. She was in total shock. - -Q: Did she tell you that later, that she was sick? - -A: I knew she was sick. She came out with that towel. She said, she and -the two doctors were sick. Then at the Officers’ Club, she said I want -to know what happened to you, and I’ll tell you what happened to me. -The only way we ever got to the Officers’ Club, the old regular group -said you don’t go anywhere, you keep your mouth shut, [inaudible] said -that. The old group, they would have known us. It probably wouldn’t -have mattered. But these people, hell, these people didn’t know us. -And of course I had a pass, and I had an associate membership to the -Officers’ Club, the funeral home did, so I could go as I pleased. I had -free access to the base. - -Q: Did you meet her at the club? - -A: She said she’d meet me over there. She was sick. She said I’ll meet -you there. - -Q: When you got there, she was at the club? - -A: She was walking up when I drove up. She walked over. It wasn’t very -far from the hospital. - -Q: She walked from the hospital or... - -A: From the nurse’s quarters. - -Q: Let me back up to the event with the MPs. They physically hustled -you out of the hospital... - -A: Well, they didn’t carry me out, they said, “Come on, we’re taking -you back,” one on each side. They didn’t have their hands on me or -forcing me. - -Q: I’ve forgotten which one of the accounts has them lifting you right -off your feet and all that kind of stuff. - -A: No. They may have got me by the elbow, but that was that. They were -nice guys. They were doing what they were told to do. - -Q: They got you to the ambulance. Did they follow you back to the -funeral home? - -A: One followed me in a pickup and the other one sat in the seat with -me. - -Q: Oh, I see, he actually rode with you in the ambulance. - -A: He rode with me, and the other one drove a pickup and picked him up. -They had a pickup. - -Q: Did the guy riding with you say anything about what was going on? - -A: He said he didn’t know what was going on. That was the first thing I -said, “What in the hell’s going on?” You know. He said, “You know more -about it than we do,” something similar to that. I don’t know the exact -words, but he didn’t know anything. - -Q: Now we’re back to the Officers’ Club and you met her there. When you -saw her, how did she look? - -A: Like a nervous wreck. Her hair wasn’t combed or nothing. She said -she’d been sick all night crying and everything else, and she was still -crying. She was hysterical. She put her hands over her face and said -I can’t believe it. The most horrible thing she’d ever seen. She was -really in bad shape. - -Q: You called her and wanted to get in touch with her to talk with her -about what happened. - -A: I was curious. - -Q: Did she seem reluctant at first to talk to you about it? - -A: No, she said I’ve got to talk to you. I want to know what happened -to you. She said I’ve got to talk to somebody, and that was it. You -know, I’d see her a lot. I knew all those old girls out there, you know. - -Q: Did she give you any indication or any reason to believe that she -had been told to keep her mouth shut about it, or... - -A: Well, yeah, because I’ll tell you what. She had this drawing on the -back of a prescription pad, these little bodies, it was on the back, -a little small thing on the back of a prescription pad. She said, -“I’m going to show you something, and you have to give me your sacred -oath that you won’t tell anybody when you got this and you won’t ever -mention my name, because I will get in a lot of trouble.” That’s what -she said. “I will get in a lot of trouble.” - -Q: She didn’t say specifically that somebody had... - -A: No, she just said, “I will get in a lot of trouble.” She said, “Will -you do that?” I said, “Sure.” - -She showed me that. And she had it written on the back like I had it on -the back of that, you have my drawing, where I said note, and all that. -That’s what she said. - -Q: She let you keep that, she gave it to you? - -A: Yeah, she said you look at it and you throw it away. I never did. I -went and took it back and put it in my personal file. - -Q: Which subsequently got tossed, apparently. - -A: Well, all the files got tossed. - -Q: What happened? - -A: Well, the funeral home, I hired some guys, the manager up there -now [was there] before I left, and Raymond said that he doesn’t know, -because when he was working up there was another manager, and he -said he thought Joe [Lucas] told (inaudible). Of course Joe and I -weren’t very good friends and we’d had some problems over the funeral -business, and he said Joe found my files. He said I know he went -through everything you had. - -He and I had a partnership in a business, and I put up all the money -and it went sour and so we had problems. - -Q: You and Stan Friedman actually made an effort to try and find that, -didn’t you? - -A: We went down there. The old file was right where I said it was, it -was still there. But it was, Stan will tell you, we went down in this -old basement, and I knew exactly... See, I kept files on every case -that I was involved in, murders, anything that I went to court on, that -I was a witness on, I kept all that. I called those my personal files. -If I ever had to go back with the insurance companies or anything, I -had it all right there. That’s why I had those. - -Q: You found the filing cabinet but there was nothing in it? - -A: No. We went through it. There wasn’t a thing in it. Stan and I both. - -Q: They’d stripped it out, or was there other stuff in there... - -A: There wasn’t anything in there. - -Q: After all of that excitement, then what? Did it just kind of -evaporate? - -A: It just kind of evaporated. Then of course two or three days later, -I was concerned about her because she was sick. I took her back to the -nurse’s quarters and let her out. I called back the next day and they -said she wasn’t on duty, and I called the next day and they said she -wasn’t on duty. Then I went out there, for some reason, I don’t recall. -I went out there and I asked about the lieutenant, and they said she’d -been transferred out. They said, “She was transferred out yesterday.” -Well, that was the day after I saw her. They got her out the next day. - -Q: Who told you she’d been transferred out? - -A: I don’t know. Some nurses... - -Q: It wasn’t anybody that you remember? - -A: No. - -Q: Did they tell you where she’d been shipped to? - -A: They didn’t know. They said she had been transferred, and that’s all -they knew. - -Q: But then you heard from her subsequently. - -A: About three or four weeks later. I got a card addressed to Ballard -Funeral Home. It was from her, and inside it just said, just a short -note, she said we will correspond later to see what happened to each -other, something similar to those words. She said the only way you can -contact me is through this APO number, and there was an APO number. It -was a New York APO number. - -Q: So she’d gone to Europe or some place. - -A: Then right on the bottom she says, “I’m in London.” That was it. I -wrote a note, just a note, that said if you feel like it and you get -time, then I would love to know and we’ll correspond. Mine came back. -That was about three or four weeks later. Mine came back. - -Q: That was the one that was marked deceased? - -A: Yes. It said return to sender, [addressee] deceased. - -Q: Then what did you do? - -A: (inaudible) - -Q: You didn’t try to follow up or see if there was any possible... - -A: No. I asked (inaudible), at the time we called her Slatts Wilson, -a big tall nurse, 6′2″, 6′3″, big tall skinny girl. We called her -Slatts. Everybody called her Slatts. She’s the one that told me she’d -heard that there was a plane crash and she was the nurse that went down -on a training mission. She said that’s strictly rumor, I don’t know -anything about it. That’s what I... - -Q: No one’s been able to turn that one up at all. - -A: I guess maybe I should never even mention this. I know no one -believes this damn story. Nobody believes this story. - -Q: I don’t know if that’s true. - -A: Anyway, it was a hell of a story. I told (inaudible). I said I told -the woman, I don’t want to give you her name, because I told the lady -I’d give a sacred oath and I didn’t want to get involved. Well, it’s -been 45 years, almost 40 years, and I haven’t heard anything. He said -I will do it confidentially and nobody else will have this name. Well, -that’s where he broke his promise after that. I got all over him about -it. I called him and I was madder than hell. He said well, Bob Shirkey -was the one that told everybody, that he was sitting in the back of -us. Bob brought Stan [Friedman] up there when he interviewed me. He -said, Bob Shirkey was the one that let out her name. To this day, Stan -Friedman (inaudible) still says he did not put her name out. I’ve been -on several shows, not several, but two or three interviews, and I’m not -going to mention her name. If somebody says is this her name? I’m not -going to say it is or it isn’t. I told Stan ... I was madder than hell -about it, because I did give my word. - -Q: There’s another side to that, too, from the standpoint of those -who are trying to get some answers. By not having her name around, -it makes it easier to cross-check the stories that you get from -people. You have... It’s a question of honor, and that’s very sound. I -applaud you for that. There’s not too many people around these days -that are concerned about that kind of thing. And it’s also, from an -investigator’s point of view, an advantage, too. - -A: I’ve never read this stuff, I’ve never watched the videos, I’ve -never read any books, I haven’t even read Stan’s books, I haven’t even -read [Kevin] Randle’s only what they say about me. Friedman is a lot -more accurate, but see... - -Q: You mean about... - -A: About me. I’ve read that. That’s the only thing I’ve read. I’m -not a UFO guy. I’ve got another life besides UFOs. But anyway, Stan -Friedman’s story is pretty well right. But Randle and them was always -said I got curious. I didn’t get curious. I went out there on a call, -just like I told you. - -Q: The section of their book that refers to you is really kind of -cryptic, anyway. - -A: They said the book was already published. Now they had a copy... -Friedman sent them a copy of my tape. They had the (inaudible). Hell, -they had my tape. They just made that up. Somebody did. - -Q: I was puzzled by it when I read their book. That whole section where -they refer to you, and it’s all very mysterious, and your name is not -referred to in the table of contents, but you’re in the list of people -that’s been interviewed, but you’re not one of the key people lists... - -A: They never did interview me. - -Q: They never talk to you at all? - -A: Not personally. They didn’t interview me until a long time later, a -year or so later. They only had Stan’s tape. - -Q: So when they were actually writing their book... - -A: The book was already published. - -Q: When they were doing the writing, they were working from Stan’s tape. - -A: Evidently. - -Q: Who was actually the first UFO investigator to get in touch with you? - -A: Stan Friedman. When they had Unsolved Mysteries here and different -ones. There was a lot of people... I’d get different ones. I had -different people come and say we want to talk to you about the UFOs, -and I said I don’t have anything to say, I don’t want to talk about it, -and I never did. I’ve talked to very few people since. - -Q: How did Stan come to find you? - -A: One of the guys that I went to school with, high school, and Captain -Harry Blake, he’s a general now, (inaudible). - -Q: Is he still on active duty? - -A: No, he’s retired. He was just a general in the military school, -National Guard, I don’t know. He never was really a good friend of -mine. We lived across the street from each other when we were kids. - -Q: So that’s how Stan found you. He was the first guy to talk to you. - -A: Bob Shirkey brought him up there to see me. - -(Pause) - -Q: There’s a reference in here to you having some years later, I think, -talked to a pediatrician that you knew? A guy that was stationed... - -A: I can’t find his picture, and I don’t remember his name. I ran into -him when I was fishing up in Colorado and we ran into each other. - -Q: This was a guy who was at that time stationed here? - -A: He was here, and they called him in. He said that was out of his -field and he didn’t want anything to do with it. - -Q: They actually called him in and asked him to take a look at what had -been retrieved or... - -A: He said they called him in. I don’t know. He said, “But I said that -was out of my field and I didn’t want anything to do with it.” That’s -what he told me, now. - -Q: Did you get the sense that he knew more than he was telling? - -A: I would say so, yeah. I’m sure they did. A lot of those guys out -there did. - -Q: You don’t remember his name? - -A: I don’t remember it. But I did run into him. Somewhere I’ve got his -name. - -Q: Have you talked with anyone else? Had you during that time before -you got into all this... - -A: No, I wouldn’t have even talked to him about it. He brought it up -and wanted to know whatever happened on the UFO business. - -Q: It was at his initiative. - -A: I didn’t bring it up. I told him I didn’t know any more about it -than he did. He said well that was strictly out of my field, and I -didn’t want to get involved in it. That was about it. But he brought it -up. I didn’t ask him. - -Q: He was just curious about what happened. - -A: Wanted to know whatever happened to it. - -Q: That’s about all I’ve got. - - (END) - - - Transcript of Interview with Alice Knight[*] - (Alleged secondhand witness to - “crash site” - 175 miles northwest of Roswell) - - [*] Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video, - _Recollections of Roswell Part II_, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO - Research, 1993). - -A: I remember that he saw—one time I went to visit—and I don’t remember -whether it was before my husband and I married or after, I don’t recall -the date. But he said that he saw a UFO fall. He was out working in the -field and I understood that he was out on the St. Agustin Plains and he -went over that way and it fell and he got nearly to the site and there -was a group of people on a geological—archeological hunt and they were -over there. I don’t remember how many people he said. - -But they got nearly up to the UFO but it was close enough that you -could see some creatures. He said they didn’t look like human beings -out there. - -And along came government cars and trucks... - -Q: Now, by government you mean... - -A: I guess it was government. You know, as I said it was a long time -ago. And someone came along and I understood it, I don’t know whether -it was army or what. I think he just termed it government trucks and -they told him to go on back and forget they ever saw anything, and -that’s all I recall. - - (END) - - - Transcript of Interview with Vern Maltais[*] - (Alleged secondhand witness to - “crash site” - 175 miles northwest of Roswell) - - [*] Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video. - _Recollections of Roswell Part II_, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO - Research, 1993). - -A: ...he [the eyewitness] had been coming back from one of his field -trips, he’d run onto a flying saucer that had burst open and there -were four beings on the ground and that he was surveying the site, -archeological group from the University of Pennsylvania, telling us -that there were about four or five people with this group. - -As they were just starting to look things over really closely, the -military moved in and gave them a briefing not to say anything about it -and keep quiet and it was in the national interest to get out of there. - -Q: What was his feeling about what it was that he had experienced? - -A: He had no qualms about what it was. He said it was a vehicle from -outer space. There wasn’t any question. The beings on there were -nothing like, not exactly like human beings.... - -Q: How did you... - -A: ...similar but not exactly. - -Q: How did he describe them? - -A: He described them being about three and a half to four feet tall, -very slim in stature, and with—their heads were hairless, with no -eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair. Sort of a pear-shaped head with the -top of the head being smaller—larger, I mean. - -Q: Any other characteristics about their appearance? - -A: Only one thing that he mentioned. The hands were not covered, they -had four fingers. - - (END) - - - Transcript of Interview with - James Ragsdale[*] - (Alleged firsthand witness to - “crash site” north of Roswell) - - [*] James Ragsdale, interview with Donald R. Schmitt, January 26, - 1993. - - RAGSDALE, JAMES EYEWITNESS Transcript - 26 JANUARY 1993 - -DS: So you were actually out there. - -JR: Yeah. - -DS: Do you remember the name of the ranch it was on?” - -JR: It was on ... Fisher? - -DS: Was it north of here. - -JR: Yes ... back out here. - -DS: Northwest ... Just take your time. - -JR: It was Foster. (Some discussion with his wife about who owned the -ranch) ... Let me see what you’ve got (referring to the photographs). -That’s the place right there (identifying the location from the -pictures). - -DS: What area? - -JR: It seemed to me that that place belonged to ... Fisher, but it sold -to somebody else ... somebody else bought that... That’s how come I was -out in that area. And we was out there and she’s dead and all the guys -I showed the stuff are all dead. It’s amazing what all went on... - -Discuss our book and the Museum. - -DS: showing one of the pictures ... so you think this looks like - -JR: That looks like the place. - -DS: As far as the ranches go, driving around at that time, it could -have been most any ranch, right? This would have been in '47 ... You -were with this woman? - -JR: Yeah. We were camped out out there. - -DS: You were camping? - -JR: Yeah... I would say half of it ... I would say that only about -half of it ... just half of a ... you really couldn’t tell what it -was ... what you could still see, where it hit ... I think it was two -spaceships flying together and one them came down and the other one -picked up what they could and got out of there. - -DS: Is it possible that because it was hit by lightning that it broke -up and part of it went down ... (discussion of the Mac Brazel sighting) - -JR: ... but it was either dummies or bodies or something laying there. -They looked like bodies. They weren’t very long ... over four or five -foot long at the most. We didn’t see their faces or nothing like that -but we had just got to the site and heard the army, the sirens, all -coming and we got into a damned jeep to take off. We had to hold a -fence up to go onto another ranch to come out from there. - -DS: How far would you say this from town here? - -JR: Thirty miles ... forty miles. - -DS: In a northwesterly direction? - -JR: Right up here. (Discuss the pictures again.) - -DS: Were there any buildings? - -JR: No. You couldn’t see nothing. You go up on top of the hill. It was -a hill ... (referring to the pictures) you could see the stuff right -here. - -DS: The object ... the craft ... what was left of it ... in these -photos ... where was the object? - -JR: Along this right here ... It looked to be about half of around (?) -because around the edges ... I had two great big pieces. That’s what -they got when they stole the car ... you could take that stuff and wad -it up and it would straighten itself out. I never seen anything like -it. Looked like something between a plastic ... looked like carbon -paper... - -DS: That was the color of it? - -JR: Yeah. Carbons. That was the color of it. Sure was ... between -plastic and ... hell I don’t know ... let’s see how to describe. One -piece we had you could take it and put it in any form you wanted and it -would stay there ... you could bend it in any form and it would stay -... it wouldn’t straighten back out. - -DS: You picked those up from the ground? - -JR: Yeah. - -DS: You threw them in the jeep ... stuffed them in your clothes...? - -JR: Yeah and then we heard all of them coming... - -DS: How many vehicles ... how much commotion did you hear as they came -in? - -JR: Oh my God it must have been ... it was two or three six by six -army trucks, a wrecker and everything ... and leading the pack was a -'47 Ford car with guys in it ... MPs and stuff in it ... we had the -windshield down on the jeep and we stayed in the weeds and stuff ... -and we came on back down to where we was camped at. - -DS: So you watched for a while? - -JR: Yeah. Sure did. - -DS: What was their... - -JR: They cleaned everything all up. I mean cleaned it. They raked the -ground and everything. I mean they cleaned everything. - -DS: You didn’t stay there that long? - -JR: No, but they had a truck. I would say it was six or eight big -trucks besides the pick up, weapons carriers and stuff like that. - -DS: What kind of guard did they have. Did they surround certain areas... - -JR: They had MPs all ... they got way out in the field. They had people -all along this ridge ... they drove up in here. We was back over here. -This grass here... - -DS: So if you were back here, could you see the activity down here? - -JR: You couldn’t see too much of what they ... you could tell ... As -soon as they got there they began gathering the stuff up ... we were -hidden in what you call buffalo grass... - -DS: Did you see any behavior around the bodies. - -JR: Huh-uh. - -DS: You couldn’t see down to that level? - -JR: Yeah. - -DS: Did you see any activity near the craft? - -JR: No. - -DS: The angle of the craft ... was it flat was tipped... - -JR: One part was kind of buried in the ground ... and part of it was -sticking out of the ground ... about like that (DS: about a 30 degree -angle?) Yeah ... and I’m sure that was bodies ... either bodies or -dummies... - -DS: Why do you say “dummies?” - -JR: The federal government could have been doing something because they -didn’t want anyone to know what this was ... they was using dummies in -those damned things ... they could use remote control. - -DS: So you thought that it could have been an experimental craft? - -JR: After I came to town showed Frank Willis and his son (he’s dead) -... the Blue Moon beer joint over on the old Dexter highway. We was -there until two o’clock in the morning ... I had the jeep behind my car. - -DS: Did you still have the scrap in the jeep? - -JR: Yeah. I showed it to him. He said I would just keep my mouth shut -... he said hell there is no telling where that come from. - -DS: So you didn’t think it was from outer space? - -JR: No. We didn’t even think about outer space back then... - -DS: When was the first time that you thought that maybe this was -something more? - -JR: It was about three weeks ... it came out that a spaceship had -crashed at Roswell ... about three weeks. But it could have been out -longer than that there but see I worked in Carlsbad... - -DS: But you first saw there had been a newspaper article about three -weeks after... - -JR: Oh hell it was two or three weeks before I caught up on it ... a -spaceship ... what I hear is they guarded that place for a long time -out there ... because me and another fellow went out there and you -couldn’t get ... they had the roads sealed off ... it was a month or so -after... - -DS: And they still had it cordoned off. - -JR: The MPs and stuff were still on the road. They wouldn’t let nobody -go out there... - -DS: If a person were to drive out there today ... going north out of -town ... are we talking 285? - -JR: No. Highway 48. You go out 48. You go out here to the truck route, -hit 48 and ... and it’s about forty some miles out in there ... (And no -talks about the car being stolen in 1951 when the car with the debris -was stolen...) ...I would say 18 inches and 30 inches long ... strips -off the edge of it ... it was a heavy material but it didn’t have no -ridges ... it was put together with some kind of solder like stuff ... -no bumps, no nothing in it ... it wasn’t ... it was about as heavy as -duraluminum ... it wasn’t as brittle ... you could take a small piece -and it was flexible ... (then discuss the stealing of the car with a -wrecker and the material was locked in the trunk of the car. And then -discuss the break in of the house where the last of the pieces were -stolen about eight years ago ... 1985). - -DS: Was there a storm that night?” - -JR: Yeah. There sure was. It was a whale of a storm. - -DS: Did you hear anything unusual? Did you hear ... between the cracks -of thunder... - -JR: Well, it lit up the sky when it came down. It lit up the damned ... -we thought at first that it was falling star or something. And electric -lightning ... man it was something. - -DS: You heard something and you saw something... - -JR: Yeah, sure did ... because we were laying there in the back of the -pick up ... the whole sky lit up ... we thought it was a star falling. - -DS: Did you then go to check it out... - -JR: Sure did. The next day, sure did. We drove right up on it. She -picked up a piece of it and we had the jeep parked a little ways away -from there and throwed a piece of it up there somewhere and I have -tried and tried to find where she had throwed that piece ... she had a -piece but when she saw the army coming she throwed it out ... she saw -them a coming and she throwed it out ... I doubt that I could even go -back to the place it’s been so long. (Now begin to talk about the car -wreck that nearly killed him.) - -Remainder of the tape is discussion about the car wreck, the ranchers -in the area, and the murder of Mrs. Ragsdale’s brother. - - (END) - - - - - Selected Bibliography of Technical Reports - - -The technical reports listed below are available for sale by contacting: - National Technical Information Service (NTIS) - 5285 Port Royal Rd - Springfield, VA 22161 - (703) 487-4650 - http://www.orders@ntis.fedworld.gov - - Publication NTIS Report Number - - Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. - “Report on Research, for the Period July - 1965-June 1967”, AFCRL TR-68-0039, 1968. AD 666484 - - Air Force Missile Development Center. - _MAN HIGH III_, MDC-TR-60-16, 1960. AD 259635 - - ——. _MAN-HIGH I_, MDC-TR-59-24, 1959. ADA 215867 - - Air Research and Development Command. - _History of Flight Support Holloman Air - Development Center, 1946–1957_, 1957. ADA 323526 - - Bartol, Aileen M., et al.. _Advanced Dynamic - Anthropomorphic Manikin (ADAM) Final - Design Report_, AAMRL TR-90-023, 1990. AD 234761 - - Bushnell, David. _Contributions of Balloon - Operations to Research and Development - at the Air Force Missile Development Center - Holloman AFB, N. Mex. 1947–1958_, 1958. ADA 323109 - - ——. _History of Research in Space Biology - and Biodynamics at the Air Force Missile - Development Center, Holloman AFB, - New Mexico, 1946–1958_, 1958. ADA 323170 - - ——. _History of Research in Subgravity and - Zero-G at the Air Force Missile Development - Center, Holloman AFB, New Mexico, - 1948–1958_, 1958. ADA 323144 - - ——. _Major Achievements in Biodynamics: - Escape Physiology at the Air Force Missile - Development Center, Holloman AFB, - New Mexico, 1953–1958_, 1958. ADA 323127 - - ——. _Origin and Operation of the First - Holloman Track, 1949–1956_, 1956. ADA 323573 - - ——. _Research Accomplishments in Biodynamics: - Deceleration and Impact at the Air Force - Missile Development Center, Holloman AFB, - New Mexico, 1955–1958_, 1958. ADA 323097 - - ——. _The Aeromedical Field Laboratory: Mission, - Organization, and Track Test Programs, - 1958–1960_, 1960. ADA 323166 - - ——. _The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology - at the Air Force Missile Development Center, - Holloman AFB, New Mexico, 1946–1952_, 1958. ADA 323167 - - Cobb, D. B. and Waters, M.H.L. Royal Aircraft - Establishment Farnborough. _The Behavior - of Dummy Men During Long Free Falls_, - Mechanical Engineering Note 179, 1954. AD 060052 - - Firestone, James R. and Patterson, Jack H. - _Recovery of Parachute-Borne Packages - by Helicopter_, TDR 62-6, 1962. AD 276477 - - Flight Summary, Non-Extensible Balloon - Operations, 6580th Test Squadron (Special), - June 1950 to October 1954. ADA 323108 - - Gildenberg, Bernard G. “General Philosophy and - Techniques of Balloon Control”, in Lewis A. - Grass, ed., _Proceedings, Sixth AFCRL Scientific - Balloon Symposium_, AFCRL-70-0543, 1970. AD 717149 - - ——. _Capacity and Fatigue Tests on Three Mil - Polyethylene Balloons_, HADC TN-55-4, 1955. AD 066092 - - ——. _Crane Launch Techniques for Polyethylene - Balloons_, HADC TN 57-3, 1957. AD 123732 - - ——. _Development of Shroud Inflation Techniques - for Plastic Balloons_, HADC TN-54-4, 1954. AD 039440 - - ——. _Investigation of Inflation Techniques for - Nonextensible Balloons_, HADC TN 54-7, 1954. AD 067595 - - ——. _Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level - Balloon Operations in the Southwestern - United States_, AFCRL-66-706, 1966. AD 644895 - - ——. _Summary Report Project Moby Dick: Covered - Wagon Balloon Launcher Development and Test - Results_, HDT-21, 1952. AD 001124 - - ——. _Techniques Developed for Heavy Load - Non-Extensible Balloon Flights_, Report No. - HADC-TN-54-3, 1954. ADA 030902 - - Greer, R.J., et al. _Development of a Balloon-Borne - Manned Vehicle_, WADC TR-59-226, 1959. AD 227244 - - Hertzberg, H.T.E. _The Anthropology of - Anthropomorphic Dummies_, - AMRL TR-69-61, 1969. AD 706411 - - Hess, Joseph. _Determination of Parachute Descent - Times and Impact Locations for High Altitude - Balloon Payloads_, AFCRL 63-885, 1963. AD 421021 - - Holloman Air Development Center, Weekly Test - Status Reports, Project MX-1450B/7218 - (HIGH DIVE), June 1954 to January 1956. ADA 323823 - - Madson, Raymond A., 1st Lt. _High Altitude Balloon - Dummy Drops, II. The Stabilized Dummy - Drops_, WADC TR 57-477 (II), 1961. AD 270880 - - ——. _High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, - Part I. The Unstabilized Dummy Drops_, - WADC TR 57-477, 1957. AD 130965 - - Mazza, Vincent and Wheeler, R.V. _High Altitude - Bailouts_, MCREXD-695-66M, 1950. ADA 323449 - - Nolan, George F. _Balloon Ascent Trajectory - Dispersion Over the United States at 60,000 - and 100,000 ft_, AFCRL-66-98, 1966. AD 631502 - - Redmond, Kent C. _Integration of the Holloman-White - Sands Ranges, 1947–1952_, 1957. ADA 323574 - - Ruffner, Kevin C. (ed). _Corona: America’s First - Satellite Program_, 1995. PB 95928007 - - Simons, David G., Lt. Col., (MC) _Stratosphere - Balloon Techniques for Exposing Living - Specimens to Primary Cosmic Ray Particles_, - MDC TR 54-16, 1954. AD 075812 - - ——. MAN HIGH II, MDC TR 59-28, 1959. ADA 230805 - - Stapp, John P., Maj., (MC) _Human Tolerance to Linear - Deceleration, Part I. Preliminary Survey of - the Aft Facing Seated Position_, Air Force - Technical Report 5915, 1949. PB 100871[*] - - ——. _Part II. The Aft Facing Position and the - Development of a Crash Harness_, Air Force - Technical Report 5915, 1951. PB 106572[*] - - [*] Available from: - Library of Congress - Photoduplicating Service - Washington, D.C. 20540 - (202) 707-5640 - - - - - Index - - - A - - accelerometers, 21, 30 - - Aero Medical Laboratory, USAF 20–21, 23, 32, 104–105, 107, 117, 121 - - Aeromedical Field Laboratory, USAF 32 - - AFM-143-1, _Mortuary Affairs_, 99 - - agents, federal, 50 - - agents, government, 78 - - Air Force, 1–3, 5, 8–10, 13, 21, 26, 28, 31, 35, 37–38, 41–42, 44, - 46, 48, 51–53, 55, 57, 61–62, 68, 75–76, 79, 86, 89–91, 95–101, - 103, 105, 109, 111–113, 116–117, 121, 123, 125. - _See also_ U.S. Air Force - - Air Force Letter 35-3, 86 - - Air Force, Secretary of the 1–2, 13 - - Air Materiel Command (AMC), 19–20 - - air samples, 42 - - aircraft - A-26, 112 - B-25, 96 - B-26, 112 - B-29, 93–94 - B-47, 93–94 - B-52, 115 - C-131, 105, 120 - C-47, 30, 64, 93–94 - F-4, 112, 121 - F-51, 96 - KB-29, 93–94 - KC-97, 3, 93–97 - KC-135, 93–94 - L-20, 30, 64, 124 - T-33, 93–94 - X-15, 32 - - airman, 76, 86 - - Alamogordo Army Airfield, N.M., 37 - - Alamogordo, N.M., 32 - - Alaska, 47 - - Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., 21, 34, 59–61 - - alien(s), 1–3, 5, 11–12, 15, 17, 21, 23, 25, 28–29, 33, 36–39, 46–47, - 55, 61, 75, 78, 96, 109, 113, 118, 123, 125 - - ambulance, 76–78, 99, 105, 109, 113–116 - - Anderson, Gerald, 14, 60–61, 67. - _See also_ interview in Appendix C - - Antarctica, 47 - - APO (Air Post Office), 82 - - APOLLO, 32, 59 - - Arizona, 47 - - Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), 99 - - arms, 62, 97 - - Army Air Forces, 1, 13, 76, 81, 90, 96, 113. - _See also_ U.S. Army Air Forces - - Army Nurse Corps (ANC), 81 - - Artesia, N.M., 67 - - Ashland, Wisc., 105 - - Atlantic Ocean, 112 - - autopsies, preliminary, 77, 91, 98 - - autopsy, alien, 1 - - autopsy protocol, 96–97, 99 - - autopsy; ies; ied, 1, 12, 77–78, 94–95, 97, 99 - - _Aztec_ (N.M.) _Independent Review_, 84 - - Aztec, N.M., 83–85 - - - B - - Ball, Guy, 19 - - Ballard Funeral Home, 76, 97 - - ballast, 57 - - Balloon Branch, 30, 37, 43–51, 57–58, 61, 65, 102–103, 105–107, 110, - 113–115, 124 - - balloon control package, 57, 64 - - balloon controllers, 47, 57 - - balloon drops, 28 - - balloon failure, 58 - - balloon, high altitude, 3, 9, 15, 17, 19, 23, 25, 28, 32, 36–38, 43, - 45–49, 52–53, 55, 57–58, 61, 64, 66–67, 91, 96, 100–104, 109, 117, 125, 157 - - balloon, polyethylene, 40–42, 58, 66, 106–107, 114–115 - - balloon, tethered, 45–46 - - balloon train, 5–6, 11–13 - - balloon, “Vee”, 47 - - balloon, weather, 5, 40 - - balsa wood, 6 - - bandages, 62, 64 - - Barnett, Grady L. “Barney”, 58, 67 - - base histories, 94 - - Baylor University, 31 - - Bean, Alan, 120 - - _Behind the Flying Saucers_, 84 - - Berliner, Don 8, 60 - - Biodynamics of Space Flight, 102. - _See_ MAN HIGH - - “black sergeant”, 86 - - Blankenship, Robert, 49 - - Blauw, Alfred S., M.D., 99 - - blimp, 60–61, 64, 67 - - body bags, 35–36, 91, 96 - - Bravest Man, The. _See_ Stapp, John P., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret) - - Britain, 41 - - Brooke General Hospital, Ft. Sam Houston, Tex., 83 - - Buck Rogers, 111 - - Bush, George H. W., President, 32 - - - C - - Cahn, J. P., 85 - - Cambridge, England, 83 - - camera(s), 30–31 - - canoe, 76, 78, 91, 113, 115 - - cargo trailer, 1½-ton, 65 - - Carlsbad, N.M., 67 - - Carswell AFB, Tex., 81 - - caskets, 35, 76 - - Chavez, Dennis, Sen. (N.M.), 87 - - Cheney Award, 31–32 - - _Close Encounters of the Third Kind_, 118 - - Clouthier, Charles E., 83. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - cold soaking, 64 - - _Collier’s_, 26–27 - - Coltman, Charles A., Jr., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret). _See_ Signed sworn - statement in Appendix B - - commissary, 95, 98 - - community relations, 58 - - con-men, 85 - - _Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research and Development at - the Air Force Missile Development Center, Holloman AFB, N.Mex., 1947–1958_, 41 - - cooperating witnesses, 6 - - CORONA, 43 - - cosmic ray particles, 42 - - cover-up, 8–9, 26, 83, 110, 123, 125 - - _Crash at Corona_, 8 - - - D - - debris, 1, 6, 57 - - debris field, 11–12 - - Dennis, W. Glenn, 75–78, 81–86, 88–90, 96–97, 99, 110, 114, 197 - - Denver, Colo., 44 - - Department of Defense, 46 - - DISCOVERER XI, 43 - - DISCOVERER XII, 43 - - DISCOVERER XIII, 43–44 - - dispensary, 114–116 - - doctor(s), 76–78, 91, 96, 98–99, 110 - - dog food, 77 - - doll(s), 16, 61 - - dolls, plastic, 14, 60–61 - - “Dr. Gee”, 85 - - drones, remotely-piloted, 15 - - drug smuggling, 50 - - drug store supervisor, 97 - - dummies, anthropomorphic, 3, 9, 14, 16–17, 19–21, 23–26, 28, 32, - 34–36, 38–39, 41, 47, 55–62, 64–65, 67–68, 91, 101, 103, 109, 112, - 123, 156 - - dummies, crash test, 17 - - dummies, parachute drop, 19–20 - - dummy drop, 23, 28, 35, 57, 157 - - “Dummy Joe”, 19 - - - E - - ear, 61 - - Earth, 5, 41, 44, 46, 102 - - Edwards AFB, Calif., 21, 31 - - Eisenhower, Dwight D., President, 112 - - ejection, 32 - - ejection seat, 20, 21 - - El Centro, Calif., 120 - - El Paso, Texas, 106 - - Elder Statesman of Aviation, 112 - - England, 82 - - entry vehicles, atmospheric, 42 - - escape pods, 78, 113 - - EXCELSIOR, 23, 25–26, 32, 38, 55–56, 59, 67–68, 101–105, 107, - 109–110, 112, 124 - - Executive Order 11652, 1 - - eyes, 77 - - - F - - Fanton, Eileen M., 1st Lt., USAF, 82–83, 91 - - Farmington Drug, 83 - - Farmington, N.M., 78, 83–84, 90 - - Ferrell, Lee F., Col., USAF, 87, 91, 98 - - finger(s), 15, 33, 55, 59–61, 97 - - flight surgeon, 31, 107, 116 - - flightsuit, 28–29, 63 - - flying disc, 5–6, 78. - _See also_ flying saucer - - flying saucer, 1–3, 5, 29, 36–37, 41, 44, 47, 56, 58–59, 64, 67, 78, - 85, 96, 123, 125 - - flying saucer wave [of 1947], 5 - - Foster Ranch, 11 - - Four Corners [region], 83 - - Franklin, Ky., 96 - - Frederick, S.D., 102 - - Friedman, Stanton T., 8, 60, 76 - - Ft. George Wright, Wash., 88 - - Ft. Worth AAF, Tex., 81 - - Fulgham, Dan D., Col., USAF (Ret), 106–107, 116, 121. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - Fund for UFO Research, The, 58, 60, 186, 213, 215 - - funeral home, 77, 95, 97. - _See also_ Ballard Funeral Home - - - G - - GALILEO, 44 - - gamma rays, 46 - - GAO, 1. - _See also_ General Accounting Office - - gauges, strain, 21 - - GEMINI, 32 - - General Accounting Office (GAO), 1, 125 - - _General Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control_, 48 - - generator, MB-19, 65 - - Gila Mountains, 124 - - Gildenberg, Bernard D. “Duke”, 8–9, 48, 102. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - glass, broken, 76, 114 - - Goddard, Joyce, Capt., USAF, 88–89 - - Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Championship, 112 - - gowns, surgical, 99 - - gurneys, hospital, 35 - - gyros, rate, 21 - - - H - - hands, 15, 33, 59–60, 97 - - Harmon Trophy, 112 - - Hawaii, 43 - - head(s), 15, 59, 61, 77, 97, 100, 107, 118–120 - - helicopter, 107, 110, 116–117 - - helmet, 107 - - helmets, pith, 60, 63 - - hematoma, 119 - - Hepburn, Audrey, 82 - - hieroglyphics, 113–114 - - Higgins, J.J., 19 - - HIGH DIVE, 23, 26, 29–30, 34, 38, 55–56, 59, 63, 67–68, 103 - - high-speed track, 17, 21, 38 - - hoax, 96, 123 - - Hodiak, John, 38 - - Holloman AFB, N.M., 8–10, 16–17, 26–27, 30–32, 35, 37–38, 41, 43–44, - 46–47, 49, 52–53, 59, 63–65, 102–103, 105–107, 111, 113–114, 118–120, 124 - - Hollywood, 38 - - horseback, 30 - - human remains pouches, 96. - _See also_ body bags - - Hynek, J. Allan, 117–118 - - - I - - identification specialist, 95, 98–99 - - instrumentation kit, 30 - - insulation bags, 35–36 - - intimidation, 61 - - irregular [research] methods, 8 - - - J - - Jagger, Dean, 38–39 - - jeep, 15, 56, 65 - - Johns Hopkins University, The, 53 - - Jorgeson, Ole, A2C, USAF, 107, 113–114. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - Jornada Test Range, 67 - - Jupiter, 44 - - - K - - Kaufman, William C., Capt., USAF, 105–107, 116, 119. - _See also_ statement in Appendix B - - Kelso, Wash., 96 - - Kentucky Air National Guard, 96 - - Kittinger, Joseph W., Jr., Capt., USAF, 25–26, 48, 101–107, 109–112, - 117–120, 124. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - Knight, Alice, 15, 58, 67, 213. - _See also_ interview in Appendix C - - Korea, 88, 121 - - Kovatch-Scott, Ethel, Col., USAF (Ret), 89 - - - L - - Las Vegas AFB, Nev., 111 - - legal claims, 58 - - _Life_ magazine, 26–27 - - lights, strobe, 41 - - “little men”, 84–85 - - livestock, 58 - - London, England, 41, 78, 82 - - _Long, Lonely Leap, The_, 26, 110 - - Lordsburg, N.M., 104 - - Lovell, Jim, 120 - - Luftwaffe, 20 - - Lutz, Roland H. “Hap”, SSgt., USAF, 117. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - - M - - M-342 5-ton wrecker, 29, 58. - _See also_ wrecker - - M-35 2½-ton cargo truck, 30, 58. - _See also_ six by six - - M-37 ¾-ton utility truck, 30, 58, 65, 113. - _See also_ weapons carrier - - M-43 ¾-ton ambulance, 65, 113. - _See also_ ambulance - - _MAD_ [magazine], 26 - - Madison, Guy, 38–39 - - Madson, Raymond A., 1st Lt., USAF, 29–30, 63. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - Maltais, Vern, 15, 58–59, 67, 214. - _See also_ interview in Appendix C - - MAN HIGH, 26, 32, 48, 101–104, 110–112 - - MAN IN SPACE SOONEST (MISS), 103 - - Marcel, Jesse, Maj., USAF, 6 - - Mars, 44 - - Martin Marietta Corporation, 44 - - masks, surgical, 99 - - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 103 - - McClure, Clifton. 1st Lt., USAF, 102, 104 - - McCook Field, Ohio, 19 - - MERCURY, 32, 103–104 - - “MERCURY Seven”, 32 - - meteorological data, 42 - - Mexico, 96 - - MiG-21, 112 - - Military Police, 76 - - Milner, Martin, 38 - - Minnesota, University of, 31 - - missile, ballistic, 5 - - missile, intercontinental ballistic (ICBM), Atlas F, 17 - - missiles, 5, 13, 16 - - missing nurse, 78, 81–83, 87–90, 96–98, 121. - _See also_ Fanton, Eileen M., 1st Lt., USAF - - Mitchell, Cameron, 39 - - ML-307B/AP. _See_ radar targets - - MOGUL, 1–2, 5–6, 9, 11–13, 40, 42, 78 - - monkeys, 16 - - Moon, 44 - - Moore, Charles B., 8–9, 40 - - morgue, 97 - - morning reports, 81, 88, 89 - - mortician, 76, 98–99 - - mortuary, 76 - - MPs, 77, 116. - _See also_ Military Police - - Muroc AAF, Calif., 21, 31. - _See also_ Edwards AFB, Calif. - - museum, 3, 75 - - mystery witness, 75 - - - N - - NASA, 37, 41, 44–46, 59, 103, 111, 120 - - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 19 - - National Aeronautics Association, 112 - - National Archives and Record Administration, 81 - - National Aviation Hall of Fame, 32 - - _National Geographic_, 26 - - National Medal of Technology, 32 - - National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), 81 - - NATO, 111 - - NCO [Non-Commissioned Officer], 86 - - Nenninger, Richard L., Maj., USAF, 124 - - New Brighton, Minn., 102 - - New Mexico, 1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 14–15, 17, 19, 23, 30, 34, 36–37, 41–42, - 46–48, 55, 58, 60, 64, 67, 84, 91, 95, 109 - - New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 9 - - New York, N.Y., 21, 82 - - New York University, 9, 40 - - newspaper accounts, 41, 94 - - newspaper announcements, 8 - - newspapers, 31 - - Newton, Silas M., 85 - - Nixon, Richard M., President, 1 - - nondisclosure agreements, 13 - - Nordstrom, Frank B., Capt. (MC), USAF, 83, 89. - _See also_ Signed sworn statement in Appendix B - - nosecone, 43 - - nuclear accidents, 13 - - nuclear weapon, 5 - - - O - - oscillograph, 30 - - odor, 77, 91, 95–97 - - officers’ club, 77. - _See also_ Roswell AAF Officers’ Club - - oil field worker, 97. - _See also_ Dennis, W. Glenn - - _Omni_ magazine, 83 - - _On the Threshold of Space_, 26, 38–39, 63 - - Orlando, Fla., 112 - - “Oscar Eightball”, 21 - - - P - - Panama, 47 - - paper, 5, 8 - - paper, aluminized, 6 - - parachute, 19, 23, 25–26, 28, 31, 49, 57, 62, 64, 103, 124 - - pathologist, 95, 98–99 - - pay load, 17, 40–44, 46–48, 53, 57, 61, 64, 66–67, 91 - - Pease AFB, N.H., 115 - - pediatrician, 76, 78, 81, 83–84, 86, 89–91, 99, 121 - - pharmacist, 83 - - phone directories, 97 - - PIONEER, 44 - - police, 49 - - polyethylene, 40. - _See also_ balloon, polyethylene - - polygraph examination, 60 - - _Popular Mechanics Magazine_, 26–27 - - POW, 112. - _See also_ Prisoner of War - - _Pre-Astronauts, The_, 110 - - predatory animals, 97 - - preparation room, 97 - - Prisoner of War, 110 - - Project 119L, 42 - - Project BLUEBOOK, 117 - - Project GEMINI, 120 - - Project MERCURY, 111 - - Project MOGUL. See MOGUL - - property damage, 58, 66 - - - R - - radar, 6, 41 - - radar guided missiles, 42 - - radar targets, 6 - - radio stations, 31 - - Ragsdale, James, 14, 56, 67, 214. - _See also_ interview in Appendix C - - ramp, 114, 120 - - rancher, 5, 37 - - Ray, Hilary, 120 - - _Recollections of Roswell, Part II_, 58, 60, 186, 213, 215 - - reconnaissance, photographic, 42 - - redheaded captain, 60, 77, 91, 100, 109–110, 117 - - redheaded colonel, 77, 87, 91, 96, 98 - - redheaded officer, 77–78, 86 - - remote control, 56–57 - - research methodology, 11 - - reward, 66 - - rocket sled, 32, 39 - - Rosie O’Grady’s Flying Circus, 112 - - Roswell AAF, 6, 12, 15, 37, 45, 75–78, 81–83, 88–91, 116, 121, 197 - - Roswell AAF hospital, 12–13, 75–78, 81–83, 86–90, 97, 109 - - Roswell AAF Officers’ Club, 81, 87 - - Roswell Army Air Field, 3, 5, 12–13, 45, 68. - _See also_ Roswell AAF - - _Roswell Daily Record_, 8 - - Roswell Incident, 1, 3, 5–6, 9, 11–12, 16–17, 21, 37–38, 42, 44–45, - 60, 75, 78, 84–85, 88, 90, 116, 118, 121, 125 - - Roswell Industrial Air Center, 37, 44 - - Roswell, N.M., 1, 3, 5–6, 8–13, 15, 23, 30, 33–34, 36–37, 44, 47, 49, - 51, 56, 58, 61, 65, 67–68, 76, 78, 83, 95, 97–102, 106, 109, 113, - 187, 215 - - _Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert_, 2 - - rubber, 5, 8 - - Ruidoso, N.M., 124 - - - S - - SAC. _See_ Strategic Air Command - - Sacramento Mountains, 106, 124 - - safety belts, 19, 32 - - San Agustin Mountains, 67 - - San Agustin Pass, 67 - - San Agustin Peak, 67 - - San Agustin Plains, 11–12, 58, 67, 109 - - _San Francisco Chronicle_, 85 - - satellite, 41–44 - - saucer, 30. - _See also_ flying saucer - - Schiff, Steven, Rep. (N.M.), 1 - - Schmitt, Donald, 56, 214 - - Schock, Grover, Capt., USAF, 105 - - Schwaderer, George, 98 - - Schwartz, Eugene M., 1st Lt., USAF, 29 - - scientists, civilian contract, 13 - - Scully, Frank, 84–85 - - Selff, Naomi Maria, 81, 88, 90 - - sensors, 1 - - sensors, acoustical, 5 - - sheriff, 5, 49–50 - - Sierra Engineering Company, 21, 60 - - Sierra Madre, Calif., 21 - - “Sierra Sam”, 21, 29 - - _Sightings_, 96 - - Silver City, N.M., 50 - - Simons, David G., Lt. Col. (MC), USAF (Ret), 26, 48, 101–102, 104 - - six-by-six, 15, 30, 55–56, 58, 65. - _See also_ M-35 2½ ton cargo truck - - Slattery, Lucille C., Capt., USAF, 88–89 - - Smithsonian Institution, 103 - - Society of Automotive Engineers, 32 - - _Socorro_ (N.M.) _Defensor Chieftain_, 6, 9 - - Socorro, N.M., 8 - - Sonic Wind Nᵒ 1, 31 - - Southeast Asia, 110, 112 - - Soviet, 5 - - Soviet Union, 43 - - space, 42–44, 46, 102–104, 121 - - Space and Missile Command, Test and Evaluation Unit, 46 - - space probe, 37, 42, 44 - GALILEO, 44 - PIONEER, 44 - SURVEYOR, 44 - VIKING, 37, 44 - VOYAGER-MARS, 45 - - spacecraft, 44, 47 - - spaceship, 6, 12, 38, 46, 67 - - SPUTNIK I, 43 - - St. Catherine’s Academy, Springfield, Ky., 82 - - St. Mary Elizabeth’s Hospital, Louisville, Ky., 82 - - Stack, Robert, 38 - - Stafford, Ariz., 124 - - Stapp Car Crash Conferences, 32 - - Stapp, John P., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret), 20–21, 31–32, 38–39, 104–105, - 107, 109, 111–112, 117, 120 - - star witness, 75 - - STARGAZER, 49, 101–105, 109–110, 112, 117–118 - - statement, signed sworn, 56, 84 - - sticks, 5, 8 - - Strategic Air Command (SAC), 94, 115–116 - - stretcher, military, 35 - - sunglasses, 96 - - SURVEYOR, 44 - - symbols, 76 - - - T - - tanker, 95 - - tape, 5, 8, 62 - - tape, red [duct-type], 29, 62 - - targets, missile, 42 - - Ted Smith Company, 20–21 - - Texas, University of, 31 - - Texas, West, 47 - - threats, 61 - - _Time_, 26–27, 32 - - tinfoil, 5, 8 - - transducers, 21 - - transducers, pressure, 30 - - transmitters, radio, 41 - - transponders, 41 - - truck, pickup, 56, 58 - - _True_ magazine, 84–85 - - Tularosa Valley [N.M.], 23 - - Twentieth Century Fox, 26, 38 - - - U - - U.S. Air Force, 1, 3, 14, 17, 19, 23, 37, 41, 43, 45–49, 55, 64, 67, - 76, 82, 85–86, 90, 102–105, 111, 123, 125 - - U.S. Army, 53, 86, 112 - - U.S. Army Air Forces, 1, 5, 8–9, 12, 20, 31, 40, 75–76, 86, 120, 123 - - U.S. Army Special Forces, 112 - - U.S. Government, 1, 14, 42, 67 - - U.S. Government Printing Office, 2 - - U.S. Navy, 43, 103–104 - - U.S. Navy Aerospace Recovery Facility, 120 - - Ubon Air Base, Thailand, 121 - - Udorn Air Base, Thailand, 112 - - UFO, 2, 5, 9, 12, 37, 41, 44, 47–48, 58–59, 96, 117–118 - _UFO Crash at Roswell, The Truth About the_, 46–47 - UFO enthusiasts, 60 - UFO Museum and Research Center, The International, 3, 75 - UFO organizations, 60 - UFO proponents, 123 - UFO researchers, 81 - UFO theorists, 10, 47–48, 60, 67, 75, 78, 82–83, 85, 96, 113–116, - 120, 123 - - unidentified flying object, 41 - - Units - 1st Air Commando Wing, 111 - 6th Bombardment Wing, 94, 115–116 - 47th Air Division, 115 - 427th Army Air Forces Base Unit, 81 - Squadron “M”, 81 - 509th Aerial Refueling Squadron, 94 - 509th Bombardment Wing, 94, 115–116 - 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron (“Triple Nickel”), 112, 121 - 579th Strategic Missile Squadron, 17 - 4036th USAF hospital, 95 - 7510th USAF Hospital, 82 - - unrecorded interviews, 8 - - _Unsolved Mysteries_, 38, 60 - - Upper Darby, Pa., 20 - - USS Haiti Victory, 43 - - - V - - Vandenberg AFB, Calif., 43 - - _Variety_, 84 - - Venus, 44 - - Vietnam, Hanoi, 112 - - Vietnam, North, 112 - - Vietnam, Republic of, 111, 121 - - Vietnamese, North, 110 - - VIKING, 37, 45 - - “Vince and Larry”, 19 - - VOYAGER-MARS, 44 - - - W - - Walker AFB, N.M., 15, 17, 45, 83, 86–89, 91, 93–95, 97–102, 107, - 109–110, 113–117, 120–121 - - Walker, Chalma, 89 - - Walt Disney World, 112 - - Walter, John. SSgt., USAF, 98 - - Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 99 - - Wasem, Martha, 89 - - Washington, D.C., 99 - - weapons carrier, 15, 30, 55–56, 58, 65, 113–114. - _See also_ M-37 ¾-ton utility truck - - weather equipment, 5 - - Whenry, Jack, 1st Lt., USAF, 98 - - White House, The, 32 - - White Sands Missile Range, N.M., 16, 42–43, 45, 67. - _See also_ White Sands Proving Ground, N.M. - - White Sands National Monument, N.M., 29 - - White Sands Proving Ground, N.M., 23, 25, 42, 106, 124 - - White, William C., 103–104 - - Wickenburg, Ariz., 50 - - Williams, Carol, 89 - - Wilson, Capt., 77–78, 87, 89 - - Wilson, Idabelle M., Maj., USAF (Ret), 90 - - Wilson, “Slatts”, 77–78, 87–91 - - Wimpole Park, Cambridge, England, 83 - - Winzen, Otto C., 101, 105 - - Winzen Research International, 102 - - World War I, 19 - - World War II, 19–20 - - wreckage, 76–77, 91, 99, 109, 113–114 - - wreckage, bluish-purplish, 76, 78, 91, 113, 115 - - wrecker, 15, 29–30, 55–56, 58, 65. - _See also_ M-342 5-ton wrecker - - Wright Field, Ohio, 19, 21, 77 - - Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 12, 77–78, 91, 95, 98, 100, 104–105, 107, - 117, 119–120 - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equals is in bold font (=bold=). - - Blank pages have been removed. - - Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. - - There are two types of footnotes: numbered footnotes are listed - in the “Notes” sections, and starred footnotes appear immediately - following the paragraph they refer to. - - Text transcribed from images or documents has been left as is. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Roswell Report: Case Closed, by James McAndrew - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROSWELL REPORT: CASE CLOSED *** - -***** This file should be named 63659-0.txt or 63659-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/6/5/63659/ - -Produced by Tim Lindell, Robert Tonsing and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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- margin: 1% 0 1% 1%; - page-break-inside: avoid; - } - } - - </style> -</head> - -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Roswell Report: Case Closed, by James McAndrew - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Roswell Report: Case Closed - -Author: James McAndrew - -Release Date: November 7, 2020 [EBook #63659] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROSWELL REPORT: CASE CLOSED *** - - - - -Produced by Tim Lindell, Robert Tonsing and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - - <div class="figcenter epub-hide"> - <img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="mt20 mb20"><span class="large"><b>The Cover</b></span><br /> - A solarized image taken from a U.S. Air Force motion picture of - experiments conducted for Project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span>. This image, - unsolarized, appears on page 34 (<a href="#Fig_37"></a>Figure 37).</div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="titlepage"> - <h1 title="The Roswell Report: Case Closed">The Roswell Report</h1> - - <div class="mt10"> - <img class="illow50" src="images/i_title.jpg" alt="CASE CLOSED" /> - </div> - - <div class="xlarge sans mt10">Headquarters United States Air Force</div> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ii">ii</span></p> - - <div><b>Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data</b></div> - - <div class="mt2">McAndrew, James, 1963—<br /> - The Roswell report: case closed / James McAndrew<br /> - p. cm.<br /> - Includes index.<br /> - 1. Unidentified flying objects—Sightings and encounters—New<br /> - Mexico—Roswell. I. Title<br /> - TL789.5.N6M33 1997<br /> - 001.942’09789’43—dc21 <span class="ml30e">97-11361</span><br /> - <span class="ml50e">CIP</span></div> - - <div class="center mt20">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office<br /> - Washington, D.C. 20402</div> - - <div class="center mt10 bt">For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office<br /> - Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328<br /> - ISBN 0-16-049018-9</div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Foreword">Foreword</h2> - </div> - - <p>The “Roswell Incident” has assumed a central place in American folklore - since the events of the 1940s in a remote area of New Mexico. Because - the Air Force was a major player in those events, we have played a key - role in executing the General Accounting Office’s tasking to uncover - all records regarding that incident.</p> - - <p>Our objective throughout this inquiry has been simple and consistent: - to find all the facts and bring them to light. If documents were - classified, declassify them; where they were dispersed, bring them into - a single source for public review.</p> - - <p>In July 1994, we completed the first step in that effort and later - published <cite>The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico - Desert</cite>. This volume represents the necessary follow-on to that first - publication and contains additional material and analysis. I think that - with this publication we have reached our goal of a complete and open - explanation of the events that occurred in the Southwest many years ago.</p> - - <p>Beyond that achievement, this inquiry has shed fascinating light into - the Air Force of that era and revitalized our appreciation for the - dedication and accomplishments of the men and women of that time. As we - celebrate the Air Force’s 50th Anniversary, it is appropriate to once - again reflect on the sacrifices made by so many to make ours the finest - air and space force in history.</p> - - <div class="mt5 ml50">SHEILA E. WIDNALL<br /> - Secretary of the Air Force</div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Guide_For_Readers">Guide For Readers</h2> - </div> - - <p>This publication contains the complete report as submitted to the - Secretary of the Air Force. The exceptions are the statements found - in <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>. Due to Privacy Act restrictions and by request, the - addresses of the individuals making these statements have been deleted.</p> - - <p>This volume is divided into two sections, eight subsections, eleven - sidebar discussions, and three appendices. <a href="#SECTION_ONE">Section One</a> examines alleged - events at two locations in rural New Mexico. <a href="#SECTION_TWO">Section Two</a> examines the - alleged activities at the Roswell Army Airfield Hospital.</p> - - <p><a href="#Appendix_A">Appendix A</a> is a table listing the launch and landing locations of test - equipment for U.S. Air Force scientific research projects <span class="smcap"> High - Dive</span> and <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>. <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a> is a collection of signed - sworn statements based on in-person interviews conducted for this - report by U.S. Air Force researchers. The exception is the statement - of Lt. Col. William C. Kaufman, which was not sworn due to equipment - failures at the time of interview.</p> - - <p><a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C</a> contains transcripts of interviews of alleged witnesses - presented by UFO theorists. The interviews of Gerald Anderson, Alice - Knight, and Vern Maltais were excerpted in their entirety from unedited - interviews used to prepare the video, <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part - II</cite> (1993), and appear courtesy of the Fund for UFO Research. The - interview of Mr. W. Glenn Dennis was provided by the interviewer, Karl - T. Pflock. The transcript of the interview of Mr. James Ragsdale was - provided by Kevin Randle, the coauthor of the <cite>Truth About the UFO - Crash at Roswell</cite> (Avon Books, 1994), in which direct quotes from this - transcript appear.</p> - - <p>A selected bibliography of technical reports and how to obtain them - are found on <a href="#Page_221">page 221</a>. For additional information on this subject, see - Headquarters United States Air Force, <cite>The Roswell Report: Fact vs. - Fiction in the New Mexico Desert</cite> (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government - Printing Office, 1995).</p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span></p> - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5 mb5">The Author</div> - - <p><b>CAPTAIN JAMES MCANDREW</b> serves as an Intelligence Applications Officer - assigned to the Secretary of the Air Force Declassification and - Review Team, The Pentagon, Washington, D.C.. Captain McAndrew was the - coauthor, with Col. Richard L. Weaver, of <cite>The Roswell Report: Fact vs. - Fiction in the New Mexico Desert</cite> (1995), the first Air Force work on - the alleged “Roswell Incident.” He participated in the declassification - of the <cite>Gulf War Air Power Survey</cite> (1993) and has served special tours - of duty with the Drug Enforcement Administration and High Intensity - Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Task Force. He holds a BS degree with - honors, from Metropolitan State College, Denver, Colo. and is a native - of Washington, D.C.</p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Contents">Contents</h2> - </div> - - <table summary="Contents"> - <tbody> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"> </td> - <td class="tdr xsmall"><div><i>Page</i></div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge"><a href="#Foreword"><b>Foreword</b></a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>iii</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge"><a href="#Guide_For_Readers"><b>Guide for Readers</b></a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>v</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge"><a href="#Introduction"><b>Introduction</b></a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>1</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><span class="small sans"><a href="#SECTION_ONE">SECTION ONE</a></span><br /> - <b>Flying Saucer Crashes<br />and Alien Bodies</b></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>5</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Section_1_1">1.1</a> The “Crash Sites,” Scenarios, and Research Methods</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>11</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Section_1_2">1.2</a> High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>23</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Section_1_3">1.3</a> High Altitude Balloon Operations</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>37</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Section_1_4">1.4</a> Comparison of Witnesses Accounts to U.S. Air Force Activities</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>55</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><span class="small sans"><a href="#SECTION_TWO">SECTION TWO</a></span><br /> - <b>Reports of Bodies at Roswell<br />Army Air Field Hospital</b></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>75</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Section_2_1">2.1</a> The “Missing” Nurse and the Pediatrician</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>81</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Section_2_2">2.2</a> Aircraft Accidents</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>93</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Section_2_3">2.3</a> High Altitude Research Projects</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>101</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Section_2_4">2.4</a> Comparison of the Hospital Account to the Balloon Mishap</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>109</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><a href="#Conclusion"><b>Conclusion</b></a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>123</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><b>Notes</b></td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Notes_Section_One">Section One</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>127</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Notes_Section_Two">Section Two</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>139</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span> - <span class="small sans">APPENDIX A</span><br /> - <a href="#Appendix_A"><b>Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch<br />and Landing Locations</b></a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>155</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><span class="small sans">APPENDIX B</span><br /> - <b>Witness Statements</b></td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_160">Charles E. Clouthier</a></td> - <td class="tdr"> - <div>160</div> - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_162">Charles A. Coltman, Jr., Col., USAF, MC (Ret)</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>162</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_164">Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF (Ret)</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>164</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_166">Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14 (Ret)</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>166</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_169">Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF (Ret)</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>169</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_171">William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret)</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>171</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_174">Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret)</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>174</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_178">Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF (Ret)</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>178</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_180">Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col. USAF (Ret)</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>180</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_182">Frank B. Nordstrom, M.D.</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>182</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><span class="small sans">APPENDIX C</span><br /> - <b>Interviews</b></td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_187">Gerald Anderson</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>187</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_197">Glenn Dennis</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>197</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_213">Alice Knight</a></td> - <td class="tdr"> - <div>213</div> - </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_214">Vern Maltais</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>214</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><a href="#Page_215">James Ragsdale</a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>215</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><a href="#Selected_Bibliography"><b>Selected Bibliography of<br />Technical Reports</b></a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>221</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><a href="#Index"><b>Index</b></a></td> - <td class="tdr"><div>225</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl xlarge pt2"><b>Tables</b></td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl small sans pt1">SECTION ONE</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"><a href="#Table_1_1">1.1</a> Comparison of Testimony to Actual Air Force Equipment - and Procedures Used to Launch and Recover Anthropomorphic Dummies</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>69</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl small sans pt1">SECTION TWO</td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"><a href="#Table_2_1">2.1</a> Persons Described and Periods of Service at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>91</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span> - <a href="#Table_2_2">2.2</a> Fatal Air Force Aircraft Accidents by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB—1947–1960</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>93</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"><a href="#Table_2_3">2.3</a> Analysis of Air Force Aircraft Accidents by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB—1947–1960</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>94</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"><a href="#Table_2_4">2.4</a> U.S. Air Force Manned High Altitude Balloon Flights</td> - <td class="tdr"><div>104</div></td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <table class="mt2" summary="Figures"> - <tbody> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdl xlarge pt2"><b>Figures</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdl small sans pt2">SECTION ONE</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_1">1.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl"><i>The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction In The New Mexico Desert.</i></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2">2.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">The International UFO Museum and Research Center, Roswell, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_3">3.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Drawing of Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> Balloon Train.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_4">4.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Maj. Jesse Marcel With “Flying Disc” Debris.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_5">5.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">ML-307B/AP Radar Target on Ground.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_6">6.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">ML-307B/AP Radar Target in Flight.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_7">7.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">“Harassed Rancher Who Located ‘Saucer’ Sorry He Told About It,” - <i>Roswell Daily Record</i>, July 9, 1947.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_8">8.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Announcement from November 4, 1992 <i>Socorro</i> (N.M.) <i>Defensor Chieftain</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_9">9.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">B.D. “Duke” Gildenberg.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_10">10.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Charles B. Moore.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_11">11.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Map of New Mexico Depicting “Crash Sites” and “Debris Field.”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_12">12.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Missile Recovery Scene.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_13">13.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Drone Recovery Scene.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_14">14.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">“Sierra Sam” Type Anthropomorphic Dummy.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_15">15.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">National Transportation Highway Safety Administration Advertisement - Featuring “Vince and Larry.”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_16">16.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">“Dummy Joe” with J.J. Higgins and Guy Ball, McCook Field, Ohio, 1920.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_17">17.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Rope and Sandbag Parachute Drop Dummy on Ground.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_18">18.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Rope and Sandbag Parachute Drop Dummy Descending at Wright Field, Ohio.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_19">19.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Ted Smith Model Anthropomorphic Dummy in Ejection Seat.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_20">20.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Anthropomorphic Dummy “Oscar Eightball” at Muroc AAF, Calif.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_21">21.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">“Sierra Sam” Anthropomorphic Dummy in Ejection Seat.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_22">22.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Alderson Laboratories Anthropomorphic Dummies Hanging in Laboratory.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_23">23.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> Dummy Launch.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">x</span> - <div><a href="#Fig_24">24.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Map of New Mexico Depicting Dummy Landing Locations.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_25">25.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.’s Record Parachute Jump.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_26">26.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Article In December 1960 National Geographic Featuring Project - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_27">27.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Magazine Covers Depicting U.S. Air Force Aero-Medical Experiments.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_28">28.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">M-342 Five-Ton Wrecker.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_29">29.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> Gondola and “Sierra Sam” Type - Anthropomorphic Dummy.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_30">30.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">1st Lts. Raymond A. Madson and Eugene M. Schwartz with “Sierra - Sam” Type Anthropomorphic Dummy.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_31">31.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">M-35 Two-Ton Cargo Truck.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_32">32.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">M-37 ¾-Ton Cargo Truck.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_33">33.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Lt. Col. John P. Stapp Preparing for Rocket Sled Test.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_34">34.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Cover of September 12, 1955 <i>Time</i> Magazine Depicting Lt. Col. John P. Stapp.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_35">35.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Anthropomorphic Dummy with Missing Fingers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_36">36–38.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Anthropomorphic Dummy Falling from Balloon Gondola.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_39">39.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Memo from Project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> Files.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_40">40.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Hanging Anthropomorphic Dummies and Hospital Gurney.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_41">41.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Anthropomorphic Dummy in Insulation Bag.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_42">42–43.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Report Covers.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_44">44.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Inflation of High Altitude Balloon for Project <span class="smcap">Viking</span>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"> - <div><a href="#Fig_45">45.</a></div> - </td> - <td class="tdl">Lobby Card from <i>On The Threshold of Space</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_46">46.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Promotional Photo From <i>On The Threshold of Space</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_47">47.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Promotional Photo From <i>On The Threshold of Space</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_48">48.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Relative Sizes of High Altitude Balloon, Airliner, and Hot Air Balloon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_49">49.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Target Balloon Launch Near Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_50">50.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Discoverer</span> Nosecone Rigged for High Altitude Balloon Flight.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_51">51.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Discoverer</span> Capsule Aboard the <i>USS Haiti Victory</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_52">52.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Viking</span> Spaceprobe at Martin Marietta Corp., Denver, Colo.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_53">53.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Balloon Launch Of <span class="smcap">Voyager-Mars</span> Space Probe.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_54">54.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Viking</span> Space Probe at Roswell Industrial Airport, Roswell, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_55">55.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Viking</span> Space Probe Awaiting Recovery at White Sands Missile Range.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">xi</span> - <div><a href="#Fig_56">56.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Drawing of Alleged UFO.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_57">57.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">“Vee” Balloon at Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_58">58.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Current Members of the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_59">59.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">B.D. Gildenberg, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., and Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC).</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_60">60.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Ranch Family with Panel from Project <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_61">61.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Balloon Recovery Personnel and “The Hermit.”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_62">62.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Mule Borrowed for Balloon Payload Recovery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_63">63.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Bulldozer Used for Balloon Payload Recovery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_64">64.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">M-43 Ambulance.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_65">65–66.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Unusual Balloon Payloads.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_67">67.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">U.S. Army Communications Payload.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_68">68.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Scientific Balloon Payload Flown for The Johns Hopkins University.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_69">69.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Balloon Payload Flown from Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_70">70.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_71">71.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Vehicles Present at High Altitude Balloon Launch and Recovery Sites.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_72">72.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Alderson Laboratories Anthropomorphic Dummies.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_73">73.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Anthropomorphic Dummies Attached to Rack.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_74">74.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Anthropomorphic Dummy with “Bandaged” Head.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_75">75.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Anthropomorphic Dummy with Torn Uniform.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_76">76.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Promotional Photo From <i>On The Threshold of Space</i>.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_77">77.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">L-20 Observation Aircraft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_78">78.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">C-47 Transport Aircraft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_79">79.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Balloon Crew Preparing Balloon for Launch.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_80">80.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch Scene.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_81">81.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Typical High Altitude Balloon Launch Scene.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_82">82.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Map of New Mexico.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="2" class="tdl1 small sans">SECTION TWO</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_1">1.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">The International UFO Museum and Research Center.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_2">2.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Eileen M. Fanton.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_3">3.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">“Flying Saucer Swindlers,” <i>True</i> Magazine, August 1956.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_4">4.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">“The Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Green Men,” <i>True</i> - Magazine, September 1952.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">xii</span> - <div><a href="#Fig_2_5">5.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Col. Lee F. Ferrell and U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_6">6.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Lt. Col. Lucille C. Slattery.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_7">7.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">KC-97 Aircraft.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_8">8.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">4036th USAF Hospital, Walker AFB, N.M., 1956.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_9">9.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Ballard Funeral Home, Roswell, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_10">10.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Maj. David G. Simons (MC), Otto C. Winzen, and Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_11">11.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in <span class="smcap">Man High</span> Capsule.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_12">12.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Lt. Col. David G. Simons.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_13">13.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Bernard D. “Duke” Gildenberg and 1st Lt. Clifton McClure.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_14">14.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and the <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> High - altitude Balloon Gondola.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_15">15.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and William C. White with <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> - Gondola.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_16">16.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Grover Schock and Otto C. Winzen.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_17">17.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Dan D. Fulgham and Capt. William C. Kaufman.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_18">18.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Thirty-foot Polyethylene Training Balloon.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_19">19.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Maj. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in Vietnam.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_20">20.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">A2C Ole Jorgeson and M-43 Ambulance Converted to a Communications Vehicle.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_21">21.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Stenciled Letters Described as “Hieroglyphics.”</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_22">22.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">A2C Ole Jorgeson in Rear of M-43 Ambulance.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_23">23.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Polyethylene Balloon on Ground After High Altitude Flight.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_24">24.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Hospital Dispensary, Building 317, Walker AFB, N.M., 1954.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_25">25.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Main Gate at Walker AFB, N.M., 1954.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_26">26.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. and Dr. J. Allen Hynek.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_27">27.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Clinical Record Cover Sheet of Capt. Dan D. Fulgham.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_28">28.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Dan D. Fulgham at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_29">29.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Maj. Dan D. Fulgham, James Lovell, Hilary Ray, and Alan Bean.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_30">30.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Maj. Dan D. Fulgham at Ubon AB, Thailand.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_31">31.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Memorial Plaque at Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_32">32.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Nenninger Balloon Launch Facility at Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdrfig"><div><a href="#Fig_2_33">33.</a></div></td> - <td class="tdl">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. Following <span class="smcap">Excelsior I</span>.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Introduction">Introduction</h2> - </div> - - <p>In July 1994, the Office of the Secretary of the Air Force concluded - an exhaustive search for records in response to a General Accounting - Office (GAO) inquiry of an event popularly known as the “Roswell - Incident.” The focus of the GAO probe, initiated at the request of New - Mexico Congressman Steven Schiff, was to determine if the U.S. Air - Force, or any other U.S. government agency, possessed information on - the alleged crash and recovery of an extraterrestrial vehicle and its - alien occupants near Roswell, N.M. in July 1947.</p> - - <p>Reports of flying saucers and alien bodies allegedly sighted in the - Roswell area in 1947, have been the subject of intense domestic - and international media attention. This attention has resulted in - countless newspaper and magazine articles, books, a television series, - a full-length motion picture, and even a film purported to be a U.S. - government “alien autopsy.”</p> - - <p>The July 1994 Air Force report concluded that the predecessor to the - U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army Air Forces, did indeed recover material - near Roswell in July 1947. This 1,000-page report methodically explains - that what was recovered by the Army Air Forces was not the remnants - of an extraterrestrial spacecraft and its alien crew, but debris - from an Army Air Forces balloon-borne research project code named - <span class="smcap">Mogul</span>.<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> - Records located describing research carried out - under the <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> project, most of which were never classified - (and publicly available) were collected, provided to GAO, and published - in one volume for ease of access for the general public.*</p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> records which ultimately lead to the - identification of the origin of the 1947 claims of “flying saucer” - debris, described balloon research that was never classified. - Other <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> records, describing military applications of - balloon-borne acoustical sensors, were declassified, along with - millions of pages of other unrelated executive branch documents by - Executive Order 11652, issued on March 6, 1972 by President Richard M. Nixon.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p>Although <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> components clearly accounted for the claims of - “flying saucer” debris recovered in 1947, lingering questions remained - concerning anecdotal accounts that included descriptions of “alien” - bodies. The issue of “bodies” was not discussed extensively in the 1994 - report because there were not any bodies connected with events that - occurred in 1947. The extensive Secretary of the Air Force-directed - search of Army Air Forces and U.S. Air Force records from 1947 did not - yield information that even suggested the 1947 “Roswell” events were - anything other than the retrieval of the <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> - equipment.<a id="FNanchor_1_2" href="#Footnote_1_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"> - <a id="Fig_1"><img src="images/i_002.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 1. <cite>The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the - New Mexico Desert</cite> contains, in its entirety, the report submitted - to the Secretary of the Air Force in July 1994. It is available for - sale from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of - Documents, Washington, D.C., 20402-9328. Stock No. 008-070-00697-9, - ISBN 0-16-048023-X.</div> - </div> - - <p>Subsequent to the 1994 report, Air Force researchers discovered - information that provided a rational explanation for the alleged - observations of alien bodies associated with the “Roswell Incident.” - Pursuant to the discovery, research efforts compared documented Air - Force activities to the incredible claims of “flying saucers,” “aliens” - and seemingly unusual Air Force involvement. This in-depth examination - revealed that these accounts, in most instances, were of actual Air - Force activities but were seriously flawed in several major areas, most - notably: the Air Force operations that inspired reports of “bodies” (in - addition to being earthly in origin) did not occur in 1947. It appears - that UFO proponents have failed to establish the accurate dates for - these “alien” observations (in some instances by more than a decade) - and then erroneously linked them to the actual Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> - debris recovery.</p> - - <p>This report discusses the results of this further research and - identifies the likely sources of the claims of “alien” bodies. - Contrary to allegations that the Air Force has engaged in a cover-up - and possesses dark secrets involving the Roswell claims, some of - the accounts appear to be descriptions of unclassified and widely - publicized Air Force scientific achievements. Other descriptions of - bodies appear to be descriptions of actual incidents in which Air Force - members were killed or injured in the line of duty.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span></p> - - <p>The conclusions of the additional research are:</p> - - <p class="indent1">• Air Force activities which occurred over a period of many years - have been consolidated and are now represented to have occurred in - two or three days in July 1947.</p> - - <p class="indent1">• “Aliens” observed in the New Mexico desert were probably - anthropomorphic test dummies that were carried aloft by U.S. Air - Force high altitude balloons for scientific research.</p> - - <p class="indent1">• The “unusual” military activities in the New Mexico desert were - high altitude research balloon launch and recovery operations. The - reports of military units that always seemed to arrive shortly - after the crash of a flying saucer to retrieve the saucer and - “crew,” were actually accurate descriptions of Air Force personnel - engaged in anthropomorphic dummy recovery operations.</p> - - <p class="indent1">• Claims of bodies at the Roswell Army Air Field hospital were most - likely a combination of two separate incidents:</p> - - <p class="indent2">1) a 1956 KC-97 aircraft accident in which 11 Air Force members - lost their lives; and,</p> - - <p class="indent2">2) a 1959 manned balloon mishap in which two Air Force pilots were - injured.</p> - - <p>This report is based on thoroughly documented research supported by - official records, technical reports, film footage, photographs, and - interviews with individuals who were involved in these events.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_2"><img class="w100" src="images/i_003.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 2. Roswell, N.M. (pop. 37,000), boasts competing - “museums” focusing on the Roswell Incident, including this one, The - International UFO Museum and Research Center.</div> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> - <h2 id="SECTION_ONE"><span class="small">SECTION ONE</span><br /> - <span class="overline">Flying Saucer Crashes</span><br />and Alien Bodies</h2> - </div> - - <p>The most puzzling and intriguing element of the complex series of - events now known as the Roswell Incident, are the alleged sightings of - alien bodies. The bodies turned what, for many years, was just another - flying saucer story, into what many UFO proponents claim is the best - case for extraterrestrial visitation of Earth. The importance of bodies - and the assumptions made as to their origin is illustrated in a passage - from a popular Roswell book:</p> - - <p><em>Crashed saucers are one thing, and could well turn out to be - futuristic American or even foreign aircraft or missiles. But - alien bodies are another matter entirely, and hardly subject to - misinterpretation.</em><a id="FNanchor_1_3" href="#Footnote_1_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> - - <p>The 1994 Air Force report determined that project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> was - responsible for the 1947 events. <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> was an experimental - attempt to acoustically detect suspected Soviet nuclear weapon - explosions and ballistic missile launches.<a id="FNanchor_1_4" href="#Footnote_1_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> - <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> utilized - acoustical sensors, radar reflecting targets and other devices attached - to a train of weather balloons over 600 feet long. Claims that the U.S. - Army Air Forces recovered a “flying disc” in 1947, were based primarily - on the lack of identification of the radar targets, an element of - weather equipment used on the long <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon train. The - oddly constructed radar targets were found by a New Mexico rancher - during the height of the first U.S. flying saucer wave in - 1947.<a id="FNanchor_1_5" href="#Footnote_1_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> The - rancher brought the remnants of the balloons and radar targets to the - local sheriff after he allegedly learned of the broadcasted reports of - flying discs. However, following some initial confusion at Roswell Army - Air Field, the “flying disc” was soon identified by Army Air Forces - officials as a standard radar target.<a id="FNanchor_1_6" href="#Footnote_1_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> - - <p>From 1947 until the late 1970s, the Roswell Incident was essentially - a non-story. The reports that existed contain only descriptions of - mundane materials that originated from the Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> - balloon train—“tinfoil, paper, tape, rubber, and - sticks.”<a id="FNanchor_1_7" href="#Footnote_1_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The first - claim of “bodies” appeared in the late 1970s, with additional claims - made during the 1980s and 1990s. These claims were usually based on - anecdotal accounts of second- and third-hand witnesses collected by UFO - proponents as much as 40 years after the alleged incident. The same<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> - anecdotal accounts that referred to bodies also described massive field - operations conducted by the U.S. military to recover crash debris from - a supposed extraterrestrial spaceship.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_3"><img class="w100" src="images/i_006.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption"> - Fig. 3. An illustration of a Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon train - similar to one found on a ranch 75 miles northwest of Roswell, - N.M. in June 1947, which contains all of the “strange” materials - described as part of a “flying disc.” Initial confusion at Roswell - AAF and delayed identification of this equipment was the first in a - series of unrelated events now known as the “Roswell Incident.”<br /><br /> - TRAIN FOR CLUSTER FLIGHT NO. 2<br /> - <span class="xsmall">To Be Flown at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania</span></div> - </div> - - <p>A technique used by some UFO authors to collect anecdotal corroboration - for their theories was to solicit cooperating witnesses through - newspaper announcements. For example, one such solicitation appeared in - the <cite><i>Socorro</i> (N.M.) <i>Defensor Chieftain</i></cite> on November 4, 1992, on behalf - of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span> Don Berliner and Stanton T. - Friedman, the authors of the book <cite>Crash - at Corona</cite>. This request solicited persons to provide information about - the supposed crashes of alien spacecraft in the Socorro - area.<a id="FNanchor_1_8" href="#Footnote_1_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>*</p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Socorro, N.M. is situated at the northwest boundary - of White Sands Missile Range, the largest military test range in - the United States. Since the 1940s, White Sands and the surrounding - areas of New Mexico have been the site of a high volume of military - test and evaluation activity, including the launch and recovery of - anthropomorphic dummies carried aloft by high altitude balloons.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_4"><img class="w100" src="images/i_007a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 4. (<i>left</i>) Maj. Jesse Marcel, an intelligence - officer from Roswell Army Air Field, with the debris found 75 miles - northwest of Roswell in June 1947. When compared to a standard radar - target used by project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span>, it is clear that they are the - same object. (<i>Courtesy, Special Collections Division, the University - of Texas at Arlington Libraries, Arlington, Tex.</i>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 5 & 6. (<i>Below, left and right</i>) Constructed - of aluminized paper glued and taped to a balsa wood frame, several - ML-307B/AP radar targets were used on the <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon train - to make it visible to radar. (<i>U.S. Air Force photos</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="center col illow62"> - <a id="Fig_5"><img class="w100" src="images/i_007b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="center col illow36 ml2"> - <a id="Fig_6"><img class="w100" src="images/i_007c.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <a id="Fig_7"><img class="illow100" src="images/i_008.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_7">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - - <div class="figright captiont">Fig. 7. This account from the July 9, 1947 <cite>Roswell Daily Record</cite>, - described the materials “tinfoil, paper, rubber, tape, and sticks” - found on the ranch 75 miles northwest of Roswell, in June 1947. - </div> - - <p>In response to the newspaper announcement, two scientists central to - the actual explanation of the “Roswell” events, Professor Charles - B. Moore, a former U.S. Army Air Forces contract engineer, and - Bernard D. Gildenberg, retired Holloman AFB Balloon Branch Physical - Science Administrator and Meteorologist, came forward with pertinent - information.<a id="FNanchor_1_9" href="#Footnote_1_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> - According to Moore and Gildenberg, when they met with - the authors their explanations that some of the Air Force projects they - participated in were most likely responsible for the incident, they - were summarily dismissed. The authors even went so far as to suggest - that these distinguished scientists were participants in a multifaceted - government cover-up to conceal the truth about the Roswell Incident.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb2"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_8"><img class="illow90" src="images/i_009a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_8">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 8. Announcement from the November 4, 1992 - <cite><i>Socorro</i> (N.M.) <i>Defensor Chieftain</i></cite> soliciting witnesses of flying - saucer crashes in New Mexico. When former Air Force scientists - responded to advise the authors that Air Force projects were most - probably responsible for the UFO accounts, they were summarily - dismissed by the authors who placed the announcement, and then were - accused of participating in a cover-up.</div> - </div> - - <div> - <div class="center col75 mb5"> - <div class="col illow50"> - <a id="Fig_9"><img class="w100" src="images/i_009b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="col illow46"> - <a id="Fig_10"><img class="w100" src="images/i_009c.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="figright captiont"> - Fig. 9. (<i>Left</i>) B.D. “Duke” Gildenberg served as the - civilian meteorologist, engineer, and physical science administrator - for the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch from 1951–1981. Gildenberg actively - participated in thousands of high altitude balloon operations, - including the flights that dropped anthropomorphic dummies at off-range - locations throughout New Mexico. Gildenberg, the “father” of Air Force - scientific ballooning, was instrumental in identifying the many actual - Air Force activities now known as the “Roswell Incident.”<br /> - <br /> - Fig. 10. (<i>Right</i>) Charles B. Moore, Professor Emeritus - of Atmospheric Physics at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and - Technology, was the project engineer for New York University under - contract to the U.S. Army Air Forces to develop high altitude balloon - technology for Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span>. Moore launched the balloon train - on June 4, 1947, that when combined with other events, are now known as - the “Roswell Incident.” - </div> - </div> - - <p>Since many of the Roswell accounts and allegations were collected by - irregular methods and are not specifically documented, the series - of events as alleged by UFO theorists has become very complex and - requires clarification. Therefore, the following section will briefly - examine some of the more confusing elements of the Roswell stories, - specifically, the multiple crash sites and complex scenarios, in order - to facilitate an objective analysis of actual events.</p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> - <h3 id="Section_1_1">1.1<br />The “Crash Sites,” Scenarios,<br />and Research Methods</h3> - </div> - - <h4>The “Crash Sites”</h4> - - <p>From 1947 until the late 1970s, the Roswell Incident was confined - to one alleged crash site. This site, located on the Foster Ranch - approximately 75 miles northwest of the city of Roswell, was the - actual landing site of a Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon train in June - 1947.<a id="FNanchor_1_10" href="#Footnote_1_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> - The <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> landing site is referred to in popular - Roswell literature as the “debris field.”</p> - - <p>In the 1970s, the 1980s and throughout the 1990s, additional witnesses - came forward with claims and descriptions of two other alleged crash - sites. One of these sites was supposedly north of Roswell, the other - site was alleged to have been approximately 175 miles northwest of - Roswell in an area of New Mexico known as the San Agustin - Plains.<a id="FNanchor_1_11" href="#Footnote_1_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> - What distinguished the two new crash sites from the original debris - field were accounts of alien bodies.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_11"><img class="w100" src="images/i_011.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 11. Map of New Mexico depicting the “crash sites” - and “debris field.”</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span></p> - - <div class="figright large col25"><b>“<em>It must be emphasized that the claims of bodies only - became part of the Roswell Incident after 1978, when they were - erroneously linked to the July 1947 retrieval of Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> - components.</em>”</b></div> - - <h4>The Scenarios</h4> - - <p>UFO enthusiasts have attempted to explain the obvious contradiction - of multiple impact sites involving only one alien craft through the - introduction of complicated scenarios. These scenarios have become - increasingly convoluted since the proponents of each crash site must - make allowances to have “their” flying saucer at the correct time and - place—the actual <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon train landing site in early - July, 1947—in order to “fit” with the rest of the story. The actual - Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> landing site, 75 miles northwest of Roswell, - lends credibility, and more importantly establishes a <em>time frame</em>, - for the other accounts that include reports of bodies. Flying saucer - enthusiasts use the documented presence of U.S. Army Air Forces - personnel at the <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> site in July 1947, who were there to - retrieve the <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon train, to provide the nucleus of - unrelated and much later accounts that include reports of “bodies.” It - must be emphasized that the claims of “bodies” only became part of the - Roswell Incident after 1978, when they were erroneously linked to the - July 1947 retrieval of Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> components.</p> - - <p>In general, “Roswell Incident” scenarios claim that a disabled alien - craft momentarily touched down at the site 75 miles northwest of - Roswell, leaving behind parts of the spaceship (material that has been - subsequently identified as components of a <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon - train) to create the original “debris field.” The scenarios further - contend that the damaged craft again became airborne and flew to its - final crash site, at either the location north of Roswell or 175 miles - northwest of Roswell on the San Agustin Plains.</p> - - <p>Regardless of the dispute over the location, an element common to - most scenarios was that, once recovered, the bodies were supposedly - transported to the hospital at Roswell Army Air Field for autopsy. Also - common to these theories is that the bodies were later shipped from - Roswell AAF to another facility, usually Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (or - a host of other facilities—this is another area of further disagreement - among UFO theorists) for further evaluation and ultimate deep-freeze - storage.</p> - - <h4>Research Methods</h4> - - <p>In an attempt to untangle this collection of complicated assertions and - determine if there was any validity to the reports of bodies, Air Force - researchers faced the task of sorting through and examining anecdotal - testimony of hundreds of witnesses. However, a large number of the - accounts were eliminated by applying previously established facts to - the testimonies. The July 1994 report to the Secretary of the Air Force - clearly presented and documented these facts:</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>a.</b></i> The U.S. Army Air Forces did not recover an extraterrestrial - vehicle and alien crew. This conclusion was based on extensive - research that included a thorough review of both classified - and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> unclassified materials at record depositories, archives, - libraries and research facilities throughout the nation. Of the - millions of pages of material reviewed, there was no mention of - any activities that even tangentially suggested such an event. - Additionally, former and retired Air Force members and civilian - contract scientists were located and released from any possible - nondisclosure agreements they may have entered into regarding - past classified activities. This release allowed them to freely - discuss with Air Force researchers, or any other persons, - information related to this issue. These releases were issued at - the express written direction of the Secretary of the Air Force. - Interviews with these persons yielded no information supporting - extraterrestrial claims or any other unusual activities.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>b.</b></i> The reports of bodies were not associated with Project - <span class="smcap">Mogul</span>. The <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon train did not, was not - designed to, nor could it carry passengers. Neither did it carry - hazardous materials that would have caused injury, death, or - mutilation to persons who may have come in contact with any of its - components.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>c.</b></i> Actual events, if any, that inspired reports of bodies did - not occur in 1947. Based on extensive examinations of U.S. Army - Air Forces activities in 1947, no evidence was found to support - allegations that the Army Air Forces was involved in any uncommon - operations other than the retrieval of the <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon - train in the Roswell area in July 1947. Examination of research - and development projects, aircraft crashes, errant missiles and - possible nuclear accidents yielded no information to support a 1947 - claim.</p> - - <p>In light of these documented facts, the hundreds of anecdotal - accounts were reduced to a few. Eliminated were accounts that were - likely descriptions of materials known to be part of the Project - <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> balloon train and accounts describing transportation of - these materials.</p> - - <p>From the remaining testimony, Air Force researchers developed the - following set of working hypotheses to assist in identifying the actual - events, if any, matching those described by the witnesses.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>a.</b></i> Due to the number and great detail provided in some of the - accounts, it was likely that some event(s) actually did occur.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>b.</b></i> Due to the many similarities of the two crash site - descriptions and the considerable distance between them, it was - likely that more than one event with similar characteristics was - the basis for these accounts.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>c.</b></i> Since the account of bodies at the Roswell Army Air Field - hospital did not contain elements similar to reports of the two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> - crash sites, it was likely that this account was unrelated to - the crash site accounts. (The hospital account will be addressed - separately in <a href="#SECTION_TWO">Section Two</a> of this report.)</p> - - <p>The remaining testimony was examined with regard both to the facts and - to working hypotheses to determine if there were common threads or - links connecting any of the accounts. If similarities were found, the - next step was to determine if they were related to an actual event. - Finally, if there were actual event(s), were they part of U.S. Air - Force or U.S. Government activities?</p> - - <h4>Common Threads</h4> - - <p>Careful examination of the testimony revealed that primary witnesses - of the two “crashed saucer” locations contained descriptions common to - both. These areas of commonality contained both general and detailed - characteristics. However, before continuing, the accounts were - carefully examined to determine if the testimony related by individual - witnesses were of their own experiences and not a recitation of - information given by other persons. While many aspects of the remaining - accounts were judged to be similar, other aspects were found to be - significantly different. The accounts on which the analysis is based - were determined, in all likelihood, to have been independently obtained - or observed by the witnesses.</p> - - <p><b>General Similarities.</b> The testimony presented for both crash - sites generally followed the same sequence of events. The witnesses - were in a rural and isolated area of New Mexico. In the course of their - travels in this area, they came upon a crashed aerial vehicle. The - witnesses then proceeded to the area of the crash to investigate and at - some distance they observed strange looking “beings” that appeared to - be crewmembers of the vehicle. Soon thereafter, a convoy of military - vehicles and soldiers arrived at the site. Military personnel allegedly - instructed the civilians to leave the area and forget what they had - seen. As the witnesses left the area, the military personnel commenced - with a recovery operation of the crashed aerial vehicle and “crew.”</p> - - <p><b>Detailed Similarities.</b> Along with general similarities in - the testimonies, there also existed a substantial amount of similar - detailed descriptions of the “aliens,” and the military vehicles and - procedures allegedly used to recover them.</p> - - <p>The first obvious similarity was the descriptions of the aliens. - Mr. Gerald Anderson, an alleged witness of events at the site 175 - miles northwest of Roswell, recalled, “I thought they were plastic - dolls.”<a id="FNanchor_1_12" href="#Footnote_1_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> - Mr. James Ragsdale, an alleged witness of the site north of - Roswell, stated, “They were using dummies in those damned - things.”<a id="FNanchor_1_13" href="#Footnote_1_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> - Another alleged witness to a “crash” north of Roswell, Frank J. - Kaufman, recalled that there was “talk” that perhaps an “experimental - plane with dummies in it” was the source of the - claims.<a id="FNanchor_1_14" href="#Footnote_1_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span></p> - - <p>Additional similarities were also noted. Mr. Vern Maltais, a secondhand - witness of the site 175 miles northwest of Roswell, described the - hands of the “aliens” as, “They had four fingers.”<a id="FNanchor_1_15" href="#Footnote_1_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> - Anderson characterized the hands as, “They didn’t have a little - finger.”<a id="FNanchor_1_16" href="#Footnote_1_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> - He also described the heads of the aliens as “completely - bald”<a id="FNanchor_1_17" href="#Footnote_1_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> - while Maltais described them as “hairless.”<a id="FNanchor_1_18" href="#Footnote_1_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> - The uniforms of the - aliens were independently described by Anderson as “one-piece suits - ... a shiny silverish-gray color”<a id="FNanchor_1_19" href="#Footnote_1_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> - and by Maltais as “one-piece - and gray in color.”<a id="FNanchor_1_20" href="#Footnote_1_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> - The date of this event was also not precisely - known. Maltais recalled that it may have occurred “around - 1950”<a id="FNanchor_1_21" href="#Footnote_1_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> - and another secondhand witness, Alice Knight stated, “I don’t recall the - date.”<a id="FNanchor_1_22" href="#Footnote_1_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> - - <p>Witnesses of different sites also used the terms “wrecker”<a id="FNanchor_1_23" href="#Footnote_1_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> - and “six-by-six”<a id="FNanchor_1_24" href="#Footnote_1_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> - when they described the military vehicles present at - the different recovery sites. One witness described seeing a “medium - sized Jeep/truck”<a id="FNanchor_1_25" href="#Footnote_1_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> - and another witness described seeing a “weapons - carrier”<a id="FNanchor_1_26" href="#Footnote_1_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> - (a weapons carrier is a mid-sized Jeep-type truck).</p> - - <h4>The Research Profile</h4> - - <p>When the general and specific similarities were combined, a profile - emerged describing the event or activity that might have been observed. - The profile, which contains elements common to at least two, and in - some cases, all of the accounts, established a set of criteria used - to determine what the witnesses may have observed. The profile is as - follows:</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>a.</b></i> An activity that, if viewed from a distance, would appear unusual.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>b.</b></i> An activity of which the exact date is not known.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>c.</b></i> An activity that took place in two rural areas of New Mexico.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>d.</b></i> An activity that involved a type of aerial vehicle with dolls - or dummies that had four fingers, were bald, and wore one-piece - gray suits.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>e.</b></i> An activity that required recovery by numerous military - personnel and an assortment of vehicles that included a wrecker, a - six-by-six, and a weapons carrier.</p> - - <p>Based on this profile, research was begun to identify events or - activities with these characteristics. Due to the location of the - sites, attention was focused on Roswell AAF (renamed Walker AFB in - 1948), White Sands Missile Range and Holloman AFB, N.M. The aerial - vehicles assigned or under development at these facilities were - aircraft, missiles, remotely-piloted drones, and high altitude - balloons. The operational characteristics and areas where these - vehicles flew were researched to determine if they played a role in the - events described by the witnesses.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span></p> - - <p><b>Missiles and Drones.</b> Missiles and drones were determined not - to have been responsible for the accounts.* The areas where the - alleged crashes took place were, in all likelihood, too far from the - White Sands Missile Range. Missiles were equipped with a self-destruct - mechanism that was activated if it strayed off-course or out of the - White Sands Missile Range. There was never a program that required - a dummy or doll to be placed inside a missile or a drone. However, - missiles were launched from White Sands carrying monkeys and other - small animals aloft for scientific research.<a id="FNanchor_1_27" href="#Footnote_1_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> - These projects were - well documented, and none of these missiles landed near either of the - two crash sites.</p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* From September 1961 until March 1965 12 Atlas F - intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) were deployed by the - 579<sup>th</sup> Strategic Missile Squadron in areas surrounding Walker AFB, - N.M. These missiles were determined not to have been involved in the - Roswell Incident.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p><b>Aircraft.</b> Aircraft seemed just as unlikely as missiles to - have been responsible for the extraterrestrial claims as outlined in - the profile. Although additional research revealed the significant - role dummies played in the test and evaluation of aircraft emergency - escape systems, these dummies were used on board aircraft and on the - high-speed test track at Holloman AFB. However, aircraft test flights - demanded strict adherence to established flight profiles over the - instrumented portions of the White Sands Missile Range, many miles from - the alleged crash sites. Dummies used on the high-speed track remained - in the immediate vicinity of the track facilities at Holloman AFB. This - geographical impossibility ruled out dummies that were ejected from - aircraft and those used on the high-speed track as a cause of alleged - alien sightings. (Aircraft accidents will be discussed extensively in - <a href="#SECTION_TWO">Section Two</a> of this report.)</p> - - <div> - <div class="col75"> </div> - <div class="caption">Figs. 12 & 13. Missiles (<i>left</i>) and drones (<i>right</i>) - under development at Holloman AFB, N.M. were determined not to have - been involved in the “Roswell Incident.” (<i>U.S. Air Force photos</i>) - </div> - </div> - - <div class="center"> - <a id="Fig_12"><img class="illow46" src="images/i_016a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_13"><img class="illow52" src="images/i_016b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span></p> - - <p><b>High Altitude Research Balloons.</b> The only vehicles not yet - evaluated as a possible source of the accounts were high altitude - research balloons. Previous reviews of early research balloon flight - records revealed that trajectories of high altitude balloons were, at - times, unpredictable and did not usually remain over Holloman AFB or - White Sands Missile Range.<a id="FNanchor_1_28" href="#Footnote_1_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> - Many of the scientific payloads required - recovery so the data collected during flight could be returned to the - laboratory for analysis.</p> - - <p>These characteristics seemed to fit at least some of the research - profile. Atmospheric sampling apparatus or weather instruments, the - typical payload of many high altitude balloons, could hardly have been - mistaken for space aliens. A careful examination of the instruments - carried aloft by the high altitude balloons revealed that one unique - project used a device that very likely could be mistaken for an - alien—an anthropomorphic dummy.</p> - - <p>An anthropomorphic dummy is a human substitute equipped with a variety - of instrumentation to measure effects of environments and situations - deemed too hazardous for a human. These abstractly human dummies - were first used in New Mexico in May 1950, and have been used on a - continuous basis since that time.<a id="FNanchor_1_29" href="#Footnote_1_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> - - <p>In the 1950s, anthropomorphic dummies were not widely exposed outside - of scientific research circles and easily could have been mistaken for - something they were not. Today, anthropomorphic dummies, better known - as crash test dummies, are easily identifiable and are even the “stars” - of their own automotive safety advertising campaign. During the 1950s - when the U.S. Air Force dropped the odd-looking test devices from high - altitude balloons in its program to study high altitude human free-fall - characteristics, public awareness and stardom were decades away. It - seems likely that someone who unexpectedly observed these dummies at a - distance would believe they had seen something unusual. In retrospect, - when interviewed over 40 years later, they could accurately report that - they had seen something <em>very unusual</em>.</p> - - <p>With the introduction of anthropomorphic dummies as a possible - explanation for the reports of bodies, another element of the research - profile appeared to be satisfied. Specific information that described - the locations, methods, and procedures used to employ the dummies was - required before any definitive conclusions could be drawn. To gather - this detailed information, research efforts were concentrated on high - altitude balloon operations and the specific projects that utilized - balloon-borne anthropomorphic dummies.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p> - - <div> - <div class="col75"> </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 14. (<i>Left</i>) Example of an anthropomorphic dummy - carried aloft by U.S. Air Force high altitude balloons. These dummies - landed at numerous locations throughout New Mexico during the 1950s. - (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 15. (<i>Right</i>) Newspaper advertisement depicting - anthropomorphic dummies “Vince and Larry” “stars” of the successful - advertising campaign by the National Highway Traffic Safety - Administration to encourage use of safety belts. (<i>Courtesy of NHTSA</i>) - </div> - </div> - - <div class="center mt2"> - <a id="Fig_14"><img class="illow48" src="images/i_018a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_15"><img class="illow50" src="images/i_018b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_15">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="center large"><b>Test Dummies Used by the U.S. Air Force</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>Since the beginning of manned flight, designers have sought a - substitute for the human body to test hazardous new equipment. Early - devices used by the predecessors of the U.S. Air Force were simply - constructed parachute drop test dummies with little similarity to the - human form. Following World War II, aircraft emergency escape systems - became increasingly sophisticated and engineers required a dummy with - more humanlike characteristics.</p> - - <div class="large"><b>Parachute Drop Dummies</b></div> - - <p>During World War I research and development of the first U.S. military - parachute was underway at McCook Field, Ohio. To test the parachute, - engineers experimented with several types of dummies, settling on - a model constructed of three-inch hemp rope and sandbags with the - approximate proportions of a medium-sized man.<a id="FNanchor_1_30" href="#Footnote_1_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> - The new invention - was soon known by the nickname “Dummy Joe.” Dummy Joe is said to have - made more than five thousand “jumps” between 1918 and 1924.<a id="FNanchor_1_31" href="#Footnote_1_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> - - <p>By 1924, parachutes were required on military aircraft with their - serviceability tested by dummies dropped from aircraft.<a id="FNanchor_1_32" href="#Footnote_1_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> - For this routine testing, several types of dummies were used. The most common - type is shown in figures 17 and 18. Parachutes were individually - drop-tested from aircraft until the early stages of World War II, when, - due both to increased reliability and large numbers of parachutes in - service, this routine practice was discontinued. Nonetheless, test - dummies were still used frequently by the Parachute Branch of Air - Materiel Command (AMC) at Wright Field, Ohio, to test new parachute designs.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_16"><img class="illow66" src="images/i_019.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 16. “‘Dummy Joe,’ the hero of five thousand jumps” - is shown here with engineers J.J. Higgins (<i>left</i>) and Guy Ball at - McCook Field, Ohio in 1920. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>) </div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_17"><img class="illow50" src="images/i_020a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_18"><img class="illow48" src="images/i_020b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption"> - Fig. 17. (<i>Left</i>) Early rope and sandbag dummy used to - test parachutes. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 18. (<i>Right</i>) Parachute drop dummies in use at - Wright Field, Ohio. The historic Flight Test hangars, Hangars 1 and 9, - can be seen in the background. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>) - </div> - </div> - - <div class="large"><b>Anthropomorphic Dummies</b></div> - - <p>The ejection seat had been developed and used successfully by the - German Luftwaffe during the latter stages of World War II. The utility - of this invention was realized when the U.S. Army Air Forces obtained - an ejection seat in 1944.<a id="FNanchor_1_33" href="#Footnote_1_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> - To properly test the ejection seat, the - Army Air Forces required a dummy that had the same center of gravity - and weight distribution as a human, characteristics that parachute - drop dummies did not possess. In 1944, the USAAF Air Materiel Command - contracted with the Ted Smith Company of Upper Darby, Pa. to design - and manufacture the first dummy intended to accurately represent a - human.<a id="FNanchor_1_34" href="#Footnote_1_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> - The dummy had the same basic shape as a human, but with only - abstract human features, and “skin” made of canvas.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_19"><img class="illow48" src="images/i_020c.jpg" width="216" height="320" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_20"><img class="illow50" src="images/i_020d.jpg" width="221" height="320" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption"> - Figs. 19 & 20. (<i>Left & Right</i>) These early - anthropomorphic dummies, manufactured by the Ted Smith Co., of Upper - Darby, Pa., were used by the Army Air Forces beginning in 1944. They - were replaced by a more realistic dummy in 1949.<br /><br /> - (<i>Right</i>) “Oscar Eightball,” the name given to this early model - anthropomorphic dummy by Col. John P. Stapp, is shown following a run - of the high-speed track at Muroc AAF (now Edwards AFB), Calif., in - 1947. (<i>U.S. Air Force photos</i>) - </div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span></p> - - <p>In 1949, the U.S. Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory submitted a - proposal for an improved model of the anthropomorphic - dummy.<a id="FNanchor_1_35" href="#Footnote_1_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> - This request was originated by the renowned Air Force scientist and - physician John P. Stapp, now a retired Colonel, who conducted a series - of landmark experiments at Muroc (now Edwards) AFB, Calif., to measure - the effects of acceleration and deceleration during high-speed aircraft - ejections.<a id="FNanchor_1_36" href="#Footnote_1_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> - Stapp required a dummy that had the same center of - gravity and articulation as a human, but, unlike the Ted Smith dummy, - was more human in appearance. A more accurate external appearance was - required to provide for the proper fit of helmets, oxygen masks, and - other equipment used during the tests. Stapp requested the Anthropology - Branch of the Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright Field to review - anthropological, orthopedic, and engineering literature to prepare - specifications for the new dummy.<a id="FNanchor_1_37" href="#Footnote_1_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> - Plaster casts of the torso, legs, - and arms of an Air Force pilot were also taken to assure accuracy.<a id="FNanchor_1_38" href="#Footnote_1_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> - The result was a proposed dummy that stood 72 inches tall, weighed - 200 pounds, had provisions for mounting instrumentation, and could - withstand up to 100 times the force of gravity or 100Gs.</p> - - <p>In 1949, a contract was awarded to Sierra Engineering Company of Sierra - Madre, Calif., and deliveries began in 1950.<a id="FNanchor_1_39" href="#Footnote_1_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> - This dummy quickly became known as “Sierra Sam.”</p> - - <p>In 1952, a contract for anthropomorphic dummies was awarded to Alderson - Research Laboratories, Inc., of New York City.<a id="FNanchor_1_40" href="#Footnote_1_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> - Dummies constructed - by both companies possessed the same basic characteristics: a skeleton - of aluminum or steel, latex or plastic skin, a cast aluminum skull, and - an instrument cavity in the torso and head for the mounting of strain - gauges, accelerometers, transducers, and rate gyros.<a id="FNanchor_1_41" href="#Footnote_1_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> - Models used by - the Air Force were primarily parachute drop and ejection seat versions - with center of gravity tolerances within one quarter inch.</p> - - <p>Over the next several years the two companies improved and redesigned - internal structures and instrumentation, but the basic external - appearance of the dummies remained relatively constant from the mid - 1950s to the late 1960s. Dummies of these types were most likely the - “aliens” associated with the “Roswell Incident.”</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_21"><img class="illow48" src="images/i_021a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_22"><img class="illow50" src="images/i_021b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption"> - Figs. 21 & 22. Examples of a “Sierra Sam” (<i>left</i>) and - Alderson Laboratories anthropomorphic dummies (<i>right</i>) of the type - dropped from balloons at off-range locations throughout New Mexico - during the 1950s. (<i>U.S. Air Force photos</i>) - </div> - </div> - </blockquote> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> - <h3 id="Section_1_2">1.2<br />High Altitude Balloon<br />Dummy Drops</h3> - </div> - - <p>From 1953 to 1959, anthropomorphic dummies were used by the U.S. Air - Force Aero Medical Laboratory as part of the high altitude aircraft - escape projects <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> and - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>.<a id="FNanchor_1_42" href="#Footnote_1_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> - The object of these studies was to devise a method to return a pilot - or astronaut to earth by parachute, if forced to escape at extreme - altitudes.<a id="FNanchor_1_43" href="#Footnote_1_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="Fig_23"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/i_023.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="figright captiont">Fig. 23. Project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> anthropomorphic - dummy launch, White Sands Proving Ground, N.M., June 11, 1957. (<i>U.S. - Air Force photo</i>)</div> - - <p>Anthropomorphic dummies were transported to altitudes up to 98,000 feet - by high altitude balloons. The dummies were then released for a period - of free-fall while body movements and escape equipment performance were - recorded by a variety of instruments. Forty-three high altitude balloon - flights carrying 67 anthropomorphic dummies were launched and recovered - throughout New Mexico between June 1954 and February 1959.<a id="FNanchor_1_44" href="#Footnote_1_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> - Due to prevailing wind conditions, operational factors and ruggedness of - the terrain, the majority of dummies impacted outside the confines - of military reservations in eastern New Mexico, near Roswell, and in - areas surrounding the Tularosa Valley in south central New Mexico.<a id="FNanchor_1_45" href="#Footnote_1_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> - Additionally, 30 dummies were dropped by aircraft over White Sands - Proving Ground, N.M. in 1953. In 1959, 150 dummies were dropped by - aircraft over Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio (possibly accounting for - alleged alien “sightings” at that location).<a id="FNanchor_1_46" href="#Footnote_1_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="Fig_24"> - <div><b>Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch<br />and Landing Locations</b></div> - <img class="illow100" src="images/i_024.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="xsmall left">Source: Test records of U.S. Air Force aeromedical project no. 7218,<br /> - task 71719 (<span class="smcap">High Dive</span>) and project no. 7222, task 71748 (<span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>).</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></p> - - <p>A number of these launch and recovery locations were in the areas where - the “crashed saucer” and “space aliens” were allegedly observed.</p> - - <p>Following the series of dummy tests, a human subject, test pilot Capt. - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., now a retired Colonel, made three parachute - jumps from high altitude balloons. Since free-fall tests from these - unprecedented altitudes were extremely hazardous, they could not - be accomplished by a human until a rigorous testing program using - anthropomorphic dummies was completed.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_25"><img class="w100" src="images/i_025.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 25. “Lord, take care of me now,” were Capt. Joseph - W. Kittinger, Jr.’s words as he exited the <span class="smcap">Excelsior III</span> - balloon gondola at 102,800 feet on August 16, 1960, over White Sands - Proving Ground, N.M. Kittinger’s courageous scientific achievement - remains, to this day, the highest parachute jump ever accomplished. - (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="large center"><b>A Cover-Up?</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>Countering claims of a cover-up, Air Force projects that used - anthropomorphic dummies and human subjects were unclassified and - widely publicized in numerous newspaper and magazine stories, books, - and television reports. These included a book written by test pilot - Kittinger, <cite>The Long, Lonely Leap</cite>, another book, <cite>Man High</cite>, by - <span class="smcap">Man High</span> Project Scientist, Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), a - feature article in <cite>National Geographic</cite>, and cover stories in <cite>Life</cite>, - <cite>Collier’s</cite>, <cite>Popular Mechanics</cite>, and <cite>Time</cite>.<a id="FNanchor_1_47" href="#Footnote_1_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> - A characterization - of Kittinger’s record parachute jump even appeared in the adolescent - magazine, <cite>MAD</cite>.<a id="FNanchor_1_48" href="#Footnote_1_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> - The intense public interest in <span class="smcap">High Dive</span>, - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> and other aero medical projects conducted at - Holloman AFB also resulted in a 1956 Twentieth Century Fox full-length - motion picture, <cite>On the Threshold of Space</cite> (see <a href="#Page_38">page 38</a>).</p> - </blockquote> - - <div> - <div class="col75"> </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 26. This photo of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. - taken by a remotely operated camera on the <span class="smcap">Excelsior III</span> - gondola, was featured in the December 1960 <cite>National Geographic</cite>. - </div> - </div> - - <div class="center"> - <a id="Fig_26"><img class="illow100" src="images/i_026.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_26">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col70 bt br bl bb pt2 pb2"> - <div class="center" id="Fig_27"> - <img class="illow32" src="images/i_027a.jpg" alt="" /> - <img class="illow32" src="images/i_027b.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - <div class="center"> - <img class="illow28" src="images/i_027c.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - <div class="center"> - <img class="illow32" src="images/i_027d.jpg" alt="" /> - <img class="illow32" src="images/i_027e.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 27. Contemporary magazines that featured experiments at Holloman - AFB, N.M. <i>Clockwise from top left</i>, <cite>Time</cite>, September 12, 1955; - <cite>Life</cite>, August 29, 1960; <cite>Popular Mechanics Magazine</cite>, (<i>center</i>) - January 1951; <cite>Collier’s</cite>, June 25, 1954; and <cite>Life</cite>, September 2, - 1957.</div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></p> - - <h4>Dummy Drop Procedures</h4> - - <p>For the majority of the tests, dummies were flown to altitudes between - 30,000 and 98,000 feet attached to a specially designed rack suspended - below a high altitude balloon.<a id="FNanchor_1_49" href="#Footnote_1_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> - On several flights the dummies - were mounted in the door of an experimental high altitude balloon - gondola.<a id="FNanchor_1_50" href="#Footnote_1_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> - Upon reaching the desired altitude, the dummies were - released and free-fell for several minutes before deployment of the - main parachute.</p> - - <div class="figright captiont">Fig. 28. (<i>Left</i>) Witnesses at both flying saucer - “crash” sites stated that a “wrecker” was used in the recovery of - the “alien” craft. This was a likely reference to the M-342 five-ton - wrecker, used to launch and recover anthropomorphic dummies.<br /><br /> - Fig. 29. (<i>Right</i>) Three tests utilized anthropomorphic - dummies mounted in the door of an experimental Project <span class="smcap">High - Dive</span> gondola. This launch took place on October 8, 1957, in front - of curious onlookers at the public picnic area of White Sands National - Monument, N.M. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>) - </div> - - <p>The dummies used for the balloon drops were outfitted with standard - equipment of an Air Force aircrew member. This equipment consisted - of a one-piece flightsuit, olive drab, gray (witnesses had described - seeing aliens in gray one-piece suits) or fuchsia in color, boots, - and a parachute pack.<a id="FNanchor_1_51" href="#Footnote_1_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> - The dummies were also fitted with an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> - instrumentation kit that contained accelerometers, pressure - transducers, an oscillograph, and a camera to record movements of the - dummy during free-fall.<a id="FNanchor_1_52" href="#Footnote_1_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> - - <div class="center mt2 clear"> - <a id="Fig_28"><img class="illow48" src="images/i_028a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_29"><img class="illow50" src="images/i_028b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - - <div class="center mt5 clear"> - <a id="Fig_30"><img class="illow100" src="images/i_029.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="col75"> </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 30. A “Sierra Sam” with <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> Project - Officers 1st Lts. Eugene M. Schwartz (<i>left</i>) and Raymond A. Madson - (<i>right</i>). This dummy is outfitted in a “sage green” colored flightsuit - (a shade of gray) with red tape sealing its neck, wrists, and ankles. - (<i>U.S. Air Force</i>)</div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span></p> - - <p>Recoveries of the test dummies were accomplished by personnel from - the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch.<a id="FNanchor_1_53" href="#Footnote_1_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> - Typically, eight to twelve - civilian and military recovery personnel arrived at the site of an - anthropomorphic dummy landing as soon as possible following impact. - The recovery crews operated a variety of aircraft and vehicles. - These included a wrecker, a six-by-six, a weapons carrier, and L-20 - observation and C-47 transport aircraft—the exact vehicles and aircraft - described by the witnesses as having been present at the crashed saucer - locations.<a id="FNanchor_1_54" href="#Footnote_1_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> - On one occasion, just southwest of Roswell, a <span class="smcap">High - Dive</span> project officer, 1st Lt. Raymond A. Madson, even conducted a - search for dummies on horseback<a id="FNanchor_1_55" href="#Footnote_1_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> - (see statement in <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>).</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_31"><img class="w100" src="images/i_030a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 31. An M-35 2½-ton cargo truck, commonly referred - to as a “six-by-six,” were used by the Holloman Balloon Branch to - launch and recover anthropomorphic dummies and suspension racks at - numerous locations throughout New Mexico. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_32"><img class="w100" src="images/i_030b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 32. M-37 ¾-ton utility trucks, known as “weapons - carriers,” were used for high altitude balloon recoveries by the - Holloman Balloon Branch during the 1950s. Here, recovery technicians - use an M-37 to retrieve an Aero Medical gondola from a location on - Holloman AFB, N.M. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>To expedite the recoveries, crews were prepositioned with their - vehicles along a paved highway in the area where impact was - expected.<a id="FNanchor_1_56" href="#Footnote_1_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> On a typical flight the dummies were separated from - the balloon by radio command and descended by - parachute.<a id="FNanchor_1_57" href="#Footnote_1_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> Prompt - recovery of the dummies and their suspension racks, which usually - did not land in the same location resulting in extensive ground and - air searches, was essential for researchers to evaluate information - collected by the instrumentation and cameras. To assist the recovery - personnel, a variety of methods were used to enhance the visibility - of the dummies: smoke grenades, pigment powder, and brightly colored - parachute canopies.<a id="FNanchor_1_58" href="#Footnote_1_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> - Also, recovery notices promising a $25 reward - were taped to an exposed portion of a dummy.<a id="FNanchor_1_59" href="#Footnote_1_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> - Local newspapers and - radio stations were contacted when equipment was lost.<a id="FNanchor_1_60" href="#Footnote_1_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="center large"><b>The Bravest Man</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>America was introduced to Col. John Paul Stapp on December 10, - 1954, when he became known as both the “the bravest” and “the - fastest” man on earth. Stapp earned these titles following a - rocket sled test that accelerated him to 632 miles per hour. He - reached this speed in just five seconds—faster than a .45 caliber - bullet—and was decelerated to a stop in 1.4 seconds, subjecting - his body to more than 42 times the force of gravity! While this - was America’s introduction to Col. Stapp, the 1954 rocket sled - test that examined aircraft restraint devices and human responses - to accelerative/decelerative forces and windblast, was just one of - many achievements of this legendary Air Force physician.</p> - - <p>Born in Bahia, Brazil to American missionary parents, Stapp sold - pots and pans door to door during the Depression while he earned - both undergraduate and graduate degrees in zoology and chemistry - at Baylor University. He went on to earn a doctorate in biophysics - from the University of Texas, and a doctorate in medicine from the - University of Minnesota.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"> - <a id="Fig_33"><img class="illow90" src="images/i_031.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 33. The first “space doctor,” Lt. Col. John - P. Stapp (now a retired Colonel) being strapped into the rocket - sled Sonic Wind N<sup>o</sup> 1, on December 10, 1954, at Holloman AFB, N.M. - Courageously, Stapp was his own volunteer subject on 29 rocket sled - tests and earned two awards of the Legion of Merit and the Cheney - Award for valor and self-sacrifice. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>In 1944 Stapp entered the U.S. Army Air Forces and became - a flight surgeon. From 1946 to 1963, due to his unique - qualifications in biophysics and medicine, he conducted a series - of acceleration/deceleration experiments on the high-speed track - at Muroc (now Edwards AFB), Calif.,<a id="FNanchor_1_61" href="#Footnote_1_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> - and later at Holloman - AFB, N.M. Developments from these and other studies resulted<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> in - innovations which have saved many lives. These included improved - safety belt restraint systems and design specifications for - aircraft and automobiles, aircraft ejection and emergency escape - systems, refinement of automobile airbag systems, and development - of the modern anthropomorphic test dummy.</p> - - <p>As commander of the U.S. Air Force Aeromedical Field Laboratory - at Holloman AFB, N.M. and later the Aero Medical Laboratory - at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Stapp won support for the Air - Force manned high altitude balloons projects—<span class="smcap">Man High</span> - and <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>. As a testament to his thorough safety - preparations, these and other extremely hazardous projects - administered by Stapp, did not result in a single debilitating - injury to a test subject. These projects helped pave the way for - future flights of both high altitude aircraft such as the X-15, - and of spacecraft for the <span class="smcap">Mercury</span>, <span class="smcap">Gemini</span>, and - <span class="smcap">Apollo</span> programs. In fact, Stapp’s expertise was called - upon to assist in the selection of the initial cadre of astronauts, - the “<span class="smcap">Mercury</span> Seven.”</p> - - <p>He retired from the Air Force in 1970, but not before amassing a - collection of awards and honors. These included two awards of the - Legion of Merit for rocket sled experiments, the Cheney Award for - 1954, and membership in the National Aviation Hall of Fame.</p> - - <p>In association with the Society of Automotive Engineers, Stapp - continues to participate in annual conferences in which industry - experts assemble to discuss vehicle safety issues. The conferences, - now in their 40th year bear his name: the Stapp Car Crash - Conferences.</p> - - <p>In 1991, in recognition of a lifetime of unselfish dedication - to scientific research, Stapp was awarded the National Medal of - Technology, bestowed upon him at the White House by President - George Bush.</p> - - <p>He is married to the former Lillian Lanese, a former soloist with - the Ballet Theater of New York, and resides in Alamogordo, N.M. At - 87 years old he continues to maintain a dizzying pace of travel and - lectures.</p> - - <p>It is not an exaggeration that virtually every person who has - safely operated, or ridden in, an automobile, aircraft, or - spacecraft, has benefited from the genius of Col. John Paul Stapp, - and owes this brave scientist, physician, and visionary, a great - deal of thanks.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"> - <a id="Fig_34"><img class="illow36" src="images/i_032.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 34. September 12, 1955 edition of <cite>Time</cite> featuring - Col. John P. Stapp and his rocket sled experiments at Holloman AFB, N.M.</div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span></p> - - <p>Despite these efforts, the dummies were not always recovered - immediately; one was not found for nearly three years and several - were not recovered at all.<a id="FNanchor_1_62" href="#Footnote_1_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> - When they were found, the dummies and - instrumentation were often damaged from impact.<a id="FNanchor_1_63" href="#Footnote_1_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> - Damage to the - dummies included loss of heads, arms, legs and fingers.<a id="FNanchor_1_64" href="#Footnote_1_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> - This detail, dummies with missing fingers, appears to satisfy another - element of the research profile—aliens with only four fingers.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_35"><img class="w100" src="images/i_033b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption"> - <img class="w100" src="images/i_033a.jpg" alt="" /> - Fig. 35. Rough treatment and parachute failures during - balloon drops often caused damage to the hands of the dummies. This - detail, “beings” with “four fingers,” was related by two witnesses as a - distinguishing feature of the Roswell aliens. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_36"><img class="illow38" src="images/i_034a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_37"><img class="illow30" src="images/i_034b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_38"><img class="illow30" src="images/i_034c.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Figs. 36–38. Actual photographs of an Alderson - Laboratories type anthropomorphic dummy falling away from its - suspension rack at high altitude over New Mexico. Fig. 37 (<i>center</i>) - appears on the cover of this publication. (<i>U.S. Air Force photos</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_39"><img class="w100" src="images/i_034d.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_39">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 39. Memo taken from Project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> - files explaining the loss of a dummy near Roswell, N.M. in November 1955.</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span></p> - - <p>What may have contributed to a misunderstanding if the dummies were - viewed by persons unfamiliar with their intended use, were the methods - used by Holloman AFB personnel to transport them. The dummies were - sometimes transported to and from off-range locations in wooden - shipping containers, similar to caskets, to prevent damage to fragile - instruments mounted in and on the dummy.<a id="FNanchor_1_65" href="#Footnote_1_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> - Also, canvas military - stretchers and hospital gurneys were used (a procedure recommended by a - dummy manufacturer) to move the dummies in the laboratory or retrieve - dummies in the field after a test.<a id="FNanchor_1_66" href="#Footnote_1_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> - The first 10 dummy drops also - utilized black or silver insulation bags, similar to “body bags” in - which the dummies were placed for flight to guard against equipment - failure at low ambient temperatures of the upper atmosphere.<a id="FNanchor_1_67" href="#Footnote_1_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_40"><img class="w100" src="images/i_035.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 40. Air Force personnel used stretchers and gurneys - to pick up 200-pound dummies in the field and to move them in the - laboratory. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_41"><img class="w100" src="images/i_036a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 41. For the first 10 balloon flights, dummies were - placed in insulation bags to protect temperature-sensitive equipment. - These bags may have been described by at least one witness as “body - bags” used to recover alien victims from the crash of a flying saucer. - (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>On one occasion northwest of Roswell, a local woman unfamiliar with the - test activities arrived at a dummy landing site prior to the arrival of - the recovery personnel.<a id="FNanchor_1_68" href="#Footnote_1_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> - The woman saw what appeared to be a human - embedded head first in a snowbank and became hysterical. The woman - screamed, “He’s dead!, he’s dead!”<a id="FNanchor_1_69" href="#Footnote_1_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p> - - <p>It now appeared that anthropomorphic dummies dropped by high altitude - balloons satisfied the requirements of the research profile. However, - the review of high altitude balloon operations revealed what appeared - to be explanations for some other sightings of odd objects in the - deserts and skies of New Mexico.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_42"><img class="w100" src="images/i_036b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_42">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Figs. 42 & 43. These reports detailed the methods and - procedures used for the dummy tests. They may be obtained from the - National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Va.</div> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> - <h3 id="Section_1_3">1.3<br />High Altitude Balloon Operations</h3> - </div> - - <p>Research has shown that many high altitude balloons launched - from Holloman AFB, N.M., were recovered in locations, and under - circumstances, that strongly resemble those described by UFO proponents - as the recovery of a “flying saucer” and “alien” crew. When these - descriptions were carefully examined, it was clear that they bore more - than just a resemblance to Air Force activities. It appears that some - were actually distorted references to Air Force personnel and equipment - engaged in scientific study through the use of high altitude balloons.</p> - - <p>Since 1947, U.S. Air Force research organizations at Holloman AFB, - N.M., have launched and recovered approximately 2,500 high altitude - balloons. The Air Force organization that conducted most of these - activities, the Holloman Balloon Branch, launched a wide range of - sophisticated, and from most perspectives, odd looking equipment into - the stratosphere above New Mexico. In fact, the <b><em>very first</em></b> - high altitude data gathering balloon flight launched from Alamogordo - Army Airfield (now Holloman AFB), N.M., on June 4, 1947, was found by - the rancher and was the first of many unrelated events now collectively - known as the “Roswell Incident.”</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_44"><img class="w100" src="images/i_037.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 44. Inflation of a U.S. Air Force 626 ft. long, - 34.6 million cu. ft. research balloon on August 13, 1972. This balloon - was launched from Roswell Industrial Air Center (formerly Roswell AAF), - Roswell, N.M., to test components of the NASA <span class="smcap">Viking</span> space - probe. (<i>photo by Ole Jorgeson</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="center large"><b>On the Threshold of Space</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>In 1956, Twentieth Century Fox released <cite>On the Threshold of - Space</cite>, a full-length motion picture based on Air Force aero - medical projects conducted at Holloman AFB, N.M. Starring Guy - Madison, John Hodiak, and Dean Jagger, this drama chronicled - the high altitude balloon experiments of projects <span class="smcap">High - Dive</span>/<span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> and the high-speed track studies - conducted by Col. John P. Stapp. Filmed on location at Holloman - AFB, Air Force personnel, high altitude balloons, aircraft, - vehicles, and other equipment, including the actual anthropomorphic - dummies responsible for sightings of aliens, were used in the - making of this film.</p> - - <p>In an ironic twist, in 1990 the television program <cite>Unsolved - Mysteries</cite>, featured a segment on the Roswell Incident. - The program, hosted by actor Robert Stack, depicted a dramatized - version of the claims of “aliens,” space ships and mysterious - government recovery crews. Interestingly, a review of newspapers - from 1956 announcing the Hollywood premiere of <cite>On the Threshold - of Space</cite>, listed Stack among the persons scheduled to attend this - star-studded event.<a id="FNanchor_1_70" href="#Footnote_1_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> - </blockquote> - - <div> - <div class="col75"> </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 45. Lobby card of the 1956 Twentieth Century Fox - release, <cite>On the Threshold of Space</cite> starring Guy Madison (<i>seated</i>) - and Martin Milner (<i>right</i>). - </div> - </div> - - <div class="center"> - <a id="Fig_45"><img class="illow100" src="images/i_038.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_46"><img class="w100" src="images/i_039a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 46. Publicity photograph from <cite>On the Threshold - of Space</cite> with (<i>from left</i>) Cameron Mitchell, Guy Madison and Dean - Jagger. Scenes from the movie clearly depict the actual anthropomorphic - dummies described nearly 40 years later as extraterrestrial “aliens.”</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_47"><img class="w100" src="images/i_039b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 47. Col. J. P. Stapp’s historic 1954 rocket sled - test was re-created for <cite>On the Threshold of Space</cite> (<i>see <a href="#Fig_33">figure 33</a>, page 31</i>).</div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span></p> - - <h4>High Altitude Polyethylene Research Balloons</h4> - - <p>In 1946, as a result of research conducted for project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span>, - Charles B. Moore, a New York University graduate student working - under contract for the U.S. Army Air Forces, made a significant - technological discovery: the use of polyethylene for high altitude - balloon construction.<a id="FNanchor_1_71" href="#Footnote_1_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> Polyethylene is a lightweight plastic that - can withstand stresses of a high altitude environment that differed - drastically from, and greatly exceeded, the capabilities of standard - rubber weather balloons used previously. Moore’s discovery was a - breakthrough in technology. For the first time, scientists were able to - make detailed, sustained studies of the upper atmosphere. Polyethylene - balloons, first produced in 1947 for Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span>, are still - widely used today for a host of scientific applications.</p> - - <p>High altitude polyethylene balloons and standard rubber weather - balloons differ greatly in size, construction, and utility. The - difference between these two types of balloons historically has been - the subject of misunderstandings in that the term “weather balloon” is - often used to describe both types of balloons.</p> - - <p>High altitude polyethylene balloons are used to transport scientific - payloads of several pounds to several tons to altitudes of nearly - 200,000 feet. Polyethylene balloons do not increase in size and burst - with increases in volume as they rise, as do standard rubber weather - balloons. They are launched with excess capacity to accommodate the - increase in volume. This characteristic of polyethylene balloons makes - them substantially more stable than rubber weather balloons and capable - of sustained constant level flight, a requirement for most scientific - applications.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_48"><img class="w100" src="images/i_040.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 48. Relative sizes of a modern high altitude - polyethylene research balloon, an airliner, and a hot-air balloon. - Inaccurate characterizations of the giant high altitude research - balloons as “weather balloons” (which are typically 15 feet in - diameter) has historically been the source of confusion. (<i>courtesy of - Mike Smith, Raven Industries</i>)<br /><br /> - Raven Industries 40 million cubic foot balloon. 450 ft in diameter - at 130,000 feet<br /><br />DC-9 airliner 104 ft long<br /><br /> - Hot-air balloon. 50 ft in diameter - </div> - </div> - - <p>The initial polyethylene balloons had diameters of only seven feet and - carried payloads of five pounds or less.<a id="FNanchor_1_72" href="#Footnote_1_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> As balloon technology - advanced, payload capacities and sizes of balloons increased. Modern - polyethylene balloons, some as long as several football fields when - on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> the ground, expand at altitude to volumes large enough to contain - many jet airliners. Polyethylene balloons flown by the U.S. Air Force - have reached altitudes of 170,000 feet and lifted payloads of 15,000 - pounds.<a id="FNanchor_1_73" href="#Footnote_1_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p> - - <p>During the late 1940’s and 1950’s, a characteristic associated - with the large, newly invented, polyethylene balloons, was that - they were often misidentified as flying saucers.<a id="FNanchor_1_74" href="#Footnote_1_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> During this - period, polyethylene balloons launched from Holloman AFB, generated - flying saucer reports on nearly every flight.<a id="FNanchor_1_75" href="#Footnote_1_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> There were so many - reports that police, broadcast radio, and newspaper accounts of these - sightings were used by Holloman technicians to supplement early balloon - tracking techniques.<a id="FNanchor_1_76" href="#Footnote_1_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> Balloons launched at Holloman AFB generated - an especially high number of reports due to the excellent visibility - in the New Mexico region. Also, the balloons, flown at altitudes - of approximately 100,000 feet, were illuminated before the earth - during the periods just after sunset and just before sunrise. In this - instance, receiving sunlight before the earth, the plastic balloons - appeared as large bright objects against a dark sky. Also, with the - refractive and translucent qualities of polyethylene, the balloons - appeared to change color, size, and shape.</p> - - <p>The large balloons generated UFO reports based on their radar - tracks.<a id="FNanchor_1_77" href="#Footnote_1_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> This was due to large metallic payloads that weighed - up to several tons and echoed radar returns not usually associated - with balloons. In later years, balloons were equipped with altitude - and position reporting transponders and strobe lights that greatly - diminished the numbers of both visual and radar UFO sightings.</p> - - <p>One classic misidentification of a Holloman balloon that was mistaken - for a UFO, was launched on October 27, 1953.<a id="FNanchor_1_78" href="#Footnote_1_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> According to the - following account published in a widely distributed 1958 history of - Air Force balloon operations, <cite>Contributions of Balloon Operations to - Research and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center - Holloman Air Force Base, N. Mex. 1947–1958</cite>, a suspected Holloman - balloon was tracked both visually and by radar over London, England on - November 3, 1953.</p> - - <p>“English accounts of the incident contained such statements as - ‘tremendous speed,’ ‘practically motionless,’ ‘circular or spherical - and white in color,’ ‘emitting or reflecting a fierce light.’ Altitude - was reported as 61,000 feet—and as no research balloon had recently - been sent up from Britain, there was ample room for local saucer - enthusiasts to claim the ‘unidentified flying object’ as proof of their - theories. A much likelier explanation, however, is that this was really - the balloon launched from Holloman on 27 October.”<a id="FNanchor_1_79" href="#Footnote_1_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p> - - <h4>High Altitude Balloon Payloads</h4> - - <p>Over the years, payloads transported by high altitude polyethylene - balloons ranged from simple radio transmitters to anthropomorphic - dummies to sophisticated satellite components and NASA interplanetary - space probes. Many of these payloads, some of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> which weighed many tons, - were not what someone would typically envision as being associated with - a balloon. Examples of payloads flown in New Mexico by Air Force high - altitude balloons can be found on <a href="#Page_52">pages 52 and 53</a> at the end of this - section.</p> - - <p>Research projects of the late 1940’s and 1950’s conducted at Holloman - AFB which began with the Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> flights in June - 1947, covered a wide spectrum of scientific research. One important - experiment in space biology measured the effects of exposure to - cosmic ray particles on living tissues.<a id="FNanchor_1_80" href="#Footnote_1_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> Other projects gathered - meteorological data and collected air samples to determine the - composition of the atmosphere.<a id="FNanchor_1_81" href="#Footnote_1_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> The first high altitude photographic - reconnaissance project, a forerunner to today’s reconnaissance - satellites, Project 119L, also used high altitude balloons launched at - Holloman AFB.<a id="FNanchor_1_82" href="#Footnote_1_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p> - - <p>As early as May 1948, polyethylene balloons coated or laminated with - aluminum were flown from Holloman AFB and the surrounding area.<a id="FNanchor_1_83" href="#Footnote_1_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> - Beginning in August 1955, large numbers of these balloons were flown - as targets in the development of radar guided air to air missiles.<a id="FNanchor_1_84" href="#Footnote_1_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> - Various accounts of the “Roswell Incident” often described thin, - metal-like materials that when wadded into a ball, returned to their - original shape. These accounts are consistent with the properties of - polyethylene balloons laminated with aluminum. These balloons were - typically launched from points west of the White Sands Proving Ground, - floated over the range as targets, and descended in the areas northeast - of White Sands Proving Ground where the “strange” materials were - allegedly found.</p> - - <p>In 1958 the first manned stratospheric balloon flights were made from - Holloman AFB (see <a href="#Page_102">page 102</a>). In 1960, balloon tests of components of - the first U. S. reconnaissance satellite were also flown at Holloman - AFB. In the 1960’s, 70’s, and 80’s high altitude balloons were used - in support of Air Force, and other U.S. Government and university - sponsored research projects. Instrument testing of atmospheric entry - vehicles for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) - space probes is one prominent example.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_49"><img class="w100" src="images/i_042.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 49. Holloman Balloon Branch personnel prepare a - polyethylene balloon laminated with aluminum to serve as a target for - radar guided missiles over White Sands Proving Ground, N.M. (<i>U.S. Air - Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="large center"><b>High Altitude Balloons and America’s First Satellite</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>An illustration of the important contributions of the Holloman - AFB Balloon Branch, and the necessity for a rapid recovery of a - high altitude balloon payload, were evaluations of components of - the first U.S. satellite-based reconnaissance system, code named - <span class="smcap">Corona</span>.</p> - - <p>The Soviet Union had already beaten the U.S. into space with - the launch and orbit of <span class="smcap">Sputnik I</span> on October 4, 1957. - The next achievement in the quest for space superiority were - the physical recovery of a payload that had been in orbit.<a id="FNanchor_1_85" href="#Footnote_1_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> - The <span class="smcap">Discoverer</span> satellite, the sensor used in the - <span class="smcap">Corona</span> program, was to be propelled into orbit and then - eject a capsule containing an American flag to enable the U.S. to - claim this honor.<a id="FNanchor_1_86" href="#Footnote_1_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a></p> - - <p>The <span class="smcap">Discoverer</span> program had been plagued by failure with - 10 unsuccessful missions in 1959 and 1960. With the eyes of the - nation watching, and the Soviets testing a similar system, more - failures could not be tolerated. To test the faulty components of - the <span class="smcap"> Discoverer</span>, U.S. Air Force high altitude balloons at - Holloman AFB were determined to be the most expedient method of - conducting the evaluations.</p> - - <p>In April 1960, <span class="smcap">Discoverer XI</span>, on the launch pad at - Vandenberg AFB, Calif., was put into a hold pending results of the - balloon tests.<a id="FNanchor_1_87" href="#Footnote_1_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> The first test at Holloman AFB on April 5th was - unsatisfactory due to a parachute failure.<a id="FNanchor_1_88" href="#Footnote_1_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> On April 8th, with - pressure mounting, the Balloon Branch launched another balloon - with the <span class="smcap">Discoverer</span> capsule. This test, in which the - capsule was dropped over White Sands Missile Range and recovered - immediately, was a total success.<a id="FNanchor_1_89" href="#Footnote_1_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> The results were relayed - by telephone from the Balloon Control Center at Holloman AFB to - the launch pad at Vandenberg AFB where the countdown resumed.<a id="FNanchor_1_90" href="#Footnote_1_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> - Despite the successful balloon drop, <span class="smcap">Discoverer XI</span> and - <span class="smcap">Discoverer XII</span> were failures.<a id="FNanchor_1_91" href="#Footnote_1_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> Therefore, balloon - testing continued throughout the summer of 1960.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_50"><img class="illow48" src="images/i_043a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_51"><img class="illow50" src="images/i_043b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 50. (<i>Left</i>). A Holloman Balloon Branch launch crew - prepares a nosecone of the <span class="smcap">Discoverer</span> satellite for a high - altitude balloon flight at Holloman AFB, N.M. in April 1960. (<i>U.S. Air - Force photo</i>)<br /><br />Fig. 51. (<i>Right</i>). A U.S. Navy helicopter aboard - the <cite>USS Haiti Victory</cite> is shown here with the capsule from the - <span class="smcap">Discoverer XIII</span> satellite. It was recovered from the Pacific - Ocean 330 miles northwest of Hawaii on August 11, 1960. (<i>U.S. Air - Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p> - - <blockquote> - <p>Finally, on August 11, 1960, <span class="smcap">Discoverer XIII</span> successfully - ejected a capsule and, amid much fanfare, the first recovery of a - manmade object that had orbited the earth was accomplished.<a id="FNanchor_1_92" href="#Footnote_1_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> - This first successful mission of an American satellite, made - possible in part by Holloman AFB high altitude balloons, enabled - the U.S. to beat the Soviets and claim the honor of the first space - recovery by only nine days.<a id="FNanchor_1_93" href="#Footnote_1_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p>The <span class="smcap">Surveyor</span> (Moon), <span class="smcap">Voyager-Mars</span> (Mars), - <span class="smcap">Viking</span> (Mars), <span class="smcap">Pioneer</span> (Venus), and <span class="smcap">Galileo</span> - (Jupiter) spacecraft were tested by Air Force high altitude balloons - before they were launched into space.</p> - - <p><b><span class="smcap">Viking</span> and <span class="smcap">Voyager-Mars</span> Space Probes.</b> - Examples of unusual payloads, not likely to be associated with - balloons, were qualification trials of NASA’s <span class="smcap"> Voyager-Mars</span> - and <span class="smcap">Viking</span> space probes. Both of these spacecraft looked - remarkably similar to the classic dome-shaped “flying saucer.”</p> - - <p>In 1966–67 and 1972, eight of the UFO lookalikes were launched by the - Balloon Branch from the former Roswell Army Air Field (now Roswell - Industrial Air Center), N.M.<a id="FNanchor_1_94" href="#Footnote_1_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The spacecraft were transported by - Air Force balloons to altitudes above 100,000 feet and released for a - period of self-propelled, supersonic, free-flight prior to landing on - the White Sands Missile Range.<a id="FNanchor_1_95" href="#Footnote_1_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> While the origins of the “Roswell” - scenarios cannot be specifically traced to these vehicles, their - flying saucer-like appearance, and the fact that they were launched - exclusively from the original “Roswell Incident” location, leaves an - impression that perhaps these odd balloon payloads may have played - some role in the unclear and distorted stories of at least some of the - “Roswell” witnesses.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_52"><img class="w100" src="images/i_044.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 52. A NASA <span class="smcap">Viking</span> space probe is rolled - out of its assembly building at Martin Marietta Corporation in Denver, - Colo. (<i>NASA</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span></p> - - <div class="center"> - <a id="Fig_53"><img class="illow44" src="images/i_045a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_54"><img class="illow52" src="images/i_045b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_55"><img class="w100" src="images/i_045c.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 53. (<i>Above Left</i>) The aeroshell of a NASA - <span class="smcap">Voyager-Mars</span> space probe just prior to launch at Walker AFB, - N.M. (formerly Roswell AAF). (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 54. (<i>Above Right</i>) This NASA <span class="smcap">Viking</span> - flying saucer-like space probe was test flown by U. S. Air Force - high altitude balloons in 1972 at the former Roswell Army Air Field. (<i>NASA</i>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 55. (<i>Left</i>) Following a supersonic test flight - in 1972, a <span class="smcap">Viking</span> space probe awaits recovery at White Sands - Missile Range, N.M. (<i>NASA</i>) - </div> - </div> - - <p><b>Tethered Balloons.</b> The Holloman Balloon Branch, in addition to - high altitude research activities, also conducted low altitude tethered - balloon flights. It appears that descriptions of these balloons may - have become part of the “Roswell Incident.”</p> - - <p>Most standard shaped tethered balloons are readily identified when near - the ground or when the tether is visible. Other experimental<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> tethered - balloons are not so easily identified. During the 1960s, Balloon Branch - personnel flew experimentally shaped tethered balloons from deep - canyons of central New Mexico. To a distant observer, from a vantage - point above the canyon rim, where the tether and ground anchors are - not visible, an experimental tethered balloon might lead some persons - to speculate as to the oddly shaped balloon’s origin and purpose. One - design of a low altitude tethered balloon may have inspired at least - one account of an “alien” craft. In <cite>The Truth About the UFO Crash at - Roswell</cite>, the authors published a drawing of a crashed alien spaceship - allegedly based on a drawing given to them by an anonymous witness.<a id="FNanchor_1_96" href="#Footnote_1_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> - When this drawing is compared to a photograph of an experimental - tethered balloon flown at Holloman AFB in March 1965, the similarities - are undeniable.<a id="FNanchor_1_97" href="#Footnote_1_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> The tethered balloon and the NASA space probes are - just two examples of the uncommon technologies that were flown in New - Mexico by the Holloman Balloon Branch.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_56"><img class="illow48" src="images/i_046a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_57"><img class="illow50" src="images/i_046b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 56. (<i>Left</i>) A drawing from a popular UFO book, - <cite>The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell</cite>, depicts an alien spacecraft - allegedly drawn by an anonymous witness. (<cite>The Truth About the UFO - Crash at Roswell</cite>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 57. (<i>Right</i>) A tethered “Vee” balloon shown here - at Holloman AFB, N.M. in March 1965. This experimental balloon, is - strikingly similar to the “alien” craft. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>) - </div> - </div> - - <p>Today, the Air Force maintains a reduced but still highly capable - high altitude balloon program at Holloman AFB. The Space and Missile - Command, Test and Evaluation Unit (SMC/TE, OL-AC) represents the sole - Department of Defense high altitude research balloon capability. The - ability of a U.S. Air Force high altitude balloon to lift a scientific - payload to more than 100,000 feet, above 99 per cent of the earth’s - atmosphere, for days at a time, presents a profoundly useful scientific - tool at a fraction of the cost of a space research platform. Recent - tests that utilized Holloman balloons included atmospheric sampling - and gravity measurement experiments, high altitude astronomic studies, - weapons systems evaluations, and gamma ray detection experiments. While - most tests continue to be launched from the permanent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span> balloon launch - facility at Holloman AFB, U.S. Air Force balloon crews have recently - launched balloons from numerous field locations in the U.S. (including - two sites in Roswell), as well as Alaska, Panama, and Antarctica.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_58"><img class="w100" src="images/i_047.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 58. Present members of the Holloman Balloon Branch - in front of the Balloon Operations Center, Building 850, at Holloman - AFB, N.M., (<i>from left</i>) TSgt. Roger J. Welch, Mr. Joseph Fumerola, Mr. - Alvin W. Hodges, Mr. Joseph Longshore, MSgt. Ray A. Pitts, Sr., Amn. - John Witkop, and Mr. Harvey L. Harris. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>) - </div> - </div> - - <h4>Balloon and Payload Recoveries</h4> - - <p>UFO theorists support their claims of an extraordinary occurrence in - the New Mexico desert by describing mysterious U.S. military personnel, - operating a variety of vehicles and aircraft that always seem to - arrive shortly after the crash of a “flying saucer.” When carefully - scrutinized, the descriptions of the mystery crews, their equipment, - methods, and the areas where the recoveries allegedly occurred—in - targeted high altitude balloon recovery areas—indicates that Holloman - Balloon Branch activities were most likely responsible for the claims.</p> - - <p>To successfully recover high altitude balloons, balloon recovery - technicians regularly ventured far from Holloman AFB. In most instances - the balloons and their scientific payloads were recovered from - predetermined recovery areas. These regularly targeted areas, located - in Arizona, West Texas, and New Mexico, included the area surrounding - Roswell.<a id="FNanchor_1_98" href="#Footnote_1_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> From 1947 to the present, the Roswell area has been the - site of hundreds of balloon and payload recoveries (including those - that carried anthropomorphic dummies).<a id="FNanchor_1_99" href="#Footnote_1_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></p> - - <p>The regularly targeted areas were the result of the evolution of high - altitude balloon control techniques developed at Holloman AFB. These - techniques were based on meteorological, geographical, and operational - conditions that exist in New Mexico. These factors, combined with ample - amounts of skill and experience of balloon controllers at Holloman AFB, - determined the impact points of Holloman high altitude balloons.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span></p> - - <p>Many of the procedures used to position Air Force balloons are - described in <cite>General Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control</cite>, - and <cite>Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations in - the Southwestern United States</cite>, both by Bernard D. Gildenberg (see - statement in <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>).<a id="FNanchor_1_100" href="#Footnote_1_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> Gildenberg served as the Holloman - Balloon Branch Meteorologist, Engineer, and Physical Science - Administrator from 1951 until 1981. During this period, Gildenberg, a - recognized world expert in upper atmospheric wind patterns, pioneered - methods to launch, control, track, and recover high altitude balloons. - Many of these methods are still used today by the U.S. Air Force and by - research organizations throughout the world.</p> - - <h4>Interaction with Civilians</h4> - - <p>In several accounts, unsubstantiated allegations have been made - that military personnel who retrieved equipment from rural areas of - New Mexico intimidated and threatened civilians. Contrary to these - charges, Balloon Branch personnel enjoyed good relations with the - local community and often solicited their assistance in the area of a - balloon or payload<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> landing. In the flat, featureless desert areas of - southeastern New Mexico near Roswell, the parachutes, payloads, the - balloons themselves, and circling chase aircraft often drew crowds of - curious onlookers from the local community. In fact, so many civilians - were often present at balloon or payload landing sites, the scene was - described by longtime civilian Balloon Branch recovery supervisor, - Robert Blankenship, as being like the “circus coming to town.”<a id="FNanchor_1_101" href="#Footnote_1_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_59"><img class="w100" src="images/i_048.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 59. Bernard D. “Duke” Gildenberg (<i>center</i>) Balloon - Branch Meteorologist, is shown here in May 1957 in front of the - <span class="smcap">Man High I</span> gondola. With Gildenberg are <span class="smcap">Man High I</span> - pilot Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (<i>left</i>), and <span class="smcap">Man High</span> - project scientist/pilot, Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC). When Gildenberg - attempted to inform UFO theorists that high altitude balloon projects - were likely responsible for some of the UFO claims, his explanations - were rejected, <i>See also</i> <a href="#Page_9">pages 8 & 9</a>. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>Allegations that civilians were threatened or told to “forget what they - saw” are profoundly inaccurate. Threats, intimidation, or other types - of misconduct by Balloon Branch personnel would have served no purpose - since without the cooperation of local persons, many recoveries would - not have been possible.<a id="FNanchor_1_102" href="#Footnote_1_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p> - - <p>Most balloon recoveries were coordinated in advance with local - law enforcement agencies.<a id="FNanchor_1_103" href="#Footnote_1_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> If a balloon or payload landed on - private property and the owner could not be located, Balloon Branch - operating instructions dictated that the local sheriff or police - must be contacted.<a id="FNanchor_1_104" href="#Footnote_1_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> In situations where local persons arrived at - balloon landing sites before the recovery crews, they were simply - asked to “step back” to allow recovery personnel to secure the - balloon equipment.<a id="FNanchor_1_105" href="#Footnote_1_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> If these persons inquired as to the purpose - of a balloon flight, they were informed by technicians that it was a - U.S. Air Force scientific study and were given a telephone number at - Holloman AFB if they required additional information. At Holloman AFB, - individuals qualified to answer detailed questions responded to these<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> - inquiries. There was never a reason to mislead or threaten individuals - who observed balloon operations. Relations with local citizens were - good, and Balloon Branch personnel and equipment were a common sight to - residents in areas with high incidences of balloon operations.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_60"><img class="w100" src="images/i_049.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 60. (<i>Right</i>) This ranch family assisted in the - recovery of a Project <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> high altitude balloon payload - and is shown here with a panel from the unmanned gondola. (<i>U.S. Air - Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>In a few instances, situations arose when persons not familiar with the - procedures and equipment used by the Balloon Branch misunderstood their - activities. Such misunderstandings occurred several times during the - 1970s and 1980s when recovery crews not only attracted the attention of - local citizens while coordinating balloon recoveries, but also drew the - attention of federal law enforcement agencies.<a id="FNanchor_1_106" href="#Footnote_1_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></p> - - <p>Checks with the local sheriff revealed that the trucks and circling - aircraft in the desert near Roswell were part of a balloon recovery - mission, and not a drug smuggling operation. Apparently, balloon - recoveries appeared to be something suspicious even to federal agents.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_61"><img class="w100" src="images/i_050a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 61. A typical Holloman Balloon Branch recovery crew - is shown here with a man known as “The hermit” who assisted them in a - balloon recovery northwest of Silver City, N.M. in the 1960s. (<i>photo - collection of Robert Blankenship</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_62"><img class="w100" src="images/i_050b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 62. A mule (named Ida) was borrowed from a local - rancher when a balloon payload landed in difficult terrain 20 miles - north of Wickenburg, Ariz. in October 1966. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_63"><img class="w100" src="images/i_051a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 63. On occasion, Air Force balloon recovery crews - rented or borrowed equipment from local residents. This bulldozer was - rented for one recovery in the Sacramento mountains west of Roswell. - (<i>photo collection of Robert Blankenship</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_64"><img class="w100" src="images/i_051b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 64. Balloon Branch vehicle at roadside café. - This M-43 ¾-ton field ambulance, converted by the Holloman Balloon - Branch into a communications vehicle, was a common sight in the - areas surrounding Roswell during the 1950s and early 1960s. (<i>photo - collection of Ole Jorgeson</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span></p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_65"><img class="w100" src="images/i_052a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Figs. 65 & 66. Examples of unusual payloads flown by Air - Force high altitude balloons at Holloman AFB, N.M. (<i>U.S. Air Force - photos</i>)</div> - </div> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_66"><img class="w100" src="images/i_052b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span></p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_67"><img class="illow52" src="images/i_053a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_68"><img class="illow46" src="images/i_053b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 67. (<i>Left</i>) This U.S. Army communications payload - was flown at Holloman AFB, N.M. on September 30, 1976. (<i>U.S. Army - photo</i>)<br /><br />Fig. 68. (<i>Right</i>) Payload launched by an Air Force - high altitude balloon from Holloman AFB, N. M. on March 20, 1965. This - payload was a scientific experiment for The Johns Hopkins University - Astrophysics Laboratory. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_69"><img class="w100" src="images/i_053c.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 69. High altitude balloon payload launched from - Holloman AFB on September 14, 1976. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> - <h3 id="Section_1_4">1.4<br />Comparison of Witnesses<br />Accounts to U.S. Air Force Activities</h3> - </div> - - <p>Were they aliens or dummies? This question can be answered by comparing - witness testimony and the Air Force projects of the 1950s, <span class="smcap">High - Dive</span> and <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>. Both of these projects employed - anthropomorphic dummies flown by high altitude balloons and appeared to - satisfy the requirements of the previously established research profile:</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>a.</b></i> An activity that if viewed from a distance would appear unusual.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>b.</b></i> An activity for which the exact date was not likely to have - been known because many dummies were dropped over a six-year period - (1953–1959).</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>c.</b></i> An activity that took place in many areas of rural New Mexico.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>d.</b></i> An activity that involved a type of aerial vehicle with - dummies that had four fingers, were bald and wore one-piece gray - suits.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><i><b>e.</b></i> An activity that required recovery by numerous military - personnel and an assortment of vehicles that included a wrecker, a - six-by-six, and a weapons carrier.</p> - - <p>The testimony used in the following comparison, an undocumented mixture - of firsthand and secondhand re-countings, are the actual statements, - not the interpretations of UFO proponents, that are presented to - “prove” the Earth was visited by extraterrestrial beings and the U.S. - Air Force has covered up this fact since 1947. This comparison is - augmented by references to photographs whenever possible to illustrate - the undeniable similarities between the descriptions provided by the - witnesses and the equipment and methods employed by the Air Force - projects.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_70"><img class="w100" src="images/i_055.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 70. Project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> anthropomorphic - dummy launch. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span></p> - - <div class="center sans mt5"> - <span class="xlarge"><b>“Crash” Site 1</b></span><br /> - <span class="large"><b>(Allegedly North of Roswell)</b></span> - </div> - - <p>This summarized account is the basis for the alleged “flying saucer” - crash site north of Roswell.* The exact location is not known since - the witness, Mr. James Ragsdale, in two separate sworn statements, has - described two different sites, many miles apart.<a id="FNanchor_1_107" href="#Footnote_1_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> This account was - excerpted from an interview with Mr. Ragsdale by author Donald Schmitt. - A transcript of the complete interview is included in <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C</a>.</p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* In <cite>The Truth About the UFO Crash at Roswell</cite> (Avon Books, - 1994, p. 131), the authors provided a corroborating account for this - testimony from a 96-year-old man who was in ill health, whose interview - was not tape recorded, and has since died. According to the book, - the man’s “wife and daughter said that he was easily confused” and - “memories of his life were jumbled and reordered.”</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <h4>The Account</h4> - - <div class="large"><b>James Ragsdale</b></div> - - <p>“<em>They was using dummies in those damned things</em>”<a id="FNanchor_1_108" href="#Footnote_1_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> - - <p>Testimony attributed to Ragsdale, who is deceased, states that he and - a friend were camping one evening and saw something fall from the sky. - The next morning, when they went to investigate, they saw a crash site:</p> - - <p>“One part [of the craft] was kind of buried in the ground and one part - of it was sticking our [out] of the ground.” “I’m sure that [there] was - bodies ... either bodies or dummies.” “The federal government could - have been doing something they didn’t want anyone to know what this - was. They was using dummies in those damned things ... they could use - remote control ... but it was either dummies or bodies or something - laying there. They looked like bodies. They were not very long ... - [not] over four or five foot long at the most.” “We didn’t see their - faces or nothing like that ... we had just gotten to the site and the - Army ... and all [was] coming and we got into a damned jeep and took off.”</p> - - <p>This testimony then describes an assortment of military vehicles used - to recover the “bodies”: “It was two or three six-by-six Army trucks a - wrecker and everything. Leading the pack was a ’47 Ford car with guys - in it.... It was six or eight big trucks besides the pickup, weapons - carriers and stuff like that.” Ragsdale also said that before he left - the area he observed the military personnel “gathering stuff up” and - “they cleaned everything all up.”</p> - - <div class="large"><b>Assessment</b></div> - - <p>In his testimony, Ragsdale made numerous references to - equipment, vehicles, and procedures consistent with documented - anthropomorphic dummy recoveries for projects <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> and - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>. The repeated use of the term “dummy” and the - witness’ own admission that “they was using dummies in those damned - things” and “I’m sure that was bodies ... either bodies or dummies” - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> leaves little doubt that what he described was an anthropomorphic - dummy recovery.</p> - - <p>Based on testimony attributed to this witness, the confusion could - have resulted from the fact that he observed these activities from a - distance. If the witness was even a short distance from the odd looking - anthropomorphic dummies, it would be logical for him to believe, when - interviewed 35 to 40 years after the event, that he “thought they were - dummies or bodies or something.” Also, for some of the high altitude - drops, the dummies did not separate from the suspension rack and - “rode the rack” to the ground without deployment of a parachute.<a id="FNanchor_1_109" href="#Footnote_1_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> - If the parachutes of the dummies or parachutes of the rack assembly - did not deploy (a common occurrence during the early dummy drops), - then they free-fell from up to 98,000 feet.<a id="FNanchor_1_110" href="#Footnote_1_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> As a result of these - malfunctions, the arms and legs of the dummies were often separated - from the body on impact.<a id="FNanchor_1_111" href="#Footnote_1_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> This may account for the witness’ - description of bodies [not] “over four or five foot” tall.</p> - - <p>Another portion of his testimony suggesting that the witness observed - an Air Force high altitude balloon and dummy recovery was the - statement: “The federal government could have been doing something - because they didn’t want anyone to know what this was ... they was - using dummies in those damned things ... they could use remote - control.” Balloon controllers used remote control to relay commands to - the balloon control package to valve gas and drop ballast.<a id="FNanchor_1_112" href="#Footnote_1_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> The - dummies themselves were also dropped from the suspension rack by remote - control.<a id="FNanchor_1_113" href="#Footnote_1_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_71"><img class="w100" src="images/i_057.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 71. Numerous vehicles and various types - of equipment, were often present at high altitude balloon and - anthropomorphic dummy launch and recovery locations. (photo collection - of Ole Jorgeson)</div> - </div> - - <p>The witness also described a Balloon Branch procedure that required the - area of a balloon or payload landing to be restored to its original - condition. It was evident in the statements “They cleaned everything - all up” and “They began gathering the stuff up.” Thoroughly cleaning - a balloon or dummy landing site and removing any debris<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> deposited - there was a standard procedure to maintain good community relations and - avoid legal claims that could arise over property damages or livestock - losses.<a id="FNanchor_1_114" href="#Footnote_1_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> Cattle were known to ingest scraps of polyethylene balloon - material that sometimes littered entire fields following a balloon - failure or flight termination.<a id="FNanchor_1_115" href="#Footnote_1_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p> - - <p>The military vehicles described were also consistent with recovery - and communications vehicles used during the 1950s to retrieve - anthropomorphic dummies and suspension racks.<a id="FNanchor_1_116" href="#Footnote_1_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> The witness stated - he saw a “wrecker,” a “six-by-six,” a “weapons carrier,” a “’47 Ford - car,” and a “pickup.” The “wrecker” was most likely a M-342 5-ton - wrecker that was assigned to the Balloon Branch for launch and recovery - operations.<a id="FNanchor_1_117" href="#Footnote_1_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> Other vehicles described were also the type used to - launch and recover anthropomorphic dummies. The “six-by-six” is a - likely reference to a M-35 2½-ton cargo truck; “weapons carriers” were - the common name of a Dodge M-37 ¾-ton utility truck. References to - “the pickup” and a “’47 Ford car,” were likely descriptions of other - civilian and military vehicles often present at high altitude balloon - launch and recovery locations.</p> - - <div class="center sans mt5"> - <span class="xlarge"><b>“Crash” Site 2</b></span><br /> - <span class="large"><b>(Allegedly 175 miles Northwest of Roswell)</b></span> - </div> - - <p>This purported flying saucer “crash” site is allegedly 175 miles - northwest of Roswell in an area of New Mexico known as the San Agustin - Plains.<a id="FNanchor_1_118" href="#Footnote_1_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> The contention that a flying saucer crashed at this - location and was recovered by the U.S. military is supported by three - principal testimonies, two secondhand and one firsthand.</p> - - <h4>The Secondhand Accounts</h4> - - <p>These accounts were related by Mr. Vern Maltais and Ms. Alice Knight, - who were acquainted with the alleged original eyewitness, Mr. Grady - L. Barnett, who is deceased. Unless otherwise noted, the following - statements appeared on footage used to prepare a video, <cite>Recollections - of Roswell Part II</cite>, by The Fund for UFO Research (see <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C</a>).</p> - - <div class="large"><b>Alice Knight</b></div> - - <p>“<em>I don’t recall the date</em>”<a id="FNanchor_1_119" href="#Footnote_1_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p> - - <p>“I don’t remember whether it was before my husband and I were married - or after, I don’t recall the date. But he [the eyewitness] saw a UFO - fall ... and he got nearly to the site ... but they got nearly up to - the UFO but it was close enough that you could see some creatures. - He said they didn’t look like human beings out there. And along came - government cars and trucks. I guess it was government. You know it was - a long time ago ... and they told him to go on back and forget that - they ever saw anything, and that’s all I recall.”</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span></p> - - <div class="large"><b>Assessment</b></div> - - <p>This brief testimony suggests that the witness did not know the date - of this event. It also appears that the “creatures” were seen from a - distance, as evidenced by the statement, “They got nearly up to the - UFO but it was close enough that you could see some creatures.” The - testimony also seems consistent with a description of anthropomorphic - dummies as the witness stated they “didn’t look like human beings.”</p> - - <div class="large"><b>Vern Maltais</b></div> - - <p>“<em>Their heads were hairless ... no eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair</em>”<a id="FNanchor_1_120" href="#Footnote_1_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p> - - <p>This secondhand witness alleged that the eyewitness told him he - observed “beings” from a “flying saucer that had burst open” that were - “about three and a half to four feet tall, very slim ... their heads - were hairless, with no eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair” with “sort of - a pear-shaped head.” He also related that “the beings were ... not - exactly like human beings ... similar but not exactly.” He described - that the hands of the beings “were not covered” ... and [they] only had - “four fingers.” He also related that the clothing of the beings was - “one-piece and gray in color”.<a id="FNanchor_1_121" href="#Footnote_1_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> The witness concluded that “As they - [the witnesses] were just starting to look things over really closely, - the military moved in and gave them a briefing to not say anything - about it.”</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_72"><img class="w100" src="images/i_059.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 72. “Their heads were hairless ... no eyebrows, no - eyelashes, no hair,” a likely description of Alderson Laboratories type - anthropomorphic dummy. These Alderson dummies, of the same type used - for Projects <span class="smcap">High Dive</span>/<span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, were used to test - NASA’s <span class="smcap">Apollo</span> spacecraft three-man couch at Holloman AFB, N.M. - in 1965. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="large"><b>Assessment</b></div> - - <p>This description of events also indicates that the eyewitness - apparently did not closely examine the scene and was “just starting - to look things over” when the military arrived. As with the previous - testimony, from a distance the dummies were likely to look, as - described by the witness, “not exactly like humans ... similar but not - exactly.” The description of the flying saucer that had “burst open” - is a likely description of the dummy suspension rack that was open on - the sides (see figures <a href="#Fig_74">74</a>, <a href="#Fig_75">75</a>, <a href="#Fig_76">76</a>). The detailed descriptions of the - “beings” as “about three and a half to four feet tall, very slim in - stature ... their heads were hairless, with no eyebrows, no eyelashes, - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> - no hair,” with “hands that were not covered” and “had only four - fingers,” is a likely description of an Alderson Research Laboratories - model anthropomorphic dummy. The head of the Alderson dummy was “bald” - and the area of the eyebrows protruded but had no “hair” (see figure - <a href="#Fig_72">72</a>). Also, a distinguishing feature of the Alderson dummy, unlike the - Sierra dummy, was that it had individual fingers not covered by gloves - that were often damaged during the tests resulting in the loss of - fingers (see figures <a href="#Fig_35">35</a>, <a href="#Fig_73"></a>73, <a href="#Fig_75"></a>75).</p> - - <p>Due to the secondhand nature of these accounts, even UFO theorists were - not convinced that this “incident” actually occurred. Corroborating - testimony of a firsthand witness was necessary to verify these claims. - The firsthand testimony is examined next.</p> - - <h4>The Firsthand Account</h4> - - <p>This testimony became part of the Roswell Incident in 1990 following an - episode of the television program <cite>Unsolved Mysteries</cite>.<a id="FNanchor_1_122" href="#Footnote_1_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> Following - a dramatized re-creation on the program, persons with information - concerning this event were encouraged to call a special toll free - telephone number.</p> - - <p>From the outset, some UFO theorists were skeptical of this testimony - due to the amount of detail provided from the witness who was only five - years old in 1947. In fact, UFO organizations sponsored a conference - in February 1992 to evaluate the testimony for authenticity.<a id="FNanchor_1_123" href="#Footnote_1_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> - The witness was asked to take a polygraph examination, which he - passed.<a id="FNanchor_1_124" href="#Footnote_1_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> Many UFO enthusiasts remained skeptical of the claims and - denounced this testimony as “no more than a fabrication.”<a id="FNanchor_1_125" href="#Footnote_1_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> - - <p>Unless otherwise noted, two sources of testimony attributed to the - witness have been used in this examination; interviews used to prepare - the video <cite>Recollections of Roswell Part II</cite> by the Fund for UFO - Research (see <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C</a>) and <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> by Don Berliner and - Stanton Friedman (passages from this book were used only when exact - quotations of the witness were indicated).</p> - - <div class="large"><b>Gerald Anderson</b></div> - - <p>“<em>I thought they were plastic dolls ... I didn’t think they were real</em>”<a id="FNanchor_1_126" href="#Footnote_1_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> - - <p>Anderson related that as a five-year-old boy on an outing with his - family in west central New Mexico, they stumbled upon the crash of - some type of aerial vehicle.<a id="FNanchor_1_127" href="#Footnote_1_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> When he first saw the craft he - thought it was a “blimp.”<a id="FNanchor_1_128" href="#Footnote_1_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> According to Anderson he “didn’t really - get very close,”<a id="FNanchor_1_129" href="#Footnote_1_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> but thought he saw four bandaged crewmembers - and at first he “thought they were plastic dolls.”<a id="FNanchor_1_130" href="#Footnote_1_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> He also - described attempts by persons in his party to communicate with one - of the “crewmembers.”<a id="FNanchor_1_131" href="#Footnote_1_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> Soon after, other civilians arrived (some - wearing pith helmets) followed by military personnel in an assortment - of vehicles and aircraft commanded by a “redheaded captain.”<a id="FNanchor_1_132" href="#Footnote_1_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> The - military personnel, after “screaming and hollering” at the civilians - “this is a military secret,”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> started a recovery operation of the alien - craft and crew.<a id="FNanchor_1_133" href="#Footnote_1_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> Anderson also recalled that the military personnel - threatened some of the civilians with imprisonment or death before - escorting them out of the area.<a id="FNanchor_1_134" href="#Footnote_1_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p> - - <div class="large"><b>Assessment</b></div> - - <p>Anderson’s choice of the terms “blimp” to describe the crashed vehicle, - and “dolls” to describe the “crew,” strongly suggests that a balloon - with an anthropomorphic dummy payload was the foundation for this - testimony. He also provided an abundance of supporting details that - accurately described vehicles, aircraft, equipment, and procedures - used by the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch to launch and recover - anthropomorphic dummies.</p> - - <p>An aspect of this testimony that is not accurate is the alleged threats - and intimidation of civilians by military personnel. The use of such - heavy-handedness was not a tactic used by the Air Force. A careful - review of official records and interviews with numerous persons - who actively participated in and were responsible for the conduct - of Air Force members on high altitude balloon recovery operations - revealed that these allegations are untrue.<a id="FNanchor_1_135" href="#Footnote_1_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> Additionally, the - witness alleges that the military personnel were “screaming and - hollering” “this is a military secret.”<a id="FNanchor_1_136" href="#Footnote_1_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> This statement might lead - uninitiated persons to believe that the witness observed something - highly classified and that by telling everyone present that it was a - “military secret” would somehow help it to remain so. However, logic - dictates that if something was classified “screaming and hollering” - it was “secret,” would compromise it and not serve to protect its - classification. This application of logic, combined with the fact that - the launch and recovery of anthropomorphic dummies was unclassified, - widely publicized, and often observed by local civilians, indicates - that the witness’ recollections are in error. There was never a reason - to disrespect, “scream,” “holler,” or forbid any person from talking - about the launch or recovery of anthropomorphic dummies.</p> - - <p><b>The “Crewmembers.”</b> The statement “I thought they were plastic - dolls” seems an odd choice of words to describe an extraterrestrial - being and is a likely reference to an anthropomorphic dummy whose - skin was made of plastic.<a id="FNanchor_1_137" href="#Footnote_1_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> This description is similar to that - of the sole witness of the other crash site, north of Roswell, who - described the “aliens” as “dummies.”<a id="FNanchor_1_138" href="#Footnote_1_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> Other references provided - by this witness further indicate that anthropomorphic dummies were - the basis for these descriptions. The heads of the “crewmembers” were - described as “completely bald” with “no visible ears ... just a rise - ... and then a hole.”<a id="FNanchor_1_139" href="#Footnote_1_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> This is an accurate description of Alderson - Research Laboratories model dummies that did not have “hair” and had - either plastic “ears” molded to the head or a circular opening where - a “demountable ear” or additional instrumentation was attached (see - <a href="#Fig_22">figure 22</a>).<a id="FNanchor_1_140" href="#Footnote_1_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> The statement “they didn’t have a little finger,”<a id="FNanchor_1_141" href="#Footnote_1_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> - a detail very similar to one provided by another witness, also appears - to be a description of dummies manufactured by Alderson Laboratories - that were often damaged during the balloon tests resulting in the loss - of fingers.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_73"><img class="w100" src="images/i_062a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 73. “Some kind of container, a metal box,” was - described as laying on the ground near the alleged aliens. This appears - to be a reference to boxes containing electrical components of the - remote controlled systems positioned on the top of the dummy suspension - rack. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_74"><img class="w100" src="images/i_062b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 74. “They looked like they had some sort of - bandages on ’em ... over his ... arm ... around his midsection and - partially over his shoulder”—witness description of tape and nylon - webbing used to prevent arms and legs from flailing, and parachute - harness that had chest and shoulder straps. Tape was also used to - secure the removable back plate of the head (<i>also see figs. <a href="#Fig_29">29</a>, <a href="#Fig_30">30</a>, - <a href="#Fig_73">73</a>, <a href="#Fig_75">75</a></i>). (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>The assertion that “they were all wearing one-piece suits ... a shiny - silverish-gray color,” “trimmed in ... maroon-like cording”<a id="FNanchor_1_142" href="#Footnote_1_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> is - a likely reference to a standard issue, gray, Air Force flightsuit - used to outfit the dummies and red duct-type tape used in the tests - that prevented air from filling the flightsuit (see fig. 30).<a id="FNanchor_1_143" href="#Footnote_1_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> The - recollection that “crewmembers” had “bandages”<a id="FNanchor_1_144" href="#Footnote_1_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> on their bodies - were likely references to tape and nylon webbing used to prevent - flailing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> of a dummy’s arms and legs during tests.<a id="FNanchor_1_145" href="#Footnote_1_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> A reference to - a bandage “around his [the crewmember’s] midsection and partially over - his shoulder”<a id="FNanchor_1_146" href="#Footnote_1_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> is a likely reference to the standard B-4 or B-5 - parachute with chest and shoulder straps worn by the dummies.<a id="FNanchor_1_147" href="#Footnote_1_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_75"><img class="w100" src="images/i_063a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 75. “Its uniform was torn in a couple spots ... - their uniforms were in pretty sad shape”—witnesses description of - secondhand flightsuits that were used repeatedly on tests; tears and - other damage were common. In this photo, 1st Lt. Raymond A. Madson - “rigs” a dummy to its suspension rack for project <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> at - Holloman AFB, N.M. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_76"><img class="w100" src="images/i_063b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 76. A witness described at least one person at a - “crash” site wearing a pith helmet. In the 1950s, the pith helmet was - part of the Air Force uniform and was often worn on balloon launches - and recoveries. In this publicity photo from <cite>On the Threshold of - Space</cite>, Air Force members at Holloman AFB who were extras in the film - can be seen wearing pith helmets. (<i>also see <a href="#Fig_49">figure 49</a></i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p> - - <p><b>The “Craft.”</b> In what appears to be a clear reference to a - balloon, was that when he saw the crashed vehicle he “thought it was - a blimp.”<a id="FNanchor_1_148" href="#Footnote_1_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> Additional descriptions of cables that “went from one - kind of a package of components to another kind of package” and a - “metal box” were likely references to the balloon control package that - was positioned on top of the dummy suspension rack.<a id="FNanchor_1_149" href="#Footnote_1_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> A further - reference to a balloon payload is the statement that on a hot New - Mexico day the crashed vehicle was “ice cold, it felt like it just - came out of the freezer.”<a id="FNanchor_1_150" href="#Footnote_1_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> This accurately describes a physical - condition known as “cold soaking” common to high altitude payloads - that had recently been exposed to sub-zero temperatures of the upper - atmosphere.</p> - - <p><b>Military Aircraft.</b> The witness also described two aircraft of - the same type used for anthropomorphic dummy recoveries as having been - involved in the activity he witnessed. One aircraft was described as - a “C-47” and another as an “observation aircraft ... a high-winged - aircraft.”<a id="FNanchor_1_151" href="#Footnote_1_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> These were a C-47 and a L-20 aircraft used extensively - by the Balloon Branch during the mid 1950s for tracking and recovering - anthropomorphic dummy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> balloon flights.<a id="FNanchor_1_152" href="#Footnote_1_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> This testimony also - described aircraft that were typically overhead during a recovery and - an established procedure of landing on a rural road or in a field to - reach isolated balloon launch or recovery locations.<a id="FNanchor_1_153" href="#Footnote_1_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_77"><img class="w100" src="images/i_064a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 77. “An observation aircraft ... a high-winged - aircraft”—a witness’s probable reference to a U.S. Air Force L-20 - aircraft used extensively by Holloman AFB crews to track and recover - anthropomorphic dummies. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_78"><img class="w100" src="images/i_064b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 78. Described as present at a flying saucer “crash” - site was a C-47 aircraft. This is a probable reference to a U.S. Air - Force C-47 transport aircraft used to move equipment to launch sites - distant from Holloman AFB. These aircraft were also used for aerial - tracking of high altitude balloon flights including those that flew - anthropomorphic dummies. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><b>Military Vehicles.</b> Numerous military vehicles, several of which - were described by other witnesses as having been at the other crash - site north of Roswell, were also described. Witnesses at the two - different sites described a “wrecker” and a “six-by-six,” both of the - type used for anthropomorphic dummy recoveries.<a id="FNanchor_1_154" href="#Footnote_1_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> The account also - described two vehicles unique to the Balloon Branch that were used for - the majority of high altitude balloon recoveries during the mid- to - late-1950s.</p> - - <p>The witness described a “jeep-like truck that had a bunch of radios - in it”.... There was a guy sittin’ in there wearin’ earphones and he - was talking on the radio.“<a id="FNanchor_1_155" href="#Footnote_1_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> This is a likely description of a - Dodge M-37 ¾-ton utility truck, known as a weapons carrier, that had - been specially modified to carry radio equipment for balloon recovery - operations. The Holloman AFB Balloon Branch modified these vehicles - in 1953, ruling out the possibility that the witness observed them in - 1947, when such vehicles were not available to organizations performing - balloon operations.<a id="FNanchor_1_156" href="#Footnote_1_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> The other vehicle described and used by the - Balloon Branch were “military ambulances.”<a id="FNanchor_1_157" href="#Footnote_1_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> During the mid-1950s, - the Balloon Branch modified three M-43 ¾-ton ambulances for use as - balloon recovery and communications vehicles.<a id="FNanchor_1_158" href="#Footnote_1_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> These vehicles were - used for anthropomorphic dummy launch and recovery missions to relay - messages to circling recovery aircraft and the balloon operations - center at Holloman AFB.<a id="FNanchor_1_159" href="#Footnote_1_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> The witness also described “a trailer with - a motor on it, like a generator.”<a id="FNanchor_1_160" href="#Footnote_1_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> This is a likely description - of a 1½-ton cargo trailer with an MB-19 15 Kilowatt diesel generator. - These generators were used primarily on balloon launch sites during the - 1950s and 1960s (see fig. <a href="#Fig_71">71</a>).</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_79"><img class="w100" src="images/i_065.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 79. “Stretching stuff out on the ground, dragging - stuff out of trucks”—a likely witness reference to high altitude - balloon inflation procedure that required the balloon to be stretched - out on a protective ground cloth prior to inflation. (<i>U.S. Air Force - photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><b>Balloon Branch Procedures.</b> Descriptions of military personnel - “stretching stuff out on the ground, dragging stuff out of trucks”<a id="FNanchor_1_161" href="#Footnote_1_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> - is a likely description of a balloon launch procedure that required - the fragile<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> polyethylene balloon and its protective ground cloth to - be removed from a launch vehicle and laid out on the ground prior to - inflation. Another procedure described by the witness was an apparent - reference to a balloon recovery practice of recording the names of - civilians who observed high altitude balloon recoveries.<a id="FNanchor_1_162" href="#Footnote_1_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> The - witness stated that military personnel “took everybody’s name and - everything,”<a id="FNanchor_1_163" href="#Footnote_1_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> which was a procedure to ensure payment of a $25 - dollar reward to persons who assisted in the recovery. This procedure - was also necessary to settle future claims of property damage caused by - the balloon, payload, or recovery vehicles.<a id="FNanchor_1_164" href="#Footnote_1_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_80"><img class="w100" src="images/i_066a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 80. Witnesses described a “tanker,” “military - ambulances,” a “6 × 6,” and a “wrecker”—probable references to (<i>from - left</i>) a helium tank trailer, a M-43 ambulance (converted to a - communications vehicle), a M-35 cargo truck (partially obscured), and - a M-342 wrecker. These vehicles were used for off-range launch and - recovery operations of anthropomorphic dummies for Project <span class="smcap">High - Dive</span>/<span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>. Shown here is a May 29, 1957 dummy launch - near Hatch, N.M. (<i>also see figs. <a href="#Fig_23">23</a>, <a href="#Fig_28">28</a>, <a href="#Fig_64">64</a>, <a href="#Fig_71">71</a>, <a href="#Fig_81">81</a></i>). (<i>U.S. Air - Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"> - <a id="Fig_81"><img class="illow66" src="images/i_066b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 81. Scene typical of a mid- to late 1950s off-range - high altitude balloon launch. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span></p> - - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5"><b>Summary</b></div> - - <p>When the claims offered by UFO theorists to prove that an - extraterrestrial spaceship and crew crashed and were recovered by the - U.S. Air Force are compared to documented Air Force activities, it is - reasonable to conclude, with a high degree of certainty, that the two - “crashes” were actually descriptions of a launch or recovery of a high - altitude balloon and anthropomorphic dummies. This conclusion was based - on the remarkable similarities and independent corroboration between - the witnesses who described <em>both</em> of the “crash sites.” Statements - such as “they was using dummies in those damned things” and a - characterization of the crashed vehicle as, “I thought it was a blimp” - are two of the many similarities. The extensive detailed descriptions - provided by the witnesses, too numerous to be coincidental, were of - the equipment, vehicles, procedures, and personnel of the Air Force - research organizations who conducted the scientific experiments - <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> and <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>.</p> - - <p>Though it is clear anthropomorphic dummies were responsible for these - accounts, the specific locations of the events described was difficult, - if not impossible, to determine since the witnesses were not specific. - A witness to the “crash site” north of Roswell, Mr. James Ragsdale, - was not certain of the actual location as evidenced by a change in - his sworn testimony that moved the site many miles from its original - location.<a id="FNanchor_1_165" href="#Footnote_1_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></p> - - <p>However, since Ragsdale reportedly lived or worked in the Roswell, - Artesia, and Carlsbad, N.M. areas during the period when the dummies - were used, it is likely he described one or more of the nine documented - dummy recoveries in areas near there.</p> - - <p>Reports of the other crash site, allegedly 175 miles northwest of - Roswell on the San Agustin Plains, is likely based on descriptions of - more than one launch and recovery of anthropomorphic dummies. Since - one witness, Gerald Anderson, described procedures consistent with the - launch <em>and</em> recovery of high altitude balloons, it is likely that he - witnessed both of these activities, with at least one that included an - anthropomorphic dummy payload.</p> - - <p>The two secondhand witnesses to this “crash,” Vern Maltais and Alice - Knight, could have related descriptions from any of the dummy launch - or landing sites. However, Maltais and Knight repeatedly described the - impact location of the flying saucer as on the San Agustin Plains. - One possible explanation is that the witnesses, in the 30 or more - years since they were told the story by the original eyewitness, Mr. - Barney Barnett, a soil conservation engineer who reportedly traveled - extensively throughout New Mexico, may have confused San Agustin - Plains with San Agustin Pass or San Agustin Peak, an area in the San - Agustin Mountains of New Mexico. These areas are just outside the - boundary of the White Sands Missile Range and the adjacent Jornada - Test Range. Numerous anthropomorphic dummy balloon flights terminated - and were recovered in this area. Furthermore, if the civilians - witnessed dummy landings on either the White Sands Missile Range or the - Jornada Test Range, both test areas and restricted U.S.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> Government - reservations, then this explains why they may have been told to leave - the landing site. In the popular Roswell scenarios, witnesses were - allegedly instructed by military personnel to leave the area because - they witnessed something of a highly classified nature. This would - be unlikely since the witnesses described projects that utilized - anthropomorphic dummies which were unclassified. It is likely, however, - that if the witnesses ventured onto one of these ranges they were - instructed to leave, not because of classified activities, but for - their own safety.</p> - - <p>These conclusions are supported by official files, technical reports, - extensive photographic documentation, and the recollections of - numerous former and retired Air Force members and civilian employees - who conducted Projects <span class="smcap">High Dive</span> and <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>. The - descriptions examined here, provided by UFO theorists themselves, were - so remarkably—and redundantly—similar to these Air Force projects that - the only reasonable conclusion can be that the witnesses described - these activities. These many similarities are summarized in Table 1.1.</p> - - <p>The next section will examine the accounts of “aliens” at the hospital - at Roswell Army Air Field. As previously stated, due to the lack of - general or detailed similarities with testimony of the two rural “crash - sites,” the hospital account was determined not to be associated with - these reports.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_82"><img class="w100" src="images/i_068.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 82.</div> - <div class="xsmall left">Source: Test records of U.S. Air Force aeromedical project no. 7218,<br /> - task 71719 (<span class="smcap">High Dive</span>) and project no. 7222, task 71748 (<span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>).</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span></p> - - <div class="center sans" id="Table_1_1"><b>Table 1.1<br /> - Comparison of Testimony to Actual Air Force Equipment, Vehicles, and - Procedures Used to Launch and Recover Anthropomorphic Dummies</b></div> - - <p class="noindent">Notes:<br /> - “Crash Site” 1—Site North of Roswell<br /> - “Crash Site” 2—Site 175 miles Northwest of Roswell<br /> - Shaded areas indicates corroboration between witnesses.<br /> - Boxed shaded areas indicates corroboration between witnesses at different “crash” sites.</p> - - <table class="table" summary="Comparison of Testimony"> - <tbody> - <tr> - <th class="bt bb">Witness Description</th> - <th class="bt bb">Air Force<br />Equipment/Procedure</th> - <th class="bt bb">“Crash Site”</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdl"><b>The “Aliens”</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">1. “They was using dummies in those damned - things.”<a id="FNanchor_1_166" href="#Footnote_1_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to anthropomorphic dummies (figs. 11, 14, 21–22, 29, 30–33, 35, 40, 72–75, 45).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">2. “I thought they were plastic dolls”<a id="FNanchor_1_167" href="#Footnote_1_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to anthropomorphic dummies that had plastic skin.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">3. “an experimental plane with dummies in it”<a id="FNanchor_1_168" href="#Footnote_1_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Kaufman</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to anthropomorphic dummies.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">4. “I’m sure that was bodies ... either bodies or dummies.”<a id="FNanchor_1_169" href="#Footnote_1_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to anthropomorphic dummies.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">5. “it was either dummies or bodies or something laying - there.”<a id="FNanchor_1_170" href="#Footnote_1_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to anthropomorphic dummies.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">6. “his eyes was open, staring - blankly”<a id="FNanchor_1_171" href="#Footnote_1_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to anthropomorphic dummies.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">7. “not exactly like human beings ... similar, but not - exactly.”<a id="FNanchor_1_172" href="#Footnote_1_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Maltais</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to anthropomorphic dummies.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">8. “didn’t look like human - beings”<a id="FNanchor_1_173" href="#Footnote_1_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Knight</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to anthropomorphic dummies.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">9. “they didn’t have a little - finger”<a id="FNanchor_1_174" href="#Footnote_1_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to Alderson Laboratories dummy that were reused many times and - were often damaged but remained in service. (figs. <a href="#Fig_35">35</a>, <a href="#Fig_73">73</a>, <a href="#Fig_74">74</a>). - </td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> - 10. “they had four fingers”<a id="FNanchor_1_175" href="#Footnote_1_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Maltais</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Corroboration of description #9. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">11. [the beings were] “three and a half to four feet - tall”<a id="FNanchor_1_176" href="#Footnote_1_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Maltais</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Likely description of anthropomorphic dummy - missing legs after fall from altitude.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">12. [the beings were] “four foot tall, four and a half feet - tall.”<a id="FNanchor_1_177" href="#Footnote_1_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Corroboration of description #11. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">13. “they weren’t over four or - five foot long at the most.”<a id="FNanchor_1_178" href="#Footnote_1_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Corroboration of description #11. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">14. “Their skin coloration... [was] a bluish tinted milky - white”<a id="FNanchor_1_179" href="#Footnote_1_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Probable description of a “Sierra Sam” dummy with pale white “skin” (fig. <a href="#Fig_21">21</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">15. “their heads were hairless ... no eyebrows, no eyelashes, no - hair”<a id="FNanchor_1_180" href="#Footnote_1_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Maltais</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Anthropomorphic dummies did not have “hair” (figs. <a href="#Fig_21">21</a>, <a href="#Fig_22">22</a>, <a href="#Fig_36">36–38</a>, <a href="#Fig_40">40</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">16. “no hair ... completely bald”<a id="FNanchor_1_181" href="#Footnote_1_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Corroboration of description #15. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">17. “no visible ears ... just a rise there and then a - hole”<a id="FNanchor_1_182" href="#Footnote_1_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Dummies had ears that were molded to their heads with openings - for placement of instruments (fig. <a href="#Fig_22">22</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">18. “The hands were not covered”<a id="FNanchor_1_183" href="#Footnote_1_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Maltais</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to Alderson dummy which did not have gloves on hands (figs. <a href="#Fig_35">35</a>, <a href="#Fig_73">73–75</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">19. “they were all wearing one piece suits ... a shiny silverish gray - color”<a id="FNanchor_1_184" href="#Footnote_1_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to gray flight suits worn by the dummies for some of the tests (figs. <a href="#Fig_14">14</a>, <a href="#Fig_29">29</a>, <a href="#Fig_30">30</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">20. “Their clothing seemed to be one piece and gray in - color.”<a id="FNanchor_1_185" href="#Footnote_1_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Maltais</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Corroboration of description #19. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> - 21. “It’s uniform was torn in a couple spots ... their uniforms were in pretty sad - shape.”<a id="FNanchor_1_186" href="#Footnote_1_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Dummy uniforms were often secondhand, rips and other defects were common but - they remained in service (fig. <a href="#Fig_75">75</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">22. “Around the collar it [the suit] was trimmed in ... maroon-like - cording”<a id="FNanchor_1_187" href="#Footnote_1_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to red duct tape used to prevent air from filling the dummy’s flightsuit (figs. <a href="#Fig_29">29</a>, <a href="#Fig_30">30</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">23. “They looked like they had some sort of bandages on ’em ... over his [the - crewmember’s] arm.”<a id="FNanchor_1_188" href="#Footnote_1_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to tape and nylon webbing used to prevent arms and legs of dummy - from flailing. Tape was also used to secure the removable back plate of head (figs. <a href="#Fig_29">29</a>, <a href="#Fig_30">30</a>, <a href="#Fig_35">35</a>, <a href="#Fig_72">72–75</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">24. [bandages] “around his midsection and partially over his - shoulder”<a id="FNanchor_1_189" href="#Footnote_1_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to parachute harness that had chest and shoulder straps.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdl"><b>The “Craft”</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">25. “It [the crewmember] felt dead when I touched it, it was very - cold.”<a id="FNanchor_1_190" href="#Footnote_1_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Description of a high altitude balloon payload that was cold soaked at sub zero - temperatures of the upper atmosphere.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">26. “it was a dirigible, a blimp that had - crashed”<a id="FNanchor_1_191" href="#Footnote_1_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to a partially inflated or deflated high altitude balloon (figs. <a href="#Fig_23">23</a>, <a href="#Fig_70">70</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">27. “a flying saucer that had burst open”<a id="FNanchor_1_192" href="#Footnote_1_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Maltais</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to the dummy suspension rack that did not have sides (figs. <a href="#Fig_35">35</a>, <a href="#Fig_73">73–75</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">28. “clusters of thread-like material in the form of a - cable”<a id="FNanchor_1_193" href="#Footnote_1_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Numerous cables and wires were used in the dummy instrumentation kits and - balloon control package.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">29. “others of those [cables] went from one kind of package - of components to another kind of package”<a id="FNanchor_1_194" href="#Footnote_1_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Both balloon control package and dummy instrumentation kits were connected by cables (fig. <a href="#Fig_73">73</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">30. “some kind of container, a metal - box”<a id="FNanchor_1_195" href="#Footnote_1_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to balloon control package or dummy instrumentation kit (fig. <a href="#Fig_73">73</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> - 31. “it was ice cold, it felt like it just came out of a - freezer”<a id="FNanchor_1_196" href="#Footnote_1_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Condition of a balloon payload after it has been “cold soaked” in the upper - atmosphere at temperatures far below zero.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdl"><b>Vehicles</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">32. a “jeep-like truck that had a bunch of radios in it and two big antennas.... There was a - guy sittin’ in there wearin’ earphones and he was talking on the - radio.”<a id="FNanchor_1_197" href="#Footnote_1_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to a modified M-37 ¾-ton utility truck commonly referred to - as a weapons carrier, unique to the Balloon Branch. One of the primary vehicles used by recovery - crews. Balloons were tracked by direction finding gear and required a radio operator to wear headphones (fig. 32).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">33. “weapons carriers”<a id="FNanchor_1_198" href="#Footnote_1_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Corroboration of description #32. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">34. “six by six Army trucks”<a id="FNanchor_1_199" href="#Footnote_1_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to M-35 2½-ton cargo truck used to transport dummies and - suspension racks for launch and recoveries (fig. <a href="#Fig_31">31</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">35. “six by [six] ... military truck with canvas ... wagon type ... thing over - it”<a id="FNanchor_1_200" href="#Footnote_1_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Corroboration of description #34. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">36. “wreckers [with] cranes on - ’em”<a id="FNanchor_1_201" href="#Footnote_1_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">reference to M-246 wrecker used to launch and recover - anthropomorphic dummy payloads (figs. <a href="#Fig_23">23</a>, <a href="#Fig_28">28</a>, <a href="#Fig_70">70</a>). - </td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">37. “a wrecker”<a id="FNanchor_1_202" href="#Footnote_1_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Corroboration of description #36. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">38. “there was military ambulances”<a id="FNanchor_1_203" href="#Footnote_1_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to a converted M-43 ambulances used as balloon recovery - communications vehicles (figs. <a href="#Fig_64"></a>64, <a href="#Fig_71"></a>71, <a href="#Fig_80">80</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">39. “the pick-up”<a id="FNanchor_1_204" href="#Footnote_1_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Pick-up trucks were often used to recover anthropomorphic dummies (figs. <a href="#Fig_71">71</a>, <a href="#Fig_79">79</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span> - 40. “tankers, like, maybe had fuel or water in - ’em”<a id="FNanchor_1_205" href="#Footnote_1_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">reference to M-49 fuel trucks used to refuel aircraft or helium trailer - used to inflate balloon (figs. <a href="#Fig_23">23</a>, <a href="#Fig_70">70</a>, <a href="#Fig_80">80</a>, <a href="#Fig_81">81</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">41. “a military car”<a id="FNanchor_1_206" href="#Footnote_1_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">A variety of military and civilian cars were often used for balloon - recoveries and launches (fig. <a href="#Fig_71">71</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">42. “’47 Ford car”<a id="FNanchor_1_207" href="#Footnote_1_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Corroboration of description #41. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">43. “there was a jeep that was pulling a trailer with a motor on it, like a - generator.”<a id="FNanchor_1_208" href="#Footnote_1_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Reference to 1-ton trailer and MB-19 15 Kilowatt diesel generator that were - used at balloon launch and recovery locations (fig. <a href="#Fig_71">71</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td colspan="3" class="tdl"><b>Aircraft</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">44. “observation aircraft ... high winged aircraft”<a id="FNanchor_1_209" href="#Footnote_1_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to an L-20 aircraft, primary “chase” aircraft used for balloon - recovery in the mid 1950s (fig. <a href="#Fig_77">77</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">45. “C-47 sittin’ there” [on the road]<a id="FNanchor_1_210" href="#Footnote_1_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">C-47 aircraft were often used on dummy launch and recovery operations (fig. <a href="#Fig_78">78</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>Procedures</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">46. “The federal government could have been doing something because they didn’t - want anyone to know what this was ... they was using dummies in those damned things ... they - could use remote control”<a id="FNanchor_1_211" href="#Footnote_1_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to balloon borne anthropomorphic dummies that were dropped by remote - control by balloon controllers at Holloman AFB</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">47. “they took everybody’s name and - everything”<a id="FNanchor_1_212" href="#Footnote_1_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Procedure used by Balloon Branch to ensure payment of $25 reward and to settle - claims of property damage.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">48. “they cleaned everything all up ... I mean they cleaned - everything”<a id="FNanchor_1_213" href="#Footnote_1_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Balloon Branch personnel were required to remove as much debris as possible from - balloon and payload landing areas to avoid complaints and legal actions.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> - 49. “they had the road barricaded off”<a id="FNanchor_1_214" href="#Footnote_1_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Procedure used for aircraft operations.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">50. “they had the road sealed off”<a id="FNanchor_1_215" href="#Footnote_1_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Ragsdale</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad bt br bb bl">Corroboration of description #49. See above.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 1</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">51. “airplanes sitting there they had landed on the - highway”<a id="FNanchor_1_216" href="#Footnote_1_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Established procedure to refuel an aircraft, launch - a balloon from an isolated location or recover a small payload near a rural road. - </td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">52. “there was airplanes in the sky” [over the crash - site].<a id="FNanchor_1_217" href="#Footnote_1_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to balloon “chase” aircraft used to direct ground recovery crews - to balloon impact site.</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">53. “stretching out cables of some kind ... they were stretching stuff out on the - ground, dragging stuff out of trucks”<a id="FNanchor_1_218" href="#Footnote_1_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> - <span class="fright"><i>Anderson</i></span></td> - <td class="tdlpad">Reference to balloon inflation procedure that required the balloon and - ground cloth to be removed from a vehicle and laid on the ground (fig. <a href="#Fig_79">79</a>).</td> - <td class="tdc">Site 2</td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> - <h2 id="SECTION_TWO"><span class="small">SECTION TWO</span><br /> - <span class="overline">Reports of Bodies at the</span><br />Roswell AAF Hospital</h2> - </div> - - <p>This section examines the remaining portion of the Roswell Incident - claims—the reports of “bodies” at the Roswell AAF hospital. - Examinations of the various “crashed saucer” scenarios revealed - references to the Roswell AAF hospital appeared in virtually all of - them. Most of these were based on the account of one individual, W. - Glenn Dennis. His undocumented and uncorroborated recollections, - reportedly first related in 1989, over 42 years after the alleged - Roswell Incident, are based on activities he allegedly encountered as - a mortician providing contract services to the Roswell AAF hospital. - Dennis’ recollections have, in turn, been interpreted by UFO theorists - as evidence that the U.S. Army Air Forces recovered “alien” bodies and - autopsied them at the Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947.</p> - - <p>Dennis has been described as the “star witness” and his claims as the - most credible of the Roswell Incident.<a id="FNanchor_2_1" href="#Footnote_2_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> - This, even though his most sensational assertions were not based on his - own experiences but on information allegedly related to him by unidentified - mystery witnesses.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_1"><img class="w100" src="images/i_075.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 1. The International UFO Museum and Research Center - in Roswell, N.M.</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p> - - <p>The mystery witnesses were allegedly an Army Air Forces nurse and a - pediatrician both assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital in - 1947.<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> - To casual observers, this account, which contains references to actual U.S. - Army Air Forces and U.S. Air Force personnel and activities, appears to have - a ring of authenticity. However, when examined closely by Air Force researchers, - the dates of events, the events themselves, and the people described as having - participated in them, were found to be grossly inaccurate and totally unrelated - to activities of July 1947.</p> - - <h4>The Account</h4> - - <p>The following is a summary of information provided by W. Glenn Dennis, - who claimed he was a 22-year-old mortician at the Ballard Funeral Home - in Roswell in July 1947, when he alleged these events - occurred.*</p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Excerpts of interviews contained in this summary were - taken from audio or video recordings made by persons referenced in the - appropriate endnote. The sole exception is the interview conducted - by Stanton T. Friedman on August 5, 1989. Quotations from this - interview were taken from a transcript which is reportedly an accurate - representation of the interview. Friedman has not honored repeated - requests for an audio recording.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p>On July 7, 1947, Dennis alleged he received a series of phone calls at - the Ballard Funeral Home, where he worked, from the Mortuary Affairs - officer at Roswell Army Air Field. He recalled that the mortuary - officer inquired as to the availability of child sized caskets and - procedures for preserving bodies that had been “laying out in the - elements.”<a id="FNanchor_2_3" href="#Footnote_2_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> - Later that day he received an emergency ambulance call (the civilian mortuary - for which he worked also provided an ambulance service) to respond to the site - of a minor traffic accident in Roswell.<a id="FNanchor_2_4" href="#Footnote_2_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> - The accident victim was an “airman” stationed at Roswell AAF, and Dennis - transported the airman to the hospital at the base.<a id="FNanchor_2_5" href="#Footnote_2_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - - <p>As Dennis walked into the hospital he noticed three military box-type - ambulances, one or more of which contained what appeared to be - “wreckage.”<a id="FNanchor_2_6" href="#Footnote_2_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> - He described the wreckage as being inscribed with odd markings or symbols and - bluish-purplish in color.<a id="FNanchor_2_7" href="#Footnote_2_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> - He recalled that some of this wreckage was resting against the inside wall of - the rear compartment of the ambulance and two pieces of it “looked kind of like - the bottom of a canoe.”<a id="FNanchor_2_8" href="#Footnote_2_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> - He described other wreckage on the floor of the ambulance as being “all sharp” and - as best he could tell “was like broken glass.”<a id="FNanchor_2_9" href="#Footnote_2_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> - He also recalled observing Military Policemen (MPs) standing at the back of two of - these ambulances.<a id="FNanchor_2_10" href="#Footnote_2_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> - - <p>When he went inside the hospital, he encountered a military nurse who - was assigned there and with whom he was previously - acquainted.<a id="FNanchor_2_11" href="#Footnote_2_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> - The nurse, who looked upset, was covering her mouth with a cloth and told - him that “you’re going to get in a lot of trouble” and that he should - “just get out of here.”<a id="FNanchor_2_12" href="#Footnote_2_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> - Dennis also stated that he encountered - a military doctor who was assigned to the hospital, a pediatrician, - with whom he was “pretty good friends” but did not speak with at that - time.<a id="FNanchor_2_13" href="#Footnote_2_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span></p> - - <p>Having seen the wreckage in the rear of the ambulance and believing - there had been an accident, he asked another officer in the hospital if - there had been a plane crash. The officer, whom Dennis had never seen - before, asked him: “Who in the hell are you?” When he responded he was - “from the funeral home,” the officer summoned two MPs to escort him - from the hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_14" href="#Footnote_2_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> - - <p>However, before Dennis and the two MPs had left the hospital, he - heard someone say, “We’re not through with that SOB, bring him back - here.”<a id="FNanchor_2_15" href="#Footnote_2_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> - When Dennis turned around, he observed a redheaded captain (in one version - of these events Dennis is quoted as describing this person as a “big redheaded - colonel”<a id="FNanchor_2_16" href="#Footnote_2_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a>) - who said, “You did not see anything. There was no crash here. You don’t go into - town making any rumors that you saw anything or that there was any crash - ... you could get in a lot of trouble.”<a id="FNanchor_2_17" href="#Footnote_2_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> - - <p>Angry about being called an SOB, Dennis informed the redheaded officer - that he was a civilian, not under his authority, and that he, the - redheaded officer, “can’t do a damn thing to me.”<a id="FNanchor_2_18" href="#Footnote_2_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> - The redheaded officer was alleged to have threatened Dennis by responding “Oh yes - we can”.... “Somebody will be picking your bones out of the sand”.... “We can do - anything to you ... that we want to.”<a id="FNanchor_2_19" href="#Footnote_2_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> - A black sergeant, whom Dennis recalled had accompanied the redheaded officer, - allegedly stated he would “make real good dog food.”<a id="FNanchor_2_20" href="#Footnote_2_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> - Following this exchange, Dennis claimed he was “picked up ... arm and arm” and - escorted back to his place of business by two MPs.<a id="FNanchor_2_21" href="#Footnote_2_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> - - <p>The following day, July 8, 1947, Dennis attempted to telephone the - nurse he had seen in the hall at the hospital to find out “what was - going on.”<a id="FNanchor_2_22" href="#Footnote_2_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> - He stated that he was unable to reach the nurse but did reach another nurse, - a “Captain Wilson,” who explained to him that the nurse he was trying to contact - was not on duty, but “Wilson” would give her a message to call - him.<a id="FNanchor_2_23" href="#Footnote_2_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> The nurse called - Dennis later that same day at the funeral home where he worked and agreed to meet - with him at the officers’ club at Roswell AAF that afternoon.<a id="FNanchor_2_24" href="#Footnote_2_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> - - <p>When the two met, the nurse appeared disturbed and ill.<a id="FNanchor_2_25" href="#Footnote_2_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> - Dennis asked her to explain what was going on when they met in the hospital the day - before. The nurse explained that, in the course of her normal duties, she entered an - examining room to get some supplies and encountered two doctors whom she did not recognize - that “supposedly were doing a preliminary autopsy” on “three,” “very mangled,” “black,” - “little bodies.”<a id="FNanchor_2_26" href="#Footnote_2_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> - The doctors requested the nurse remain in the room because they needed her - assistance.<a id="FNanchor_2_27" href="#Footnote_2_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> - She allegedly explained that there was a terrible odor in the room that made both her - and the doctors ill.<a id="FNanchor_2_28" href="#Footnote_2_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> - Due to this terrible odor and inadequate ventilation, the nurse allegedly told Dennis - that the autopsies were moved to another facility on the base and then “everything” - was taken to “Wright Field” (now Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio).<a id="FNanchor_2_29" href="#Footnote_2_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> - - <p>The nurse described the little bodies in detail and even provided a - diagram.<a id="FNanchor_2_30" href="#Footnote_2_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> - She described “little bodies” three to four feet in length that had large, “flexible,” heads, - and concave eyes and noses.<a id="FNanchor_2_31" href="#Footnote_2_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span></p> - - <p>After this meeting Dennis claimed he never saw the nurse again, and he - was told she had been shipped out the same afternoon (July 8, 1947) - or the next day (July 9, 1947).<a id="FNanchor_2_32" href="#Footnote_2_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> - However, some time later Dennis received a letter from the nurse that - indicated she was in London, England.<a id="FNanchor_2_33" href="#Footnote_2_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> - Dennis stated that he tried to respond to the nurse, but his letter was returned - stamped “return to sender” and “deceased.”<a id="FNanchor_2_34" href="#Footnote_2_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> - After receiving this letter, he inquired at the base about the nurse and was told - by “Captain Wilson” that she didn’t know where the nurse was, but there was a rumor - that she and several other nurses had been killed in a plane crash while on a training - mission.<a id="FNanchor_2_35" href="#Footnote_2_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p> - - <p>Some years later, Dennis stated that he visited the unidentified - military pediatrician he had seen at the hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_36" href="#Footnote_2_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> - The pediatrician had since left the military and set up practice in Farmington, - N.M.<a id="FNanchor_2_37" href="#Footnote_2_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> - Dennis said he and the pediatrician discussed the incident of years past but was stopped - short when the pediatrician told him that he was consulted regarding this incident, but - that “it was completely out of [his] field of medicine,” then ended the - discussion.<a id="FNanchor_2_38" href="#Footnote_2_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> - - <p>Based on this account, UFO theorists have presented the following - assertions:</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>a.</b> Dennis, the “missing” nurse, and the unidentified - pediatrician inadvertently stumbled onto the highly classified - autopsies of alien bodies at Roswell AAF hospital in July 1947.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>b.</b> The two mysterious doctors at the hospital were - sent to Roswell AAF from a higher headquarters to conduct the - autopsies after which the bodies were transported to what is now - Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>c.</b> The bluish-purplish wreckage that looked like the bottom - of a canoe in the rear of the ambulance, were “escape pods” from a - flying saucer flown by the aliens that crashed in the Roswell area.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>d.</b> Dennis was forcibly removed from the hospital and - threatened with death by the redheaded officer because he had - witnessed some of these activities.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>e.</b> The nurse was kidnapped, possibly murdered, and all - records that she ever existed were systematically destroyed by - government agents, also because she witnessed these activities.</p> - - <p>As in other accounts examined in this report, the episodes described - here became part of the Roswell Incident only because the witness - claimed they occurred at a very specific time, July 7–9, 1947. These - dates coincide with an actual event: the retrieval of experimental - Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span> research equipment that was erroneously reported - as a flying disc (see <a href="#SECTION_ONE">Section One</a>).<a id="FNanchor_2_39" href="#Footnote_2_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> - If the events described here occurred at any other time—years, months, weeks, or - even days before or after July 7–9, 1947—they might be considered unusual to an - uninformed person, but certainly not part of the Roswell Incident.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span></p> - - <p>Air Force research revealed that the witness made serious errors - in his recollections of events. When his account was compared with - official records of the actual events he is believed to have described, - extensive inaccuracies were indicated including a likely error in the - date by as much as 12 years.</p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> - <h3 id="Section_2_1">2.1<br />The “Missing” Nurse and<br />the Pediatrician</h3> - </div> - - <p>To illustrate the errors in this account and to identify actual events, - the following section will examine the accounts of the missing nurse - and the unidentified pediatrician. Both of these persons were allegedly - present at the Roswell AAF hospital when the events described by the - witness occurred.</p> - - <h4>The “Missing” Nurse</h4> - - <p>Dennis recalled that the nurse was quickly and suspiciously shipped out - either the same day or the day after he met with her in the Roswell - AAF Officers’ Club. If this allegation was true, it certainly seemed - unusual—and verifiable. Therefore, the morning reports, the certified - daily personnel accounting records required to be kept by all Army Air - Forces units at that time, were obtained and reviewed. These reports - did not indicate that a nurse or any other person was reassigned on - the days alleged, July 8 or July 9, 1947.<a id="FNanchor_2_40" href="#Footnote_2_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> - The morning reports of the 427th Army Air Forces Base Unit (AAFBU) Squadron “M,” - the unit that all the medical personnel at Roswell AAF were assigned in July 1947, - did not indicate a sudden or overseas transfer of a nurse or any other person. - Records indicated that one nurse was reassigned on July 23, 1947, over two weeks - after the purported events described by Dennis.<a id="FNanchor_2_41" href="#Footnote_2_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> - That nurse was transferred by normal personnel rotation procedures to Ft. Worth - AAF (now Carswell AFB), Texas, where she remained on active duty until March - 1949.<a id="FNanchor_2_42" href="#Footnote_2_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> - In fact, the Squadron “M” morning reports revealed the strength of the Army Nurse - Corps (ANC) at Roswell AAF for July 1947 was only five nurses. Of these five nurses - none were transferred overseas or killed in a plane crash—the “rumored” fate of - the missing nurse.<a id="FNanchor_2_43" href="#Footnote_2_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> - - <p>This review of the hospital morning reports also indicated that the - name of the missing nurse provided by the witness was inaccurate. The - witness stated in several interviews that he believed the nurse’s name - was Naomi Maria Selff.<a id="FNanchor_2_44" href="#Footnote_2_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> - A comprehensive search of morning reports and rosters from the Roswell AAF Station - Hospital indicated that no person by this name, or a similar name, had ever served - there. This finding was supported by a search of personnel records at the National - Personnel Records Center (NPRC) in St. Louis, Mo., a part of the National Archives - and Record Administration. NPRC is the depository for all U.S. military personnel - records. The search at NPRC also did not find a record that a person named Naomi - Maria Selff had ever served in any branch of the U.S. Armed Forces.</p> - - <p>These findings were consistent with previous efforts of several - pro-UFO researchers who have also attempted to locate this nurse or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> - members of her family. They, likewise, were also unable to confirm - her existence.<a id="FNanchor_2_45" href="#Footnote_2_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> - While some UFO theorists continue to allege that this absence of records regarding a - nurse by this name is part of a conspiracy to withhold information, the most likely - reason for the lack of records is that this name is inaccurate.*</p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Interestingly, an article published in the Fall 1995 - edition of <cite>Omni</cite> magazine, a publication that in the past has - published sensational “Roswell” claims, also independently accounted - for all five of the nurses and expressed a decidedly skeptical opinion - of the account of the “missing nurse.”</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p>Even though the name of the nurse is incorrect, it appears that a nurse - assigned to the Roswell AAF Station Hospital in 1947 may have been the - basis for the claims. Eileen Mae Fanton was the only nurse of the five - assigned to Roswell AAF in July 1947, whose personal circumstances and - physical attributes not only resembled those of the missing nurse, but - appeared to be nearly an exact match.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="center large"><b>The “Missing Nurse?”</b></div> - - <div class="figright col50"> - <a id="Fig_2_2"><img class="illow60" src="images/i_082.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <div class="caption">Fig. 2. Eileen M. Fanton (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <blockquote> - <p>1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton was assigned to the Roswell Army Air - Field Station Hospital from December 26, 1946 until September 4, - 1947.<a id="FNanchor_2_46" href="#Footnote_2_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> - Fanton, who is deceased, was retired from the U.S. Air Force at the rank - of Captain on April 30, 1955, for a physical - disability.<a id="FNanchor_2_47" href="#Footnote_2_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> - - <p>In this account, the missing nurse is described as single, “real - cute, like a small Audrey Hepburn, with short black hair, dark - eyes and olive skin.”<a id="FNanchor_2_48" href="#Footnote_2_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> - - Lieutenant Fanton was single in 1947, 5′1″ tall, weighed 100 pounds, had black - hair, dark eyes, and was of Italian descent.<a id="FNanchor_2_49" href="#Footnote_2_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> - Dennis also stated that the nurse was of the Catholic faith, and had been - “strictly raised” according to Catholic beliefs.<a id="FNanchor_2_50" href="#Footnote_2_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> - Fanton’s personnel record listed her as Roman Catholic, a graduate of St. - Catherine’s Academy in Springfield, Ky. and as having received her nursing - certification from St. Mary Elizabeth’s Hospital in Louisville, - Ky.<a id="FNanchor_2_51" href="#Footnote_2_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> - - <p>The witness also recalled that the “missing nurse” was a - lieutenant, was a general nurse at the hospital, and had sent him - correspondence at a later date which stated she was in London, - England with a New York, N.Y. APO number (military overseas mailing - address) as the return address.<a id="FNanchor_2_52" href="#Footnote_2_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> - Records revealed that Fanton was a First Lieutenant (promoted from - Second Lieutenant to First Lieutenant in June 1947), and she was classified as - a “nurse, general duty.”<a id="FNanchor_2_53" href="#Footnote_2_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> - Records also indicated that of the five nurses assigned to the Roswell AAF Station - Hospital in July 1947, she was the only one that later served a tour of duty in - England. Furthermore, she was assigned to the 7510th USAF Hospital, APO 240, New - York, N.Y., where she served from June 1952 until April 1955.<a id="FNanchor_2_54" href="#Footnote_2_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> The 7510th USAF Hospital was located approximately 45 - miles north of London at Wimpole Park, Cambridge, England.</p> - - <p>An additional similarity between Fanton and the “missing nurse” - is that her personnel record indicated that she quickly departed - Roswell AAF and it is probable that the hospital staff would not - have provided information concerning her departure. Fanton’s - unannounced departure from Roswell AAF, on September 4, 1947 was - to be admitted to Brooke General Hospital, Ft. Sam Houston, Texas, - for a medical condition.<a id="FNanchor_2_55" href="#Footnote_2_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> - This condition was first diagnosed in January 1946 and ultimately - led to her medical retirement in 1955.<a id="FNanchor_2_56" href="#Footnote_2_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> - Therefore, if someone other than a family member contacted the Station - Hospital at Roswell AAF and inquired about Fanton, as Dennis stated he - did, the staff was simply protecting her privacy as a patient. The staff - was not participating in a sinister “cover-up” of information as alleged by UFO theorists.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <h4>The Pediatrician</h4> - - <p>In at least two interviews, the witness stated that a pediatrician - stationed at the hospital was involved in the events he - described.<a id="FNanchor_2_57" href="#Footnote_2_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> - When asked by an interviewer how he knew the pediatrician was involved, - Dennis was quoted as replying, “I know he was involved because I saw him - there.”<a id="FNanchor_2_58" href="#Footnote_2_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> - Dennis is also quoted as saying that he and the pediatrician were “pretty - good friends,” and after the pediatrician left the military he [the - pediatrician] set up a practice in Farmington, N.M. “I used to go fishing - all the time up north and I visited him several times up there and he was - involved,” Dennis said. “I don’t remember his name, I think he is still - practicing in Farmington.”<a id="FNanchor_2_59" href="#Footnote_2_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> - - <p>A review of personnel files and interviews with former members of the - Roswell AAF/Walker AFB hospital staff, revealed that only one physician - ever relocated to Farmington, N.M. following his military service. The - former Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom served at Walker AFB from June 1951 - until June 1953.<a id="FNanchor_2_60" href="#Footnote_2_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> - Records also revealed that Nordstrom was indeed a pediatrician and while - at Walker AFB, served as the Chief of Pediatric - Services.<a id="FNanchor_2_61" href="#Footnote_2_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> - When Nordstrom, a resident of the small town of Aztec, N.M., was interviewed - for this report, he stated that he did not recall ever meeting Dennis and - could not recall any events that supported any of his claims (see signed - sworn statement in <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>).<a id="FNanchor_2_62" href="#Footnote_2_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p> - - <p>Farmington (population 8,000 in 1954) is located in the primarily - rural Four Corners region of New Mexico approximately 300 miles - northwest of Roswell. According to Nordstrom, Farmington did not have a - pediatrician before his arrival in 1954. From 1954 until approximately - 1970, Nordstrom believes he was the only pediatrician in the area. His - recollections were confirmed by a local Farmington pharmacist, Charles - E. Clouthier.<a id="FNanchor_2_63" href="#Footnote_2_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> - Clouthier also served at the Walker AFB hospital, from 1955 to 1957, and - following his military service returned to Farmington, his hometown, where - he had lived since 1934. Clouthier has been employed by and co-owned a - business, Farmington Drug, since 1957. He is familiar with most, if not all, - of the doctors who<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> practice - in Farmington and the Four Corners region of New Mexico. Clouthier’s - confirmation that Nordstrom was the first pediatrician to practice - in the Farmington area, was based on both his frequent professional - contacts with local physicians and his experiences as a longtime - Farmington resident.<a id="FNanchor_2_64" href="#Footnote_2_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p> - - <p>Although Nordstrom believed that he was the pediatrician described, he - was at a loss to explain how Dennis gained information concerning his - military and civilian employment history. In a signed sworn statement, - Nordstrom stated that he did not recall ever meeting Dennis and had - certainly never been visited by Dennis as he has claimed. One possible - source of the information is that from approximately 1958 until - approximately 1961 Dennis operated a drugstore in Aztec, N.M., a small - town near Farmington where Nordstrom resides (interestingly Aztec is - the location of the original “crashed flying saucer” story, see below). - However, Nordstrom also did not recall any contact with Dennis in his - capacity as a drugstore operator.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="center large"><b>Behind the Roswell Incident?</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>The “Roswell Incident” story is hardly original. In 1948, a work - of fiction reportedly appeared in the <cite><i>Aztec</i> (N.M.) <i>Independent - Review</i></cite> describing the crash of a flying saucer with “little - men” near Aztec, N.M. In 1950, Frank Scully, a columnist for - the theatrical publication <cite>Variety</cite>, published a book, <cite>Behind - the Flying Saucers</cite>, which proclaimed the story to be true.<a id="FNanchor_2_65" href="#Footnote_2_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> - Based on <span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> the Aztec story, <cite>Behind the Flying Saucers</cite> - bears many similarities to the Roswell Incident, most notably, descriptions - of covert “flying saucer” and “little men” recoveries interspersed - with doses of unsubstantiated accusations directed at the U.S. Air - Force.<a id="FNanchor_2_66" href="#Footnote_2_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"> - <a id="Fig_2_3"><img class="illow60" src="images/i_084.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 3. Story by J.P. Cahn, that appeared in the August - 1956, <cite>True</cite> magazine.</div> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_3b">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - - <p>In his book, Scully claimed he had information from two scientists, - Silas M. Newton and a mysterious “Dr. Gee,” who he claimed - investigated the crash for the government.<a id="FNanchor_2_67" href="#Footnote_2_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> - In reality, Newton and Gee were con-men who convinced Scully of the story’s - authenticity.<a id="FNanchor_2_68" href="#Footnote_2_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> - - <p>Intrigued by the sensational claims made in <cite>Behind the Flying - Saucers</cite>, a reporter for the <cite>San Francisco Chronicle</cite>, J. P. Cahn, - decided to look into the matter. What resulted from Cahn’s research - were articles in the September 1952 and August 1956 edition of - <cite>True</cite> magazine which determined that the story was as “phony as a - headwaiters bow and smile.”<a id="FNanchor_2_69" href="#Footnote_2_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p> - - <p>Cahn, with the assistance of a magician, devised a plan to “sting” - the two con-men.<a id="FNanchor_2_70" href="#Footnote_2_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> - To execute the sting, he used sleight of hand switching an “indestructible” - metal disk, claimed to be from a flying saucer, with a slug of his own - manufacture. After the switch, Cahn submitted the disk to a laboratory for analysis - revealing that they were of earthly origin, in particular, a grade of aluminum used - to manufacture pots and pans!<a id="FNanchor_2_71" href="#Footnote_2_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p> - - <p>Even with the exposure of this obvious fraud, the Aztec story is - still revered by UFO theorists. Elements of this story occasionally - reemerge and are thought to be the catalyst for other crashed - flying saucer stories, including the Roswell Incident.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"> - <a id="Fig_2_4"><img class="illow75" src="images/i_085.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 4. September 1952 <cite>True</cite> magazine story that - exposed the Aztec, N.M. hoax.</div> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_4">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span></p> - - <h4>Descriptions of Other Air Force Members</h4> - - <p>Since official records proved that none of the nurses at Roswell AAF - in July 1947 were missing, and the nurse and pediatrician described - in this account had been identified, major discrepancies between - Dennis’ recollections and official records were apparent. In an effort - to provide for the fullest possible accounting of these claims, even - though key aspects had already been proven false, Air Force researchers - sought additional information to determine if there was validity to - <em>any</em> portion of the account. Since the witness has never provided - documentation to support his claims, the only source of additional - information was the numerous interviews he had previously provided to - private researchers and the media. His many statements, which have - appeared in newspapers, videos, magazines, movies, books, lectures, - journals and television programs, were reviewed for information that - might further explain his testimony.</p> - - <p>Examination of this large body of publicly available information - immediately provided clues that the witness may have recalled - incidents from a period other than July 1947. The first clue was that - he repeatedly, in all of the interviews, referred to the injured - military person he allegedly transported to the Roswell AAF hospital - as an airman. The rank of airman was not in existence in 1947. It - was implemented on April 1, 1952.<a id="FNanchor_2_72" href="#Footnote_2_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> - Prior to that date an airman in the Air Force was referred to by the - U.S. Army equivalent, a private. Another possible indication that he - recalled events from a different time was the description of an alleged - “black sergeant” that accompanied the redheaded officer at the hospital. - The pairing of a white officer with a black NCO seemed unlikely since in - 1947 the U.S. Army Air Forces was racially segregated, as were all branches - of the armed forces. The U.S. Air Force did not begin racial integration - until the May 11, 1949 issuance of Air Force Letter 35-3 that formally - ended segregation.<a id="FNanchor_2_73" href="#Footnote_2_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> - Though it was not impossible in 1947 for a black NCO to accompany and seem - to be working with a white officer, it would be unlikely. These two discrepancies - did not provide a firm time frame of actual events, if any occurred at all.</p> - - <p>To approximate a time frame for actual events, the specific details - of the information provided were examined. This examination was to - determine if any military members were identified by name or by a - combination of any other distinguishing characteristics such as rank, - position, age, or physical attributes. If the testimony identified - a military member as having been present for an event, then their - personnel record could be used to affix an approximate date. Affixing - a date of an event by referencing personnel records was possible since - each military member’s personnel file contains a physical description - and chronological listing of duty stations, units of assignment, and - work assignments for his/her entire military career.</p> - - <p>This detailed examination revealed several likely references to - specific individuals, which through their personnel files, were - documented as having been assigned to the hospital at Roswell AAF or - Walker AFB (Roswell AAF was renamed Walker AFB in January 1948).</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p> - - <p><b>The “Big Redheaded Colonel.”</b> An indication that Dennis might - have mistaken the date of actual events was that he was quoted in at - least one book as having said that the officer who threatened him in - the hospital was a big redheaded colonel.<a id="FNanchor_2_74" href="#Footnote_2_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> - Research revealed that only one tall colonel with red hair was known - to have been assigned to the Walker AFB hospital. Colonel Lee F. Ferrell - was the hospital commander from October 1954 until June 1960.<a id="FNanchor_2_75" href="#Footnote_2_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> - Ferrell was 6′1″ tall and had red hair.<a id="FNanchor_2_76" href="#Footnote_2_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="center col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_5"><img class="w100" src="images/i_087.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 5. Col. Lee F. Ferrell (<i>left</i>), was commander of - the Walker AFB hospital from 1954–1960. In this photo Ferrell escorts - U.S. Senator Dennis Chavez (N.M.) on a tour of the new Walker AFB - hospital in June 1960, which was named in honor of the senator. (<i>U.S. - Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>“<b>Captain ‘Slatts’ Wilson.</b>” In at least two interviews Dennis - repeatedly made reference to a nurse named “Captain Wilson.”<a id="FNanchor_2_77" href="#Footnote_2_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> - He recalled that “Captain Wilson”, who he believed was the head nurse, - was another nurse stationed at the Roswell AAF hospital in July - 1947.<a id="FNanchor_2_78" href="#Footnote_2_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> - Dennis claims he spoke to “Captain Wilson” several times in reference to - the alleged missing nurse.<a id="FNanchor_2_79" href="#Footnote_2_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p> - - <p>He claims that on the day after he met with the missing nurse at the - Roswell AAF Officers’ Club, he attempted to contact her by telephone - at the hospital but was told that she wasn’t on duty.<a id="FNanchor_2_80" href="#Footnote_2_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> - Instead, he spoke with “Captain Wilson.” “I called the station I knew - she [the missing nurse] always worked at,” Dennis said, “She was a general - nurse.... I was informed that she wasn’t working that day. [Dennis then - telephoned] An old girl by the name of Wilson, Captain Wilson, and I asked - her ‘what happened’? She said, ‘Glenn, I don’t know what happened, she’s not - on duty.’ She said she’d try to get word to her [the missing nurse] that you - [Dennis] want to talk to her.”<a id="FNanchor_2_81" href="#Footnote_2_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> - Later in the same interview Dennis further described Wilson. “We called her - ‘Slatts’ Wilson who was a big tall nurse about six foot two or - three—big tall skinny gal—and we called her ‘Slatts’—everybody called her - ‘Slatts.’ She’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> the one who told me she heard there was a plane - crash and the nurses went down on a training mission.”<a id="FNanchor_2_82" href="#Footnote_2_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p> - - <p>The testimony appeared to clearly identify by name, rank, position, - physical attributes and by a distinctive nickname, “Slatts,” another - nurse present at the hospital in July 1947. But a review of the morning - reports of the Roswell AAF hospital for July 1947 did not contain the - name of a nurse, or anyone else, named Wilson.<a id="FNanchor_2_83" href="#Footnote_2_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> - The only female captain assigned to the Roswell AAF Hospital in July 1947 was the - Chief Nurse Capt. Joyce Goddard.<a id="FNanchor_2_84" href="#Footnote_2_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> - Goddard, who was 5′6″ tall, was - transferred from Roswell AAF to Korea on August 21, 1947.<a id="FNanchor_2_85" href="#Footnote_2_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> - - <p>Therefore, according to Dennis’ recollection of events, this review of - the morning reports indicated that there were two missing nurses, not - one—“Lieutenant Naomi Selff” and “Captain ‘Slatts’ Wilson.” Further scrutiny - of personnel records of individuals assigned to the Roswell AAF/Walker AFB - hospital indicated that Dennis’ recollections of events were apparently inaccurate.</p> - - <p>Examination of the August 1947 morning reports did not list a nurse - named Wilson, but they <em>did</em> list a nurse named Slattery.<a id="FNanchor_2_86" href="#Footnote_2_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> - Captain Lucille C. Slattery, who retired as a Lieutenant Colonel and is now - deceased, was reassigned from Ft. George Wright, Wash. to Roswell AAF on August - 7, 1947.<a id="FNanchor_2_87" href="#Footnote_2_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"> - <a id="Fig_2_6"><img class="illow75" src="images/i_088.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 6. Lt. Col. Lucille C. Slattery, the only Air - Force nurse ever known as “Slatts,” served as a captain at the Roswell - AAF/Walker AFB hospital from August 1947 to September 1950. Records - indicate that Slattery did not arrive at Roswell AAF until one month - <em>after</em> the “Roswell Incident,” in direct contradiction to statements - made by the sole witness to this account. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span></p> - - <p>Slattery replaced Goddard as the Chief Nurse and was the only female - captain assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital. Interviews of persons - with longtime professional and personal associations with Slattery, - revealed that she was known by the unusual nickname of - Slatts.<a id="FNanchor_2_88" href="#Footnote_2_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> - Additionally, former associates of Slattery interviewed for this report, - recalled that she was the only Air Force nurse that had ever been known as - Slatts.<a id="FNanchor_2_89" href="#Footnote_2_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> - Persons interviewed were Air Force nurses who retired in the 1960s, each - with more than 20 years of service, including retired Air Force Col. Ethel - Kovatch-Scott, who served as Chief Nurse of the Air Force from 1963 to 1965.</p> - - <p>Upon review of Slattery’s personnel file it was learned that she was - only 5′3″ tall and therefore was most likely not the 6′2″ or 6′3″ “tall - skinny” nurse described.<a id="FNanchor_2_90" href="#Footnote_2_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> - This discrepancy in physical description and the fact that she did not arrive - at Roswell AAF until nearly one month <em>after</em> Dennis claims he spoke to her, led to the conclusion that - perhaps he confused Slattery with some other tall thin nurse, possibly - named Wilson, who was stationed at the Roswell AAF or Walker AFB - hospital at some other time.</p> - - <p>Consequently, a comprehensive review of the morning reports and - rosters of the Roswell AAF/Walker AFB hospital revealed that only one - nurse named Wilson had ever served there and she did not arrive until - February 1956.<a id="FNanchor_2_91" href="#Footnote_2_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>* - Capt. Idabelle Miller, who became Maj. Idabelle Wilson in 1958 due to - marriage and a promotion, was assigned to the Walker AFB hospital from - February 1956 until May 1960.<a id="FNanchor_2_92" href="#Footnote_2_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Records were also searched for names similar to Wilson. - Three nurses stationed at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB were identified: - Martha Wasem, Carol Williams, and Chalma Walker. None of these nurses - physical descriptions or personal/professional circumstances were - similar to the descriptions of “Captain Wilson” described by the witness.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p>Upon review of Maj. Wilson’s personnel file, it was learned that she - was 5′9″ tall and thin. Also, she served as the Head Nurse of the - surgical ward at the Walker AFB hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_93" href="#Footnote_2_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> - Therefore, Wilson’s physical attributes, tall and thin, and position as - Head Nurse matched Dennis’ recollections of “Captain Wilson.” When - contacted by Air Force researchers, Wilson stated she had no recollection - of Dennis, of ever having conversations with him, any of the events he - described, or of a nurse that was missing.<a id="FNanchor_2_94" href="#Footnote_2_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> - She also made it abundantly clear that as an Air Force officer and medical - professional she would not spread a rumor of a plane crash, as Dennis alleged - “Captain Wilson” did in conversations with him.<a id="FNanchor_2_95" href="#Footnote_2_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> - - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5"><b>Results of Missing Nurse and<br />Pediatrician Research</b></div> - - <p>Examination of the missing nurse and the pediatrician stories, and - other facts established by research, provide a foundation for further - analysis to determine what actual event(s), if any, were responsible - for these claims. Based on information developed, it appears this - witness may be mistaken in some of his statements, especially regarding - the time frame of these events.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span></p> - - <p>The following facts have been established:</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>a.</b> The only physician who ever relocated to Farmington, - N.M., following his military service at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB was - the former Chief of Pediatric Services at the Walker AFB hospital, - the former Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom. Further, he did not arrive - at Walker AFB until June 1951, four years <em>after</em> the purported - Roswell Incident, has no recollection of Dennis, the statements - Dennis attributes to him, or of any actual events that explain his - account.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>b.</b> The only nurse ever assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital - (subsequently renamed Walker AFB) named Wilson, was Idabelle - Wilson. She served at the Walker AFB hospital from 1956 until 1960 - and had no recollection of ever meeting or speaking with Dennis or - any of the activities he described.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>c.</b> Captain Lucille C. Slattery, the only Air Force nurse - ever known by the distinctive nickname “Slatts,” <em>was</em> stationed at - the Roswell AAF hospital. However, she did not arrive until August - 7, 1947. This was one month <cite>after</cite> the Roswell Incident, making it - improbable that Dennis spoke with her in early July 1947.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>d.</b> There is no record that a nurse named Naomi Maria Selff, - was ever assigned to Roswell AAF, Walker AFB, or was ever a member - of the U.S. military.</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>e.</b> All nurses assigned to the Roswell AAF hospital in July - 1947, have been accounted for, thereby eliminating any possibility - that there was ever a missing nurse.</p> - - <p>Since actual Air Force members who served at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB - hospital were described in this account, the next step was to determine - if actual events that occurred at the hospital were possibly the source - of this story. As stated earlier in this report, a thorough examination - of both classified and unclassified records from 1947 revealed no Army - Air Forces or U.S. Air Force activities that explained the alleged - events. Therefore records were reviewed from other time periods, based - on personnel records of individuals believed to have been identified. - These persons and the periods when they were assigned to Roswell - AAF/Walker AFB are listed in Table 2.1.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span></p> - - <div class="center sans" id="Table_2_1"><b>Table 2.1<br /> - Persons Described and Periods of Service<br /> - at Roswell AAF/Walker AFB</b></div> - - <table class="mt2 collapse" summary="Persons Described"> - <tbody> - <tr class="sans"> - <th class="bt bb">Witness<br />Description</th> - <th class="bt bb">Actual Individual<br />Described</th> - <th class="bt bb">Period of Service at<br />Roswell AAF/Walker AFB</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl pt2">the “missing” nurse</td> - <td class="tdc pt2">1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton</td> - <td class="tdc pt2">Dec. 1946-Sept. 1947</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl pt2">“Capt. ‘Slatts’ Wilson”<br />(composite of two<br />individuals)</td> - <td class="tdc pt2">Capt. Lucille C. Slattery<br /><span class="center">and</span><br />Maj. Idabelle M. Wilson</td> - <td class="tdc pt2">Aug. 1947-Sept. 1950<br /><br />Feb. 1956-May 1960</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl pt2">“the pediatrician”</td> - <td class="tdc pt2">Capt. Frank B. Nordstrom</td> - <td class="tdc pt2">June 1951-June 1953</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl pt2">“big redheaded colonel”</td> - <td class="tdc pt2">Col. Lee F. Ferrell</td> - <td class="tdc pt2">Oct. 1954-June 1960</td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <h4>The Research Profile</h4> - - <p>With the establishment of a possible time frame, research efforts - paralleled the previous examination in <a href="#SECTION_ONE">Section One</a> of this report that - determined high altitude balloons with anthropomorphic dummy payloads - were responsible for the reports of aliens at the two rural New Mexico - “crashed saucer” locations. A further review of Air Force activities - was then made to determine if any were significantly similar to the - information provided. Based on the time period established by personnel - records and statements contained in the witness’ own account, the - following profile of possible events was established:</p> - - <p>An event involving the Walker AFB hospital that took place between 1947 - and 1960;</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>a.</b> that may have resulted in “very mangled,” “black,” - “little bodies,” that had a strong “odor” being placed in “body bags”;</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>b.</b> that may have resulted in two persons not normally - assigned to the hospital, believed to be doctors, that were - “supposedly doing preliminary autopsies” on the “little bodies”;</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>c.</b> that may have involved a body with a head that was much - larger than normal which was transported to Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio;</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>d.</b> that may have involved a redheaded captain or a big - redheaded colonel;</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>e.</b> that may have resulted in an ambulance parked in the rear - of the hospital containing wreckage with inscriptions, that were - bluish-purplish which looked kind of like the bottom of a canoe; - and,</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>f.</b> that may have required a heightened state of security.</p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> - <h3 id="Section_2_2">2.2<br />Aircraft Accidents</h3> - </div> - - <p>The examination of events that involved the Walker AFB hospital that - may explain reports of bodies was begun by reviewing the most prominent - possible source, which were aircraft accident(s).* A review of - aircraft accidents from 1947 to 1960 revealed eight fatal accidents - that involved Walker AFB.</p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Other possible explanations such as automobile accidents, - house fires, etc., were also examined. However, none of these were - determined to be responsible for this account of bodies.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <div class="center sans mt5" id="Table_2_2"><b>Table 2.2<br /> - Fatal Aircraft Accidents by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB<br /> - 1947–1960</b></div> - - <table class="mt2 collapse" summary="Fatal Aircraft Accidents by Year"> - <tbody> - <tr class="sans"> - <th class="bt bb">Year</th> - <th class="bt bb">Aircraft<br />Type</th> - <th class="bt bb">Location of Accident<br />(distance from Walker AFB, N.M.)</th> - <th class="bt bb">Number of<br />Fatalities</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1947</b><br />None</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1948</b><br />8/12/48</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><br />B-29</td> - <td class="tdl pl10"><br />4 miles South</td> - <td class="tdr1"><div><br />13</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1949</b><br />5/16/49<br />12/15/49</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><br />C-47<br />B-29</td> - <td class="tdl pl10"><br />6 miles Northeast<br />2 miles Northwest</td> - <td class="tdr1"><div><br />6<br />7</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1950</b><br />6/1/50</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><br />KB-29</td> - <td class="tdl pl10"><br />12 miles East/Southeast</td> - <td class="tdr1"><div><br />3</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1951</b><br />None</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1952</b><br />None</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1953</b><br />None</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1954</b><br />None</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1955</b><br />6/16/55<br />10/3/55</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><br />T-33<br />B-47</td> - <td class="tdl pl10"><br />On runway<br />34 miles West</td> - <td class="tdr1"><div><br />2<br />2</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1956</b><br />6/26/56</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><br />KC-97</td> - <td class="tdl pl10"><br />8.8 miles South</td> - <td class="tdr1"><div><br />11</div></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1957</b><br />None</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1958</b><br />None</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1959</b><br />None</td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl"><b>1960</b><br />2/3/60</td> - <td class="tdl pl5 w5"><br />KC-135</td> - <td class="tdl pl10"><br />On runway and ramp</td> - <td class="tdr1"><div><br />13</div></td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <p>The following three basic criteria were used to narrow research efforts - to specific accidents for more detailed examinations: were the victims - burned, resulting in possible descriptions of “black” “little bodies”?; - were the victims transported to the Walker AFB hospital?; and, were - the victims <span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> autopsied? To facilitate this examination, researchers - reviewed official accident reports, organizational and base histories, - individual personnel records of victims, and contemporary newspaper - accounts of the accidents. Interviews of persons who participated in - the aftermath of these accidents were also conducted. As a result, only - one accident met the three criteria, the June 1956 KC-97 accident.</p> - - <div class="center sans mt5" id="Table_2_3"><b>Table 2.3<br /> - Analysis of Air Force Aircraft Accidents<br /> - by Year in the Vicinity of Walker AFB<br /> - 1947–1960</b></div> - - <table class="mt2 collapse" summary="Analysis of Air Force Aircraft Accidents"> - <tbody> - <tr class="sans"> - <th class="bt bb">Date of<br />Accident</th> - <th class="bt bb">Aircraft<br />Type</th> - <th colspan="3" class="bt bb">Fatalities</th> - </tr> - <tr class="sans"> - <td> </td> - <td> </td> - <td class="tdc"><b>Burned?</b></td> - <td class="tdc"><b>Taken to WAFB<br />Hospital?</b></td> - <td class="tdc"><b>Autopsied?</b></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">8/12/48</td> - <td class="tdl">B-29</td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_96" href="#Footnote_2_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_97" href="#Footnote_2_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_98" href="#Footnote_2_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">5/16/49</td> - <td class="tdl">C-47</td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_99" href="#Footnote_2_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_100" href="#Footnote_2_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_101" href="#Footnote_2_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">12/15/49</td> - <td class="tdl">B-29</td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_102" href="#Footnote_2_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_103" href="#Footnote_2_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_104" href="#Footnote_2_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">6/1/50</td> - <td class="tdl">KB-29</td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_105" href="#Footnote_2_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_106" href="#Footnote_2_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_107" href="#Footnote_2_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">6/16/55</td> - <td class="tdl">T-33</td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_108" href="#Footnote_2_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_109" href="#Footnote_2_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_110" href="#Footnote_2_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">10/3/55</td> - <td class="tdl">B-47</td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_111" href="#Footnote_2_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_112" href="#Footnote_2_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_113" href="#Footnote_2_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">6/26/56</td> - <td class="tdl">KC-97</td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_114" href="#Footnote_2_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_115" href="#Footnote_2_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_116" href="#Footnote_2_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">2/3/60</td> - <td class="tdl">KC-135</td> - <td class="tdc">Yes<a id="FNanchor_2_117" href="#Footnote_2_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_118" href="#Footnote_2_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></td> - <td class="tdc">No<a id="FNanchor_2_119" href="#Footnote_2_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <p>Upon detailed review of records of the 1956 accident and interviews - with persons who participated in the recovery and identification of the - victims, extensive similarities to the description the witness provided - were apparent.</p> - - <h4>Fatal KC-97 Aircraft Mishap</h4> - - <p>In 1956, Walker AFB, N.M. was the home of Strategic Air Command’s 6th - and 509th Bombardment Wings.<a id="FNanchor_2_120" href="#Footnote_2_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> - Additionally, Walker was home of the 509th Aerial Refueling Squadron - (509th ARS) equipped with the KC-97G aircraft.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_7"><img class="w100" src="images/i_094.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 7. A KC-97 similar to this of the 509th Aerial - Refueling Squadron crashed 8.8 miles south of Walker AFB on June 26, - 1956 with the loss of 11 lives. Descriptions of the aftermath of - this tragedy are believed to be the basis for some of the reports of - “bodies” at the Walker AFB hospital. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span></p> - - <p>The accident occurred on June 26, 1956, 8.8 statute miles south of - Walker AFB.<a id="FNanchor_2_121" href="#Footnote_2_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> - A KC-97G aircraft with 11 crewmen on board, while on a refueling training - mission, experienced a propeller failure four and one half minutes after - takeoff.<a id="FNanchor_2_122" href="#Footnote_2_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> - As a result of the propeller failure, a propeller blade was believed to have - punctured the deck fuel tank of the fully loaded tanker causing an intense - cabin fire.<a id="FNanchor_2_123" href="#Footnote_2_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> - The aircraft was quickly engulfed in flames, spun out of control, and was - completely destroyed. All 11 Air Force members were killed instantly by the - fire and impact explosion.<a id="FNanchor_2_124" href="#Footnote_2_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> - Due to the isolated rural impact location on property owned by the state of - New Mexico, there was minimal collateral damage and no fatalities or injuries - to persons on the ground.<a id="FNanchor_2_125" href="#Footnote_2_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p> - - <p>The remains of the crewmen were recovered from the crash site and - transported by members of the 4036th USAF Hospital (numerical - designation of the hospital at Walker AFB) to the hospital facility at - Walker AFB for identification.<a id="FNanchor_2_126" href="#Footnote_2_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> - - <p>On the day following the crash, an identification specialist from - Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio arrived at the hospital to assist in - identifying the remains.<a id="FNanchor_2_127" href="#Footnote_2_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> - Part way through the identification process, conducted by both the identification - specialist and Air Force members assigned to the Walker AFB hospital, the - identification activities were moved to a refrigerated compartment at the Walker - AFB commissary.<a id="FNanchor_2_128" href="#Footnote_2_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> - This was due to an overpowering odor emitted by the burned and fuel-soaked bodies - and the lack of proper storage facilities at the small base - hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_129" href="#Footnote_2_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> - Also on the day following the crash, June 27, 1956, autopsies of three of the - victims were accomplished by a local Roswell pathologist.<a id="FNanchor_2_130" href="#Footnote_2_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> - These examinations were performed at a local funeral home.<a id="FNanchor_2_131" href="#Footnote_2_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> - Upon completion of the identification procedures and the postmortem examinations, - the remains were shipped to the next of kin for burial.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_8"><img class="w100" src="images/i_095.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 8. Main entrance of the 4036th USAF hospital - at Walker AFB, 1956. Initial identification procedures of the 11 - aircrewmen killed in the June 26, 1956 KC-97 accident were conducted - here before being transferred to another facility on the base with - refrigeration capability. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span></p> - - <h4>Comparison of the Account to the KC-97 Mishap</h4> - - <p>This series of actual events contains extensive similarities to the - account provided by Dennis. The numerous and extensive similarities - indicate that some elements of this actual event were most probably - included in Dennis’ account. This aircraft accident provides an - explanation for the following elements of the research profile—the very - mangled, black, little bodies in body bags, the odor, the two strange - doctors, and the report of a redheaded colonel.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="large center"><b>Aircraft Crashes and UFOs</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>Since the first flying saucer story in June 1947, persons have - attempted to exploit actual military aircraft accidents to support - UFO theories and propagate the flying saucer phenomenon.</p> - - <p>One of the first exploitation attempts involved a fatal August 1, - 1947 Army Air Forces B-25 accident near Kelso, Wash. Descriptions - of this accident, which UFO theorists contend was caused because - the aircraft carried parts of a flying saucer, were included in - a poorly executed hoax. Nonetheless, it received a considerable - amount of attention.</p> - - <p>Another incidence was photographs of an “alien,” supposedly from - a 1948 crash of a flying saucer in Mexico. However, when the - photographs were examined by Air Force officials, they noticed - a pair of government issue, aviator style, sunglasses lying - underneath the “alien” body.</p> - - <p>Perhaps the most famous attempt to exploit an actual aircraft - accident involved the fatal January 1948 crash of a Kentucky Air - National Guard F-51 fighter near Franklin, Ky. Theorists contend - the fighter was shot down by a UFO. However, it was determined - that this aircraft most probably crashed while observing a newly - invented high altitude research balloon thought to be a UFO. The - large balloon, which matched eyewitnesses’ descriptions at the - time, was released the previous day, and its ground track placed - it precisely in the area where the unidentified object was sighted - the next day. Regardless, shameless attempts to exploit this - event continued as recently as 1995, when the tabloid TV program, - <cite>Sightings</cite>, aired and published (<cite>Sightings</cite>, Simon & Schuster, - 1996, 170–176) a distorted interpretation of this tragedy.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><b>The “Black” “Little Bodies.”</b> Review of the autopsy protocols of - the victims of this accident revealed extensive similarities to the - descriptions of the bodies allegedly described by the missing nurse. - Dennis related in various interviews that the missing nurse described, - “... three; very mangled; black; little bodies in body - bags.”<a id="FNanchor_2_132" href="#Footnote_2_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> - Records of this mishap confirmed that the victims suffered “injuries, - extreme, multiple.”<a id="FNanchor_2_133" href="#Footnote_2_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> - According to persons who assisted in the identification of the remains from - this crash, and in compliance with Air Force directives in effect at that - time, human remains pouches, commonly called body bags, were used to recover - and transport victims’ bodies.<a id="FNanchor_2_134" href="#Footnote_2_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span></p> - - <p>Statements made by Dennis described bodies that were “three-and-a-half - to four feet tall,” and “black” in color.<a id="FNanchor_2_135" href="#Footnote_2_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> - The autopsy protocols of two victims described extensive third degree - burns and loss of the lower extremities.<a id="FNanchor_2_136" href="#Footnote_2_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> - Dennis also described a head of one of the bodies that was not rigid - but “flexible” and tissues of a body in “strings” that looked as if they - were “pulled” by predatory animals after the crash.<a id="FNanchor_2_137" href="#Footnote_2_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> - An autopsy protocol of a victim described “multiple fractures of all bones - of the skull” and “partially cooked strands of bowel ... over the abdomen - and in the chest.”<a id="FNanchor_2_138" href="#Footnote_2_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> - Additional similarities between the autopsy protocols and Dennis’ statements - were a detached hand and descriptions of the fingers and arms of the crash - victims.<a id="FNanchor_2_139" href="#Footnote_2_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p> - - <p>The autopsy protocol of one victim also described remains with a “face - completely missing.”<a id="FNanchor_2_140" href="#Footnote_2_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> - This description corresponds with Dennis’ recollections of a body with eyes - and nose that were concave. Also, the drawing of the head of one of the “little - bodies” Dennis claims is representative of a drawing given to him by the missing - nurse is a reasonably accurate representation of a human body with its face - completely missing.<a id="FNanchor_2_141" href="#Footnote_2_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p> - - <p>Another similarity to Dennis’ account is that of the 11 victims of this - accident, only three were autopsied—the same number of bodies that - were allegedly autopsied in the missing nurse’s account.<a id="FNanchor_2_142" href="#Footnote_2_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> - Finally, records revealed that due to limited facilities at the Walker AFB - hospital, the autopsies were performed at the Ballard Funeral Home in - Roswell.<a id="FNanchor_2_143" href="#Footnote_2_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> - This is the same funeral home where Dennis claimed to be employed in 1947 - until 1962.<a id="FNanchor_2_144" href="#Footnote_2_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>*</p> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* It is unclear when Dennis worked at this funeral home - since city and phone directories listed him as co-owning a different - funeral home in Roswell, as vice-president of another funeral home in - Roswell, and as having been employed as a drug store supervisor and oil - field worker during the periods when he claims he worked at the Ballard - Funeral Home.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p><b>The Odor.</b> Transportation of remains to a small base hospital - was unusual since the hospital did not have the necessary facilities—a - preparation room, refrigeration equipment or a morgue, to accommodate - multiple deceased persons. Records of other crashes involving Walker - AFB showed that the remains of crash victims were transported either to - another facility on Walker AFB or directly to a local funeral home.<a id="FNanchor_2_145" href="#Footnote_2_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_9"><img class="w100" src="images/i_097.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 9. Three of the 11 Air Force members killed in the - June 26, 1956 KC-97 accident were autopsied at the Ballard Funeral Home - in Roswell. The actual descriptions of the remains (only three were - autopsied), closely corresponds with Dennis’ descriptions regarding - the “little bodies.” Additionally, this is the same funeral home where - Dennis claimed to be employed from 1947 until 1962.</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span></p> - - <p>In fact, the Air Force manual that prescribed the policies, standards - and procedures relating to the care and disposition of deceased Air - Force personnel in effect in 1956, Air Force Manual 143-1, <cite>Mortuary - Affairs</cite>, did not direct that remains be brought to a hospital. It - encouraged the local commander to “improvise facilities” and make - use of “garages, warehouses, large tents, or other facilities for - processing groups of remains.”<a id="FNanchor_2_146" href="#Footnote_2_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> - Nonetheless, records of the June 1956 crash and interviews with the - persons who processed the remains indicated that the victims were brought - from the crash site to the Walker AFB hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_147" href="#Footnote_2_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> - During the identification procedures, the odor became too strong and the - bodies and the identification activities were moved to a refrigerated - compartment at the base commissary.<a id="FNanchor_2_148" href="#Footnote_2_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a></p> - - <p>Interviewed for this report were the registrar of the hospital, 1st - Lt. Jack Whenry (now a retired Major) and a medical administration - specialist assigned to the registrar, SSgt. John Walter (now a - retired Master Sergeant), both of whom assisted in the processing and - identification of the deceased aircrewmen. Whenry and Walter both - recalled the strong odor, that some persons became ill during the - procedures (as did the alleged missing nurse), and the unusual transfer - of the remains to the Walker AFB commissary (the nurse also allegedly - described the transfer of remains to another building on the base). - However, neither recalled that a nurse was missing or any of the other - activities as described by Dennis.<a id="FNanchor_2_149" href="#Footnote_2_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p> - - <p><b>The “Big Redheaded Colonel.”</b> The big redheaded colonel is a - likely reference to the hospital commander, Col. Lee F. Ferrell, who - was 6′1″ tall and had red hair. Ferrell served at the Walker AFB - hospital from 1954 until 1960.<a id="FNanchor_2_150" href="#Footnote_2_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> - It would not be unusual for the hospital commander to be present at the - hospital following a major aircraft accident.</p> - - <p><b>The Two Mysterious “Doctors.”</b> The two doctors not assigned to - the Walker AFB hospital who were allegedly observed at the hospital - performing preliminary autopsies have been identified as an Air Force - civilian identification specialist and a local Roswell pathologist.</p> - - <p><b><em>Identification Specialist.</em></b> In an aircraft mishap involving - multiple fatalities, identification of victims can go beyond the - capabilities of a small Air Force hospital such as the one at - Walker AFB. Beginning in July 1951, the Air Force Memorial Affairs - Branch, now called Air Force Mortuary Services, employed full-time - civilian morticians and funeral directors, known as identification - specialists, to assist Air Force installations in the identification - of deceased persons.<a id="FNanchor_2_151" href="#Footnote_2_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> - When requested by the local commander, the identification specialists, on - a 24-hour standby basis, responded from Wright-Patterson AFB to the location - of an incident.<a id="FNanchor_2_152" href="#Footnote_2_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> - Records confirm that Walker AFB only requested an identification specialist - on two occasions, in October 1955 and to identity the victims of the June - 1956 crash.<a id="FNanchor_2_153" href="#Footnote_2_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> - For this accident the identification specialist arrived at Walker AFB on - June 27, 1956 and made positive identifications of the 11 crewmen on June 28, - 1956.<a id="FNanchor_2_154" href="#Footnote_2_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p> - - <p>When contacted for this report, the retired identification specialist - who responded to this accident, Mr. George Schwaderer, did not have - any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span> recollections of Dennis, the nurse, the pediatrician, or any of - the other unusual activities as alleged.<a id="FNanchor_2_155" href="#Footnote_2_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> - Schwaderer did recall that on identifications of group remains such as this, - it was typical to wear standard hospital surgical gowns and masks and that he - was often mistaken for a pathologist.<a id="FNanchor_2_156" href="#Footnote_2_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p> - - <p>Due to restrictions on the release of information concerning the - identification process, uninformed individuals who may, by chance, have - witnessed some portions of the identification, were often the source - of a considerable amount of speculation. The identification procedures - employed by the identification specialists were not classified, but - AFM-143-1, <cite>Mortuary Affairs</cite>, directed that “no information will be - divulged concerning identification or shipment of any remains until a - final determination of identity has been resolved for all remains.”<a id="FNanchor_2_157" href="#Footnote_2_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></p> - - <p>For this accident, identification took approximately two days and any - releases of information were restricted to individuals with an official - requirement. These restrictions extended, not only to the general - public, but also to Air Force members.</p> - - <p>A possible reference to the identification specialist is found in one - of Dennis’ recitations of the account. Dennis, a mortician who might - possess limited knowledge of Air Force mortuary procedures, stated that - he was told the “doctors” might be pathologists from “Walter Reed Army - Hospital.”<a id="FNanchor_2_158" href="#Footnote_2_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> - Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington D.C. is a likely location - that an unknown pathologist performing an autopsy on military personnel - might have been based. Co-located at Walter Reed is the Armed Forces Institute - of Pathology (AFIP) and beginning in 1955, AFIP sent pathologists into the - field to examine aircraft accidents. A review of records at AFIP and interviews - with persons involved with the identification procedures at Walker AFB do not - indicate AFIP sent any personnel to assist in this accident.<a id="FNanchor_2_159" href="#Footnote_2_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></p> - - <p><b><em>Pathology Consultant.</em></b> In June 1956, the Walker AFB hospital - did not have a pathologist on staff.<a id="FNanchor_2_160" href="#Footnote_2_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> - All autopsies and examinations of pathological specimens were conducted by a - civilian consultant from Roswell.<a id="FNanchor_2_161" href="#Footnote_2_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> - The autopsy protocols of the deceased crewmen from the June 1956 crash indicated - that Dr. Alfred S. Blauw of Roswell performed the three autopsies.<a id="FNanchor_2_162" href="#Footnote_2_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> - Obviously, neither the pathologist nor the identification specialist were - normally assigned to the Walker AFB hospital and would not be expected to be present - at the hospital, especially to an observer with limited knowledge of these activities.</p> - - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5"><b>Continuing Research</b></div> - - <p>The focus of research was now shifted to other activities that might - explain the remaining portions of the profile. The unexplained portions - were:</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>a.</b> the presence of a redheaded captain;</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>b.</b> the wreckage in the rear of the ambulance outside the - Walker AFB hospital;</p> - - <p class="indent1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span></p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>c.</b> the heightened state of security at the Walker AFB - hospital; and,</p> - - <p class="indent1"><b>d.</b> the shipment of a body with a large head to - Wright-Patterson AFB.</p> - - <p>Based on previous research, this effort began by examining records of - the other Air Force aerial vehicle known to have operated extensively - in the Roswell area since the late 1940s—high altitude research balloons.</p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> - <h3 id="Section_2_3">2.3<br />High Altitude Research Projects</h3> - </div> - - <p>By 1960, hundreds of high altitude research balloons, some that - carried anthropomorphic dummies, descended and were recovered in areas - surrounding Walker AFB and Roswell. But based on the descriptions of - the bodies and the involvement of a hospital and medical personnel, - it did not seem likely that high altitude research balloons with - scientific instruments or anthropomorphic dummies could possibly - account for this testimony. Therefore, the focal point of the research - shifted to manned high altitude balloon flights conducted by the Air - Force during the mid to late 1950s and early 1960s.</p> - - <h4>Manned Balloon Flights</h4> - - <p>Two manned balloon projects, <span class="smcap">Man High</span> and <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, - were conducted within the time period targeted for research: - <span class="smcap">Man High</span> from 1957 to 1958<a id="FNanchor_2_163" href="#Footnote_2_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> - and the manned portion of <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> in 1959 and 1960. The only other manned high - altitude balloon project in Air Force history, <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span>, did - not fly until 1962.</p> - - <p>It was discovered that only six manned flights were made for <span class="smcap">Man - High</span> and <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>. These flights were determined - unlikely as the source of the testimony since there were no injuries - or deaths, all six flights had been the subject of intense media - coverage, and none were flown in the vicinity of Roswell. Despite the - apparent dead end these flights presented to explain this account, - records were obtained and persons involved in <span class="smcap">Man High</span> and - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> were contacted and interviewed. These records and - interviews confirmed that there were, in fact, only six USAF manned - high altitude balloon flights, none with characteristics similar to - the testimony. However, detailed examinations of the records revealed - that, in addition to the six high altitude balloon flights, there were - also numerous low altitude balloon flights made to train and qualify - the high altitude balloon pilots.<a id="FNanchor_2_164" href="#Footnote_2_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> - Records of the training flights indicated that some of these were conducted at - Holloman AFB, N.M., and several mishaps occurred resulting in injuries to the - pilots.<a id="FNanchor_2_165" href="#Footnote_2_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_10"><img class="w100" src="images/i_101.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 10. Maj. David G. Simons (MC) (<i>left</i>), balloon - designer Otto C. Winzen (<i>center</i>) and Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., - examine a scale model of a low altitude balloon gondola used to train - pilots for high altitude missions. (<i>photo courtesy of Mike Smith, - Raven Industries</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span></p> - - <p>Further research revealed that one accident had taken place just - northwest of Roswell.<a id="FNanchor_2_166" href="#Footnote_2_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> - The accident occurred on May 21, 1959, 10 miles northwest of Walker AFB, on a pilot training mission for the upcoming Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> and <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> flights - scheduled to begin that fall. Analysis of the accident revealed actual - events that closely resembled the remaining portions of the established profile.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="center large"><b>U.S. Air Force Manned High Altitude Balloon Projects</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>In addition to unmanned high altitude balloon research flights, from - 1957 to 1962 the U.S. Air Force conducted a series of seven manned - high altitude flights. These forward-looking projects investigated - the upper reaches of the earth’s atmosphere and laid the foundation - for manned spaceflight. Most flights were conducted before rocket - booster technology was available to propel a spacecraft into earth’s - orbit. In this interim period, to “bridge the gap” while awaiting - developments in rocket technology, high altitude balloons were the - only vehicles capable of reaching the altitudes required. All three - of the USAF manned high altitude balloon projects, <span class="smcap">Man High</span>, - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, and <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> utilized Holloman - AFB balloons to transport men to the very edge of space, above - approximately 99 per cent of the earth’s atmosphere, a region known as - “near space.”</p> - - <p><b>Project <span class="smcap">Man High</span>.</b> In 1955, a combined effort by - the U.S. Air Force Aeromedical Field Laboratory, Winzen Research - International, and the Holloman Balloon Branch resulted in the first - Air Force manned balloon program. Project <span class="smcap">Man High</span>, officially - known as the Biodynamics of Space Flight, directed by Lt. Col. David - Simons (MC), was the first of the three widely publicized manned high - altitude balloon programs. - The objective of Project <span class="smcap">Man High</span> - was to measure the physiological and psychological capabilities of a - human in a space equivalent environment. Many developments of this - successful project were later incorporated into the first phase of - the U.S. Air Force Man in Space Program nicknamed <span class="smcap">Man in Space - Soonest</span> (MISS). Technology developed for MISS was transferred to - NASA in 1959 and became part of Project <span class="smcap">Mercury</span>, the initial - series of U.S. space missions.<a id="FNanchor_2_167" href="#Footnote_2_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col25"> - <a id="Fig_2_11"><img class="w100" src="images/i_102a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="col25"> - <a id="Fig_2_12"><img class="w100" src="images/i_102b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="col25"> - <a id="Fig_2_13"><img class="w100" src="images/i_102c.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="col25 caption">Fig. 11. (<i>Left</i>) Test pilot Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, - Jr. just before launch of <span class="smcap">Man High</span> I at New Brighton, Minn. on - June 2, 1957. Kittinger flew in all three USAF high altitude balloon - projects and has accumulated more high altitude balloon flying hours - than anyone else in the world. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 12. (<i>Center</i>) Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), a - physician and pilot of the <span class="smcap">Man High</span> II high altitude balloon - mission, is shown here boarding the recovery helicopter near Frederick, - S.D. following the successful flight on August 19, 1957. This flight - lasted 33 hours and 10 minutes attaining a peak altitude of 101,500 - feet. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 13. (<i>Right</i>) Holloman AFB Balloon Branch - Meteorologist and Engineer, Bernard D. Gildenberg, instructs high - altitude balloon pilot 1st Lt. Clifton McClure, pilot of <span class="smcap">Man - High</span> III, in the operation of a low altitude training balloon on - May 12, 1959 at Holloman AFB, N.M. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>) - </div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5 clear"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_14"><img class="w100" src="images/i_103.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 14. Project officer and pilot, Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr., standing beside the <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> gondola at - Holloman AFB, N.M. On his third and final high altitude parachute jump, - from 102,800 feet, he established world records for highest parachute - jump and length of free-fall which still stand today. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><b>Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>.</b> In 1959 and 1960 the U.S. Air Force - Aero Medical Laboratory collaborated with the Holloman Balloon Branch - for Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, the second Air Force manned high - altitude balloon program. <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> was the dramatic climax - of the high altitude free-fall studies that began as Project <span class="smcap">High - Dive</span> in 1953 using anthropomorphic dummies. As the test director - for Project Excelsior, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. made three - parachute jumps from balloons, <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> I, II, and III, from - 76,000, 75,000, and a still standing record altitude of 102,800 feet. - <span class="smcap">Excelsior’s</span> scientific objective was to develop a parachute - system and techniques required to return a pilot or astronaut to earth - following an emergency high altitude escape.</p> - - <p><b>Project <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span>.</b> Project <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> was the - third Air Force manned high altitude balloon program. Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger. Jr., the veteran high altitude balloon pilot of <span class="smcap">Man - High</span> and <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, was both the pilot and project - engineer. On December 13, 1962, Kittinger and U.S. Navy civilian - astronomer William C. White rose to 86,000 feet to make astronomical - observations with a gyro-stabilized telescope. A joint U.S. Air Force, - U.S. Navy, Smithsonian Institution, and Massachusetts Institute of - Technology program, <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> made only one of a scheduled - four flights due to budget shortfalls and equipment difficulties.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_15"><img class="w100" src="images/i_104.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 15. Project <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> pilot and project - engineer, Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (<i>left</i>), after landing near - Lordsburg, N.M. on December 13, 1962 with U.S. Navy civilian astronomer - William C. White. Kittinger and White ascended to 86,000 feet to make - astronomical observations in the seventh, and final, U.S. Air Force - manned high altitude balloon flight. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="center sans mt5" id="Table_2_4"><b>Table 2.4<br /> - U.S. Air Force Manned High Altitude Balloon Flights</b></div> - - <table class="mt2 collapse" summary="U.S. Air Force Manned High Altitude Balloon Flights"> - <tbody> - <tr class="sans"> - <th class="bt bb">Date</th> - <th class="bt bb pl5">Project/Flight</th> - <th class="bt bb pl5">Altitude (feet)</th> - <th class="bt bb">Pilot</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">6/2/57</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><span class="smcap">Man High I</span></td> - <td class="tdrfig pl5"><div>96,200</div></td> - <td class="tdl pl5">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">8/19/57</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><span class="smcap">Man High II</span></td> - <td class="tdrfig pl5"><div>101,500</div></td> - <td class="tdl pl5">Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC)</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">10/8/58</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><span class="smcap">Man High III</span></td> - <td class="tdrfig pl5"><div>99,700</div></td> - <td class="tdl pl5">1st Lt. Clifton McClure</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">11/16/59</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><span class="smcap">Excelsior I</span></td> - <td class="tdrfig pl5"><div>76,400</div></td> - <td class="tdl pl5">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">12/11/59</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><span class="smcap">Excelsior II</span></td> - <td class="tdrfig pl5"><div>74,700</div></td> - <td class="tdl pl5">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger. Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">8/16/60</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><span class="smcap">Excelsior III</span></td> - <td class="tdrfig pl5"><div>102,800</div></td> - <td class="tdl pl5">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdl">12/13/62</td> - <td class="tdl pl5"><span class="smcap">Stargazer</span></td> - <td class="tdrfig pl5"><div>86,000</div></td> - <td class="tdl pl5">Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <p>With the completion of Project <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> and the success of - NASA’s Project <span class="smcap">Mercury</span> space flights, future investigations - were accomplished by space vehicles. This signaled the end of an era of - manned high altitude balloon flight; however, these projects had indeed - “bridged the gap,” and manned space flight was now safely possible.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <h4>Low Altitude Balloon Training Missions</h4> - - <p><b>Background.</b> In April 1958, Col. John P. Stapp, commander of - the U.S. Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB, - appointed a new project officer for Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, Capt. - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> was part of an ongoing - program to examine high altitude aircraft escape procedures and - equipment.<a id="FNanchor_2_168" href="#Footnote_2_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> - Kittinger was an experienced fighter test pilot who was the pilot of the first Air Force - manned high altitude balloon project, <span class="smcap">Man High</span> I, in June - 1957.<a id="FNanchor_2_169" href="#Footnote_2_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> - In addition to being the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> project officer, Kittinger was the pilot and project - engineer of <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> which also utilized high altitude - balloons.</p> - - <p>By 1959, Kittinger was an integral part of both <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> - and <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> and one of only three individuals in the - Air Force with high altitude balloon pilot experience. Due to the - hazardous nature of these important projects, Stapp was concerned that - an injury to Kittinger might result in the cancellation of one or - both of them. Therefore, Stapp determined there was a need for backup - pilots. Selected as backup pilots were Captains Dan D. Fulgham and - William C. Kaufman. Both men were rated aircraft pilots, parachutists, - and research and development officers assigned to the Aero Medical - Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB.</p> - - <p>During the third week of May 1959, a series of low altitude manned - balloon flights were flown to train Fulgham and Kaufman.<a id="FNanchor_2_170" href="#Footnote_2_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> - These flights were launched by the Holloman AFB Balloon Branch. To satisfy - safety requirements, the flights were closely monitored by medical personnel - at all times. A helicopter with medical personnel followed the flights during - daylight hours, a C-131 aircraft followed during hours of darkness, and at - all times medical personnel followed in an ambulance.<a id="FNanchor_2_171" href="#Footnote_2_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> - Balloon recovery and communications technicians also followed the missions on - the ground in a communications vehicle and a balloon recovery - vehicle.<a id="FNanchor_2_172" href="#Footnote_2_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> - The safety requirements were a result of several recent balloon mishaps that resulted in serious injuries to the pilots.</p> - - <p>To meet the training schedule, Kittinger, Kaufman and Fulgham were - assigned temporary duty (TDY) from the Aero Medical Laboratory at - Wright-Patterson AFB to the Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB, N.M.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_16"><img class="w100" src="images/i_105.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 16. In 1958 while training for the upcoming U.S. - Air Force Aero Medical Laboratory high altitude <span class="smcap">Man High</span> III - balloon flight, balloon designer Otto C. Winzen (<i>right</i>) and space - physiologist Capt. Grover Schock (<i>left</i>), were seriously injured in a - balloon accident near Ashland, Wisc. Additionally, two training flights - at Holloman AFB also resulted in injuries to pilots. These injuries - prompted Air Force officials to require close medical supervision - during future training flights. (<i>photo courtesy of Mike Smith, Raven - Industries</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span></p> - - <p>The three pilots, Kittinger, Kaufman and Fulgham, flew training - missions together. Kaufman and Fulgham alternately flew the balloon - while Kittinger instructed. The missions were flown at night to take - advantage of light winds and avoid the effects of diurnal heating on - the helium (the lifting gas that filled the balloon). Used for these - missions were 30-foot diameter polyethylene balloons and an aluminum - gondola especially designed for low altitude training.</p> - - <p>The first training mission scheduled for May 19, 1959 was canceled due - to equipment problems.<a id="FNanchor_2_173" href="#Footnote_2_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> - Problems overcome, the next day at 1:30 a.m. the mission launched from - White Sands Proving Ground.<a id="FNanchor_2_174" href="#Footnote_2_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> - The objective of this flight was to practice gas valving and ballasting - techniques necessary for balloon control and to practice landings. After - a five-hour flight, the balloon landed without incident just after sunrise - northwest of El Paso, Texas.<a id="FNanchor_2_175" href="#Footnote_2_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> - - <p>The second training flight, launched at 2:41 a.m. on May 21, 1959, from - behind the Balloon Branch building, Bldg. 850 at Holloman AFB.<a id="FNanchor_2_176" href="#Footnote_2_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> - Near the end of another successful training mission with the same objectives - as the previous flight, a mishap occurred resulting in injuries to two of the - pilots, Fulgham and Kittinger.<a id="FNanchor_2_177" href="#Footnote_2_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_17"><img class="w100" src="images/i_106.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 17. In May 1959, Capt. Dan D. Fulgham (<i>left</i>) and - Capt. William C. Kaufman, pilots and Aero Medical Research officers - from Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio were assigned temporary duty to - Holloman AFB, N.M. to train as high altitude balloon pilots. Fulgham - and Kaufman were trained by Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (<i>photo - collection of Dan D. Fulgham</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><b>The Mishap.</b> Just after sunrise on May 21, 1959, following a - successful low level training flight east of Holloman AFB over the - Sacramento Mountains, Kittinger, the instructor pilot, determined - the balloon should be landed in a small field approximately 10 miles - northwest of Roswell.<a id="FNanchor_2_178" href="#Footnote_2_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> - This was necessary because of approaching bad weather and the field was - the last suitable landing site before overflying the city of - Roswell.<a id="FNanchor_2_179" href="#Footnote_2_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> - When the balloon touched down, a higher than normal forward velocity for - landing caused the gondola to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> - overturn.<a id="FNanchor_2_180" href="#Footnote_2_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> - The three pilots, Kittinger, Fulgham, and Kaufman, were spilled from the - gondola pinning Fulgham’s head between the edge of the gondola and the - ground.<a id="FNanchor_2_181" href="#Footnote_2_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> - The impact shattered his helmet and he sustained a head injury.<a id="FNanchor_2_182" href="#Footnote_2_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> - When the three pilots climbed out from under the gondola, Fulgham noticed - that his “head seemed to be protruding outward from underneath [his] - helmet.”<a id="FNanchor_2_183" href="#Footnote_2_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> - Kittinger also received an injury, a minor facial laceration. The crew of - the nearby chase helicopter and personnel in the ground tracking vehicles - rushed to the scene.<a id="FNanchor_2_184" href="#Footnote_2_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> - For medical treatment, the pilots were transported by the helicopter to - nearby Walker AFB.<a id="FNanchor_2_185" href="#Footnote_2_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a></p> - - <p>When the helicopter landed at Walker AFB, it was met by armed security - personnel who sought to verify the purpose of the unannounced - arrival.<a id="FNanchor_2_186" href="#Footnote_2_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> - The security personnel escorted the balloon pilots to the hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_187" href="#Footnote_2_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> - The balloon recovery and communications crew, after retrieving the gondola - and balloon, drove to Walker AFB to check on the injured crew and to inform - the Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB of the accident.<a id="FNanchor_2_188" href="#Footnote_2_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p> - - <p>At the Walker AFB hospital, Fulgham and Kittinger received treatment - for their injuries and neither required admission. Meanwhile, the - Walker AFB security officials continued to escort the unannounced - visitors while verifying their identities.<a id="FNanchor_2_189" href="#Footnote_2_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> - The pilot’s identities and purpose for their visit were confirmed via phone - by Colonel Stapp, Aero Medical Laboratory commander at Wright-Patterson AFB - (the pilots and Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> were assigned - to this organization).<a id="FNanchor_2_190" href="#Footnote_2_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></p> - - <p>Kittinger, the <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> project officer, wanted to leave the - hospital as quickly as possible after he and Fulgham received medical - attention.<a id="FNanchor_2_191" href="#Footnote_2_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> - The quick departure was to avoid unwanted scrutiny by Walker AFB flying safety - officials.<a id="FNanchor_2_192" href="#Footnote_2_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> - When released by the flight surgeon, the three pilots boarded the chase helicopter - and returned to Holloman AFB approximately 100 miles to the west.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_18"><img class="w100" src="images/i_107.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 18. The balloon training missions flown from - Holloman AFB, N.M. in May 1959, were made in an open gondola suspended - beneath a 30-foot diameter polyethylene balloon. This photo was taken - on May 21, 1959 by Balloon Branch communications technician, A2C Ole - Jorgeson just prior to the mishap which resulted in injuries to two of - the pilots. (<i>photo collection of Ole Jorgeson</i>)</div> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span> - <h3 id="Section_2_4">2.4<br />Comparison of the Hospital Account<br />to the Balloon Mishap</h3> - </div> - - <p>The balloon mishap near Roswell on May 21, 1959 provides the probable - explanation for some of the remaining elements of the incident - profile—the redheaded captain, the unusual security at the hospital, - the wreckage in the rear of an ambulance, and one portion of the - accounts of “aliens” at the Roswell AAF hospital.</p> - - <h4>The “Redheaded Captain”</h4> - - <p>It is highly probable that the descriptions of a redheaded captain - are those of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., now a retired Colonel. - Kittinger, who has red hair, was present at the Walker AFB hospital - the entire time the events involving the balloon mishap took place. - This is the second Roswell account that describes a captain with - red hair. As related in <a href="#SECTION_ONE">Section One</a> of this report (see <a href="#Page_77">page 77</a> - and <a href="#Appendix_C">Appendix C</a>, page 194), a redheaded captain was also allegedly - present at the “crashed saucer” site on the San Agustin - Plains.<a id="FNanchor_2_193" href="#Footnote_2_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> - That account was consistent with Kittinger’s responsibilities as the - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> and <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> - pilot and project officer. As - project officer of two research programs that utilized high altitude - balloons and as a chase pilot on many other high altitude balloon - missions, Kittinger often accompanied balloon launch and recovery - crews. He was present both on the ground and in the air at balloon - launch and recovery locations throughout New Mexico and the Southwest - United States to launch and retrieve anthropomorphic dummies used for - Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> and unmanned test gondolas used for Project - <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span>.<a id="FNanchor_2_194" href="#Footnote_2_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a></p> - - <p>Following the accident, when the balloon pilots were transported to - the Walker AFB hospital for medical treatment, Kittinger wanted to - leave as soon as possible.<a id="FNanchor_2_195" href="#Footnote_2_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> - He recalled in a recent interview that his desire to quickly leave Walker - AFB was to avoid the initiation of a formal accident investigation. He - believed that an accident investigation might bring unwanted scrutiny to - Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> and delay or even cancel the controversial - project.<a id="FNanchor_2_196" href="#Footnote_2_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a> - The controversy surrounding Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> - was due principally to the hazardous nature of the high altitude escape - research. Some senior research and development officials within the Air - Force were reluctant to support a project that required a human subject - to parachute from a balloon gondola at over 100,000 feet. An accident - investigation at this juncture would most likely delay the human high - altitude free-fall tests scheduled for the fall of 1959 and may have - resulted in cancellation of the project.<a id="FNanchor_2_197" href="#Footnote_2_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a></p> - - <p>While at the hospital, Kittinger consulted by phone with his commander, - Colonel Stapp.<a id="FNanchor_2_198" href="#Footnote_2_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a> - Stapp agreed with Kittinger’s assessment that a quick departure from the - Walker AFB hospital, after receiving appropriate medical attention, was in - the best interest of the project.<a id="FNanchor_2_199" href="#Footnote_2_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span></p> - - <p>The statements attributed to the redheaded captain, “You did not see - anything. There was no crash here. You don’t go into town making any - rumors that you saw anything or that there was any crash,”<a id="FNanchor_2_200" href="#Footnote_2_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> - were consistent with Kittinger’s desire to avoid an accident investigation. - However, when interviewed for this report, neither Kittinger nor any of the - other persons documented as having been present in the hospital that day - recalled encountering Dennis.<a id="FNanchor_2_201" href="#Footnote_2_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p> - - <p>What may have led an uninformed person, such as Dennis, to believe - they were witnessing, or were told of, an unusual or classified event, - was that when the injured balloon pilots arrived at the Walker AFB - hospital, even though Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> was unclassified, - Kittinger sought to limit disclosure of negative information and - publicity.<a id="FNanchor_2_202" href="#Footnote_2_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a></p> - - <p>By 1959, having been the subject of intense media scrutiny - following his June 1957 <span class="smcap">Man High</span> I high altitude balloon - flight, Kittinger was aware of both the positive and negative - aspects of publicity. In his 1961 book, <cite>The Long, Lonely Leap</cite>, - Kittinger described this self-imposed secrecy regarding Project - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, “The secrecy imposed upon <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> was - of our own choosing. We believed ... that any unnecessary conversation - about our activities ... would simply be premature.”<a id="FNanchor_2_203" href="#Footnote_2_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> - When interviewed for this report, Kittinger further explained of Project - <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> and the visit to the hospital at Walker AFB: “We - didn’t want publicity ... about anything we were doing. So it would - have appeared to someone not conversant with the project that we were - ‘hush-hush,’ that we were secretive ... it might look like we were - trying to cover up a classified mission.”<a id="FNanchor_2_204" href="#Footnote_2_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p> - - <p>The allegations that the redheaded captain, an apparent reference to - Kittinger, threatened anyone while he was at the Walker AFB hospital - are untrue. When interviewed for this report and in signed statements - obtained from Kittinger, the two other balloon pilots, the doctor - who treated them, the medic aboard the helicopter, and the Balloon - Branch communications technician who were present at the hospital - that day (see <a href="#Appendix_B">Appendix B</a>), none of them recalled that Kittinger was - involved in an altercation or made threatening remarks to - anyone.<a id="FNanchor_2_205" href="#Footnote_2_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> - Involvement in an altercation with a civilian would have highlighted the - presence of the balloon crew and possibly brought the type of negative publicity - Kittinger sought to avoid. This would not only have violated Kittinger’s policy - of maintaining a low profile in regard to <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, - but would be completely out of character for the - seasoned test pilot.</p> - - <p>Throughout his career, Kittinger was renowned for his ability - to maintain his composure in difficult, often life threatening, - situations. He faced these situations as a test pilot, as a combat - pilot and squadron commander in Southeast Asia, and as a Prisoner - of War while subjected to severe torture at the hands of the North - Vietnamese. In <cite>The Pre-Astronauts</cite>, which chronicles many of - Kittinger’s accomplishments in the field of aeronautics, including - Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> and <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span>, the author offered - the following description of him:</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span></p> - - <blockquote> - <p><em>Kittinger was not Buck Rogers, nor was he a daredevil or - thrill-seeker. He was a modern day test pilot: intense, focused, - usually quiet, and always polite with firm religious convictions - and a powerful sense of loyalty. If he was often stubborn, - uncompromising, and demanding he also dealt fairly and respectfully - with those who came into contact with him. He was a straight arrow - and a straight shooter.</em><a id="FNanchor_2_206" href="#Footnote_2_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a></p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_19"><img class="w100" src="images/i_111.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 19. Maj. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. in 1963 as a - member of the 1st Air Commando Wing, Ben Hoa, Republic of Vietnam. - (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="center large"><b>Colonel Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., USAF (Ret)</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>Colonel Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr.’s career in the U.S. Air Force and in - aviation has spanned the spectrum of experiences: test pilot, balloon - pilot, test parachutist, combat fighter pilot, MiG killer, combat - squadron commander, and prisoner of war. He has demonstrated, during a - nearly 30-year military career and beyond, that he is among the very - best in the U.S. Air Force and the field of aeronautics.</p> - - <p>Kittinger began his career in 1949 as a U.S. Air Force aviation - cadet. After earning his wings at Las Vegas AFB, Nev. in March 1950, - he was assigned to fighter squadrons in Germany and then as a test - pilot for NATO. In 1953, Kittinger received an assignment as a test - pilot to Holloman AFB, N.M. While at Holloman, he began a many year - collaboration with the legendary Air Force scientist and physician, - Col. John P. Stapp. In association with Stapp on numerous aero medical - projects, Kittinger became the first pilot to fly zero-gravity - experiments, now commonly used for astronaut training. For project - <span class="smcap">Man High</span> on June 2, 1957, Kittinger piloted a high altitude - balloon to 96,000 feet to examine the physiological and psychological - effects on man in a space equivalent environment. This flight marked - the origins of the manned U.S. space program with the experience - gained from <span class="smcap">Man High</span> being incorporated in NASA’s Project - <span class="smcap">Mercury</span>.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span></p> - - <p>After <span class="smcap">Man High</span>, and again in association with Stapp, - Kittinger directed Project <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, a study of human - free-fall characteristics following aircraft escape at extremely - high altitudes. After extensive testing with anthropomorphic - dummies, Kittinger made three parachute jumps from high altitude - balloons: 76,400 feet on November 16, 1959; 74,700 feet on December - 11, 1959; and 102,800 feet on August 16, 1960. For these courageous - scientific achievements Kittinger was awarded the Distinguished - Flying Cross, the Harmon Trophy by President Eisenhower, the - still-standing world records for highest parachute jump and length - of a free-fall—and the distinction of being the only living person - to exceed the speed of sound without an aircraft or spacecraft!</p> - - <p>With the completion of <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, Kittinger became - the pilot, project officer, and project engineer for - <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span>, an astronomical observation experiment. This - was the third and final Air Force manned high altitude balloon - project, Kittinger had flown in all three.</p> - - <p>In 1963, he was assigned to the Air Commandos (now Special - Operations) and flew two combat tours in Southeast Asia in B-26 - and A-26 aircraft. After a tour in Germany as a liaison officer - with the U.S. Army Special Forces, Kittinger returned to Southeast - Asia in 1971, flying F-4 aircraft and commanding the famous 555th - “Triple Nickel” Tactical Fighter Squadron at Udorn AB, Thailand. On - March 1, 1972 Kittinger engaged and destroyed a MiG-21 over North - Vietnam and is credited with an aerial victory. On May 11, 1972, - after 483 combat missions and more than 1,000 combat flying hours, - Kittinger was shot down over Hanoi and spent 11 months as a POW in - the infamous “Hanoi Hilton.” When placed with other POWs following - solitary confinement and severe torture, Kittinger was moved - repeatedly by his North Vietnamese captors due to his effectiveness - in motivating other prisoners to maintain strong resistance - postures.</p> - - <p>Kittinger retired from the Air Force in 1978 and became involved - in both sport aircraft flying and gas ballooning. He operated - Rosie O’Grady’s Flying Circus in his hometown of Orlando, Fla., - performing skywriting, banner towing, and hot air and helium - balloon demonstrations at nearby Walt Disney World. He also - captured the coveted Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Championship an - unprecedented four times (three consecutive), entitling him to - retire the trophy.</p> - - <p>In September 1984, Kittinger made history again, when, in the - tradition of Lindbergh, he became the first person to make a solo - crossing of the Atlantic Ocean by balloon.</p> - - <p>Kittinger’s military decorations include the Silver Star with - one oak leaf cluster, Legion of Merit with one oak leaf cluster, - Distinguished Flying Cross with five oak leaf clusters, Bronze Star - Medal with “V” device and two oak leaf clusters, Air Medal with - 23 oak leaf clusters, Purple Heart with one oak leaf cluster, POW - medal, and the Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm.</p> - - <p>Kittinger’s indomitable spirit, personal courage and dedication to - duty are legendary. His ability to achieve seemingly unattainable - objectives while earning the respect and absolute loyalty of those - who served with him defines this rare breed of warrior-leader.</p> - - <p>In October 1995, he received yet another honor and was named a - recipient of the prestigious “Elder Statesman of Aviation” award by - the National Aeronautics Association. This honor is bestowed upon - an individual who over a period of years, has made “significant - contributions to aeronautics” and for “reflecting credit upon - himself and America.” Without a doubt, there are few that exemplify - these virtues more than this truly distinctive American, Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span></p> - - <h4>The “Wreckage” in the<br />Rear of the Ambulance</h4> - - <p>The various types of wreckage described in the rear of an ambulance at - the Walker AFB hospital also appear to be related to the 1959 balloon - accident. Some of this wreckage allegedly had odd inscriptions, touted - by UFO theorists as “alien” hieroglyphics.</p> - - <p>A requirement of balloon pilot training missions were that they be - closely monitored by balloon recovery and medical personnel.<a id="FNanchor_2_207" href="#Footnote_2_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> - Ground crews from Holloman AFB followed the balloon flight from its - launch site there to its landing site 10 miles northwest of - Roswell.<a id="FNanchor_2_208" href="#Footnote_2_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> - Two of the vehicles that followed the balloon were Dodge M-43 ¾-ton field - ambulances and a third was an M-37 ¾-ton utility vehicle or “weapons - carrier.”<a id="FNanchor_2_209" href="#Footnote_2_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> - One ambulance was assigned to this mission for its standard use—a medical - response vehicle. The other ambulance had been converted by the Holloman - AFB Balloon Branch and served as a communications vehicle on balloon recovery - missions.<a id="FNanchor_2_210" href="#Footnote_2_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> - The additional communications equipment, mounted in the rear compartment of - the ambulance, drastically altered what someone expected to see in an ambulance of this type.</p> - - <p>Dennis related that he was walking fast when he observed what he - thought was wreckage in the rear of an ambulance.<a id="FNanchor_2_211" href="#Footnote_2_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> - This quick glance apparently resulted in descriptions of two pieces of wreckage - leaning against the interior of the rear compartment of the ambulance that - “was kind of like the bottom of a canoe ... like stainless steel ... with kind - of a bluish-purplish tinge to it.”<a id="FNanchor_2_212" href="#Footnote_2_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> - UFO theorists have suggested that these objects were alien spaceship “escape pods” - recovered by the Army Air Forces. However, this appears to be a remarkably accurate - description of two steel panels painted Air Force blue on a converted ambulance - used by the Balloon Branch for this mission.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_20"><img class="w100" src="images/i_113.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 20. Balloon Branch Communications Technician, A2C - Ole Jorgeson, now a retired Master Sergeant, in the rear compartment - of an M-43 ambulance. Ambulances of this type were converted by the - Balloon Branch to communications vehicles in the late 1950s. It appears - the witness described the two panels painted Air Force blue (<i>lower - right and left of ambulance</i>) as “bluish-purplish” “wreckage” that - looked “kinda like the bottom of a canoe” and the stenciled writing - above them as “hieroglyphics”—See figs. 21 and 22 on next page. (<i>photo - collection of Ole Jorgeson</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_21"><img class="w100" src="images/i_114a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 21. (<i>Above</i>) Enlargement of stenciled writing from - photograph below. This lettering was apparently later described as - “hieroglyphics.”</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_22"><img class="w100" src="images/i_114b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 22. (<i>Below</i>) Steel panels painted Air Force blue - (<i>lower right and left</i>) described as “bluish-purplish” “wreckage” that - looked “kinda like the bottom of a canoe.” (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>The “inscription or something,”<a id="FNanchor_2_213" href="#Footnote_2_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> - the so called “hieroglyphics,” were a probable reference to the lettering painted - on the equipment support rack above the panels. The lettering on the rack would be - visible, but probably not readable, to an observer that quickly walked past the - ambulance. Other wreckage “all over the floor” that was “like broken glass,”<a id="FNanchor_2_214" href="#Footnote_2_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> - was a probable reference to the clear plastic 30-foot polyethylene balloon that - was recovered following the balloon training mission and placed in the back of the - converted ambulance or the weapons carrier for later disposal.</p> - - <p>Dennis also recalled that he parked the vehicle he was driving - near three field ambulances and then walked up the ramp into the - hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_215" href="#Footnote_2_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> - The description of ambulances near a “ramp” is consistent with the recollections - of the Balloon Branch Communication Technician who drove the converted ambulance - to the Walker AFB hospital following the balloon accident. While waiting for the - injured pilots, A2C Ole Jorgeson, now a retired Master Sergeant, recalled in a - recent interview that he parked the converted ambulance near a ramp at the - hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_216" href="#Footnote_2_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a> - A review of Walker AFB hospital records revealed that there was only one ramp. - The ramp was attached to the hospital dispensary, Walker AFB Bldg. - 317.<a id="FNanchor_2_217" href="#Footnote_2_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> - The other ambulances described by the witness were either the other ambulance - from Holloman<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> AFB that - provided medical support of the balloon flight or the two “standby” - ambulances, that in May 1959, were routinely positioned adjacent to the - ramp behind the dispensary at Walker AFB.<a id="FNanchor_2_218" href="#Footnote_2_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_23"><img class="w100" src="images/i_115.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 23. “It was all sharp ... like broken glass,” a - witness’ description of debris in the rear of an ambulance at Walker - AFB. The debris described was most probably the remnants of the - polyethylene balloon, similar to the one in this photo, recovered by - Balloon Branch personnel following the mishap in May 1959. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <h4>Additional Security at the<br />Walker AFB Hospital</h4> - - <p>The witness described what appeared to be a heightened state of - security at the hospital when he allegedly took the injured airman - there for treatment. UFO theorists contend the heightened security at - the hospital was because alien remains were being autopsied. However, - it appears that the witness described the security measures taken by - Walker AFB personnel due to the unusual circumstances of the arrival of - the balloon crew.</p> - - <p>In 1959, Walker AFB was a part of the 47th Air Division of Strategic - Air Command (SAC). It was home of the 6th Bombardment Wing (6th BW), - equipped with the nuclear capable B-52 Stratofortress bomber (the - 509th BW was reassigned to Pease AFB, NH on July 1, 1958).<a id="FNanchor_2_219" href="#Footnote_2_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> The - mission of the 6th BW, to strike the enemy with nuclear weapons - anywhere in the world at a moment’s notice, demanded a heightened state - of security at all times. One of the methods instituted during this - period to maintain the high standards of security and effectiveness - of SAC units, was unannounced “surprise” visits of Headquarters SAC - inspection teams. A favored method of transportation for these surprise - visits was a helicopter. When a SAC inspection team landed at a base, - often the first evaluation they made was of the security response to - their unannounced arrival. Failure of security personnel to properly - challenge unidentified visitors, regardless of their method of arrival, - was considered a serious breach of security.</p> - - <p>When transported to Walker AFB for medical treatment, unexpected and at - an early hour, the balloon crew, not surprisingly, was met by armed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span> - security personnel.<a id="FNanchor_2_220" href="#Footnote_2_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> The security personnel escorted them to the - hospital and remained with them until their identities and purpose of - their visit were verified. Kaufman, one of the balloon pilots, recalled - that their presence at Walker AFB was initially met with skepticism.</p> - - <p>“The [helicopter] pilot called the tower and said ... having come from - an experimental base, it was nothing unusual for him to have a balloon - accident. ‘We’ve got an injured pilot on board. There’s been a balloon - accident and we would like the flight surgeon and an ambulance to meet - us at the tower.’ The tower established the fact that yes, we were an - Air Force chopper and that we seemed to have somebody injured and what - had we been doing? We had been shooting touch and go landings in a - balloon?... We got clearance to land ... right in front of the tower, - and we were met by an ambulance and several MPs with machine guns.”<a id="FNanchor_2_221" href="#Footnote_2_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_24"><img class="w100" src="images/i_116a.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 24. Walker AFB Building 317, hospital dispensary - with attached ramp, as it appeared in June 1954. It is in this building - that UFO theorists allege that “alien autopsies” were accomplished - in July 1947. However, this was the same building that Capt. Fulgham - received treatment following the balloon accident on May 21, 1959. - Persons apparently observed him and later related the unusual - circumstances surrounding the balloon mishap as part of the “Roswell - Incident.” (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_25"><img class="w100" src="images/i_116b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 25. Main gate at Walker AFB, N.M., formerly Roswell - AAF, as it appeared in 1954. During the 1950s, the highly secure base - was the home of the nuclear capable 509th and 6th Bombardment Wings of - Strategic Air Command. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span></p> - - <p>According to the medical technician who arrived on the helicopter - with the pilots, he had difficulty persuading a flight surgeon to - attend to the injured pilots. SSgt. Roland H. “Hap” Lutz, now a - retired Chief Master Sergeant, recalled when he first contacted the - Walker AFB hospital explaining that he had three persons injured in a - “gondola accident,” the flight surgeon told him to “Go home and sleep - it off.”<a id="FNanchor_2_222" href="#Footnote_2_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> Fulgham, the injured pilot, recalled that when they got - to the hospital, “there was this controversy going on in the hospital - about who in the hell we were ... we weren’t supposed to be there and - nobody knew anything about Air Force officers flying balloons ... we - could have been ... [trying] to penetrate the security.”<a id="FNanchor_2_223" href="#Footnote_2_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> Walker - AFB security officials were satisfied of the pilots’ identities when - they spoke to Colonel Stapp, commander of the Aero Medical Laboratory - at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio.</p> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_26"><img class="w100" src="images/i_117.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 26. Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr. (<i>right</i>), is - shown here in 1962 with Dr. J. Allen Hynek while preparing for the - project <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> high altitude balloon flight. (<i>U.S. Air - Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <div class="large center"><b>The “Red-headed Captain” and Dr. J. Allen Hynek</b></div> - - <blockquote> - <p>Captain Kittinger, the <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> high altitude balloon - pilot and project engineer, had extensive professional contact - with Dr. J. Allen Hynek, an astronomer and <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span> - project scientist. Additionally, Hynek was also one of the - scientific consultants in the Air Force study of UFOs, Project - <span class="smcap">Bluebook</span>. Hynek is best known, however, for his apparent - endorsement of extraterrestrial theories concerning UFOs after - concluding his associations with the Air Force.</p> - - <p>When asked about his recollections of Hynek, Kittinger stated - that when they were associated, from 1958 to 1963, they discussed - UFOs at length.<a id="FNanchor_2_224" href="#Footnote_2_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> At that time, Hynek was steadfast in his - opinion that most, if not all, UFO sightings could be resolved by - applying known scientific analysis.<a id="FNanchor_2_225" href="#Footnote_2_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> - Kittinger said he was “flabbergasted” when, years later, Hynek appeared to reverse his - opinion and endorse extraterrestrial explanations.<a id="FNanchor_2_226" href="#Footnote_2_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> - Hynek’s reversal in philosophies led to numerous commercial endeavors, most - notably as a technical advisor for the science-fiction film <cite>Close - Encounters of the Third Kind</cite>.</p> - - <p>Also, based on his experience with project <span class="smcap">Stargazer</span>, - Hynek was familiar with balloon operations at Holloman AFB, - visiting the Holloman Balloon Branch several times.<a id="FNanchor_2_227" href="#Footnote_2_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> - Interestingly, there is no record that Hynek, who died in 1986, - ever endorsed what is now presented as the “best evidence” of UFOs, - the so-called Roswell Incident, which was actually a conglomeration - of numerous events, some with origins in Holloman AFB launched balloons.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_break.png" alt="" /> - </div> - - <h4>The Alien at the Hospital</h4> - - <p>In at least one account of the Roswell Incident, a witness claimed he - observed a “creature” walk under its own power into the hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_228" href="#Footnote_2_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> - While the specifics of this particular sighting cannot be verified, - the injury that caused Fulgham’s head to swell, resembling the classic - science-fiction alien head, makes this account (and some others) that - at first appeared to be the work of over-active imaginations, seem - possible.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"> - <a id="Fig_2_27"><img class="illow66" src="images/i_118.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 27. Clinical Record Cover Sheet from medical records of Capt. Dan - D. Fulgham describing injuries he received in the balloon accident on - May 21, 1959.</div> - <div class="link"><a href="#trans_27">Go to transcription of text</a></div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span></p> - - <p>When the balloon gondola struck Fulgham’s head, he received, according - to his clinical record from May 21, 1959, an “Extensive hematoma - forehead and ant [anterior] scalp.”<a id="FNanchor_2_229" href="#Footnote_2_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> - A hematoma is a localized blood-filled swelling, that in this instance was on the forehead. The - hematoma resulted in immediate facial swelling, two black eyes and - later caused his skin to turn yellow.<a id="FNanchor_2_230" href="#Footnote_2_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a></p> - - <p>The rapid onset of the swelling caused both of Fulgham’s eyes to - close. As it progressed, according to Kittinger who accompanied - Fulgham at the hospital, “His whole face had swollen up and his - nose barely protruded.”<a id="FNanchor_2_231" href="#Footnote_2_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> - This appearance lead Kittinger to characterize Fulgham’s appearance at the time as “just a big blob” and - “grotesque.”<a id="FNanchor_2_232" href="#Footnote_2_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a></p> - - <p>When interviewed, Fulgham remembered that even though he didn’t feel - bad, “I didn’t know how bad I looked.” There was no attempt to hide - or limit Fulgham’s exposure to persons in the hospital that day. In - fact, when he arrived at the hospital Fulgham recalled that he stopped - outside the building to smoke a cigarette. Kaufman also recalled that - the injured pilots, Fulgham and Kittinger, waited for treatment on a - bench in the hallway of the hospital. Kaufman added that a number of - military wives were present in the hospital that day for prenatal care, - and there was no effort to keep Fulgham from their view.<a id="FNanchor_2_233" href="#Footnote_2_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_28"><img class="w100" src="images/i_119.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig 28. Capt. Dan D. Fulgham at Wright-Patterson - AFB, Ohio several days after the balloon accident with a “traumatic - hematoma” on his forehead. This photo shows Fulgham after blood had - been aspirated from under his scalp and a substantial amount of - swelling had dissipated. Concerns that Fulgham’s odd appearance might - startle uninformed persons was why he was returned to Wright-Patterson - AFB aboard a specially arranged flight from Holloman AFB, N.M. (<i>photo - collection of Dan D. Fulgham</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span></p> - - <h4>“Bodies” with Large Heads<br />and Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio</h4> - - <p>UFO theorists contend that the U.S. Army Air Forces secretly shipped - the alien bodies with large heads to Wright-Patterson AFB for further - processing and deep-freeze storage. However, it is likely that, in this - account, this is a reference to Fulgham’s return to Wright-Patterson - AFB following the balloon mishap.</p> - - <p>Although Fulgham did not require hospitalization at Walker AFB, upon - his return to Holloman AFB he was admitted to the base hospital for - observation. Three days later on May 24, 1959, the balloon pilots were - flown from Holloman to Wright-Patterson AFB on a specially arranged - flight aboard a C-131 hospital aircraft.<a id="FNanchor_2_234" href="#Footnote_2_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a></p> - - <p>The return to Wright-Patterson AFB was directed by Stapp and - coordinated by Kittinger.<a id="FNanchor_2_235" href="#Footnote_2_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> - The preliminary arrangements for this flight were made by Kittinger while at the Walker AFB - hospital.<a id="FNanchor_2_236" href="#Footnote_2_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> - Kittinger recalled that conversations with Stapp regarding their - return to Wright-Patterson AFB were made by phone in busy areas of the - hospital and these conversations could have been overheard by nearly - anyone present.<a id="FNanchor_2_237" href="#Footnote_2_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a></p> - - <p>Upon their arrival at Wright-Patterson, Fulgham, who Kittinger did not - want to transport on a commercial flight due to his odd appearance, - still could not open his eyes and had to be led down the steps of the - aircraft. Kittinger recalled that Fulgham’s wife was waiting at the - bottom of the aircraft steps when they arrived.</p> - - <p>“They dropped the ramp and I looked down at the bottom and there was - Dan Fulgham’s wife,” Kittinger said. “Dan couldn’t see ... so I grabbed - him by the arm ... Dan’s wife sees me leading this blob down the - staircase ... and she looks right at me and says, ‘Where’s my husband?’ - I said, ‘Ma’am, this is your husband’. I presented her this blob that I - was leading down the ramp. And she let out this scream you could hear a - mile away. He was such a horrendous looking thing that she had no idea - that the thing I was leading down that ramp was her husband.”<a id="FNanchor_2_238" href="#Footnote_2_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_29"><img class="w100" src="images/i_120.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 29. As a physiologist for the space program, - Fulgham (<i>third from left</i>) discusses Project <span class="smcap">Gemini</span> emergency - escape systems at the U.S. Navy Aerospace Recovery facility at El - Centro, Calif. on January 28, 1965. Shown with Fulgham (<i>from left</i>) - are NASA astronaut Jim Lovell, NASA project engineer Hilary Ray, and - NASA astronaut Alan Bean. (<i>U.S. Navy photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"><a id="Fig_2_30"><img class="illow75" src="images/i_121.jpg" alt="" /></a></div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 30. A veteran of 100 combat missions during the - Korean conflict, Fulgham flew 133 combat missions in F-4 aircraft - (shown here) in 1966–67 as a member of the 555th “Triple Nickel” - Tactical Fighter Squadron at Ubon Air Base, Thailand. (<i>photo - collection of Dan D. Fulgham</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p>Fulgham recalled that upon his return to work at the Aero Medical - Laboratory he received reactions of “immediate compassionate sympathy” - from persons he encountered, including his secretary, who cried when - she saw him.<a id="FNanchor_2_239" href="#Footnote_2_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> - Within several weeks, Fulgham returned to flying - status with no permanent effects. Fulgham went on to complete a - distinguished career in the Air Force and retired as a colonel in 1978. - Fulgham’s assignments included combat tours in fighter aircraft in - both Korea and Vietnam, as well as an assignment as an experimental - parachutist and physiologist for the space program.</p> - - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5"><b>Summary</b></div> - - <p>In this section, documented research revealed that the reports of - “bodies” at the Roswell AAF hospital were grossly inaccurate and most - probably had origins in actual Air Force mishaps. Examinations of - official records of the alleged primary witnesses revealed that the - “missing nurse” was never missing, and the pediatrician did not arrive - at the Walker AFB hospital until 1951—four years <em>after</em> the alleged - incident. The many fundamental errors in the story, combined with the - substantial similarities to the actual mishaps, show that the most - credible account associated with the “Roswell Incident” is certainly - not extraterrestrial and is unrelated to any events that occurred in - July 1947.</p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Conclusion">Conclusion</h2> - </div> - - <p>When critically examined, the claims that the U.S. Army Air Forces - recovered a flying saucer and alien crew in 1947, were found to be - a compilation of many verifiable events. For the most part, the - descriptions collected by UFO theorists were of actual operations and - tests carried out by the U.S. Air Force in the 1950s. Despite the - usual unsavory accusations by UFO proponents of cover-up, conspiracy, - intimidation, etc., documented research revealed that many of the - activities were actually historic scientific achievements of which the - Air Force is very proud. However, other descriptions are believed to be - distorted references to Air Force members who were killed or injured in - the line of duty. The incomplete and inaccurate intermingling of these - actual events were grounded in just enough fact to weave a sensational - story, but cannot withstand close scrutiny when compared to official - records.</p> - - <p>To analyze reports of alien bodies that at first appeared to be so - offbeat as to not be remotely based in fact, it was necessary to - evaluate a wide range of books, interviews, videos, etc., that a - less objective review might have rejected out of hand. Only through - an inclusive evaluation of these sources were Air Force researchers - able to understand the interconnectivity of the widely separated - events believed responsible for this “incident.” And, in opposition - to critics who believe Air Force research involving this subject is - anything but objective, this research relied almost exclusively on the - descriptions <em><b>provided by the UFO proponents themselves</b></em>. When - collected and examined, the actual statements of the witnesses—not - the extraterrestrial interpretations of UFO proponents—indicated that - something was very wrong. When these descriptions were compared to - documented Air Force activities, they were much too similar to be a - coincidence. Soon, it became apparent that the witnesses or the UFO - proponents who liberally interpreted their statements were either 1) - confused, or 2) attempting to perpetrate a hoax, believing that no - serious efforts would ever be taken to verify their stories.</p> - - <p>In preparing this report, attempts were made not to only explain - <cite>what</cite> conclusions were reached, but <em>how</em> they were reached. This - undertaking was to try to de-mystify the research process by outlining - the simple and logical research techniques that identified the - underlying actual events. In regard to statements of witnesses that - were clearly descriptions of Air Force activities, such as those - that described anthropomorphic dummies, these could be generously - viewed as situational misunderstandings or even honest mistakes.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span> - Other descriptions, particularly those believed to be thinly veiled - references to deceased or injured Air Force members, are difficult - to view as naive misunderstandings. Any attempt to misrepresent or - capitalize on tragic incidents in which Air Force members died or were - injured in service to their country significantly alters what would - otherwise be viewed as simple misinterpretations or honest mistakes.</p> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <div class="right"><a id="Fig_2_31"><img class="w100" src="images/i_124a.jpg" alt="" /></a></div> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 31. Plaque placed at Holloman AFB honoring three Balloon Branch - members killed during a high altitude balloon recovery when their L-20 - balloon chase plane crashed in the rugged Gila Mountains near Stafford, - Ariz. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)<br /><br /> - <span class="center">IN MEMORIAM</span><br /><br /> - WILFRED P. CHAMPLAIN, 1ST LT. U.S.A.F.<br /> - RONALD J. NIELSEN, AIRMAN 1/C U.S.A.F.<br /> - ROBERT W. MITCHELL<br /><br /> - WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES IN THE RECOVERY<br /> - OF INSTRUMENTS FROM THE STRATOSPHERE<br /> - <span class="center">25 AUGUST 1955</span> - </div> - </div> - - <div class="mt5 mb5"> - <div class="col75"> - <a id="Fig_2_32"><img class="illow44" src="images/i_124b.jpg" alt="" /></a> - <a id="Fig_2_33"><img class="illow54" src="images/i_124c.jpg" alt="" /></a> - </div> - <div class="caption">Fig. 32. (<i>Left</i>) The balloon launch facility at Holloman AFB, N.M. - was named in honor of Maj. Richard L. Nenninger who died of injuries - received in an aircraft crash during a balloon recovery mission on - April 7, 1970 in the Sacramento Mountains near Ruidoso, N.M. (<i>U.S. Air - Force photo</i>)<br /><br /> - Fig. 33. (<i>Right</i>) A semiconscious Capt. Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr., following the <span class="smcap">Excelsior</span> I parachute jump - from 76,000 feet. With his parachute wrapped around his neck and body - and hopelessly out of control, his life was saved by an ingeniously - designed reserve parachute system that opened just moments before - contacting the desert floor; White Sands Proving Ground, November 16, - 1959. (<i>U.S. Air Force photo</i>)</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span></p> - - <p>Finally, after reviewing this report, some persons may legitimately ask - why the Air Force expended time and effort to respond to mythical, if - not comedic, allegations of recoveries of “flying saucers” and “space - aliens.” The answer to those persons is:</p> - - <p class="indent1">• Initially the Air Force was required to respond to an official - request from the General Accounting Office.</p> - - <p class="indent1">• High altitude balloon research, aircraft escape systems, and - other technologies that were misrepresented as part of the Roswell - Incident, accounted for significant contributions to the knowledge - of the atmosphere, to the quest for space flight, and to the - defense of this nation. The U.S. Air Force is exceedingly proud of - these accomplishments. Distorted and incomplete descriptions of - these activities do not pay tribute to these important exploits - or to the individuals who, often at great personal risk, boldly - carried them out.</p> - - <p class="indent1">• A sobering reality of the mission of the U.S. Air Force, as - evidenced by the aircraft mishaps described in this report, is - that defending this nation is a dangerous profession. On a daily - basis, members of the U.S. Air Force perform hazardous missions in - many locations throughout the world. Unfortunately, these missions - sometimes result in injuries or deaths. It is the right—and indeed - the duty—of the Air Force to challenge those who attempt to exploit - these human tragedies wherever, and whenever, they are discovered.</p> - - <p class="indent1">• The misrepresentations of Air Force activities as an - extraterrestrial “incident” is misleading to the public and is - simply an affront to the truth.</p> - - <p>This comprehensive further examination of the so-called “Roswell - Incident” found no evidence whatsoever of flying saucers, space aliens, - or sinister government cover-ups. But, even if unintentionally, it did - serve to highlight a series of events that embody the proud history of - the finest air force in the world—the U.S. Air Force. The actual events - examined here, rich in human and scientific triumph, tempered by the - stark realities of the dangers of the Air Force mission, are but one - small portion of that history. The many Air Force activities cobbled - together in the ever changing collage that has become the “Roswell - Incident,” when examined in the clear light of historical research, - revealed a remarkable chapter of the Air Force story. In the final - analysis, this examination simply illustrates once again, that fact is - indeed stranger, and often much more fascinating, than fiction.</p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Notes_Section_One">Notes - Section One</h2> - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">1.</a> Headquarters United States Air Force, <cite>The Roswell Report: - Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert</cite> (Washington, D.C.: U.S. - Government Printing Office, 1995), 20–22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_2" href="#FNanchor_1_2" class="label">2.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_3" href="#FNanchor_1_3" class="label">3.</a> Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> - (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 14. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_4" href="#FNanchor_1_4" class="label">4.</a> Headquarters United States Air Force, <cite>The Roswell Report: - Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert</cite> (Washington, D.C.: U.S. - Government Printing Office, 1995), 20–22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_5" href="#FNanchor_1_5" class="label">5.</a> Ted Bloecher, <cite>Report of the UFO Wave of 1947</cite> (Washington - D.C.: author, 1967), I-13-14. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_6" href="#FNanchor_1_6" class="label">6.</a> Combined History, 509th Bomb Group and Roswell Army - Airfield, 1 July-31 July 1947, 39, Air Force Historical Research - Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_7" href="#FNanchor_1_7" class="label">7.</a> <cite>Roswell Daily Record</cite>, July 9, 1947, 1. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_8" href="#FNanchor_1_8" class="label">8.</a> <cite><i>Socorro</i> (N.M.) <i>Defensor Chieftain</i></cite>, November 4, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_9" href="#FNanchor_1_9" class="label">9.</a> Don Berliner, <cite>A Rebuttal of the Air Force Project Mogul - Explanation for the 1947 Roswell, New Mexico, UFO Crash</cite> (Mount Ranier, - Md.: The Fund for UFO Research, 1995), 2. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_10" href="#FNanchor_1_10" class="label">10.</a> Headquarters United States Air Force, <cite>The Roswell - Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert</cite> (Washington D.C.: - U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), Attachment 32, <cite>Synopsis of - Balloon Research Findings</cite>, by 1st Lt. James McAndrew, 9. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_11" href="#FNanchor_1_11" class="label">11.</a> Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> - (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 14. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_12" href="#FNanchor_1_12" class="label">12.</a> Video, <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Gerald - Anderson interview (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993) - (hereafter <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_13" href="#FNanchor_1_13" class="label">13.</a> James Ragsdale, transcript of interview with Donald R. - Schmitt, January 26, 1994. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_14" href="#FNanchor_1_14" class="label">14.</a> Frank J. Kaufman, interview with Kevin Randle and Donald - Schmitt, January 27, 1990. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_15" href="#FNanchor_1_15" class="label">15.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Maltais interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_16" href="#FNanchor_1_16" class="label">16.</a> ibid., Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_17" href="#FNanchor_1_17" class="label">17.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_18" href="#FNanchor_1_18" class="label">18.</a> ibid., Maltais interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_19" href="#FNanchor_1_19" class="label">19.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_20" href="#FNanchor_1_20" class="label">20.</a> Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, <cite>The Roswell - Incident</cite> (New York: Berkley, 1980), 61. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_21" href="#FNanchor_1_21" class="label">21.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_22" href="#FNanchor_1_22" class="label">22.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Alice Knight - interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_23" href="#FNanchor_1_23" class="label">23.</a> Ragsdale and <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, - Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_24" href="#FNanchor_1_24" class="label">24.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_25" href="#FNanchor_1_25" class="label">25.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_26" href="#FNanchor_1_26" class="label">26.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_27" href="#FNanchor_1_27" class="label">27.</a> James M. Grimwood, <cite>Project Mercury: A Chronology</cite>, - Report No. SP4001 (Wash. D.C.: NASA, 1963) 2–3, and Lloyd Mallan, <cite>Men, - Rockets and Space Rats</cite>, (New York: Julian Messier Inc., 1955) 84–98. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_28" href="#FNanchor_1_28" class="label">28.</a> Research Division, College of Engineering, New York - University, <cite>Technical Report No. 93.02, Constant Level Balloons</cite>, - Section 3, <cite>Summary of Flights</cite>, July 15, 1949. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_29" href="#FNanchor_1_29" class="label">29.</a> Capt. Vincent Mazza and Capt. Richard V. Wheeler, <cite>High - altitude Bailouts</cite>, MCREXD-695-66M (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: USAF Air - Materiel Command, September 18, 1950), 10–11. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_30" href="#FNanchor_1_30" class="label">30.</a> A. M. Jacobs, “The Flier’s SOS,” <cite>St. Nicholas Magazine</cite>, - Vol. LII, No. 10 (August 1925), 1034–1039. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_31" href="#FNanchor_1_31" class="label">31.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_32" href="#FNanchor_1_32" class="label">32.</a> Memo, Major H.H. Arnold, Chief Field Service Section, - to Commanding Officer, San Antonio Air Depot, subj: Drop Testing - of Parachutes, November 2, 1929. National Air and Space Museum - Archives, Paul E. Garber Facility, Silver Hill, Md., file no. 452.031, - Parachutes-(Dummies) 1927–1929. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_33" href="#FNanchor_1_33" class="label">33.</a> J. Allen Neal, <cite>History: Development of Methods for - Escape from High Speed Aircraft, Vol. 1</cite>, (Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: - Air Research and Development Command, 1958), U.S. Air Force Museum - Archives, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_34" href="#FNanchor_1_34" class="label">34.</a> Memo, Ted Smith, to W.A. Daler, subj: Bid for Purchase - Request No. 301200, September 17, 1954, National Archives and Records - Administration, Accession No. 342-67E-2954, box 5/15, file 28. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_35" href="#FNanchor_1_35" class="label">35.</a> H.T.E. Hertzberg, <cite>Anthropology of Anthropomorphic - Dummies</cite>, Air Force Medical Research Laboratory, AMRL-TR-69-61, - February 1970, 3. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_36" href="#FNanchor_1_36" class="label">36.</a> Maj. John P. Stapp, <cite>Human Tolerance to Linear - Deceleration, Part I. Preliminary Survey of the Aft Facing Seated - Position</cite>, Air Force Technical Report 5915, (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: - Wright Air Development Center, 1949) and Maj. John P. Stapp, <cite>Part - II. The Aft Facing Position and the Development of a Crash Harness</cite>, - Air Force Technical Report 5915 (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air - Development Center, 1951). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_37" href="#FNanchor_1_37" class="label">37.</a> H.T.E. Hertzberg, <cite>Anthropology of Anthropomorphic - Dummies</cite>, Air Force Medical Research Laboratory, AMRL-TR-69-61, - February 1970, 3. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_38" href="#FNanchor_1_38" class="label">38.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_39" href="#FNanchor_1_39" class="label">39.</a> ltr., H.L. Daulton, Vice President and - Secretary-Treasurer, Sierra Engineering Company, to W.A. Daler, - Headquarters Air Materiel Command, subject: Proposal, Purchase - Request No. 301200, September 16, 1954, National Archives and Records - Administration, Accession No. 342-67E-2954, box 5/15, file 28. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_40" href="#FNanchor_1_40" class="label">40.</a> Joseph Smreka, Senior Design Engineer, First Technology - Safety Systems, “Dummies—Past and Present,” 2 (unpublished manuscript). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_41" href="#FNanchor_1_41" class="label">41.</a> Sierra Engineering Co., “Sierra Sam,” 1955, National - Archives and Records Administration, Accession No. 342-67E-2954, box - 5/15, file 28. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_42" href="#FNanchor_1_42" class="label">42.</a> 1st Lt. Raymond A. Madson, <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy - Drops, Part I. The Unstabilized Dummy Drops</cite>, WADC Technical Report - 57-477, (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air Development Center, Oct - 1957) (hereafter <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I</cite>), 27, and - 1st Lt. Raymond A. Madson, <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, II. The - Stabilized Dummy Drops</cite>, WADC Technical Report 57-477 (II) (Wright - Patterson AFB, OH: Aeronautical Systems Division, Air Force Systems - Command, August 1961) (hereafter <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part II</cite>), 18. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_43" href="#FNanchor_1_43" class="label">43.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I</cite>, 1. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_44" href="#FNanchor_1_44" class="label">44.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I</cite>, and <cite>High - altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part II</cite>, and Holloman Air Development - Center, Weekly Test Status Reports, Project MX-1450B (Manned Balloon), - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, MO, Accession No. 342-62A-A-641, box - 115/248, folder; R-695-61D, “High Altitude Escape Studies, Gen B-1, - Manned Balloon Flights.” - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_45" href="#FNanchor_1_45" class="label">45.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_46" href="#FNanchor_1_46" class="label">46.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I</cite>, 1, and <cite>High - altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part II</cite>, 18. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_47" href="#FNanchor_1_47" class="label">47.</a> Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., <cite>The Long, Lonely Leap</cite>, - (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961), and Lt. Col. David G. - Simons, <cite>Man High</cite>, (New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1960), and - Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., “The Long, Lonely Leap,” <cite>National - Geographic</cite> 118, no. 6 (December 1960): 854-873, “Fantastic Catch - in the Sky, Record Leap towards Earth,” <cite>Life</cite> 49, no. 9 (August - 29, 1960): 20–25, <cite>Popular Mechanics Magazine</cite>, January 1951: 118, - <cite>Collier’s</cite>, June 25, 1954, <cite>Time</cite>, September 12, 1955, “The Fastest - Man on Earth”. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_48" href="#FNanchor_1_48" class="label">48.</a> Don Reilly, “MAD Salutes an Unsung Hero,” <cite>MAD</cite>, no. 61, - (March 1961), 46. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_49" href="#FNanchor_1_49" class="label">49.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I</cite>, and <cite>High - altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part II</cite>. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_50" href="#FNanchor_1_50" class="label">50.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part II</cite>, 11–12. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_51" href="#FNanchor_1_51" class="label">51.</a> Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., - USAF (Ret) and <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I</cite>, 16. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_52" href="#FNanchor_1_52" class="label">52.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I</cite>, 5. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_53" href="#FNanchor_1_53" class="label">53.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I</cite>, 17. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_54" href="#FNanchor_1_54" class="label">54.</a> ibid., and Memorandum, subj: Balloon Tracking and - Recovery Equipment, n.d., National Archives and Records Administration, - Accession No. 342-67B-2133, box 65/249, file 2, “Biophysics - Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude Escape Studies, 7218-71719,” - and Robert Blankenship, retired Balloon Branch Recovery Supervisor, - telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, July 14, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_55" href="#FNanchor_1_55" class="label">55.</a> Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., - USAF (Ret). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_56" href="#FNanchor_1_56" class="label">56.</a> Blankenship, and Balloon Tracking and Recovery - Equipment, n.d., and Bernard D. Gildenberg, <cite>Meteorological Aspects of - Constant-Level Balloon Operations in the Southwestern United States</cite> - (hereafter <cite>Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations - in the Southwestern United States</cite>), AFCRL-66-706 (L.G. Hanscom Field, - Bedford, MA: Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, October 1966), 27. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_57" href="#FNanchor_1_57" class="label">57.</a> Historical Branch, Office of Information Services, Air - Force Missile Development Center, <cite>Contributions of Balloon Operations - to Research and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center - Holloman AFB, N. Mex. 1947–1958</cite> (Holloman AFB, NM: Air Research - and Development Command, 1958) (hereafter <cite>Contributions of Balloon - Operations to Research and Development at the Air Force Missile - Development Center, 1947–1958</cite>), 90. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_58" href="#FNanchor_1_58" class="label">58.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I</cite>, 16. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_59" href="#FNanchor_1_59" class="label">59.</a> ibid., 17. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_60" href="#FNanchor_1_60" class="label">60.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I</cite>, 17. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_61" href="#FNanchor_1_61" class="label">61.</a> Maj. John P. Stapp, <cite>Human Tolerance to Linear - Deceleration, Part I. Preliminary Survey of the Aft Facing Seated - Position</cite>, Air Force Technical Report 5915, (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: - Wright Air Development Center, 1949) and Maj. John P. Stapp, <cite>Part - II. The Aft Facing Position and the Development of a Crash Harness</cite>, - Air Force Technical Report 5915 (Wright Patterson AFB, OH: Wright Air - Development Center, 1951). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_62" href="#FNanchor_1_62" class="label">62.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II</cite>, 6. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_63" href="#FNanchor_1_63" class="label">63.</a> Signed, sworn statement of Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., - Col., USAF (Ret). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_64" href="#FNanchor_1_64" class="label">64.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_65" href="#FNanchor_1_65" class="label">65.</a> Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., “Instructions - for Operation and Maintenance, Model F-95 Anthropomorphic Test - Dummies,” May 3, 1956, 1, and Glenn Richards, retired Balloon Branch - Instrumentation Specialist, telephone interview with Capt. James - McAndrew, September 5, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_66" href="#FNanchor_1_66" class="label">66.</a> Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., “Instructions for - Operation and Maintenance, Model F-95 Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,” - May 3, 1956, 1, and Ronald G. Hansen, Lt. Col. USAR, (Ret), Balloon - Recovery Helicopter Pilot, telephone interview with 1st Lt. James - McAndrew, May 1, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_67" href="#FNanchor_1_67" class="label">67.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I</cite>, 7–8. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_68" href="#FNanchor_1_68" class="label">68.</a> Blankenship. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_69" href="#FNanchor_1_69" class="label">69.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_70" href="#FNanchor_1_70" class="label">70.</a> <cite>The Beverly Hills Citizen</cite>, March 12, 1956, 7. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_71" href="#FNanchor_1_71" class="label">71.</a> Research Division, College of Engineering, New York - University, <cite>Special Report No. 1, Constant Level Balloon</cite>, May 1947, 20–22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_72" href="#FNanchor_1_72" class="label">72.</a> Research Division, College of Engineering, New York - University, Technical Report No. 93.03, <cite>Constant Level Balloons, - Operations</cite>, March 1, 1951, 105. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_73" href="#FNanchor_1_73" class="label">73.</a> U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, “Phillips Laboratory - Space Experiments Directorate, Balloon, Rocket, and Satellite - Capabilities,” n.d., 33. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_74" href="#FNanchor_1_74" class="label">74.</a> Bernard D. Gildenberg, Balloon Branch Meteorologist and - Engineer, interviewed by 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 28, 1995, and - <cite>Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958</cite>, 73. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_75" href="#FNanchor_1_75" class="label">75.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_76" href="#FNanchor_1_76" class="label">76.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_77" href="#FNanchor_1_77" class="label">77.</a> <cite>Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958</cite>, 73. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_78" href="#FNanchor_1_78" class="label">78.</a> “Flight Summary, Non-Extensible Balloon Operations, - 6580th Test Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 22–24. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_79" href="#FNanchor_1_79" class="label">79.</a> <cite>Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958</cite>, 73–74. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_80" href="#FNanchor_1_80" class="label">80.</a> Lt. Col. David G. Simons (MC), <cite>Stratosphere Balloon - Techniques for Exposing Living Specimens to Primary Cosmic Ray - Particles</cite>, Holloman Air Development Center TR 54-16, November 1954, 10–11. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_81" href="#FNanchor_1_81" class="label">81.</a> “Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations - 6580th Test Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 1–31, and - <cite>Contributions of Balloon Operations 1947–1958</cite>, 24. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_82" href="#FNanchor_1_82" class="label">82.</a> “Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations 6580th - Test Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” 4. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_83" href="#FNanchor_1_83" class="label">83.</a> Research Division, College of Engineering, New York - University, <cite>Technical Report No. 93.02, Constant Level Balloons</cite>, - Section 3, <cite>Summary of Flights</cite>, July 15, 1949, 32, in Headquarters - United States Air Force, <cite>The Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the - New Mexico Desert</cite> (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, - 1995), Appendix 12. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_84" href="#FNanchor_1_84" class="label">84.</a> Holloman Air Development Center, “Test Report on Radar - Target Balloons”, October 31, 1955, Air Force Historical Research - Agency, Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel # 31811, Frame 1139, and <cite>Contributions - of Balloon Operations 1947–1958</cite>, 40–45. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_85" href="#FNanchor_1_85" class="label">85.</a> Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., <cite>Corona: America’s First Satellite - Program</cite> (Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, - Central Intelligence Agency, 1995), 22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_86" href="#FNanchor_1_86" class="label">86.</a> ibid., 21–22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_87" href="#FNanchor_1_87" class="label">87.</a> Air Force Missile Development Center, “Chronology of - Events,” Sept. 1, 1957-Aug 10, 1962, Air Force Historical Research - Agency, Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel # 31731, Frame 561, and Flight Records - of Bernard D. Gildenberg, Meteorologist, Holloman AFB Balloon Branch, - October 12, 1956-March 14, 1961. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_88" href="#FNanchor_1_88" class="label">88.</a> Flight Summary, <span class="smcap">Discoverer</span> Balloon Flights, - March 31, 1960-April 22, 1960, Air Force Historical Research Agency, - Maxwell, AFB, AL, Reel# 31811, frame 569. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_89" href="#FNanchor_1_89" class="label">89.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_90" href="#FNanchor_1_90" class="label">90.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_91" href="#FNanchor_1_91" class="label">91.</a> Kevin C. Ruffner, ed., <cite>Corona: America’s First Satellite - Program</cite> (Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Intelligence, - Central Intelligence Agency, 1995), 21–22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_92" href="#FNanchor_1_92" class="label">92.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_93" href="#FNanchor_1_93" class="label">93.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_94" href="#FNanchor_1_94" class="label">94.</a> Martin Marietta Corporation, “Viking ’75, Balloon - Launched Decelerator Test Program Post Flight Report, BLDT Vehicle - AV-3,” TR 3720293, 1972, IV-I and Edward J. Kirschner, <cite>Aerospace - Balloons; From Montgolfiere to Space</cite> (Blue Ridge Summit, Pa.: Aero - Publishers, 1985), 64–66. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_95" href="#FNanchor_1_95" class="label">95.</a> Martin Marietta Corporation, “Viking ’75, Balloon - Launched Decelerator Test Program Post Flight Report, BLDT Vehicle - AV-3,” TR 3720293, 1972, IV-I. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_96" href="#FNanchor_1_96" class="label">96.</a> Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt, <cite>The Truth About - the UFO Crash at Roswell</cite> (New York: Avon Books, 1994), photograph section. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_97" href="#FNanchor_1_97" class="label">97.</a> Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, “Report on - Research, for the Period July 1965-June 1967”, AFCRL TR-68-0039, - November 1967, 150–151. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_98" href="#FNanchor_1_98" class="label">98.</a> Gildenberg. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_99" href="#FNanchor_1_99" class="label">99.</a> Database of high altitude balloon operations on file - at SAF/AAZD compiled from the following sources: Research Division, - College of Engineering, New York University, <cite>Technical Report No. - 93.02, Constant Level Balloons</cite>, Section 3, <cite>Summary of Flights</cite>, July - 15, 1949; “Flight Summary Non-Extensible Balloon Operations 6580th Test - Squadron (Special), June 1950 to October 1954,” National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, - Mo., Accession No. 342-62A-181, box 14/18; Flight Records of Bernard - D. Gildenberg, Meteorologist, Holloman AFB Balloon Branch, October 12, - 1956-March 14, 1961; “Summary of Balloon Flights Launched from Holloman - AFB, N.M., 1962 thru 1987”, Space and Missile Command, Test and - Evaluation Unit (SMC/TE, OL-AC) files, Holloman AFB, N.M. Additional - flight data on file (microfilm), U.S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory, - Geophysics Directorate, Hanscom AFB, Mass. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_100" href="#FNanchor_1_100" class="label">100.</a> Bernard D. Gildenberg, <cite>Meteorological Aspects of - Constant-Level Balloon Operations in the Southwestern United States</cite>, - AFCRL-66-706 (L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, MA: Air Force Cambridge - Research Laboratories, October 1966), and Bernard D. Gildenberg, - <cite>General Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control</cite>, in Lewis A. - Grass, ed., <cite>Proceedings, Sixth AFCRL Scientific Balloon Symposium</cite>, - AFCRL-70-0543, (L.G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass.: Air Force Cambridge - Research Laboratories, October 1970). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_101" href="#FNanchor_1_101" class="label">101.</a> Blankenship. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_102" href="#FNanchor_1_102" class="label">102.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_103" href="#FNanchor_1_103" class="label">103.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_104" href="#FNanchor_1_104" class="label">104.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_105" href="#FNanchor_1_105" class="label">105.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_106" href="#FNanchor_1_106" class="label">106.</a> Joseph Longshore, Balloon Branch Supervisor, telephone - interview with Capt. James McAndrew, August 16, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_107" href="#FNanchor_1_107" class="label">107.</a> Signed sworn statement of James Ragsdale in Ragsdale - Productions Inc., <cite>The Jim Ragsdale Story: A Closer Look at the Roswell - Incident</cite> (Hall Poorbough Press, Inc., 1996), 10–11, and signed sworn - statement of James Ragsdale in Karl T. Pflock, <cite>Roswell in Perspective</cite> - (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1994), 167. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_108" href="#FNanchor_1_108" class="label">108.</a> James Ragsdale, interview with Donald R. Schmitt, - January 26, 1993. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_109" href="#FNanchor_1_109" class="label">109.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II</cite>, 17. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_110" href="#FNanchor_1_110" class="label">110.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I</cite>, 27–30 and - <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II</cite>, 6, 10–12, 17. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_111" href="#FNanchor_1_111" class="label">111.</a> Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret), interview - with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, June 23, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_112" href="#FNanchor_1_112" class="label">112.</a> <cite>Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research and - Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1947–1958</cite>, - 90, and <cite>Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level Balloon Operations in - the Southwestern United States</cite>, 1. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_113" href="#FNanchor_1_113" class="label">113.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops Part I</cite>, 24. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_114" href="#FNanchor_1_114" class="label">114.</a> Blankenship and Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_115" href="#FNanchor_1_115" class="label">115.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_116" href="#FNanchor_1_116" class="label">116.</a> Memorandum, subj: Balloon Tracking and Recovery - Equipment, n.d., National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-67B-2133, - box 65/249, file 2, “Biophysics Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude - Escape Studies, 7218-71719.” - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_117" href="#FNanchor_1_117" class="label">117.</a> ibid., and Blankenship. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_118" href="#FNanchor_1_118" class="label">118.</a> Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, <cite>The Roswell - Incident</cite> (New York: Berkley, 1980), 64, and Don Berliner and Stanton - Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 88. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_119" href="#FNanchor_1_119" class="label">119.</a> <i>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</i>, Knight interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_120" href="#FNanchor_1_120" class="label">120.</a> <i>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</i>, Maltais interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_121" href="#FNanchor_1_121" class="label">121.</a> Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, <cite>The Roswell - Incident</cite> (New York: Berkley, 1980), 64, and Don Berliner and Stanton - Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 88. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_122" href="#FNanchor_1_122" class="label">122.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 89. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_123" href="#FNanchor_1_123" class="label">123.</a> Mark Rodeghier and Fred Whiting, <cite>The Plains of San - Agustin Controversy, July, 1947: Gerald Anderson, Barney Barnett, and - the Archaeologists</cite>, Introduction (Chicago, IL, Washington, D.C.: J. - Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies and The Fund for UFO Research, June 1992), 2. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_124" href="#FNanchor_1_124" class="label">124.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_125" href="#FNanchor_1_125" class="label">125.</a> Kevin D. Randle, Donald R. Schmitt, and Thomas J. Carey, - <cite>Gerald Anderson and the Plains of San Agustin, in The Plains of San - Agustin Controversy, July, 1947: Gerald Anderson, Barney Barnett, and - the Archaeologists</cite> (Chicago, IL, Washington, D.C.: J. Allen Hynek - Center for UFO Studies, and The Fund for UFO Research, June 1992), 19. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_126" href="#FNanchor_1_126" class="label">126.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_127" href="#FNanchor_1_127" class="label">127.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 90. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_128" href="#FNanchor_1_128" class="label">128.</a> ibid., 91. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_129" href="#FNanchor_1_129" class="label">129.</a> Gerald F. Anderson, interview with Kevin D. Randle, - February 4, 1990, in <cite>The Plains of San Agustin Controversy, July, - 1947: Gerald Anderson, Barney Barnett, and the Archaeologists</cite> - (Chicago, IL, Washington, D.C.: J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies - and The Fund for UFO Research, June 1992), 59. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_130" href="#FNanchor_1_130" class="label">130.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_131" href="#FNanchor_1_131" class="label">131.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_132" href="#FNanchor_1_132" class="label">132.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_133" href="#FNanchor_1_133" class="label">133.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_134" href="#FNanchor_1_134" class="label">134.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_135" href="#FNanchor_1_135" class="label">135.</a> Blankenship and Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_136" href="#FNanchor_1_136" class="label">136.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_137" href="#FNanchor_1_137" class="label">137.</a> “Sierra Sam: Scientific Whipping Boy,” <cite>Machine Design</cite>, - December 22, 1960 and “Dummy Takes a Beating for Science’s Sake,” - <cite>Aviation Week</cite>, January 12, 1953. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_138" href="#FNanchor_1_138" class="label">138.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_139" href="#FNanchor_1_139" class="label">139.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_140" href="#FNanchor_1_140" class="label">140.</a> Alderson Research Laboratories Inc., “Modular Series - Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,” Alderson Research Laboratories Inc., - June 1955), 5. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_141" href="#FNanchor_1_141" class="label">141.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_142" href="#FNanchor_1_142" class="label">142.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_143" href="#FNanchor_1_143" class="label">143.</a> Signed, sworn statement of Raymond A. Madson, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_144" href="#FNanchor_1_144" class="label">144.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_145" href="#FNanchor_1_145" class="label">145.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I</cite>, 22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_146" href="#FNanchor_1_146" class="label">146.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_147" href="#FNanchor_1_147" class="label">147.</a> <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part I</cite>, 9, and - <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, Part II</cite>, 8. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_148" href="#FNanchor_1_148" class="label">148.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 91. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_149" href="#FNanchor_1_149" class="label">149.</a> ibid., 92–94. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_150" href="#FNanchor_1_150" class="label">150.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_151" href="#FNanchor_1_151" class="label">151.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_152" href="#FNanchor_1_152" class="label">152.</a> Memorandum, subject: Balloon Tracking and Recovery - Equipment, n.d., National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-67B-2133, - box 65/249, file 2, “Biophysics Branch-Escape Section, High Altitude - Escape Studies, 7218-71719,” and <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops, - Part I</cite>, 17, and “Weekly Test Status Report on Project 7218, Manned - Balloon Flights, (MX-1450B)”, for Week Ending 28 February 1955, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., Accession No. 342-66A-181, Box 14/18. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_153" href="#FNanchor_1_153" class="label">153.</a> Kittinger and Historical Branch, Office of Information - Services, Air Research and Development Command, <cite>History of Flight - Support Holloman Air Development Center 1946–1957</cite> (Holloman AFB, N.M.: - Holloman Air Development Center, 1957), 101. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_154" href="#FNanchor_1_154" class="label">154.</a> Blankenship. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_155" href="#FNanchor_1_155" class="label">155.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 106. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_156" href="#FNanchor_1_156" class="label">156.</a> Bernard D. Gildenberg, <cite>Techniques Developed for Heavy - Load Non-Extensible Balloon Flights</cite>, Report No. HADC-TN-54-3 (Holloman - AFB, NM: Holloman Air Development Center, March 1954), 7. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_157" href="#FNanchor_1_157" class="label">157.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_158" href="#FNanchor_1_158" class="label">158.</a> Blankenship and Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF, (Ret), - Balloon Branch Communications Supervisor, interview with 1st Lt. James - McAndrew, May 28, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_159" href="#FNanchor_1_159" class="label">159.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_160" href="#FNanchor_1_160" class="label">160.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 107. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_161" href="#FNanchor_1_161" class="label">161.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_162" href="#FNanchor_1_162" class="label">162.</a> Blankenship. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_163" href="#FNanchor_1_163" class="label">163.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 106. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_164" href="#FNanchor_1_164" class="label">164.</a> Blankenship. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_165" href="#FNanchor_1_165" class="label">165.</a> Signed sworn statement of James Ragsdale in, Ragsdale - Productions Inc., <cite>The Jim Ragsdale Story: A Closer Look at the Roswell - Incident</cite> (Hall Poorbough Press, Inc., 1996), 10–11, and signed sworn - statement of James Ragsdale in Karl T. Pflock, <cite>Roswell in Perspective</cite> - (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1994), 167. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_166" href="#FNanchor_1_166" class="label">166.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_167" href="#FNanchor_1_167" class="label">167.</a> Frank J. Kaufman, interview with Kevin Randle and Donald - Schmitt, January 27, 1990. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_168" href="#FNanchor_1_168" class="label">168.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_169" href="#FNanchor_1_169" class="label">169.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_170" href="#FNanchor_1_170" class="label">170.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_171" href="#FNanchor_1_171" class="label">171.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 92. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_172" href="#FNanchor_1_172" class="label">172.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Maltais interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_173" href="#FNanchor_1_173" class="label">173.</a> ibid., Knight interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_174" href="#FNanchor_1_174" class="label">174.</a> ibid., Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_175" href="#FNanchor_1_175" class="label">175.</a> ibid., Maltais interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_176" href="#FNanchor_1_176" class="label">176.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_177" href="#FNanchor_1_177" class="label">177.</a> ibid., Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_178" href="#FNanchor_1_178" class="label">178.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_179" href="#FNanchor_1_179" class="label">179.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_180" href="#FNanchor_1_180" class="label">180.</a> ibid., Maltais interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_181" href="#FNanchor_1_181" class="label">181.</a> ibid., Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_182" href="#FNanchor_1_182" class="label">182.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_183" href="#FNanchor_1_183" class="label">183.</a> ibid., Maltais interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_184" href="#FNanchor_1_184" class="label">184.</a> ibid., Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_185" href="#FNanchor_1_185" class="label">185.</a> Charles Berlitz and William L. Moore, <cite>The Roswell - Incident</cite> (New York: Berkley, 1980), 61. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_186" href="#FNanchor_1_186" class="label">186.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 92. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_187" href="#FNanchor_1_187" class="label">187.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_188" href="#FNanchor_1_188" class="label">188.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 91. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_189" href="#FNanchor_1_189" class="label">189.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> - <a id="Footnote_1_190" href="#FNanchor_1_190" class="label">190.</a> ibid., 92. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_191" href="#FNanchor_1_191" class="label">191.</a> ibid., 91. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_192" href="#FNanchor_1_192" class="label">192.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Maltais interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_193" href="#FNanchor_1_193" class="label">193.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 93. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_194" href="#FNanchor_1_194" class="label">194.</a> ibid., 93–94. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_195" href="#FNanchor_1_195" class="label">195.</a> ibid., 92. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_196" href="#FNanchor_1_196" class="label">196.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_197" href="#FNanchor_1_197" class="label">197.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 106. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_198" href="#FNanchor_1_198" class="label">198.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_199" href="#FNanchor_1_199" class="label">199.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_200" href="#FNanchor_1_200" class="label">200.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_201" href="#FNanchor_1_201" class="label">201.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_202" href="#FNanchor_1_202" class="label">202.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_203" href="#FNanchor_1_203" class="label">203.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_204" href="#FNanchor_1_204" class="label">204.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_205" href="#FNanchor_1_205" class="label">205.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_206" href="#FNanchor_1_206" class="label">206.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 106. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_207" href="#FNanchor_1_207" class="label">207.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_208" href="#FNanchor_1_208" class="label">208.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 107. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_209" href="#FNanchor_1_209" class="label">209.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_210" href="#FNanchor_1_210" class="label">210.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_211" href="#FNanchor_1_211" class="label">211.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_212" href="#FNanchor_1_212" class="label">212.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_213" href="#FNanchor_1_213" class="label">213.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_214" href="#FNanchor_1_214" class="label">214.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_215" href="#FNanchor_1_215" class="label">215.</a> Ragsdale. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_216" href="#FNanchor_1_216" class="label">216.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Anderson interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_217" href="#FNanchor_1_217" class="label">217.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_1_218" href="#FNanchor_1_218" class="label">218.</a> Berliner and Friedman, 107. - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Notes_Section_Two">Notes - Section Two</h2> - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_1" href="#FNanchor_2_1" class="label">1.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 103. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">2.</a> Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> - (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 117, 120, and W. Glenn Dennis, - interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992, 18–19. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_3" href="#FNanchor_2_3" class="label">3.</a> Video, <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn - Dennis interview (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993) - (hereafter <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_4" href="#FNanchor_2_4" class="label">4.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis - interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_5" href="#FNanchor_2_5" class="label">5.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_6" href="#FNanchor_2_6" class="label">6.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_7" href="#FNanchor_2_7" class="label">7.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_8" href="#FNanchor_2_8" class="label">8.</a> ibid., and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, - November 2, 1992, and Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of - Roswell Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 103. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_9" href="#FNanchor_2_9" class="label">9.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 103. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_10" href="#FNanchor_2_10" class="label">10.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_11" href="#FNanchor_2_11" class="label">11.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_12" href="#FNanchor_2_12" class="label">12.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_13" href="#FNanchor_2_13" class="label">13.</a> Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> - (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 120, and W. Glenn Dennis, interview - with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_14" href="#FNanchor_2_14" class="label">14.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 103. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_15" href="#FNanchor_2_15" class="label">15.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_16" href="#FNanchor_2_16" class="label">16.</a> Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> - (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 117. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_17" href="#FNanchor_2_17" class="label">17.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_18" href="#FNanchor_2_18" class="label">18.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_19" href="#FNanchor_2_19" class="label">19.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_20" href="#FNanchor_2_20" class="label">20.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_21" href="#FNanchor_2_21" class="label">21.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, - August 5, 1989. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_22" href="#FNanchor_2_22" class="label">22.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_23" href="#FNanchor_2_23" class="label">23.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November - 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_24" href="#FNanchor_2_24" class="label">24.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_25" href="#FNanchor_2_25" class="label">25.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_26" href="#FNanchor_2_26" class="label">26.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis - interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_27" href="#FNanchor_2_27" class="label">27.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_28" href="#FNanchor_2_28" class="label">28.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_29" href="#FNanchor_2_29" class="label">29.</a> Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> - (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 119, and Karl T. Pflock, “Star - Witness: The Mortician of Roswell Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, - Fall 1995, 105. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_30" href="#FNanchor_2_30" class="label">30.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_31" href="#FNanchor_2_31" class="label">31.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_32" href="#FNanchor_2_32" class="label">32.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_33" href="#FNanchor_2_33" class="label">33.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_34" href="#FNanchor_2_34" class="label">34.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn - Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_35" href="#FNanchor_2_35" class="label">35.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 105. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_36" href="#FNanchor_2_36" class="label">36.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, - August 5, 1989. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_37" href="#FNanchor_2_37" class="label">37.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_38" href="#FNanchor_2_38" class="label">38.</a> Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> - (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 119. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_39" href="#FNanchor_2_39" class="label">39.</a> Headquarters United States Air Force, <cite>The Roswell - Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert</cite> (Washington, D.C.: - U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995), Attachment 32, “Synopsis of - Balloon Research Findings by 1st Lt. James McAndrew”. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_40" href="#FNanchor_2_40" class="label">40.</a> 427th AAFBU Sq “M” Morning Reports, July 8–9, 1947, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_41" href="#FNanchor_2_41" class="label">41.</a> Personnel record of 1st Lt. Angele A. (LaRue) Thessing, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_42" href="#FNanchor_2_42" class="label">42.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_43" href="#FNanchor_2_43" class="label">43.</a> Personnel records of Capt. Joyce Goddard, 1st Lt. - Rosemary J. Brown, 1st Lt. Eileen M. Fanton, 1st Lt. Angele A. LaRue, - 1st Lt. Claudia Uebele, National Archives and Records Administration, - National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_44" href="#FNanchor_2_44" class="label">44.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 132, and W. Glenn - Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, August 5, 1989. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_45" href="#FNanchor_2_45" class="label">45.</a> Paul McCarthy, “The Case of the Vanishing Nurses,” - <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 107–114. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_46" href="#FNanchor_2_46" class="label">46.</a> WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” - Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_47" href="#FNanchor_2_47" class="label">47.</a> DD Form 214, “Armed Forces of the United States Report of - Transfer or Discharge”, April 30, 1958, Personnel file of Capt. Eileen - M. Fanton, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_48" href="#FNanchor_2_48" class="label">48.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 132. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_49" href="#FNanchor_2_49" class="label">49.</a> WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and - WD AGO FORM 66-3, “AAF Medical Dep’t Officer’s Qualification Record,” - Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_50" href="#FNanchor_2_50" class="label">50.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November - 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_51" href="#FNanchor_2_51" class="label">51.</a> WD AGO FORM 66-3, “AAF Medical Dep’t Officer’s - Qualification Record,” Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_52" href="#FNanchor_2_52" class="label">52.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 104 and W. Glenn - Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992, 11, 15. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_53" href="#FNanchor_2_53" class="label">53.</a> WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” - Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_54" href="#FNanchor_2_54" class="label">54.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_55" href="#FNanchor_2_55" class="label">55.</a> WD MD FORM 55A, “Clinical Record Brief,” September 5, - 1947, and WD AGO FORM 8-38, “Special Examination or Additional Data,” - September 11, 1947, Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen M. Fanton, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_56" href="#FNanchor_2_56" class="label">56.</a> ibid, and Physical Examination Board Proceedings, Capt. - Eileen M. Fanton, August 24, 1955, Personnel Record of Capt. Eileen - M. Fanton, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_57" href="#FNanchor_2_57" class="label">57.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, - August 5, 1989, and W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, - November 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_58" href="#FNanchor_2_58" class="label">58.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Stanton T. Friedman, - August 5, 1989. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_59" href="#FNanchor_2_59" class="label">59.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_60" href="#FNanchor_2_60" class="label">60.</a> Roster of Officers, 6th Bomb Wing, Walker AFB, N.M., - December 30, 1952, “History of the 6th Bomb Wing, December 1952,” Air - Force Historical Research Center, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_61" href="#FNanchor_2_61" class="label">61.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_62" href="#FNanchor_2_62" class="label">62.</a> Dr. Frank B. Nordstrom, interview with Capt. James - McAndrew, April 25, 1996, and Dr. Frank B. Nordstrom, Signed Sworn - Statement, April 25, 1996. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_63" href="#FNanchor_2_63" class="label">63.</a> Charles E. Clouthier, Signed Sworn Statement, April 26, 1996. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_64" href="#FNanchor_2_64" class="label">64.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_65" href="#FNanchor_2_65" class="label">65.</a> J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little - Green Men,” <cite>True</cite> 31, No. 184, (September 1952), 19. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_66" href="#FNanchor_2_66" class="label">66.</a> ibid., 103. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_67" href="#FNanchor_2_67" class="label">67.</a> ibid., 19. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_68" href="#FNanchor_2_68" class="label">68.</a> J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucer Swindlers,” <cite>True</cite> 36, No. 231, - (August 1956), 36. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_69" href="#FNanchor_2_69" class="label">69.</a> ibid., 36. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_70" href="#FNanchor_2_70" class="label">70.</a> J.P. Cahn, “Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little - Green Men,” <cite>True</cite> 31, No. 184, (September 1952), 110. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_71" href="#FNanchor_2_71" class="label">71.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_72" href="#FNanchor_2_72" class="label">72.</a> “4 Rank Titles Change,” <cite>Air Force Times</cite>, March 29, - 1952, 1, 22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_73" href="#FNanchor_2_73" class="label">73.</a> Alan L. Gropman, <cite>The Air Force Integrates, 1945–1964</cite> - (Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1985), 243. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_74" href="#FNanchor_2_74" class="label">74.</a> Don Berliner and Stanton T. Friedman, <cite>Crash at Corona</cite> - (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 117. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_75" href="#FNanchor_2_75" class="label">75.</a> WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and - AF FORM 11, “Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Col. Lee - F. Ferrell, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_76" href="#FNanchor_2_76" class="label">76.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_77" href="#FNanchor_2_77" class="label">77.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn - Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_78" href="#FNanchor_2_78" class="label">78.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 105. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_79" href="#FNanchor_2_79" class="label">79.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 105, and W. Glenn - Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_80" href="#FNanchor_2_80" class="label">80.</a> W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_81" href="#FNanchor_2_81" class="label">81.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_82" href="#FNanchor_2_82" class="label">82.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_83" href="#FNanchor_2_83" class="label">83.</a> 427th AAFBU Sq. “M” Morning Reports, July 1–31, 1947, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_84" href="#FNanchor_2_84" class="label">84.</a> WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU Sq. “M,” - April 1, 1947 through October 1, 1947, and WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s - Qualification Record,” Personnel Record of Capt. Joyce Goddard, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_85" href="#FNanchor_2_85" class="label">85.</a> WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” - Personnel Record of Capt. Joyce Goddard, National Archives and Records - Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_86" href="#FNanchor_2_86" class="label">86.</a> WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU, Sq. “M,” - August 7, 1947, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_87" href="#FNanchor_2_87" class="label">87.</a> ibid., and WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification - Record,” Personnel Record of Capt. Lucille C. Slattery, National - Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, - St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_88" href="#FNanchor_2_88" class="label">88.</a> Ethel Kovatch-Scott, Col., USAF (Ret), telephone - interview with Capt. James McAndrew, May 5, 1995 and July 3, 1996, and - Mary Hoadley, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret), telephone interview with 1st Lt. - James McAndrew, May 5, 1995, and Mary L. Wiggins, Maj., USAF (Ret), - telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 5, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_89" href="#FNanchor_2_89" class="label">89.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_90" href="#FNanchor_2_90" class="label">90.</a> WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” - Personnel Record of Capt. Lucille C. Slattery, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_91" href="#FNanchor_2_91" class="label">91.</a> WD AGO FORM 1, “Morning Report,” 427th AAFBU, Sq. “M,” - 509th Station Medical Group, 509th Medical Group, 509th Medical - Squadron, January 1947 through February 1952, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, - Mo. and Rosters of Officers, 509th Bomb Wing- February 1952 through - July 1958, 6th Bomb Wing- February 1952 through March 1967, and AF - FORM 11, “Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Maj. Idabelle - M. Wilson, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_92" href="#FNanchor_2_92" class="label">92.</a> AF FORM 11, “Officer Military Record,” Personnel - Record of Maj. Idabelle M. Wilson, National Archives and Records - Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_93" href="#FNanchor_2_93" class="label">93.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_94" href="#FNanchor_2_94" class="label">94.</a> Idabelle M. Wilson, Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone - interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, April 28, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_95" href="#FNanchor_2_95" class="label">95.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_96" href="#FNanchor_2_96" class="label">96.</a> Memo: Jack A. Comstock, Maj. (MC), Surgeon, 509th Station - Medical Group, to Major Robert W. Schick, Investigating Officer, - Headquarters, USAF, subj: Investigation of B-29 Crash, 18 August 1948, - Aircraft Accident No. 48-8-12, Aircraft #44-86383, Air Force Historical - Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. and WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical - Record Brief,” 12 August 1948, Personnel records of Air Force members, - service numbers AF 18041408 and AF 16191866, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_97" href="#FNanchor_2_97" class="label">97.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_98" href="#FNanchor_2_98" class="label">98.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_99" href="#FNanchor_2_99" class="label">99.</a> WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 16 May 1949, - Personnel records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 827137 and - AF 42050093, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_100" href="#FNanchor_2_100" class="label">100.</a> WD AGO Form 5-4, “Individual Crash Fire Report,” 20 May - 1949, Aircraft Accident No. 49-5-16, Aircraft #43-48401, Air Force - Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_101" href="#FNanchor_2_101" class="label">101.</a> WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 16 May 1949, - Personnel records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 827137 and - AF 42050093, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_102" href="#FNanchor_2_102" class="label">102.</a> WD AGO Form 5-4, “Individual Crash Fire Report,” 19 - December 1949, Aircraft Accident No. 49-12-15-2, Air Force Historical - Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_103" href="#FNanchor_2_103" class="label">103.</a> WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 19 December - 1949, and “Autopsy Report,” Personnel records of Air Force members, - service numbers 17343A, AF 11101085, and 15239923, National Archives - and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_104" href="#FNanchor_2_104" class="label">104.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_105" href="#FNanchor_2_105" class="label">105.</a> WD AGO Form 8-33, “Clinical Record Brief,” 1 June 1950, - Personnel records of Air Force members, service numbers AO 685565 and - AF 32668639, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_106" href="#FNanchor_2_106" class="label">106.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_107" href="#FNanchor_2_107" class="label">107.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_108" href="#FNanchor_2_108" class="label">108.</a> Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 16, 1955 of - Air Force members, service numbers AO 3006516 and AO 3004607, Aircraft - Accident No. 55-6-16-6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_109" href="#FNanchor_2_109" class="label">109.</a> DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June - 16, 1955, Personnel Records of Air Force members, service numbers AO - 3006516 and AO 3004607, National Archives and Records Administration, - National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_110" href="#FNanchor_2_110" class="label">110.</a> Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 16, 1955, of - Air Force members, service numbers AO 3006516 and AO 3004607, Aircraft - Accident No. 55-6-16-6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_111" href="#FNanchor_2_111" class="label">111.</a> Air Force Form 14b, “Medical Report of an Individual - Involved in AF Aircraft Accident,” 3 October 1955, Aircraft Accident - No. 55-10-3-6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_112" href="#FNanchor_2_112" class="label">112.</a> Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, - thru October 7, 1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist - to MCTSG,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span> October 12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, - folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to - 234, National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and AF Form 715, “Preparation Room - History,” 4 October 1955, Personnel Record of Air Force member, service - number 1521B/2009467, National Archives and Records Administration, - National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_113" href="#FNanchor_2_113" class="label">113.</a> Air Force Form 14b, “Medical Report of an Individual - Involved in AF Aircraft Accident,” 3 October 1955, Aircraft Accident - No. 55-10-3-6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_114" href="#FNanchor_2_114" class="label">114.</a> Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, - Personnel Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and - AF 37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_115" href="#FNanchor_2_115" class="label">115.</a> Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through - 30 June 1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas - W. Toy, Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, - Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & - Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_116" href="#FNanchor_2_116" class="label">116.</a> Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, - Personnel Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and - AF 37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Air Force Form 14b, - “Medical Report of an Individual Involved in AF Aircraft Accident,” - June 26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland AFB, N.M. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_117" href="#FNanchor_2_117" class="label">117.</a> AF Form 697, “Identification Findings and Conclusions,” - 3 Feb 1960, Personnel Records of Air Force members, service numbers - AO 794152 and 1046844, National Archives and Records Administration, - National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_118" href="#FNanchor_2_118" class="label">118.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_119" href="#FNanchor_2_119" class="label">119.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_120" href="#FNanchor_2_120" class="label">120.</a> Charles A. Ravenstein, <cite>Air Force Combat Wings; Lineage - and Honors Histories, 1947–1977</cite> (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government - Printing Office, 1984), 16, 275–276. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_121" href="#FNanchor_2_121" class="label">121.</a> Air Force Form 14, “Report of Air Force Aircraft - Accident,” June 26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, - Kirtland AFB, N.M. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_122" href="#FNanchor_2_122" class="label">122.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_123" href="#FNanchor_2_123" class="label">123.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_124" href="#FNanchor_2_124" class="label">124.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_125" href="#FNanchor_2_125" class="label">125.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_126" href="#FNanchor_2_126" class="label">126.</a> Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through - 30 June 1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas - W. Toy, Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, - Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & - Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_127" href="#FNanchor_2_127" class="label">127.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_128" href="#FNanchor_2_128" class="label">128.</a> Jack L. Whenry, Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone interview - with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, January 26, 1995, and John C. Walter, - MSgt., USAF (Ret), telephone interview with Capt. James McAndrew, June - 29, 1995 and July 12, 1996. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_129" href="#FNanchor_2_129" class="label">129.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_130" href="#FNanchor_2_130" class="label">130.</a> Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through - 30 June 1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas - W. Toy, Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, - Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & - Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_131" href="#FNanchor_2_131" class="label">131.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_132" href="#FNanchor_2_132" class="label">132.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis - interview, and Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 104. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_133" href="#FNanchor_2_133" class="label">133.</a> DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June 26, - 1956, Personnel Record of AF 37578524, National Archives and Records - Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_134" href="#FNanchor_2_134" class="label">134.</a> Whenry, Walters, and Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November - 1953, “Mortuary Affairs,” 28, Record Group 341, Entry 36, Box 13, - Microfilm Reel 167, National Archives and Record Administration, - College Park, Md. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_135" href="#FNanchor_2_135" class="label">135.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_136" href="#FNanchor_2_136" class="label">136.</a> Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, - Personnel Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and - AF 37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_137" href="#FNanchor_2_137" class="label">137.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_138" href="#FNanchor_2_138" class="label">138.</a> Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, - Personnel Record of Air Force member, service number AF 37578524, - National<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span> Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_139" href="#FNanchor_2_139" class="label">139.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_140" href="#FNanchor_2_140" class="label">140.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_141" href="#FNanchor_2_141" class="label">141.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_142" href="#FNanchor_2_142" class="label">142.</a> Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, - Personnel Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 and - AF 37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Air Force Form 14b, - “Medical Report of an Individual Involved in AF Aircraft Accident,” - June 26, 1956, Headquarters Air Force Safety Agency, Kirtland AFB, N.M. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_143" href="#FNanchor_2_143" class="label">143.</a> DD Form 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” June 26, - 1956, Personnel Record of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 - and AF 37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_144" href="#FNanchor_2_144" class="label">144.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 108. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_145" href="#FNanchor_2_145" class="label">145.</a> Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, thru - October 7, 1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to MCTSG, - October 12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip - Rpts., Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National - Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records - Center, St. Louis, Mo., and AF Form 697, “Identification Findings and - Conclusions,” 3 Feb 1960, Personnel Records of Air Force members, - service numbers AO 794152 and 1046844, National Archives and Records - Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_146" href="#FNanchor_2_146" class="label">146.</a> Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary - Affairs,” 28–29, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel - 167, National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_147" href="#FNanchor_2_147" class="label">147.</a> Official Trip Report—Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through 30 - June 1956, George J. Schwaderer, Identification Specialist, to Thomas - W. Toy, Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, July 5, 1956, Accession No. - 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., Search & Ident: Mar 56 to - Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives and Records Administration, - National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Jack L. Whenry, - Maj., USAF, (Ret), telephone interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, - January 26, 1995, and John C. Walter, MSgt., USAF (Ret), telephone - interview with Capt. James McAndrew, June 29, 1995 and July 12, 1996. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_148" href="#FNanchor_2_148" class="label">148.</a> Walter and Whenry. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_149" href="#FNanchor_2_149" class="label">149.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_150" href="#FNanchor_2_150" class="label">150.</a> WD AGO FORM 66, “Officer’s Qualification Record,” and - AF FORM 11, “Officer Military Record,” Personnel Record of Col. Lee - F. Ferrell, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_151" href="#FNanchor_2_151" class="label">151.</a> “Air Force Care of Deceased Personnel (1951–1959), - Volume 1: Text”, Historical Study No. 236, Call No. K 201-326, Air - Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_152" href="#FNanchor_2_152" class="label">152.</a> Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary - Affairs,” 27, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel 167, - National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_153" href="#FNanchor_2_153" class="label">153.</a> Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through - 30 June 1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas - W. Toy, Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, - July 5, 1956 and Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. October 4, thru - October 7, 1955, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to MCTSG, - October 12, 1955, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip - Rpts., Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National - Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, - St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_154" href="#FNanchor_2_154" class="label">154.</a> Official Trip Report Walker AFB, N.M. 27 June through - 30 June 1956, George Schwaderer, Identification Specialist to Thomas - W. Toy, Chief Memorial Affairs Branch, Air Force Services Division, - July 5, 1956, Accession No. 342-65A-6025, Box 25/28, folder Trip Rpts., - Search & Ident: Mar 56 to Dec 56. Trip #198 to 234, National Archives - and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_155" href="#FNanchor_2_155" class="label">155.</a> George J. Schwaderer, telephone interview with Capt. - James McAndrew, June 28, 1996. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_156" href="#FNanchor_2_156" class="label">156.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_157" href="#FNanchor_2_157" class="label">157.</a> Air Force Manual 143-1, 1 November 1953, “Mortuary - Affairs,” 27, Accession No. 341, Entry 36, Box 13, Microfilm Reel 167, - National Archives and Record Administration, College Park, Md. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_158" href="#FNanchor_2_158" class="label">158.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 104. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_159" href="#FNanchor_2_159" class="label">159.</a> Memo, Charles J. Stahl, M.D., Armed Forces Medical - Examiner, to Capt. James McAndrew, SAF/AAZD, subj: Request for - Information on Aircraft Crash Fatalities, October 13, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_160" href="#FNanchor_2_160" class="label">160.</a> Unit history, 4036 USAF Hospital, Walker AFB, N.M., June - 1956, 6, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_161" href="#FNanchor_2_161" class="label">161.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_162" href="#FNanchor_2_162" class="label">162.</a> Standard form 503, “Autopsy Protocol,” June 27, 1956, - Personnel Record of of Air Force members, service numbers AO 2223861 - and AF 37578524, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_163" href="#FNanchor_2_163" class="label">163.</a> Air Force Missile Development Center, <span class="smcap"><cite>Man-High - I</cite></span>, MDC-TR-59-24, 1959, and Lt. Col. David G. Simons, <span class="smcap"><cite>Man - High II</cite></span>, Air Force Missile Development Center, Holloman AFB, - N.M., AFMDC-TR-59-28, June 1959, 1, and Air Force Missile Development - Center, <span class="smcap"><cite>Man High III</cite></span>, MDC-TR-60-16, 1961. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_164" href="#FNanchor_2_164" class="label">164.</a> Historical Branch, Office of Information Services, Air - Force Missile Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, - Holloman AFB, N.M., <cite>Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research - and Development at the Air Force Missile Development Center Holloman - Air Force Base, N. Mex. 1947–1958</cite> (hereafter <cite>Contributions of Balloon - Operations 1947–1958</cite>), 11. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_165" href="#FNanchor_2_165" class="label">165.</a> ibid., and Air Force Missile Development Center FORM - 597, Schedule Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” - May 19, 20, 22, 1959, Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National - Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, - St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_166" href="#FNanchor_2_166" class="label">166.</a> DD FORM 481-3, “Clinical Record Cover Sheet,” May 21, - 1959, Personnel Record of Capt. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives and - Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, - Mo., and Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule - Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 20, 1959, - Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records - Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_167" href="#FNanchor_2_167" class="label">167.</a> DD Form 613, R&D Progress Card, Project 7164, - “Physiology of Flight,” Task 71840, “Life Supporting Systems for - Advanced Vehicles,” February 24, 1959, 30–31, National Archives and - Record Administration Accession No. 342-75-095, Box 93/100, folder 1, - and Technical “R&D” Record Book, Aeromedical Laboratory, Physiology - Branch, “Life Support System for Orbital Flight,” Project 7164, Task - 71840, 13–16, National Archives and Record Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. Accession No. 342-75-095, Box - 93/100, folder 2. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_168" href="#FNanchor_2_168" class="label">168.</a> Air Force Form 77, “USAF Officer Effectiveness Report, - 1 Feb 58 to 31 Jan 59, Personnel Record of Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, - Jr., National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., - <cite>The Long, Lonely Leap</cite>, (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961) 131. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_169" href="#FNanchor_2_169" class="label">169.</a> Air Force Missile Development Center, <cite>Man-High I</cite>, - MDC-TR-59-24, 1959. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_170" href="#FNanchor_2_170" class="label">170.</a> Schedule Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola - Flight,” May 19, 20, 22, 1959, Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_171" href="#FNanchor_2_171" class="label">171.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_172" href="#FNanchor_2_172" class="label">172.</a> Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st Lt. - James McAndrew, May 28, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_173" href="#FNanchor_2_173" class="label">173.</a> Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule - Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 19, 1959, - Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records - Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_174" href="#FNanchor_2_174" class="label">174.</a> Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule - Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 20, 1959, - Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_175" href="#FNanchor_2_175" class="label">175.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_176" href="#FNanchor_2_176" class="label">176.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_177" href="#FNanchor_2_177" class="label">177.</a> ibid., and Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF (Ret), - interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, June 23, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_178" href="#FNanchor_2_178" class="label">178.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_179" href="#FNanchor_2_179" class="label">179.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_180" href="#FNanchor_2_180" class="label">180.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_181" href="#FNanchor_2_181" class="label">181.</a> Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st - Lt. James McAndrew, May 26, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_182" href="#FNanchor_2_182" class="label">182.</a> ibid. and Standard Form 539, “Abbreviated Clinical - Record,” May 21, 1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, - National Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel - Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_183" href="#FNanchor_2_183" class="label">183.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_184" href="#FNanchor_2_184" class="label">184.</a> Jorgeson and Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF (Ret), - interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 31, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_185" href="#FNanchor_2_185" class="label">185.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_186" href="#FNanchor_2_186" class="label">186.</a> Fulgham and William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF, (Ret), - interview with 1st Lt. James McAndrew, May 24, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_187" href="#FNanchor_2_187" class="label">187.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_188" href="#FNanchor_2_188" class="label">188.</a> Jorgeson. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_189" href="#FNanchor_2_189" class="label">189.</a> Kaufman. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_190" href="#FNanchor_2_190" class="label">190.</a> Signed, sworn statement of Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, - (Ret), May 25, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_191" href="#FNanchor_2_191" class="label">191.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_192" href="#FNanchor_2_192" class="label">192.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_193" href="#FNanchor_2_193" class="label">193.</a> Video, <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, Gerald - Anderson interview, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_194" href="#FNanchor_2_194" class="label">194.</a> Kittinger and Air Force Form 77, “USAF Officer - Effectiveness Report,” 1 Feb 58 to 31 Jan 59, Personnel Record of Col. - Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., National Archives and Records Administration, - National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_195" href="#FNanchor_2_195" class="label">195.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_196" href="#FNanchor_2_196" class="label">196.</a> ibid., and Kaufman. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_197" href="#FNanchor_2_197" class="label">197.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_198" href="#FNanchor_2_198" class="label">198.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_199" href="#FNanchor_2_199" class="label">199.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_200" href="#FNanchor_2_200" class="label">200.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_201" href="#FNanchor_2_201" class="label">201.</a> Signed, sworn statements of Charles A. Coltman, Col. - (MC), USAF, (Ret), Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF, (Ret), Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), - Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF, (Ret), and statement of William C. Kaufman, - Lt. Col., USAF, (Ret). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_202" href="#FNanchor_2_202" class="label">202.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_203" href="#FNanchor_2_203" class="label">203.</a> Capt. Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., <cite>The Long, Lonely Leap</cite>, - (New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961) 130. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_204" href="#FNanchor_2_204" class="label">204.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_205" href="#FNanchor_2_205" class="label">205.</a> Signed, sworn statements of Charles A. Coltman, Col. - (MC), USAF, (Ret), Dan D. Fulgham, Col., USAF, (Ret), Joseph W. - Kittinger, Jr., Col., USAF, (Ret), Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), - Ole Jorgeson, MSgt., USAF, (Ret), and statement of William C. Kaufman, - Lt. Col., USAF, (Ret). - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_206" href="#FNanchor_2_206" class="label">206.</a> Craig D. Ryan, <cite>The Pre-Astronauts</cite>, (Annapolis: Naval - Institute Press, 1995), 200. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_207" href="#FNanchor_2_207" class="label">207.</a> Air Force Missile Development Center FORM 597, Schedule - Request- Project 7222/4.2- “Manned Gondola Flight,” May 19, 1959, - Accession No. 342-65B-3185, Box 4/22, National Archives and Records - Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo., and - Memo: Maj. Lawrence M. Bogard, Chief, Balloon Branch, to MDWXB, subj: - Project 7222, 8 May 1959. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_208" href="#FNanchor_2_208" class="label">208.</a> ibid., and Jorgeson. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_209" href="#FNanchor_2_209" class="label">209.</a> Jorgeson. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_210" href="#FNanchor_2_210" class="label">210.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_211" href="#FNanchor_2_211" class="label">211.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_212" href="#FNanchor_2_212" class="label">212.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_213" href="#FNanchor_2_213" class="label">213.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_214" href="#FNanchor_2_214" class="label">214.</a> Karl T. Pflock, “Star Witness: The Mortician of Roswell - Breaks His Code of Silence,” <cite>Omni</cite>, Fall 1995, 103. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_215" href="#FNanchor_2_215" class="label">215.</a> <cite>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</cite>, W. Glenn Dennis interview. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_216" href="#FNanchor_2_216" class="label">216.</a> Jorgeson. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_217" href="#FNanchor_2_217" class="label">217.</a> Unit History, 47th Air Division, June 1954, photo - section, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, AL. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_218" href="#FNanchor_2_218" class="label">218.</a> Unit History, 6th Bomb Wing, June 1959, Annex “N,” “Base - Support Plan, Medical,” June 1, 1959. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_219" href="#FNanchor_2_219" class="label">219.</a> Charles A. Ravenstein, <cite>Air Force Combat Wings; Lineage - and Honors Histories, 1947–1977</cite> (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government - Printing Office, 1984), 16. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_220" href="#FNanchor_2_220" class="label">220.</a> Kaufman. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_221" href="#FNanchor_2_221" class="label">221.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_222" href="#FNanchor_2_222" class="label">222.</a> Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt., USAF, (Ret), interview with 1st - Lt. James McAndrew, May 31, 1995. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_223" href="#FNanchor_2_223" class="label">223.</a> Fulgham. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_224" href="#FNanchor_2_224" class="label">224.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_225" href="#FNanchor_2_225" class="label">225.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_226" href="#FNanchor_2_226" class="label">226.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_227" href="#FNanchor_2_227" class="label">227.</a> ibid., and ltr., Dr. J. Allen Hynek, Director, Dearborn - Observatory, Northwestern University, to Maj. Hector Quintanilla, Chief - Aerial Phenomena Branch, December 6, 1965, National Air Intelligence - Center historical files, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span> - <a id="Footnote_2_228" href="#FNanchor_2_228" class="label">228.</a> Kevin D. Randle and Donald R. Schmitt, <cite>The Truth About - the UFO Crash at Roswell</cite> (New York: Avon Books, 1994), 22. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_229" href="#FNanchor_2_229" class="label">229.</a> Standard Form 539, “Abbreviated Clinical Record,” May - 21, 1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, National Archives - and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, St. - Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_230" href="#FNanchor_2_230" class="label">230.</a> Fulgham. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_231" href="#FNanchor_2_231" class="label">231.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_232" href="#FNanchor_2_232" class="label">232.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_233" href="#FNanchor_2_233" class="label">233.</a> Kaufman. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_234" href="#FNanchor_2_234" class="label">234.</a> DD Form 640, “Nursing Notes,” May 24, 1959, and DD Form - 728, “Doctor’s Orders,” May 22, 1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan - D. Fulgham, National Archives and Records Administration, National - Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_235" href="#FNanchor_2_235" class="label">235.</a> Kittinger, Kaufman, and DD Form 728 “Doctor’s Orders,” - May 22, 1959, Personnel Record of Col. Dan D. Fulgham, National - Archives and Records Administration, National Personnel Records Center, - St. Louis, Mo. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_236" href="#FNanchor_2_236" class="label">236.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_237" href="#FNanchor_2_237" class="label">237.</a> Kittinger. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_238" href="#FNanchor_2_238" class="label">238.</a> ibid. - </div> - - <div class="footnote"> - <a id="Footnote_2_239" href="#FNanchor_2_239" class="label">239.</a> Fulgham. - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Appendix_A">Appendix A</h2> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span></p> - - <div class="center large"><b>Anthropomorphic Dummy Launch<br />and Landing Locations</b></div> - <div class="mt2 mb5"> - <img class="illow100" id="i156" src="images/i_156.jpg" alt="" /> - <div class="xsmall left">Source: Test records of U.S. Air Force aeromedical project no. 7218,<br /> - task 71719 (<span class="smcap">High Dive</span>) and project no. 7222, task 71748 - (<span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>).</div> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span></p> - - <div class="center sans"><b>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops</b></div> - - <table class="mt2 collapse" summary="High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops"> - <tbody> - <tr class="sans"> - <th class="tdl bt bb">Number</th> - <th class="tdl bt bb">Date</th> - <th class="tdl bt bb">Launch Site</th> - <th class="tdl bt bb">Landing Site</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>1</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/23/54</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>2</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/28/54</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Dunkin, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>3</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/30/54</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">10 miles Southwest of Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>4</div></td> - <td class="tdl">12/1/54</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>5</div></td> - <td class="tdl">12/2/54</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">12 miles South of Artesia, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>6</div></td> - <td class="tdl">12/6/54</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Near Twin Buttes, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>7</div></td> - <td class="tdl">12/9/54</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">3 miles West of Twin Buttes, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>8</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/23/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">28 miles East of Roswell, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>9</div></td> - <td class="tdl">3/1/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">25 miles South of Caprock, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>10</div></td> - <td class="tdl">3/3/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">25 miles East/Northeast of Roswell, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>11</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/15/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">5 miles Northwest of Dunkin, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>12</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/23/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">35 miles Southwest of Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>13</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/29/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">25 miles West of Three Rivers, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>14</div></td> - <td class="tdl">7/7/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">13 miles West of Tularosa Peak, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>15</div></td> - <td class="tdl">7/15/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">15 miles Northeast of Hatch, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>16</div></td> - <td class="tdl">11/17/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">8 miles Northwest of Roswell, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>17</div></td> - <td class="tdl">11/21/55</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>18</div></td> - <td class="tdl">1/25/56</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>19</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/8/56</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">20 miles South of Roswell, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>20</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/21/56</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">20 miles East of Dunkin, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>21</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/21/56</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>22</div></td> - <td class="tdl">5/18/56</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Data Not Available</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>23</div></td> - <td class="tdl">5/22/56</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Data Not Available</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span><div>24</div></td> - <td class="tdl">8/21/56</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>25</div></td> - <td class="tdl">5/16/57</td> - <td class="tdl">Truth or Consequences, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">White Sands Proving Ground, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>26</div></td> - <td class="tdl">5/29/57</td> - <td class="tdl">Hatch, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">25 miles Northwest of Las Cruces, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>27</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/4/57</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">11 miles North of Las Cruces, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>28</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/6/57</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">17 miles South of Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>29</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/7/57</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>30</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/11/57</td> - <td class="tdl">Hatch, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">West of San Agustin Pass, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>31</div></td> - <td class="tdl">6/13/57</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>32</div></td> - <td class="tdl">9/27/57</td> - <td class="tdl">White Sands Natl<br />Monument Picnic Area</td> - <td class="tdl">Orogrande, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>33</div></td> - <td class="tdl">10/8/57</td> - <td class="tdl">White Sands Proving Ground</td> - <td class="tdl">10 miles East of Picacho, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>34</div></td> - <td class="tdl">1/29/58</td> - <td class="tdl">Data Not Available</td> - <td class="tdl">20 miles South of Alamogordo, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>35</div></td> - <td class="tdl">1/9/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">White Sands Proving Ground, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>36</div></td> - <td class="tdl">1/14/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Las Palomas, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">30 miles East/Southeast of Roswell, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>37</div></td> - <td class="tdl">1/30/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Nutt, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">White Sands Proving Ground, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>38</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/4/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">1 mile North of Bent, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>39</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/6/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Lake Valley, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Data Not Available</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>40</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/10/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Caballo Dam, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">White Sands Proving Ground, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>41</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/11/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Hatch, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Data Not Available</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>42</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/14/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Data Not Available</td> - <td class="tdl">30 miles West of Holloman AFB, N.M.</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdr1"><div>43</div></td> - <td class="tdl">2/16/59</td> - <td class="tdl">Ft. Craig, N.M.</td> - <td class="tdl">Mescalero Apache Reservation (N.M.)</td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Appendix_B">Appendix B</h2> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span></p> - - <div class="center mb2" id="Clouthier">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Place: Farmington, NM</div> - <div class="mb5">Date: 26 April 1996</div> - - <p class="indent3">I Charles E. Clouthier, hereby state that James McAndrew, was - identified as a Captain, USAFR on this date at my place of employment - do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the following - statement. This was done without having been subjected to any coercion, - unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I was on active duty in the US Air Force and stationed at Walker AFB, - Roswell, NM, from February 1955 until October 1956. During that time I - was a pharmacist assigned to the base hospital. Following my tour of - duty with the Air Force, I returned to my hometown, Farmington, NM, - where I became an employee and eventually a co-owner of Farmington Drug.</p> - - <p class="indent3">With the exception of the two years in the US Air Force, I have - been a resident of Farmington, NM since 1934. It is my recollection - that Dr Frank B. Nordstrom was the first pediatrician to practice - in the Farmington area and he remained the only pediatrician in - Farmington until approximately 1970. I base these recollections on - extensive professional and personal contacts with physicians in the - Farmington area and as a father of two children who were patients of Dr - Nordstrom’s.</p> - - <p class="indent3">Also based on nearly 40 years of contact with physicians in the - Farmington area, I believe that Dr Nordstrom is the only physician - who served a tour of duty at Walker AFB. During the 1960s, I became - aware that Dr Nordstrom had also served at the Walker AFB hospital. At - various times in the ensuing years. Dr Nordstrom and I reminisced about - our service at Walker AFB. During these conversations Dr Nordstrom - never mentioned any activities during his tour of duty I considered - unusual or that might explain reports of bodies or aliens. During the - time I was stationed at Walker AFB, I did not witness, nor did I hear - rumors, of anything that involved flying saucers, aliens, or anything - else of an extraterrestrial nature.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of a conspiracy to withhold information from either - the US government or the American public. There is no classified - information that I am withholding related to this inquiry, and I have - not been threatened by US government persons concerning not talking - about this matter.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span></p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Charles E. Clouthier<br /><br />WITNESS: - </div> - <div class="col50"> - Subscribed and sworn before a<br /> - person authorized to administer oaths<br /> - this 26th day of April 1996 at<br /> - Farmington, NM<br /><br /> - James McAndrew, Capt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_161.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Coltman">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Date: 25 May 95</div> - <div class="mb5">Place:</div> - - <p class="indent3">I, Charles A. Coltman, Jr., Col, USAF, MC (Ret), hereby state that - James McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR, on this date at - my place of employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free - will, make the following statement. This was done without having been - subjected to any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1957 as a flight surgeon and was - assigned to Walker AFB, NM, in 1958. Following a residency at Ohio - State University from 1959 to 1963, I was assigned to Wilford Hall - USAF Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX, where I eventually became the - Chairman of the Department of Medicine. I retired from the Air Force - in 1977. I am presently a Professor at The University of Texas Health - Science Center at San Antonio, and Chief Executive Officer of the - Cancer Therapy and Research Foundation of South Texas.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I remember a balloon crash that happened north of Roswell, NM, in May, - 1959. I received a phone call from the NCOIC of the Flight Surgeon’s - office, who informed me of the crash. The NCOIC, Earl Wormwood, came - to my quarters and we drove, in an old blue Air Force “crackerbox” - ambulance, to the crash site. I remember the gondola laying on its side - and the deflated balloon on the ground. The crew members were sitting - next to the gondola. I examined the pilots and determined they were not - seriously injured. They told me they were practicing touch-and-go’s - and a gust of wind had dumped them on the ground, and the gondola had - struck one of the pilots in the head. Also present were Air Force - technicians in trucks who tracked the balloon. The injured pilots were - transported to the Flight Surgeon’s office at the hospital at Walker - AFB.</p> - - <p class="indent3">The injury sustained by the crew member was a head abrasion/contusion - and a hemotoma. The hemotoma caused the patient’s head to swell, - however, it was not serious enough for him to be admitted. I remember - receiving a call from Col (Dr.) John Stapp. He was in charge of the - balloon project and was quite famous. Dr Stapp inquired about the - injuries to the pilots and he wanted them returned to Holloman AFB as - quickly as possible.</p> - - <p class="indent3">The hospital was an old World War II cantonment-type building with - long corridors and a capacity of fifty beds. I do not recall a nurse - assisting me in the treatment of the patient, although a nurse may - have been on duty and observed the patient. I was the only doctor in - the hospital that morning. There were no visiting doctors from other - bases or facilities. I do not remember any altercations or arguments - that day. During my time at Walker, I do not recall that any autopsies - were performed at the hospital, since we did not have a pathologist - on staff. I do not recall any remains brought to the hospital in body - bags, or wreckage transported in the back of an ambulance. There may - have been remains brought to the hospital in body bags after a KC-97 - crash, but that was before I arrived at Walker. Dr Ed Bradley was - involved in the recovery of the remains.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span></p> - - <p class="indent3">At no time was there ever any involvement of the Walker hospital with - UFO’s or “space aliens” I know this to be true because the hospital was - very small and had a small staff. If any activity, other than normal - hospital functions, had occurred, I would have known about it.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Charles A. Coltman, Jr., M.D.<br /><br />WITNESS(s): - </div> - <div class="col50"> - Sworn to and subscribed before me,<br /> - an individual authorized to administer<br /> - oaths, this 25th day of May, 1995,<br /> - at<br /><br /> - James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_163.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Fulgham">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Date: 25 May 95</div> - <div class="mb5">Place:</div> - - <p class="indent3">I, Dan D. Fulgham, Col, USAF (Ret), hereby state that James McAndrew - was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my place of - employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the - following statement. This was done without having been subjected to any - coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1952 as an aviation cadet. I flew F-84s - on 100 combat missions during the Korean war. After a tour as a flight - instructor I was assigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory at Wright - Patterson. I participated in both the Air Force Man in Space program - and Project Mercury. I also participated in the X-15 and X-20 programs - and worked as a bioastronautics officer with NASA on Gemini. During my - Air Force career, I earned both a Master’s and Doctorate degree from - Purdue University. I flew a combat tour in Southeast Asia in F-4s as - a member of the 555th Tactical Fighter Squadron and flew 133 combat - missions. I retired from the Air Force in 1978 as the Commander of - the Human Resources Laboratory at Brooks AFB, TX. I am presently the - Director Of Biosciences for a research organization in San Antonio, TX.</p> - - <p class="indent3">In 1959 I volunteered for training to become a back up pilot for - Capt Joe Kittenger in his high altitude balloon projects. I flew two - missions for training purposes with Capt Kittenger and Capt Bill - Kaufman from Holloman AFB, NM in May, 1959. On the second flight we - were practicing touch and go landings north of Roswell, NM when we - “crashed” on one of the landings. The gondola flipped over and my - head was pinned to the ground by the lip of the gondola. We managed - to lift the gondola off of my head and looked it over for damage. - Capt Kittenger was bleeding from a cut on his face and I noticed that - my head seemed to be protruding outward from underneath my helmet. - Realizing I was injured, I sat down and feared I might go into shock. I - was not in pain but my entire head was throbbing and began to swell.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I then remember boarding the “chase” helicopter that was following - us and flying a short distance to Walker AFB for medical treatment. - I recall walking into the hospital and also stopping on the front - step to smoke a cigarette. I remember security personnel escorting - and questioning us to determine who we were. Security was very tight - at Strategic Air Command bases such as Walker. On occasion surprise - inspection teams from SAC headquarters arrived in helicopters just as - we did. In addition, a story of three Air Force officers crashing in a - balloon was somewhat far fetched. The security people were convinced of - our identities when they spoke with Col John P. Stapp, the Aero Medical - Laboratory Commander.</p> - - <p class="indent3">While I was at Walker my head had swelled considerably and both eyes - were turning black. Later the skin on my face turned yellow. I remember - being seen by one doctor and I do not believe any other doctors - participated in my treatment. I do not recall any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span> nurses attending to - me. I also do not recall that a black NCO was present nor do I recall - any civilian men in the hospital. I do not recall that Capt Kittenger - was involved in an altercation of any kind while we were there. After I - was treated and released we all flew back to Holloman on the helicopter.</p> - - <p class="indent3">At Holloman I was admitted to the hospital and had blood aspirated - from under my scalp. I remember my forehead drooping down, I had to - use my fingers to open my eyelids, and I had to sleep sitting up. - Several days later I returned to Wright Patterson with Capt Kittenger - and Capt Kaufman. My wife met the airplane and when she saw me, she - burst into tears due to the swelling of my head, the two black eyes, - and the yellow color of my skin. When I returned to my office at Wright - Patterson, my secretary also began to cry when she saw me. After some - weeks my head returned to normal size and I was returned to flying - status.</p> - - <p class="indent3">During my Air Force career I was involved in many different scientific - research projects including the space program. I can state with - certainty that none of them, including the incident described here, had - anything to do with UFOs or “space aliens”.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Dan D. Fulgham, Col, USAF (Ret)<br /><br />WITNESS(s): - </div> - <div class="col50"> - Subscribed and sworn before me, an<br /> - individual authorized to administer<br /> - oaths this 25th day of May 1995<br /> - at<br /><br /> - James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_165.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Gildenberg">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Date: 28 May 95</div> - <div class="mb5">Place:</div> - - <p class="indent3">I, Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14, (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my home - and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the following - statement. This was done without having been subjected to any coercion, - unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I became involved in high altitude balloon development while an - undergraduate student at New York University (NYU). Following - graduation I was hired by the Air Force at Holloman AFB and worked - continuously as both a meteorologist and aerospace engineer at - the Balloon Branch from 1951 until my retirement in 1981. My job - responsibilities were to forecast the weather and fly by remote - control, high altitude balloons for many different scientific projects. - During this time. I became internationally recognized as an authority - on high altitude balloon trajectory forecasting. I have published - numerous technical reports and articles.</p> - - <p class="indent3">The first project in which I was involved, while still an undergraduate - student at NYU, was the acoustical detection of nuclear explosions. The - name of the project, Mogul, was classified and I didn’t know this name - until several years ago. Based on my experience with this project I am - certain project Mogul was responsible for some portions of what has - become to be known as the “Roswell Incident”.</p> - - <p class="indent3">Following project Mogul I was involved in perfecting high altitude - balloon technology and made many test flights with large polyethylene - balloons from Holloman AFB. I worked extensively on atmospheric - sampling projects and biological flights in which the balloons lifted - small animals to altitude for cosmic ray experiments. I also worked - on the Moby Dick Project that collected meteorological data and the - classified Gopher (119L) reconnaissance project.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I was relied upon to forecast the weather, conduct climatological - studies, predict balloon trajectories, and to hit with precision, - ground targets both on and off the White Sands Missile Range. Balloon - trajectories in New Mexico below the tropopause, are predominantly - towards the east-northeast, when launched from Holloman AFB with the - exception of July and August when balloons remained over the Holloman - area. At high altitude, above the tropopause, trajectories are - generally westerly during the summer and easterly during the spring, - fall, and winter. As a result these winds, the Holloman balloon branch - recovered many, probably hundreds, of balloons and scientific payloads - from the Roswell, NM area over the years.</p> - - <p class="indent3">During the time of the year when trajectories were to the east I - attempted to drop the equipment near accessible non mountainous areas - and paved roads. The main target area was the first large north-south - road on the other side of the Sacramento Mountains from Holloman AFB, - Highway 285. This road goes north and south through Roswell. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span> - standard procedure was to preposition military recovery crews near the - projected point of payload impact. The crews consisted primarily of - Air Force members in uniform and they operated military vehicles. I - often directed these crews to “standby” along the shoulder of Highway - 285, both north and south of Roswell until the balloon was in position. - The recovery crews received detailed instructions from the tracking - aircraft that led them to the exact location of the payload. The - recovery vehicle included, depending on the mission, a crane, weapons - carriers, communications van, and occasionally tanker trucks to refuel - the aircraft that would sometimes land on nearby roads.</p> - - <p class="indent3">During the time of the year when balloon trajectories were to the west, - I attempted to drop the payloads in the Rio Grande Valley. I also aimed - for another valley, the flat area north of Truth or Consequences that - includes the Plains of San Augustin. In addition, many remote balloon - launch sites were located throughout the Rio Grande Valley west of the - White Sands Proving Grounds. Launch crews were also mostly military and - used much of the same equipment as the recovery crews.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I had extensive involvement with Project 7218 that later became - Project 7222. This project studied the free-fall characteristics of - anthropomorphic dummies dropped from balloons from altitudes up to - 100,000 feet. The missions usually consisted of two dummies attached - to a suspension rack that I directed to be released at altitude. - Depending on the wind conditions and time of year, the dummies, on many - occasions, landed in the Roswell area. I recall some difficulties in - the release mechanisms of the dummies that resulted in some of them - free-falling to the ground while they were still attached to the rack. - Someone without a good vantage point or not associated with the project - might mistake these dummies for “aliens” due to their odd flesh tones - and abstract human features.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I also recall an accident involving a manned balloon flight. I - remember this event clearly because I am also a balloon pilot and had - an accident approximately two years before. The accident occurred - on a flight that Capt Joe Kittenger was “checking out” two back up - pilots for his high altitude missions. The balloon was launched around - midnight from behind the Balloon Branch at Holloman AFB. I remember - that some of the steel ballast used by the balloon caused a “fireworks” - display when it contacted some nearby power lines during the launch. - I was operating the control center for this flight and I received - notification from the communications vehicle that was following the - balloon that there had been an accident north of Roswell. I later - learned that the gondola had rolled over during a practice touch and go - landing and one of the pilots had been struck in the head and injured. - I recall speaking to Capt Kittinger about the accident and I saw the - injured pilot. Although his injury was not serious, his head had - considerable swelling and he looked very odd.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I also worked with Capt Kittinger on Project Stargazer. I also had met - several times the civilian scientific advisor Dr. J. Allen Hynek. Dr - Hynek was thoroughly familiar with the balloon operations at Holloman - and visited the Balloon Branch numerous times. This project experienced - some difficulties and only one manned flight was conducted.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span></p> - - <p class="indent3">Another project I was involved with was the Air Force investigations - of UFOs. Project Bluebook. Since I was a meteorologist and amateur - astronomer I evaluated, starting in 1951, local sightings of UFOs. New - Mexico had alot of sightings because of the good visibility and the - many experimental projects of the White Sands Proving Grounds. During - my time on Project Bluebook there wasn’t any sightings that we could - not explain. Nevertheless popular literature still refers to some of - these sightings as unexplained.</p> - - <p class="indent3">Another project with which I was involved, was the NASA Voyager and - Viking Projects. These space vehicles were tested by launching them - from our balloons at extremely high altitude to simulate the atmosphere - of Venus and Mars. To utilize the instrumentation on the White Sands - Missile Range I elected to launch the balloons and attached space - vehicles from the Roswell Industrial Air Center, formerly the Roswell - Army Airfield. The Holloman Balloon Branch made approximately eight - launches of these two vehicles from Roswell. In appearance the Viking - and Voyager probes could be mistaken for a flying saucer. They were - both unclassified highly publicized projects and I do not recall - getting any UFO reports for these flights. I believe one of these - probes is on display at White Sands Missile Range and its known as the - “flying saucer”.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Bernard D. Gildenberg, GS-14 (Ret)<br /><br />WITNESS(s): - </div> - <div class="col50"> - Subscribed and sworn before me, an<br /> - individual authorized to administer<br /> - oaths this 28th day of May 1995<br /> - at<br /><br /> - James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_168.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Jorgeson">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Date: 28 May 95</div> - <div class="mb5">Place:</div> - - <p class="indent3">I, Ole Jorgeson, MSgt. USAF, (Ret), hereby state that James McAndrew - was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my home and - do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the following - statement. This was done without having been subjected to any coercion, - unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I enlisted in the U.S. Air Force in 1957 and became a Ground - Communications and Electronic Repairman. I remained in this career - field throughout my career. I completed three tours at the Balloon - Branch at Holloman AFB, NM. I retired from the Air Force in 1977 as the - NCOIC of the Communication and Instrumentation Section of the Balloon - Branch at Holloman AFB.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I recall an overnight balloon training mission that was conducted in - May, 1959. Capt Joe Kittinger was training back up pilots for one - of his upcoming projects. I was an airman assigned to coordinate - communications and to assist in the recovery of the balloon upon - completion of the mission. I followed the balloon in an old Korean - War vintage “crackerbox” ambulance that had been converted into - a communications van. Another airman and I followed the balloon - throughout the night on an easterly trajectory over the Sacramento - Mountains to an area north of Roswell. Also following the balloon were - recovery technicians in a weapons carrier. We stayed in contact with - the balloon crew by radio and also observed flares the crew would - light at various intervals so we could visually track them. Just - after sunrise I recall the balloon landing north of Roswell and Capt - Kittinger offered me some coffee and told me he was going to make one - more touch and go landing to complete the mission. I remember that I - took some photographs of the balloon and waited for the last landing. - Several minutes later I remember hearing a “bang”, this was the squib - that fired to release the gondola from the balloon. We immediately - went to where the gondola landed and saw the gondola laying on its - side and saw two of the pilots standing and one lying down. Lying on - the ground was a shattered helmet that was worn by one of the pilots. - Capt Kittinger told me they were attempting to land to avoid some power - lines and a row of trees.</p> - - <p class="indent3">Soon after I arrived at the crash site, a helicopter that was also - following the flight landed and transported the three aircrew members - to Walker AFB for medical attention. I recall I assisted the recovery - technicians load the balloon and the gondola on the weapons carrier - and then drove 15 to 20 minutes to the hospital at Walker AFB. When I - arrived at Walker, we parked the converted ambulance near the hospital - and either the other airman with me or the recovery technicians called - the balloon control center to notify them of the accident. I recall - waiting near the hospital for a short period of time and then returning - to Holloman AFB. During the time I was waiting at the hospital I did - not observe any arguments or altercations. I did not observe Capt - Kittinger speaking disrespectfully to anyone. I also do not recall any - male civilians or any vehicles that belonged to a mortuary.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span></p> - - <p class="indent3">I participated in many, probably more than 100, balloon recoveries. - I often recovered payloads and balloons from the area surrounding - Roswell, NM. It was routine to be directed by the balloon control - center to an area near Roswell to wait to recover a balloon. We would - wait along the side of the road, at small airports, or at the armory in - Roswell. It would not be uncommon for our recovery vehicles to be seen - waiting to recover balloons throughout New Mexico, Arizona, and West - Texas. When we recovered the balloons and payloads sometimes civilians - would be in the area and make inquires. We would tell them what we were - doing and provide them with a telephone number at Holloman AFB if they - wanted to report any damages. We were required to clean up the area - and remove all debris before we left. In addition to the recoveries, I - recall making balloon launches from sites up and down the Rio Grande - Valley. I remember that some of these launches were made from an area - west of Soccoro, NM.</p> - - <p class="indent3">Another project I participated in was the testing of the Viking space - probe in 1972. These four launches were all made from the Roswell - Industrial Air Center, the former Roswell Army Airfield. Approximately - twenty Air Force personnel were on temporary duty to Roswell throughout - the summer of 1972 to support this project. NASA personnel prepared - the spacecraft for launch from the old hangers of the former Air Force - base. This project was not classified and was covered by the news media.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Ole Jorgesen, MSgt, USAF, (Ret)<br /><br />WITNESS(s): - </div> - <div class="col50"> - Subscribed and sworn before me, an<br /> - individual authorized to administer<br /> - oaths this 28th day of May 1995<br /> - at<br /><br /> - James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_170.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Kaufman">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">28 October 1996</div> - <div class="mb5">Place:</div> - - <p class="indent3">I, William C. Kaufman, Lt. Col., USAF (Ret), hereby voluntarily and of - my own free will, make the following statement. This was done without - coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I was drafted into the Army of the United States in 1943, transferred - to the Army Air Forces, and was commissioned as a pilot in 1944. From - 1950 until 1967, with a break for training for a combat tour in Korea - and for educational assignments to AFIT, I was assigned to the Aero - Medical Laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB, OH. During that time I - was a physiological training officer and worked in the development of - early pressure suits. I tested many high altitude pilots and also the - first group of astronauts. Later during my Air Force career, in 1961, I - earned a Ph.D. in Physiology and Biophysics. I was assigned to the Aero - Medical Laboratory for three tours and retired in 1968 as the Chief of - the Biodynamics Branch of the Aero Medical Field Laboratory at Holloman - AFB, NM.</p> - - <p class="indent3">During my third assignment at Wright Patterson, I volunteered, along - with Capt Dan Fulgham, to be a backup pilot for Capt Joe Kittinger for - his high altitude balloon project, Project Excelsior. Capt Kittinger - instructed Capt Fulgham and me in ballooning in May 1959. At the end of - an overnight training flight, on the morning of May 21, 1959, northwest - of Roswell, NM, we (Kittinger, Fulgham and I) had an accident with the - balloon. We were practicing touch and go landings when a severe gust - of wind overturned the gondola, dumping all of us to the ground with - the gondola on top of us. The accident occurred in a small pasture - where a pony was grazing next to a small cottage. For safety, we were - followed during hours of darkness by a C-131 aircraft and during - the day by a H-21 helicopter. We were followed the entire time by - technicians in a truck for communications and for the recovery of the - balloon and gondola. Seeing the accident, the crews of the helicopter - and the recovery trucks came to our assistance, much to the dismay of - the farmer who owned the pony, which had run away when the truck broke - down the fence to reach the crash site. I recall that a member of the - helicopter crew attempted to calm the farmer.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span></p> - - <p class="indent3">Capt Fulgham sustained an injury to the forehead when the lip of the - gondola struck him. Capt Fulgham thought he had fractured his skull but - the experimental helmet he was wearing apparently protected him. Capt - Kittinger was bleeding from a cut on the face. I was beneath Fulgham - and Kittinger and unhurt. Fulgham was loaded into the helicopter and - we were taken to the nearest hospital, at Walker AFB, in Roswell. I - recall the helicopter pilot called the air traffic control tower at - Walker and informed them we were inbound with an injured pilot from - a balloon accident. This was quite unusual and I believe the tower - personnel might have thought we were a surprise Strategic Air Command - inspection team that at the direction of the SAC Commander, Gen. Curtis - E. LeMay, sometimes made unannounced visits by helicopter. We landed in - front of the tower and were met by an ambulance along with a detail of - military police with machine guns. The military police escorted us to - the hospital for treatment and to verify our story of the balloon crash.</p> - - <p class="indent3">While Capt Fulgham and Capt Kittinger were being treated I was asked to - explain to the Walker AFB Base Commander what had happened. After Capt - Kittinger was treated he called Col Stapp from a phone adjacent to the - waiting room were numerous military wives were waiting for pre-natal - care. Capt Kittinger, as the project officer, was concerned what effect - this accident might have on the future of his program. As we waited for - Fulgham, Kittinger paced up and down the hall concerned about Fulgham - and getting out of the hospital before Walker AFB officials might - complicate matters. I do not recall any male civilians in the hospital, - nor do I recall Capt Kittinger being involved in an altercation of any - kind. Capt Kittinger did not shout or use obscene language, he was - simply interested in getting medical attention for Fulgham and leaving - as soon as possible. I do recall that one or two nurses were present. I - do not recall a black NCO accompanying Kittinger while we were in the - hospital.</p> - - <p class="indent3">When the medical personnel were finished treating Fulgham, all three - of us returned to Holloman AFB by helicopter about noon the same day. - The following day I took my FAA exam and was awarded a balloon pilot - license. Three days later, on Sunday, Kittinger, Fulgham and I returned - to Wright Patterson via a special C-131 flight. Fulgham looked very odd - with two black eyes and protruding forehead; his head was so swollen he - could not wear his uniform hat for some time. I later worked with Capt - Kittinger on the Stargazer project and and occasionally flew aircraft - with him.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span></p> - - <p class="indent3">During my entire time at the Aero Medical Laboratory I neither saw nor - heard anything that would lead me to believe that the Air Force was - keeping “aliens” at Wright Patterson. I knew there was a project on - UFOs called Bluebook, at the base, but to my knowledge the Aero Medical - Laboratory was not involved. Many scientific accomplishments came out - of the various laboratories at Wright Patterson but I am unaware of any - that might have involved aliens or UFOs.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter.</p> - - <p class="indent3">This is as I recollect those events.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />William C. Kaufman, LtCol. USAFC (Ret)<br /><br />WITNESS(s): - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_173.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Kittinger">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Date: 24 June 95</div> - <div class="mb5">Place:</div> - - <p class="indent3">I, Joseph W. Kittinger. Jr., Col. USAF (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my home - and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the following - statement. This was done without having been subjected to any coercion, - unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I entered the U.S. Air Force in 1949 as an Aviation Cadet. From 1950 - to 1953 I flew fighters in Europe before being assigned to the Fighter - Test Section at Holloman AFB, NM in July, 1953. During my tour as - a test pilot I conducted the first zero gravity tests and was the - balloon pilot of the first Project Man High high altitude research - mission. In 1958 I was assigned to the Escape Section of the Aero - Medical laboratory at Wright Patterson AFB, OH. During this tour I was - the Project Officer of Project Excelsior and made three high altitude - parachute jumps, the highest from 102,800 feet, which today remains a - world record. For these jumps I was awarded the Hannon Trophy for 1960 - by President Eisenhower. Following Excelsior, I was the Project Officer - of Stargazer, a project that made astronomical observations from a - high altitude balloon. I flew two combat tours in Southeast Asia with - the Air Commandos. I later flew a tour in F-4s and was the Squadron - Commander of the 555 Tactical Fighter Squadron. I accumulated over - 1,000 combat flying hours and I am credited with one aerial victory. - I spent ten months as a POW in Hanoi. Upon my return I attended Air - War College, flew F-4s and retired from the Air Force in 1978. In 1984 - I became the first person to make a solo crossing of the Atlantic by - balloon.</p> - - <p class="indent3">In 1958 I was made the Project Officer of Excelsior by Col John Paul - Stapp, the Aero Medical Laboratory Commander. I supervised and was - actively involved in the dropping and recovery of anthropomorphic - dummies from high altitude balloons at Holloman AFB, NM for - this project. We also dropped dummies, from aircraft only, at - Wright-Patterson AFB, OH. The object of the Holloman tests were to - study the free fall characteristics of dummies dropped from balloons at - altitudes of 50,000 to 100,000 feet. Based on this data we designed a - parachute that stabilized the dummies and I later used this parachute - on my three high altitude jumps.</p> - - <p class="indent3">The balloons carrying the dummies were launched from various locations - in New Mexico and often impacted off of the White Sands Proving Ground - depending on the wind conditions. The dummies were outfitted with - clothing and equipment of an Air Force pilot. The facial features of - the dummies were not as pronounced as a human. The ears and noses did - not protrude. I do not recall any dummies with ears or noses. Some - of the dummies were not complete; they sometimes did not have arms - or legs. To someone not associated with the project or who viewed - the dummies from a distance, they could appear to be human or with - some imagination a space “alien.” In fact, I recall one incident at - Wright-Patterson where one of our dummies landed near the backyard of - Gen. Rawlings, Commander of the Air Research and Development Command. - Gen. Rawling’s wife was entertaining officer’s wives that afternoon - when one of our dummy’s parachute failed to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> deploy and impacted the - ground in full view of the ladies at Gen. Rawling’s home. I acted - quickly to retrieve the dummy and went to the impact site and recovered - it by throwing it in the back of a pickup truck and quickly driving - away. Later that day I received a call from Col Stapp who informed - me that some of the women at the party believed that the dummy was a - human and they were appalled to see the careless nature in which the - obviously dead or injured “parachutist” was hauled away.</p> - - <p class="indent3">At Holloman AFB recoveries of the dummies were handled by the Balloon - Branch but members of my project team, including myself, often - assisted. The standard procedure was to track the dummy both from - the ground and air to attempt to recover the dummies in a timely - manner. On the ground we used an assortment of Air Force vehicles - to track and recover not only the dummies but also other scientific - balloon payloads. We used trucks, communications vans, converted field - ambulances, cranes, and trailers. In the air we used helicopters, C-47s - transports, and L-19 and L-20 light observation aircraft. On occasion - civilians would observe our recovery operations. We often attracted a - crowd due to the odd appearance of the balloon payloads and dummies and - also the aircraft that circled overhead or landed on nearby roads. We - also used many of the same procedures and equipment to launch from off - range locations. During the recoveries weapons were not carried because - there was no classified information or equipment. I do not recall any - altercations of any kind. At no time did I or any of the personnel - makes threats against civilians. We always attempted to maintain good - relations with the local civilians and explained the purpose of the - project to them if they asked. We were directed to remove as much of - the material dropped by the balloon as possible. Sometimes this was - difficult because the balloon and pay load would break apart and cover - a large area. We collected the debris in these cases by “fanning out” - across a field until we had collected even very small portions of the - payload and balloon. We were particularly careful to recover the large - plastic balloons because cattle would ingest the material and the - ranchers would file claims against the government. Additionally, there - were reward notices that offered twenty five dollars for the return - of the equipment attached to each of the balloons. I wrote a book, - <cite>The Long, Lonely Leap</cite> (E. P. Dutton & Co., 1961), that completely - describes Project Excelsior and my participation.</p> - - <p class="indent3">Also as a part of the high altitude balloon projects, I trained balloon - pilots in May 1959 at the request of Col Stapp. Col Stapp was concerned - that I might be injured as a result of the hazardous nature of the - projects and he wanted backup pilots to be trained. The backup pilots, - Capt Dan Fulgham and Capt Bill Kaufman were volunteers from the Aero - Medical Laboratory and they were sent to Holloman from Wright-Patterson - for training on a temporary duty basis. On our second training flight, - Fulgham, Kaufman and I, flew an overnight mission that was launched - at Holloman and ended with a crash northwest of Roswell, NM. We were - followed on this mission by an aircraft at night, a helicopter during - the day, and a ground crew in trucks at all times.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I recall that just after sunrise the weather had deteriorated and I - directed Fulgham to land the balloon in a small field. This was the - last suitable field before we would overfly the City of Roswell. I - remember approaching the field just over the trees and I recall our - forward velocity was about 10–12 knots, a little fast for landing. When - we touched down Fulgham cut the balloon away and due to the forward - velocity the gondola flipped over spilling all three of us on the - ground. While lying on the ground I realized that Fulgham<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> was injured - and Kaufman and I raised the gondola. Fulgham had been struck in the - head by the edge of the gondola and I could see the blood rapidly - accumulating under his scalp in the forehead area. We treated him for - shock and soon the recovery vehicles and the chase helicopter arrived. - I decided to transport Fulgham by helicopter to the hospital at nearby - Walker AFB.</p> - - <p class="indent3">When we arrived at Walker I remember that security was tight, as it was - at all Strategic Air Command bases, and we were closely scrutinized by - security personnel due to the unusual circumstances and early hour of - our arrival. I had two concerns once we arrived at the hospital, first - to get treatment for Fulgham and second to leave as soon as possible. - After I was assured that Fulgham’s injuries were not serious I wanted - to quickly leave the base before the Walker AFB Flying Safety Officer - arrived to fill out an accident report. I didn’t want a report filed - because an accident investigation would bring unwanted scrutiny to the - project. Even though the project was unclassified I did not want any - publicity or premature releases of information.</p> - - <p class="indent3">Although Fulgham’s injuries were not serious, his head had swollen - considerably—both eyes were black and his face had swollen so much you - could barely see his nose. I believe that if someone saw him while - we were at Walker they would have been startled. When his treatment - was completed we all three returned to Holloman on the helicopter. At - Holloman, Fulgham was admitted to the hospital and I made preparations - for him to return to his duty station at Wright-Patterson AFB. Due to - his grotesque appearance, I did not want Fulgham to fly on a commercial - airline. I made arrangements for all of us to fly to Wright-Patterson - on a C-131 a few days later. When we arrived at Wright-Patterson, I - assisted Fulgham down the steps of the aircraft because his eyes were - swollen shut and he could not see. His wife was waiting at the bottom - of the steps of the aircraft and she asked me where her husband was. I - replied “this is your husband” and she screamed and began to cry.</p> - - <p class="indent3">While I was at the Walker AFB hospital, I do not recall any contact - with a male civilian. I certainly did not call anyone an “SOB” or speak - to anyone in a disrespectful manner. I did not make any threats or - instruct anyone else to make threats. I recall nurses in the hospital - but I am not certain if they participated in the treatment of Capt - Fulgham. I was not accompanied by a black NCO at the hospital, but - there may have been a black NCO on the balloon recovery team. I recall - no body bags in the hospital and I am sure there were no “aliens” at - the hospital, just Dan Fulgham with a very odd looking head injury.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I was also involved in the joint Air Force, Navy, and Massachusetts - Institute of Technology astronomical observation project, Project - Stargazer. The object of this project was to make observations via a - stabilized telescope mounted atop of a gondola suspended from a high - altitude balloon. I was the USAF project officer and Dr J. Allen Hynek - was the scientific advisor. I worked very closely with Dr Hynek over - a period of five years from 1958 to 1963. Dr Hynek would typically - spend a half day working on Stargazer and then the rest of the day - participating as one of the consultants on the UFO study, Project - Bluebook, that was also conducted at Wright-Patterson AFB. Dr Hynek, - as the scientific advisor to Stargazer, was very familiar with the - techniques and capabilities of the Air Force<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span> high altitude balloon - program. Dr Hynek once approached me and we discussed at length, the - possibility that Air Force high altitude balloons were responsible - for many UFO sightings. We ended the conversation in agreement that - the balloons probably accounted for many of the UFO sightings. In - other conversations Dr Hynek always gave me the impression that there - were very few UFO sightings that could not be explained by good - scientific investigation. At no time did Dr Hynek mention or discuss - the alleged “Roswell Incident”. I was therefore “flabbergasted” when - Dr Hynek appeared to believe that some of these sightings were of an - extraterrestrial origin.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Joseph W. Kittinger, Jr., Col, USAF (Ret)<br /><br />WITNESS(s): - </div> - <div class="col50"> - Sworn to and subscribed before me,<br /> - an individual authorized to administer<br /> - oaths, on this 24 day of June 1995<br /> - at<br /><br /> - James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_177.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Lutz">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Date: 31 May 95</div> - <div class="mb5">Place:</div> - - <p class="indent3">I, Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt, USAF, (Ret), hereby state that James McAndrew - was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my home and - do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make the following - statement. This was done without having been subjected to any coercion, - unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1947 and transferred to the U.S. Air - Force in 1958. In June, 1958 I was assigned to the flight surgeon’s - office at Holloman AFB, NM as an Aero Medical Technician. I served - several tours in Southeast Asia and retired from the Air Force in 1974 - as an Aero Medical Superintendent.</p> - - <p class="indent3">On May 20–21, 1959 I was assigned to provide medical coverage for a - balloon training mission that took off from Holloman AFB and ended with - a crash near Roswell, NM. Capt Joe Kittinger was training two other - pilots, Capt Fulgham and Capt Kaufman. I followed the balloon in an - ambulance during the night and at daybreak I followed the balloon in an - H-21 helicopter. Just after daybreak I saw the balloon crash and the - three pilots were dumped form the gondola. I immediately informed the - helicopter pilot and we landed in a field on which cattle were grazing. - I recall the rancher was upset because the helicopter was frightening - his cattle and some cattle had gotten out of the field.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I assesed the injuries to the pilots and recommended they be taken - immediately to the closest hospital which was at Walker AFB, - apprximately 5 to 10 minutes away by helicopter. Capt Fulgham’s head - was swelling due to a hemotoma he received when the gondola struck him. - Capt Kittinger was cut on the face and was bleeding. Capt Kaufman was - uninjured. At Walker I remember a telephone conversation with a flight - surgeon who told me to “go home and sleep it off”. He apparently did - not believe my story of three Air Force pilots that were victims of a - balloon crash. However, I was able to convince him and he treated Capt - Fulgham and Capt Kittinger. While at the hospital Capt Fulgham’s head - had swelled enormously and his eyes were beginning to turn black.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I do not recall that anything unusual occurred at the hospital at - Walker. I remember the three pilots sitting on a bench in the hallway - waiting to be treated. I do not remember that Capt Kittinger was - involved in an altercation with anyone while at the hospital, if - he had, I would have known about it. Capt Kittinger was concerned - with getting medical treatment for his injured crew member, Capt - Fulgham, and returning to Holloman. I also do not recall a black NCO - accompanying Capt Kittinger while we were at the hospital. I do not - remember a nurse assisting in the treatment of Capt Fulgham or Capt - Kittinger. I also do not remember a male civilian or any personnel or - vehicles from a mortuary, and I do not recall any remains in body bags - in the hospital.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span></p> - - <p class="indent3">I was present the entire time when the events described here took - place. I am certain that this event had nothing to do with “space - aliens” or any other irregular activity that would require a cover up. - It was a balloon crash and nothing else.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Roland H. Lutz, CMSgt, USAF, (Ret)<br /><br />WITNESS(s):<br /><br /> - Harry C. Aderholt, Brig. Gen., USAF (Ret)</div> - <div class="col50"> - Subscribed and sworn before me, an<br /> - individual authorized to administer<br /> - oaths this 31st day of May 1995<br /> - at<br /><br /> - James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_179.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Madson">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Date: 20 June 95</div> - <div class="mb5">Place:</div> - - <p class="indent3">I, Raymond A. Madson, Lt Col, USAF (Ret), hereby state that James - McAndrew was identified as a Lieutenant, USAFR on this date at my place - of employment and do hereby, voluntarily and of my own free will, make - the following statement. This was done without having been subjected to - any coercion, unlawful influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I was born, raised, and presently reside in New Mexico. I graduated - from New Mexico A&M College in 1954. I entered the Air Force in 1955 - and was assigned a short time later to the Aero Medical Laboratory at - Wright Patterson AFB, OH. At the Aero Medical Laboratory I was assigned - to the Escape Section as a project officer and test parachutist. During - this time I also had extensive participation in various aspects of the - space program and worked on the highly classified U-2 project. I served - a tour of duty in Alaska and at the School of Aerospace Medicine at - Brooks AFB, TX, before being reassigned to the Aero Medical Laboratory - at Wright Patterson. I retired in from the Air Force in 1979 and I am - currently and Environmental Specialist for the State of New Mexico.</p> - - <p class="indent3">The first project that I was assigned at Wright Patterson was Project - 7218, later changed to Project 7222. This project was first known by - the name High Dive and then was known as Excelsior. The object of this - project was to study the free fall characteristics of anthropomorphic - dummies from balloons at altitudes of 50,000 to 100,000 feet. Following - satisfactory dummy drops, Capt Joe Kittinger made a series of high - altitude parachute jumps that culminated with a jump from 102,800 feet.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I assumed the duties of Project Officer for the dummy drops in the - spring of 1956. I made numerous trips to Holloman AFB, NM, the site of - the drops, from 1956 until the end of the project in 1959 (dummies were - also dropped for this project at Wright Patterson AFB by personnel from - the Parachute Branch). I wrote two technical reports that described the - project in considerable detail. The type of anthropomorphic dummy used - primarily was manufactured by Alderson Laboratories but we also used - Sierra Manufacturing type dummies. Both of these dummies are shown in - the technical reports. The Alderson dummy had facial features that were - not life-like and ears that were not well defined. The dummies were - outfitted with flight suits of various colors, fuchsia, olive drab, and - sage green (a shade of gray). We chose the Alderson dummy because it - was relatively inexpensive as compared to the Sierra dummy.</p> - - <p class="indent3">We encountered considerable difficulty dropping the dummies from the - balloons. I designed the rack that suspended the dummies, two at a - time, from the balloon. On numerous occasions the dummies were fouled - during the release sequence and the dummy rode a “streamer” all the - way to the ground. Other times malfunctions occurred that caused the - two dummies and the entire rack assembly to descend to the ground as - one package. Both of these instances are described in the technical - reports.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span></p> - - <p class="indent3">I participated in at least two dummy recoveries. The meteorologist - from the Balloon Branch, Duke Gildenberg, would determine the best - place to launch the balloons depending on the prevailing weather - conditions. Duke also predicted, with considerable accuracy, where the - dummies would impact. I specifically recall a dummy I recovered near - the Jornada test range, between Leasburg and Organ, NM. During this - recovery I drove a weapons carrier and I was only able to locate one - of the dummies. I never found out what happened to the other one. The - next recovery I remember was on a ranch just southwest of Roswell. We - were given directions to the area by the balloon branch personnel who - had been contacted by a rancher. The equipment had reward notices taped - to them to aid in recovery. We went to the Smith ranch. I remember the - name because I went to New Mexico A&M with the rancher. I knew him as - Smitty. We searched that day from horseback and could not find the - dummies. The following day we resumed our search from horseback and - again could not find the dummies. I also recall that Smitty asked us - for some of the parachute material so he could make a shirt. We dropped - many dummies from the balloons and I know many were not immediately - recovered, but most were.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I served for twenty five years in the Air Force and most of those years - were in the aero medical field. I participated in the space program and - the highly classified early stages of U-2 program. Never during this - time were “aliens” or “flying saucers” a part of any project. There - were, however, countless achievements by the Air Force in aerospace - medicine that were the result of dedicated scientific research. It - seems likely to me that someone could have mistaken our anthropomorphic - dummies for something that they were not.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of any conspiracy to withhold or provide misleading - information to the United States Government or the American public. - There is no classified information that I am withholding related to - this inquiry and I have never been threatened by U.S. Government - persons concerning refraining from talking about this matter.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Raymond A. Madson, Lt Col, USAF (Ret)<br /><br />WITNESS(s): - </div> - <div class="col50"> - Sworn to and subscribed before me,<br /> - an individual authorized to administer<br /> - oaths, on this 20 day of June 1995<br /> - at<br /><br /> - James McAndrew, 1st Lt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_181.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span></p> - - <div class="center mt5 mb2" id="Nordstrom">STATEMENT OF WITNESS</div> - - <div class="fright">Date: 25 April 1996</div> - <div class="mb5">Place: Aztec, NM</div> - - <p class="indent3">I Frank B. Nordstrom, M. D., hereby state that James McAndrew, was - identified as a Captain, USAFR on this date at my home and do hereby, - voluntarily and of my own free will, make the following statement. - This was done without having been subjected to any coercion, unlawful - influence or unlawful inducement.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I was on active duty in the US Air Force and stationed at Walker AFB, - Roswell, NM from July 1951 until June 1953. During that time I was a - pediatrician assigned to the base hospital. Following my tour of duty - with the Air Force I attended the University of Colorado as a resident - in pediatrics. In July 1954 I relocated to Farmington, NM and began a - private pediatric practice. I retired from private practice in 1987 and - became the Medical Director of the San Juan Regional Medical Center, - which is also located in Farmington, NM. In 1989 I retired from that - position and presently reside in Aztec, NM.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I have been shown two transcripts of interviews where an individual - named Glenn Dennis described conversations and visits he claims he had - with a pediatrician in the late 1940s or early 1950s in Farmington, - NM. According to these interviews, Mr Dennis also claims that - this pediatrician had previously served at the hospital at Walker - AFB/Roswell AAF. Since I am the only physician in Farmington, NM who - previously served at the Walker AFB/Roswell AAF hospital, I believe I - am the person he is referring to in these interviews. I am confident - of this because I know I was the first pediatrician to practice in - Farmington, which when I arrived in 1954, was a small community of - approximately 8,000 people. I remained the sole pediatrician there for - approximately 20 years and I know most, if not all, of the physicians - in the area.</p> - - <p class="indent3">Even though I believe I am the person Mr Dennis referred to in the - interviews, I do not remember him. I can state with reasonable - certainty that I cannot recall any conversations with him, and he, - to my knowledge, never visited me in Farmington, NM, in Colorado, or - anyplace else. I have been told, however, that a person named Glenn - Dennis operated a drugstore in the late 1950s-early 1960s, just outside - Farmington, in Aztec, NM. But I do not recall any contact with him - there either.</p> - - <p class="indent3">While I was stationed at Walker AFB, I do not recall any incidents that - may explain the information Mr Dennis provided in the interviews. To - my knowledge there was only one fatal aircraft accident during my tour - of duty and that accident involved a Walker AFB based aircraft in the - United Kingdom. I was not involved in any aspect of that accident. I - also do not recall any other incidents such as automobile accidents - or house fires that may be the source of this information. Nor do I - recall a nurse named Lt Naiomi Selff or a nurse named Capt “Slats” - Wilson. While at Walker AFB I did not witness or hear rumors of - anything that involved flying saucers, aliens, or anything else of an - extraterrestrial nature.</p> - - <p class="indent3">I am not part of a conspiracy to withhold information from either - the US government or the American public, there is no classified - information that I am withholding related to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span> this inquiry and I have - not been threatened by US government persons concerning not talking - about this matter.</p> - - <div class="mt5"> - <div class="col50"> - SIGNED:<br /><br />Frank B. Nordstrom, M.D.<br /><br />WITNESS: - </div> - <div class="col50"> - Subscribed and sworn before, a<br /> - person authorized to administer oaths<br /> - this<br />25th day of April 1996 at Aztec, NM<br /> - <br /><br /> - James McAndrew, Capt, USAFR - </div> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter ball"> - <img class="illow100" src="images/s_183.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Appendix_C">Appendix C</h2> - </div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span></p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="center xlarge sans mb5" id="Anderson_interview">Transcript of Interview with<br /> - Gerald Anderson*<br /> - Alleged firsthand witness to<br /> - “Crash Site” Two<br /> - (allegedly 175 miles northwest of Roswell) - </div> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video, - <cite>Recollections of Roswell Part II</cite>, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO - Research, 1993).</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p>A: We drove down to the Plains of San Agustin which is west of Socorro, - New Mexico in the Magdalena, Datil, area. We were down there looking - for banded and moss agate, which according to my uncle Ted and my - cousin Victor was prevalent in the area. My brother being an amateur - rock hound had wanted to get some of this. That was a way of showing us - around the area. They had relatives down in Magdalena that they wanted - to introduce us to.</p> - - <p>So we had gone down there and we got down in the Horse Springs area and - had driven off onto the plains down an old rutted road for, oh, a mile - or so and it seemed like a long ways. We parked the car, got out of the - car and walked down a hillside.</p> - - <p>There’s a semi-forest, I guess you could say. It had pinon trees and - scrub oak and stuff like that on it and we walked—well, not scrub oak, - but cedar—and walked down the hillside into an arroyo, a dry wash, and - then walked south down a dry wash toward where the agates were supposed - to be at.</p> - - <p>As we came around a bend in the arroyo that had pinon and cedar - trees growing, we were able to see farther ahead down the arroyo and - on the next ridge line there was a large silver disc shaped object - was embedded in this side of the ridge line ... there was debris - and wreckage strewn about the area mainly this thing was intact. I - would estimate its size from an adult perspective to something like - 35 feet in diameter. I’ve heard other people who were there say they - thought it was like 50 feet. But as an adult, I would say about 35 - feet in diameter, quite large. When we got up to it there were four - bodies there ... not human, there was two of them that were obviously - dead, one of them was obviously very badly injured, and one of them - apparently suffered no ill effects ... or it didn’t appear to be - injured and was ambulatory, was mobile. It was just setting there next - to the one...</p> - - <p>Q: Were they right next to the vehicle?</p> - - <p>A: Right next to it. Right under the edge of it. And this craft had - apparently come in from the east and bounced off one ridge line, - plowing through this arroyo area and then crashed into the ridge line - and embedded itself. They were sitting back under the edge, it was kind - of tilted up like this and they were sitting back under the edge here. - And I’m assuming that this one creature that was all right had laid - this material on the ground but it looked like unrolled tinfoil that - these other three creatures were laying on. <span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span> Like it was trying—like - you do a person in shock, you know, a put him on a blanket, that kind - of thing. And apparently it had some boxes there around it and had - apparently been trying to give first aid or help these other creatures - when we first got there.</p> - - <p>As we approached, the creature drew back like this, like it was in - fear, like we were going to hurt it. And it wasn’t very long, you know, - we were trying to communicate with it, the adults were. It seemed - to calm down and just sat there and kind of looked back and forth, - watching them, apparently trying to figure out what was going on...</p> - - <p>Q: What did it look like, a little bit more.</p> - - <p>A: These creatures, all of them, were, oh, about four foot tall, four - and a half feet tall. They had very large heads that were shaped larger - on the top and they kind of tapered down, not to a real sharp point - but just tapered down where they were thin. And they had very large, - very large, oval shaped or almond shaped, I guess you could say, black - eyes. The head... They were so shiny, they had almost a bluish tint to - them when the light reflected off of them. Their skin coloration, the - best way that I could describe that is it was kind of a bluish tinted - milky-white. It looked like someone in shock. And the ones that were - laying on the ground were really—really looked more that way, more blue - in the light, you know...</p> - - <p>Q: How about ears, nose, mouth?</p> - - <p>A: No, there were no visible ears on the creatures except like—if you - was just to cover your ear like this to where there was just a rise - there and then a hole without, you know, your ear lobe and the rest of - the area...</p> - - <p>Q: How about nose?</p> - - <p>A: It was—the nose was very, very small, almost imperceptible. It’s - like two holes, straight in; and the lips were just a straight line. It - was like a cut and you couldn’t see, just the lips like we have, it was - just a slit. And...</p> - - <p>Q: What hair color? Sound?</p> - - <p>A: Pardon?</p> - - <p>Q: What hair color?</p> - - <p>A: There was no hair. They were completely bald.</p> - - <p>Q: And no sounds?</p> - - <p>A: I never heard a sound one, not out of any of the creatures including - the one that was...</p> - - <p>Q: Did you see fingers?</p> - - <p>A: Yes, they had fingers like this. They didn’t have a little finger. - They just had the thumb and three extra digits except the center digit - was longer and the other two were about the same size. They were very - long and slender and looked very delicate and I made the statement - before and I’ll<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span> make it again, I think he would have made an excellent - violinist because of the structure of their hands.</p> - - <p>They were wearing one piece suits. All of them were dressed exactly the - same. It was sort of a real shiny silverish gray color.</p> - - <p>Q: No zippers, buttons?</p> - - <p>A: No, I saw no zippers, no buttons.</p> - - <p>Q: Insignias?</p> - - <p>A: No, no insignias. The only thing that was different, you know, and - they all had this, but the only that was different from the silvery - gray thing, the suit, was that down like a seam line, like there was - a seam on his shoulder and around the collar it was trimmed in what - appeared to be maroon, like cording.</p> - - <p>Then the suits were continuous with their footwear. We could see right - this area down, it seemed to be less pliable then it was up here, like - this was a stiffer area, like they were boots or shoes or something. - But they were all dressed exactly the same.</p> - - <p>Q: Okay. So you and your family are talking back and forth, wondering - what was going on, what did your family say? I mean...</p> - - <p>A: Well...</p> - - <p>Q: ...did they say anything?</p> - - <p>A: Yes, my brother, one of his first remarks I heard him say him say, - “That’s a god damn spaceship.” You know there were bodies up there and, - you know, I was told not to go up there, which I didn’t. And...</p> - - <p>Q: How old was your brother at the time?</p> - - <p>A: He was in his early twenties, I think, 20, 21, something like that.</p> - - <p>Q: He was a lot older than you were?</p> - - <p>A: Oh, yes, considerably.</p> - - <p>When we got up there I kind of meandered off to one side. This thing - was cocked up and I was standing here, the bodies were here, and - everybody else was kind of down here except my cousin Victor was over - here playing and looking in this gaping hole on the side of this disk. - And it was shaped just like a discus except for a round dome was up on - top and there was this big gaping gash in there. We could see inside - and it looked like a double hull.</p> - - <p>Q: How big—explain it? The gash.</p> - - <p>A: The dome?</p> - - <p>Q: No, the gash.</p> - - <p>A: Well, it covered the greater majority from the center of the craft - out. It was just like a gaping hole in there. I mean I’m thinking, you - know, it’s like about 32, 35 feet in diameter so we’re talking about 17 - feet<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span> maybe. Most of that one side was ripped open like that. You could - see inside and you could see another double hull, like—in there. And - there were just rows of components that was on there.</p> - - <p>And there were lights that flashed on and off. Some of them were steady - and some were flashing. There was a lot of debris and stuff hanging out - of the hole. There was evidence that there apparently had been fire. It - looked like it had been burned along the edge there. The gash...</p> - - <p>Q: Now this wasn’t a gash that could have been caused by the thing - coming in for the ground? It wasn’t at the leading edge of the vehicle?</p> - - <p>A: No, no. This was in the side like—it almost appeared it was - elliptical. It almost appeared as if something the same shape as the - disk we were looking at had hit that same—you know, like it hit the - disk and left an imprint that pretty closely approximated the outside - diameter of the disk itself. And it appeared to be caved in looking, - kind of like it hit them like this and it just crumpled and caved in - and ripped it open.</p> - - <p>Q: Okay, so you’re there, you take all this in, everybody is mystified. - What were the circumstances outside? Hot, cold?</p> - - <p>A: Very, very hot. Incredible to me, being the first time in New Mexico - and coming from back east. I had dry heaves. It was like the inside of - an oven. It was unbelievable to me. You know, the odd part about this - was that the closer you got to it, the cooler it was. And standing - under it in the shade there next to these creatures’ bodies, it was - like refrigerated air conditioning. And...</p> - - <p>Q: Did you feel air coming out of this thing?</p> - - <p>A: No, it was just like it was (inaudible).</p> - - <p>And I remember reaching up and putting my hand on the side of it but I - think I was afraid I was going to hit my head because there was enough - room for me as small child, you know, I was approximately the same size - as these creatures, to walk up under there and stand there but I kind - of did like that, put my hand up against this thing.</p> - - <p>Q: What did it feel like?</p> - - <p>A: It was ice cold. It felt like it just came out of a freezer.</p> - - <p>Q: Was it smooth? Was it rough?</p> - - <p>A: It was very smooth. It had a very smooth texture to it. It was - obviously made out of metal. It was very solid and it was very cold, - ice cold.</p> - - <p>And there was a smell in the area. It smelled volatile, acrid, like - acetone. And that seemed to be coming out of that gash, that smell. But - the closer you got to this thing, the cooler it was so, you know, I - kind of remained there.</p> - - <p>And I guess that while they were over here, my father and my uncle Ted - and my brother. Uncle Ted was trying to talk to this thing in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span> Spanish - and of course it didn’t understand a word he said. And dad tried to - talk to it and then they tried, you know, sign language and that didn’t - work.</p> - - <p>And I don’t know, for some reason, I just—I reached down and touched - it, this one that was laying next to me. When I touched it I realized - and I jumped back. It scared me. It startled me because I suddenly - realized that these weren’t dolls. I thought they were plastic dolls. - And I—you know, it was still in my mind that these were dolls until I - touched it and then I realized, you know, this was a dead thing.</p> - - <p>I’d seen dead relatives before and unfortunately made a mistake one - time in touching a relative that was in a casket and I just knew this - was a dead thing and it scared me, and I ran around behind my father - and my uncle and this thing was sitting there on the ground and it kept - looking back and forth. And it just had its hands like this in its lap, - and just kept looking back and forth between the three of them and—like - it was trying to understand.</p> - - <p>And all of a sudden it just turned and looked right straight at me - between my uncle Ted and myself. And this is when—it was just like an - explosion of things in my head, things... I started, you know, feeling, - just terrible depression and loneliness and fear and just, you know, - awful, awful feelings that just suddenly burst in to my mind there. I - don’t know if that meant that it was communicating with me and I was - the only one there that it could communicate with because I was a kid. - I don’t know.</p> - - <p>I turned and ran and I ran across the arroyo and up on the area that it - had bounced off of during the crash. I was just standing there looking - down at this scene, you know, at my family, and off in the distance I - could see cattle grazing. I could see a windmill and could see dust - trails out on the plains out there.</p> - - <p>And, oh, I was there for a while and then I came back down. I guess we - were there—Victor was, when I got back down there Victor was up in the - craft and Ted yelled at him to get out of there and Glen went over and - grabbed him by the belt and jerked him around...</p> - - <p>Q: That’s your brother?</p> - - <p>A: Yes.</p> - - <p>And jerked him off, says, “Get out because this thing may explode and - kill us all,” you know, and then of course he went prowling around in - there.</p> - - <p>I was kind of standing off to one side looking. That’s why I knew that - there was—I can look off these rocks that I was standing on and look - right into this thing. That’s why I knew, you know, about the lights - and the components and stuff.</p> - - <p>And then I heard other people talking. I turned and there was a group - of people coming up the arroyo from out on the plains from the south. - They had come up there and of course they walked up and was talking.</p> - - <p>Q: How many?</p> - - <p>A: There was an older man and five younger students.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span></p> - - <p>Q: Boys, girls?</p> - - <p>A: Three boys and two girls. And they were all, you know, introducing, - talking to my father and my uncle and my brother...</p> - - <p>Q: What did the older one look like?</p> - - <p>A: He was a very tall man, a very big man. He was wearing a pith helmet - when he first came up, one of those kind of explorer helmets. And he - was bald and I know that because he had taken it off and he had, you - know, wiped it with a handkerchief and put it back on. He was a balding - man. And he had a round face. He was very ruddy complected. A big man, - and he apparently was a doctor because they kept calling him doctor and - it was my understanding that it was an archeological group that was out - there on some kind of summer thing. And they talked and he apparently - was able to speak several foreign languages and he tried to talk to - this creature several times in different languages, again to no avail.</p> - - <p>Q: How did they happen to be there? Had he seen the thing...</p> - - <p>A: Well, they claim that they saw—they said they saw this thing come - down the night before in flight, you know, and they thought it was a - meteorite and they had talked about well, early in the morning, you - know, we’ll go over and see this, where this meteor came down, because - that’s what they thought it was.</p> - - <p>And when the sun came up the next morning, you know, and they got - about their business, got up and somebody looked over and said, you - know, they saw this shiny metal and stuff across the plains there and - they realized it wasn’t a meteorite, it may have been an airplane that - had crashed so they all decided to go over there and see if there was - anybody left alive, you know, that was hurt that needed help.</p> - - <p>Q: They had driven over?</p> - - <p>A: No, they walked over apparently, the way I understand it. And it’s - quite a ways across that plain so it had to take a very long time - to do this or they may have had a vehicle, I don’t know. That’s an - assumption, I think, on my part, where they walked.</p> - - <p>Q: Okay. So they’re around...</p> - - <p>A: But they came across...</p> - - <p>Q: ...with the family...</p> - - <p>A: ...the plains. I don’t know why I said that. I’m not sure if they - drove or not. I didn’t hear any cars.</p> - - <p>Q: And then somebody else shows up?</p> - - <p>A: Yes, they were down just, oh, 15 maybe 20 minutes tops, you know. - And they were picking up things, some of the students. And this Dr. - Buskirk, that they called him, this one girl went up and said, “Look, - doctor,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span> wouldn’t this make a beautiful ring?” And she was holding what - looked like a red rod, a red tube that was some kind of silvery-red.</p> - - <p>And he kind of snapped at her, you know, “Put that down because you - don’t know what that thing is. That thing could hurt you. Don’t pick - this stuff up.”</p> - - <p>And she kind of said, “Well, yes, okay, doctor.” And then he went back - to what he was doing and she walked away and put it in her pocket.</p> - - <p>And a lot of them were doing this, sort of picking up things and - feeling things. I was picking up things and feeling things. It was all - kinds of material and metal, stuff like that. I heard it, well, we all - heard it, the sound of a motor coming, like a truck. And I went back up - the incline area to the ridge line and I could see out there, there was - a truck coming up. It was an old pick-up truck. It was sort of a beige - color, a tan colored van with an antenna on it. And it stopped and this - guy got out and he’s wearing brown clothes. He’s got boots on and he’s - wearing a straw hat, just like the kind that Harry Truman always wore, - and he had wire rimmed glasses. He was a big man and he looked exactly - like Harry Truman to me. You know, I’d seen him in the Movietone News...</p> - - <p>Q: He was president then.</p> - - <p>A: Yes, I was well aware who Harry Truman was. Everybody was. He was - kind of a hero, you know, and he just kind of looked like him except - bigger, bigger. You know, I don’t think he—and he didn’t look as old - either. His hair was kind of light gray.</p> - - <p>And he walked over there and they got to talking, you know, with - everybody and he told them that he worked out on the plains out there - and that he made maps and that he had seen the wreckage from out there - on the plains and he saw the people and he thought it was a plane wreck - and, you know, that something was going on and he came over to see.</p> - - <p>And he hadn’t been there but just a very, very few minutes when we - heard all kinds of motors and engines straining and stuff. And here - comes a military car with a big white star on the side of it followed - by a six-by which is a military truck with a kind of canvas wagon, kind - of a canvas thing over it and it’s full of soldiers. They’ve got guns. - And right behind them is what we call a four-by which is like a medium - sized jeep/truck situation and it had two big high whip antennas, all - kinds of radio gear in the back and a guy back there with ear phones - and stuff on and he’s, you know, working these radios. And they all - pulled up and stopped.</p> - - <p>Q: Which direction did they come from, do you know?</p> - - <p>A: They came from the north, from the Horse Springs area, right...</p> - - <p>Q: So they could have come off the highway there...</p> - - <p>A: Oh, yes. I’m sure that’s exactly how they got there. They come off - the highway, the same way we did. Well, in the meantime, when they - stopped, this black soldier, this sergeant, the reason I know he was - a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span> sergeant, my brother told me he was, and he got out of this car and - then a guy got out on the other side and he was a, Glen said he was a - captain, he told me later he was a captain and this guy had orange and - red hair. So all the soldiers and them came running over there pointing - guns at people, telling them, “Get away, get away, get away,” you know? - And when this creature saw these people, the military, he went nuts. He - went into an absolute panic, worse than what he did when he saw us.</p> - - <p>Q: Did he move around or just his eyes or...</p> - - <p>A: He just, he just...</p> - - <p>Q: Oh, okay.</p> - - <p>A: ...went crazy. And it was like...</p> - - <p>Q: Like he was scared?</p> - - <p>A: Yes, like he was looking for a place to run and hide.</p> - - <p>Q: But he never got up?</p> - - <p>A: He never got up. He never left the beings that were next to him.</p> - - <p>And this red headed officer, this guy was a real butt hole. He made all - the threats. He threatened to have people shot.</p> - - <p>Q: Everybody?</p> - - <p>A: He went, “Get away, get away,” you know, “We’ll shoot. Get away - from there. This is a military secret.” You know, just screaming and - hollering. He told my uncle and my father that if they didn’t want to - spend the rest of their life in prison they would never say anything - about what they saw there, if they ever wanted to see us kids again, - they’d take the kids away. They’d never see the kids, you know, meaning - me and Victor. That we’d better keep our mouths shut because if we did - not, this is what was going to happen. They were threatening people and - pushing people...</p> - - <p>Q: The students as well and Dr. Buskirk?</p> - - <p>A: Oh, yes. They were hustling everybody. And one of the soldiers - pushed my uncle. He had a rifle like this and he shoved him back like - that. Well, that was something you didn’t do to my uncle Ted. Ted had - a violent temper. And he grabbed the rifle and reached over top and - smacked this guy and dropped him right there. And Ted would go out and - fight, heck, this guy’s a cowboy. He’ll hit you in a minute.</p> - - <p>And of course when he did that there was bolts opened and I guess - cocking, they were cocking their rifles. They were pointing guns at - people and everybody Buskirk and Glen and dad grabbed him, you know, - pulled him back and got him away. “No, don’t, Ted, they’re going to - shoot. Don’t do that.” You know, trying to stop this. And I think we - came very close to having someone shot.</p> - - <p>Then they really started threatening, you know, and they...</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span></p> - - <p>Q: Did the redhead do all the talking, pretty much?</p> - - <p>A: Pretty much. Except once in a while the sergeant would, you know, - chime in and make statements like that to other people in response to - the redhead. But mainly it was the redhead...</p> - - <p>Q: Was there a name tag?</p> - - <p>A: Yes, sir, there was. His name was Armstrong. And I’m not sure if I - know that from having read it or know that from remembering it and now - being able to read it in my memory, or if someone said that to me. But - his name was Armstrong, it was right here on his uniform.</p> - - <p>Q: But he chased you guys away pretty quick?</p> - - <p>A: Yes, yes, he did.</p> - - <p>And they herded us up like cattle and we were just up the arroyo, back - in the direction we came from, over the protest of this Dr. Buskirk who - said, “No, no, we’ve got to go the other way. We came from over there.”</p> - - <p>“I don’t care where you came from, get your ass up the arroyo.”</p> - - <p>And they ran us up the arroyo and...</p> - - <p>Q: So you get to your car again?</p> - - <p>A: Oh, right.</p> - - <p>Now they took us up the arroyo and just over the hill we came down, - they broke us off and moved us up the hill.</p> - - <p>Now this whole time, no one has ever frisked us down, no one has ever - checked our pockets to see if we picked up any of this material and - this girl, Agnes, still had that stuff in her pocket and some of the - other students had stuff. To my knowledge, up to that point, they had - not been searched. Whether they did so afterward, I don’t know. They - never searched us, ever. They ran us back up the hill and when we got - to where the car was parked, where dad had parked the car up there, - there’s a jeep with a guy sitting in the back and there is a mounted - machine gun in the back of this jeep and all of these soldiers.</p> - - <p>The jeep pulls out, we’re told to get in the car, we follow the jeep, - and the soldiers go with us all the way back out to the highway. When - we get back out to the highway, they set us right there. They wouldn’t - let us out of the car. They wouldn’t let us move forward. I don’t know - whether they were making a decision or what.</p> - - <p>When we got out to the highway, this place was absolutely full of - military personnel, military equipment. There was airplanes sitting out - there that they had landed on the highway.</p> - - <p>Q: Did you see any airplanes when you were back at the site?</p> - - <p>A: Yes, there was airplanes in the sky but nobody thought much about. - You know, I didn’t think anything about it. I was used to airplanes - being in the sky, having been raised in Indianapolis, Indiana, the home - of the Norden bombsight, you know, the sky was always full of military - aircraft at night.</p> - - <p>And when we get back on to the highway, there’s observation aircraft, - you know, high winged aircraft, and there’s one, of what I know now<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span> to - be a C-47 setting there. And how we didn’t hear that land is beyond me - and how he landed—well, of course, I guess you could land it if you’re - a good pilot out there as there were no poles or anything.</p> - - <p>And it was—they had torn the fence down on the north side of the highway - and all this equipment was setting back up there. The plane was up - there and they were taking stuff out of the plane. There was military - ambulances and there were trucks with—like wreckers, cranes on them. - And there was tankers, like maybe had fuel or water in them. There was - just—everywhere you looked there was military.</p> - - <p>Q: A major recovery operation?</p> - - <p>A: Yes, it looked like an invasion force. It really did.</p> - - <p>And they were all wearing these light khaki uniforms. They didn’t look - like, you know, olive drabs. They were light khaki and they all had the - same patch over their—that kind of blue funny patch with the circles on - it, was on his shoulder.</p> - - <p>And a lot...</p> - - <p>Q: Do you have a clue as to where they came from? Did your brother or - your uncle?</p> - - <p>A: No. I don’t know where they came from. No, I don’t think anybody - ever ascertained that.</p> - - <p>There were a lot of MP patches and some of them were wearing - nightsticks off of these webbed utility belts. They had night sticks - and they had .45’s in holsters, you know, the automatics, full - holsters. And these were the people that were giving most of the orders.</p> - - <p>They had the road barricaded off out there and we sat there for a very - long time and, you know, we were getting thirsty and everything and we - asked if we could go back to Horse Springs to get some water.</p> - - <p>“Oh, no, no. You can’t through there.”</p> - - <p>And right after that, they said, “Now you just turn around and you head - out of here now and you go to Socorro,” and this is the redhead again, - “Keep your mouths shut. Just keep going and don’t look back.”</p> - - <p>Well, as we drove away, you know, dad, “The hell with it, we’ll go to - Magdalena. We’ll get water in Magdalena.” You know, because that’s - where John Trujillo lived, a relative of Ted’s.</p> - - <p>And so as we drove away, I was looking out the back window and I could - see Dr. Buskirk and these kids and that guy, the guy in the pick-up was - standing there and this Dr. Buskirk was doing just like this in this - redheaded officer’s face and he kept pointing back behind him and I - guess that meant, you know, we’ve got to go back that way and he was - fed up with this guy or something and he was shaking his finger in his - face when they were yelling at each other and that’s pretty much the - last I saw of the whole situation. I don’t know what happened after - that because we just kept going.</p> - - <div class="center">(END)</div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span></p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5 mb5">Transcript of Interview with<br /> - W. Glenn Dennis*<br /> - (Alleged firsthand witness to<br /> - events at the Roswell AAF hospital)</div> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* W. Glenn Dennis, interview with Karl T. Pflock, November 2, 1992.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p>Q: You started getting calls from the base mortuary officer is that - right, some time in the afternoon on some day in July [1947].</p> - - <p>A: Right after noon, yeah.</p> - - <p>Q: Do you recall, was that before the story appeared in the [Roswell - Daily] Record?</p> - - <p>A: I don’t know. I’m sure it was. I can’t honestly say, but I don’t - think the paper came out until the next day, I don’t think. I’m just - assuming that.</p> - - <p>Q: I understand. When things like that happen to me way after the fact - I try to remember, and I wasn’t sure if you had any recollection or - not. It was the base mortuary officer who called you, not any of the - MDs out there.</p> - - <p>A: No.</p> - - <p>Q: He was just, the mortuary officer was just the guy...</p> - - <p>A: We used to have a standing joke. What did you do that was so bad - they made you the mortuary officer.</p> - - <p>Q: Exactly.</p> - - <p>A: He wasn’t a doctor or anything, but he was an officer and he was - probably some old boy they was trying to figure out something to do - with.</p> - - <p>We used to all have them come in, even the officer himself, say, “God, - I didn’t know I screwed up that bad.”</p> - - <p>Q: Was this a guy you’d worked with before? Somebody you knew real well?</p> - - <p>A: No. Those guys come and go.</p> - - <p>Q: I realize that. You don’t remember what his name was or anything - like that?</p> - - <p>A: No. I’m like Bob [Shirkey]. I think if I would see it or heard it - or something I might. Those guys, they were in and out. The mortuary - officer, usually they would appoint some sergeant or somebody. The - only time the doctors were involved is when you’d have an embalming - inspection <span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span> or dress inspection where the doctors came in and examined - the body to make sure everything was right. You had another inspection - to make sure their dog tags, make sure all the medals and everything...</p> - - <p>They always had two crews of inspectors. The doctors were only involved - in the cause of death or the autopsies or identification process, - dental charts and all that. After they did their work, then a doctor - would always come in and make sure the body was embalmed because [they] - know more about it than the other people. But they were involved - before. You know.</p> - - <p>Q: The reason they contacted you was because Burt Ballard’s funeral - home up here had a contract with the base, right?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah.</p> - - <p>Q: You worked for Burt for a lot of years, didn’t you?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah, a long time.</p> - - <p>Q: When did you first go to work for him?</p> - - <p>A: I went to work for him, I was hanging around the funeral home when - I was like a freshman in high school. I’d want to make some extra - money. “I’ll give you 50 cents to wash the hearse.” I knew his daughter - real well. We were all in school together. That’s where I really got - involved in the funeral home. I just kind of worked my way in it.</p> - - <p>Q: He basically taught you the trade and all that.</p> - - <p>A: Oh, yeah. My folks weren’t in the funeral business.</p> - - <p>Q: The reason I was curious about it was because when I went back... - I’m one of these guys that goes to Washington and then gets fed up - and leaves and swears I’m never going to go back, and then I go - back anyway. But the last time I went back and did that, I shared a - townhouse with a guy for awhile who was a mortician from Michigan. But - he had to go through all this formal training and all this rigmarole...</p> - - <p>A: No. That started in (inaudible). Maybe you don’t want to hear - this, but I was in the 9th grade, and this teacher was going around - and wanted us to write a composition on what we wanted to be when we - graduated from school. What were our future plans. I was kind of a wise - guy, I guess I must have been, but I said undertaker, and I don’t even - know why. All the girls squealed, so I got a little attention. Then - she said okay, if that’s what you want to do then you’ve got a week, - you bring me your composition. I want to know why you want to be an - undertaker.</p> - - <p>So I went to the funeral home. They didn’t have any books in those days - or anything, but that’s where I went. That’s why I got involved in it, - started.</p> - - <p>Q: How long were you in that business before you... I know you ran the - Wortley Hotel up in Lincoln [N.M.].</p> - - <p>A: Oh, that was after I retired.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span></p> - - <p>Q: Oh, I see, you retired from the mortuary business...</p> - - <p>A: Oh, yeah. I was in the funeral business 33 years.</p> - - <p>Q: All the time with Ballard?</p> - - <p>A: Oh no, I had my own funeral home over in Las Cruces [N.M.], and one - in Socorro [N.M.].</p> - - <p>Q: Oh, okay.</p> - - <p>Speaking of that, do you know Norman Todd or his family?</p> - - <p>A: His dad and I took the state board together. He was at Clovis - [N.M.]. Norman’s his son isn’t it?</p> - - <p>Q: Yeah. He’s a lawyer over in Las Cruces [N.M.]. His...</p> - - <p>A: Wasn’t his dad the funeral director in Clovis [N.M.]?</p> - - <p>Q: I think so. The reason I know him is because Mike Cook, who is Steve - Schiff’s press secretary, and he have been friends ever since they were - in kindergarten together. It turns out that Iris Todd, I guess his - stepmother, is the niece of Loretta Proctor. So talk about small world.</p> - - <p>You got these calls from the mortuary officer who was asking you all - these questions. We don’t have to go back through all of this. Then at - some point you decided to go out to the base. What took you to the base?</p> - - <p>A: At some point I didn’t decide, that’s not correct. Somebody wrote - that, but I don’t think it’s right. The way I ended up out at the base - later, we had the ambulance service. The way I got it, the ambulance - service, I got a call, was an airman that was hurt. I took him to the - base. The best I remember, he wasn’t on a stretcher or anything because - we walked up the ramp and he sat up in the front seat with me. So he - weren’t real bad and weren’t dying. Anyway... This guy walked in, I - walked him in. Where I usually park the ambulance, there was a field - ambulance there. I had to go back up to the front. The airman and I - walked up the ramps. That’s why I went to the base.</p> - - <p>Q: The hospital in those days was apparently a complex of buildings, - right?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah. Kind of like Bob [Shirkey] said, like the officer’s club. - They’re all wooden barrack types.</p> - - <p>Q: So the building that’s out there now, the rehab center is a - completely new building and had nothing to do with that.</p> - - <p>A2 [Bob Shirkey]: No. Think of a long walkway, like a tunnel, attached - to the front of a series of...</p> - - <p>Q: I know just what you’re talking about.</p> - - <p>A: ...with a little of breezeway between each building, the best I - remember it. Isn’t that right. Bob?</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span></p> - - <p>A2 [Bob Shirkey]: Yeah. Here was the building and you came out the - front door and you went down this walkway, which I just said, like a - tunnel. You could see from one end to the other, but all these separate - buildings which were different wings of the hospital.</p> - - <p>Q: This was the infirmary where you took the airman, right?</p> - - <p>A: There were some ramps there, I think the old ramp’s still there. It - was. Anyway, that’s the kind of buildings they were. You don’t see it - today, no.</p> - - <p>Q: I knew that the building, most of it, was new, but I wasn’t sure if - they’d built onto it...</p> - - <p>A: That had been worked over two or three times.</p> - - <p>Q: When you look at it looks like it’s been one of these things where - they’ve added things to it.</p> - - <p>So you pulled around behind the infirmary, basically.</p> - - <p>A: It was a pretty tight squeeze in there. You couldn’t get very many - cars in there.</p> - - <p>Q: How many of those ambulances were back there?</p> - - <p>A: There were three old box ambulances. I call them box ambulance. I - guess you call them... I wasn’t in the military so I don’t know what - all the terms were.</p> - - <p>Q: Like these old field ambulances.</p> - - <p>A: They’ve got the old square field ambulances, you know.</p> - - <p>Q: The airman walked up that ramp with you. Both of you guys went - into...</p> - - <p>A: The airman and I both went in.</p> - - <p>Q: Did he see that stuff in...</p> - - <p>A: He wasn’t paying any attention because he had, I had a tourniquet - and towel over his busted nose, and he went right on in.</p> - - <p>Q: Got himself into a little trouble in town, did he?</p> - - <p>A: Rode an old motorcycle. The reason I remember it is because he had - an old Indian motorcycle, and I’d just bought one. I paid $40 for one - and he [rode] one, and I didn’t have any fenders, and I was thinking of - maybe of...</p> - - <p>Q: So you took him in there, and then basically after you got him taken - care of you figured you’d go look up your friend, the nurse.</p> - - <p>Let’s get that straight.</p> - - <p>A: Stan Friedman, I think, somebody thought that I was having a - relationship with this nurse. I was not. This girl wouldn’t even think - about<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span> going with me, and she was going strictly, when she got her - time paid back to the service she was going into an order of the nuns, - sisters, and she was going to be in education and later on she changed - to the nursing deal. The only reason she was in it, because her folks - were in debt and she went in the service to get her education. She got - her education and then she was going to pay back the church what they - owed her. Her whole thing in life was, from the day she was born, her - life was planned that she was going to be in an order.</p> - - <p>Q: Did she ever tell you which order that was?</p> - - <p>A: It was in St. Paul, Minnesota. That’s all I know.</p> - - <p>Q: That’s where she was from.</p> - - <p>A: That’s where she was born and raised. She never went out of the city - until she went to... My understanding was she never went anywhere and - she never lived anywhere. She was raised up from the time... Strictly - raised by the church. That was the only life she ever planned. She - wouldn’t date a man if her life depended on it. She’d get around and - talk and everything, but there was no way. But everybody said I was - going to marry her and... That’s bull shit.</p> - - <p>Q: The implication was that she was cute and...</p> - - <p>A: She was cute. I could have been interested. If I wouldn’t have - played second fiddle to the Catholic church, because that’s what she - would have been.</p> - - <p>Q: How did you get to know her, just being out there on the base?</p> - - <p>A: The ambulance service. You go out there, and you’ve got your splints - on a guy, you’ve got first aid, whatever, you can’t just throw them off - of your stretcher. You maybe help them... Sometimes you’re out there - two hours or three. Then while you’re waiting to get your equipment - back you sit in the coat room with the doctors and with the nurse’s - quarters. That’s where we always had our cokes and stuff.</p> - - <p>Q: So you’d just shoot the breeze with whoever’s around.</p> - - <p>A: You get to know these people. That’s the only way. See, she’d only - been there less than three months. Of course, I’m a crazy son of a - gun... Nearly everybody remembered her. She was a good looking little - thing, a beautiful little girl. We thought she was kind of lonely.</p> - - <p>Q: As you well know, there’s been a major effort to try to find her.</p> - - <p>[Skip in tape]</p> - - <p>A: She was out here less than three months.</p> - - <p>Q: So you went back there. Tell me what happened.</p> - - <p>A: I started back there, and that’s when I got in trouble. I saw this - officer standing there, and I saw this debris in the back of the - ambulance.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span> Two of them was full of debris. Like Bob [Shirkey] saw a - bunch little stuff, and there was a couple of pretty good sized.</p> - - <p>Q: Two of the three ambulances had stuff...</p> - - <p>A: One of them’s door was closed, but the other two... There was two - MPs standing right out, kind of just leaning up against the back of - those. I remember.</p> - - <p>Q: Did they challenge you when you tried to go in?</p> - - <p>A: No... Evidently because I drove up with that airman, and they just - figured whatever.</p> - - <p>Another thing, when I was there, all the people that was there, that - nurse was the only person I saw that was permanent station. Everybody - else was all new in that whole hospital operation. Even in the coke - room, there wasn’t anybody in there that I knew. I started back and got - to the door, and I saw this...</p> - - <p>(Pause)</p> - - <p>We’ve been friends for years, but I don’t want to talk with him around.</p> - - <p>Q: So the stuff you saw, you said it was not aluminum...</p> - - <p>A: ...looked like hot stainless steel when it got hot. When you put - flame on stainless, see, I do sculpture work and all that, and I know - what the stuff looks like.</p> - - <p>Q: Oh, you’re a sculpture? I didn’t know that?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah, I’ve been doing it for years. I had my own foundry... I did. I - don’t do it any more. I have my stuff done. But anyway, this stuff was - a blue purplish, it looked like hot stainless steel, is what it looked - like. Steel that got hot. It didn’t look like aluminum, it wasn’t even - melted like aluminum. I don’t even think it was melted, just like a - bunch of fragments.</p> - - <p>Q: But there were some bigger things in there besides the fragments, - right?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah. There were was two pieces.</p> - - <p>Anyway, do you want to go back to the nurse?</p> - - <p>Q: Yes, please.</p> - - <p>A: I started back, see, and this captain was standing there, and - naturally, I just thought we had a plane crash. When we had that, - we used to fill up the ambulances and everything else. It would - (inaudible) for you to have a hand here or an arm or a foot or - something. You know what I’m talking about. Then you’ve got to get - in and take all that stuff and separate it and put those bodies back - together with identification. That’s what you’ve got to do. I thought - we had a crash.</p> - - <p>I saw this guy, I didn’t know him. He was standing there at the door.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span></p> - - <p>Q: Just inside?</p> - - <p>A: Just kind of standing like in between the door of this room up - there. I was going down the hall. I said, “Sir, it looks like we had a - plane crash. Do I need to go in and get ready for it?”</p> - - <p>Q: This was an officer?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah, he was a captain. I remember the bars on his [inaudible]. He - said, “Who are you?” I told him I was from the funeral home, and he - said, “Wait right there, don’t move.”</p> - - <p>Then he came back, that’s when the two MPs came up. When the nurse came - out, we started down the hall and that’s when somebody in the back of - us said, “Bring that son of a bitch back.” That’s when the redheaded - captain asked where the sergeant came in right there. Then they took me - on out. As I was going down the hall, she came out of, like Bob said, - out of this room, and there was two guys in back of her, and they all - had towels over their face.</p> - - <p>She saw me and she said, “Glenn, what are you doing here? Get out of - here, you’re going to get in a lot of trouble. How did you get in - here?” She said that two or three times. She was sick.</p> - - <p>Q: This is when you were talking to that first officer?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah. He just told the MPs to take me back to the funeral home.</p> - - <p>Q: He had just told them that, and then she appeared at that point?</p> - - <p>A: He told them to take me to the funeral home, and we started down the - hall, back out the hall, and that’s when she came out of another room - with these other two guys. What happened, she told me the next day, - they were all sick because those little bodies were in those sacks, and - two of them were very mangled and the smell was horrible and one was - whole and two of them were very badly mangled.</p> - - <p>Q: Did you get a whiff of that stuff yourself?</p> - - <p>A: No, evidently not. If I would have, I would have known what it was. - I worked on a hell of a lot of stuff.</p> - - <p>Q: In that tape you talked about working on floaters and all that kind - of stuff.</p> - - <p>A: You know.</p> - - <p>Q: I haven’t had professional experience in it, but I’ve been involved - in it.</p> - - <p>A: In New Mexico you’ve got this hot 100 degree stuff, and you’ve got - bodies out there two or three days, and (inaudible).</p> - - <p>Q: This red headed guy, what was his rank, do you remember?</p> - - <p>A: I think he was a captain. It seemed to me like he had on some bars.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span></p> - - <p>Q: When he first appeared and started getting, essentially, pretty - rough, was the sergeant around at that time, or did he show up...</p> - - <p>A: He was kind of beside of him. I think they were standing there.... - Yeah, they were definitely standing there together. I don’t know if - they walked in together, because I didn’t see them until they turned me - around.</p> - - <p>Q: Was there a lot of activity at that time? Were there people...</p> - - <p>A: People were [fastened] everywhere. And the odd part of it was, there - wasn’t anybody, wasn’t any of our regular people. These were all people - that I’d never seen before. That’s why I got in so much trouble. I’d - never seen these guys.</p> - - <p>Q: These were not any of the guys that would ordinarily recognize you - as somebody who would...</p> - - <p>A: And they sure as hell didn’t want me there, you know that.</p> - - <p>Q: When he says, “Get him out of there,” the redhead, did he make any - threats to you himself? Did he say, “Don’t say anything about this, - forget it...”</p> - - <p>A: He said, just like that. He says, “Now listen, Mister, you don’t - go back into town starting a bunch of damn rumors.” This guy swore as - much as I do. Anyway, he said, “Don’t start a bunch of damn rumors, - because nothing happened out here. There’s no plane crashes. Nothing’s - happened. You don’t go in and start.” Then he told the MPs, “Get the - son of a bitch out of here.”</p> - - <p>That’s when I said, right then, I said, “Look, Mister, I’m a civilian, - and you can’t do a damn thing to me, you go to hell.” That’s when he - said, “Listen, Mister, somebody will be picking your bones out of the - sand.”</p> - - <p>Then the black sergeant said, “Sir, he would make good dog food,” or - something like that. I remember the dog food.</p> - - <p>The next morning at 6:00 o’clock the sheriff was out at my dad’s house - and told my dad, “Glenn may be in a lot of trouble with the base, and - tell him to keep his mouth shut.”</p> - - <p>I never told my story to anybody, but my dad came up, I was living in a - room at the funeral home. He came up and got me out of bed and wanted - to know what I’d done. He was a very patriotic old man, and he said, - “If you done anything against our government, I’ll take care of it.”</p> - - <p>Q: When was this?</p> - - <p>A: The next morning.</p> - - <p>Q: You were saying what the heck? What’s going on?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah. I said, well hey... He said, George Wilcox—the sheriff and my - dad were real good friends, and he said George tells me you’re in a lot - of trouble out there. He wasn’t going to leave, and I told my dad the - story. He got all upset because they threatened me and all this kind of - stuff.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span></p> - - <p>I didn’t see the nurse, then, until the next day. After I saw her, then - I kept calling. When I got back to the funeral home I started calling, - because she was in trouble and so was I.</p> - - <p>Q: It was the next morning after you’d been hustled out of there that - your dad came by to see you.</p> - - <p>A: Yeah, 6:00 o’clock in the morning.</p> - - <p>Q: He’d been called by the sheriff...</p> - - <p>A: The sheriff went to my mother and dad’s house, and at 6:00 - o’clock... My dad always got up early, sat and had coffee. He was an - old carpenter and building contractor. He and George were old friends - because he used to go hunting, and dad was making gun stocks, so they - were good friends. They used to play some kind of domino games or 42, - whatever you call it. They were good friends.</p> - - <p>Q: So the sheriff went by to see your dad...</p> - - <p>A: Dad said he was there at 6:00 o’clock.</p> - - <p>Q: The sheriff came by early in the morning and then your dad - immediately came from home and came to see you.</p> - - <p>A: After George Wilcox left, my dad came up to the funeral home and - wanted to know what I did.</p> - - <p>Q: Did your dad say why the sheriff... Had the sheriff been contacted - by the base, or...</p> - - <p>A: No, he just said, he was concerned about what I’d done, how I’d got - in trouble.</p> - - <p>Q: Do you remember what he told you about what Wilcox told him?</p> - - <p>A: He just said George said I was in trouble at the base, and what did - I do.</p> - - <p>Q: Then after having this rude awakening, you then... Did you call the - nurse?</p> - - <p>A: Well, yeah, this was in mid-morning. I remember I finally, I waited - until kind of, well, it must have been 9:00 o’clock or so, and I - called. I knew the work station that she always worked at. She was a - general nurse. They didn’t specialize. Just orderlies and everybody was - on general duty in those days. I was informed that she wasn’t there, - she wasn’t working. She wasn’t working that day.</p> - - <p>Q: It was one of the other nurses that you talked to?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah, it was an old girl by the name of Wilson, Captain Wilson. I - asked her, I said “what happened?” She said, “Glenn, I don’t know what - happened, but she’s not on duty. I’ll try to get the word to her that - you want to talk to her.” She was wanting to talk to me, but she was - sick. She was in total shock.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span></p> - - <p>Q: Did she tell you that later, that she was sick?</p> - - <p>A: I knew she was sick. She came out with that towel. She said, she and - the two doctors were sick. Then at the Officers’ Club, she said I want - to know what happened to you, and I’ll tell you what happened to me. - The only way we ever got to the Officers’ Club, the old regular group - said you don’t go anywhere, you keep your mouth shut, [inaudible] said - that. The old group, they would have known us. It probably wouldn’t - have mattered. But these people, hell, these people didn’t know us. - And of course I had a pass, and I had an associate membership to the - Officers’ Club, the funeral home did, so I could go as I pleased. I had - free access to the base.</p> - - <p>Q: Did you meet her at the club?</p> - - <p>A: She said she’d meet me over there. She was sick. She said I’ll meet - you there.</p> - - <p>Q: When you got there, she was at the club?</p> - - <p>A: She was walking up when I drove up. She walked over. It wasn’t very - far from the hospital.</p> - - <p>Q: She walked from the hospital or...</p> - - <p>A: From the nurse’s quarters.</p> - - <p>Q: Let me back up to the event with the MPs. They physically hustled - you out of the hospital...</p> - - <p>A: Well, they didn’t carry me out, they said, “Come on, we’re taking - you back,” one on each side. They didn’t have their hands on me or - forcing me.</p> - - <p>Q: I’ve forgotten which one of the accounts has them lifting you right - off your feet and all that kind of stuff.</p> - - <p>A: No. They may have got me by the elbow, but that was that. They were - nice guys. They were doing what they were told to do.</p> - - <p>Q: They got you to the ambulance. Did they follow you back to the - funeral home?</p> - - <p>A: One followed me in a pickup and the other one sat in the seat with - me.</p> - - <p>Q: Oh, I see, he actually rode with you in the ambulance.</p> - - <p>A: He rode with me, and the other one drove a pickup and picked him up. - They had a pickup.</p> - - <p>Q: Did the guy riding with you say anything about what was going on?</p> - - <p>A: He said he didn’t know what was going on. That was the first thing I - said, “What in the hell’s going on?” You know. He said, “You know more - about it than we do,” something similar to that. I don’t know the exact - words, but he didn’t know anything.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span></p> - - <p>Q: Now we’re back to the Officers’ Club and you met her there. When you - saw her, how did she look?</p> - - <p>A: Like a nervous wreck. Her hair wasn’t combed or nothing. She said - she’d been sick all night crying and everything else, and she was still - crying. She was hysterical. She put her hands over her face and said - I can’t believe it. The most horrible thing she’d ever seen. She was - really in bad shape.</p> - - <p>Q: You called her and wanted to get in touch with her to talk with her - about what happened.</p> - - <p>A: I was curious.</p> - - <p>Q: Did she seem reluctant at first to talk to you about it?</p> - - <p>A: No, she said I’ve got to talk to you. I want to know what happened - to you. She said I’ve got to talk to somebody, and that was it. You - know, I’d see her a lot. I knew all those old girls out there, you know.</p> - - <p>Q: Did she give you any indication or any reason to believe that she - had been told to keep her mouth shut about it, or...</p> - - <p>A: Well, yeah, because I’ll tell you what. She had this drawing on the - back of a prescription pad, these little bodies, it was on the back, - a little small thing on the back of a prescription pad. She said, - “I’m going to show you something, and you have to give me your sacred - oath that you won’t tell anybody when you got this and you won’t ever - mention my name, because I will get in a lot of trouble.” That’s what - she said. “I will get in a lot of trouble.”</p> - - <p>Q: She didn’t say specifically that somebody had...</p> - - <p>A: No, she just said, “I will get in a lot of trouble.” She said, “Will - you do that?” I said, “Sure.”</p> - - <p>She showed me that. And she had it written on the back like I had it on - the back of that, you have my drawing, where I said note, and all that. - That’s what she said.</p> - - <p>Q: She let you keep that, she gave it to you?</p> - - <p>A: Yeah, she said you look at it and you throw it away. I never did. I - went and took it back and put it in my personal file.</p> - - <p>Q: Which subsequently got tossed, apparently.</p> - - <p>A: Well, all the files got tossed.</p> - - <p>Q: What happened?</p> - - <p>A: Well, the funeral home, I hired some guys, the manager up there - now [was there] before I left, and Raymond said that he doesn’t know, - because when he was working up there was another manager, and he - said he thought Joe [Lucas] told (inaudible). Of course Joe and I - weren’t very good friends and we’d had some problems over the funeral<span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span> - business, and he said Joe found my files. He said I know he went - through everything you had.</p> - - <p>He and I had a partnership in a business, and I put up all the money - and it went sour and so we had problems.</p> - - <p>Q: You and Stan Friedman actually made an effort to try and find that, - didn’t you?</p> - - <p>A: We went down there. The old file was right where I said it was, it - was still there. But it was, Stan will tell you, we went down in this - old basement, and I knew exactly... See, I kept files on every case - that I was involved in, murders, anything that I went to court on, that - I was a witness on, I kept all that. I called those my personal files. - If I ever had to go back with the insurance companies or anything, I - had it all right there. That’s why I had those.</p> - - <p>Q: You found the filing cabinet but there was nothing in it?</p> - - <p>A: No. We went through it. There wasn’t a thing in it. Stan and I both.</p> - - <p>Q: They’d stripped it out, or was there other stuff in there...</p> - - <p>A: There wasn’t anything in there.</p> - - <p>Q: After all of that excitement, then what? Did it just kind of - evaporate?</p> - - <p>A: It just kind of evaporated. Then of course two or three days later, - I was concerned about her because she was sick. I took her back to the - nurse’s quarters and let her out. I called back the next day and they - said she wasn’t on duty, and I called the next day and they said she - wasn’t on duty. Then I went out there, for some reason, I don’t recall. - I went out there and I asked about the lieutenant, and they said she’d - been transferred out. They said, “She was transferred out yesterday.” - Well, that was the day after I saw her. They got her out the next day.</p> - - <p>Q: Who told you she’d been transferred out?</p> - - <p>A: I don’t know. Some nurses...</p> - - <p>Q: It wasn’t anybody that you remember?</p> - - <p>A: No.</p> - - <p>Q: Did they tell you where she’d been shipped to?</p> - - <p>A: They didn’t know. They said she had been transferred, and that’s all - they knew.</p> - - <p>Q: But then you heard from her subsequently.</p> - - <p>A: About three or four weeks later. I got a card addressed to Ballard - Funeral Home. It was from her, and inside it just said, just a short - note, she said we will correspond later to see what happened to each - other,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span> something similar to those words. She said the only way you can - contact me is through this APO number, and there was an APO number. It - was a New York APO number.</p> - - <p>Q: So she’d gone to Europe or some place.</p> - - <p>A: Then right on the bottom she says, “I’m in London.” That was it. I - wrote a note, just a note, that said if you feel like it and you get - time, then I would love to know and we’ll correspond. Mine came back. - That was about three or four weeks later. Mine came back.</p> - - <p>Q: That was the one that was marked deceased?</p> - - <p>A: Yes. It said return to sender, [addressee] deceased.</p> - - <p>Q: Then what did you do?</p> - - <p>A: (inaudible)</p> - - <p>Q: You didn’t try to follow up or see if there was any possible...</p> - - <p>A: No. I asked (inaudible), at the time we called her Slatts Wilson, - a big tall nurse, 6′2″, 6′3″, big tall skinny girl. We called her - Slatts. Everybody called her Slatts. She’s the one that told me she’d - heard that there was a plane crash and she was the nurse that went down - on a training mission. She said that’s strictly rumor, I don’t know - anything about it. That’s what I...</p> - - <p>Q: No one’s been able to turn that one up at all.</p> - - <p>A: I guess maybe I should never even mention this. I know no one - believes this damn story. Nobody believes this story.</p> - - <p>Q: I don’t know if that’s true.</p> - - <p>A: Anyway, it was a hell of a story. I told (inaudible). I said I told - the woman, I don’t want to give you her name, because I told the lady - I’d give a sacred oath and I didn’t want to get involved. Well, it’s - been 45 years, almost 40 years, and I haven’t heard anything. He said - I will do it confidentially and nobody else will have this name. Well, - that’s where he broke his promise after that. I got all over him about - it. I called him and I was madder than hell. He said well, Bob Shirkey - was the one that told everybody, that he was sitting in the back of - us. Bob brought Stan [Friedman] up there when he interviewed me. He - said, Bob Shirkey was the one that let out her name. To this day, Stan - Friedman (inaudible) still says he did not put her name out. I’ve been - on several shows, not several, but two or three interviews, and I’m not - going to mention her name. If somebody says is this her name? I’m not - going to say it is or it isn’t. I told Stan ... I was madder than hell - about it, because I did give my word.</p> - - <p>Q: There’s another side to that, too, from the standpoint of those - who are trying to get some answers. By not having her name around, - it makes it easier to cross-check the stories that you get from<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span> - people. You have... It’s a question of honor, and that’s very sound. I - applaud you for that. There’s not too many people around these days - that are concerned about that kind of thing. And it’s also, from an - investigator’s point of view, an advantage, too.</p> - - <p>A: I’ve never read this stuff, I’ve never watched the videos, I’ve - never read any books, I haven’t even read Stan’s books, I haven’t even - read [Kevin] Randle’s only what they say about me. Friedman is a lot - more accurate, but see...</p> - - <p>Q: You mean about...</p> - - <p>A: About me. I’ve read that. That’s the only thing I’ve read. I’m - not a UFO guy. I’ve got another life besides UFOs. But anyway, Stan - Friedman’s story is pretty well right. But Randle and them was always - said I got curious. I didn’t get curious. I went out there on a call, - just like I told you.</p> - - <p>Q: The section of their book that refers to you is really kind of - cryptic, anyway.</p> - - <p>A: They said the book was already published. Now they had a copy... - Friedman sent them a copy of my tape. They had the (inaudible). Hell, - they had my tape. They just made that up. Somebody did.</p> - - <p>Q: I was puzzled by it when I read their book. That whole section where - they refer to you, and it’s all very mysterious, and your name is not - referred to in the table of contents, but you’re in the list of people - that’s been interviewed, but you’re not one of the key people lists...</p> - - <p>A: They never did interview me.</p> - - <p>Q: They never talk to you at all?</p> - - <p>A: Not personally. They didn’t interview me until a long time later, a - year or so later. They only had Stan’s tape.</p> - - <p>Q: So when they were actually writing their book...</p> - - <p>A: The book was already published.</p> - - <p>Q: When they were doing the writing, they were working from Stan’s tape.</p> - - <p>A: Evidently.</p> - - <p>Q: Who was actually the first UFO investigator to get in touch with you?</p> - - <p>A: Stan Friedman. When they had Unsolved Mysteries here and different - ones. There was a lot of people... I’d get different ones. I had - different people come and say we want to talk to you about the UFOs, - and I said I don’t have anything to say, I don’t want to talk about it, - and I never did. I’ve talked to very few people since.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span></p> - - <p>Q: How did Stan come to find you?</p> - - <p>A: One of the guys that I went to school with, high school, and Captain - Harry Blake, he’s a general now, (inaudible).</p> - - <p>Q: Is he still on active duty?</p> - - <p>A: No, he’s retired. He was just a general in the military school, - National Guard, I don’t know. He never was really a good friend of - mine. We lived across the street from each other when we were kids.</p> - - <p>Q: So that’s how Stan found you. He was the first guy to talk to you.</p> - - <p>A: Bob Shirkey brought him up there to see me.</p> - - <p>(Pause)</p> - - <p>Q: There’s a reference in here to you having some years later, I think, - talked to a pediatrician that you knew? A guy that was stationed...</p> - - <p>A: I can’t find his picture, and I don’t remember his name. I ran into - him when I was fishing up in Colorado and we ran into each other.</p> - - <p>Q: This was a guy who was at that time stationed here?</p> - - <p>A: He was here, and they called him in. He said that was out of his - field and he didn’t want anything to do with it.</p> - - <p>Q: They actually called him in and asked him to take a look at what had - been retrieved or...</p> - - <p>A: He said they called him in. I don’t know. He said, “But I said that - was out of my field and I didn’t want anything to do with it.” That’s - what he told me, now.</p> - - <p>Q: Did you get the sense that he knew more than he was telling?</p> - - <p>A: I would say so, yeah. I’m sure they did. A lot of those guys out - there did.</p> - - <p>Q: You don’t remember his name?</p> - - <p>A: I don’t remember it. But I did run into him. Somewhere I’ve got his - name.</p> - - <p>Q: Have you talked with anyone else? Had you during that time before - you got into all this...</p> - - <p>A: No, I wouldn’t have even talked to him about it. He brought it up - and wanted to know whatever happened on the UFO business.</p> - - <p>Q: It was at his initiative.</p> - - <p>A: I didn’t bring it up. I told him I didn’t know any more about it - than he did. He said well that was strictly out of my field, and I - didn’t want to get involved in it. That was about it. But he brought it - up. I didn’t ask him.</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span></p> - - <p>Q: He was just curious about what happened.</p> - - <p>A: Wanted to know whatever happened to it.</p> - - <p>Q: That’s about all I’ve got.</p> - - <div class="center">(END)</div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span></p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5 mb5" id="Knight">Transcript of Interview with Alice Knight*<br /> - (Alleged secondhand witness to<br /> - “crash site”<br /> - 175 miles northwest of Roswell)</div> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video, - <cite>Recollections of Roswell Part II</cite>, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993).</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p>A: I remember that he saw—one time I went to visit—and I don’t remember - whether it was before my husband and I married or after, I don’t recall - the date. But he said that he saw a UFO fall. He was out working in the - field and I understood that he was out on the St. Agustin Plains and he - went over that way and it fell and he got nearly to the site and there - was a group of people on a geological—archeological hunt and they were - over there. I don’t remember how many people he said.</p> - - <p>But they got nearly up to the UFO but it was close enough that you - could see some creatures. He said they didn’t look like human beings - out there.</p> - - <p>And along came government cars and trucks...</p> - - <p>Q: Now, by government you mean...</p> - - <p>A: I guess it was government. You know, as I said it was a long time - ago. And someone came along and I understood it, I don’t know whether - it was army or what. I think he just termed it government trucks and - they told him to go on back and forget they ever saw anything, and - that’s all I recall.</p> - - <div class="center">(END)</div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span></p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5 mb5" id="Maltais">Transcript of Interview with Vern Maltais*<br /> - (Alleged secondhand witness to<br /> - “crash site”<br /> - 175 miles northwest of Roswell)</div> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Excerpted from raw footage used to prepare the video. - <cite>Recollections of Roswell Part II</cite>, (Washington, D.C.: Fund for UFO Research, 1993).</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <p>A: ...he [the eyewitness] had been coming back from one of his field - trips, he’d run onto a flying saucer that had burst open and there - were four beings on the ground and that he was surveying the site, - archeological group from the University of Pennsylvania, telling us - that there were about four or five people with this group.</p> - - <p>As they were just starting to look things over really closely, the - military moved in and gave them a briefing not to say anything about it - and keep quiet and it was in the national interest to get out of there.</p> - - <p>Q: What was his feeling about what it was that he had experienced?</p> - - <p>A: He had no qualms about what it was. He said it was a vehicle from - outer space. There wasn’t any question. The beings on there were - nothing like, not exactly like human beings....</p> - - <p>Q: How did you...</p> - - <p>A: ...similar but not exactly.</p> - - <p>Q: How did he describe them?</p> - - <p>A: He described them being about three and a half to four feet tall, - very slim in stature, and with—their heads were hairless, with no - eyebrows, no eyelashes, no hair. Sort of a pear-shaped head with the - top of the head being smaller—larger, I mean.</p> - - <p>Q: Any other characteristics about their appearance?</p> - - <p>A: Only one thing that he mentioned. The hands were not covered, they - had four fingers.</p> - - <div class="center">(END)</div> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span></p> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="center xlarge sans mt5 mb5" id="Ragsdale">Transcript of Interview with<br /> - James Ragsdale*<br /> - (Alleged firsthand witness to<br /> - “crash site” north of Roswell)</div> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* James Ragsdale, interview with Donald R. Schmitt, January 26, 1993.</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <div class="mb5">RAGSDALE, JAMES EYEWITNESS Transcript<br /> - 26 JANUARY 1993</div> - - <p class="noindent">DS: So you were actually out there.</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Do you remember the name of the ranch it was on?”</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: It was on ... Fisher?</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Was it north of here.</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yes ... back out here.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Northwest ... Just take your time.</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: It was Foster. (Some discussion with his wife about who owned the - ranch) ... Let me see what you’ve got (referring to the photographs). - That’s the place right there (identifying the location from the - pictures).</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: What area?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: It seemed to me that that place belonged to ... Fisher, but it sold - to somebody else ... somebody else bought that... That’s how come I was - out in that area. And we was out there and she’s dead and all the guys - I showed the stuff are all dead. It’s amazing what all went on...</p> - - <p class="noindent">Discuss our book and the Museum.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: showing one of the pictures ... so you think this looks like</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: That looks like the place.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: As far as the ranches go, driving around at that time, it could - have been most any ranch, right? This would have been in ’47 ... You - were with this woman?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah. We were camped out out there.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: You were camping?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah... I would say half of it ... I would say that only about - half of it ... just half of a ... you really couldn’t tell what it - was ... what you could still see, where it hit ... I think it was two - spaceships flying together and one them came down and the other one - picked up what they could and got out of there.</p> - - <p class="noindent"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span></p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Is it possible that because it was hit by lightning that it broke - up and part of it went down ... (discussion of the Mac Brazel sighting)</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: ... but it was either dummies or bodies or something laying there. - They looked like bodies. They weren’t very long ... over four or five - foot long at the most. We didn’t see their faces or nothing like that - but we had just got to the site and heard the army, the sirens, all - coming and we got into a damned jeep to take off. We had to hold a - fence up to go onto another ranch to come out from there.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: How far would you say this from town here?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Thirty miles ... forty miles.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: In a northwesterly direction?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Right up here. (Discuss the pictures again.)</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Were there any buildings?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: No. You couldn’t see nothing. You go up on top of the hill. It was - a hill ... (referring to the pictures) you could see the stuff right - here.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: The object ... the craft ... what was left of it ... in these - photos ... where was the object?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Along this right here ... It looked to be about half of around (?) - because around the edges ... I had two great big pieces. That’s what - they got when they stole the car ... you could take that stuff and wad - it up and it would straighten itself out. I never seen anything like - it. Looked like something between a plastic ... looked like carbon - paper...</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: That was the color of it?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah. Carbons. That was the color of it. Sure was ... between - plastic and ... hell I don’t know ... let’s see how to describe. One - piece we had you could take it and put it in any form you wanted and it - would stay there ... you could bend it in any form and it would stay - ... it wouldn’t straighten back out.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: You picked those up from the ground?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: You threw them in the jeep ... stuffed them in your clothes...?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah and then we heard all of them coming...</p> - - <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span></p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: How many vehicles ... how much commotion did you hear as they came - in?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Oh my God it must have been ... it was two or three six by six - army trucks, a wrecker and everything ... and leading the pack was a - ’47 Ford car with guys in it ... MPs and stuff in it ... we had the - windshield down on the jeep and we stayed in the weeds and stuff ... - and we came on back down to where we was camped at.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: So you watched for a while?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah. Sure did.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: What was their...</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: They cleaned everything all up. I mean cleaned it. They raked the - ground and everything. I mean they cleaned everything.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: You didn’t stay there that long?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: No, but they had a truck. I would say it was six or eight big - trucks besides the pick up, weapons carriers and stuff like that.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: What kind of guard did they have. Did they surround certain areas...</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: They had MPs all ... they got way out in the field. They had people - all along this ridge ... they drove up in here. We was back over here. - This grass here...</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: So if you were back here, could you see the activity down here?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: You couldn’t see too much of what they ... you could tell ... As - soon as they got there they began gathering the stuff up ... we were - hidden in what you call buffalo grass...</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Did you see any behavior around the bodies.</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Huh-uh.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: You couldn’t see down to that level?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Did you see any activity near the craft?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: No.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: The angle of the craft ... was it flat was tipped...</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: One part was kind of buried in the ground ... and part of it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span> was - sticking out of the ground ... about like that (DS: about a 30 degree - angle?) Yeah ... and I’m sure that was bodies ... either bodies or - dummies...</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Why do you say “dummies?”</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: The federal government could have been doing something because they - didn’t want anyone to know what this was ... they was using dummies in - those damned things ... they could use remote control.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: So you thought that it could have been an experimental craft?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: After I came to town showed Frank Willis and his son (he’s dead) - ... the Blue Moon beer joint over on the old Dexter highway. We was - there until two o’clock in the morning ... I had the jeep behind my car.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Did you still have the scrap in the jeep?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah. I showed it to him. He said I would just keep my mouth shut - ... he said hell there is no telling where that come from.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: So you didn’t think it was from outer space?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: No. We didn’t even think about outer space back then...</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: When was the first time that you thought that maybe this was - something more?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: It was about three weeks ... it came out that a spaceship had - crashed at Roswell ... about three weeks. But it could have been out - longer than that there but see I worked in Carlsbad...</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: But you first saw there had been a newspaper article about three - weeks after...</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Oh hell it was two or three weeks before I caught up on it ... a - spaceship ... what I hear is they guarded that place for a long time - out there ... because me and another fellow went out there and you - couldn’t get ... they had the roads sealed off ... it was a month or so - after...</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: And they still had it cordoned off.</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: The MPs and stuff were still on the road. They wouldn’t let nobody - go out there...</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: If a person were to drive out there today ... going north out of - town ... are we talking 285?</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: No. Highway 48. You go out 48. You go out here to the truck<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span> route, - hit 48 and ... and it’s about forty some miles out in there ... (And no - talks about the car being stolen in 1951 when the car with the debris - was stolen...) ...I would say 18 inches and 30 inches long ... strips - off the edge of it ... it was a heavy material but it didn’t have no - ridges ... it was put together with some kind of solder like stuff ... - no bumps, no nothing in it ... it wasn’t ... it was about as heavy as - duraluminum ... it wasn’t as brittle ... you could take a small piece - and it was flexible ... (then discuss the stealing of the car with a - wrecker and the material was locked in the trunk of the car. And then - discuss the break in of the house where the last of the pieces were - stolen about eight years ago ... 1985).</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Was there a storm that night?”</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah. There sure was. It was a whale of a storm.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Did you hear anything unusual? Did you hear ... between the cracks - of thunder...</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Well, it lit up the sky when it came down. It lit up the damned ... - we thought at first that it was falling star or something. And electric - lightning ... man it was something.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: You heard something and you saw something...</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Yeah, sure did ... because we were laying there in the back of the - pick up ... the whole sky lit up ... we thought it was a star falling.</p> - - <p class="noindent">DS: Did you then go to check it out...</p> - - <p class="noindent">JR: Sure did. The next day, sure did. We drove right up on it. She - picked up a piece of it and we had the jeep parked a little ways away - from there and throwed a piece of it up there somewhere and I have - tried and tried to find where she had throwed that piece ... she had a - piece but when she saw the army coming she throwed it out ... she saw - them a coming and she throwed it out ... I doubt that I could even go - back to the place it’s been so long. (Now begin to talk about the car - wreck that nearly killed him.)</p> - - <p class="noindent">Remainder of the tape is discussion about the car wreck, the ranchers - in the area, and the murder of Mrs. Ragsdale’s brother.</p> - - <div class="center">(END)</div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span> - <h2 id="Selected_Bibliography"><span class="overline">Selected Bibliography</span><br />of Technical Reports</h2> - </div> - - <p class="hang">The technical reports listed below are available for sale by contacting:<br /> - National Technical Information Service (NTIS)<br /> - 5285 Port Royal Rd<br /> - Springfield, VA 22161<br /> - (703) 487-4650<br /> - http://www.orders@ntis.fedworld.gov</p> - - <table class="mt5" summary="Technical reports"> - <tbody> - <tr> - <th>Publication</th> - <th>NTIS Report Number</th> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories.<br /> - “Report on Research, for the Period July<br /> - 1965-June 1967”, AFCRL TR-68-0039, 1968.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 666484</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Air Force Missile Development Center.<br /> - <cite><span class="smcap">Man High III</span></cite>, MDC-TR-60-16, 1960.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 259635</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite><span class="smcap">Man-High I</span></cite>, MDC-TR-59-24, 1959.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 215867</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Air Research and Development Command.<br /> - <cite>History of Flight Support Holloman Air<br /> - Development Center, 1946–1957</cite>, 1957.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323526</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Bartol, Aileen M., et al.. <cite>Advanced Dynamic<br /> - Anthropomorphic Manikin (ADAM) Final<br /> - Design Report</cite>, AAMRL TR-90-023, 1990.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 234761</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Bushnell, David. <cite>Contributions of Balloon<br /> - Operations to Research and Development<br /> - at the Air Force Missile Development Center<br /> - Holloman AFB, N. Mex. 1947–1958</cite>, 1958.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323109</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>History of Research in Space Biology<br /> - and Biodynamics at the Air Force Missile<br /> - Development Center, Holloman AFB,<br /> - New Mexico, 1946–1958</cite>, 1958.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323170</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>History of Research in Subgravity and<br /> - Zero-G at the Air Force Missile Development<br /> - Center, Holloman AFB, New Mexico,<br /> - 1948–1958</cite>, 1958.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323144</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> - ——. <cite>Major Achievements in Biodynamics:<br /> - Escape Physiology at the Air Force Missile<br /> - Development Center, Holloman AFB,<br /> - New Mexico, 1953–1958</cite>, 1958.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323127</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>Origin and Operation of the First<br /> - Holloman Track, 1949–1956</cite>, 1956.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323573</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>Research Accomplishments in Biodynamics:<br /> - Deceleration and Impact at the Air Force<br /> - Missile Development Center, Holloman AFB,<br /> - New Mexico, 1955–1958</cite>, 1958.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323097</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>The Aeromedical Field Laboratory: Mission,<br /> - Organization, and Track Test Programs,<br /> - 1958–1960</cite>, 1960.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323166</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology<br /> - at the Air Force Missile Development Center,<br /> - Holloman AFB, New Mexico, 1946–1952</cite>, 1958.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323167</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Cobb, D. B. and Waters, M.H.L. Royal Aircraft<br /> - Establishment Farnborough. <cite>The Behavior<br /> - of Dummy Men During Long Free Falls</cite>,<br /> - Mechanical Engineering Note 179, 1954.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 060052</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Firestone, James R. and Patterson, Jack H.<br /> - <cite>Recovery of Parachute-Borne Packages<br /> - by Helicopter</cite>, TDR 62-6, 1962.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 276477</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Flight Summary, Non-Extensible Balloon<br /> - Operations, 6580th Test Squadron (Special),<br /> - June 1950 to October 1954.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323108</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Gildenberg, Bernard G. “General Philosophy and<br /> - Techniques of Balloon Control”, in Lewis A.<br /> - Grass, ed., <cite>Proceedings, Sixth AFCRL Scientific<br /> - Balloon Symposium</cite>, AFCRL-70-0543, 1970.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 717149</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>Capacity and Fatigue Tests on Three Mil<br /> - Polyethylene Balloons</cite>, HADC TN-55-4, 1955.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 066092</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>Crane Launch Techniques for Polyethylene<br /> - Balloons</cite>, HADC TN 57-3, 1957.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 123732</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>Development of Shroud Inflation Techniques<br /> - for Plastic Balloons</cite>, HADC TN-54-4, 1954.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 039440</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>Investigation of Inflation Techniques for<br /> - Nonextensible Balloons</cite>, HADC TN 54-7, 1954.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 067595</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>Meteorological Aspects of Constant-Level<br /> - Balloon Operations in the Southwestern<br /> - United States</cite>, AFCRL-66-706, 1966.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 644895</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span> - ——. <cite>Summary Report Project Moby Dick: Covered<br /> - Wagon Balloon Launcher Development and Test<br /> - Results</cite>, HDT-21, 1952.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 001124</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>Techniques Developed for Heavy Load<br /> - Non-Extensible Balloon Flights</cite>, Report No.<br /> - HADC-TN-54-3, 1954.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 030902</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Greer, R.J., et al. <cite>Development of a Balloon-Borne<br /> - Manned Vehicle</cite>, WADC TR-59-226, 1959.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 227244</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Hertzberg, H.T.E. <cite>The Anthropology of<br /> - Anthropomorphic Dummies</cite>,<br /> - AMRL TR-69-61, 1969.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 706411</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Hess, Joseph. <cite>Determination of Parachute Descent<br /> - Times and Impact Locations for High Altitude<br /> - Balloon Payloads</cite>, AFCRL 63-885, 1963.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 421021</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Holloman Air Development Center, Weekly Test<br /> - Status Reports, Project MX-1450B/7218<br /> - (<span class="smcap">High Dive</span>), June 1954 to January 1956.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323823</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Madson, Raymond A., 1st Lt. <cite>High Altitude Balloon<br /> - Dummy Drops, II. The Stabilized Dummy<br /> - Drops</cite>, WADC TR 57-477 (II), 1961.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 270880</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <cite>High Altitude Balloon Dummy Drops,<br /> - Part I. The Unstabilized Dummy Drops</cite>,<br /> - WADC TR 57-477, 1957.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 130965</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Mazza, Vincent and Wheeler, R.V. <cite>High Altitude<br /> - Bailouts</cite>, MCREXD-695-66M, 1950.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323449</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Nolan, George F. <cite>Balloon Ascent Trajectory<br /> - Dispersion Over the United States at 60,000<br /> - and 100,000 ft</cite>, AFCRL-66-98, 1966.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 631502</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Redmond, Kent C. <cite>Integration of the Holloman-White<br /> - Sands Ranges, 1947–1952</cite>, 1957.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 323574</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Ruffner, Kevin C. (ed). <cite>Corona: America’s First<br /> - Satellite Program</cite>, 1995.</td> - <td class="tdcb">PB 95928007</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Simons, David G., Lt. Col., (MC) <cite>Stratosphere<br /> - Balloon Techniques for Exposing Living<br /> - Specimens to Primary Cosmic Ray Particles</cite>,<br /> - MDC TR 54-16, 1954.</td> - <td class="tdcb">AD 075812</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">——. <span class="smcap">Man High II</span>, MDC TR 59-28, 1959.</td> - <td class="tdcb">ADA 230805</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh">Stapp, John P., Maj., (MC) <cite>Human Tolerance to Linear<br /> - Deceleration, Part I. Preliminary Survey of<br /> - the Aft Facing Seated Position</cite>, Air Force<br /> - Technical Report 5915, 1949.</td> - <td class="tdcb">PB 100871*</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span> - ——. <cite>Part II. The Aft Facing Position and the<br /> - Development of a Crash Harness</cite>, Air Force<br /> - Technical Report 5915, 1951.</td> - <td class="tdcb">PB 106572</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"> - </td> - <td class="tdcb"></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="tdlh"> - </td> - <td class="tdcb"></td> - </tr> - </tbody> - </table> - - <hr class="fnt" /> - <div class="inlinenote">* Available from:<br /> - Library of Congress<br /> - Photoduplicating Service<br /> - Washington, D.C. 20540<br /> - (202) 707-5640</div> - <hr class="fnb" /> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="chapter"> - <span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> - <h2 class="overline" id="Index">Index</h2> - </div> - - <ul class="index"> - <li class="ifrst">A</li> - - <li class="indx">accelerometers, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_21">30</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Aero Medical Laboratory, USAF <a href="#Page_20">20–21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104–105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Aeromedical Field Laboratory, USAF <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">AFM-143-1, <i>Mortuary Affairs</i>, <a href="#Page_199">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">agents, federal, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li class="indx">agents, government, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Air Force, <a href="#Page_1">1–3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8–10</a>, - <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37–38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41–42</a>, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51–53</a>, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61–62</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, - <a href="#Page_75">75–76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89–91</a>, - <a href="#Page_95">95–101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111–113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116–117</a>, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#USAF">U.S. Air Force</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Air Force Letter 35-3, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Air Force, Secretary of the <a href="#Page_1">1–2</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Air Materiel Command (AMC), <a href="#Page_19">19–20</a></li> - - <li class="indx">air samples, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li class="indx">aircraft</li> - <li class="isub2">A-26, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - <li class="isub2">B-25, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - <li class="isub2">B-26, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - <li class="isub2">B-29, <a href="#Page_93">93–94</a></li> - <li class="isub2">B-47, <a href="#Page_93">93–94</a></li> - <li class="isub2">B-52, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - <li class="isub2">C-131, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - <li class="isub2">C-47, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93–94</a></li> - <li class="isub2">F-4, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - <li class="isub2">F-51, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - <li class="isub2">KB-29, <a href="#Page_93">93–94</a></li> - <li class="isub2">KC-97, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93–97</a></li> - <li class="isub2">KC-135, <a href="#Page_93">93–94</a></li> - <li class="isub2">L-20, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - <li class="isub2">T-33, <a href="#Page_93">93–94</a></li> - <li class="isub2">X-15, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">airman, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Alamogordo Army Airfield, N.M., <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Alamogordo, N.M., <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Alaska, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Alderson Research Laboratories, Inc., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59–61</a></li> - - <li class="indx">alien(s), <a href="#Page_1">1–3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11–12</a>, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28–29</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">36–39</a>, - <a href="#Page_46">46–47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="ambulance">ambulance, <a href="#Page_76">76–78</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113–116</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="Anderson">Anderson, Gerald, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60–61</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Anderson_interview">interview in Appendix C</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Antarctica, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li class="indx">APO (Air Post Office), <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Apollo</span>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Arizona, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">arms, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Army Air Forces, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#USAAF">U.S. Army Air Forces</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Army Nurse Corps (ANC), <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Artesia, N.M., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ashland, Wisc., <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Atlantic Ocean, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">autopsies, preliminary, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li class="indx">autopsy, alien, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - - <li class="indx">autopsy protocol, <a href="#Page_96">96–97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">autopsy; ies; ied, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77–78</a>, - <a href="#Page_94">94–95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Aztec</i> (N.M.) <i>Independent Review</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Aztec, N.M., <a href="#Page_83">83–85</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">B</li> - - <li class="indx">Ball, Guy, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="Ballard">Ballard Funeral Home, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx">ballast, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Balloon Branch, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43–51</a>, - <a href="#Page_57">57–58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102–103</a>, - <a href="#Page_105">105–107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113–115</a>, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon control package, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon controllers, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon drops, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon failure, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon, high altitude, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36–38</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, - <a href="#Page_45">45–49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52–53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57–58</a>, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66–67</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100–104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="Balloon_poly">balloon, polyethylene, <a href="#Page_40">40–42</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, - <a href="#Page_106">106–107</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114–115</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon, tethered, <a href="#Page_45">45–46</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon train, <a href="#Page_5">5–6</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11–13</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon, “Vee”, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balloon, weather, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - - <li class="indx">balsa wood, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li class="indx">bandages, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Barnett, Grady L. “Barney”, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx">base histories, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Baylor University, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Bean, Alan, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Behind the Flying Saucers</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> Berliner, Don <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Biodynamics of Space Flight, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See</i> <a href="#Man_High"><span class="smcap">Man High</span></a></li> - - <li class="indx">“black sergeant”, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Blankenship, Robert, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Blauw, Alfred S., M.D., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">blimp, <a href="#Page_60">60–61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="body_bags">body bags, <a href="#Page_35">35–36</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Bravest Man, The.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See</i> <a href="#Stapp">Stapp, John P., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret)</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Britain, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Brooke General Hospital, Ft. Sam Houston, Tex., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Buck Rogers, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Bush, George H. W., President, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - - <li class="ifrst">C</li> - - <li class="indx">Cahn, J. P., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Cambridge, England, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li class="indx">camera(s), <a href="#Page_30">30–31</a></li> - - <li class="indx">canoe, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - - <li class="indx">cargo trailer, 1½-ton, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Carlsbad, N.M., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Carswell AFB, Tex., <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li class="indx">caskets, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Chavez, Dennis, Sen. (N.M.), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Cheney Award, <a href="#Page_31">31–32</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Close Encounters of the Third Kind</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Clouthier, Charles E., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Clouthier">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">cold soaking, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Collier’s</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26–27</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Coltman, Charles A., Jr., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret).</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See</i> <a href="#Coltman">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">commissary, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li class="indx">community relations, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - - <li class="indx">con-men, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Contributions of Balloon Operations to Research and Development at the Air Force Missile - Development Center, Holloman AFB, N.Mex., 1947–1958</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li class="indx">cooperating witnesses, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Corona</span>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="indx">cosmic ray particles, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li class="indx">cover-up, <a href="#Page_8">8–9</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Crash at Corona</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - - <li class="ifrst">D</li> - - <li class="indx">debris, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li> - - <li class="indx">debris field, <a href="#Page_11">11–12</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="Dennis">Dennis, W. Glenn, <a href="#Page_75">75–78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81–86</a>, - <a href="#Page_88">88–90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96–97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Denver, Colo., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Department of Defense, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Discoverer XI</span>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Discoverer XII</span>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Discoverer XIII</span>, <a href="#Page_43">43–44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">dispensary, <a href="#Page_114">114–116</a></li> - - <li class="indx">doctor(s), <a href="#Page_78">76–78</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, - <a href="#Page_98">98–99</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - - <li class="indx">dog food, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - - <li class="indx">doll(s), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - - <li class="indx">dolls, plastic, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60–61</a></li> - - <li class="indx">“Dr. Gee”, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - - <li class="indx">drones, remotely-piloted, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li> - - <li class="indx">drug smuggling, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li class="indx">drug store supervisor, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx">dummies, anthropomorphic, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, - <a href="#Page_16">16–17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19–21</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23–26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34–36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38–39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55–62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64–65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67–68</a>, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li> - - <li class="indx">dummies, crash test, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li class="indx">dummies, parachute drop, <a href="#Page_19">19–20</a></li> - - <li class="indx">dummy drop, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - - <li class="indx">“Dummy Joe”, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">E</li> - - <li class="indx">ear, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Earth, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="EdwardsAFB">Edwards AFB, Calif., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Eisenhower, Dwight D., President, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">ejection, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">ejection seat, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li class="indx">El Centro, Calif., <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx">El Paso, Texas, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Elder Statesman of Aviation, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">England, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li class="indx">entry vehicles, atmospheric, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li class="indx">escape pods, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Excelsior</span>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25–26</a>, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55–56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_67">67–68</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101–105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109–110</a>, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Executive Order 11652, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - - <li class="indx">eyes, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">F</li> - - <li class="indx" id="Fanton">Fanton, Eileen M., 1st Lt., USAF, <a href="#Page_82">82–83</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Farmington Drug, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Farmington, N.M., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83–84</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ferrell, Lee F., Col., USAF, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li class="indx">finger(s), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59–61</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx">flight surgeon, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - - <li class="indx">flightsuit, <a href="#Page_28">28–29</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - - <li class="indx">flying disc, <a href="#Page_5">5–6</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#flying_saucer">flying saucer</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="flying_saucer">flying saucer, <a href="#Page_1">1–3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_36">36–37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58–59</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li class="indx">flying saucer wave [of 1947], <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Foster Ranch, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Four Corners [region], <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Franklin, Ky., <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span>Frederick, S.D., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Friedman, Stanton T., <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ft. George Wright, Wash., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ft. Worth AAF, Tex., <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Fulgham, Dan D., Col., USAF (Ret), <a href="#Page_106">106–107</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Fulgham">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Fund for UFO Research, The, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, - <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - - <li class="indx">funeral home, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Ballard">Ballard Funeral Home</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">G</li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Galileo</span>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">gamma rays, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li class="indx">GAO, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#GAO">General Accounting Office</a></li> - - <li class="indx">gauges, strain, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Gemini</span>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="GAO">General Accounting Office (GAO), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>General Philosophy and Techniques of Balloon Control</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - - <li class="indx">generator, MB-19, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Gila Mountains, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Gildenberg, Bernard D. “Duke”, <a href="#Page_8">8–9</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Gildenberg">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">glass, broken, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Goddard, Joyce, Capt., USAF, <a href="#Page_88">88–89</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Gordon Bennett Gas Balloon Championship, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">gowns, surgical, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">gurneys, hospital, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - - <li class="indx">gyros, rate, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">H</li> - - <li class="indx">hands, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59–60</a>, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Harmon Trophy, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Hawaii, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="indx">head(s), <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, - <a href="#Page_118">118–120</a></li> - - <li class="indx">helicopter, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116–117</a></li> - - <li class="indx">helmet, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li class="indx">helmets, pith, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - - <li class="indx">hematoma, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Hepburn, Audrey, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li class="indx">hieroglyphics, <a href="#Page_113">113–114</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Higgins, J.J., <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">High Dive</span>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29–30</a>, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55–56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67–68</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li class="indx">high-speed track, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li class="indx">hoax, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Hodiak, John, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Holloman AFB, N.M., <a href="#Page_8">8–10</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16–17</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26–27</a>, - <a href="#Page_30">30–32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37–38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, - <a href="#Page_43">43–44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46–47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52–53</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63–65</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102–103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105–107</a>, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113–114</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118–120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Hollywood, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li class="indx">horseback, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li class="indx">human remains pouches, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#body_bags">body bags</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Hynek, J. Allan, <a href="#Page_117">117–118</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">I</li> - - <li class="indx">identification specialist, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98–99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">instrumentation kit, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li class="indx">insulation bags, <a href="#Page_35">35–36</a></li> - - <li class="indx">intimidation, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - - <li class="indx">irregular [research] methods, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">J</li> - - <li class="indx">Jagger, Dean, <a href="#Page_38">38–39</a></li> - - <li class="indx">jeep, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Johns Hopkins University, The, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Jorgeson, Ole, A2C, USAF, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113–114</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Jorgeson">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Jornada Test Range, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Jupiter, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">K</li> - - <li class="indx">Kaufman, William C., Capt., USAF, <a href="#Page_105">105–107</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Kaufman">statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Kelso, Wash., <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Kentucky Air National Guard, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Kittinger, Joseph W., Jr., Capt., USAF, <a href="#Page_25">25–26</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_101">101–107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109–112</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117–120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Kittinger">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Knight, Alice, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Knight">interview in Appendix C</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Korea, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Kovatch-Scott, Ethel, Col., USAF (Ret), <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">L</li> - - <li class="indx">Las Vegas AFB, Nev., <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li class="indx">legal claims, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Life</i> magazine, <a href="#Page_26">26–27</a></li> - - <li class="indx">lights, strobe, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li class="indx">“little men”, <a href="#Page_84">84–85</a></li> - - <li class="indx">livestock, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - - <li class="indx">London, England, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Long, Lonely Leap, The</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Lordsburg, N.M., <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Lovell, Jim, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Luftwaffe, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Lutz, Roland H. “Hap”, SSgt., USAF, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Lutz">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">M</li> - - <li class="indx" id="M342">M-342 5-ton wrecker, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#wrecker">wrecker</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="M35">M-35 2½-ton cargo truck, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#six_by_six">six by six</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="M37">M-37 ¾-ton utility truck, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#weapons_carrier">weapons carrier</a></li> - - <li class="indx">M-43 ¾-ton ambulance, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#ambulance">ambulance</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>MAD</i> [magazine], <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span>Madison, Guy, <a href="#Page_38">38–39</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Madson, Raymond A., 1st Lt., USAF, <a href="#Page_29">29–30</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Madson">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Maltais, Vern, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58–59</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Maltais">interview in Appendix C</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="Man_High"><span class="smcap">Man High</span>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_101">101–104</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110–112</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Man in Space Soonest</span> (MISS), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Marcel, Jesse, Maj., USAF, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Mars, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Martin Marietta Corporation, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">masks, surgical, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li class="indx">McClure, Clifton. 1st Lt., USAF, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - - <li class="indx">McCook Field, Ohio, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Mercury</span>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103–104</a></li> - - <li class="indx">“<span class="smcap">Mercury Seven</span>”, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">meteorological data, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Mexico, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li class="indx">MiG-21, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="MP">Military Police, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Milner, Martin, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Minnesota, University of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li class="indx">missile, ballistic, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li class="indx">missile, intercontinental ballistic (ICBM), Atlas F, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - - <li class="indx">missiles, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li class="indx">missing nurse, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81–83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87–90</a>, - <a href="#Page_96">96–98</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Fanton">Fanton, Eileen M., 1st Lt., USAF</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Mitchell, Cameron, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li class="indx">ML-307B/AP.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See</i> <a href="#radar_targets">radar targets</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="Mogul"><span class="smcap">Mogul</span>, <a href="#Page_1">1–2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5–6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, - <a href="#Page_11">11–13</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li> - - <li class="indx">monkeys, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Moon, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Moore, Charles B., <a href="#Page_8">8–9</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - - <li class="indx">morgue, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx">morning reports, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li class="indx">mortician, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98–99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">mortuary, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li class="indx">MPs, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#MP">Military Police</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Muroc AAF, Calif., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#EdwardsAFB">Edwards AFB, Calif.</a></li> - - <li class="indx">museum, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - - <li class="indx">mystery witness, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">N</li> - - <li class="indx">NASA, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44–46</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li class="indx">National Aeronautics Association, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">National Archives and Record Administration, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li class="indx">National Aviation Hall of Fame, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>National Geographic</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - - <li class="indx">National Medal of Technology, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - - <li class="indx">NATO, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li class="indx">NCO [Non-Commissioned Officer], <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Nenninger, Richard L., Maj., USAF, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">New Brighton, Minn., <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li class="indx">New Mexico, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14–15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36–37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41–42</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46–48</a>, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li class="indx">New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li class="indx">New York, N.Y., <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li class="indx">New York University, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - - <li class="indx">newspaper accounts, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - - <li class="indx">newspaper announcements, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="indx">newspapers, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Newton, Silas M., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Nixon, Richard M., President, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - - <li class="indx">nondisclosure agreements, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Nordstrom, Frank B., Capt. (MC), USAF, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Nordstrom">Signed sworn statement in Appendix B</a></li> - - <li class="indx">nosecone, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="indx">nuclear accidents, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - - <li class="indx">nuclear weapon, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">O</li> - - <li class="indx">oscillograph, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li class="indx">odor, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95–97</a></li> - - <li class="indx">officers’ club, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Roswell_OC">Roswell AAF Officers’ Club</a></li> - - <li class="indx">oil field worker, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Dennis">Dennis, W. Glenn</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Omni</i> magazine, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>On the Threshold of Space</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38–39</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Orlando, Fla., <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">“Oscar Eightball”, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">P</li> - - <li class="indx">Panama, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li class="indx">paper, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="indx">paper, aluminized, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li class="indx">parachute, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25–26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">pathologist, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98–99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">pay load, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40–44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46–48</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, - <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66–67</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Pease AFB, N.H., <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - - <li class="indx">pediatrician, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83–84</a>, - <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89–91</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li class="indx">pharmacist, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li class="indx">phone directories, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Pioneer</span>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">police, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - - <li class="indx">polyethylene, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Balloon_poly">balloon, polyethylene</a></li> - - <li class="indx">polygraph examination, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Popular Mechanics Magazine</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26–27</a></li> - - <li class="indx">POW, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#POW">Prisoner of War</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Pre-Astronauts, The</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - - <li class="indx">predatory animals, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx">preparation room, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="POW">Prisoner of War, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span>Project 119L, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Project <span class="smcap">Bluebook</span>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Project <span class="smcap">Gemini</span>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Project <span class="smcap">Mercury</span>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Project <span class="smcap">Mogul</span>.</li> - <li class="isub2">See <a href="#Mogul"><span class="smcap">Mogul</span></a></li> - - <li class="indx">property damage, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">R</li> - - <li class="indx">radar, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li class="indx">radar guided missiles, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="radar_targets">radar targets, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li class="indx">radio stations, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ragsdale, James, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Ragsdale">interview in Appendix C</a></li> - - <li class="indx">ramp, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx">rancher, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ray, Hilary, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Recollections of Roswell, Part II</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, - <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - - <li class="indx">reconnaissance, photographic, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li class="indx">redheaded captain, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109–110</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - - <li class="indx">redheaded colonel, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li class="indx">redheaded officer, <a href="#Page_77">77–78</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li> - - <li class="indx">remote control, <a href="#Page_56">56–57</a></li> - - <li class="indx">research methodology, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li class="indx">reward, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li> - - <li class="indx">rocket sled, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Rosie O’Grady’s Flying Circus, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="RoswellAAF">Roswell AAF, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75–78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81–83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88–91</a>, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Roswell AAF hospital, <a href="#Page_12">12–13</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75–78</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81–83</a>, - <a href="#Page_86">86–90</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="Roswell_OC">Roswell AAF Officers’ Club, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Roswell Army Air Field, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12–13</a>, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#RoswellAAF">Roswell AAF</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Roswell Daily Record</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Roswell Incident, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5–6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, - <a href="#Page_11">11–12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16–17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37–38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="#Page_44">44–45</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84–85</a>, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Roswell Industrial Air Center, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Roswell, N.M., <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5–6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8–13</a>, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33–34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36–37</a>, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67–68</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, - <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97–102</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Roswell Report: Fact vs. Fiction in the New Mexico Desert</i>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - - <li class="indx">rubber, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ruidoso, N.M., <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">S</li> - - <li class="indx">SAC.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See</i> <a href="#SAC">Strategic Air Command</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Sacramento Mountains, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">safety belts, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">San Agustin Mountains, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx">San Agustin Pass, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx">San Agustin Peak, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx">San Agustin Plains, <a href="#Page_11">11–12</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - - <li class="indx">satellite, <a href="#Page_41">41–44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">saucer, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#flying_saucer">flying saucer</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Schiff, Steven, Rep. (N.M.), <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Schmitt, Donald, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Schock, Grover, Capt., USAF, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Schwaderer, George, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Schwartz, Eugene M., 1st Lt., USAF, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - - <li class="indx">scientists, civilian contract, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Scully, Frank, <a href="#Page_84">84–85</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Selff, Naomi Maria, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - - <li class="indx">sensors, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li> - - <li class="indx">sensors, acoustical, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li class="indx">sheriff, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49–50</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Sierra Engineering Company, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Sierra Madre, Calif., <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li class="indx">“Sierra Sam”, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Sightings</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Silver City, N.M., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Simons, David G., Lt. Col. (MC), USAF (Ret), <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_101">101–102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="six_by_six">six-by-six, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55–56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#M35">M-35 2½ ton cargo truck</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Slattery, Lucille C., Capt., USAF, <a href="#Page_88">88–89</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Smithsonian Institution, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Society of Automotive Engineers, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Socorro</i> (N.M.) <i>Defensor Chieftain</i>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Socorro, N.M., <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Sonic Wind Nᵒ 1, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Southeast Asia, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Soviet, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Soviet Union, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="indx">space, <a href="#Page_42">42–44</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102–104</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Space and Missile Command, Test and Evaluation Unit, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li> - - <li class="indx">space probe, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - <li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Galileo</span>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - <li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Pioneer</span>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - <li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Surveyor</span>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - <li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Viking</span>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - <li class="isub2"><span class="smcap">Voyager-Mars</span>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li class="indx">spacecraft, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li class="indx">spaceship, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Sputnik I</span>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="indx">St. Catherine’s Academy, Springfield, Ky., <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li class="indx">St. Mary Elizabeth’s Hospital, Louisville, Ky., <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Stack, Robert, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Stafford, Ariz., <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Stapp Car Crash Conferences, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="Stapp">Stapp, John P., Col. (MC), USAF (Ret), <a href="#Page_20">20–21</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31–32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38–39</a>, - <a href="#Page_104">104–105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111–112</a>, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span>star witness, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Stargazer</span>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101–105</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109–110</a>, - <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117–118</a></li> - - <li class="indx">statement, signed sworn, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li class="indx">sticks, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="SAC">Strategic Air Command (SAC), <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115–116</a></li> - - <li class="indx">stretcher, military, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - - <li class="indx">sunglasses, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Surveyor</span>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">symbols, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">T</li> - - <li class="indx">tanker, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - - <li class="indx">tape, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - - <li class="indx">tape, red [duct-type], <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li> - - <li class="indx">targets, missile, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ted Smith Company, <a href="#Page_20">20–21</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Texas, University of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Texas, West, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></li> - - <li class="indx">threats, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Time</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26–27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">tinfoil, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="indx">transducers, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li class="indx">transducers, pressure, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li class="indx">transmitters, radio, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li class="indx">transponders, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li class="indx">truck, pickup, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>True</i> magazine, <a href="#Page_84">84–85</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Tularosa Valley [N.M.], <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Twentieth Century Fox, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">U</li> - - <li class="indx" id="USAF">U.S. Air Force, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, - <a href="#Page_45">45–49</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85–86</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102–105</a>, - <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li class="indx">U.S. Army, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="USAAF">U.S. Army Air Forces, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8–9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75–76</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li class="indx">U.S. Army Special Forces, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">U.S. Government, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - - <li class="indx">U.S. Government Printing Office, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li> - - <li class="indx">U.S. Navy, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103–104</a></li> - - <li class="indx">U.S. Navy Aerospace Recovery Facility, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Ubon Air Base, Thailand, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Udorn Air Base, Thailand, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">UFO, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47–48</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58–59</a>, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117–118</a></li> - <li class="isub2"><i>UFO Crash at Roswell, The Truth About the</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46–47</a></li> - <li class="isub2">UFO enthusiasts, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li class="isub2">UFO Museum and Research Center, The International, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - <li class="isub2">UFO organizations, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li class="isub2">UFO proponents, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - <li class="isub2">UFO researchers, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - <li class="isub2">UFO theorists, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47–48</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82–83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, - <a href="#Page_113">113–116</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li class="indx">unidentified flying object, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Units</li> - <li class="isub2">1st Air Commando Wing, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li> - <li class="isub2">6th Bombardment Wing, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115–116</a></li> - <li class="isub2">47th Air Division, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - <li class="isub2">427th Army Air Forces Base Unit, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - <li class="isub2">Squadron “M”, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li> - <li class="isub2">509th Aerial Refueling Squadron, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - <li class="isub2">509th Bombardment Wing, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115–116</a></li> - <li class="isub2">555th Tactical Fighter Squadron (“Triple Nickel”), <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - <li class="isub2">579th Strategic Missile Squadron, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li> - <li class="isub2">4036th USAF hospital, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li class="isub2">7510th USAF Hospital, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li class="indx">unrecorded interviews, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Unsolved Mysteries</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Upper Darby, Pa., <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li> - - <li class="indx">USS Haiti Victory, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">V</li> - - <li class="indx">Vandenberg AFB, Calif., <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><i>Variety</i>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Venus, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Vietnam, Hanoi, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Vietnam, North, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Vietnam, Republic of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Vietnamese, North, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Viking</span>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li class="indx">“Vince and Larry”, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="smcap">Voyager-Mars</span>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - - <li class="ifrst">W</li> - - <li class="indx">Walker AFB, N.M., <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, - <a href="#Page_86">86–89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93–95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97–102</a>, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109–110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113–117</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120–121</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Walker, Chalma, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Walt Disney World, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Walter, John. SSgt., USAF, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Walter Reed Army Medical Center, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Wasem, Martha, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Washington, D.C., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="weapons_carrier">weapons carrier, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55–56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113–114</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#M37">M-37 ¾-ton utility truck</a></li> - - <li class="indx">weather equipment, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Whenry, Jack, 1st Lt., USAF, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li class="indx">White House, The, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li> - - <li class="indx">White Sands Missile Range, N.M., <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42–43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#WSPG">White Sands Proving Ground, N.M.</a></li> - - <li class="indx">White Sands National Monument, N.M., <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="WSPG">White Sands Proving Ground, N.M., <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - - <li class="indx">White, William C., <a href="#Page_103">103–104</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Wickenburg, Ariz., <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li class="indx"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span>Williams, Carol, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Wilson, Capt., <a href="#Page_77">77–78</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Wilson, Idabelle M., Maj., USAF (Ret), <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Wilson, “Slatts”, <a href="#Page_77">77–78</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87–91</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Wimpole Park, Cambridge, England, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Winzen, Otto C., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Winzen Research International, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - - <li class="indx">World War I, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li> - - <li class="indx">World War II, <a href="#Page_19">19–20</a></li> - - <li class="indx">wreckage, <a href="#Page_76">76–77</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, - <a href="#Page_113">113–114</a></li> - - <li class="indx">wreckage, bluish-purplish, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - - <li class="indx" id="wrecker">wrecker, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29–30</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55–56</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> - <li class="isub2"><i>See also</i> <a href="#M342">M-342 5-ton wrecker</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Wright Field, Ohio, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - - <li class="indx">Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77–78</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104–105</a>, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119–120</a></li> - </ul> - - <div class="figcenter mt20"> - <img class="illow30" src="images/i_233.jpg" alt="" /> - </div> - - <hr class="page" /> - <div class="center xxlarge sans mt10 mb5"><b>Transcriptions</b></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription" id="trans_7">Transcription of Fig. 7</div> - - <div class="xxlarge sans"><i><b>Harassed Rancher who Located<br /> - ‘Saucer’ Sorry He Told About It</b></i></div> - - <p class="indent0">W. W. Brazel, 48, Lincoln county rancher living 30 miles south east - of Corona, today told his story of finding what the army at first - described as a flying disk, but the publicity which attended his - find caused him to add that if he ever found anything else short of - a bomb he sure wasn’t going to say anything about it.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Brazel was brought here late yesterday by W. E. Whitmore, of radio - station KGFL, had his picture taken and gave an interview to the - Record and Jason Kellahin, sent here from the Albuquerque bureau - of the Associated Press to cover the story. The picture he posed - for was sent out over AP telephoto wire sending machine specially - set up in the Record office by R. D. Adair, AP wire chief sent here - from Albuquerque for the sole purpose of getting out his picture - and that of sheriff George Wilcox, to whom Brazel originally gave - the information of his find.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Brazel related that on June 14 he and an 8-year old son, Vernon - were about 7 or 8 miles from the ranch house of the J. B. Foster - ranch, which he operates, when they came upon a large area of - bright wreckage made up on rubber strips, tinfoil, a rather tough - paper and sticks.</p> - - <p class="indent0">At the time Brazel was in a hurry to get his round made and he did - not pay much attention to it. But he did remark about what he had - seen and on July 4 he, his wife, Vernon and a daughter Betty, age - 14, went back to the spot and gathered up quite a bit of the debris.</p> - - <p class="indent0">The next day he first heard about the flying disks, and he wondered - if what he had found might be the remnants of one of these.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Monday he came to town to sell some wool and while here he went to - see sheriff George Wilcox and “whispered kinda confidential like” - that he might have found a flying disk.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Wilcox got in touch with the Roswell Army Air Field and Maj. Jesse - A. Marcel and a man in plain clothes accompanied him home, where - they picked up the rest of the pieces of the “disk” and went to his - home to try to reconstruct it.</p> - - <p class="indent0">According to Brazel they simply could not reconstruct it at all. - They tried to make a kite, out of it, but could not do that and - could not find any way to put it back together so that it would fit.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Then Major Marcel brought it to Roswell and that was the last he - heard of it until the story broke that he had found a flying disk.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Brazel said that he did not see it fall from the sky and did not - see it before it was torn up, so he did not know the size or shape - it might have been, but he thought it might have been about as - large as a table top. The balloon which held it up, if that was how - it worked, must have been about 12 feet long, he felt, measuring - the distance by the size of the room in which he sat. The rubber - was smoky gray in color and scattered over an area about 200 yards - in diameter.</p> - - <p class="indent0">When the debris was gathered up the tinfoil, paper, tape, and - sticks made a bundle about three feet long and 7 or 8 inches thick, - while the rubber made a bundle about 18 or 20 inches long and about - 8 inches thick. In all, he estimated, the entire lot would have - weighed maybe five pounds.</p> - - <p class="indent0">There was no sign of any metal in the area which might have been - used for an engine and no sign of any propellers of any kind, - although at least one paper fin had been glued onto some of the - tinfoil.</p> - - <p class="indent0">There were no words to be found anywhere on the instrument, - although there were letters on some of the parts. Considerable - scotch tape and some tape with flowers printed upon it had been - used in the construction.</p> - - <p class="indent0">No strings or wire were to be found but there were some eyelets in - the paper to indicate that some sort of attachment may have been - used.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Brazel said that he had previously found two weather observation - balloons on the ranch, but that what he found this time did not in - any way resemble either of these.</p> - - <p class="indent0">“I am sure what I found was not any weather observation balloon.” - he said. “But if I find anything else, besides a bomb they are - going to have a hard time getting me to say anything about it.”</p> - - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_7">Return to image</a></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription" id="trans_8">Transcription of Fig. 8</div> - <div class="xlarge sans">Authors seek UFO witnesses</div> - - <p class="indent0">Co-authors of a major book on the 1947 crash of at least one - alien spacecraft in the New Mexico desert will be at the Golden - Manor Motel in Socorro on Monday, Nov. 16 to seek out additional - witnesses to these events.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Nuclear physicist Stanton T. Friedman and aviation/science writer - Don Berliner, whose “Crash at Corona” is now in its second - printing, want to meet with people having knowledge of the 1947 crashes.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Their book, being published in August by Paragon House of New York, - is being prepared for a made-for-TV movie. It is the story of the - discovery, retrieval, shipping and cover-up of what the authors - call the most important scientific discovery of the past thousand years.</p> - - <p class="indent0">It is based on dozens of interviews with first- and second-hand - civilian and ex-military witnesses to various parts of what is - referred to as a very complex series of events.</p> - - <p class="indent0">In order to strengthen their case for government knowledge of what - they call “the truth behind almost 50 years of UFO sightings,” the - authors are seeking out additional, reliable witnesses. It remains - their policy to honor requests to keep the names of witnesses private.</p> - - <p class="indent0">For more information, contact Don Berliner, 1202 S. Washington St., - Alexandria. VA., 22314 (703-548-0405); or Stanton T. Friedman, 79 - Pembroke Crescent, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 2V1, Canada (506 457-0232).</p> - - <p class="indent0">Witnesses are invited to call either author collect or to make - arrangements to meet them at any of their stops in New Mexico, - which include the cities of Santa Fe, Albuquerque, Las Cruces, - Alamogordo and Roswell.</p> - - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_8">Return to image</a></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription"><a id="trans_15">Transcription of Fig. 15</a></div> - <div class="center xxlarge sans"><b>“I’LL JUST BRACE<br /> - MYSELF WITH THE<br />STEERING WHEEL”</b></div> - - <div class="center">Who are you trying to fool? There’s no way a steering wheel<br /> - can stop you from slamming into a dashboard. Only a safety belt can.<br /> - Stop making excuses and start buckling your safety belt.</div> - - <div class="center xlarge sans"><b>YOU COULD LEARN A LOT FROM A DUMMY.<br />BUCKLE YOUR SAFETY BELT.</b></div> - - <div class="center small">A Public Service Message<br /> - US Department of Transportation</div> - - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_15">Return to image</a></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription" id="trans_26">Transcription of Fig. 26</div> - <div class="xlarge"><b>The Long,<br />Lonely Leap</b></div> - - <div class="mt2"><i>World’s highest jump tests a new type of parachute for - high-altitude flyers and scientists returning from the threshold of space</i></div> - - <p class="mt5">By CAPT. JOSEPH W. KITTINGER. JR., USAF</p> - - <div class="right mt2 mb5"><i>Illustrations by National Geographic<br />photographer VOLKMAR WENTZEL</i></div> - - <p class="indent0">OVERHEAD my onion-shaped balloon spread its 200-foot diameter - against a black daytime sky. More than 18½ miles below lay the - cloud-hidden New Mexico desert to which I shortly would parachute.</p> - - <p class="indent0">Sitting in my gondola, which gently twisted with the balloon’s slow - turnings, I had begun to sweat lightly, though the temperature read - 36° below zero Fahrenheit. Sunlight burned in on me under the edge - of an aluminized antiglare curtain and through the gondola’s open - door.</p> - - <p class="indent0">In my earphones crackled the voice of Capt. Marvin Feldstein, one - of our project’s two doctors, from ground control at Holloman Air - Force Base:</p> - - <p class="indent0">“Three minutes till jump, Joe.”</p> - - <p class="indent0">I was ready to go, for more reasons than one. For about an hour—as - the balloon rose from 50,000 to 102,800 feet above sea level—I - had been exposed to an environment requiring the protection of a - pressure suit and helmet, and the fear of their failure had always - been present. If either should break, unconsciousness would come in - 10 or 12 seconds, and death within two minutes.</p> - - <p class="indent0">In our altitude-chamber flights at the laboratory, I always [...]</p> - - <blockquote class="mt5"> - <p class="indent0">“<b>Lord, take care of me now</b>,” I pray, then take the big - step-off that begins my return from the edge of space, a 13-minute, - 45-second plunge to an earth wrapped in clouds. The lanyard - attached to my parachute pack is my last link with the gondola. - It starts a timer on a small stabilization chute that will - open 16 seconds later and prevent horizontal spinning. Without - stabilization, man could not survive a jump from these high - altitudes.</p> - - <p class="indent0">A National Geographic camera mounted above the gondola took this - remarkable photograph at 102,800 feet.</p> - </blockquote> - - <div class="right small">MS Ektachrome National Geographic Society</div> - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_26">Return to image</a></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription" id="trans_39">Transcription of Fig. 39</div> - <div class="center">Loss of MR Equipment</div> - <div>WCUSS-22<span class="center">WCRDB-4 19</span><span class="right">Jan 56</span><br /> - ATTN: Mr. R.L. Mason <span class="right">Lt. Nielsen/1bc</span><br /> - <span class="right">Ext. 2-4194/B.33</span></div> - - <p>1. On 17 November 1955, an anthropomorphic dummy, B-15 jacket and - a stop watch were lost during a high altitude dummy drop from a - balloon at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico.</p> - - <p>2. The drop was performed to determine the effectiveness of a - two stage personnel parachute in lowering a man-like dummy from - 85,000 feet. The test was part of a continuing task “High Altitude - Escape Studies”, 7218-71719. The point at which the dummy reached - the ground was not known to the recovery crews at the time and an - extensive search lasting through the first week of December 1955 - failed to discover the lost items.</p> - - <p>3. Lost are:</p> - - <p class="indent2">a. 1 ea., dummy, anthropomorphic, Sierra Engineering Co. model 120, - stock no. 3500-NL-30010,</p> - - <p class="indent2">b. 1 ea., jacket, B-15, spec. 3220, size 36, stock no. 8415-269-0512,</p> - - <p class="indent2">c. 1 ea., stop watch, Fisher Scientific Co. P/N 14-646, stock no. - 8TAA 98545.</p> - - <p>4. Because of the loss of these items as a result of a test, it is - requested that Lt. Henry P. Nielsen be relieved of the responsibility - for these items.</p> - - <div class="ml50 mt2"> - HARVEY E. SAVELY<br /> - Chief, Biophysics Branch<br /> - Aero. Medical Laboratory<br /> - Directorate of Research<br /> - <br /> - CONCURRENCE: - </div> - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_39">Return to image</a></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription" id="trans_42">Transcription of Figs. 42 & 43</div> - <div><b>WADC TECHNICAL REPORT 57-477<br />PART I.<br />ASTLA DOCUMENT No. AD 130965</b></div> - - <div class="center mt10"> - <div class="large sans"><b>HIGH ALTITUDE BALLOON DUMMY DROPS</b></div> - <div class="sans"><b>PART I. THE UNSTABILIZED DUMMY DROPS</b></div> - - <div class="mt10"><i>RAYMOND A. MADSON, 1ST LT., USAF</i></div> - - <div class="mt2"><i>AERO MEDICAL LABORATORY</i></div> - - <div class="mt10">OCTOBER 1957</div> - - <div class="mt10">WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER</div> - </div> - - <div class="mt10"><b>WADC TECHNICAL REPORT 57-477 (II)</b></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="center mt10"> - <div class="large sans"><b>HIGH ALTITUDE BALLOON DUMMY DROPS</b></div> - <div class="sans"><b>II: THE STABILIZED DUMMY DROPS</b></div> - - <div class="mt10"><i>RAYMOND A. MADSON, 1ST/LT, USAF</i></div> - - <div class="mt2"><i>LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEMS LABORATORY</i><br /> - <i>AEROSPACE MEDICAL LABORATORY</i></div> - - <div class="mt10">AUGUST 1961</div> - - <div class="mt10">AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION<br /> - AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND<br /> - UNITED STATES AIR FORCE<br /> - WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO</div> - </div> - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_42">Return to image</a></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription" id="trans_3b">Transcription of Fig. 3</div> - <p class="noindent">Maybe these con men didn’t know a flying saucer<br />from a hole in - the ground. But they used both<br />to sucker their victims. They were - almost $100,000 ahead<br />when TRUE’s reporter broke the amazing case - of the ...</p> - - <div class="ml30"><span class="xxlarge"><b><i>Flying Saucer<br />Swindlers</i></b></span> - <br /><br />By J. P. CAHN</div> - - <div class="mt2">[Start of article...]</div> - - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_2_3">Return to image</a></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription" id="trans_4">Transcription of Fig. 4</div> - <div class="center sans lh2"> - the<br /> - <span class="xxlarge">FLYING<br /> - SAUCERS</span><br /> - and the<br /> - <span class="xxlarge">MYSTERIOUS<br /> - LITTLE MEN</span><br /> - by<br /> - <span class="large">J. P. CAHN</span> - </div> - - <p class="noindent"><b>Had flying saucers manned by crews three feet tall actually landed - on Earth? That was the question. This is how TRUE and Mr. Cahn - found the answer</b></p> - - <p>For four months, across 4,500 miles and - five western states, I tracked down visitors from the planet Venus. - </p> - - <p>It was a fantastic assignment. The story - I was to dig up if I could was the weirdest that - any reporter could dream of having handed to - him. If I found the Venusians, I couldn’t - interview them, even if I knew how to speak their language. - For they were dead, those strange little beings, from - unknown causes—half of their number crisped by heat to a - dark brown color.</p> - - <p>They’d come out of the sky in flying saucers. - My job was to bring their story down to earth.</p> - - <p>I got it—their full inside story. And though I didn’t - find the dead Venusians, I uncovered some rather fantastic - living characters....</p> - - <p>On the crest of the wave of public excitement - about flying saucers in the spring of 1950 came news from the West - that topped any of the hundreds of saucer reports that had been - recorded up to that time. Newspapers everywhere printed and reprinted - the rumour that, in Denver, several businessmen had been shown - pieces of metal, small gears, and a curious little radio set. - These things, it was said, had been taken from a fallen - flying saucer.</p> - - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_2_4">Return to image</a></div> - - <hr class="tr" /> - <div class="transcription" id="trans_27">Transcription of Fig. 27</div> - <div class="center"><b>CLINICAL RECORD COVER SHEET 8511</b></div> - - <div class="mt1">1. ADMISSION NOTES<br /> - <span class="ml5">1045 hrs</span><br /> - <span class="ml5">A or N: No</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">2. WARD<br /> - <span class="ml5">1</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">3. TYPE OF CASE<br /> - <span class="ml5">IRJ</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">4. LAST NAME—FIRST NAME—MIDDLE INITIAL<br /> - <span class="ml5">FULGHAM Dan D</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">5. SEX<br /> - <span class="ml5">M</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">6. Religion<br /> - <span class="ml5">P</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">7. PREV. ADM.<br /> - <span class="ml5">NO</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">8. REGISTER NO.<br /> - <span class="ml5">16059</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">9. SERVICE NO.<br /> - <span class="ml5">44734A</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">10. GRADE<br /> - <span class="ml5">Capt</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">11. RATING OR DESIG.<br /> - <span class="ml5">Sr Pilot</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">12. DEPARTMENT<br /> - <span class="ml5">Air Force</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">13. ORGANIZATION AND BRANCH OF SERVICE<br /> - <span class="ml5">ARDC Wright Patterson(a)</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">14. FLYING STATUS<br /> - <span class="ml5">Yes</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">15. NAME AND ADDRESS OF EMERGENCY ADDRESSEE<br /> - <span class="ml5">Joyce Fulgham (W)</span><br /> - <span class="ml5">5540 Gross Drive Dayton Ohio</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">16. AGE<br /> - <span class="ml5">31</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">17. RACE<br /> - <span class="ml5">Cau</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">18. LENGTH OF SERVICE<br /> - <span class="ml5">12 yrs</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">19. DATE OF ADMISSION<br /> - <span class="ml5">12 May 59</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">20. SOURCE OF ADMISSION<br /> - <span class="ml5">From duty</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">21. ADMITTING OFFICER<br /> - <span class="ml5">L. E. Eason Capt USAF MC</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">22. CONTINUATION OF ITEMS 12 AND 20.<br /> - <span class="ml5">(a) AFB, Ohio</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">23. DIAGNOSES<br /> - <span class="ml5">8715 Hematoma, traumatic, n.e.c. forehead LD: Pending AF Form 348</span><br /><br /> - <span class="ml5">AI: Approximately 0600 hours, 21 May 1959, North of Roswell,</span><br /> - <span class="ml10">New Mexico, patient states he was taking part in a military</span><br /> - <span class="ml10">project involving balloon testing. When he and two others</span><br /> - <span class="ml10">landed in the balloon the “gondola” upset, and hit him in</span><br /> - <span class="ml10">the head causing injury.</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">24. OPERATIONS AND SPECIAL THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES<br /> - <span class="ml5">None</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">25. SELECTED ADMINISTRATIVE DATA<br /> - <span class="ml5">None</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">26. PHYSICAL PROFILE</div> - - <div class="mt1">27. DATE DURATION THIS FACILITY<br /> - <span class="ml5">ALL 3 IN HOSPITAL OR INFIRMARY 3</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">28. NATURE OF DISPOSITION<br /> - <span class="ml5">Duty</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">29. DATE OF DISPOSITION<br /> - <span class="ml5">24 May 59</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">30. SIGNATURE OF ATTENDING PHYSICIAN<br /> - <span class="ml5">LESLIE E EASON CAPT USAF HC</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">31. SIGNATURE OF REGISTRAR OR RECORDS OFFICER<br /> - <span class="ml5">ROLAND E DOZOIS CWD W-3 USAF</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">32. NAME AND LOCATION OF MEDICAL TREATMENT FACILITY<br /> - <span class="ml5">6580TH USAF HOSPITAL HOLLOMAN AFB NM</span></div> - - <div class="mt1">33. REGISTER NUMBER<br /> - <span class="ml5">16059</span></div> - - <div class="link mt2"><a href="#Fig_2_27">Return to image</a></div> - - <div class="transnote"> - <div class="large center mb2"><b>Transcriber’s Notes:</b></div> - <ul class="spaced"> - <li>Blank pages have been removed.</li> - <li>There are two types of footnotes: numbered footnotes are listed in the “Notes” - sections, and starred footnotes appear immediately following the paragraph they - refer to.</li> - <li>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected.</li> - <li>Illustration internal text is replicated in the external caption, more extensive - text is replicated in linked transcriptions at the end of the book.</li> - <li>Text transcribed from images or documents has been left as is.</li> - </ul> - </div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's The Roswell Report: Case Closed, by James McAndrew - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ROSWELL REPORT: CASE CLOSED *** - -***** This file should be named 63659-h.htm or 63659-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/6/5/63659/ - -Produced by Tim Lindell, Robert Tonsing and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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