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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f53091a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #63212 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63212) diff --git a/old/63212-0.txt b/old/63212-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8e6c150..0000000 --- a/old/63212-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,833 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Living Museum, Vol. XV No. 6, October -1953, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Living Museum, Vol. XV No. 6, October 1953 - -Author: Various - -Editor: Virginia S. Eifurt - -Release Date: September 16, 2020 [EBook #63212] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIVING MUSEUM, OCTOBER 1953 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - The - LIVING MUSEUM - - - Vol. XV OCTOBER, 1953 No. 6 - - - Devoted to a better understanding of living things and fine - surroundings in which we live - - - _MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI MAN—by Art Sieving_ - - - - - THE ILLINOIS STATE MUSEUM - - - Fifth Floor of the Centennial Building - Springfield, Illinois, State Capitol Group - ALWAYS FREE - Hours: Daily, 8:30 to 5. Sundays, 2 to 5 p. m. -Open every day except New Year’s Day, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, and - Christmas. - _Dept. of Registration and Education_ - _State of Illinois_ - - Hon. Vera M. Binks, _Director_ - Hon. William G. Stratton, _Governor_ - _Museum Board of Advisers_ - Hon. Vincent Y. Dallman, _Chairman_ - Editor, Illinois State Register, Springfield - Hon. Robt. H. Becker, _Outdoor Editor_ - Chicago Tribune, Chicago - M. M. Leighton, Ph.D., _Chief_ - State Geological Survey, Urbana - - - Virginia S. Eifert, Editor - Thorne Deuel, Museum Director - (Printed by authority of the State of Illinois) - - - Illinois Fashions a Thousand Years Ago 418 - Scalamandre Textiles in the Art Gallery 420 - The Badger, Master Excavator 421 - Science Adventure Program for School Age Young People 423 - The Program 423 - Three Rivers South by Eifert: A Review 424 - - - - - ILLINOIS FASHIONS A THOUSAND YEARS AGO - - - by Melvin Fowler, _Curator of Anthropology_ - -Museum visitors often wonder about the appearance of the prehistoric -peoples of Illinois, but pictures of unearthed skeletons and pieces of -aboriginal jewelry in museum cases do not wholly satisfy this interest. -Anthropologists also are deeply concerned with ancient fashions of -dress, yet remains or evidence of garments, cloth, and hair styles -seldom come to light. True, anthropologists are able to determine -something from beads, ear ornaments, and bracelets found with the dead -in graves, and the relationship of these objects to the skeleton -sometimes gives clues about the uses of the objects. For instance, it is -a fair presumption that disc-shaped ornaments found near the ear region -of a skull were ear pendants or decorations. - -Occasionally, however, small clay figures are found which give -considerable information on the dress and appearance of prehistoric -Illinoisians. The purposes for which these statuettes were made by the -Indians is not known; they often depict human beings, their clothing, -and ornaments. Some are made of clay, others are carved of stone. In -addition to statuettes, sculptures are sometimes added as decoration on -pottery vessels and in modeling smoking pipes. - -Recently a study has been made of the figures and objects made by -Hopewellian peoples (who lived about 200 B.C. to 800 A.D.?) and much has -been learned about their appearance.[1] Many figures and representations -of human beings belonging to the Middle Mississippi Culture in Illinois -(1200-1600 A.D.) have also been discovered. A study is being made of -these figures at the present time to learn about Middle Mississippi -costume, research which is necessary in preparing exhibits on -Amerindians (American Indians) in the Museum and the Museumobile. - -Already, much has been learned from the study of the figures available. -For example, in studying a human figure in stone from the Kincaid Site -near Brookport in Massac County, it was observed that the hair styling -which was represented consisted of three main elements: a band of some -sort around the head, hair bobbed over the ears and cut at shoulder -length behind, and an appendage or hair braid commencing on top of the -head and trailing down behind. In turning to other Middle Mississippi -figures represented in the Museum collection, several were found showing -these same characteristics. - - [Illustration: _Original (right) and restored (left) Middle - Mississippi Figurine_] - -One of the most interesting figures of this type is the fragmentary top -of a water bottle from Cahokia found by Mr. Gregory Perino of -Belleville, Illinois. The opening of the bottle is made where the face -of the figure would be. The hairdo is shown in detail, including all of -the features mentioned above except that on this figure the hair is -bobbed all around the head. The novel feature of this figure is the knot -of hair shown in detail with the attached appendage indicating, in this -case at least, that the pendant which trails down behind is not of hair, -but something else. - -When the early explorers came through the southeastern United States -they found Middle Mississippi Indians still living there. Because the -accounts of chroniclers of DeSoto’s expedition and the early French -settlers of Louisiana are especially full, we are thus able to fill in -our knowledge of the appearance of these Indians. From these sources, we -find that headbands were commonly worn and the hair was often knotted on -top of the head with “the tails of animals or their entire skins -fastened to the hair....”[2] - -Putting these fragments of evidence together, we have been able to -construct a figure representing a Middle Mississippi man. The hair -styling consists of the main features shown in the statuettes and -figures. The head band is decorated with a circle and cross, a design -found painted on Middle Mississippi pottery and engraved on pendants. A -coon tail is attached to the hairknot on the crown of the head. In the -man’s hand is a string of cut shell beads to which is attached a gorget -(breast ornament) made of sea shell. At his side is a robe made of -turkey feathers. - -By these means we can at last answer the Museum visitor’s and the -anthropologist’s questions, “How did they look?”—“How did Middle -Mississippi people dress?” - - - - - SCALAMANDRE TEXTILES IN THE ART GALLERY - - -Beginning October 10th, the Illinois State Museum Art Gallery under the -direction of Frances S. Ridgely, Curator of Art, features an exhibition -of textiles used in the restoration of pre-revolutionary homes. From -among the many fabrics which Franco Scalamandré has reproduced for -restoration of historic American houses, the Scalamandré Museum of -Textiles has assembled this exhibition of woven materials of the 17th -and 18th centuries. - -Among the 17th century homes are those of the two noted Quakers, -“Pennsbury Manor”, the country estate of William Penn, and the John -Bowne House, Flushing, New York. The Hudson River Valley Dutch era is -shown in “Philipse Castle”, North Tarrytown, New York. New England is -represented by the modest cottage of Paul Revere, Boston, Massachusetts. -The Howland House, Plymouth, Massachusetts, is reputed to be the only -house still standing where once was heard the foot treads of the -Pilgrims, and there is the famous Buckman Tavern, Lexington, -Massachusetts, which was headquarters of the Minute Men, April 19, 1775, -the night that ushered in the War of Independence. - -As the colonies increased in population and wealth in the succeeding -century, the homes became more pretentious in their furnishings. The -textiles used in the 18th century homes were the beautiful silk damasks, -brocatelles, lampases, brocades, velvets, and toiles. - -Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, is represented by the Governor’s -Palace, the abode of the royal governors appointed by the King; the -Wythe House, residence of George Wythe, one of the signers of the -Declaration of Independence, and the Raleigh Tavern, the most famous -hostelry of its time. - -The town and plantation houses of the landed gentry include “Kenmore”, -the home of George Washington’s only sister, Betty Washington Lewis, at -Fredericksburg, Virginia; the Heyward-Washington House, Charleston, -South Carolina; the Hammond-Harwood House, Annapolis, Maryland; the Ford -Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, Washington’s headquarters at the time -Lafayette arrived to bring the glad tidings that France was sending an -army to help the American cause. There are a number of others equally as -famous. The owners of these houses were the famous colonists who, with -the exception of a few who remained royalists, played prominent roles in -the struggle for freedom. They are the patriots who obtained their niche -in history as having fought and struggled in making America a free and -great nation. - -Some of this atmosphere of the exciting past comes to the Museum with -this exhibition of textiles from these old homes. The walls of the -Museum Gallery hung with five-yard lengths of these colorful textiles -radiate a galaxy of colors in shimmering and lustrous silks. Framed -charts are included with photographs of exteriors and interiors of each -house. A brief resume of the lives of the owners, the period of -architecture, and a description of color schemes of the rooms and -contents are also given. - -It is an exhibit of interest and educational value to every American, -and alike, instructive to interior decorators and students of interior -design. College and public school students studying American history -will be enlightened as to how their famous forefathers lived. - - - - - THE BADGER, MASTER EXCAVATOR - - - by Donald F. Hoffmeister, _Assistant Professor of Zoology and Curator - of the Natural History Museum, University of Illinois_ - - [Illustration: _Photograph by E. P. Haddon, Fish and Wild Life - Service_] - -Although for many years the badger was common in Illinois, it all but -vanished from this State about the first half of the 19th century. By -1861, an Illinois biologist commenting on the badger wrote that the -species had “nearly abandoned the State,” and by the latter part of the -past century the badger was definitely on the wane in Illinois. - -But strangely enough, within recent years the badger once more has -increased in numbers in northern Illinois and has reinvaded some of the -territory it formerly occupied in central Illinois. It is most abundant -in our northwestern counties, but even as far south as Fulton County -this animal has been seen in nearly a dozen different localities in the -past ten years. Two badgers were taken nearly as far east as the Indiana -line in 1953. The badger, in spite of man’s attempt to control it, -apparently is increasing and spreading. - -Although you may live in an area where the badger is common, it would -not be surprising if you had never seen this animal, for it is abroad -principally at night. However, its presence is usually well known by the -abundance of its diggings. The badger is excellently equipped to dig, -with powerful forelegs tipped with long, strong claws. It is squat and -streamlined for getting through—not over—the ground. More than once, a -group of men have cornered a badger in a shallow burrow, but one badger -with its own digging apparatus extended the burrow faster than the crew -of men could shovel. When pursuing or pursued, the badger never rests on -its “shovels”, but keeps them going at such a rapid pace that the tunnel -behind is soon filled with moved dirt. The front legs loosen the dirt -and push it under the animal, where the hind legs pick up the process -and continue the earth on out behind. The operation proceeds like an -endless track, without a wasted motion. As many as ten men, all equipped -with shovels, have failed to keep up with the excavating of a badger, -and the latter has escaped their intents. Ten men against a 30-pound -badger! No wonder it has been called a master excavator. With the -powerful front legs, the badger is not readily deterred in its -burrowing. I have seen where a badger had decided to come to the surface -from its subterranean burrow beneath a heavily macadamized road. The -well-packed rocks, gravel, and tar, some four or five inches thick, were -torn away and a sizeable hole made as if no roadway were there. A -captive badger was given the run of a concrete basement. This seemed -like a safe enough place. However, the animal found a crack and enlarged -it until he was successful in removing a piece of concrete. - -The badger is yellowish gray in color, with a conspicuous white stripe -on the head, extending from the nose over the forehead, and disappearing -on the back. Because the animal belongs to the weasel and skunk family, -it possesses scent glands and a strong odor which is emitted only -infrequently. When tormented, the badger holds its stubby tail erect, -skunk-fashion, and hisses in a menacing way. - -In Illinois, the badger is at home on the rolling, sandy prairies, as -well as on prairies with heavier soils. Franklin ground squirrels, -thirteen-lined ground squirrels, woodchucks, and meadow mice provide -food for the badger population. When prey is sensed in the badger’s -underground burrow, the dirt flies until the hunter has it securely in -mouth. Snakes, frogs, insects, and rabbits also are eaten; and because -the majority of these items in its diet are pests of man, the badger is -considered a most important animal in northern Illinois in keeping small -mammals in check and is vastly underrated as a natural control of many -of our pests. To condemn the woodchuck and badger, or the ground -squirrel and badger, in the same breath would be like despising both -garbage and the garbage man. - -Badgers have a single litter of young each year in May or June. The -young are cared for in a nest at the end of a protective subterranean -burrow. In wintertime, badgers are said to hibernate, but they do not do -so in the strict sense of the word. They may become inactive during -periods of extreme cold, but they do not enter into the deep sleep, with -reduced metabolic activities, that the woodchucks and ground squirrels -do in Illinois. - -In our State, the badger has few, if any, enemies, other than man. Man -traps the badger, makes unusable some of its preferred habitat, poisons -off the squirrels and woodchucks which are its preferred source of food, -and runs it down on the highway. The fur of the badger nowadays has -little or no value, but in former years it was in demand, and a badger -hide, at inflated prices, would have been worth as much as ten dollars. -Conservationists maintain that it is unwise not to give some protection -to one of our most interesting mammals, a potentially valuable -fur-bearer, and a foremost controller of rodent pests. - -May the “diggings” of the badger, the next time you encounter them, -thrill you with the thoughts of one of Illinois’ first and foremost -engineers, a master excavator. - - - - - SCIENCE ADVENTURE PROGRAM FOR SCHOOL AGE YOUNG PEOPLE - - - by Milton D. Thompson, _Assistant Director_ - -There will be two identical programs each Saturday this fall, on four -consecutive Saturdays from October 31 to November 21, one at 9:00 A.M. -and the second at 10:30 A.M. in the auditorium of the Centennial -Building. This double program is offered in response to the tremendous -crowds with standing room only which we experienced last spring. We will -have room for between 1200 and 1300 persons each Saturday. Parents and -group leaders are invited to attend with their young people. We -appreciate a few adults scattered through the audience. - -Out-of-town groups making reservations in advance will have a block of -seats reserved for them until five minutes before starting time. These -Saturday morning programs and a visit to the Museum, Lincoln’s Home, -Lincoln’s Tomb, and perhaps a trip out to New Salem make a wonderful -weekend excursion for your club or class, and these interesting places -are not nearly as crowded in the fall as in the spring. - - - - - THE PROGRAM - - - 9:00 A.M. and 10:30 A.M. - - About 1 Hour and 15 Minutes Each - -October 31—The Forgotten Village. This is the story of a small Mexican - village, a primitive place, where the people prefer the chants and - lotions of their “Witch Doctor” or “Wise Woman” to the modern - knowledge of the village teacher. It is a stirring and vigorous - film with the thrills and suspense of a Hollywood production. - -November 7—Wedding of Palo. An exciting story of Greenland Eskimo life - filmed by that famous Danish Arctic explorer, Knud Rasmussen. The - sound track is in native Eskimo with English titles; there is a - rousing surprise-ending to this tale of the Far North. - -November 14—Wildlife Wonders. Presented in person by Drs. Lorus and - Margery Milne, a “Western movie” like no other Western, for this - is the story of wildlife of the Jackson Hole country of Wyoming. - We will see elk roaming in herds among the quaking aspen trees, - pronghorn antelope and badger in the sagebrush, moose browsing - along the Snake River, buffalo taking dust baths, and the rare - trumpeter swans. Drs. Lorus and Margery Milne who tell this tale - will be here in person under the auspices of Audubon Screen Tours. - -November 21—American Pioneer Highlights. This is the presentation of - three films on exciting pioneer episodes of American history—The - Kentucky Pioneers; Daniel Boone; and Pocahontas, the Indian girl - who saved Captain John Smith and Jamestown. The trio forms an - interesting story of some of America’s spectacular historic - pioneer events. - - - - - _THREE RIVERS SOUTH_ BY EIFERT: A REVIEW - - -In the new novel, _Three Rivers South, a Tale of Young Abe Lincoln_, -Virginia S. Eifert, editor of _The Living Museum_, has written a story -based on Abraham Lincoln’s famous flatboat trip in the spring of the -year, 1831. Into the fabric of fiction, Mrs. Eifert has woven the few -known facts of this obscure period in Lincoln’s life, and has created a -narrative of adventure down three rivers of Mid-America. - -These three streams are the Sangamon, the Illinois, and the Mississippi. -The tale begins with young Abe and his kinsmen building a flatboat at -Sangamo Town because their employer had neglected to procure a boat at -the specified time in order to haul a load of corn and pork down to New -Orleans. The story covers the month occupied in building the boat, the -month enroute down the flooding rivers to the rowdy, elegant city of New -Orleans, where the three spent a month exploring the city before -returning to the Illinois country where Abe had a job at New Salem. - -_Three Rivers South_ has been capably and dramatically illustrated by -one of America’s foremost artists, Thomas Hart Benton. It was published -in September by Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, and is priced at -$2.95. It may be obtained from your local book shop and from the Book -Department of the Illinois State Museum. - - - - - FOOTNOTES - - -[1]Deuel, Thorne: “Hopewellian Dress in Illinois”, in _Archaeology of - Eastern United States_ (J. B. Griffin, Editor). University of - Chicago Press, 1952. Available as Report of Investigations, No. 3, - Illinois State Museum, 1952. See _Living Museum_, April 1953. - -[2]Swanton, John R. “The Indians of the Southeastern United States”, - _Bureau of American Ethnology 147_; U. S. Government Printing - Office, Washington, D. C., 1946, pp. 503-504. - - - - - The Living Museum - THE ILLINOIS STATE MUSEUM - Springfield, Illinois - _Return Postage Guaranteed_ - - Sec. 34.65(e) P. L. & R. - U. S. POSTAGE - PAID - Springfield, Illinois - Permit No. 878 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos, including listed errata. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Living Museum, Vol. XV No. 6, -October 1953, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIVING MUSEUM, OCTOBER 1953 *** - -***** This file should be named 63212-0.txt or 63212-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/2/1/63212/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -p.biblio { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.attr { font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Living Museum, Vol. XV No. 6, October -1953, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Living Museum, Vol. XV No. 6, October 1953 - -Author: Various - -Editor: Virginia S. Eifurt - -Release Date: September 16, 2020 [EBook #63212] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIVING MUSEUM, OCTOBER 1953 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Living Museum Vol. XV No. 6: October, 1953" width="805" height="1200" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1><span class="i smaller cur">The</span> -<br /><span class="ssn">LIVING MUSEUM</span></h1> -<p class="center">Vol. XV<span class="hst"> OCTOBER, 1953</span><span class="hst"> No. 6</span></p> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">Devoted to a better understanding of living things and fine surroundings in which we live</span></p> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<p class="center"><i>MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI MAN—by Art Sieving</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_418">418</div> -<div class="box"> -<h2><span class="small">THE ILLINOIS STATE MUSEUM</span></h2> -<p class="center">Fifth Floor of the Centennial Building -<br />Springfield, Illinois, State Capitol Group -<br />ALWAYS FREE -<br />Hours: Daily, 8:30 to 5. <span class="hst">Sundays, 2 to 5 p. m.</span> -<br />Open every day except New Year’s Day, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. -<br /><i>Dept. of Registration and Education</i> -<br /><i>State of Illinois</i></p> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Hon. Vera M. Binks</span>, <i>Director</i> -<br /><span class="sc">Hon. William G. Stratton</span>, <i>Governor</i> -<br /><i>Museum Board of Advisers</i> -<br /><span class="sc">Hon. Vincent Y. Dallman</span>, <i>Chairman</i> -<br />Editor, Illinois State Register, Springfield -<br /><span class="sc">Hon. Robt. H. Becker</span>, <i>Outdoor Editor</i> -<br />Chicago Tribune, Chicago -<br /><span class="sc">M. M. Leighton</span>, Ph.D., <i>Chief</i> -<br />State Geological Survey, Urbana</p> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">Virginia S. Eifert</span>, Editor -<br /><span class="sc">Thorne Deuel</span>, Museum Director -<br />(Printed by authority of the State of Illinois)</p> -</div> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt><a href="#c1">Illinois Fashions a Thousand Years Ago</a> 418</dt> -<dt><a href="#c2">Scalamandre Textiles in the Art Gallery</a> 420</dt> -<dt><a href="#c3">The Badger, Master Excavator</a> 421</dt> -<dt><a href="#c4">Science Adventure Program for School Age Young People</a> 423</dt> -<dt><a href="#c5">The Program</a> 423</dt> -<dt><a href="#c6">Three Rivers South by Eifert: A Review</a> 424</dt> -</dl> -<hr class="dwide" /> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">ILLINOIS FASHIONS A THOUSAND YEARS AGO</span></h2> -<p class="center">by <span class="sc">Melvin Fowler</span>, <i>Curator of Anthropology</i></p> -<p>Museum visitors often wonder -about the appearance of the prehistoric -peoples of Illinois, but pictures -of unearthed skeletons and -pieces of aboriginal jewelry in museum -cases do not wholly satisfy -this interest. Anthropologists also -are deeply concerned with ancient -fashions of dress, yet remains or -evidence of garments, cloth, and -hair styles seldom come to light. -True, anthropologists are able to -determine something from beads, -ear ornaments, and bracelets found -with the dead in graves, and the relationship -of these objects to the -skeleton sometimes gives clues -about the uses of the objects. For -instance, it is a fair presumption -that disc-shaped ornaments found -near the ear region of a skull were -ear pendants or decorations.</p> -<p>Occasionally, however, small clay -figures are found which give considerable -information on the dress -and appearance of prehistoric Illinoisians. -The purposes for which -these statuettes were made by the -Indians is not known; they often -depict human beings, their clothing, -and ornaments. Some are made -of clay, others are carved of stone. -In addition to statuettes, sculptures -are sometimes added as decoration -on pottery vessels and in -modeling smoking pipes.</p> -<p>Recently a study has been made -of the figures and objects made by -Hopewellian peoples (who lived -about 200 B.C. to 800 A.D.?) and -much has been learned about their -appearance.<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a> -Many figures and representations -of human beings belonging -to the Middle Mississippi -Culture in Illinois (1200-1600 A.D.) -have also been discovered. A study -is being made of these figures at the -present time to learn about Middle -Mississippi costume, research which -is necessary in preparing exhibits -on Amerindians (American Indians) -in the Museum and the -Museumobile.</p> -<p>Already, much has been learned -from the study of the figures available. -For example, in studying a -human figure in stone from the -Kincaid Site near Brookport in -Massac County, it was observed -that the hair styling which was -represented consisted of three main -elements: a band of some sort -around the head, hair bobbed over -<span class="pb" id="Page_419">419</span> -the ears and cut at shoulder length -behind, and an appendage or hair -braid commencing on top of the -head and trailing down behind. In -turning to other Middle Mississippi -figures represented in the Museum -collection, several were found showing -these same characteristics.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="598" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Original (right) and restored (left) Middle Mississippi Figurine</i></p> -</div> -<p>One of the most interesting figures -of this type is the fragmentary -top of a water bottle from Cahokia -found by Mr. Gregory Perino of -Belleville, Illinois. The opening of -the bottle is made where the face -of the figure would be. The hairdo -is shown in detail, including all of -the features mentioned above except -that on this figure the hair is -bobbed all around the head. The -novel feature of this figure is the -knot of hair shown in detail with -the attached appendage indicating, -in this case at least, that the -pendant which trails down behind -is not of hair, but something else.</p> -<p>When the early explorers came -through the southeastern United -States they found Middle Mississippi -Indians still living there. Because -the accounts of chroniclers of -DeSoto’s expedition and the early -French settlers of Louisiana are -especially full, we are thus able to -fill in our knowledge of the appearance -of these Indians. From -these sources, we find that headbands -were commonly worn and -the hair was often knotted on top -of the head with “the tails of animals -or their entire skins fastened -to the hair....”<a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a></p> -<p>Putting these fragments of evidence -together, we have been able -to construct a figure representing -a Middle Mississippi man. The -hair styling consists of the main -features shown in the statuettes -and figures. The head band is decorated -with a circle and cross, a -design found painted on Middle -Mississippi pottery and engraved -on pendants. A coon tail is attached -to the hairknot on the crown of the -head. In the man’s hand is a -string of cut shell beads to which -is attached a gorget (breast ornament) -made of sea shell. At his -side is a robe made of turkey -feathers.</p> -<p>By these means we can at last -answer the Museum visitor’s and -the anthropologist’s questions, -“How did they look?”—“How did -Middle Mississippi people dress?”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_420">420</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">SCALAMANDRE TEXTILES IN THE ART GALLERY</span></h2> -<p>Beginning October 10th, the Illinois -State Museum Art Gallery under -the direction of Frances S. -Ridgely, Curator of Art, features an -exhibition of textiles used in the -restoration of pre-revolutionary -homes. From among the many -fabrics which Franco Scalamandré -has reproduced for restoration of -historic American houses, the Scalamandré -Museum of Textiles has -assembled this exhibition of woven -materials of the 17th and 18th -centuries.</p> -<p>Among the 17th century homes -are those of the two noted Quakers, -“Pennsbury Manor”, the country -estate of William Penn, and the -John Bowne House, Flushing, New -York. The Hudson River Valley -Dutch era is shown in “Philipse -Castle”, North Tarrytown, New -York. New England is represented -by the modest cottage of Paul -Revere, Boston, Massachusetts. -The Howland House, Plymouth, -Massachusetts, is reputed to be the -only house still standing where -once was heard the foot treads of -the Pilgrims, and there is the famous -Buckman Tavern, Lexington, -Massachusetts, which was headquarters -of the Minute Men, April -19, 1775, the night that ushered in -the War of Independence.</p> -<p>As the colonies increased in population -and wealth in the succeeding -century, the homes became -more pretentious in their furnishings. -The textiles used in the 18th -century homes were the beautiful -silk damasks, brocatelles, lampases, -brocades, velvets, and toiles.</p> -<p>Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, -is represented by the Governor’s -Palace, the abode of the royal governors -appointed by the King; the -Wythe House, residence of George -Wythe, one of the signers of the -Declaration of Independence, and -the Raleigh Tavern, the most famous -hostelry of its time.</p> -<p>The town and plantation houses -of the landed gentry include “Kenmore”, -the home of George Washington’s -only sister, Betty Washington -Lewis, at Fredericksburg, Virginia; -the Heyward-Washington -House, Charleston, South Carolina; -the Hammond-Harwood House, -Annapolis, Maryland; the Ford -Mansion, Morristown, New Jersey, -Washington’s headquarters at the -time Lafayette arrived to bring the -glad tidings that France was sending -an army to help the American -cause. There are a number of -others equally as famous. The -owners of these houses were the -famous colonists who, with the exception -of a few who remained -royalists, played prominent roles -in the struggle for freedom. They -are the patriots who obtained their -niche in history as having fought -and struggled in making America -a free and great nation.</p> -<p>Some of this atmosphere of the -exciting past comes to the Museum -with this exhibition of textiles -from these old homes. The walls -of the Museum Gallery hung with -five-yard lengths of these colorful -textiles radiate a galaxy of colors -in shimmering and lustrous silks. -Framed charts are included with -photographs of exteriors and interiors -of each house. A brief resume -of the lives of the owners, -the period of architecture, and a -description of color schemes of the -rooms and contents are also given.</p> -<p>It is an exhibit of interest and -educational value to every American, -and alike, instructive to interior -decorators and students of -interior design. College and public -school students studying American -history will be enlightened as to -how their famous forefathers lived.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_421">421</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">THE BADGER, MASTER EXCAVATOR</span></h2> -<p class="center">by <span class="sc">Donald F. Hoffmeister</span>, <i>Assistant Professor of Zoology and Curator of the Natural History Museum, University of Illinois</i></p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="710" /> -<p class="pcap"><i>Photograph by E. P. Haddon, Fish and Wild Life Service</i></p> -</div> -<p>Although for many years the -badger was common in Illinois, it -all but vanished from this State -about the first half of the 19th -century. By 1861, an Illinois biologist -commenting on the badger -wrote that the species had “nearly -abandoned the State,” and by the -latter part of the past century the -badger was definitely on the wane -in Illinois.</p> -<p>But strangely enough, within recent -years the badger once more -has increased in numbers in northern -Illinois and has reinvaded some -of the territory it formerly occupied -in central Illinois. It is most abundant -in our northwestern counties, -but even as far south as Fulton -County this animal has been seen -in nearly a dozen different localities -in the past ten years. Two -badgers were taken nearly as far -east as the Indiana line in 1953. -The badger, in spite of man’s attempt -to control it, apparently is -increasing and spreading.</p> -<p>Although you may live in an -area where the badger is common, -it would not be surprising if you -had never seen this animal, for it -is abroad principally at night. However, -its presence is usually well -known by the abundance of its diggings. -The badger is excellently -equipped to dig, with powerful forelegs -tipped with long, strong claws. -It is squat and streamlined for getting -through—not over—the ground. -More than once, a group of men -have cornered a badger in a shallow -burrow, but one badger with -its own digging apparatus extended -the burrow faster than the crew of -men could shovel. When pursuing -or pursued, the badger never rests -on its “shovels”, but keeps them -going at such a rapid pace that the -tunnel behind is soon filled with -<span class="pb" id="Page_422">422</span> -moved dirt. The front legs loosen -the dirt and push it under the animal, -where the hind legs pick up -the process and continue the earth -on out behind. The operation proceeds -like an endless track, without -a wasted motion. As many as ten -men, all equipped with shovels, -have failed to keep up with the -excavating of a badger, and the -latter has escaped their intents. Ten -men against a 30-pound badger! -No wonder it has been called a -master excavator. With the powerful -front legs, the badger is not -readily deterred in its burrowing. -I have seen where a badger had -decided to come to the surface -from its subterranean burrow beneath -a heavily macadamized road. -The well-packed rocks, gravel, and -tar, some four or five inches thick, -were torn away and a sizeable hole -made as if no roadway were there. -A captive badger was given the run -of a concrete basement. This -seemed like a safe enough place. -However, the animal found a crack -and enlarged it until he was successful -in removing a piece of -concrete.</p> -<p>The badger is yellowish gray in -color, with a conspicuous white -stripe on the head, extending from -the nose over the forehead, and disappearing -on the back. Because -the animal belongs to the weasel -and skunk family, it possesses scent -glands and a strong odor which is -emitted only infrequently. When -tormented, the badger holds its -stubby tail erect, skunk-fashion, and -hisses in a menacing way.</p> -<p>In Illinois, the badger is at home -on the rolling, sandy prairies, as -well as on prairies with heavier -soils. Franklin ground squirrels, -thirteen-lined ground squirrels, -woodchucks, and meadow mice provide -food for the badger population. -When prey is sensed in the -badger’s underground burrow, the -dirt flies until the hunter has it -securely in mouth. Snakes, frogs, -insects, and rabbits also are eaten; -and because the majority of these -items in its diet are pests of man, -the badger is considered a most important -animal in northern Illinois -in keeping small mammals in check -and is vastly underrated as a natural -control of many of our pests. -To condemn the woodchuck and -badger, or the ground squirrel and -badger, in the same breath would -be like despising both garbage and -the garbage man.</p> -<p>Badgers have a single litter of -young each year in May or June. -The young are cared for in a nest -at the end of a protective subterranean -burrow. In wintertime, -badgers are said to hibernate, but -they do not do so in the strict -sense of the word. They may become -inactive during periods of -extreme cold, but they do not enter -into the deep sleep, with reduced -metabolic activities, that the woodchucks -and ground squirrels do in -Illinois.</p> -<p>In our State, the badger has few, -if any, enemies, other than man. -Man traps the badger, makes unusable -some of its preferred habitat, -poisons off the squirrels and woodchucks -which are its preferred -source of food, and runs it down -on the highway. The fur of the -badger nowadays has little or no -value, but in former years it was -in demand, and a badger hide, at -inflated prices, would have been -worth as much as ten dollars. Conservationists -maintain that it is unwise -not to give some protection to -one of our most interesting mammals, -a potentially valuable fur-bearer, -and a foremost controller -of rodent pests.</p> -<p>May the “diggings” of the badger, -the next time you encounter them, -thrill you with the thoughts of one -of Illinois’ first and foremost engineers, -a master excavator.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_423">423</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">SCIENCE ADVENTURE PROGRAM FOR SCHOOL AGE YOUNG PEOPLE</span></h2> -<p class="center">by <span class="sc">Milton D. Thompson</span>, <i>Assistant Director</i></p> -<p>There will be two identical programs -each Saturday this fall, on -four consecutive Saturdays from -October 31 to November 21, one -at 9:00 A.M. and the second at -10:30 A.M. in the auditorium of -the Centennial Building. This -double program is offered in response -to the tremendous crowds -with standing room only which we -experienced last spring. We will -have room for between 1200 and -1300 persons each Saturday. Parents -and group leaders are invited -to attend with their young people. -We appreciate a few adults scattered -through the audience.</p> -<p>Out-of-town groups making reservations -in advance will have a -block of seats reserved for them -until five minutes before starting -time. These Saturday morning programs -and a visit to the Museum, -Lincoln’s Home, Lincoln’s Tomb, -and perhaps a trip out to New -Salem make a wonderful weekend -excursion for your club or class, -and these interesting places are not -nearly as crowded in the fall as -in the spring.</p> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">THE PROGRAM</span></h2> -<p class="center">9:00 A.M. and 10:30 A.M.</p> -<p class="center">About 1 Hour and 15 Minutes Each</p> -<p class="revint">October 31—<span class="sc">The Forgotten Village.</span> -This is the story of a small -Mexican village, a primitive -place, where the people prefer -the chants and lotions of their -“Witch Doctor” or “Wise Woman” -to the modern knowledge of -the village teacher. It is a stirring -and vigorous film with the -thrills and suspense of a Hollywood -production.</p> -<p class="revint">November 7—<span class="sc">Wedding of Palo.</span> -An exciting story of Greenland -Eskimo life filmed by that famous -Danish Arctic explorer, Knud -Rasmussen. The sound track is -in native Eskimo with English -titles; there is a rousing surprise-ending -to this tale of the Far -North.</p> -<p class="revint">November 14—<span class="sc">Wildlife Wonders.</span> -Presented in person by -Drs. Lorus and Margery Milne, -a “Western movie” like no other -Western, for this is the story of -wildlife of the Jackson Hole -country of Wyoming. We will -see elk roaming in herds among -the quaking aspen trees, pronghorn -antelope and badger in the -sagebrush, moose browsing along -the Snake River, buffalo taking -dust baths, and the rare trumpeter -swans. Drs. Lorus and Margery -Milne who tell this tale will -be here in person under the -auspices of Audubon Screen -Tours.</p> -<p class="revint">November 21—<span class="sc">American Pioneer -Highlights.</span> This is the -presentation of three films on -exciting pioneer episodes of -American history—The Kentucky -Pioneers; Daniel Boone; -and Pocahontas, the Indian girl -who saved Captain John Smith -and Jamestown. The trio forms -an interesting story of some of -America’s spectacular historic -pioneer events.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_424">424</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="small"><i>THREE RIVERS SOUTH</i> BY EIFERT: A REVIEW</span></h2> -<p>In the new novel, <i>Three Rivers -South, a Tale of Young Abe Lincoln</i>, -Virginia S. Eifert, editor of -<i>The Living Museum</i>, has written -a story based on Abraham Lincoln’s -famous flatboat trip in the -spring of the year, 1831. Into the -fabric of fiction, Mrs. Eifert has -woven the few known facts of this -obscure period in Lincoln’s life, and -has created a narrative of adventure -down three rivers of Mid-America.</p> -<p>These three streams are the Sangamon, -the Illinois, and the Mississippi. -The tale begins with young -Abe and his kinsmen building a -flatboat at Sangamo Town because -their employer had neglected to -procure a boat at the specified time -in order to haul a load of corn and -pork down to New Orleans. The -story covers the month occupied in -building the boat, the month enroute -down the flooding rivers to -the rowdy, elegant city of New -Orleans, where the three spent a -month exploring the city before returning -to the Illinois country -where Abe had a job at New Salem.</p> -<p><i>Three Rivers South</i> has been -capably and dramatically illustrated -by one of America’s foremost -artists, Thomas Hart Benton. -It was published in September -by Dodd, Mead and Company, -New York, and is priced at $2.95. -It may be obtained from your local -book shop and from the Book Department -of the Illinois State -Museum.</p> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">FOOTNOTES</span></h2> -<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>Deuel, Thorne: “Hopewellian Dress in Illinois”, -in <i>Archaeology of Eastern United States</i> -(J. B. Griffin, Editor). University of Chicago -Press, 1952. Available as Report of Investigations, -No. 3, Illinois State Museum, 1952. See -<i>Living Museum</i>, April 1953. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a>Swanton, John R. “The Indians of the -Southeastern United States”, <i>Bureau of American -Ethnology 147</i>; U. S. Government Printing Office, -Washington, D. C., 1946, pp. 503-504. -</div> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">The Living Museum</span> -<br />THE ILLINOIS STATE MUSEUM -<br />Springfield, Illinois -<br /><i>Return Postage Guaranteed</i></p> -<p class="center">Sec. 34.65(e) P. L. & R. -<br />U. S. POSTAGE -<br />PAID -<br />Springfield, Illinois -<br />Permit No. 878</p> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos, including listed errata.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Living Museum, Vol. XV No. 6, -October 1953, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIVING MUSEUM, OCTOBER 1953 *** - -***** This file should be named 63212-h.htm or 63212-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/3/2/1/63212/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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