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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e60586 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63225 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63225) diff --git a/old/63225-8.txt b/old/63225-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index bb62a4a..0000000 --- a/old/63225-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1059 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 754: The Bedbug -(1916), by Charles Lester Marlatt - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 754: The Bedbug (1916) - -Author: Charles Lester Marlatt - -Release Date: September 18, 2020 [EBook #63225] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note - -Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_ and =Bold=. - - - +-------------------------------------------------------+ - | UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE | - | | - |[Illustration] =FARMERS' [Illustration] | - | BULLETIN= | - | | - +-------------------------------------------------------+ - Washington, D. C. 754 October 14, 1916 - --------------------------------------------------------- - =Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology, - L. O. Howard, Chief.= - - - - - =THE BEDBUG.=[1] - - - By C. L. Marlatt, - - _Entomologist and Assistant Chief of Bureau_. - -[1] _Cimex lectularius_ L.; order Hemiptera, suborder Heteroptera, -family Cimicidae. - - - -=CONTENTS.= - - - Page. - - Introduction 1 - - Origin; common names; distribution 2 - - Varieties and related insects 3 - - General characteristics 3 - - The "buggy" odor 4 - - Habits and life history 4 - - Food and longevity 7 - - Influence of temperature 8 - - The bite of the bedbug 9 - - The bedbug and human diseases 9 - - Natural enemies of the bedbug 10 - - Remedies 11 - - - - -=INTRODUCTION.= - - -The presence of the bedbug (fig. 1) in a house is not necessarily an -indication of neglect or carelessness; for, little as the idea may be -relished, this insect may gain access in spite of the adoption of all -reasonable precautions. It is very apt to get into the trunks and satchels -of travelers, or into baskets of laundry, and may thus be introduced into -homes. Unfortunately, also, it is quite capable of migrating from one -house to another and will often continue to come from an adjoining house, -sometimes for a period of several months, gaining entrance daily. Such -migration is especially likely to take place if the human inhabitants of -an infested house leave it. With the failure of their usual source of -food, the migratory instinct of the bedbugs is developed, and, escaping -through windows, they pass along walls, water pipes, or gutters, and thus -gain entrance into adjoining houses. In these or other ways anyone's -premises may be temporarily invaded. - - - - -=ORIGIN; COMMON NAMES: DISTRIBUTION.= - - -As with nearly all the insects associated with man, the bedbug has had the -habits now characteristic of it as far back as the records run. It was -undoubtedly of common occurrence in the dwellings of the ancient peoples -of Asia. The Romans were well acquainted with it, giving it the name -Cimex. It was supposed by Pliny--and this was doubtless the common belief -among the Romans--to have medicinal properties, and it was recommended, -among other things, as a specific for the bites of serpents. It is said to -have been first introduced into England in 1503, but the references to it -are of such a nature as to make it very probable that it had been there -long before. Two hundred and fifty years later it was reported to be very -abundant in the seaport towns, but was scarcely known inland. - -[Illustration: Fig. 1.--Bedbug (_Cimex lectularius_): _a_, Adult female, -engorged with blood; _b_, same from below; _c_, rudimentary wing pad; _d_, -mouth parts, _a, b_, much enlarged; _c, d_, highly magnified. (Author's -illustration.)] - -One of the old English names was "wall-louse." It was afterward very -well known as the "chinch," which continued to be the common appellation -for it until within a century or two, and is still used in parts of this -country. The origin of the name "bedbug" is not known, but it is such a -descriptive one that it would seem to have been very naturally suggested. -Almost everywhere there are local names for these parasites, as, for -illustration, around Boston they are called "chintzes" and "chinches," and -from Baltimore comes the name "mahogany flat," while in New York they are -styled "red coats," and in the west "crimson ramblers." - -The bedbug has accompanied man wherever he has gone. Ships are very -apt to be infested with it and have been the chief means of its wide -distribution. It probably came to this country with the earliest -colonists; at least Kalm, writing in 1748-49, stated that it was plentiful -in the English colonies and in Canada, though unknown among the Indians. - - - - -=VARIETIES AND RELATED INSECTS.= - - -What may eventually prove to be mere variations of the ordinary-type of -human bedbug have been described as distinct species in several instances. -For example, the common bedbug of southern Asia is supposed to present -some slight variations from the European type, chiefly in being somewhat -more elongate. These slightly diverging forms of the bedbug in different -parts of the world, which are not known to have any special bird or animal -host other than human beings, may prove to be merely local races or -varieties of the ordinary bedbug. - -Birds, bats, and poultry are attacked in various parts of the world by -a considerable number of parasitic bugs, closely related to the bedbug, -which live on their hosts and in nests and about roosting places. One of -these species, occurring abundantly in southwestern United States and -Mexico,[2] probably originally a parasitic messmate on birds and bats, has -come to be an unmitigated poultry pest, and from the close association in -these regions between poultry and human beings, is often a serious house -pest--more so even than the true bedbug. Others of the species infesting -birds and bats may also on occasion become house pests. For example, the -nests of the common barn or eaves swallow of this country often swarm with -the barn-swallow bug,[3] and from such nests under the eaves of dwelling -houses these bugs sometimes gain entrance to houses and beds and are the -cause of much annoyance. Similarly a species,[4] normally a parasite of -birds and bats in the Old World, and also in Brazil and the West Indies, -not infrequently becomes a human parasite. - -[2] (_Cimex_) _Haematosiphon inodora_ Dugès. - -[3] (_Cimex_) _Oeciacus hirundinis_ Jenyns. - -[4] _Cimex hemipterus_ Fab. (synonym, _rotundatus_ Sign.). - - - - -=GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.= - - -The bedbug belongs to the order Hemiptera, which includes the true bugs or -piercing insects, characterized by possessing a piercing and sucking beak. -The bedbug is to man what the chinch bug is to grains or the squash bug -to cucurbs. Like nearly all the insects parasitic on animals, however, it -is degraded structurally, its parasitic nature and the slight necessity -for extensive locomotion having resulted, after many ages doubtless, in -the loss of wings and the assumption of a comparatively simple structure. -Before feeding, the adult (fig. 2) is much flattened, oval, and in -color is rust red, with the abdomen more or less tinged with black. -When engorged the body becomes much bloated and elongated and brightly -colored from the ingested blood. The wings are represented by the merest -rudiments, barely recognizable pads, and the simple eyes or ocelli of -most other true bugs are lacking. The absence of wings is a most fortunate -circumstance, since otherwise there would be no safety from it even for -the most careful of housekeepers. Some slight variation in length of wing -pads has been observed, but none with wings showing any considerable -development has ever been found. - -[Illustration: Fig. 2.--Bedbug: Adult before engorgement. Much enlarged. -(Author's illustration.)] - - - - -=THE "BUGGY" ODOR.= - - -The most characteristic feature of the bedbug is the very distinct and -disagreeable odor which it exhales, an odor well known to all who have -been familiar with it as the "buggy" odor. This odor is by no means -limited to the bedbug, but is characteristic of most plant bugs also. The -common chinch bug affecting small grains and the squash bugs all possess -this odor, and it is quite as pungent with these plant-feeding forms as -with the human parasite. The possession of this odor, disagreeable as -it is, is very fortunate after all, as it is of considerable assistance -in detecting the presence of these vermin. The odor comes from glands, -situated in various parts of the body, which secrete a clear, oily, -volatile liquid. With the plant-feeding forms this odor is certainly a -means of protection against insectivorous birds, rendering these insects -obnoxious or distasteful to their feathered enemies. With the bedbug, on -the other hand, it is probably an illustration of a very common phenomenon -among animals, i. e., the persistence of a characteristic which is no -longer of any especial value to the possessor. The natural enemies of true -bugs, against which this odor senses as a moans of protection, in the -conditions under which the bedbug lives, are kept away from it; and the -roach, which sometimes feeds on bedbugs, is evidently not deterred by the -odor, while the common house ant and the house centipede, which may also -attack the bedbug, seem not to find this odor disagreeable. - - - - -=HABITS AND LIFE HISTORY.= - - -The bedbug is normally nocturnal in habits and displays a certain degree -of wariness, caution, and intelligence in its efforts at concealment -during the day. Under the stress of hunger, however, it will emerge -from its place of concealment in a well-lighted room at night, so that -under such circumstances keeping the gas or electric light burning is -not a complete protection. It has been known under similar conditions to -attack human beings voraciously in broad daylight. It usually leaves its -victim as soon as it has become engorged with blood and retires to its -normal place of concealment, either in cracks in the bedstead, especially -if the latter be one of the wooden variety, or behind wainscoting, or -under loose wall paper, and in these and similar places it manifests its -gregarious habit by collecting in masses. It thrives particularly in -filthy apartments and in old houses which are full of cracks and crevices, -in which it can conceal itself beyond easy reach. As just noted the -old-fashioned, heavy, wooden-slatted bedsteads afford especially favorable -situations for the concealment and multiplication of this insect, and the -general use in later years of iron and brass bedsteads has very greatly -facilitated its eradication. Such beds, however, do not insure safety, as -the insects are able to find places of concealment even about such beds, -or get to them readily from their other hiding places. - -Extraordinary stories are current of the remarkable intelligence of this -insect in circumventing various efforts to prevent its gaining access -to beds. Most of these are undoubtedly exaggerations, but the inherited -experience of many centuries of companionship with man, during which -the bedbug has always found its host an active enemy, has resulted in a -knowledge of the habits of the human animal and a facility of concealment, -particularly as evidenced by its abandoning beds and often going to -distant quarters for protection and hiding during daylight, which indicate -considerable apparent intelligence. - -Like its allies, the bedbug undergoes what is known as an incomplete -metamorphosis. In other words, the insect from its larval to its adult -stage is active and similar in form, structure, and habit, contrasting -with flies and moths in their very diverse life stages of larva, -chrysalis, or pupa, and winged adult. - -The eggs (fig. 3, _d_) are white oval objects having a little projecting -rim around one edge and may be found in batches of from 6 to 50 in cracks -and crevices where the parent bugs go for concealment. In confinement eggs -may be deposited almost daily over a period of two months or more and -commonly at the rate of from one to live eggs per day, but sometimes much -larger batches are laid. As many as 190 eggs have been thus obtained from -a single captured female.[5] - -[5] Girault, A. A. Preliminary studies on the biology of the bedbug, -_Cimex lectularius_, Linn. III. Facts obtained concerning the habits of -the adult. _In_ Jour. Econ. Biol., v. 9, no. 1, p. 25-45. 1914. - -The eggs hatch in a week or 10 days in the hot weather of mid-summer, but -cold may lengthen or even double this egg period or check development -altogether. The young escape by pushing up the lid-like top with its -projecting rim. When first emerged (fig. 3, _a, b_) they are yellowish -white and nearly transparent, the brown color of the more mature insect -increasing with the later molts (fig. 4). - -[Illustration: Fig. 3.--Bedbug: Egg and newly hatched larva: _a_, Larva -from below; _b_, larva from above; _c_, claw; _d_, egg; _c_, hair or spine -of larva. Greatly enlarged, natural size of larva and egg indicated by -hair lines. (Author's illustration.)] - -[Illustration: Fig. 4.--Bedbug: _a_, Larval skin shed at first molt; -_b_, second larval stage immediately after emerging from _a_; _c_, same -after first meal, distended with blood. Greatly enlarged. (Author's -illustration.)] - -During the course of its development the bedbug molts or sheds its -skin normally five times, and with the last molt the minute wing pads, -characteristic of the adult insect, make their appearance. A period of -about 11 weeks was formerly supposed to be necessary for the complete -maturity of the insect, but breeding experiments with this insect, -conducted in this department in 1896, indicated that the life cycle is -subject to great variation, being entirely dependent on warmth and food -supply. Under favorable conditions of temperature and food it was found -that there was an average period of about eight days between moltings -and between the laying of eggs and their hatching, giving about seven -weeks as the period under these conditions from egg to adult insect. The -molting periods are shorter in the earlier stages and lengthen in the -later stages. There are many exceptions, however, and some individuals -even under the same conditions remain two or three weeks without molting. -Under conditions of famine, or without food, as already shown, the bedbug -may remain unchanged in any of the immature stages for an indefinite -time, and the checking of development by such starvation may result in -additional molting periods. - -The breeding records referred to, and numerous confirmatory experiments -subsequently made by other investigators, indicate that ordinarily but one -meal is taken between molts, so that each bedbug must puncture its host -five times before becoming mature, and at least once afterwards before -it can develop eggs. Additional meals between molts may be taken under -favoring circumstances, however, and particularly when the insect has been -disturbed and has not become fully engorged at its first meal after a -molting or other period. The bedbug takes from 5 to 10 minutes to become -bloated with blood, and then retires to its place of concealment for 6 to -10 days for the quiet digestion of its enormous meal, and for subsequent -molting, or reproduction if in the adult stage. - -Such feeding and reproduction may, under favorable conditions of -temperature, continue throughout the year, and in one instance the -progeny of a captured female adult was carried through three continuous -generations.[6] - -[6] Girault, A. A. Preliminary studies on the biology of the bedbug, -_Cimex lectularius_, Linn. II. Facts obtained concerning the duration of -its different stages. _In_ Jour. Econ. Biol., v. 7, no. 4, p. 163-188. -1912. - -Unfavorable conditions of temperature and food will necessarily result in -great variation in the number of generations annually and in the rate of -multiplication, but allowing for reasonable checks on development, there -may be at least four successive broods in a year in houses kept well -heated in winter. - - - - -=FOOD AND LONGEVITY.= - - -Under normal conditions the food of the common bedbug is obtained from -human beings only, and no other unforced feeding habit has been reported. -It is easily possible, however, to force the bedbug to feed on mice, rats, -birds, etc., and probably it may do so occasionally in nature in the -absence of its normal host. The abundance of this insect in houses which -have long been untenanted may occasionally be accounted for by such other -sources of food, but probably normally such infestation can be explained -by the natural longevity of the insect and its ability to survive for -practically a year, and perhaps more, without food. - -There are many records indicating the ability of the bedbug to survive -for long periods without food, and specimens have been kept for a year -in a sealed vial with absolutely no means of sustenance whatever. In the -course of the department's study of this insect in 1896, young bedbugs, -obtained from eggs, were kept in small sealed vials for several months, -remaining active in spite of the fact that they had never taken any -nourishment whatever. A considerable series of experiments was later -conducted by Girault[7] bearing on the longevity of the insect under -different conditions. A large number of adults of both sexes were kept -in confinement, but with normal feeding and mating, and these survived -for periods ranging from 54 to 316 days. Similarly, the life of 71 newly -hatched larvæ, without food, ranged from 17 to 42 days, averaging about 28 -days. Partly grown captured insects lived without further feeding from 17 -to 60 days. Longevity is naturally affected more or less by temperatures. -In other words, temperatures sufficient to check the activity of the -insect and produce hibernation or semihibernation are apt to increase -longevity. - -[7] Loc. cit. - -The fact that the bedbug is able to survive for such long periods without -human blood has led to the theory that it could subsist in some fashion -on the moisture from wood or from accumulations of dust in crevices in -flooring, etc. There seems to be no basis of observed fact for this idea. - -Another very prevalent belief among the old settlers in the West, that -this insect normally lives on dead or diseased cottonwood logs, and is -almost certain to abound in log houses of this wood, seems to be equally -devoid of basis. As illustrating this belief, the department has on -file a very definite report from an Army officer that the bedbug often -occurs in numbers under the bark of dead cottonwood trees,[8] especially -along the Big Horn and Little Horn Rivers in Montana. The basis of this -report and the origin of this very general misconception is probably, as -pointed out by the late Prof. Riley, due to a confusion of the bedbug with -the immature stages of an entirely distinct insect,[9] which somewhat -resembles the bedbug and often occurs under cottonwood bark. - -[8] _Populus monilifera._ - -[9] _Aradus_ sp. - - - - -=INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE.= - - -As a messmate of human beings in dwelling houses, the bedbug is normally -protected from extreme cold, and is known to be an abundant and serious -pest far north. In fact, it is often more troublesome in north temperate -latitudes than farther south. This may be accounted for partly by the fact -that the bedbug is very sensitive to high temperatures, and a temperature -of 96° to 100° F. or more, accompanied with a fairly high degree of -humidity, results in the death of large numbers of the bugs. The mature -or partly mature bedbugs can stand comparatively low temperatures, even -below freezing, for a considerable period. The eggs and newly hatched -larvæ, however, succumb to a temperature below freezing, if this condition -is prolonged for from 15 days to a month. The feeding and developing -activity of the insect practically ceases at 60° F., the insect remaining -quiescent and in semihibernation at temperatures below this point. The -most favorable temperatures for activity are between 60° and 98° F.[10] -The activity of the insect is controlled entirely by temperature and food -supply, and, therefore, in heated houses the insect may remain active -throughout the winter. There is some protection in winter, therefore, in -sleeping in cold bedrooms. - -[10] Bacot, A. W. The influence of temperature, submersion, and burial -on the survival of eggs and larvæ of _Cimex lectularius_. _In_ Bul. Ent. -Res., v. 5, pt. 2, p. 111-117. 1914. - - - - -=THE BITE OF THE BEDBUG.= - - -The bite of the bedbug is decidedly poisonous to some individuals, -resulting in a slight swelling and disagreeable inflammation. To such -persons the presence of bedbugs is sufficient to cause the greatest -uneasiness, if not to put sleep and rest entirely out of the question. -With others, however, who are less sensitive, the presence of the bugs -may not be recognized at all, and, except for the occasional staining -of the linen by a crushed individual, their presence might be entirely -overlooked. The inflammation experienced by sensitive persons seems to -result chiefly from the puncture of the skin by the sharp piercing setæ -which constitute the puncturing element of the mouth parts, as there seems -to be no secretion of poison other than the natural fluids of the mouth. - -The biting organ of the bedbug is similar to that of other insects of its -order. It consists of a rather heavy, fleshy under lip (the only part -ordinarily seen in examining the insect), within which lie four threadlike -hard filaments or setæ which glide over one another with an alternating -motion and pierce the flesh. The blood is drawn up through the beak, which -is closely applied to the point of puncture, and the alternating motion of -the setæ in the flesh causes the blood to flow more freely. The details of -the structure of the beak are shown in figure 1 at _d_. - -To allay the irritation set up by the bite of the bedbug, peroxide of -hydrogen, or dioxygen, may be used with good results. - -Tincture of iodine either at ordinary or double strength is also a good -counter-irritant for use in cases of flea, mosquito, bedbug, and other -insect bites, but should be used with caution on the tender skin of -small children and on those who are affected with or disposed to eczemic -disorders. - - - - -=THE BEDBUG AND HUMAN DISEASES.= - - -In common with other insects which attack man and warm-blooded animals, -it is entirely possible for the bedbug and its close allies to be -transmitters of contagious human diseases, and already these insects have -been shown to be possible carriers or transmitters of a considerable -series of diseases, including infantile Kala-azar of northern Africa and -southern Europe, relapsing fever of Africa and Europe, the Chagas fever -of Brazil, tropical sore, plague, and possibly leprosy. In the case of -these, and perhaps other diseases, the bedbug shares the responsibility of -transmitter with other biting insects, such as body lice and fleas. - -The particular role of the bedbug as a carrier of disease has not been -satisfactorily determined, nor has it been shown that the bedbug is a -necessary alternate host in any instance. In general, the transmission -of disease by this insect has apparently resulted from the accidental -carriage of the disease elements on the mouth parts, as pointed out by -André,[11] after a careful study of the subject. As a parasite of human -beings in private dwelling houses, where it may seldom change its host, -the opportunity for the bedbug itself to become infected with human -diseases and again to transmit them to the human subject is very remote. -This condition, however, does not apply to hotels or to passenger boats, -where the human occupants are constantly changing. Furthermore, the fact -that the bedbug attacks its host at comparatively long intervals of from -a week to several weeks or months acts as a bar to its transmission of -certain insect-borne diseases, the biology of which requires a definite -and comparatively short period of development in the alternate insect host. - -[11] André, Ch. Recherches anatomiques et expérimentales sur la punaise -des lits. _In_ Jour. Physiol. et Path. Gén., v. 14, p. 600-615. 1912. - - - - -=NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE BEDBUG.= - - -Living always in houses as it does and being well concealed, the bedbug -is not normally subject to much if any control by natural enemies. -Certain other household insects, however, do occasionally prey upon the -bedbug, as, for example, the house centipede[12] and the common little -red house ant.[13] Such enemies, however, are of very small importance -and yield little, if any, effective control except under very exceptional -circumstances. One such instance is reported by the late Mr. Theodore -Pergande, of this department, who states that as a soldier in the Civil -War he occupied at one time a barracks at Meridian, Miss., which had -been abandoned some time before. The premises proved to be swarming with -bedbugs; but very shortly afterwards the little red house ant discovered -the presence of the bedbugs and came in enormous numbers, and Mr. Pergande -witnessed the very interesting and pleasing sight of the bedbugs being -dismembered and carried away bodily by these very minute ants, many times -smaller than the bugs which they were handling so successfully. The result -was that in a single day the bedbug nuisance was completely abated. The -liking of red ants for bedbugs is confirmed also by a correspondent -writing from Florida (F. C. M. Boggess), who goes so far as heartily to -recommend the artificial introduction of the ants to abate this bug -nuisance.[14] Bedbugs and other household insects, however, are not of the -sort which it is convenient or profitable to turn over to their natural -enemies in the hope that eradication by this means will follow, and the -fact that they are preyed upon by other insects furnishes no excuse to the -housekeeper for not instituting prompt remedial measures. - -[12] _Scutigera forceps_ Raf. - -[13] _Monomorium pharaonis_ L. - -[14] Bedbugs and red ants, _In_ Insect Life, v. 6, no. 4, p. 340. 1894. - - - - -=REMEDIES.= - - -Undoubtedly the most efficient remedy for the bedbug is to fumigate the -infested house or rooms with hydrocyanic-acid gas. This gas will penetrate -into every crevice in the house or room where the bedbugs conceal -themselves and has an immediate effectiveness which gives it an important -recommendation, especially when the infestation is considerable or of long -standing. This method of fumigation should be intelligently employed, -as the gas is deadly poisonous. A bulletin giving directions for such -fumigation has been issued by the Department of Agriculture.[15] - -[15] Howard, L. O., and Popenoe, C. H. Hydrocyanic-acid gas against -household insects. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bul. 699. 8 p. 1916. - -The fumes of burning sulphur are also a very efficient means of control -where the conditions are such that this method can be used, readily -destroying the insect in all stages, including the egg. The treatment is -inexpensive compared with the use of hydrocyanic-acid gas and offers much -less risk of danger to human beings. There is, however, a considerable -risk of injury to household fabrics, furnishings, and wall papers from the -strong bleaching quality of sulphur fumes. This danger will be somewhat -diminished if the fumigation can be done at a time when the room or house -is thoroughly dried out, as in winter by a furnace or other heating -system. Further precautions should be taken by removing all metallic -surfaces from the room or building, or by protecting them with a coating -of vaseline. Two pounds of sulphur are recommended for each 2,000 cubic -feet of space, and the building should be closed for the treatment for at -least 5 or 6 hours, or preferably for 24 hours. Sulphur candles may be -used where available, or the sulphurous gas or fumes can be generated by -burning the sulphur in a dish placed in the center of the room, and for -protection set within a larger vessel. Thorough-going precautions must be -taken to prevent accidental overflowing or the starting of a fire, and -after the fumigation the house should be given a thorough airing. - -Other gases have been experimented with, such as formalin and the vapors -of benzine, naphthaline, and camphor, but these gases are of little value. -Similarly, insect powders are of little value, largely from the difficulty -of getting them into the crevices and other places of concealment of the -insects. - -The old-fashioned household remedies referred to below are effective -enough, though at a greater cost of time and personal effort. They -will, however, be often of much service in the case of slight or recent -infestations, or where the employment of more poisonous and troublesome -gases is objected to or is impracticable. Of these simple methods of -control perhaps the most efficient is in very liberal applications -of benzine or kerosene, or any other of the lighter petroleum oils, -introduced with small brushes or feathers, or by injecting with syringes -into all crevices of beds, furniture, or walls where the insects may have -concealed themselves. Corrosive sublimate is also of value, and oil of -turpentine may be used in the same way. The liberal use of hot water, -wherever it may be employed without danger to furniture, etc., is also an -effectual method of destroying both eggs and active bugs.[16] - -[16] A remedy for the bedbug has been devised by Mr. R. H. Pettit -("Notes on two insecticidal agents," in 10th Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., p. -159-160, 1908) as a substitute for hydrocyanic-acid gas and sulphur, -and is reported to have proved very successful. The preparation of this -insecticide and its application is described as follows: - - Alcohol is drawn through pyrethrum in a funnel until the powder is - well washed and a large part of the resinous principle extracted. To - do this, the powder is placed in a large funnel with filter-plate and - a layer of cotton wool at the bottom. An aspirator is attached and - the alcohol is at first slowly and later rapidly sucked through six - or eight times, during which operation it becomes highly colored. To - this liquid as a basis, are added several oils to give permanence - to the application. Both alcohol and pyrethrum evaporate so quickly - that it was thought best to carry in some heavier volatile oils whose - effects would last several days or even weeks. The formula when - completed stands as follows: - - To the extract made by washing 400 grams of pyrethrum with 2,000 c. - c. of strong alcohol, are added-- - - 50 grams gum camphor. - 150 c. c. cedar wood oil. - 25 grams oil citronella. - 25 grams oil lavender. - - The application is best made with a large sized atomizer, one holding - a pint or more and working with a piston instead of a rubber bulb. - * * * To obtain the best results, repeat the treatment after about - two weeks. We have tried this mixture repeatedly, and with uniformly - gratifying results. Usually one application, if thoroughly made, put - a period to the complaints, about eight or ten ounces being required - in an average sleeping-room. The odor remains some little time in a - room, but is not disagreeable to the average person. - - This remedy can be readily prepared by a pharmacist in any drug store. - -Various bedbug remedies and mixtures are for sale, most of them containing -one or another of the ingredients mentioned, and these are frequently of -value. The great desideratum, however, in a case of this kind, is a daily -inspection of beds and bedding, particularly the seams and tufting of -mattresses, and of all crevices and locations about the premises where -these vermin may have gone for concealment. A vigorous campaign should, in -the course of a week or so at the outside, result in the extermination of -this very obnoxious and embarrassing pest. - -The possibility of temperature control is indicated in the discussion -elsewhere of the effect of temperature on this insect, and it may be that -if infested houses in cold climates could be opened up and allowed to -remain at a temperature well below freezing for a week or more, the bedbug -would be thoroughly exterminated. This method of control would be rarely -practicable except perhaps in the case of summer houses which are left -untenanted in winter. - - - * * * * * - - -=Transcriber Note= - -Illustrations move to prevent splitting paragraphs. Minor typos may have -been corrected. Produced from files generously made available by USDA -through The Internet Archive. All resultant materials are placed in the -Public Domain. - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 754: The -Bedbug (1916), by Charles Lester Marlatt - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. *** - -***** This file should be named 63225-8.txt or 63225-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/2/2/63225/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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L. Marlatt, a Project Gutenberg eBook. - </title> - <link rel="cover" href="images/cover_epub.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} - -p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; text-indent: 1.5em;} - -hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} - -hr.full {width: 95%;} -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-top: 2em;} - -table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border-collapse: collapse;} -.tblcont tr:hover {background-color: #f5f5f5;} - -.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 3.5%; font-style: normal; /* prevent italics, etc. */ - font-size: small; text-align: right; color: #808080;} /* page numbers */ -.bdt {border-top: solid #000 1px;} -.bdb {border-bottom: solid #000 1px;} -.bdl {border-left: solid #000 1px;} -.bdr {border-right: solid #000 1px;} - -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} -.smaller {font-size: 0.8em;} -.larger {font-size: 1.25em;} -.big {font-size: 2.5em;} -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdc {text-align: center; margin:0; text-indent: 0;} -.tdr {text-align: right;} -.p0 {text-indent: 0;} -h1, h2, .caption3 {font-weight: bold; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} -h1 {font-size:2.00em; margin-top: 1.5em;} -h2 {font-size:1.50em; margin-top: 1.0em;} -.caption3 {font-size:1.25em; margin-top: 0.5em;} -.smaller_nb {font-weight: normal; font-size:0.6em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: center; text-indent:0;} - -/* Images */ - -.fig_center {margin: auto; text-align: center;} - -.fig_left {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; - margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} - -.fig_caption {font-size: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 1em; - margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; text-align: justify;} - -.blockquot {margin: 0 2em;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnotes {background-color: #e6e6fa; color: black; padding:1.5em; - margin-bottom:5em;} - -/* Footnotes */ -.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} -.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 754: The Bedbug -(1916), by Charles Lester Marlatt - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 754: The Bedbug (1916) - -Author: Charles Lester Marlatt - -Release Date: September 18, 2020 [EBook #63225] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. *** - - - - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant -materials are placed in the Public Domain. - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 315px;"> -<img src="images/cover.png" width="315" height="507" alt="USDA Farmers' Bulletin 754: The Bedbug, by C. L. Marlatt" /> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> - - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[ 1 ]</a></span></p> - - -<table style="width: 30em;" summary="titlepage"> -<tr> - <td class="bdl bdt bdr tdc" colspan="3">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdl bdb"> - <div class="fig_center" style="width: 80px;"> - <img src="images/logo_left.png" width="80" height="117" alt="" /> - </div> - </td> - <td class="bdb tdc big">FARMERS'<br />BULLETIN</td> - <td class="bdb bdr"> - <div class="fig_center" style="width: 80px;"> - <img src="images/logo_right.png" width="80" height="117" alt="" /> - </div> - </td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="bdb tdl"><span class="smcap">Washington, D. C.</span></td> - <td class="bdb tdc"><span class="larger">754</span></td> - <td class="bdb tdr"><span class="smcap">October 14, 1916</span></td> -</tr> -</table> - -<p class="tdc"><b>Contribution from the Bureau of Entomology, L. O. Howard, Chief.</b></p> - - - -<h1>THE BEDBUG.<span class="smaller_nb"><a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></h1> - - -<h2>By <span class="smcap">C. L. Marlatt</span>,<br /> - -<span class="smaller_nb"><i>Entomologist and Assistant Chief of Bureau</i>.</span></h2> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>Cimex lectularius</i> L.; order Hemiptera, suborder Heteroptera, family Cimicidae.</p></div> - - - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - - -<table class="tblcont" summary="TOC"> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td class="tdr smaller">Page.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Introduction</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">1</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Origin; common names; distribution</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#ORIGIN_COMMON_NAMES_DISTRIBUTION">2</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Varieties and related insects</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#VARIETIES_AND_RELATED_INSECTS">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">General characteristics</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The "buggy" odor</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_BUGGY_ODOR">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Habits and life history</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#HABITS_AND_LIFE_HISTORY">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Food and longevity</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#FOOD_AND_LONGEVITY">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Influence of temperature</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#INFLUENCE_OF_TEMPERATURE">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The bite of the bedbug</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_BITE_OF_THE_BEDBUG">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">The bedbug and human diseases</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_BEDBUG_AND_HUMAN_DISEASES">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Natural enemies of the bedbug</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#NATURAL_ENEMIES_OF_THE_BEDBUG">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Remedies</td> - <td class="tdr"><a href="#REMEDIES">11</a></td> -</tr> -</table> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.</a></h2> - - -<p>The presence of the bedbug (<a href="#fig1">fig. 1</a>) in a house is not necessarily -an indication of neglect or carelessness; for, little as the idea may -be relished, this insect may gain access in spite of the adoption of -all reasonable precautions. It is very apt to get into the trunks -and satchels of travelers, or into baskets of laundry, and may thus -be introduced into homes. Unfortunately, also, it is quite capable -of migrating from one house to another and will often continue to -come from an adjoining house, sometimes for a period of several -months, gaining entrance daily. Such migration is especially likely -to take place if the human inhabitants of an infested house leave -it. With the failure of their usual source of food, the migratory -instinct of the bedbugs is developed, and, escaping through windows, -they pass along walls, water pipes, or gutters, and thus gain -entrance into adjoining houses. In these or other ways anyone's -premises may be temporarily invaded.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[ 2 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="ORIGIN_COMMON_NAMES_DISTRIBUTION" id="ORIGIN_COMMON_NAMES_DISTRIBUTION">ORIGIN; COMMON NAMES: DISTRIBUTION.</a></h2> - - -<p>As with nearly all the insects associated with man, the bedbug has -had the habits now characteristic of it as far back as the records run. -It was undoubtedly of common occurrence in the dwellings of the -ancient peoples of Asia. The Romans were well acquainted with it, -giving it the name Cimex. It was supposed by Pliny—and this -was doubtless the common belief among the Romans—to have -medicinal properties, and it was recommended, among other things, -as a specific for the bites of serpents. It is said to have been first -introduced into England in 1503, but the references to it are of such -a nature as to make it very probable that it had been there long -before. Two hundred and fifty years later it was reported to be -very abundant in the seaport towns, but was scarcely known inland.</p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 423px;"><a id="fig1"></a> -<img src="images/fig1.png" width="423" height="206" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 1.</span>—Bedbug (<i>Cimex lectularius</i>): <i>a</i>, Adult female, engorged with blood; <i>b</i>, same from below; -<i>c</i>, rudimentary wing pad; <i>d</i>, mouth parts, <i>a, b</i>, much enlarged; <i>c, d</i>, highly magnified. (Author's illustration.)</div> -</div> - -<p>One of the old English names was "wall-louse." It was afterward -very well known as the "chinch," which continued to be the -common appellation for it until within a century or two, and is still -used in parts of this country. The origin of the name "bedbug" is -not known, but it is such a descriptive one that it would seem to -have been very naturally suggested. Almost everywhere there are -local names for these parasites, as, for illustration, around Boston -they are called "chintzes" and "chinches," and from Baltimore -comes the name "mahogany flat," while in New York they are -styled "red coats," and in the west "crimson ramblers."</p> - -<p>The bedbug has accompanied man wherever he has gone. Ships -are very apt to be infested with it and have been the chief means of -its wide distribution. It probably came to this country with the -earliest colonists; at least Kalm, writing in 1748-49, stated that it -was plentiful in the English colonies and in Canada, though unknown -among the Indians.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[ 3 ]</a></span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="VARIETIES_AND_RELATED_INSECTS" id="VARIETIES_AND_RELATED_INSECTS">VARIETIES AND RELATED INSECTS.</a></h2> - - -<p>What may eventually prove to be mere variations of the ordinary-type -of human bedbug have been described as distinct species in several -instances. For example, the common bedbug of southern Asia is -supposed to present some slight variations from the European type, -chiefly in being somewhat more elongate. These slightly diverging -forms of the bedbug in different parts of the world, which are not -known to have any special bird or animal host other than human -beings, may prove to be merely local races or varieties of the ordinary -bedbug.</p> - -<p>Birds, bats, and poultry are attacked in various parts of the world -by a considerable number of parasitic bugs, closely related to the -bedbug, which live on their hosts and in nests and about roosting -places. One of these species, occurring abundantly in southwestern -United States and Mexico,<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> probably originally a parasitic messmate -on birds and bats, has come to be an unmitigated poultry pest, and -from the close association in these regions between poultry and human -beings, is often a serious house pest—more so even than the true bedbug. -Others of the species infesting birds and bats may also on occasion -become house pests. For example, the nests of the common -barn or eaves swallow of this country often swarm with the barn-swallow -bug,<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> and from such nests under the eaves of dwelling -houses these bugs sometimes gain entrance to houses and beds and -are the cause of much annoyance. Similarly a species,<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> normally a -parasite of birds and bats in the Old World, and also in Brazil and -the West Indies, not infrequently becomes a human parasite.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> (<i>Cimex</i>) <i>Haematosiphon inodora</i> Dugès.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> (<i>Cimex</i>) <i>Oeciacus hirundinis</i> Jenyns.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Cimex hemipterus</i> Fab. (synonym, <i>rotundatus</i> Sign.).</p></div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS" id="GENERAL_CHARACTERISTICS">GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.</a></h2> - - -<p>The bedbug belongs to the order Hemiptera, which includes the -true bugs or piercing insects, characterized by possessing a piercing -and sucking beak. The bedbug is to man what the chinch bug is -to grains or the squash bug to cucurbs. Like nearly all the insects -parasitic on animals, however, it is degraded structurally, its parasitic -nature and the slight necessity for extensive locomotion having -resulted, after many ages doubtless, in the loss of wings and the -assumption of a comparatively simple structure. Before feeding, the -adult (<a href="#fig2">fig. 2</a>) is much flattened, oval, and in color is rust red, with -the abdomen more or less tinged with black. When engorged the -body becomes much bloated and elongated and brightly colored -from the ingested blood. The wings are represented by the merest -rudiments, barely recognizable pads, and the simple eyes or ocelli -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[ 4 ]</a></span> -of most other true bugs are lacking. The absence of wings is a most -fortunate circumstance, since otherwise there would be no safety -from it even for the most careful of housekeepers. Some slight variation -in length of wing pads has been observed, but none with -wings showing any considerable development has ever been found.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="THE_BUGGY_ODOR" id="THE_BUGGY_ODOR">THE "BUGGY" ODOR.</a></h2> - - -<div class="fig_left" style="width: 182px;"><a id="fig2"></a> -<img src="images/fig2.png" width="182" height="167" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 2.</span>—Bedbug: Adult before engorgement. -Much enlarged. (Author's illustration.)</div> -</div> - -<p>The most characteristic feature of the bedbug is the very distinct -and disagreeable odor which it exhales, an odor well known to all -who have been familiar with it as the "buggy" odor. This odor is -by no means limited to the bedbug, but is characteristic of most -plant bugs also. The common chinch bug affecting small grains -and the squash bugs all possess this odor, and it is quite as pungent -with these plant-feeding forms as with the human parasite. The -possession of this odor, disagreeable as it is, is very fortunate after -all, as it is of considerable assistance in -detecting the presence of these vermin. -The odor comes from glands, situated -in various parts of the body, which secrete -a clear, oily, volatile liquid. With -the plant-feeding forms this odor is certainly a means of protection against insectivorous -birds, rendering these insects -obnoxious or distasteful to their -feathered enemies. With the bedbug, -on the other hand, it is probably an -illustration of a very common phenomenon among animals, i. e., the -persistence of a characteristic which is no -longer of any especial value to the possessor. The natural enemies -of true bugs, against which this odor senses as a moans of protection, -in the conditions under which the bedbug lives, are kept -away from it; and the roach, which sometimes feeds on bedbugs, is -evidently not deterred by the odor, while the common house ant -and the house centipede, which may also attack the bedbug, seem -not to find this odor disagreeable.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="HABITS_AND_LIFE_HISTORY" id="HABITS_AND_LIFE_HISTORY">HABITS AND LIFE HISTORY.</a></h2> - - -<p>The bedbug is normally nocturnal in habits and displays a certain -degree of wariness, caution, and intelligence in its efforts at concealment -during the day. Under the stress of hunger, however, it will -emerge from its place of concealment in a well-lighted room at night, -so that under such circumstances keeping the gas or electric light -burning is not a complete protection. It has been known under -similar conditions to attack human beings voraciously in broad -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[ 5 ]</a></span> -daylight. It usually leaves its victim as soon as it has become -engorged with blood and retires to its normal place of concealment, -either in cracks in the bedstead, especially if the latter be one of the -wooden variety, or behind wainscoting, or under loose wall paper, -and in these and similar places it manifests its gregarious habit by -collecting in masses. It thrives particularly in filthy apartments -and in old houses which are full of cracks and crevices, in which it -can conceal itself beyond easy reach. As just noted the old-fashioned, -heavy, wooden-slatted bedsteads afford especially favorable situations -for the concealment and multiplication of this insect, and the -general use in later years of iron and brass bedsteads has very greatly -facilitated its eradication. Such beds, however, do not insure safety, -as the insects are able to find places of concealment even about such -beds, or get to them readily from their other hiding places.</p> - -<p>Extraordinary stories are current of the remarkable intelligence of -this insect in circumventing various efforts to prevent its gaining -access to beds. Most of these are undoubtedly exaggerations, but -the inherited experience of many centuries of companionship with -man, during which the bedbug has always found its host an active -enemy, has resulted in a knowledge of the habits of the human -animal and a facility of concealment, particularly as evidenced by -its abandoning beds and often going to distant quarters for protection -and hiding during daylight, which indicate considerable apparent -intelligence.</p> - -<p>Like its allies, the bedbug undergoes what is known as an incomplete -metamorphosis. In other words, the insect from its larval to -its adult stage is active and similar in form, structure, and habit, -contrasting with flies and moths in their very diverse life stages of -larva, chrysalis, or pupa, and winged adult.</p> - -<p>The eggs (<a href="#fig3">fig. 3, <i>d</i></a>) are white oval objects having a little projecting -rim around one edge and may be found in batches of from 6 to 50 -in cracks and crevices where the parent bugs go for concealment. -In confinement eggs may be deposited almost daily over a period -of two months or more and commonly at the rate of from one to -live eggs per day, but sometimes much larger batches are laid. As -many as 190 eggs have been thus obtained from a single captured -female.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Girault, A. A. Preliminary studies on the biology of the bedbug, <i>Cimex lectularius</i>, Linn. III. -Facts obtained concerning the habits of the adult. <i>In</i> Jour. Econ. Biol., v. 9, no. 1, p. 25-45. 1914.</p></div> - -<p>The eggs hatch in a week or 10 days in the hot weather of mid-summer, -but cold may lengthen or even double this egg period or -check development altogether. The young escape by pushing up the -lid-like top with its projecting rim. When first emerged (<a href="#fig3">fig. 3, <i>a, b</i></a>) -they are yellowish white and nearly transparent, the brown color of -the more mature insect increasing with the later molts (<a href="#fig4">fig. 4</a>).</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[ 6 ]</a></span></p> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 374px;"><a id="fig3"></a> -<img src="images/fig3.png" width="374" height="175" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span>—Bedbug: Egg and newly hatched larva: <i>a</i>, Larva from below; <i>b</i>, larva from above; <i>c</i>, claw; -<i>d</i>, egg; <i>c</i>, hair or spine of larva. Greatly enlarged, natural size of larva and egg indicated by hair lines. -(Author's illustration.)</div> -</div> - -<div class="fig_center" style="width: 438px;"><a id="fig4"></a> -<img src="images/fig4.png" width="438" height="180" alt="" /> -<div class="fig_caption"><span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span>—Bedbug: <i>a</i>, Larval skin shed at first molt; <i>b</i>, second larval stage immediately after emerging from -<i>a</i>; <i>c</i>, same after first meal, distended with blood. Greatly enlarged. (Author's illustration.)</div> -</div> - -<p>During the course of its development the bedbug molts or sheds -its skin normally five times, and with the last molt the minute wing -pads, characteristic of the adult insect, make their appearance. A -period of about 11 weeks was formerly supposed to be necessary for -the complete maturity of the insect, but breeding experiments with -this insect, conducted in this department in 1896, indicated that -the life cycle is subject to great variation, being entirely dependent -on warmth and food supply. Under favorable conditions of temperature -and food it was found that there was an average period of about -eight days between moltings and between the laying of eggs and -their hatching, giving about seven weeks as the period under these -conditions from egg to adult insect. The molting periods are shorter -in the earlier stages and lengthen in the later stages. There are many -exceptions, however, and some individuals even under the same -conditions remain two or three weeks without molting. Under conditions -of famine, or without food, as already shown, the bedbug may -remain unchanged in any of the immature stages for an indefinite -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[ 7 ]</a></span> -time, and the checking of development by such starvation may result -in additional molting periods.</p> - -<p>The breeding records referred to, and numerous confirmatory -experiments subsequently made by other investigators, indicate -that ordinarily but one meal is taken between molts, so that each -bedbug must puncture its host five times before becoming mature, -and at least once afterwards before it can develop eggs. Additional -meals between molts may be taken under favoring circumstances, -however, and particularly when the insect has been disturbed and -has not become fully engorged at its first meal after a molting or -other period. The bedbug takes from 5 to 10 minutes to become -bloated with blood, and then retires to its place of concealment for -6 to 10 days for the quiet digestion of its enormous meal, and for -subsequent molting, or reproduction if in the adult stage.</p> - -<p>Such feeding and reproduction may, under favorable conditions of -temperature, continue throughout the year, and in one instance the -progeny of a captured female adult was carried through three continuous -generations.<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Girault, A. A. Preliminary studies on the biology of the bedbug, <i>Cimex lectularius</i>, Linn. II. Facts -obtained concerning the duration of its different stages. <i>In</i> Jour. Econ. Biol., v. 7, no. 4, p. 163-188. 1912.</p></div> - -<p>Unfavorable conditions of temperature and food will necessarily -result in great variation in the number of generations annually and -in the rate of multiplication, but allowing for reasonable checks on -development, there may be at least four successive broods in a year -in houses kept well heated in winter.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="FOOD_AND_LONGEVITY" id="FOOD_AND_LONGEVITY">FOOD AND LONGEVITY.</a></h2> - - -<p>Under normal conditions the food of the common bedbug is -obtained from human beings only, and no other unforced feeding -habit has been reported. It is easily possible, however, to force the -bedbug to feed on mice, rats, birds, etc., and probably it may do so -occasionally in nature in the absence of its normal host. The -abundance of this insect in houses which have long been untenanted -may occasionally be accounted for by such other sources of food, but -probably normally such infestation can be explained by the natural -longevity of the insect and its ability to survive for practically a year, -and perhaps more, without food.</p> - -<p>There are many records indicating the ability of the bedbug to -survive for long periods without food, and specimens have been kept -for a year in a sealed vial with absolutely no means of sustenance -whatever. In the course of the department's study of this insect in -1896, young bedbugs, obtained from eggs, were kept in small sealed -vials for several months, remaining active in spite of the fact that -they had never taken any nourishment whatever. A considerable -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[ 8 ]</a></span> -series of experiments was later conducted by Girault<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> bearing on the -longevity of the insect under different conditions. A large number -of adults of both sexes were kept in confinement, but with normal -feeding and mating, and these survived for periods ranging from 54 -to 316 days. Similarly, the life of 71 newly hatched larvæ, without -food, ranged from 17 to 42 days, averaging about 28 days. Partly -grown captured insects lived without further feeding from 17 to 60 -days. Longevity is naturally affected more or less by temperatures. -In other words, temperatures sufficient to check the activity of the -insect and produce hibernation or semihibernation are apt to increase -longevity.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Loc. cit.</p></div> - -<p>The fact that the bedbug is able to survive for such long periods -without human blood has led to the theory that it could subsist in -some fashion on the moisture from wood or from accumulations of -dust in crevices in flooring, etc. There seems to be no basis of -observed fact for this idea.</p> - -<p>Another very prevalent belief among the old settlers in the West, -that this insect normally lives on dead or diseased cottonwood logs, -and is almost certain to abound in log houses of this wood, seems to -be equally devoid of basis. As illustrating this belief, the department -has on file a very definite report from an Army officer that the -bedbug often occurs in numbers under the bark of dead cottonwood -trees,<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> especially along the Big Horn and Little Horn Rivers in -Montana. The basis of this report and the origin of this very general -misconception is probably, as pointed out by the late Prof. Riley, -due to a confusion of the bedbug with the immature stages of an -entirely distinct insect,<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> which somewhat resembles the bedbug and -often occurs under cottonwood bark.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Populus monilifera.</i></p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>Aradus</i> sp.</p></div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="INFLUENCE_OF_TEMPERATURE" id="INFLUENCE_OF_TEMPERATURE">INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE.</a></h2> - - -<p>As a messmate of human beings in dwelling houses, the bedbug is -normally protected from extreme cold, and is known to be an -abundant and serious pest far north. In fact, it is often more -troublesome in north temperate latitudes than farther south. This -may be accounted for partly by the fact that the bedbug is very -sensitive to high temperatures, and a temperature of 96° to 100° F. -or more, accompanied with a fairly high degree of humidity, results -in the death of large numbers of the bugs. The mature or partly -mature bedbugs can stand comparatively low temperatures, even -below freezing, for a considerable period. The eggs and newly -hatched larvæ, however, succumb to a temperature below freezing, -if this condition is prolonged for from 15 days to a month. The -feeding and developing activity of the insect practically ceases at -60° F., the insect remaining quiescent and in semihibernation at -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[ 9 ]</a></span> -temperatures below this point. The most favorable temperatures -for activity are between 60° and 98° F.<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The activity of the insect -is controlled entirely by temperature and food supply, and, therefore, -in heated houses the insect may remain active throughout the -winter. There is some protection in winter, therefore, in sleeping in -cold bedrooms.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Bacot, A. W. The influence of temperature, submersion, and burial on the survival of eggs and larvæ -of <i>Cimex lectularius</i>. <i>In</i> Bul. Ent. Res., v. 5, pt. 2, p. 111-117. 1914.</p></div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="THE_BITE_OF_THE_BEDBUG" id="THE_BITE_OF_THE_BEDBUG">THE BITE OF THE BEDBUG.</a></h2> - - -<p>The bite of the bedbug is decidedly poisonous to some individuals, -resulting in a slight swelling and disagreeable inflammation. To such -persons the presence of bedbugs is sufficient to cause the greatest -uneasiness, if not to put sleep and rest entirely out of the question. -With others, however, who are less sensitive, the presence of the bugs -may not be recognized at all, and, except for the occasional staining -of the linen by a crushed individual, their presence might be entirely -overlooked. The inflammation experienced by sensitive persons -seems to result chiefly from the puncture of the skin by the sharp -piercing setæ which constitute the puncturing element of the mouth -parts, as there seems to be no secretion of poison other than the -natural fluids of the mouth.</p> - -<p>The biting organ of the bedbug is similar to that of other insects of -its order. It consists of a rather heavy, fleshy under lip (the only -part ordinarily seen in examining the insect), within which lie four -threadlike hard filaments or setæ which glide over one another with -an alternating motion and pierce the flesh. The blood is drawn up -through the beak, which is closely applied to the point of puncture, -and the alternating motion of the setæ in the flesh causes the blood -to flow more freely. The details of the structure of the beak are -shown in <a href="#fig1">figure 1</a> at <i>d</i>.</p> - -<p>To allay the irritation set up by the bite of the bedbug, peroxide -of hydrogen, or dioxygen, may be used with good results.</p> - -<p>Tincture of iodine either at ordinary or double strength is also a -good counter-irritant for use in cases of flea, mosquito, bedbug, and -other insect bites, but should be used with caution on the tender -skin of small children and on those who are affected with or disposed -to eczemic disorders.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="THE_BEDBUG_AND_HUMAN_DISEASES" id="THE_BEDBUG_AND_HUMAN_DISEASES">THE BEDBUG AND HUMAN DISEASES.</a></h2> - - -<p>In common with other insects which attack man and warm-blooded -animals, it is entirely possible for the bedbug and its close -allies to be transmitters of contagious human diseases, and already -these insects have been shown to be possible carriers or transmitters -of a considerable series of diseases, including infantile Kala-azar of -northern Africa and southern Europe, relapsing fever of Africa and -Europe, the Chagas fever of Brazil, tropical sore, plague, and possibly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[ 10 ]</a></span> -leprosy. In the case of these, and perhaps other diseases, the bedbug -shares the responsibility of transmitter with other biting insects, -such as body lice and fleas.</p> - -<p>The particular role of the bedbug as a carrier of disease has not -been satisfactorily determined, nor has it been shown that the bedbug -is a necessary alternate host in any instance. In general, the -transmission of disease by this insect has apparently resulted from -the accidental carriage of the disease elements on the mouth parts, -as pointed out by André,<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> after a careful study of the subject. As a -parasite of human beings in private dwelling houses, where it may -seldom change its host, the opportunity for the bedbug itself to -become infected with human diseases and again to transmit them -to the human subject is very remote. This condition, however, does -not apply to hotels or to passenger boats, where the human occupants -are constantly changing. Furthermore, the fact that the bedbug -attacks its host at comparatively long intervals of from a week -to several weeks or months acts as a bar to its transmission of certain -insect-borne diseases, the biology of which requires a definite and -comparatively short period of development in the alternate insect -host.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> André, Ch. Recherches anatomiques et expérimentales sur la punaise des lits. <i>In</i> Jour. Physiol. et -Path. Gén., v. 14, p. 600-615. 1912.</p></div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="NATURAL_ENEMIES_OF_THE_BEDBUG" id="NATURAL_ENEMIES_OF_THE_BEDBUG">NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE BEDBUG.</a></h2> - - -<p>Living always in houses as it does and being well concealed, the -bedbug is not normally subject to much if any control by natural -enemies. Certain other household insects, however, do occasionally -prey upon the bedbug, as, for example, the house centipede<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> and the -common little red house ant.<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> Such enemies, however, are of very -small importance and yield little, if any, effective control except -under very exceptional circumstances. One such instance is reported -by the late Mr. Theodore Pergande, of this department, who states -that as a soldier in the Civil War he occupied at one time a barracks -at Meridian, Miss., which had been abandoned some time before. -The premises proved to be swarming with bedbugs; but very shortly -afterwards the little red house ant discovered the presence of the -bedbugs and came in enormous numbers, and Mr. Pergande witnessed -the very interesting and pleasing sight of the bedbugs being dismembered -and carried away bodily by these very minute ants, many -times smaller than the bugs which they were handling so successfully. -The result was that in a single day the bedbug nuisance was completely -abated. The liking of red ants for bedbugs is confirmed also by a -correspondent writing from Florida (F. C. M. Boggess), who goes so -far as heartily to recommend the artificial introduction of the ants -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[ 11 ]</a></span> -to abate this bug nuisance.<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> Bedbugs and other household insects, -however, are not of the sort which it is convenient or profitable to -turn over to their natural enemies in the hope that eradication by -this means will follow, and the fact that they are preyed upon by -other insects furnishes no excuse to the housekeeper for not instituting -prompt remedial measures.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Scutigera forceps</i> Raf.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> <i>Monomorium pharaonis</i> L.</p> - -<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Bedbugs and red ants, <i>In</i> Insect Life, v. 6, no. 4, p. 340. 1894.</p></div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="REMEDIES" id="REMEDIES">REMEDIES.</a></h2> - - -<p>Undoubtedly the most efficient remedy for the bedbug is to fumigate -the infested house or rooms with hydrocyanic-acid gas. This gas -will penetrate into every crevice in the house or room where the -bedbugs conceal themselves and has an immediate effectiveness -which gives it an important recommendation, especially when the -infestation is considerable or of long standing. This method of -fumigation should be intelligently employed, as the gas is deadly -poisonous. A bulletin giving directions for such fumigation has been -issued by the Department of Agriculture.<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Howard, L. O., and Popenoe, C. H. Hydrocyanic-acid gas against household insects. U. S. Dept. -Agr. Farmers' Bul. 699. 8 p. 1916.</p></div> - -<p>The fumes of burning sulphur are also a very efficient means of -control where the conditions are such that this method can be used, -readily destroying the insect in all stages, including the egg. The -treatment is inexpensive compared with the use of hydrocyanic-acid -gas and offers much less risk of danger to human beings. There -is, however, a considerable risk of injury to household fabrics, furnishings, -and wall papers from the strong bleaching quality of sulphur -fumes. This danger will be somewhat diminished if the fumigation -can be done at a time when the room or house is thoroughly dried out, -as in winter by a furnace or other heating system. Further precautions -should be taken by removing all metallic surfaces from the -room or building, or by protecting them with a coating of vaseline. -Two pounds of sulphur are recommended for each 2,000 cubic feet of -space, and the building should be closed for the treatment for at least -5 or 6 hours, or preferably for 24 hours. Sulphur candles may be -used where available, or the sulphurous gas or fumes can be generated -by burning the sulphur in a dish placed in the center of the room, and -for protection set within a larger vessel. Thorough-going precautions -must be taken to prevent accidental overflowing or the starting of a -fire, and after the fumigation the house should be given a thorough -airing.</p> - -<p>Other gases have been experimented with, such as formalin and -the vapors of benzine, naphthaline, and camphor, but these gases are -of little value. Similarly, insect powders are of little value, largely -from the difficulty of getting them into the crevices and other places -of concealment of the insects.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[ 12 ]</a></span></p> - -<p>The old-fashioned household remedies referred to below are effective -enough, though at a greater cost of time and personal effort. -They will, however, be often of much service in the case of slight or -recent infestations, or where the employment of more poisonous and -troublesome gases is objected to or is impracticable. Of these simple -methods of control perhaps the most efficient is in very liberal applications -of benzine or kerosene, or any other of the lighter petroleum -oils, introduced with small brushes or feathers, or by injecting with -syringes into all crevices of beds, furniture, or walls where the insects -may have concealed themselves. Corrosive sublimate is also of value, -and oil of turpentine may be used in the same way. The liberal use -of hot water, wherever it may be employed without danger to furniture, -etc., is also an effectual method of destroying both eggs and -active bugs.<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> A remedy for the bedbug has been devised by Mr. R. H. Pettit ("Notes on two insecticidal agents," -in 10th Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., p. 159-160, 1908) as a substitute for hydrocyanic-acid gas and sulphur, and -is reported to have proved very successful. The preparation of this insecticide and its application is -described as follows:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p class="p0">Alcohol is drawn through pyrethrum in a funnel until the powder is well washed and a large part of -the resinous principle extracted. To do this, the powder is placed in a large funnel with filter-plate and -a layer of cotton wool at the bottom. An aspirator is attached and the alcohol is at first slowly and later -rapidly sucked through six or eight times, during which operation it becomes highly colored. To this -liquid as a basis, are added several oils to give permanence to the application. Both alcohol and pyrethrum -evaporate so quickly that it was thought best to carry in some heavier volatile oils whose effects would -last several days or even weeks. The formula when completed stands as follows:</p> - -<p class="p0">To the extract made by washing 400 grams of pyrethrum with 2,000 c. c. of strong alcohol, are added—</p> - -<div style="margin-left: 4em;"> - 50 grams gum camphor.<br /> - 150 c. c. cedar wood oil.<br /> - 25 grams oil citronella.<br /> - 25 grams oil lavender.<br /> -</div> - -<p class="p0">The application is best made with a large sized atomizer, one holding a pint or more and working with -a piston instead of a rubber bulb. * * * To obtain the best results, repeat the treatment after about -two weeks. We have tried this mixture repeatedly, and with uniformly gratifying results. Usually -one application, if thoroughly made, put a period to the complaints, about eight or ten ounces being -required in an average sleeping-room. The odor remains some little time in a room, but is not disagreeable -to the average person.</p> - -<p class="p0">This remedy can be readily prepared by a pharmacist in any drug store.</p></div> -</div> - -<p>Various bedbug remedies and mixtures are for sale, most of them -containing one or another of the ingredients mentioned, and these -are frequently of value. The great desideratum, however, in a case -of this kind, is a daily inspection of beds and bedding, particularly -the seams and tufting of mattresses, and of all crevices and locations -about the premises where these vermin may have gone for concealment. -A vigorous campaign should, in the course of a week or so -at the outside, result in the extermination of this very obnoxious -and embarrassing pest.</p> - -<p>The possibility of temperature control is indicated in the discussion -elsewhere of the effect of temperature on this insect, and it may be -that if infested houses in cold climates could be opened up and -allowed to remain at a temperature well below freezing for a week or -more, the bedbug would be thoroughly exterminated. This method -of control would be rarely practicable except perhaps in the case of -summer houses which are left untenanted in winter.</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="transnotes"> - -<p class="caption3">Transcriber Note</p> - -<p>Illustrations move to prevent splitting paragraphs. Minor typos may have -been corrected. Produced from files generously made available by -USDA through The Internet Archive. All resultant materials are placed in -the Public Domain.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 754: The -Bedbug (1916), by Charles Lester Marlatt - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK USDA FARMERS' BULLETIN NO. *** - -***** This file should be named 63225-h.htm or 63225-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/2/2/63225/ - -Produced by Tom Cosmas from files generously made available -by USDA through The Internet Archive. 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