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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d89c6f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62644 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62644) diff --git a/old/62644-0.txt b/old/62644-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index db0ab77..0000000 --- a/old/62644-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8208 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Veterinary Medicines, by George F. Korinek - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Veterinary Medicines - Their Actions, Uses and Dose - -Author: George F. Korinek - -Release Date: July 14, 2020 [EBook #62644] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VETERINARY MEDICINES *** - - - - -Produced by Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - Text printed in italics has been transcribed _between underscores_. - Small capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS. - - More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text. - - - - - VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION - OF AMERICA - - VETERINARY MEDICINES - - THEIR - ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE - - BY - - GEORGE F. KORINEK, V. S., B. V. S. - - _Graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College. Graduate from - the Veterinary Department of the University of Toronto, Canada. - Member of the Science Association of the Ontario Veterinary - College. Registrar of the Veterinary Science Association - of America. Ten years of Practical Experience in Veterinary - Medicine and Surgery._ - - [Illustration] - - PUBLISHED BY THE - - VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION - OF AMERICA - - - COPYRIGHT 1917 - by the - VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION - OF AMERICA - - - - -PREFACE - - -There is no scarcity of excellent works on Veterinary materia medica and -Therapeutics. - -Many of these will well repay the student for the time spent in -mastering them, but none seem to meet the wants of the Veterinary -Practitioner and Student for whom this work is primarily intended. - -It has been my endeavor to find, and bring together in available form, -some of the facts regarded as of value to those upon whom the stockman -must depend, to a great extent, for important services when sickness -comes upon our dumb friends--the domestic animals. - -A few publications have been consulted, and in some instances quoted. It -has not been practicable to give proper credit for use of ideas and -language in each instance, but a general acknowledgment is here made. - - List of publications consulted and in some instances quoted: - - United States Dispensatory (by Wood). - - Veterinary Medicines (by Dun). - - Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics (by Winslow). - - Veterinary Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Toxicology (by Quitman). - - GEORGE F. KORINEK, V. S., B. V. S. - - - - -SUMMARY OF VETERINARY MATERIA MEDICA, THERAPEUTICS AND TOXICOLOGY - - -MATERIA MEDICA, derived from two _Latin_ words signifying medical -material, the science which treats with medicine, their source or -origin, their derivatives, physical and chemical properties, their -method of preparation and administration, their dose, physiological and -toxicological effects. - -THERAPEUTICS, derived from the Greek, _Therapevo_, meaning to serve or -attend the sick, is that branch of knowledge which treats of the -application of all means--medical or otherwise--to the cure of disease -or relief of pain. - -TOXICOLOGY, derived from the Greek _Toxikon_, a poison, is that branch -of knowledge which treats of the nature, actions, detection and -treatment of poisons. - -A _medicine_ is an agent of animal, vegetable, or mineral origin used -for the cure of disease or relief of pain. - -DRUG, derived from the Dutch, _Droog_, meaning dry, is now used -synonymously with medicine although originally referring to an herb or -dried medical plant. - - - - -GENERAL ACTIONS OF MEDICINES - - -ALTERATIVE.--A medicine that alters the process of nutrition, so as to -overcome morbid conditions of the body as Arcenous Acid, Potassium -Iodide, etc. - -ANAESTHETIC.--Medicines used to produce insensibility to pain, and they -are divided into Local and General Anaesthetics. - -GENERAL ANAESTHETICS.--Are inhaled and carried by the blood to the brain -and spinal cord, where they paralyze the nerve centers, cause muscular -relaxation and finally produce entire suspension of sensation and power -of motion, together with a loss of consciousness, and apparent life, -except breathing and the action of the heart. They comprise Nitrous -Oxide Gas, Ether and Chloroform, etc. - -LOCAL ANAESTHETICS.--As a rule, are injected hypodermically or applied -to open wounds. They cause temporary loss of local or circumscribed -sensation by paralyzing the sensory nerves. When applied in the form of -liniments they resemble anodynes, but act more promptly and profoundly. -They comprise Cocaine, Eucaine, etc. - -ANALGESIC.--A medicine used to relieve pain, as Opium, etc. - -ANAPHRODISIAC.--A medicine used to produce absence or impairment of -sexual appetite, as Potassium Bromide, etc. - -ANHIDROTIC.--A medicine that diminishes the secretion of perspiration as -Belladonna, etc. - -ANODYNE.--A medicine that lessens sensibility to pain, by diminishing -the excitability of nerve centers, as Cannabis Indica, Chloral Hydrate, -etc. - -ANODYNES LOCAL.--Are drugs that diminish pain by acting locally on -sensory nerves, and are applied in the form of a liniment over painful -swellings, as Belladonna, Aconite, Opium, hot and cold packs, etc. - -ANTACID.--A medicine that counteracts or neutralizes acidity of the -stomach or intestines as liquor Potassium, Sodium Carbonate and -Bicarbonate, etc. - -ANTAGONISTIC.--A medicine which counteracts the action of another -medicine in the system, as would Potassium Bromide and Nux Vomica or -Strychnine. - -ANTHELMINTIC.--A medicine efficiently destroying or expelling worms or -preventing their development, as Santonin, Arecae Nut, etc. - -ANTIDOTE.--A substance preventing or counteracting the action of a -poison. Antidotes are distinguished as: chemical, those that change the -chemical nature of the poison; mechanical, those that prevent absorption -of poison; physiologic, those that counteract the effects of poison by -producing other effects. - -ANTIEMETIC.--A medicine which prevents or arrests vomiting, as Bismuth -Subnitrate. - -ANTIFEBRILE.--A medicine that reduces temperature, as Acetanilid, etc. - -ANTIFERMENT.--A medicine which prevents the formation of gases, as -Sodium Bicarbonate, Turpentine, etc. - -ANTIGALACTIC.--A medicine which lessens the secretion of milk, as -Belladonna, Tannin, etc. - -ANTIPARASITIC.--An agent which destroys and repels insects, as essential -oils, powdered tobacco, sulphur and naphthalin, etc. - -ANTIPERIODIC.--A medicine that tends to prevent the periodic recurrence -of a disease, as Quinine Sulphate, Arsenous Acid, etc. - -ANTIPERISTALTIC OR ANTIPERISTALSIS.--Are medicines that produce -compression of peristalsis or the worm-like movement of the intestines -by which method the alimentary canal propels its contents, as Opium. - -ANTIPHLOGISTIC.--A medicine or agent subduing or reducing inflammation -or fever, as in bloodletting, applications of cold packs or the -administration of Aconite, Acetanilide, etc. - -ANTIRHEUMATIC.--A medicine that prevents or cures rheumatism, as Sodium -Salicylates, etc. - -ANTIPYRETIC.--A medicine which reduces body temperature in fever, as -Quinine Sulphate, Salicylic Acid, etc. - -ANTISEPTIC.--A medicine which arrests putrefaction on or in the body, or -hinders septic decomposition by killing the germs that produce it or by -checking their development, as Carbolic Acid, Zinc Sulphocarbolates, -etc. - -ANTISPASMODIC.--A medicine which prevents or removes spasmodic -contraction of voluntary or involuntary muscles, as Belladonna, -Valerian, Chloral Hydrate, etc. - -ANTITOXIN.--A counter poison or antidote generated within the body to -counteract the toxins of bacteria. Antitoxins are frequently injected -hypodermically in the treatment of certain infectious diseases and also -to immunize against disease, as Tetanus Antitoxin for the treatment of -tetanus or lockjaw, etc. - -ANTIVENENE.--A name applied to blood-serum of animals rendered immune -against snake-poison owing to its antidotal properties. - -ANTIZYMOTIC.--A medicine preventing fermentation, as Salicylic Acid, -etc. - -APERIENT.--A medicine possessing a mild laxative or purgative effect, as -Rochelle Salts, etc. - -APHRODISIAC.--A medicine which stimulates sexual appetite, as -Cantharides, Nux Vomica, Phosphorus, Alcohol and general tonics, etc. - -AROMATIC.--A medicine characterized by a fragrant taste or odor, as -Aromatic Spiritus of Ammonia, Ginger and the essential oils, etc. - -ASTRINGENT.--A medicine which contracts vessels and arrests discharges, -as Tannic Acid, Ergot, etc. - -AUXILIARY.--A medicine that assists the action of another, as Chloral -Hydrate would assist Bromide of Potassium in checking excitability. - -BITTER.--A medicine with a bitter taste, stimulating the -gastro-intestinal secretions without materially affecting the general -system, as Qussia Gentian, etc. - -BLENNORRHAGIC.--A medicine which increases the secretions of mucus, as -Eucalyptus, Balsam Tulo, etc. - -BLISTER.--An agent which, when applied over the skin, produces vesicles -resulting from local inflammatory exudate of serous fluid between the -epidermis and true skin, as applications of Cantharides, etc. - -BOLUS.--A large pill or a round mass of food prepared by the mouth for -swallowing. - -BOUILON.--A nutritive medium for the culture of micro-organisms prepared -from finely chopped beef or beef extract. - -CACHEXIA.--A deprived condition of general nutrition, due to serious -diseases, as Tuberculosis, Scrofula, Syphilis, Cancer, etc. - -CALEFACIENT.--A medicine applied externally to produce a sensation of -warmth to the part to which it is applied, as Turpentine, Mustard, -Capsicum, etc. - -CALMANT.--A medicine that reduces functional activity, as Bromide of -Potassium, Aconite, etc. - -CALMATIVE.--A medicine which has a quieting or a sedative effect, as -Morphine, Cannibus Indica, etc. - -CALORIFACIENT OR CALORIFIC.--A heat producing substance which has the -power of developing heat in the body, as Cod Liver and Olive Oil, Fats, -etc. - -CARDIAC DEPRESSANT OR SEDATIVE.--A medicine which lessens the force and -frequency of the heart’s action as Aconite, Potassium Nitrate, etc. - -CARDIAC STIMULANT.--A medicine that increases the force and frequency of -the heart’s action when in a depressed condition, as Alcohol, Nux -Vomica, Ether, etc. - -CARDIAC TONICS.--Are medicines that do not act as quickly as cardiac -stimulants, but they strengthen the heart muscles which regulate -pulsation, as Digitalis, Nux Vomica, etc. - -CARMINATIVE.--A medicine that allays pain by causing the expulsion of -gases from the alimentary canal, as Aromatic Spiritus of Ammonia, -Asafetida, Turpentine, etc. - -CATALEPTIC.--A medicine causing animals to lose control of their -muscles, as Cannibus Indica, etc. - -CATALYTIC.--A medicine supposed to break down, destroy or counteract -morbid agencies existing in the blood, as Calomel, Arcenous Acid, etc. - -CATHARTIC.--A medicine which hastens the evacuation of the bowels, as -Aloes, Castor Oil, etc. - -CATHARTIC CHOLAGOGUE.--A medicine that stimulates the evacuation of the -intestines and the flow of bile at the same time, as Podophyllin, etc. - -CATHARTIC DRASTIC.--A medicine which produces violent action of the -intestines with griping and pain, as Jalap, Arecoline, etc. - -CATHARTIC HYDRAGOGUE.--A medicine that causes abundant watery discharges -of feces, as Common Elaterium, etc. - -CATHARTIC SALINE.--A medicine which increases intestinal secretions and -prevents re-absorption, and mechanically excites peristaltic action, as -Magnesium Sulphate, etc. - -CATHARTIC SIMPLE.--A medicine that is more active then a laxative, but -is accompanied by some griping; it causes active peristalsis and larger -and softer stools than laxatives, as Rhubarb, Aloes, etc. - -CAUSTIC.--A medicine or agent used to destroy living tissue, as Caustic -Potash, Silver Nitrate, etc. - -CAUTERY.--An agent used to sear or burn living tissue, with a cautery or -a caustic, as a hot iron or Nitric Acid, etc. - -CAUTERY ACTUAL.--A metal instrument heated by an electric current or by -flame, used to destroy bone or muscular tissue or for producing -counter-irritation, much preferred to setons in diseases of the bones -especially of their joints, as in Bone Spavin, Ringbone, etc., also -valuable in the treatment of sprained tendons. The methods used are -either puncture or line firing. - -CAUTERY POTENTIAL.--A chemical used for destroying or cauterizing flesh, -as Nitric Acid, etc. - -CHALYBEATE.--A medicine containing iron, as Tincture Chlorid of Iron. - -CONDIMENT.--A medicine used to improve palatability of food, as -Fenugreek, Aniseed, Salt, Pepper, etc. - -CONSERVATIVE.--A medicine or substance used for the preservation of -other medicines without loss, as Alcohol, Honey, etc. - -CONSTRINGENT.--A medicine which causes contraction of organic tissues, -as Tannin, etc. - -CONVULSANT.--A medicine which causes violent and unnatural contractions -of muscles (convulsions) as Nux Vomica or its derivative, etc. - -CORDIAL.--A medicine which increases the strength and raises the -vitality when depressed, as Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, Alcohol, etc. - -CORRECTIVE or CORRECTANT.--A substance used to modify or make pleasant -the action of a cathartic or other medicines, as Acacia, Coriander, etc. - -CORROSIVE.--A substance that destroys organic tissue either by direct -chemical means or by causing inflammation and suppuration, as Mercuric -Chloride, Nitric Acid, etc. - -COUNTER IRRITANT.--A substance or medicine which produces superficial -inflammation artificially in order to exercise a good effect, by -stimulating functional activity of a part, thus promoting repair upon -some adjacent or deep-seated morbid process, as Blistering or Firing, -etc. - -CUMULATIVE POISON.--A medicine which finally acts as a poison after -several successive doses have been taken with little or no apparent -effect, as Arsenic, Strychnine, etc. - -DEBILITANT.--A medicine which diminishes the energy of organs, as -Bromide of Potassium, Lobelia, etc. - -DEFERVESCENT.--A medicine that reduces temperature, as Quinine Sulphate, -Aconite, etc. - -DELIRIANT OR DELIRIFACENT.--A medicine which produces delirium, as -Opium, Stramonium, Alcohol, etc. - -DEMULCENT.--A mucilaginous or oily, soothing blend to protect irritated -skin or mucous membranes, as Carron Oil, White of an Egg, etc. - -DEOBSTRUENT.--A medicine which removes functional obstructions in the -body, as Castor Oil, Magnesium Sulphate, Aloes, etc. - -DEODORANT OR DEODORIZER.--A substance to conceal or destroy foul odors, -as Crude Carbolic Acid, Chloride of Lime, etc. Noxious odors may also be -destroyed and absorbed with freshly burnt charcoal or dry earth. - -DEPLETORY.--A medicine which diminishes the quantity of liquid in the -body, as Iodide or Nitrate of Potassium, etc. - -DEPRESSANT.--A medicine which lessens vital power, as Opium, Aconite, -etc. - -DEPRESSO-MOTOR.--A medicine that depresses motor activity, as Sodium or -Potassium Bromide, etc. - -DEPURANT.--A medicine for cleaning foul wounds and abscesses, as -Hydrogen Peroxide, etc. - -DEPURATORY.--A medicine which purifies the blood, as Sulphur, Iodide -Potassium, etc. - -DERMATIC.--A medicine used in diseases of the skin, as Resorcinol, Zinc -Oxide, etc. - -DERIVATIVE.--A substance used in drawing away blood or liquid exudates -from diseased parts by creating an extra demand for them in some other -part of the body, as Mustard, Capsicum, Cantharides, etc. - -DESICCANT.--A medicine used for drying up sores, as Tannic Acid, Boric -Acid, etc. - -DESICCATIVE.--A medicine which dries up secretions, as Zinc Oxide, -Camphor, etc. - -DESICCATORY.--A medicine used externally to dry up moisture or fluids -from wounds, as Tannic Acid, Starch, etc. - -DESQUAMATION.--A medicine which removes scales from the skin, bones and -mucous membranes, as Potassium Iodide, etc. - -DETERGENT.--A substance for purifying and cleansing wounds, ulcers, as -Hydrogen Peroxide, Soap and Water, etc. - -DIAPHORETIC.--A medicine which causes an increased amount of -perspiration, as Pilocarpine, Ginger, etc. - -DIARRHETIC.--A substance or medicine which causes increased frequency -and lessened consistency of fecal evacuations, as Mandrake. - -DIETETIC.--A medicine having nutritious properties, as Olive or Cod -Liver Oil, etc. - -DIGESTANT.--A medicine that assists digestion of food, in the mouth, -stomach or intestines, as Pancreatin, Pepsin, etc. - -DIGESTIVE.--A medicine which promotes the process of digestion, as -Gentian, Qussia, Nux Vomica, etc. - -DILUENT.--A medicine that dilutes the secretions of organs, as Magnesium -Sulphate, Gamboge, Arecoline, etc. - -DISCUTIENT.--A substance or medicine having the power of causing an -exudation to disappear, as Iodide of Potassium, Red Iodide of Mercury, -etc. - -DISINFECTANT.--A medicine which destroys septic poisons of communicable -diseases; its special function is to kill or hinder the development of -those germs or bacteria which produce diseases, as Carbolic Acid, -Chloride of Lime, Formaldehyde, etc. - -DISSOLVENT.--A medicine that promotes solution of tissues of the body, -as Potassium Iodide, etc. - -DIURETIC.--A medicine that increases the secretions of the urinary -organs, as Potassium Nitrate, Buchu, Turpentine, Spirits Ether Nit, etc. - -DRASTIC.--A medicine having a severe purgative or cathartic effect on -the bowels, as Croton Oil, etc. - -EBOLIC.--A medicine causing contraction of the uterus, and thus -producing abortion, as Ergot, etc. - -ELECTUARY.--A substance used to lessen irritability or increase the -palatability of medicines, as Sugar, Honey, Molasses, Water, etc. - -ELIMINATIVE.--A medicine having power of expelling or casting out, -especially waste products, as Arecoline, Magnesium Sulphate, etc. - -EMETIC.--A substance or medicine having the power to induce vomiting, as -Apomorphine, Ipecac, etc. - -EMMENAGOGUE.--A medicine which stimulates menstrual flow, as Potassium -Permanganate, etc. - -EMOLLIENT.--A substance used externally to soften, sooth and relax parts -to which they are applied as vegetable poultices, oils, etc. - -EPISPASTIC.--A medicine producing a blister, as Cantharides, Aqua -Ammonia Fort, etc. - -ERRHINE.--A medicine that increases nasal secretions, as Formalin, -Capsicum, etc. - -EVACUANT.--A medicine which causes the emptying of an organ, especially -the bowels, as Magnesium Sulphate, Aloes, etc. - -EXCITANT.--A medicine that arouses functional activity, as Nux Vomica, -Alcohol, etc. - -EXHILARANT.--A medicine which cheers or stimulates the mind, as -Strychnine, Alcohol, etc. - -EXPECTORANT.--A medicine that acts upon the pulmonary mucous membranes -to increase or alter its secretions, as Lobelia, Chloride of Ammonia, -etc. - -FEBRIFUGE.--A medicine which lessens bodily temperature, as Quinine, -Acetanilid, Aconite, etc. - -FUMIGATION.--Is a process of disinfection by exposure to the fumes of a -vaporizing disinfectant, as Formaldehyde. - -GALACTAGOGUE.--A medicine or substance which stimulates the secretions -of the mammary glands, thereby increasing the flow of milk, as -Senegaroot, Pilocarpine, etc. - -GERMICIDE.--A medicine which destroys germs of any kind whether bacilli, -spirilli or micrococci, as Bichloride Mercury, Carbolic Acid, etc. - -HEMATINIC.--A medicine that increases the proportion of hematin or -coloring matter in the blood, as Iron, Arsenic, etc. - -HEMOLYTIC.--A medicine which causes the breaking down of the blood -corpuscles, as Mineral Acids. - -HEMOSTATIC.--A medicine which stops bleeding, as Tincture Chloride of -Iron, Ergot, etc. - -HEPATIC DEPRESSANT OR SEDATIVE.--A medicine that decreases the function -of the liver, as Plumbi Acetate, Morphine, etc. - -HEPATIC STIMULANT.--A medicine which increases the functions of the -liver, as Calomel, Podophyllin, etc. - -HIDROTIC OR HYDROTIC.--A medicine that stimulates perspiration (sweat), -as Pilocarpine, Spirits Ether Nit., etc. - -HYDRAGOGUE.--A medicine which causes full watery evacuations from the -bowels, as Arecoline, Gamboge, etc. - -HYPNOTIC.--A medicine which produces sleep, as Chloral Hydrate, -Morphine, Potassium Bromide, etc. - -HYPOSTHENIC.--A medicine which causes weakness, debility, as Lobelia. - -IDIOSYNCRASY.--A peculiarity of constitution that makes one person or -animal react differently to medicines or other influences from most -persons or animals. - -INSECTICIDE.--A substance used to destroy insects, as unrefined carbolic -acid, benzine, etc. - -INTOXICANT.--A drug which excites or stupifies, as alcohol, etc. - -IRRITANT.--A medicine or agent causing heat, pain and tension due to the -increased flow of blood to the part, as heat, mustard, etc. - -LACTAGOGUE.--A medicine which increases the flow of milk, as extract of -malt, jaborandi, etc. - -LAXATIVE.--A medicine that loosens the bowels; a mild cathartic or -purgative, as potassium nitrate, sulphur, etc. - -LENITIVE.--A substance having the quality to relieve pain or protecting -tissues from the actions of irritants, as fats, oils, etc. - -LIQUEFACIENT.--A medicine which promotes the liquefying processes of the -system, as potassium iodide, etc. - -LITHAGOGUE.--A medicine which expels calculi (or stones) from the -kidneys or bladder, as benzoic acid, etc. - -LITHOLYTIC or LITHONTRIPTIC.--A medicine to dissolve calculi (or stones) -as benzoate of ammonia, carbonate of potassium, etc. - -LUBRICANT.--A substance which soothes irritated surfaces of the throat -and their fauces, as honey, olive oil, etc. - -MEDICAMENT.--Any medicine used in the treatment of diseases or wounds. - -MEDICINE.--Any substance for the cure of disease. - -MYDRIATIC.--An agent which dilates or enlarges the pupil of the eye, -whether used internally or externally, as atrophine. - -MYOTIC.--Any agent that contracts the pupil of the eye, whether applied -to the eye or taken by the mouth, as eserine, arecoline, etc. - -NARCOTIC.--A medicine which produces sleep and relieves pain, but first -cause cerebral excitement, as chloroform, ether, belladonna and alcohol, -etc. - -NEPHRITIC.--A medicine used in diseases of the kidneys, as buchu, uva -ursi, etc. - -NERVINE.--A medicine that calms nervous excitement or acts favorably in -nervous diseases, as potassium bromide, chloral hydrate, etc. - -NUTRIENT.--A medicine which builds up the waste tissues of the system, -as cod liver oil, general tonics, etc. - -OBTUNDENT.--Any agent which relieves irritation or reduces sensibility, -as opium, poultices, etc. - -ODONTALGIC.--Any substance for the relief of toothache, as oil of -cloves, morphine, etc. - -ODORANT.--Any substance with a pronounced odor, as naphthaline, -asafoetida, etc. - -OPIATE.--A drug which causes sleep, as chloral hydrate, opium, etc. - -OXYTOCIC.--Any agent that produces parturition, as cotton root, ergot, -etc. - -PANACEA.--A medicine curing all diseases; a cure all, as some patent -medicines. - -PARASITICIDE.--A substance that destroys various animal and vegetable -organisms or parasites which live upon the surface of the body, as -mercurial and sulphur ointment, etc. - -PARTURIENT or PARTURIFACIENT.--Any agent assisting in the birth of the -young, as ergot. - -PERISTALTIC.--A medicine which increases the movements of the -longitudinal and transverse muscular fibers of the intestines and -assists them in expelling their contents as nux vomica, arecoline, etc. - -PLACEBO.--Any medicine or inert substance given for the purpose of -satisfying the patient, rather than for its medical effects, as sugar, -fenugreek, anise, etc. - -POISON.--An agent that when introduced into the body either destroys -life or impairs seriously the functions of one or more of its organs, as -potassium cyanide, hydrocyanic acid, etc. - -POTENTIAL.--A medicine which possesses restorative effects, but is -delayed in its effects, as potassium iodide, arsenic, etc. - -PRESERVATIVE.--A substance which prevents decomposition of another -substance, as acetanilid, boric acid, etc. - -PREVENTIVE or PROPHYLACTIC.--A medicine or method that tends to prevent -disease, as quinine for the prevention of malaria, vaccine, hygienics, -etc. - -PROTECTIVE.--A substance used for protecting the parts to which it is -applied, as collodion, etc. - -PUNGENT.--Any substance producing a sharp, pinching, penetrating effect, -as ammonia. - -PURGATIVE.--A medicine causing copious evacuations of the bowels. (See -Cathartics.) - -PUSTULANT.--A medicine which irritates and gives rise to the formation -of pustules, as cantharides, croton oil, etc. - -RECUPERATIVE.--A medicine which restores health and energy, as extract -of malt, cod liver oil, etc. - -REFRIGERANT.--A medicine or agent having cooling properties or the power -of lowering internal or external temperature, as potassium nitrate, -aconite, cold water, etc. - -RELAXANT.--A substance which causes relaxation of muscular tissues, as -chloroform, chloral, etc. - -REPARATIVE.--A substance used to restore debilitated tissues of the -body, as general tonics, nitrogenous foods, etc. - -RESOLVENT.--A substance indicated in the treatment or absorption of -hard, callous tissue, as iodine and its preparations. - -RESTORATIVE.--A medicine that aids in restoring the health, as nux -vomica, arsenic, etc. - -REVULSANT or REVULSIVE.--An agent which produces irritation and draws -fluids from other parts diseased, as poultices, cantharides, etc. - -RUBEFACIENT.--A medicine or agent causing irritation and redness of the -skin, as turpentine, mustard, etc. - -SEDATIVE.--A medicine which diminishes functional activity, as potassium -or ammonium bromide, etc. - -SEPTIC.--An agent causing poisoning resulting from the absorption of -products of putrefaction, as bacteria. - -SIALOGOGUE.--A medicine stimulating the flow of saliva, as pilocarpine, -arecoline, ginger, capsicum, etc. - -SOMNIFACIENT or SOPORIFIC.--A medicine which produces drowsiness and -sleep, as morphine, chloral hydrate, potassium, bromide, etc. - -SORBEFACIENT.--A medicine used to produce abortion, as ergot. - -SPECIFIC.--A medicine or agent which has a distinct curative influence -on an individual disease, as potassium iodide in actinomycosis (Lumpy -Jaw) or oxygen in milk fever, etc. - -STIMULANT.--A medicine which quickens or increases functional activity, -as strychnine, ammonium carbonate, alcohol, etc. - -STOMACHIC.--A medicine which increases functional activity of the -stomach, as quassia gentian, etc. - -STOMATIC.--A medicine used in diseases of the mouth, as boric acid, -potassium chlorate, alum, etc. - -SUPERFACIENT.--A medicine causing unconsciousness from which the patient -can be roused, as opium, bromide of potassium, etc. - -STYPTIC.--An agent that checks bleeding by causing contraction of the -blood vessels, as tincture chloride of iron, ergot, etc. - -SUCCEDANEUM.--A medicine which may be substituted for another possessing -similar properties, as chloral hydrate for potassium bromide, or aloes -for linseed oil, etc. - -SUDORIFIC.--A medicine or agent which produces an increased quantity of -perspiration (sweat) as ginger, pilocarpine, Dover’s powders, etc. - -SUPPURANT.--A medicine or agent promoting pus formation, as poultices, -cantharides, croton oil, etc. - -SYNERGIST.--A medicine which co-operates or assists the action of -another, as chloroform with ether, cantharides with red iodide of -mercury, etc. - -TAENICIDE.--A medicine which destroys tape worms, as extract of male -fern. - -TAENIFUGE.--A medicine which expels tape worms, as areca nut, pumpkin -seed, oil of turpentine, etc. - -TETANIC.--A medicine or agent which increases the irritation of the -spinal cord or muscles producing spasms, as strychnine, etc. - -TONIC.--A medicine promoting nutrition and giving strength to the body, -as arsenic, cod liver oil, etc. - -TOPIC or TOPICAL.--A substance or agent for external use, applied -locally, as a liniment. - -TOXIC.--A condition produced by a poison, as a result of an over-dose of -medicine or the absorption of bacterial products. - -TRICOPHYED.--A medicine promoting the growth of hair, as pilocarpine, -cantharides, capsicum, etc. - -UTERINE.--A medicine acting upon the uterus, as ergot. - -VEHICLE.--A medicine or agent used as a medium or base for the -administration of medicines, as syrups, oils, water, etc. - -VERMICIDE.--A medicine which destroys parasitic worms, as turpentine, -iron sulphate, tobacco, creosote, etc. - -VERMIFUGE.--A medicine which expels parasitic worms, as arecoline, -aloes, etc. - -VESICANT.--A medicine which forms pustules containing white serum, as -cantharides. - -VIRUS.--A poison of an infectious disease, especially one found in the -system of an animal suffering from an infectious disease, as hog -cholera, cowpox or rabies virus, etc. - -VULNERARY.--Any medicine or compound used in the treatment of wounds, as -ointments, liniments, etc. - - - - -ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES - - -The following methods of administering medicines in order of their -rapidity of absorption, beginning with the method by which absorption is -most rapid, and following with those by which absorption is less rapid -and finally least rapid: 1. Intravenous, by injection into veins. 2. By -inhalation (volatile drugs). 3. Subcutaneous, by injection into -subcutaneous tissue. 4. Intratracheal, by injection into the trachea (or -wind pipe). 5. Oral, by the mouth. 6. Rectal, by the rectum. 7. -Inunction, by the skin. 8. Intramammary injections. - - - - -WHEN MEDICINES SHOULD BE ADMINISTERED - - -The curative effects of medicines may be restrained, changed in form or -prevented by untimely administration. - -Medicines intended to act on the mucous membrane of the stomach should -only be given when that organ is empty. If distant parts are to be -affected in the most prompt and efficient manner and the medicine is -free from distinct irritating qualities, it should be taken on an empty -stomach; as when digestion is going on, the contents of the stomach are -acid in reaction and if alkalies are given combinations take place and -salts are formed. If alkalies are given before digestion begins, -diffusion of the acid-forming constituents of the blood takes place, and -in this way the acidity of the gastric juice is promoted; likewise acids -given before meals increase the diffusion of the alkaline constituents -of the blood. - - - - -METHODS OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES - - -Drenching, bit, balling gun, capsule gun, bottle, dose syringe and -hypodermic syringe. - -Anaesthetics administered in feed bags or proper inhaler. - - - - -TABLES USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING - - -APOTHECARIES OR TROY WEIGHT. - - 20 Grains (Granum) (Gr. or Grs.) = 1 Scruple. - 3 Scruples (Scrupulum) (Sc.) = 1 Drachm (60 Grs.) - 8 Drachms (Drachma) (ʒ) = 1 Ounce. - 12 Ounces (Uncia) (℥) = 1 Pound (℔) - -In prescription writing the pound sign should not be used; always -express large quantities by ounces. - - -APOTHECARIES’ LIQUID MEASURE. - - 60 Minims (Minimum) (M. or Ms.) = 1 Fluid Drachm. - 8 Fluid Drachms (Fluid Drachma) (fl. ʒ) = 1 Fluid Ounce. - 16 Fluid Ounces (Fluid Uncia) (fl. ℥) = 1 Pint. - 2 Pints (Octarius) (O.) = 1 Quart. - 4 Quarts or 8 Pints = 1 Gallon (congius--C.) - -In prescribing liquids the abbreviation for Quarts (Qts.) is never used. -If a quart is desired it is expressed as two pints (Oij). - - -APPROPRIATE EQUIVALENTS OF WINE UNITS IN DOMESTIC MEASURES. - - Teaspoon = ʒi. - Dessert spoon = ʒii. - Table spoon = ℥ss. - Cup = ℥iv. - Tumbler = ℥viii. - - - - -TABLES FOR REGULATING THE DOSES FOR YOUNG ANIMALS - - -HORSES. - - 3 years old and upward, full dose. - From 1¹⁄₂ years old to 3 years, ¹⁄₂ dose. - From 9 to 18 months old, ¹⁄₄ dose. - From 4¹⁄₂ to 9 months old, ¹⁄₈ dose. - From 1 to 4¹⁄₂ months old, ¹⁄₁₆ dose. - - -CATTLE. - - 2 years old and upward, full dose. - From 1 to 2 years old, ¹⁄₂ dose. - From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year, ¹⁄₄ dose. - From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₈ dose. - From 1 to 3 months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose. - - -SHEEP. - - 2 years old and upward, full dose. - From 1 to 2 years old, ¹⁄₂ dose. - From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year, ¹⁄₄ dose. - From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₈ dose. - From 1 to 3 months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose. - - -PIGS. - - 1¹⁄₂ years and upward, full dose. - From 9 to 18 months old, ¹⁄₂ dose. - From 4¹⁄₂ to 9 months, ¹⁄₄ dose. - From 2¹⁄₂ to 4¹⁄₄ months, ¹⁄₈ dose. - From 1 to 2¹⁄₂ months, ¹⁄₁₆ dose. - - -DOGS. - - From ¹⁄₂ to 1 year old, full dose. - From 3 to 6 months, ¹⁄₂ dose. - From 1¹⁄₂ to 3 months, ¹⁄₄ dose. - From 20 to 45 days, ¹⁄₈ dose. - From 10 to 20 days, ¹⁄₁₆ dose. - - -THE ART OF PRESCRIBING - -The prescription should be as brief and simple as possible. It should be -explicit and clearly written. It may be expressed either in Latin or in -English. The manner in which the medicine is to be used should be -specified. Important instructions as to the rule, systematic regulations -or diet of the patient are sometimes necessary. - -Prescriptions usually contain two or more of the following four -representative constituents: (1) The _basis_ or active ingredients. The -practice of conjoining several active medicines has wisely been -abandoned. Occasionally, however, it may be advantageous to give -together two medicines producing their effects in somewhat different -ways. Thus, spasms of the bowels are more often effectually controlled -by the conjunction of a stimulant like ether and an anodyne like opium -than by either given alone. Pain which is not alleviated by either -morphine or atropine is sometimes abated by giving them together. (2) -The _adjuvant_ is introduced in order to increase, moderate or modify -the action of the basis. Frequently its chief object is to insure -solubility and ready absorption. (3) A _corrective_ is occasionally -required to temper the effects of the basis. Thus a small dose of opium -is prescribed with oil or other laxative in cases of diarrhoea; ginger -is generally added to the aloetic mass to prevent its griping. (4) The -_vehicle_ generally consists of some comparatively inert substance, -added to facilitate administration, such as the treacle, linseed meal or -licorice powder used as an excipient for boluses and pills, the -benzoated lard or vaseline used for making ointments, and the water -given in drenches. - -Example: - - ℞ - Barb. Aloes ℥i. - Calomel ʒi. - Ginger ʒii. - Molasses ℥ss. - M. et fiat massa, in bolus 1. - Sig. Give at once. - --John Jones. - -In the above prescription aloes is the basis; calomel as an adjuvant, -ginger as a corrective, molasses as an excipient. - - * * * * * - -A prescription is composed of several parts, which may be considered as -follows: - - 1. Heading. - 2. Names and quantities of drugs. - 3. Directions to compounder. - 4. Directions to attendant. - 5. Signature of writer. - - 1. For Gray Tom. July 22, 1916. - ℞ - { Cupri sulph., - 2. { Ferri. sulph. exsic., aa. ℥iss. - { Pulv. belladonna fol., - { Pulv. gentian rad. aa. ℥iii. - 3. M. Ft. Chart No. XII. - 4. Sig.--One powder three or four times daily in syrup. - --John Jones. - - - - -ABBREVIATIONS - - -PRESCRIPTION WRITING. - -Words, phrases and abbreviations commonly used in prescription writing. - - ℞--means take thou. - M.--Misce, mix. - Fiat--make. - Ad.--add, to make. - Et.--means and. - Sig.--Signa, label, or write thus. - Numerus--number. - O.--Octarius, a pint. - Ter.--thrice. - C. or Cong.--Congius, gallon. - Dies.--diem, day. - Q. S.--Quantum sufficiat. Sufficient quantity. - Bene--well. - q. s. ad.--quantity sufficient to make certain amount. - Q. h.--quaqua-hora, every hour. - aa.--ana. Of each. - S.--Semis, means half. - S. S.--Semi or Semissis means one-half. - Cum.--with. - Stat.--statim, immediately. - B. I. D.--Bis in die. Twice daily. - T. I. D., or T. D.--three times daily, Ter in die. - Q. D.--quarter in die; four times daily. - P. Æ.--Partes æquales, equal parts. - Div.--divide. - Gtt.--Guttæ, drops. - Grs.--Grains. - ʒ--Drachma, dram. - ℥--Uncia, ounce. - M.--Minims about a drop. - ℈--Scruple. - M. ft.--mistura fiat; let a mixture be made. - Pil.--Pilula; pill. - Destil.--Destilla; distill. - Liq.--liquor a solution. - Pulv.--Pulvis; powder. - Fl.--fluidus, fluid. - Bol.--Bolus, large pill. - Cola--strain. - Filtra--filter. - Capsula--cap. A capsule. - Charta--chart. A paper (medicated). - Dosis--Dos. A dose. - Massa--Mass. A pill--mass. - Unguentum--Ungt. An ointment. - Syrups--Syr. A syrup. - Vinum.--Vin. A wine. - Aqua fontana--Aq. font.--Spring water. - Aqua destillata--Aq. dest.--Distilled water. - - - - -ACIDUM BORICUM--BORACIC ACID--BORIC ACID - - -DERIVATION.--Made by evaporation and crystallization of a solution -obtained by passing steam issuing from rocks in volcanic regions of -Italy, through water; or by the action of hydrochloric or sulphuric -acids upon borax. Recovered by filtration and recrystallization. - -PROPERTIES.--Transparent colorless scales, of a somewhat pearly luster, -six-sided tricline crystals, or a light white, very fine powder, -slightly unctuous to the touch; odorless, having a faintly bitterish -taste, and permanent in air. Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerine, etc. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; foals and calves, 20 to 30 grs.; -sheep and pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI--GLYCERITE OF BOROGLYCERIN - -Composed of boric acid, 310 parts; glycerin to make 1,000; prepared by -heat (303° F.). - -ACTIONS.--Boric acid is a non-volatile, non-irritating antiseptic, -deodorant and astringent, it arrests fermentation of minute organisms, -free of irritating effects in solution, when applied to wounds; it -lessens suppuration, and is as effective as carbolic acid; can be used -in any strength from the pure powder or saturated solution to the -mildest form. - -USES.--Boric acid is indicated for all purposes for which an antiseptic -is used; it is used in diarrhoea in foals, calves and dogs, combined -with other drugs; it has a slightly astringent action of itself; it is -excreted in the urine, consequently would exert its influence on the -bladder in cystitis, cystic catarrh; 1 part in 800 prevents the -development of anthrax-bacilli; useful in skin diseases, also used in -keratitis and catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis, six to ten grains -to the ounce, with atropine or cocaine when very painful. Useful in -distemper of dogs where the bowels are affected, as an antiseptic. -Boric acid is preferred to carbolic acid as an antiseptic for dogs. On -account of the paralyzing effect of carbolic acid on the nerves, it -hinders the healing of wounds to a certain extent, while the boracic -acid does not. - -Boric acid may be applied pure to wounds and sores or mixed with other -suitable drugs as a dusting powder. Equal parts of boric acid and zinc -oxide make a cheap and effective healing powder; to an itching wound the -addition of an equal quantity of acetanilide increases its value. A -saturated solution (four per cent) is useful as a vaginal and uterine -douche and to flush the bladder in cystitis. - - - - -ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRUDUM--CRUDE CARBOLIC ACID - - -DERIVATION.--A liquid consisting of several different constituents of -coal tar, particularly creosol and phenol, obtained by fractional -distillation. - -PROPERTIES.--A nearly colorless, or reddish-brown liquid of a strong -disagreeable and creosote-like odor, and gradually turning darker on -exposure to the air and light. Soluble in fifteen parts of water. - - - - -PHENOL--ACIDUM CARBOLICUM--CARBOLIC ACID - - -DERIVATION.--Obtained from crude carbolic acid by agitation with caustic -soda, heating to 338° F., and adding hydrochloric acid. Then by -agitation with sodium chloride, digestion with calcium chloride, and -distillation at a temperature between 336° F. and 374° F. and finally by -crystallization. - -PROPERTIES.--Phenol in its pure state is a solid at ordinary -temperatures, crystallizing in minute plates or long rhomboidal needles, -white or colorless, of a peculiar odor recalling that of creosote, and -an acrid burning taste. It is likely to be colored pinkish or brown -under the influence of light and air. Soluble in about 19.6 parts of -water, and very soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerin, fixed -and volatile oils. - -ACTIONS.--Phenol in large and undiluted doses is an irritant and -narcotic poison; it is used as an antiseptic, parasiticide, antiferment -and sometimes used as a local anaesthetic or anodyne in a 2 to 5 per -cent solution; also as a caustic, but should not be used as a caustic as -a burn from it heals very slowly. - -USES.--Internally as a gastric sedative in small doses for vomiting in -dogs; is administered in various contagious and infectious diseases with -the view of preventing or arresting the development of micro-organisms; -it coagulates albumen, is not nearly so active as bichloride of mercury; -1 part to 500 parts of water prevents the growth of anthrax and other -bacilli. Full doses produce gastro-enteritis, and collapse, which may -end fatally; it is a muscular and nerve paralyzer, both internally and -externally, it kills by paralyzing the muscles of respiration and the -heart. It is chiefly eliminated from the system by the kidneys, giving -the urine a brownish color. - -IN SURGERY.--A three to five per cent solution is used for washing out -wounds, a two to three per cent for hands, and for itching of the skin, -carbolic acid three or four drachms, glycerine two ounces to one pint of -water. Do not use over large surface on dogs and not at all on cats. - -Phenol treatment for Tetanus, which has given very good results and I -would recommend one drachm in three ounces of water, injected -hypodermically in the region of neck and shoulder every two or three -hours until twelve injections were given and less frequently thereafter. - -DOSES.--Of the phenol: Horses and cattle, 10 to 40 grs.; sheep and pigs, -5 to 10 grs.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 gr., well diluted. - -TOXICOLOGY.--Dogs and cats are especially susceptible to the action of -carbolic acid, therefore great care must be exercised when washing, -especially cats, with any preparation containing carbolic acid. -Disinfecting and deodorizing cat’s quarters with any preparation -containing carbolic acid makes them sick. - -ANTIDOTE.--Sulphates of soda or magnesia. Atropine sulphate -hypodermically is a very valuable antidote. Alcohol and vinegar have -been used with good results, both internally and externally. - - - - -ACIDUM SALICYLICUM--SALICYLIC ACID - - -An organic acid, existing naturally in combination in various plants, -but largely prepared synthetically from carbolic acid. - -DERIVATION.--Made by passing carbonic dioxide through sodium carbolate -at a temperature of 428° F. (220° C.). 2 NaC₆H₅O (sodium carbolate) + -CO₂ = Na₂C₇H₄O₃ (sodium salicylate) + C₆H₆O (phenol). Sodium salicylate -is treated with hydrochloric acid when salicylic acid is precipitated. - -PROPERTIES.--Light, fine, white, needle-shaped crystals, odorless, -having a sweetish, afterwards acrid taste; permanent in air. Soluble in -alcohol, ether and hot water; borax increases its solubility. - -DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 6 drs.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 to 2 drs.; -pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.; should be given well diluted; -large doses are recommended for fevers, but smaller doses more often -repeated in rheumatism. - - - - -SODII SALICYLAS--SODIUM SALICYLAS - - -DERIVATION.--Made by the action of salicylic acid on sodium carbonate. -The solution is filtered and heated to expel carbon dioxide. - -PROPERTIES.--A white amorphous or crystalline powder or scales; odorless -and having a sweetish, saline taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in water, -alcohol and glycerine. - -DOSE.--Same as for salicylic acid. - - - - -PHENYLIS SALICYLAS--PHENYL SALICYLATE (Salol) - - -DERIVATION.--Made by heating salicylic and carbolic acids with -phosphorous pentachloride. - -PROPERTIES.--A white crystalline powder; odorless, or having a faintly -aromatic odor, and almost tasteless. Permanent in air. Insoluble in -water, soluble in ten parts of alcohol and readily soluble in -chloroform. - -DOSE.--Same as for salicylic acid. - -ACTIONS.--Salicylic acid, sodium salicylate and phenyl salicylate are -powerful antiseptic, anti-rheumatic, diaphoretic, cardiac depressant, -antiferment and antipyretic. Salicylic acid is in addition irritant and -astringent, continued in large doses is apt to derange digestion; best -to be administered on a full stomach. - -USES.--For acute rheumatism, influenza, strangles and purpura where -there is much sloughing; also as a surgical wash, salicylic acid one -part, borax one part to thirty or forty parts of water. Salicylic acid -is a more powerful antiseptic than carbolic acid. Salicylic of soda is -freely antiseptic. Salicylic acid is highly recommended in intestinal -flatulence, given in two drachm doses with one ounce of aromatic spirits -of ammonia. In gastric-flatulence give two drachms in capsule, repeat in -half hour if necessary. - - - - -ACONITUM--ACONITE--MONKSHOOD - - -DERIVATION.--Aconite is obtained from the root of aconitum napellus, -which grows in Northwestern North America, Europe and Asia in -mountainous regions, and cultivated in the United States for its -beautiful flowers. - -PROPERTIES.--The fresh leaves have a faint narcotic odor, most sensible -when they are rubbed. Their taste is at first bitterish and herbaceous, -afterwards burning and acrid, with a feeling of numbness and tingling on -the inside of the lips, tongue and fauces, which is very durable, -lasting sometimes many hours. When long chewed they inflame the tongue. -The dried leaves have a similar taste, but the acrid impression -commences later. Their sensible properties and medical activity are -impaired by long keeping. They should be of a green color, and free from -mustiness. The root has a feeble earthy odor. Though sweetish at first, -it has afterwards the same effect as the leaves upon the mouth and -fauces. It shrinks much in drying and becomes darker, but does not lose -its acrimony. Those parcels, whether of leaves or roots, should always -be rejected which are destitute of this property. Aconite root is -officially described as being “slenderly conical, 4 to 10 cm. long, 10 -to 20 mm. thick at the crown; occasionally split; longitudinally -wrinkled; dark brown and marked with coarse whitish root-scars; fracture -short, horny or mealy; internally whitish or light brown; the cambium -zone irregular and 5 to 7-angled; odor very slight; taste sweetish, soon -becoming acrid and developing a tingling sensation, followed by -numbness.” - -Preparations of the leaves are not official in the U. S. P. The root is -five times stronger than the leaves. - -CONSTITUENTS.--The alkaloid representing the action of the drug is -aconitine, which is precipitated by ammonia from an aqueous solution of -an alcoholic extract of the root of various species. It is a colorless, -crystalline or amorphous, gray powder, almost insoluble in water, and -soluble in 22 parts of alcohol, in 44 parts of ether and 1 part of -chloroform. Its salts are soluble in water. Aconitine or its solutions, -unless very dilute, are too poisonous to be tasted. - -Commercial preparations vary in purity and strength, and since it is -extremely poisonous its internal administration is undesirable. -Pseudo-aconitine, aconitine and other alkaloids in combination with -aconitic acid have been obtained from aconite, but their identity and -chemistry are uncertain. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 20 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 grs.; -dogs, ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₁₁ gr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM ACONITI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF ACONITE - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water and -evaporation. Assayed so that each 100 c. c. contains 0.4 gm. aconitine. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 m.; sheep and pigs. 2 to 5 m.; dogs, -¹⁄₁₀ to 1 m. - - -TINCTURA ACONITI--TINCTURE ACONITE - -Made by maceration and percolation of aconite, 100; with alcohol and -water to make 1000. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 20 m. to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 m.; -dogs, 2 to 10 m. - -Fleming’s Tincture (non-official) (79 per cent). - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 8 to 20 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 m. - - -ACONITINA--ACONITINE - -Not used to any extent in veterinary practice; is very unreliable and -varying in strength. Aconitine often contains a considerable proportion -of aconite and benzaconine, and so varies in activity, which is a great -objection to the use of one of the most powerful drugs known. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₃₀ to ¹⁄₅ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂₀₀ to ¹⁄₁₀₀ gr. -subcutaneously. - -Actions of aconite, its preparations and derivative are anodynes and -sedatives, acting specially on the peripheral endings of the sensory -nerves, on the heart and on respiration. Aconite kills by respiratory -arrest. - -Its physiological actions as a cardiac and respiratory sedative renders -it a febrifuge; it is also diaphoretic and diuretic. It is prescribed in -acute febrile conditions, and in the earlier stages of acute local -inflammation. It is used topically to relieve pain. - -GENERAL ACTIONS.--Locally applied, in virtue of its action on sensory -nerves, aconite produces first irritation, tingling and twitching and -subsequently numbness and anesthesia. The tincture of aconite is -rapidly absorbed and quickly passed into the tissues, as is shown by -the blood of a poisoned dog five minutes after the drug has been -administered, being transferred into the veins of another dog without -producing the physiological action of the poison. - -TOXIC EFFECTS.--One and one-half drachm of the tincture (equal to about -one drachm of aconite root) is given as the minimum fatal dose for the -horse, one-half drachm will occasionally cause very serious symptoms and -where an idiosyncrasy exists as little as fifteen minims will cause -toxic symptoms. - -It causes great muscular weakness, dimness of sight; pupil at first may -be dilated or contracted, but as the end approaches remains dilated; -shallow irregular and labored respiration, a slow and small pulse, -becoming rapid and imperceptible near the end. Gulping, frothy saliva, -flatulence, belching, retching, nausea, etc. There is often a peculiar -clicking sound made from the constant attempts at swallowing. - -Coldness of surface, clammy sweat, anxious countenance, extreme weakness -of the extremities, lowering of temperature 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment -of sensation, reflexes and motility and finally death from paralysis of -the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, consciousness -being preserved until near the end, when carbon dioxide narcosis sets -in. - -USES.--It antagonizes the fever process, when properly used is a most -valuable drug; it is indicated in all affections, characterized by high -resisting pulse, dry, hot skin and elevated body temperature; is useful -in acute throat affections as laryngitis, pharyngitis and perotiditis, -in small doses often repeated. Indicated in acute inflammation of the -organs of respiration. For pleurisy and perotiditis, at the outset, give -aconite with opium. Aconite is indicated in simple fevers or in -puerperal fever, inflammation of the brain; in acute or inflammatory -rheumatism, in acute local inflammation, as arthritis or inflammation -resulting from bruises, sprains, etc. - -In lymphangitis, laminitis and enteritis, if called in first stages of -enteritis give 20 ms. of aconite and repeat with 10 or 15 ms. every hour -and between times gives fluid extract of belladonna 15 to 20 ms. every -hour and externally woolen blankets wrung out of hot water and wrapped -around the body. - -In mammitis is also useful in large doses, combined with phytolacca; in -spasmodic colic brought on by drinking cold water, give 30 to 60 ms. of -the tincture of aconite with other colic mixture; in congestion of the -bowels or liver, or in congestion of any part, small repeated doses are -better than large ones. It is also advantageously used in lung -disorders. - - - - -AETHER--ETHER--PURE ETHER - - -A liquid composed of about 96 per cent, by weight, of absolute ether or -ethyl oxide, and about 4 per cent of alcohol containing a little water. - -DERIVATION.--Prepared by distillation of alcohol with sulphuric acid. -There are two steps in the production of ether; sulphorvinic acid and -water are formed in the first step. Sulphorvinic acid is then further -acted upon by alcohol. The distillate is freed from water by agitation -with calcium oxide and chloride and subjected to redistillation. - -PROPERTIES.--A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a -characteristic odor and a burning and sweetish taste. Ether is highly -volatile and inflammable; its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, -explodes violently. Miscible in all proportions with alcohol, -chloroform, benzine, benzol, fixed and volatile oils. Ether is a solvent -for fats, oils, alkaloids, resins, gutta percha and guncotton. Upon -evaporation ether should have no residue. Ether vapor is heavier than -air and consequently etherization should never be done above a light or -fire. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; -dogs, 10 ms. to 1 dr. - -As an anaesthetic, horses and cattle require from 4 to 16 ozs. Smaller -animals from 4 drs. to 4 ozs. Chloroform is usually prescribed for -large animals and ether for smaller animals. Ether never paralyzes a -healthy heart, while chloroform sometimes does. For anaesthetic purposes -see anesthesia. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -SPIRITUS AETHERIS--SPIRIT OF ETHER - -Composed of ether, 325 parts, alcohol to make 1000. - -DOSE.--Same as ether. - - -SPIRITUS AETHERIS COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND SPIRIT OF ETHER--HOFFMAN’S -ANODYNE - -Composed of ether, 325 parts; alcohol, 650 parts; ethereal oil, 25 -parts. - -DOSE.--Same as for ether. - -ACTIONS.--Ether is anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, anthelmintic; a -cardiac, respiratory and cerebral stimulant, an anesthetic and a -narcotic poison; one of the best and quickest acting, diffusible, -general stimulants, acting on the heart reflexly from the stomach. It is -a powerful secretory stimulant, acting especially on the secretions of -the stomach, salivary glands and pancreas. On the cerebrum and the motor -and sensory nerves, its actions are similar to that of alcohol, but more -prompt and less protracted; it is eliminated quickly, chiefly by the -lungs. - -When inhaled, it first causes irritation of the fauces, a sense of -strangulation and cough, then a stage of excitement in which the visible -mucous membranes are flushed and the respiration and pulse quickened; a -convulsive stage generally follows, with rigid muscles and respiration -stertorous; this subsides and complete insensibility is established, the -muscles being relaxed and the reflexes abolished; in fact all of the -functions of the body are suspended, except respiration and circulation. - -If the inhalation be continued these too become paralyzed, death usually -resulting from slow paralysis of respiration (chloroform paralyzes -quickly); the heart pulsating long after breathing has ceased. Atropine -hypodermically is the best antagonist to the toxic effects of ether, -also artificial respiration and injections of brandy. - -USES OF ETHER.--When mixed with alcohol, as the spirit, ether mixes -readily with water. It is excellent in indigestion with flatulence; it -checks gastric fermentation, expels the gas and overcomes irregular and -violent gastro-intestinal movements; hence, is also very good in -spasmodic colic. In spasmodic colic, best to combine with cannabis -indica or belladonna. When used as a vermifuge it should be followed by -a purge. Used diluted one to ten to dislodge worms in the rectum. A most -reliable remedy for collapse. Ether and alcohol are indicated in -parturient paresis, ether with aqua ammonia may be used intravenously -when the cow is unable to swallow. Sulphuric ether and alcohol or whisky -are also good in parturient eclampsia of bitches, though aromatic spirit -of ammonia is better; for chills, spirit of nitrous ether; also useful -in convalescence from debilitating disease. Ether is a very good remedy -in Thumps. Ether may be used for local anesthesia, applied as a spray, -from an atomizer, about one ounce, usually being enough for the painless -opening of abscesses or fistulae, but cocaine is better in our patients. -_As an anesthetic_ it should be used in preference to chloroform, for -the smaller and young animals, especially dogs, which are easily killed -by chloroform. Ether is less prompt in action but much safer than -chloroform, as it never paralyzes a healthy heart; it should be inhaled -in as concentrated a form as possible, very little air being allowed, so -it will exert its effects quickly, in the dog; a light or fire of any -kind should not be allowed near, as ether is very inflammable and its -vapor explosive. Always have a bottle of aqua ammonia fort. at hand as a -restorer. - - - - -ALCOHOL - - -Alcohol is derived directly from fruit sugar, and indirectly from -starch. The grains, as wheat, rye, corn; and potatoes, supply starch -most economically. The starch in these substances is converted into -glucose by heating with very dilute sulphuric acid, or by fermentation -with malt. Glucose is further acted upon by yeast containing the Torula -cerevisiae, which converts 15 per cent of glucose into alcohol and -carbonic dioxide. The weak alcohol resulting is subjected to repeated -distillation until sufficiently pure and concentrated. In the natural -fermentation of fruit sugar in grape juice, during the formation of -wine, the amount of alcohol is self-limited to 15, rarely 20 per cent, -since the ferment is killed by a larger amount of alcohol than this. - -DERIVATION.--The official alcohol is derived from rectified spirits, by -maceration, first with anhydrous potassium carbonate, then freshly fused -calcium chloride, and finally by distillation. - -PROPERTIES.--A liquid composed of about 92.3 per cent, by weight, or -94.9 per cent, by volume, of ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH) and about 7.7 per -cent, by weight, of water (U. S. P.). A transparent, colorless, mobile -and volatile liquid, of a characteristic rather agreeable odor and a -burning taste. Specific gravity about .816 at 15.6° C. (60° F.). -Miscible with water in all proportions and without any trace of -cloudiness. Also miscible with ether chloroform. It is readily volatile -at low temperature, and boils at 78° C. (172.4° F.). It is inflammable -and burns with a blue flame. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, -1 to 2 dr. Diluted four to six times its bulk of water. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -ALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM--ABSOLUTE ALCOHOL - -Ethyl alcohol, containing not more than one per cent, by weight, of -water. - -DERIVATION.--Percolation of the purest alcohol through quicklime, out of -contact with the air, and redistillation in vacuo. - -PROPERTIES.--Transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid, of a -characteristic rather agreeable odor and a burning taste. Very -hydroscopic. Specific gravity not higher than 0.797 at 15.6° C. (60° -F.). - - -SPIRITUS FRUMENTI--WHISKY - -DERIVATION.--An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the -mash of fermented grain (usually of mixtures of corn, wheat and rye) and -at least four years old. - -PROPERTIES.--An amber-colored liquid having a distinctive odor and -taste, and a slightly acid reaction. Its specific gravity should not be -more than 0.945, nor less than 0.924, corresponding, approximately, to -an alcoholic strength of 37 to 47.5 per cent, by weight, or 44 to 55 per -cent, by volume. Contains no more than traces of fusel oil. The -alcoholic liquors owe their flavor to bouquet to ethers which are only -developed in course of time. The amylic alcohol, or fusel oil, in whisky -is therefore converted into ethers, which give the characteristic flavor -to whisky. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and swine, 1 to 2 oz.; dogs, -1 to 4 dr., diluted three to four times its bulk in water. - - -SPIRITS VINI GALLICI--BRANDY - -DERIVATION.--An alcoholic liquid obtained by the distillation of the -fermented unmodified juice of fresh grapes, and at least four years old. - -PROPERTIES.--A pale amber-colored liquid, having a distinctive odor and -taste and a slightly acid reaction. Its specific gravity should not be -more than 0.941, nor less than 0.925 at 15.6° C. (60° F.), -corresponding, approximately, to an alcoholic strength of 39 to 47 per -cent, by weight, or 46 to 55 per cent, by volume, of absolute alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as that for whisky. - - -SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND SPIRIT OF JUNIPER - -DERIVATION.--Oil of juniper, 8; oil of caraway, 1; oil of fennel, 1; -alcohol, 1,400; water to make 2,000. - -Compound spirit of juniper is similar to gin in its therapeutic action. -Contains about 15 per cent more alcohol. Gin is made by distillation of -fermented malt and juniper berries. Gin differs from the other alcoholic -preparations therapeutically in being more diuretic. - -DOSE.--Same as that for whisky. - - -RUM (not official) - -Rum is made from a fermented solution of molasses by distillation. It -contains, by weight, from 40 to 50 per cent of absolute alcohol. Rum -does not differ physiologically from alcohol. There is no authoritative -Latin name for rum. - -DOSE.--Same as that for whisky. - - -VINUM ALBUM--WHITE WINE - -DERIVATION.--An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice of fresh -grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera, free from seeds, stems and skins. - -PROPERTIES.--A pale amber or straw-colored liquid, having a pleasant -odor, free from yeastiness and a fruity, agreeable, slightly spirituous -taste, without excessive sweetness or acidity. The Pharmacopoeia (1890) -directs that the wine should contain from 7 to 12 per cent, by weight, -of absolute alcohol. California Hock and Reisling, Ohio Catawba, Sherry, -Muscatel, Madeira or the stronger wines of the Rhine, Mediterranean and -Hungary come within the pharmacopoeial limits. Wines containing more -than 14 per cent of alcohol are usually fortified, i. e., have alcohol -or brandy added to them, and much imported Sherry and Madeira contain 15 -to 20 per cent, by weight, of absolute alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as that for whisky. - - -VINUM RUBRUM--RED WINE - -DERIVATION.--An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting the juice of fresh -colored grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera, in presence of their -skins. - -PROPERTIES.--A deep red liquid, having a pleasant odor, free from -yeastiness, and a fruity moderately astringent, pleasant and slightly -acidulous taste, without excessive sweetness or acidity. Should contain -not less than 7 nor more than 12 per cent, by weight, of alcohol. Native -Claret, Burgundy, Bordeaux and Hungarian wines may be included within -the pharmacopoeial limits of vinum rubrum. Port (vinum portense) is -fortified with brandy during fermentation, and contains 15 to 25 per -cent, by weight, of absolute alcohol. Port is astringent from tannic -acid in the grapes, skin and stalks, or the astringency may be due to -logwood. Red wines are said to be rough, contain tannic acid and -therefore are astringents. Dry wines are those which contain little -sugar. The wines develop ethers with age and these improve their flavor -and action. - -Champagne contains about 10 per cent of absolute alcohol and carbonic -acid gas, which acts as a local sedative upon the stomach. Ale, stout -and beers contain from 4 to 8 per cent of alcohol, together with bitters -and malt extracts. - -Cider contains 5 to 9 per cent of absolute alcohol. Imported sherry (B. -P.) contains 15 to 20 per cent of absolute alcohol. - -Alcohol is the solvent most commonly employed in pharmacy, dissolving -alkaloids, resins, volatile oils, balsams, oleo-resins, tannin, sugar, -some fats and fixed oils. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 oz.; dogs, -2 dr. to 1 oz. - -ACTIONS.--Alcohol is a cerebral excitant and finally becomes a -depressant and a narcotic poison. - -It is anesthetic, antiseptic, antiparasitic, rubefacient (if confined), -mild astringent, coagulate albumen; a local refrigerant by virtue of its -rapid evaporation, unless confined by bandage, oiled silk, etc., when it -is absorbed by the tissues and causes a sensation of warmth. - -In medical doses it is a powerful general stimulant; it is very -diffusible, and is partly oxidized by the organism, and partly excreted; -thus alcohol acts as a food. - -Small doses relax the blood vessels, stimulate the gastric glands, -promote appetite and digestion; lessen the elimination of waste -products, by preventing rapid tissue waste; causes a feeling of warmth, -and temporarily, though slightly, raises the body temperature. It -stimulates the heart and increases the functional activity of all -organs, especially the kidneys and skin. - -Large or too long continued doses derange the appetite and digestion, -congest or inflame the stomach and liver. Eight ounces of alcohol killed -a horse. Alcohol is poisonous and should be used with caution. - -USES.--Are numerous, used principally as a stimulant, either in one -large dose, 2 to 3 ounces of alcohol, or better, in small repeated -doses, 1 ounce every 1, 2 or 3 hours, can be conjoined with other -stimulants such as sulphuric ether, aromatic spirits of ammonia, -digitalis, etc. - -It is used in anesthetic mixtures, such as alcohol, ether and -chloroform, combined in different proportions; in snake bites it is -administered in very large doses. - -In blood poisoning alcohol is a most potent drug, sustaining the heart, -lowering the temperature and acting as a germicide. Alcohol makes an -excellent dressing for wounds; applied locally to threatened bed-sores, -frequently prevents their formation. It is useful in colds at their -outset, or in a chill to restore the balance of the circulation and -prevent or overcome internal congestion by relaxing the blood vessels of -the periphery. - -All alcoholic liquors are useful in debilitating diseases, such as -influenza, in two or three ounce doses repeated every three or four -hours. One-half to one drachm of quinine to one ounce of alcohol, for -influenza or febrile diseases in general, excepting brain and spinal -disease; useful in convalescence. In colic alcohol can be used with a -great degree of success; it will act as a carminative antispasmodic and -stimulant, used in collapse and weak heart; in septicaemia and pyaemia -it has notable antiseptic and antipyretic effects. Useful in carbolic -acid poisoning, alcohol, or alcoholic liquors, act as a chemical -antidote besides overcoming the shock produced by the acid. It may also -be used locally for carbolic acid burns. - -The effects of alcohol are noticed in ten or fifteen minutes after -administration and will be shown by a better condition of the pulse, the -weak pulse becoming stronger and firmer; the quick pulse slower, the -breathing becomes more natural, eyes brighten up and in fact a general -improvement is shown. - -Externally alcohol is used alone as a strengthening application to weak -tendons and muscles; or after a race, is used to rub on the legs, -combined with other drugs as a liniment, as alcohol, soap-liniment and -witch hazel; can be used in surgery as an antiseptic. - -To toughen the skin of tender or thin skinned horses who gall or chafe -easily under the collar and saddle, alcohol will be found a most -satisfactory application. - - - - -ALOE BARBADENSIS--BARBADOES ALOES - - -The thickened juice of the leaves of Aloe vera, Linn., Aloe chinensis, -Bak., and probably other species, evaporated to dryness. - -HABITAT.--The Barbadoes Island. - -PROPERTIES.--In hard masses, orange, brown, opaque, translucent on the -edges; fracture waxy or resinous; odor saffron-like; taste strongly -bitter. Almost entirely soluble in alcohol; most used in veterinary -medicine. - -CONSTITUENT.--Aloin; a resin; volatile oil; gallic acid. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; -pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; 20 gr. to 1 dr. - - - - -ALOE SOCOTRINA--SOCOTRINE ALOES - - -The juice that flows from the transversely cut leaves of Aloe Perryi, -Baker, evaporated to dryness. - -HABITAT.--Eastern Africa. - -PROPERTIES.--In hard masses, occasionally soft in the interior; opaque, -yellowish-brown, orange-brown or dark ruby-red, fracture resinous. When -moistened it emits a fragrant saffron-like odor; taste peculiar, -strongly bitter. Almost entirely soluble in alcohol and four parts of -boiling water. The powdered socotrine aloes is brighter and redder, and -the odor less disagreeable than that of Barbadoes Aloes. - -CONSTITUENTS.--About the same as Barbadoes Aloes. - -DOSE.--Same as Barbadoes Aloes. - - - - -ALOINUM--ALOIN - - -A neutral principle obtained from several varieties of aloes, chiefly -from Barbadoes and Socotrine Aloes. - -DERIVATION.--Obtained by pulverizing and macerating aloes in cold water, -and evaporating the resulting solution in vacuo. Aloin crystallizes out -and is dried between folds of bibulous paper. It is purified by repeated -solution in hot water, filtration, recrystallization, and finally by -solution in hot alcohol and crystallization. - -PROPERTIES.--A micro-crystalline powder or minute acicular crystals, -lemon yellow or dark yellow in color, possessing a slight odor of aloes -and intensely bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 3 dr.; sheep, 20 to 60 gr.; pigs, 10 to -40 gr.; dogs, 11 to 20 gr.; combined with other purgatives. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -TINCTURA ALOES ET MYRRHAE--TINCTURE OF ALOES AND MYRRH - -Made by maceration and percolation of purified aloes, 100 parts; myrrh, -100 parts, and liquorice root, with alcohol and water to make 1000. - -DOSE.--Dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr. - -ACTION.--Aloes is a purgative, acting chiefly on the large intestines; -small doses are bitter tonics; it stimulates both peristalsis and -secretion, increases secretion of bile; is also diuretic; applied -externally it is stimulant and desiccant; the Barbadoes is the most -active and uniform in its effects. - -Aloes should be kept in lumps in tin cans or other good containers, only -powdered for immediate use; in melting aloes don’t let the temperature -rise above 120 degrees as it impairs the activity by converting the -active aloin into inert resin. Aloes operate in from 12 to 24 hours -after administration; don’t repeat an aloetic purge until 24 hours have -elapsed. It also does not cause catharsis. In about 15 hours, the -patient should be exercised, but returned to the stall as soon as the -desired effect is evident. If it fails to act in 24 hours, linseed oil -may be given. Aloin appears to contain the active principles of aloes, -and is usually as operative, but some manufactures are ineffective. - -USES INTERNAL.--In dyspepsia with capricious appetite, irregularity of -the bowels, hide-bound horses, worms; is used in colic, both spasmodic -and flatulent, for overloaded condition of the bowels; to promote -excretion of waste products from the bowels and the blood, and -consequently relieve febrile symptoms; rheumatic attacks, skin -irritation, swollen limbs and inflamed joints; in lymphangitis to -prevent and aid in curing. By attracting the blood to the bowels, it is -useful in congestion or inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, full -doses being necessary; in paralysis, paraplegia or hemiplegia or -reflexed paralysis due to indigestion, give full doses. Aloes should not -be used in irritation or inflammation of the alimentary canal or piles. -It is not advisable to give an aloetic purge when the temperature is -above 102° F. Nor in hemorrhage from the rectum; in high fevers it is -apt to cause superpurgation, also should not be used where there is -great debility or weakness. In influenza the bowels are apt to be -irritable and oil is preferable to aloes. Don’t use during pregnancy; -may cause abortion. For young foals or other animals, the gentler -purgative, such as linseed or castor oil should be used. The medical -value of aloes being large, it is impossible to enumerate all the -diseases in which it is useful. Externally the tincture of aloes and -myrrh is sometimes applied as a stimulant to wounds, and powdered aloes -is mixed with plaster of paris in making splints for dogs to prevent -these animals from biting and tearing them off. Internally aloes should -be combined with ginger, nux vomica and given in capsule or bolus. - - - - -ALUMEN--ALUM - - -DERIVATION.--From alum slate, shale, schist, a native mixture of -aluminum silicate and iron sulphide. This is roasted and exposed to the -air, when the sulphur is oxidized into sulphuric acid and combined in -part with aluminum and iron to form sulphates. The mass is lixiviated -with water, and aluminum and iron sulphates together with sulphuric acid -are recovered in solution. The solution is concentrated and to it is -added potassium chloride. The double sulphate of potassium and aluminum -(alum) is formed, which crystallizes out on cooling, while potassium -sulphate and ferric chloride remain as by-products. Alum is purified by -recrystallization. - -PROPERTIES.--Large, colorless, octahedral crystals, sometimes modified -by cubes or crystalline fragments; without odor, but having a sweetish -and strongly astringent taste. On exposure to the air the crystals are -liable to absorb ammonia and acquire a whitish coating. Soluble in nine -parts of water, insoluble in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 gr. to 1 dr.; -emetic for dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr. - - -ALUMEN EXSICCATUM--DRIED ALUM - -Commonly termed burnt alum, is alum deprived of its water of -crystallization by heat. - -PROPERTIES.--A white granular powder, odorless, having a sweetish -astringent taste, soluble in twenty parts of water at 60° F. Is a -powerful astringent and escharotic. - - -ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM--ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE - -DERIVATION.--Made from alum, 100 parts; monohydrate sodium carbonate, 43 -parts; water, a sufficient quantity. Mix hot, boiling solutions of alum -and sodium carbonate. Precipitate strained, washed and dried. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, light, amorphous powder; odorless and tasteless; -permanent in dry air; insoluble in water or alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as alum. - - -ALUMINI SULPHAS--ALUMINUM SULPHATE - -DERIVATION.--Aluminum hydroxide is dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid, -and the solution is filtered and evaporated to dryness. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, crystalline powder, without odor, having a -sweetish and afterwards astringent taste; permanent in the air; soluble -in one part of water; insoluble in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as alum. - -ACTIONS.--Astringent, at first excites flow of saliva, then markedly -decreases it; coagulates pepsin, thus it would derange or entirely -arrest digestion; it also stops peristalsis and produces constipation, -though sometimes it induces diarrhoea by irritation. It arrests -secretions in general and in the circulation contracts the capillaries; -it is in this way it arrests secretions, especially those of mucous -surfaces, and stops capillary hemorrhage. The sulphate of aluminum is -mildly caustic, astringent and antiseptic. Dried alum is caustic and -astringent. - -EXTERNALLY.--Dried alum is a caustic, in contact with raw sores, on -account of its affinity for water. Alum has no action on unbroken skin, -but applied to mucous membranes or denuded parts it is antiseptic and -astringent; coagulates albumin of discharges; precipitates or coagulates -albumin of the tissues; squeeze blood out of the vessels; reduces -inflammation and makes the part whiter, brings together and denser. Alum -is a hemostatic, stopping bleeding by compression of the structures -surrounding the vessels and by causing blood to clot. - -USES.--In diarrhoea and dysentery, but other astringents are safer and -better, as it may lock the bowels too tight, may be used in weeping -sores or weeping skin diseases; in long standing nail wounds by putting -one-half to one pound into the soaking tub, also in same way for injured -coronets, with raw bulging surfaces that bleed easily, also for sore -mouth, sometimes mix a little boric acid; useful in bleeding piles, and -in mild solution alum one ounce to water one pint for sore throat; also -used internally for bloody urine (haematuria) and for open joints apply -the powdered alum to arrest the flow of joint oil (synovia). For -catarrhal ophthalmia, after the acute stage, an alum lotion five grains -to one ounce of water is very serviceable; for granular lids rub with a -crystal of alum. Alum should never be used too strong over the eye as it -seems to have the power of dissolving the cornea; a solution containing -ten grains of alum to the ounce of water may be used in canker of the -ear of dogs; also for leucorrhoea and prolapsus of the rectum; dried -alum may be used as a caustic whenever a caustic is indicated, but is -not recommended for this purpose. For a powerful drying powder, -especially useful when excessive granulation exists. It causes sloughing -of the dead tissues and is indicated when the use of the knife is -inadmissible. - - - - -AMYLIS NITRIS--AMYL NITRITE - - -A liquid containing about 80 per cent of amyl nitrite, together with -variable quantities of undetermined compounds. - -DERIVATION.--Obtained through distillation of nitric and amylic alcohol. -Distillate purified by sodium carbonate. - -PROPERTIES.--A clear, yellow or pale yellow liquid, oily, very volatile, -peculiar and very diffusive ethereal odor and a pungent aromatic taste. -Insoluble in water, but soluble in all proportions in alcohol, ether and -chloroform. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 ms.; -dogs, 2 to 5 ms.; amyl nitrite is very seldom given internally; -hypodermically, one-half this dose. By inhalation, same as given -internally. It should be fresh as it rapidly deteriorates. - -ACTIONS.--It stimulates the heart’s action, greatly dilates the -arterioles by paralyzing their muscular coats; causes a sense of -fullness in the brain with vertigo, fall of blood pressure due to -dilation of the arterioles, lowering of temperature; when the vapor is -applied direct to muscular or nerve tissues it suspends or completely -arrests its functional activity; it depresses the nervous system and -unstriped muscular fiber. Overdoses cause death by respiratory failure. - -USES.--Epileptic attacks may be warded off by its being inhaled; -spasmodic asthma, used either internally, hypodermically or best by -inhalation; in strychnine poisoning, angina pectoris in tetanus, and as -a heart stimulant. It is useful as an inhalation in bringing about -recovery from deep chloroform and anesthesia. - - - - -ANISUM--ANISE - - -ORIGIN.--The anise plant is a native of Egypt and the Levant, but has -been introduced in various parts of that continent. It is also -cultivated occasionally in the gardens of this country. The fruit is -abundantly produced in Malta and Spain; in Romagna, in Italy, whence it -is largely exported through Leghorn, and in Central and Southern Russia. - -DESCRIPTION.--Ovoid, laterally compressed, 4 to 5 m. m. long; carpels -usually cohering and attached to a slender pedicel; grayish or -greenish-gray to grayish brown; each with a flat face and five light -brown filiform ridges and about 16 oil-tubes; odor and taste agreeable -and aromatic. The anise berries are dried and ground, this being the -form in which it is usually used. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 3 dr.; dogs, -10 to 30 gr. - - -OLEUM ANISI--OIL OF ANISE - -A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of star anise. - -PROPERTIES.--A colorless or pale yellow, thin and strongly refractive -liquid, having the characteristic odor of anise, and a sweetish, mildly -aromatic taste. Specific gravity about 0.975 to 0.985. Soluble in an -equal volume of alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 20 to 30 m.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 m.; dogs -and cats, 1 to 5 m. - -ACTIONS.--Anise is an aromatic stimulant, stomachic and carminative. It -is used to relieve indigestion and flatulence, to communicate an -agreeable flavor to many medicines, and to diminish the griping of -purgatives. Oil of anise resembles in action other volatile oils. - -USES.--The oil of anise is employed with olive oil or alcohol to kill -fleas or lice on dogs, rubbed over the skin; and one drop of the pure -oil may be placed on the feathers of fowl to cause destruction of lice. -The oil of anise is sometimes prescribed to disguise the odor of drugs, -and is ordered in cough mixtures for its expectorant properties. - -The fruit is given all animals (generally powdered) on their -food--frequently with sodium bicarbonate and ginger--to relieve mild -forms of indigestion and flatulence through its stomachic and -carminative effects. - - - - -ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTARS--ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE--TARTAR -EMETIC - - -DERIVATION.--Make a white paste with cream of tartar, antimony trioxide -and water. Set aside 24 hours, boil in water 15 minutes and crystallize. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent crystals of the rhombic system, -becoming opaque and white on exposure to the air, or a white granular -powder without odor and having a sweet, afterwards disagreeable, -metallic taste. Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep, 2 to 5 gr.; pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 -gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₂ gr. As an emetic for pigs, 4 to 10 gr.; dogs, 1 -to 2 gr. - -ACTIONS.--Tartar emetic is a systemic and local emetic, a diaphoretic, -cardiac and arterial sedative and a gastro-intestinal irritant. It is a -powerful waste producer and stimulates the secretions of the stomach, -intestines, salivary glands, liver and pancreas. Large doses cause -nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, while toxic doses are followed by -vomiting (in animals that can vomit), serious blood purging, great -depression of the circulation and respiration weakness, collapse and -death. Tartar emetic is also a vermifuge. - -USES.--Tartar emetic is too mild as an emetic in poison cases. In asthma -of dogs it may be used in from ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₂ grain doses to relax spasm -and promote secretion. For horses its most valuable use is to expel the -common round worms from the intestines, for which it is very -efficacious; given in two drachm doses once or twice daily in the feed -for four to six days, or one-half ounce dissolved in water is given on -an empty stomach followed by a full dose of linseed oil. - - - - -ANTIPYRINA--ANTIPYRIN - - -Phenyl-hydrazine is acted upon by aceto-acetic ether, when -phenyl-monomethyl-pyrazolon, ethyl alcohol and water results. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, odorless, scaly crystals, of a bitterish taste. -Soluble in water, ether and chloroform. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 20 grs. - -ACTIONS.--Powerful antipyretic, anodyne and local anesthetic, -antiseptic, cardiac depressant; it reduces temperature very quickly, -usually within half an hour and the effects continue two or more hours. -It can be administered by the mouth, hypodermically or intertracheally; -as an antiseptic it diminishes oxidation, and promotes heat loss by -dilating the cutaneous vessels, but more probably by depressing the -activity of the calorifacient centers. - -USES.--Used in high fever where the temperature must be reduced quickly, -as in sun-stroke, acute rheumatism; in man a solution of antipyrine from -four to ten per cent strength up, is sprayed into the nostrils for -hay-fever. Acetanilide is a better and safer and much cheaper drug for -febrile diseases. - - - - -AQUA AMMONIAE FORTIOR--STRONGER AMMONIA WATER - - -An aqueous solution of ammonia containing twenty-eight per cent, by -weight of the gas. - -DERIVATION.--Evolve ammonia gas by heating ammonium chloride with -calcium hydrate and pass it into water. - -PROPERTIES.--A colorless, transparent liquid, having an excessively -pungent odor and a caustic alkaline taste. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 10 m. Should be diluted one drachm to one pint of water. - - -AQUA AMMONIAE--AMMONIA WATER - -An aqueous solution containing ten per cent by weight of ammonia gas. - -DERIVATION.--Same as strong ammonia water. - -PROPERTIES.--The taste is not so caustic and the odor is less pungent -then the stronger water of ammonia. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; -dogs, 10 to 20 m. Should be diluted one drachm to half pint of water. - - -SPIRITUS AMMONIAE--SPIRIT OF AMMONIA - -An alcoholic solution containing ten per cent., by weight of the ammonia -gas. - -DERIVATION.--A solution of caustic ammonia in alcohol. - -PROPERTIES.--A colorless liquid, having a strong odor of ammonia. This -preparation of ammonia possesses properties of ammonia and alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; -dogs, 10 to 20 m. Should be diluted in water. - - -SPIRITUS AMMONIAE AROMATICUS--AROMATIC SPIRIT OF AMMONIA - -DERIVATION.--Ammonium carbonate 3.4%, aqua ammonia 9%, oil of lemon 1%, -oil of lavender flowers 0.1%, oil of nutmeg 0.1%, alcohol 70%, and -distilled water to make 100 parts. Diluted in water. - -PROPERTIES.--A nearly colorless liquid when first prepared, but -gradually acquires an amber color. It has a pungent ammoniacal odor and -taste. - -ACTIONS.--These four proportions of ammonia are gastric and general -stimulants. They stimulate the cardiac respiratory and spinal systems. -They irritate the nose when inhaled, but reflexly they stimulate the -circulation and respiration, they are good stimulants as they do not -affect the brain. The aromatic spirits of ammonia is also a carminative. -Externally they are rubefacients, and when confined are vesicants. - -USES.--Its antacid and stimulant properties recommend ammonia in -indigestion, tympanites, and spasmodic colic, especially in cattle and -sheep. Stimulating the spinals and respiratory systems, it is valuable -in the treatment of influenza, pneumonia, pleurisy and similar -complaints. The fumes of ammonia are occasionally used to arouse animals -from shocks, collapse, or chloroform intoxication, but must be used -cautiously, lest excessive irritation of the respiratory mucous membrane -be produced. It is a promptly acting antidote in poisoning by opium, -aconite, digitalis, and ether narcotic and sedative drugs. It may be -administered much diluted in the usual way, injected subcutaneously and -intravenously, and also applied externally, in the treatment of -snake-bites. On account of its producing bronchial secretion, and -assisting in its expulsion, ammonia is serviceable as a stimulating -expectorant. To develop its more general effects its alcoholic -proportions should be prescribed as spirit of ammonia or the aromatic -spirit of ammonia. Externally used in the form of liniment of ammonia, -with oils, camphor, etc., proves useful as a stimulant in rheumatism, -stiff-joints, muscular strains, sore throat, pleurisy, pneumonia and -influenza, and for preventing the rapid chilling of fomented surfaces. -It relieves the irritation caused by nettles, and by bites and stings of -insects. - - -LINIMENTUM AMMONIAE--AMMONIA LINIMENT - -Is made by mixing ammonia water, 350; cottonseed oil, 570; alcohol, 50; -oleic acid, 30. The above is recognized by the U. S. P. and is -advantageously used on muscular strains and where an external stimulant -is indicated. - - -LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS--SOLUTION OF AMMONIUM ACETATE - -An aqueous solution of ammonium acetate containing about seven per cent -of the salt, together with small amounts of acetic acid and carbon -dioxide. - -DERIVATION.--Ammonium carbonate is gradually added to cold, dilute -acetic acid until the latter is materialized. - -PROPERTIES.--A clear, colorless liquid, mildly saline and acidulous -taste, and an acid reaction. - -Incompatible with acids and alkalies. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; -dogs, 2 to 6 drs. - -ACTIONS.--Diaphoretic, antipyretic, mild stimulant, mild diuretic, mild -expectorant and stomachic. - -USES.--Its uses are recommended in febrile and inflammatory attacks, -especially in influenza, distemper, etc., combined with other medicines, -improves the appetite; can be used externally as a refrigerant over -swollen and inflamed tendons. - - -AMMONII CARBONAS--AMMONIUM CARBONATE - -DERIVATION.--A mixture of ammonium chloride or sulphate, and calcium -carbonate, is sublimed and resublimed. Ammonium carbonate, so-called, is -a mixture of ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate. - -PROPERTIES.--White translucent masses, having a strongly ammoniacal -odor, and a sharp saline taste. On exposure to air it loses both ammonia -and carbonic dioxide, soluble one part in four parts of water. - -DOSES.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₄ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 2 to 8 grs. Larger doses are recommended when a antispasmodic or -carminative is desired the dose for horses and cattle can be increased -to an ounce, but only two doses should be administered, well diluted in -water or in ball or capsule. - -ACTIONS.--Ammonium carbonate is decomposed by acid in the stomach and -escapes in the urine. It stimulates gastric secretion, vascularity and -motion, and exciting intestinal peristalsis. It is, therefore, a -stomachic and carminative. It is also an antacid, and, in large doses, -an emetic for dogs. It is given in capsules or in solution in cold -water, to avoid irritating fumes; also with syrup or gruel. It is often -prescribed with other stimulants and antispasmodics, as alcohol, -camphor, capsicum and asafoetida. The action of ammonium carbonate is -almost identical with that of ammonia water in stimulating the heart and -respiration, but it has more power in augmenting the bronchial -secretions. - -USES.--It is given to all animals in indigestion; conjoins the actions -of an antacid and diffusible stimulant; in small doses promotes -secretion of gastric juice, and in larger, relieves flatulence and -spasm. In diseases of the air passages it is used as an expectorant; is -contra-indicated in purpura haemorrhagica, as it lowers the oxygen -carrying power of red blood corpuscles, and dissolves fibrin. As a -stimulant it can be combined with alcohol and sulphuric ether. Ammonia -is recommended where a clot, thrombi or embolism is supposed to exist on -account of its defibrinating power. Ammonium carbonate is used -extensively in the treatment of spasmodic and flatulent, colic and acute -indigestion conjoined with either asafoetida, capsicum, camphor, nux -vomica and alcohol. - - -AMMONII CHLORIDIUM--MURIATE OF AMMONIA--SAL AMMONIAC - -DERIVATION.--This salt may be formed by neutralizing crude solution of -ammonia or ammonium carbonate with hydrochloric acid and purifying the -product. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, crystalline powder without odor, having a cooling, -saline taste, and permanent in the air. Soluble in two parts of water; -in fifty parts alcohol. - -DOSES.--Horses, 1 to 2 drs.; cattle, 4 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 15 -grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. - -ACTIONS.--Internally it is an expectorant, alterative, feebly -diaphoretic and diuretic. When ingested, ammonium chloride is a feeble -heart and respiratory stimulant, and is not comparable to the ammonia -compounds or ammonium carbonate in this respect. It is eliminated in -great part unchanged by the urine, but also by the other channels. In -its excretion it stimulates the mucous membranes, increases their -secretion generally, and is thought to improve their nutrition. Ammonium -chloride both excites the secretion of the bronchial mucous membrane and -renders it less viscid in inflammatory conditions. Externally it is a -refrigerant. - -USES.--Useful in all diseases where an expectorant is indicated, -catarrhal condition, pneumonia, coughs, influenza, chronic congestion of -the liver, etc. Used externally one part ammonium chloride dissolved in -ten parts of water as a refrigerant lotion for inflammatory swellings, -bruises and sprains. - - - - -ARGENTI NITRAS--SILVER NITRATE - - -DERIVATION.--Dissolve silver in nitric acid with heat. Evaporate and -crystallize. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, tubular, rhombic crystals, becoming -gray, or grayish-black on exposure to light in the presence of organic -matter; without odor, but having a bitter, caustic and strongly metallic -taste; soluble in water and alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 grs.; -dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ gr. - - -ARGENTI NITRAS MITIGATUS--MITIGATED SILVER NITRATE - -DERIVATION.--Melt silver nitrate, 30 parts, with potassium nitrate, 60 -parts, in a crucible at as low a temperature as possible. Mix and cast -into suitable moulds. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, hard, solid, generally in the form of pencils or -canes of a finely granular fracture; becoming gray or grayish-black on -exposure to light in the presence of organic matter; odorless, having a -caustic, metallic taste. Soluble in water and alcohol. - - -ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS--MOULDED SILVER NITRATE--LUNAR CAUSTIC - -DERIVATION.--Melt silver nitrate, 100 parts, with hydrochloric acid, 4 -parts at as low a temperature as possible. Mix and pour into suitable -moulds. - -PROPERTIES.--Practically same as mitigated silver nitrate. Use only -externally. - -ACTIONS.--Silver nitrate combines with the albumen of the tissues, and -is a limited caustic; causes superficial inflammation and stains the -parts black; small doses increase secretion and stimulate the heart. It -promotes nutrition, and is said to be a nerve tonic. Its continued -administration causes waste, gastro-intestinal catarrh, fluidity of the -blood, slate colored lines about the gums, and similar discoloration of -the skin and mucous membrane, followed by nervous disorder, paralysis, -convulsions and death. - -USES.--A solution of forty grains to one ounce of spirit of nitrous -ether is said to abort superficial inflammation, if early applied; used -for erysipelas, twenty grains to one ounce of distilled water, applied -around margin to limit the area; also used in ulceration of the throat; -used with a spray or swab, in strength of from ten grains to one-half to -drachm to one ounce of distilled water. For dysentery, internally and as -an enema it is very good; used in conjunctivitis one to five grains to -one to two ounces of distilled water, is the average strength, and -should only be applied to the conjunctiva or lids, and should not be on -the cornea, as it may form an insoluble chloride of silver and cause -permanent opacities. Nitrate of silver is used in the form of lunar -caustic to stimulate indolent ulcers, and to burn off warts. - -To stimulate ulcers, touch in spots around the edge; also used in chorea -epilepsy and chronic spinal disease, foot rot in sheep; a piece of the -caustic is placed in sinuses of fistulous withers, quittors, etc. It -causes a slough, followed by healthy granulation; used for sore teats in -cows. - - - - -ARNICAE--ARNICA - - -ORIGIN.--Arnica is obtained from the flower roots of a plant that grows -in mountainous countries of Central Europe, Asia and America. - -COMPOSITION.--An active principle called arnicin. The root contains an -essential oil, on which depends in great part its physiological -activity. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -EXTRACTUM ARNICAE RADICIS--EXTRACT OF ARNICA ROOT (NON-OFFICIAL) - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 -grs.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 grs. - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM ARNICAE RADICIS--FLUIDEXTRACT ARNICA ROOT (NON-OFFICIAL) - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 2 to 10 ms. - - -TINCTURA ARNICAE--TINCTURE OF ARNICA - -This is the best and most used preparation of Arnica. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, 15 ms. to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 30 ms. This dose can be given every three hours to maintain -the circulation of the skin; as a diaphoretic, the dose can and may be -increased and combined with other diaphoretics. - -INCOMPATIBLES.--Its action is antagonized by ammonia, alcoholic -stimulants, opium, camphor, etc. - -SYNERGISTS.--Aconite, veratrum viride, digitalis and arterial sedatives, -generally increase the effects of arnica. - -ACTIONS.--Arnica is irritant, stimulant, depressant; antipyretic, -diuretic, diaphoretic and is used as a vulnerary, it dilates the -circular blood vessels. It irritates the gastro-intestinal tract. In -alcoholic solutions (as tincture of arnica) it inflames the skin when -used full strength. - -In small doses it increases the action of the heart, raises arterial -tension and stimulates the action of the skin and kidneys. - -Large doses produce a transient excitement, followed by depressed -circulation, respiration and temperature. - -USES.--It is a very efficient diaphoretic for horses in one or two ounce -doses diluted in one pint of water; one-half ounce of fluid extract -pilocarpus may be added at the outset of inflammatory diseases of any -kind, such as lymphangitis, laminitis, pulmonary diseases, etc. -Excellent to stop a chill and prevent the following fever or -inflammatory action. It does this by dilating the blood vessels of the -skin, thus attracting the blood to the surface and away from congested -internal organs. It is indicated in sthetic fever of any kind; azoturia, -rheumatism, especially inflammatory or articular; congestion of the -brain, kidneys, etc., externally much used, but of little value on hairy -animals. - - - - -ARSENUM--ARSENIC - - -ORIGIN.--The world’s supply of arsenic and arsenic compounds at the -present time is obtained from Germany, Spain, England, Canada and -portions of the United States, as Montana and Washington, where -considerable quantities of arsenic are being produced as a by-product in -the smelting of copper ores. Arsenic ore is roasted and purified by -sublimation, before it is used for medical purposes. - - - ARSENI TRIOXIDUM--ARSENIC TRIOXIDE - ACIDUM ARSENOSUM--ARCENOUS ACID - (White Arsenic) - -DERIVATION.--Arsenical ores are roasted or conducted into condensing -chambers and purified by sublimation. - -PROPERTIES.--A heavy solid, occurring either as an opaque, white powder, -or in irregular masses of two varieties; the one amorphous, transparent -and colorless, like glass; the other crystalline, opaque, and white, -resembling porcelain. Frequently the same piece has an opaque, white -outer crust enclosing the glassy variety. Contact with moist air -gradually changes the glassy into the white opaque variety. Both are -odorless and tasteless. The glassy variety dissolves slowly in thirty -parts of water; the porcelain-like in eighty parts of water. Arcenous -acid is sparingly soluble in alcohol, but soluble in glycerin, -hydrochloric acid and solutions of the alkali hydrates and carbonates. -When heated to 424°, arcenous acid is completely volatilized without -melting. - -INCOMPATIBLES.--Lime water, salts of iron and magnesia. - -DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 5 grs.; cattle, 2 to 8 grs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 -grs.; dogs, ¹⁄₃₀ to ¹⁄₁₀ gr. - - -LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS--SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM ARSENITE (Fowler’s -Solution) - -DERIVATION.--Arcenous acid, potassium bicarbonate, compound tincture of -lavender and distilled water. Strength one part of arcenous acid in 100. - -DOSE.--Horses, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ ozs.; sheep and -pigs, 10 to 40 ms.; dogs, 2 to 5 ms. Average dose for horse is ¹⁄₂ oz. -usually given three times daily in drinking water or bran mash. - - -LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENOSI--SOLUTION OF ARCENOUS ACID - -DERIVATION.--Arcenous acid, diluted hydrochloric acid, and distilled -water. Strength one part arcenous acid in 100. - -DOSE.--Same as liquor potassii arsenitis. - - -LIQUOR ARSENI ET HYDRARGYRI IODIDI (Donovan’s Solution) - -DERIVATION.--Arcenous iodide, red mercuric iodide, and distilled water, -which should contain not less then one per cent of arcenous iodide and -one per cent of mercuric iodide. - -DOSE.--Same as liquor potassii arsenitis. - -ACTIONS.--Arsenic and its compounds are gastro-intestinal and pulmonary -tonic, a stimulant and alterative, acting particularly on the digestive -and respiratory mucous membranes and skin. It is antiperiodic and tonic; -also antispasmodic in diseases of the nervous system, and is a nervine -tonic. In large doses it is a corrosive-irritant poison, killing either -by gastro-enteritis, or nervous paresis. Continued doses produce fatty -degeneration. On account of its being a stomachic, small doses promote -the appetite and digestion. Large doses inflame the stomach and derange -digestion. It increases the cardiac action, respiratory power, and -secretion of the intestines. It also stimulates peristalsis. When -tolerance is established, large doses are taken with impunity. - -EXTERNALLY.--Arsenic is a very painful escharotic, exciting violent -inflammation. It is a caustic, antiseptic, and parasiticide, and is -frequently used as a sheep dip. It is eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, -skin and saliva and milk of nursing animals. - -USES.--It should not be given in acute diseases. It is given as a -general tonic after debilitating diseases especially when the lungs are -involved, as in pneumonia, bronchitis and pleurisy. Arsenic combined -with bran mashes is beneficial in stocking or swelling of the legs. As -for its use in chronic indigestion, other medicines had better be -resorted to. It assists in the expulsion of worms. Useful in chronic -diseases of the air passage. Arsenic relieves irritable chronic coughs, -and roaring in early stages, as well as thick and broken wind and -heaves. As an alterative modifying tissue change it is prescribed in -early stages of tuberculosis, chronic rheumatism, chorea and epilepsy. -It prevents periodically returning fevers. In anaemia it increases both -red and white blood corpuscles. For chorea in dogs, commence with a -small dose, three times daily and increase a minimum per dose every -third or fourth day until the physiological limit is reached as -described under (Toxicology of Arsenic). - -ACTIONS ON THE SKIN.--Administered internally it stimulates the dermis -and hastens the removal of epidermal cells; hence it is useful in all -chronic skin diseases, as chronic eczema, scab, mange and warts. To -remove warts that occur in the mouth and on the muzzle of animals, give -internally and apply locally Fowler’s solution. In chronic skin diseases -use Donovan’s or Fowler’s solution or acidum arsenosum and sulphur mixed -in the feed. Useful internally in successive eruptions of the skin boils -and in chronic urticaria. - -EXTERNAL USES.--The white arsenic or arcenous acid is used to slough out -tumors, fistulae, quittors, etc. But I would not recommend it as it is -too painful. It is valuable in the treatment of foot-rot. The affected -animals should be slowly driven through a trough containing a solution -of arsenic. It is used extensively for sheep and cattle to destroy -ticks. In this way, animals are sometimes poisoned, as it drips on the -grass and other animals eat it. - -TOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC.--Full medical doses if long continued, cause -edema and itching of the eyelids, increased flow of saliva nausea, -diarrhoea or dysentery, weak heart, soreness to the touch over the -region of the stomach, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaundice and -albuminuria. In long continued doses it diminishes exudation, decomposes -albuminoid tissues and produces fatty degeneration; also lessens the -glycogenic functions of the liver. - -CHRONIC ARSENICAL POISONING.--Is common in the vicinity of either tin -or copper smelting plants. The symptoms are as follows: indigestion, -thirst, wasting, chronic diseases of joints and bones, the knee joints -swell, the animal becomes lame and hide-bound, hair falls off, skin gets -rough and scurfy, teeth get black and fall out and necrosis of the bones -follow. - -ANTAGONISTS AND INCOMPATIBLES.--The salts of iron, magnesia, lime, and -astringents, are chemically incompatible. The hydroxide of iron, or as -it is also known, hydrate sesquioxide of iron, freshly made and in soft -magma is the antidote to arsenic. To dogs give from half to one -tablespoonful every five or ten minutes. From eight to twenty grains of -the antidote are required to each grain of arsenic swallowed (when it -can be determined). The stomach should first be emptied by the use of -cathartics or stomach pump and then give the antidote, and follow with -demulcents as oil, milk and mucilaginous drinks. Also administer -diluents, as weak alkaline water. Iodide of potassium is valuable as a -antidote of arsenical poisoning and should be administered to promote -elimination of the poison. In the absence of the antidote, chalk, -magnesia and lime water may be freely given. These agents act -mechanically by developing the poison and preventing absorption. -Dialysed iron is recommended as efficacious as an antidote in doses of -five to fifteen minimums for dogs. - - - - -ASPIDIUM--MALE FERN - - -DERIVATION.--The rhizome of Aspidium Filix-mas. Collected late in the -autumn, divested of its roots, leaves and dead portions, and carefully -dried. Male fern should not be kept more than a year. - -HABITAT.--The male fern grows wild throughout most temperate regions, on -the sides of roads and in open woods, especially where the soil is -light. - -PROPERTIES.--Its root stock is perennial, about a foot long and two -inches thick; is scaly, tufted, greenish-brown, and firmly fixed in the -ground by numerous black root fibers. The dried root has a disagreeable -odor, and a sweet, astringent, nauseous taste. Powdered male fern should -be freshly prepared and have a bright green color. - -DOSE.--The powdered male fern is given to horses and cattle in doses of -4 to 6 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 ozs.; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₂ to 2 ozs. -The powder is bulky, and less certain than the oleoresin of aspidium. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -OLEORESINA ASPIDII--OLEORESIN ASPIDIUM--OLEORESIN MALE FERN - -Made by percolation with ether, distillation and evaporation of the -ether. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs -and cats, 15 ms. to 1 dr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Male fern is irritant, vermicide laxative, large doses -of the drug cause hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis, tremors, weakness, -stupor, coma, acute nephritis and cystitis. Oleoresin of male fern is -one of the most effectual remedies for tapeworm, particularly those -inhabiting dogs. - - - - -BELLADONNAE FOLIA--BELLADONNA LEAVES - - -ORIGIN.--Belladonna is the leaves of a plant known as deadly nightshade. -It grows wild in some parts of Great Britain, and is also cultivated to -a great extent. The dried leaves of atropa belladonna yield, when -assayed by the U. S. P. process, not less than 0.35 per cent of -mydriatic alkaloids. Usually of a dull brownish-green color, the leaves -much wrinkled and matted together, frequently with the flowering tops -intermixed; odor distinctly narcotic, especially on moistening; taste -somewhat bitter and acrid. Contains not less than 0.5 per cent atropine. -The powdered leaves are characterized by few hairs and numerous small -arrow-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate. - -DOSE.--Of the powdered leaves, horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep -and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.; dogs, 1 to 5 grs. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -EXTRACTUM BELLADONNAE FOLIORUM--EXTRACT OF BELLADONNA LEAVES - -Made by percolation with dilute alcohol and evaporation to pilular -consistence. Used in preparing the unguentum belladonnae. Contains 1.4 -per cent of mydriatic alkaloids. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 10 to 20 grs.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 grs.; -dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ gr. - - -TINCTURA BELLADONNAE FOLIORUM--TINCTURE OF BELLADONNA LEAVES - -Belladonna leaves 100, dilute alcohol to make 1,000, made by maceration -and percolation. (Strength 10%.) - -DOSE.--Dogs, 3 to 30 ms. - - -UNGUENTUM BELLADONNAE--BELLADONNA OINTMENT - -Extract of belladonna leaves, 10; dilute alcohol, 5; hydrous wool fat, -20; benzoinated lard, 63. - - - - -BELLADONNAE RADIX--BELLADONNA ROOT - - -DERIVATION.--The dried root of atropa belladonna yielding, when assayed -by the U. S. P. process not less than 0.5 per cent of mydriatic -alkaloids. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Same as leaves. Contains not less than 0.5 per cent -atropine. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM BELLADONNAE RADICIS--FLUIDEXTRACT OF BELLADONNA ROOT - -Made by maceration with alcohol and water and evaporation. One cc. of -the extract = one gm. of belladonna root. Standardized so that 100 cc. -of the fluidextract contain 0.5 gm. of mydriatic alkaloids. This is one -of the most reliable preparations of belladonna. - -DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 3 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 15 -ms.; dogs, 1 to 3 ms. - - -LINIMENTUM BELLADONNAE--BELLADONNA LINIMENT - -Made by adding camphor, 50 parts to fluidextract of belladonna to make -1,000 parts (U. S. P.). - - -ATROPINAE SULPHAS--SULPHATE OF ATROPHINE - -An alkaloid obtained from belladonna. As it occurs in commerce, it is -always accompanied by small proportion of hyoscyamine extracted along -with it, from which it cannot readily be separated. - -DERIVATION.--Atropine is obtained from a strong tincture of the root. - -PROPERTIES.--A white crystalline powder, very soluble in water and -alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ grs.; cattle, 1 to 2 grs.; sheep and pigs, -¹⁄₂₀ to ¹⁄₁₂ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₅₀ to ¹⁄₅₀ gr. The doses should be -considerably reduced when used with morphine. - -INCOMPATIBLES.--Caustic alkalies; antagonize physiologically by -pilocarpine and physostigma throughout almost whole range of its -influence, and opium within a certain limitation, prevents the -respiratory failure, which is the cause of death. - -ACTION.--Belladonna is an irritant narcotic, a mydriatic, an -antispasmodic and anodyne. In small doses a cardiac, respiratory and -spinal stimulant; in large doses a paralyzer of the sensory and motor -nerve endings and a stimulator of the entire sympathetic system. - -It produces dryness of the mucous membrane of the throat, mouth, nose -and pharynx, and at first lessens the gastric and intestinal secretions, -but soon produces them in large quantities. It is anti-galactogogue, -that is, it arrests secretion of milk. - -The heart rate is at first slowed, but soon becomes very rapid and -vigorous, the pulse being doubled in rapidity; arterial tension is -raised and the circulation greatly increased. - -The pupils are dilated by the local or systemic use of the drug. - -The brain is congested by belladonna, a busy delirium being produced, -and hallucinations with mental disorder, due to a selective action on -the cell of the gray matter. - -The spinal cord is stimulated from the second cervical vertebrae to the -tenth dorsal, resulting in paralysis of the motor nerves, both central -and peripheral, power being lost in hind extremities first. The -respiration is increased and the temperature is raised by the increased -circulation; metamorphosis is greatly promoted. - -Belladonna and atrophine are rapidly diffused and quickly eliminated by -the kidneys. By its paralyzing effect on the terminal nerve filaments, -it relaxes the bronchial tubes and checks the secretion of the bronchial -mucous membrane; it checks secretion of saliva and milk in the same way -and causes dryness of the skin. - -USES.--Belladonna and atrophine is indicated anywhere that an -antispasmodic and anodyne is needed. Is serviceable in catarrh, -pharyngitis and bronchitis to check secretion in second stage; heaves, -especially asthmatic heaves, combined with gelsemium and lobelia, -followed by Fowler’s Solution; in influenza, it stimulates the weakened -heart, besides having other good effects. - -In the first stage of respiratory diseases, belladonna alone, or -combined with aconite or other febrifuges and expectorants; in cough, -especially spasmodic or when due to irritation of the throat; in heart -failure or heart weakness, hypodermic injections of atrophine are -beneficial; in spasmodic colic one to two drachms of the fluid extract -to a dose, but one drachm is usually sufficient; as a powerful -antispasmodic and anodyne, atropine and morphine combined; small doses -are given in constipation of the bowels, combined with nux vomica; small -doses with purgatives are said to aid their action. - -In tetanus give one to two drachms of the extract two or three times -daily; in paralysis of the throat of tetanus the fluid extract combined -with soap liniment or used alone externally; in cerebro-spinal -meningitis, belladonna and ergot alternated with aconite is rational -treatment, conjoined with the external treatment. It allays irritations -of the bladder, rectum, and uterus, especially if combined with cannabis -indica. - -In contraction or rigid os the extract applied directly, quickly relaxes -and allows parturition; it is well to see if this is necessary before -giving ergot. - -Used extensively in examinations and diseases of the eye. - -Atrophine sulphate is used locally to dilate the pupil, assisting in the -detection of cataracts or other disorders of the eye and testing the -condition of the refracting media; for dilating pupil use a solution of -four grains of the atrophine to one ounce of distilled water; a few -drops are placed into the eye, for inflammation of the eye with great -irritation; belladonna may be combined with cocaine; in iritis. - -ANTIDOTE.--In poisoning, tannic acid should be used. - - - - -BENZOINUM--BENZOIN - - -A balsamic resin obtained from styrax benzoin dryander, and another -unidentified species of styrax. It contains benzoic acid in the -proportions 12 to 20 per cent to which it probably owes its action. - -HABITAT.--Southern Asia. - -PROPERTIES.--In pebble-like bodies or tears, slightly flattened, -straight or curved, yellowish to rusty-brown externally, milky-white on -fresh fractures internally. Odor agreeable, balsamic; taste slightly -acrid. It is almost wholly soluble in five parts of moderately warm -alcohol, and in solutions of the fixed alkalies. When heated it gives -off fumes of benzoic acid. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid; resins and a volatile oil. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -ADEPS BENZOINATUS--BENZOINATED LARD - -Made by melting lard 1,000, with benzoin 20, and straining; used as an -ointment itself, and as a base for other ointments. - - -TINCTURA BENZOINI--TINCTURE OF BENZOIN - -Made by maceration of benzoin 200, in alcohol; filtration and addition -of alcohol to make 1,000. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; -dogs, 30 to 60 ms. - - -TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA--COMPOUND TINCTURE OF BENZOIN - -Commonly known as Friar’s Balsam. Benzoin, 100; purified aloes, 20; -storax, 80; balsam of tolu, 40; alcohol to make 1,000. Made by digestion -and filtration. - - -ACIDUM BENZOICUM--BENZOIC ACID - -DERIVATION.--Obtained from benzoin by sublimation, or artificially -prepared. - -PROPERTIES.--White feathery crystals of a peculiar, agreeable odor, and -warm acidulous taste, sparingly soluble in cold water (1 to 500), more -soluble in boiling water, 1 in 15, and in 2 parts of alcohol; borax -renders it more soluble. - -INCOMPATIBLES.--Alkalies, ammonium carbonate. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 15 grs. - - -AMMONII BENZOAS--AMMONIUM BENZOATE - -Made by the action of benzoic acid and ammonia water. In white crystals. -Soluble in 10.5 parts of water; in 25 parts of alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as benzoic acid. - - -SODII BENZOAS--SODIUM BENZOATE - -Made by the action of a hot solution of sodium carbonate of benzoic -acid. Occurs in a white powder. Soluble in 1.6 parts of water; in 43 -parts of alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as benzoic acid. - - -LITHII BENZOAS--LITHIUM BENZOATE - -Made by decomposing lithium carbonate with benzoic acid. It should -contain not less than 98.5 per cent of pure lithium benzoate, and -should be kept in a well stopped bottle. Soluble in 3 parts of water, -and in 13 parts of alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as benzoic acid. - -ACTIONS.--Benzoin is a mild stimulant, expectorant and antiseptic; -benzoic acid is quite powerful; it renders alkaline urine acid; it is -used to dissolve phosphatic calculi. - -USES.--The tincture and compound tincture are used as stimulants and -antiseptics for wounds and sores. Benzoic acid, when administered -internally, acts mildly as an antiseptic to the bladder; useful in -catarrh of the bladder. Benzoate of soda is used in bronchial catarrh. -Benzoate of ammonia is used to dissolve phosphatic calculi. Lithium -benzoate has been highly recommended as a remedy for rheumatic -affections. - - - - -CALAMUS--SWEET FLAG - - -The unpeeled, dried rhizome of acorus calamus Linne. - -HABITAT.--United States, Europe, Western and Southern Asia, including -India and Japan. - -PROPERTIES.--The leaves as well as the root have an aromatic odor; but -the root only is employed. It should be collected late in the autumn, or -in the early spring. After removal from the ground, the roots are -washed, freed from their fibers, and dried with moderate heat. By drying -they lose nearly one-half their diameter, but are improved in odor and -taste. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Acorin, a liquid, yellow glucoside, having a bitter -taste; a volatile oil; calamine; choline. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 drs.; -dogs, 15 grs to 1 dr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALAMI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF CALAMUS - -Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 drs.; -dogs, 15 ms. to 1 dr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Calanus is a feeble aromatic bitter, and is therefore -useful in loss of appetite and indigestion associated with mild forms of -flatulence. The powdered root is used as a base in powders, balls and -electuaries. It is harmless, and the dose is therefore unimportant. - - - - -CALX LIME--CALCIUM OXIDE - - -DERIVATION.--Prepared by burning white marble, oyster shells, or the -purest varieties of natural calcium carbonate; to expel carbon dioxide. - -PROPERTIES.--Lime is in hard, white or grayish-white masses, which in -contact with air gradually attract moisture and carbon dioxide and fall -to a white powder; odorless; of a sharp caustic taste. Soluble in water; -insoluble in alcohol. - -ACTIONS.--Antacid, gastric sedative, intestinal astringent, desiccant. - -USES.--Its principal use is in diarrhoea, combined with opium tannic -acid, also antiseptics; makes a very good dusting powder over abraded -surfaces. Lime water and milk equal parts and sweetened is very good for -puppies raised on a bottle as it is easily digested. - - -LINIMENTUM CALCIS--LIME LINIMENT (Carron Oil) - -Composed of lime water and raw linseed oil equal parts; is very good for -burns. Carron oil given internally is a good, mild laxative and antacid -for horses with heaves. It is given on the food. It is also an excellent -purgative for foals and calves in the treatment of diarrhoea and -indigestion. - - - - -CALUMBA - - -The dried transversely cut slices of the root of Jateorhiza Calumba. - -HABITAT.--Mozambique, East Africa. Cultivated in the East Indies. - -PROPERTIES.--Odor slight, taste bitter. It contains calumbin, a neutral -bitter, crystalline substance; an alkaloid, berberine; calumbic acid and -starch. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; -dogs, 5 to 30 grs. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALUMBAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF CALUMBA - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and -evaporation. - -DOSE.--Same as calumba. - - -TINCTURA CALUMBAE--TINCTURE OF CALUMBA - -Made by maceration and percolation of calumbae, with alcohol and water. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 ozs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; -dogs, 1 to 2 dr. - -ACTIONS AND USES.--Calumba is a bitter, gastric stimulant and -carminative. It promotes secretion of gastric juice and improves the -appetite. As it contains no tannin it is devoid of astringency and may -be prescribed with preparations of iron. Like qussia, calumba infusion -may be used to destroy worms in the horse’s rectum. - - - - -GAMBOGIA--GAMBOGE - - -A gum-resin obtained from garcinia hunburii Hooker filius (nat. ord. -guttiferae). - -HABITAT.--Southern Asia. - -PROPERTIES.--In cylindrical pieces, usually hollow in the center, -externally grayish orange-brown, longitudinally striate; fracture -conchordal, orange-red, waxy and somewhat porous; inodorous; taste very -acid. Powder bright yellow, sternutatory, containing few or no starch -grains. Not more than 25 per cent should be soluble in alcohol; ash not -more than 3 per cent. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 1¹⁄₂ oz.; sheep and pigs, 20 -grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs. - -ACTIONS.--Gamboge is a drastic, hydragogue purgative, and slightly -diuretic. Its action is uncertain and often violent, with production of -griping pains. Large doses cause vomiting in the dog and -gastro-enteritis in all that cannot vomit. Gamboge is dissolved by the -bile and alkaline intestinal juices and some of it is absorbed, since it -colors the urine yellow in its elimination and occasions diuresis. - -USES.--Gamboge should never be prescribed alone. It has been recommended -in obstinate constipation, indigestion, impaction of the third stomach, -and brain diseases of cattle, conjoined with salts, or rubbed up with -water and an equal amount of aloes (each one ounce). - - - - -CAMPHORA--CAMPHOR--GUM CAMPHOR - - -DERIVATION.--Camphor is obtained from a tree known as Laurel Camphor. -The branches are cut and boiled in water and the camphor rises to the -top in the form of gum. - -HABITAT.--Japan, China and Sunda Islands. - -PROPERTIES.--White translucent masses, of a tough consistence and a -crystalline structure, readily pulverizable in the presence of a little -alcohol ether or chloroform; having a penetrating characteristic odor, -and a pungent aromatic taste. Very sparingly soluble in water, but -readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, -petroleum, benzine and in fixed and volatile oils. On exposure to the -air, it evaporates more or less rapidly at ordinary temperatures, and -when moderately heated, it sublimes without leaving a residue. - -DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 3 drs.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, 15 grs. -to 1 dr.; dogs, 3 to 30 grs. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -AQUA CAMPHORAE--CAMPHOR WATER - -Tincture camphor 8, with alcohol 8 and purified talc 15; then with water -to make 1000 filter. - -Camphor water has this advantage over camphor in substance, that the -latter is with difficulty dissolved by liquids of the stomach; but it is -too feeble a preparation for use when a decided effect is desired; it -is, however, an excellent vehicle for the administration of more active -substances. - -DOSE.--Ad lib. - - -SPIRITUS CAMPHORAE--SPIRIT OF CAMPHOR - -Made by dissolving gum camphor, 100, in alcohol, 800; filter and add -alcohol to make 1000. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, -30 grs. to 1 dr. Spirit of camphor is frequently prescribed in colic -mixtures. - - -LINIMENTUM CAMPHORAE--CAMPHOR LINIMENT--CAMPHORATED OIL - -Made by adding camphor, 200 parts to cottonseed oil, 800 parts. - -It is a mild rubefacient; is used in cough mixtures, also used locally -in liniments. - - -CERATUM CAMPHORAE--CAMPHOR CERATE - -Composed of camphor liniment, 100 parts, white wax 350 parts, white -petrolatum 150 parts, lard 400 parts. - -For external use only. - - -LINIMENTUM SAPONIS--SOAP LINIMENT - -Composed of soap 60 parts, camphor 45 parts, oil of rosemary 10 parts, -alcohol 725 parts, water to make 1000 parts; for external use only, as a -mild stimulating and anodyne liniment, usually combined with other -medicines and used for its stimulating properties. - - -CAMPHORA MONOBROMATA--MONOBROMATED CAMPHOR - -DERIVATION.--Made by heating camphor and bromine in the proper chemical -proportions for three hours in a sealed tube, in a water bath. The -crystalline masses washed with water, recrystallized from alcohol after -treatment with animal charcoal, washed with an alcoholic solution of -potassium hydroxide, then with much water and finally recrystallized -from a mixture of alcohol and ether. It is very easy to prepare the -monobromide on a small scale in this way. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, prismatic needles or scales, permanent in air, -almost soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform -and fixed and volatile oils; used frequently as an anaphrodisiac. - -DOSE.--Dogs, 2 to 10 gr. - -ACTIONS.--Antispasmodic or nerve stimulant, anodyne, antiseptic, -diaphoretic, a stimulant, expectorant, a cerebral excitant or narcotic, -a gastro-intestinal irritant, a rubefacient or counter-irritant and also -carminative. It has an acrid hot taste, irritates the skin and mucous -membrane, large doses causing gastro-intestinal inflammation. - -Medical doses stimulate the vaso-motor system and the cardiac-motor -ganglia, and lessens the influence of the pneumogastric (inhibitory -nerve); afterwards stimulates the accelerator apparatus, thus increasing -the circulation and raising arterial tension; it also stimulates -respiration, and in man stimulates mental activity even to intoxication. - -USES.--In catarrhal conditions, cough mixtures, acute and chronic -bronchitis, pneumonia. The spirits of camphor is used in colic mixtures; -also locally to stop secretions of milk applied frequently; in cardiac -weakness; strangury may be relieved by one to two ounce doses of the -spirits for the horse. Spirits of camphor is used in Thumps. - -Camphor is a valuable medicine in diarrhoea, particularly in serious -variety, and in that form following exposure to cold. It is not useful -in inflammatory conditions, but checks secretions and pain. - -Spirit of camphor and nitrous ether are efficient in relieving -irritation of the genito-urinary tract. Camphor has proven of service in -purpura hemorrhagica of horses given three times daily in capsules or -pills. - - - - -CANTHARIS--CANTHARIDES--SPANISH FLY--BLISTER BEETLES - - -DERIVATION.--Cantharides is obtained from flies which receive the name -Spanish Fly on account of so many of them coming from Spain, but they -are also imported from Germany and Russia; living chiefly on climbing -shrubs and trees. - -DESCRIPTION.--About 20 to 25 m. m. long and about 6 mm. broad, flattish -cylindrical, with filiform antennae, black in the upper part, and with -long wing-sheaths, and ample membranous, transparent, brownish wings, -elsewhere of a shining, coppery-green color. The powder is -grayish-brown, and contains green shining particles. Odor strong and -disagreeable; taste slight, afterwards irritating. Cantharides -deteriorate with age and should be kept unpowdered in tightly stoppered -bottles. - -DOSE.--Of the powdered fly, horses and cattle, 5 to 10 gr.; sheep and -pigs, 3 to 6 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr. - - -TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS--TINCTURE OF CANTHARIDES - -Prepared by percolation of powdered cantharides, 100 parts, with alcohol -to make 1000 parts. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 m.; dogs, -2 to 15 m. - -ACTIONS.--Externally, is rubefacient, irritant, vesicant, according to -the strength used, it promotes water blister; counter-irritant, etc. -Cantharides acts more powerfully on the skin of horses and dogs than on -that of cattle and swine. If applied over an extensive surface, -absorption and poisoning may occur. - -Internally cantharides is an irritant, and produces its effects on any -part which the free cantharidin is brought into contact. When swallowed -it irritates the digestive mucous membrane; large doses produce -gastro-enteritis. The active cantharidin is absorbed, and in the blood -forms a non-irritant albuminoid, but in the kidneys is again liberated, -developing its characteristic irritation, medical doses stimulating the -urino-genital tract, causing diuresis, and in some animals increases -sexual appetite; full doses induce inflammation, slow and painful -discharge of bloody urine. - -USES.--Externally cantharides is employed as a blister rubefacient or as -a counter-irritant; blisters are formed in from two to eight hours. If -repeatedly used it may cause sloughing of the tissue; cantharides may be -used wherever a blister or counter-irritant is required, except in -inflammation of the urinary organs, as it is absorbed and will increase -the inflammation. Cantharides conjoined with red mercurous iodide and -adeps is usually employed in the treatment of diseases of the bones, -joints, bursae, ligaments and tendons. In exostoses, as bone spavin and -ring bone, used most effectively after the actual cautery, to secure -absorption and resolution, or anchylosis. Always clip off the hair close -before applying a blister, tie or muzzle the animal so he cannot bite -it; leave blister on forty-eight hours, then wash and grease the parts -daily. A cantharides blister is sometimes beneficial in hastening the -formation of abscess (distemper); also to stimulate indolent ulcers or -wounds; it causes swelling and closes the opening of small umbilical -hernias of foals and calves. It is also valuable in closing and sealing -punctured wounds into joints and synovial cavities. The tincture of -cantharides can be applied once or twice daily, full strength, when the -exudation of much serum is desired. Cantharides is seldom used -internally except in incontinuence of urine from debility or partial -paralysis of the bladder. Seldom used to increase sexual desire. The -tincture of cantharides should be employed when the drug is administered -internally. - - - - -CAPSICUM--RED PEPPER--CAYENNE PEPPER - - -The dried ripe fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum Blume deprived of its -calyx. - -HABITAT.--Tropical America; cultivated also in other tropical countries. - -PROPERTIES.--Capsicum when ground has a hot, pungent, spicy taste. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Capsicum contains capsaicin, a crystallizable, acrid -body; capsicin, a volatile alkaloid; a fixed oil; fatty matter; resin. - -DOSE.--Horses, 20 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr., sheep and pigs, 5 to -10 gr.; dogs, 1 to 5 gr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM CAPSICI--FLUID EXTRACT OF CAPSICUM - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporated, so that -1 cc. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug. - -DOSE.--Horses, 10 m. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to -10 m.; dogs, 1 to 5 m. - - -TINCTURA CAPSICI--TINCTURE OF CAPSICUM - -Made by percolation of capsicum, 100, with alcohol and water to make -1,000. - -DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 20 m. -to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m. - - -OLEORESINA CAPSICI--OLEORESIN OF CAPSICUM - -Made by percolation with acetone, distillation and evaporation of the -residue. - -DOSE.--Horses, 10 to 30 m.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 5 -m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 m. - -ACTION AND USES.--Capsicum and its preparations are irritants, -stimulating stomachics, carminatives and rubefacients. Large doses, -especially in carnivora and omnivora, are irritant poisons, inflaming -the alimentary and sometimes also the urino-genital mucous membranes. -Properly regulated doses are indicated in atonic indigestion and -flatulent colic in horses combined with ammonium carbonate. It may be -advantageously combined with bitters, as nux vomica. Capsicum is a -favorite stimulant and tonic remedy--to the digestion--with poultry -fanciers. It also increases the laying of eggs when given to hens. -Externally capsicum is rubefacient and counter-irritant, producing -about the same degree of irritation as mustard, but causing considerable -pain. It ought not be used for blistering ointments or for setons. - - - - -CHLOROFORMUM--CHLOROFORM - - -A liquid consisting of 99 to 99.4 per cent, by weight, of absolute -chloroform, and 0.6 to 1 per cent alcohol. - -DERIVATION.--Alcohol and water are heated in a still to 37.70° C. (100° -F.), when chlorinated lime is added and chloroform is evolved. - -PROPERTIES.--Chloroform is a heavy, clear, colorless, mobile and -diffusible liquid, of a characteristic ethereal odor, and a burning -sweet taste. Specific gravity not below 1.476 at 25° C. (77° F.). -Soluble in 200 times its volume of cold water, and in all proportions in -alcohol, ether, benzol, benzine and the fixed and volatile oils. -Chloroform is not inflammable. Chloroform should be kept in dark amber -colored well stoppered bottles in a cool and dark place. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 m.; dogs, -2 to 8 m. Should be well diluted with glycerine, syrup, eggs or diluted -alcohol; the above dose can be repeated every two or three hours. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -AQUA CHLOROFORMI--CHLOROFORM WATER - -A saturated solution of chloroform and distilled water, it should -contain one-half per cent of chloroform. Chloroform water has been -proven to be an excellent vehicle for administering active remedies, -and, owing to its antiseptic properties, mixtures having it for a basis -resist decomposition longer than those made with ordinary water. Used -extensively as a vehicle in cough and diarrhoea mixtures. - - -LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI--CHLOROFORM LINIMENT - -Made from chloroform, 300 parts, soap liniment 700 parts. - - -SPIRITUS CHLOROFORMI - -Made from chloroform 60 parts, alcohol, 940 parts. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, -20 to 40 m. - - -CHLOROFORM EMULSUM--EMULSION OF CHLOROFORM - -Made from chloroform, expressed oil of almond, tragacanth and water. -Should contain four per cent of chloroform. A good agent and vehicle for -diarrhoea and vermifuge mixtures for small animals. - -DOSE.--Dogs, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr. - -ACTIONS.--Chloroform is a topical irritant, antiseptic, parasiticide, -carminative, antispasmodic and analgesic. Full doses quickly and -powerfully paralyze the cerebro-spinal nervous system; chloroform kills -by paralyzing the heart and respiration; the latter effects are most -rapidly produced when the drug is inhaled. Chloroform is the general -anaesthetic most used for veterinary purposes except for dogs. - -Externally it is rubefacient if confined or even suppurant. It also acts -as a refrigerant, anodyne and local anaesthetic if not confined. It -penetrates the skin very readily and on this account is commonly used in -liniments to aid in the absorption of other medicines. - -Chloroform compared to ether is much more irritating to the mucous -membrane, and causes violent gastro-enteritis, if swallowed undiluted; -it is less stimulating and more depressing to the heart and circulation. -For inhalation it requires much more air; is less irritant to the air -passages than ether; is uninflammable, more pleasant, more prompt in -action, has a shorter stage of excitement, causes a more profound -narcosis, and is not so nauseating as ether and is cheaper. Statistics -show it to be five times more fatal than ether. - -The results of various experiments show that chloroform and ether both -act in the same manner upon the heart and respiration, paralyzing the -latter first; but chloroform acts much more quickly and powerfully than -ether in both directions. But when chloroform is inhaled in a -concentrated form it generally paralyzes the heart first. - -USES.--Chloroform should be used as an aid in painful and prolonged -cases of parturition, especially where you have tumultuous contraction -of the uterus, or rigid contraction of the os. Use just enough by -inhalation to dull the pain and relax the parts; it will aid you in your -efforts to rectify abnormal presentations by relaxing the parts. - -Internally it is used in spasmodic and flatulent colic as it is an -antispasmodic carminative and anodyne in its effects; chloroform -combined with belladonna and opium is very beneficial in spasmodic -coughs, given in linseed gruel or water, well diluted; in liniments -about one or two ounces to the pint. Chloroform is used in chronic -diarrhoea with other medicines, such as morphine, capsicum, camphor, oil -of peppermint and ether. It is also a good taeniacide. - - - - -ANESTHESIA - - -Anesthesia is divided into three stages; the stimulant, anaesthetic and -paralytic. - -_In the first stage_ there is struggling and excitement, due partly to -the action of the drug and partly to fright. The local irritant action -of the vapor causes choking and coughing, which also induces struggling. - -The respiratory and cardiac centers are temporarily stimulated, as a -consequence of which the pulse and respiratory movements are increased -in force and frequency and blood tension is raised. - -The smaller animals, particularly the dog, may vomit during the first -stage of anaesthesia. In the first stage the dog may bark, whine or -howl, the horse neighs and groans; other animals give expression to -sounds more or less characteristic to their species. - -_The second or anesthetic stage_ is characterized by loss of -consciousness, sensation, motion and partial loss of reflex action and -is that state suitable for operations. The stimulating action of the -anesthetic has passed and there is now depression of the cerebral -functions, the motor centers. The voluntary muscles are completely -relaxed, the sphincters occasionally, the patient lies absolutely -motionless, the cornea fails to respond to irritation, i. e., winking is -not produced when the cornea is lightly touched with the finger. -Sometimes the muscles are rigid and twitching during this stage of -anesthesia, though sensation and consciousness are absent. In the -anesthesia stage the pulse is slow, full and strong, due to lowered -blood pressure, the breathing is slow and shallow but regular. - -_The third or paralytic stage_, which must be carefully watched against, -poisoning is beginning and there is depression of the three great -medullary centers controlling the heart, respiration and vascular -tension and also the posterior reflex centers of the spinal cord, so -that the urine and faeces are passed involuntarily. The passage of urine -frequently occurs in the first stages of anesthesia and should not of -itself be considered a danger mark. When the pulse becomes rapid, feeble -and irregular, the breathing is at first stertorous and then the -respiratory movements become shallow and weak, with long intervals -intervening between them; this irregularity is a most important danger -sign. The skin and mucous membrane often become cold and clammy. The -pupils are usually widely dilated, though death may occur with either -dilated or contracted pupils and consequently no dependence should be -put in this sign unless there has been a sudden change from one -condition of the pupils to the other. The three above mentioned stages -are conventional, and are not in any case so clearly defined in practice -as they are described theoretically upon paper. The first stage may be -either absent or prolonged, and the last stage should not be reached at -all. - - -COMPARISON OF ETHER WITH CHLOROFORM - - Ether. Chloroform. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | More diffusible. | Less diffusible; vapor - | | heavier. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | Inflammable and explosive. | Not inflammable, but vapor - | | decomposes when exposed to a - | | light and causes irritation - | | and some times death. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | Stimulant to heart, except | Depresses powerfully the - | in enormous quantities. | heart respiratory and - | | vaso-motor centers in large - | | doses. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | Irritating (due to exclusion | Less irritating (on account - | of air), may induce | of more air being required - | bronchitis and nephritis. | for dilution.) - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | Respiratory centers not | Three to five times more - | so easily or suddenly | dangerous (deaths) than - | depressed as by chloroform. | ether. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | Larger quantities required. | Smaller quantities required. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | Less rapid. | Acts quickly. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | More expensive. | Cheaper. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - | Kills by respiratory failure. | Death from respiratory - | | failure, combined with - | | cardiac depression. - +-------------------------------+----------------------------- - -Consequently you can see considering both drugs to be properly -administered, all the advantages are in favor of chloroform except -safety. - -Ether is to be preferred for dogs, cats and other small animals. - -Chloroform is especially dangerous for dogs, though horses stand it -exceptionally well and it is preferable to ether in large animals. The -safety with which chloroform may be administered to large animals -frequently makes veterinarians careless; that is, they “force” the drug; -they do not allow sufficient air for dilution, and though the patients -may not die from the immediate effects of the drug their existence may -be terminated in a few days from pneumonia or broncho-pneumonia -(mechanical), due to the irritating effects of the drug. - -ANAESTHESIA.--It is best to cast the large animals; after complete -anaesthesia remove the hobbles. - -For dogs make a cone of a towel and paper, put a sponge in the bottom, -allowing a small opening in the end to admit air; pour in ether a little -at a time. - -In brain diseases or tumors of the brain, chloroform is dangerous. -Horses with heaves or emphysema should not take chloroform; it is also -dangerous in fatty degeneration of the heart. Operations during -incomplete anaesthesia, especially with chloroform, are dangerous; -always produce complete anaesthesia, have the stomach empty, but don’t -fast animals for more than two or three meals. - -_Things to remember when administering an anaesthetic:_ - -The operator must be skilled and give his attention exclusively to the -production of anaesthesia, watching the respiration and pulse for signs -of failure. - -Do not commence operation until anaesthesia is profound, until reflex -action is abolished, which can be told by touching the eye with the -finger; obey this, no matter how slight the operation. The utmost care -should be exercised if the patient is very old or has fatty degeneration -of the heart, or lung diseases. - -Great care should be exercised in operations about the mouth or trachea. -See that no blood passes down the trachea. The stomach and bowels should -be empty. This will cause less nausea and feed may be regurgitated and -run down the trachea. - -When purchasing chloroform or ether for anaesthetic purposes insist on -the best; it must be pure. - -Ether can be used almost pure, only a little air being necessarily -allowed for dilution; chloroform must have a large amount of air. - -In all classes of patients the head should be slightly raised, and watch -the tongue so that it does not fall back over the larynx and suffocate -the animal. - -Anaesthesia should be started very slowly; don’t force either chloroform -or ether. - -It is a good practice to have restoratives ready for use before -commencing anaesthesia, as aqua ammonia fort., a hypodermic syringe and -nitro-glycerin. - - - - -CINCHONA - - -ORIGIN.--Cinchona is obtained from the bark of a tree (Cinchona -Calisaya), which grows in South America, East Indies and Jamaica. It -contains at least five per cent of its peculiar alkaloids, of which not -less than one-half should be quinine sulphate, which is the most -important. - -ACTIONS.--Cinchona is an astringent. Other than that cinchona and its -alkaloids possess the same actions, that being, bitter tonic, stimulant, -antiseptic, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiphlogistic, antimiasmatic, -stomachic and antiferment. Large doses are general depressants. - -USES.--Cinchona and its alkaloids are recommended for all classes of -patients as bitter stomachic and tonics. They stimulate the appetite, -check abnormal gastro-intestinal fermentation and counteract relaxed -conditions of the intestines and the accumulations of mucus, which prove -favorable to the development of worms. - -In troublesome cases of atonic indigestion in horses respond rapidly -when quinine sulphate is frequently given in thirty to forty grain doses -with half a drachm of dilute nitric or hydrochloric acid. Weak foals and -calves suffering from relaxed condition of the bowels, following a dose -of castor oil are often much benefited by a few doses of cinchona bark, -hydrochloric acid dilute and brandy. - -Few medicines are so effectual as cinchona bark or quinine sulphate in -improving appetite and muscular strength and hastening convalescence -from debilitating disease. - -They are advantageous in anaemia joined with iron salts. - -Good results are obtained from cinchona or quinine in the earlier stages -of tuberculosis, in septicaemia and pyaemia in all animals; in -influenza, protracted cases of strangles, purpura and other similar -diseases of the horse; in septic metritis in cows and ewes and in -lingering cases of distemper in dogs. Their beneficial effects in these -and other diseases probably depending on the action of quinine on -micro-organisms or their products. It is often useful in rheumatism -conjoined with salicylic acid or potassium iodide. Administered with -cathartics, like other bitter tonics, it generally increases their -activity. Alternated with cod liver or olive oil and iron, quinine is -the best tonic for weak dogs and those suffering from chorea. - -Quinine and urea hydrochloride has recently come into use as local -anaesthetic. One per cent solutions make a satisfactory substitute for -cocaine, etc. It also has advantages over cocaine. It is non-toxic, it -may be exposed to a boiling temperature and its anaesthetic effect for -dogs after an operation, therefore aiding in dressing of wounds. Its -anaesthetic effect comes on within five minutes to half an hour after -being injected into the intended seat of operation. - -Speaking from practical experience, I prefer quinine and urea -hydrochloride to cocaine or any of its allies. - -DOSE.--Of the powdered cinchona bark: Horses, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 -to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 dr.; dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr. - - -ALKALOIDAL SALTS OF CINCHONA--QUININAE SULPHAS--SULPHATE OF QUININE - -DOSE.--As a tonic: Horses, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ dr.; -sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; dogs and cats, 1 to 2 gr. As antipyretic -Dose: Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 gr to 1 dr.; -dogs and cats, 5 to 10 gr. - - -QUININAE ET UREAE HYDROCHLORIDUM--QUININE AND UREA HYDROCHLORIDE -(NON-OFFICIAL) - -Soluble in 18 parts of water. Use hypodermically as a local anesthetic. - - - - -COCAINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM--COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE - - -“The dried leaves of Erythroxylon Coca Lamarck (Fam. Erythroxylaceae), -known commercially as Huanuco Coca, or of E. Truxillense Rusby, known -commercially as Truxillo Coca, yielding when assayed not less than 0.5 -per cent of the ether-soluble alkaloids of coca.” U. S. “The dried -leaves of Erythroxylum Coca, Lam., and its varieties.” - -HABITAT.--Cultivated in Peru and Bolivia and introduced into medicine by -Koller in 1884. - -DERIVATION.--Cocaine hydrochloride is recovered by agitating an -acidulated alcoholic solution of coca leaves with ether. The etheral -liquid is made alkaline with sodium carbonate and evaporated. The -residue is purified, deodorized, neutralized with hydrochloric acid and -finally crystallized. - -PROPERTIES.--A colorless, transparent, monoclinic prism, flaky, lustrous -leaflets or a white crystalline powder; permanent in air, containing no -water of crystallization; odorless; of a saline, slightly bitter taste, -and producing on the tongue a tingling sensation followed by numbness of -several minutes’ duration. Soluble in 0.4 part of water, 2.6 parts of -alcohol and in 18.5 parts of chloroform at 25° C. (77° F.); soluble in -benzine, petroleum benzine and ether. It leaves no residue on -incineration. Its aqueous solution is neutral to litmus paper. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 gr.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 3 gr.; dogs, -¹⁄₈ to 1 gr. Not much used internally. - -ACTION.--Cocaine in small doses is a cerebral, cardiac, respiratory and -nervous stimulant and dieuretic; overdoses cause delirium with cardiac -and respiratory failure. Cocaine is a powerful local anaesthetic; used -for all animals in 4 to 10 per cent solution, usually a 4 to 6 per cent -solution is strong enough for ordinary operations. Inject under the -skin, into the muscular tissue or over nerve trunks for minor -operations. Applied to such structures as the eye, penis, tongue and -other delicate mucous surfaces as the uterus, vagina, rectum, etc. It -causes profound but temporary anaesthesia over a small area; it causes -rapid and extreme dilation of the pupil. - -Cocaine is injected for minor operations to prevent pain, such as -neurectomy, removing tumors, operations on the eyes, tongue, fistulae, -firing, etc. For dogs it should be used with great caution, a two per -cent solution usually being enough and as little as possible being used. - -For the horse, as a rule, not more than two drachms of a five per cent -solution should be injected subcutaneously, lest restlessness, -excitement, etc., ensue, which though not necessarily dangerous, may -interfere with the operation. - -In using cocaine as a diagnostic agent for lameness, the fact must not -be lost sight of that it is a cerebral stimulant and that if a large -quantity is injected it may cause such a degree of excitement as to make -the patient forget his lameness, thus leading the operator to believe -that the improvement is due to anaesthesia below the point of injection, -when the apparent remission from the lameness is of physical origin. -Cocaine is advantageously used in painful eye affections. Its effects -may be prolonged and the danger of its use lessened by dissolving the -cocaine in a 1 to 1000 adrenalin chloride solution. - - - - -CRETA PRAEPARATA--PREPARED CHALK - - -DERIVATION.--Native calcium carbonate, freed from most of its impurities -by elutriation. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, amorphous powder, often molded into conical drops; -odorless and tasteless; permanent in the air. Almost insoluble in water; -insoluble in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 -dr.; dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -PULVIS CRETAE COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND CHALK POWDER - -Composed of chalk, 30 parts; acacia, 20 parts; sugar, 50 parts. - -DOSE.--Dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr.; cats, 1 to 5 gr. - - -MISTURA CRETAE--CHALK MIXTURE - -Composed of compound chalk powder, 20 parts; cinnamon water, 40 parts; -water to make 100. - -DOSE.--Dogs, 1 to 2 oz.; cats, 1 to 2 dr. - -ACTIONS.--Internally, chalk is the slowest acting antacid, because of -its comparative insolubility and is of value when it can exert its -long-continued influence throughout the digestive tract. It resembles -bismuth in mechanically coating or protecting inflamed or irritable -surfaces. It is not so astringent nor antiseptic as the bismuth salts, -and these are generally preferable to chalk for the smaller animals. It -is excreted unchanged in the feces. Externally it is a dessicant and -slightly astringent powder, also protective. - -USES.--Chalk forms a dusting powder for moist eczema, slight burns and -intertrigo; zinc oxide and starch (one to four) is, however, a better -preparation. Chalk is the most useful antacid for diarrhoea accompanied -by fermentation of the intestinal contents, while its local astringent -and protecting influence assists in overcoming the trouble. It is -especially good for foals and calves given in flour gruel and often -conjoined with catechu, ginger and opium. - -Chalk may be given to dogs in pills or powder; to other animals in -powder, capsules or electuary. Chalk is frequently prescribed suspended -in flour, gruel, milk or mucilage to the larger animals. The chalk -preparations are suitable for dogs and cats. - - - - -CUPRI SULPHAS--COPPER SULPHATE--BLUE VITRIOL--BLUE STONE - - -DERIVATION.--Boil metallic copper and sulphuric acid together. Dissolve -product in hot water and crystallize. - -PROPERTIES.--Large, transparent, deep blue, triclinic crystals; -odorless, of a nauseous, metallic taste; slowly efflorescent in dry air; -soluble in water; almost insoluble in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr.; -dogs, 1 to 2 gr. - -As a tonic and astringent, repeat two or three times daily; given either -in capsule or in some mucilagenous solution, or in powder form, with -some inert substance; when given as a tonic should be given at time of -feeding, or right after eating. - -ACTIONS.--Gastro-intestinal irritant, astringent, tonic, emetic in large -doses; acts directly on the stomach; antiseptic and vermifuge. - -USES.--Internally used as emetic, antidote for phosphorus, atony of the -bowels, diarrhoea, especially combined with dilute sulphuric acid opium; -is supposed to prevent the development of farcy and glanders in exposed -animals. Used externally as a caustic and stimulant; styptic, also used -for foot-rot; for granular eyelids, touch lightly over the granular -surface with the sulphate of copper. - - - - -DIGITALIS--FOXGLOVE - - -The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linne (Fam. Scrophulariaceae), -collected from plants of the second year’s growth, at the commencement -of flowering. - -HABITAT.--Foxglove grows wild in the temperate parts of Europe, where it -flowers in the middle of summer. In this country it is cultivated for -ornamental and for medical use. - -PROPERTIES.--Foxglove is without odor in the recent state, but acquires -a faint narcotic odor when dried. The color of the dried leaf is a dull -pale green, modified by the whitish down upon the under surface; that of -the powder is a fine deep green. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Digitalein, Digitonin, Digitalin and Digitoxin, the -latter is most poisonous and active. Said to be cumulative. - -DOSE.--Digitalis leaves, horses, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 30 gr to 1¹⁄₂ -dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 gr. - -ACTIVE PRINCIPLES.--Digitoxin--It occurs in crystals, soluble in alcohol -and chloroform, slightly in ether, and insoluble in water; said to be -cumulative. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₄ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂₅₀ to ¹⁄₅₀ gr. - -Digitalein, an amorphous, bitter substance, soluble in water and alcohol -and non-cumulative. - -DOSE.--Same as digitoxin. - -Digitalin, a very bitter, crystalline substance, soluble in alcohol, and -slightly soluble in water and ether. - -DOSE.--Same as for digitoxin. - -Digitonin, resembling or identical with saponin of senega. White, -amorphous powder, soluble in water. It is a heart depressant, muscular -paralyzant and powerful irritant, besides being antagonistic to -digitalis. In addition to these principles there are: Digitin, an -inactive substance. Digitalic and antirrhinic acids. Tannin coloring -matter, starch, sugar, gum, a volatile oil, salts, etc., common to most -vegetables. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS--EXTRACT OF DIGITALIS - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water; distillation -of alcohol and evaporation to pilular substance. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 gr.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.; -dogs, ¹⁄₈ to 1 gr. - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM DIGITALIS--FLUID EXTRACT OF DIGITALIS - -Prepared by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and -evaporating so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug. - -DOSE.--Horses, 10 m. to 1 dr.; cattle, 30 m. to 1¹⁄₂ dr.; sheep and -pigs, 5 to 15 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 m. - - -TINCTURA DIGITALIS--TINCTURE OF DIGITALIS - -Composed of powdered digitalis 100 parts with sufficient alcohol and -water to make 1000 parts. By maceration and percolation. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 20 m. - - -INFUSUM DIGITALIS--INFUSION OF DIGITALIS - -Composed of digitalis 15 parts, alcohol 100 parts, cinnamon water 150 -parts, boiling water 500 parts, cold water to make 1000 parts. By -maceration. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; -dogs, 1 to 4 dr. - -There are several substitutes for digitalis found in commerce. - -ACTIONS.--A cardiac and vascular tonic and stimulant, a motor excitant, -paralyzant, anaphrodisiac, it is an indirect diuretic and an emetic, -irritates the mucous membrane. - -The heart is slowed but the force is increased; digitalis stimulates the -cardiac motor ganglia, the inhibitory apparatus and the vaso-motor -centers, contracting the arterioles and thereby greatly raising the -arterial tension; large doses exhaust and paralyze the heart. - -Its diuretic action is very complex, one of the active principles, -digitalin, increases the arterial pressure by contracting the blood -vessels of the body, while the large renal arteries are dilated by two -of its active principles, digitoxin and digitalein. On this account -digitalis is an ideal diuretic. - -USES.--It is used as a cardiac stimulant in full doses, followed by -small ones; used in heart and cardiac debility from any cause, -irregularity of the heart due to debility; used in dropsical conditions, -combined with acetate or nitrate of potash; it is useful in congestion -of organs, useful in the first stages of pneumonia and scarlatina; as a -diuretic over the region of the kidneys this can be used two or three -times daily; when internal remedies fail to increase the action of the -kidneys this is very effectual. Useful in palpitation of the heart due -to overexertion. Digitalis is occasionally employed with good results as -a poultice of the leaves, applied over the loins to promote diuresis, or -in local inflammation, to contract blood vessels. - - - - -FERRUM REDUCTUM--REDUCED IRON - - -DERIVATION.--Hydrogen gas is passed over freshly made and carefully -washed ferric oxide in a hot and closed tube. - -PROPERTIES.--A very fine grayish-black, lustreless powder, without odor -or taste; permanent in dry air; insoluble in water or alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 30 -gr.; dogs, 1 to 5 gr. - - - - -FERRI SULPHAS--FERROUS SULPHATE--COPPERAS--GREEN VITRIOL - - -DERIVATION.--Iron wire is dissolved by boiling in dilute sulphuric acid. - -PROPERTIES.--Large, pale bluish-green, monoclinic prisms, without odor -and having a saline styptic taste; efflorescent in dry air. On exposure -to moist air the crystals rapidly absorb oxygen and become coated with -brownish-yellow, basic ferric sulphate; soluble in water, insoluble in -alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as reduced iron. - - -FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS--DRIED FERROUS SULPHATE - -DERIVATION.--Allow ferrous sulphate, 100 parts, to effloresce at a -temperature of 104° F., then heat on a water bath until the product -weighs 65. - -PROPERTIES.--A greyish-white powder, slowly but completely soluble in -water, without odor, and having a saline styptic taste. - -DOSE.--Same as reduced iron. - - - - -FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS--SACCHARATED FERROUS CARBONATE - - -DERIVATION.--Ferrous sulphate, 50; sodium bicarbonate, 35; sugar and -distilled water. Made by solution, precipitation and washing. - -PROPERTIES.--Greenish-brown powder, without odor; sweetish taste; -becomes oxidized on exposure to the air. - -DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to -1 dr.; dogs, 2 to 10 gr. - - - - -SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI--SYRUP OF FERROUS IODIDE - - -Contains five per cent, by weight, of ferrous iodide. - -PROPERTIES.--Transparent, pale green liquid; sweet, ferruginous taste. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 -dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m. Given when you want the combined action of iron -and iodine. - -ACTION.--Tonic, alterative, diuretic and emmenagogue. - - - - -FERRI CHLORIDUM--FERRIC CHLORIDE - - -Ferric chloride should contain not less than 22 per cent of metallic -iron in the form of chloride. - -PROPERTIES.--It is in orange-yellow, crystalline pieces, odorless or -having a faint odor of hydrochloric acid and a strong styptic taste; -deliquescent; soluble in water and alcohol; not used internally. - -Used almost exclusively in the form of tincture or liquor, and in -reference to its effect and application I refer you to Tincture Ferri -Chloridi and Liquor Ferri Chloridi. - - -LIQUOR FERRI CHLORIDE--SOLUTION OF FERRI CHLORIDE - -DERIVATION.--Dissolve iron wire, 125, in hydrochloric acid, 680, nitric -acid and water to make 1000. - -PROPERTIES.--A reddish-brown liquid, having a faint odor of hydrochloric -acid, an acid, strongly styptic taste. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs, -2 to 10 m. All liquid preparations of iron should be well diluted with -water or oil. - - -TINCTURA FERRI CHLORIDI--TINCTURE OF FERRIC CHLORIDE - -Composed of ferric chloride, 350 parts; alcohol to make 1000. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 30 m.; dogs, -5 to 30 m. - - - - -LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS--SOLUTION OF FERRIC SUBSULPHATE--MONSEL’S -SOLUTION - - -A solution of sulphate of iron, sulphuric and nitric acids. - -PROPERTIES.--A dark reddish-brown liquid, odorless or nearly so; of an -acid, strongly styptic taste; miscible in water and alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs, -2 to 10 m. This is used almost entirely for external use as an -astringent and styptic. - -There are 36 official preparations of iron and a number of unofficial -preparations, quite a few of which are impracticable for use in -veterinary medicine, consequently we have considered only those which -are practicable for use. Some are more irritating than others and some -have special actions due to other drugs combined with the iron. - - - - -GENERAL ACTION OF IRON AND ITS SALTS - - -Iron is not a foreign substance to the organism. It is constantly -present in the blood, gastric juice, lymph, bile, pigment of the eye and -traces of it in the milk and urine. In man there is 1 part of iron to -230 red blood corpuscles, and in cattle 1 to 194 red globules. That it -performs a very important part is shown in the rapid construction of red -globules when iron is administered in anaemia. Without it haematin is -not formed and red globules diminish in number. By its medicinal use we -furnish to the blood a material which it needs. The action of iron is -not limited merely to the construction of red blood. It also promotes -the appetite and invigorates the digestion when there is no intolerance -to its presence in the stomach. By increasing the disposition for food -and the ability to dispose of it, iron acts as a stomachic, consequently -when given in the healthy state or when administered for too long a -period during disease the gastric glands become exhausted by -over-stimulation; then it is said that iron disagrees. Being a -restorative its use is contra-indicated in a condition of plethora -(fullness of the blood vessels). In large doses the soluble preparations -of iron give rise to nausea and vomiting, some of them possessing more -or less toxic activity. The iodide chloride and sulphate are the most -active. Large doses will produce gangrene of the stomach and intestines. -Certain salts of iron, as the sulphates, nitrates and chlorides, possess -a high degree of astringency, hence they produce constipation when taken -internally. When brought into contact with blood they coagulate it, -forming a tough brownish magma, and as the albuminous elements of the -tissues are also solidified they are powerful haemostatics. Iron is -eliminated chiefly by the intestinal route, partly by the liver into the -bile, thence into the intestines, some by the kidneys also. The tincture -of the chloride being especially diuretic. - -Iron is a haematinic, stomachic, styptic, astringent or haemostatic. The -tincture chloride in addition is diuretic. The sulphate is in addition -vermicide. The iodide is alterative and resolvent as well as tonic. A -medicine used in combination with iron may modify or enhance its action. -Externally iron salts contract tissue by coagulating albumen when -applied to raw surfaces or mucous membranes, and through this means by -compressing the blood vessels from without and plugging them from within -with clotted blood, arrest hemorrhage. The astringent salts may also -induce some contraction of the vessels besides. Iron in the form of -liquor ferri chloridi or liquor ferri subsulphatis is the most powerful -of the metallic hemostatic agents we possess. - -USES INTERNALLY.--The saccharated carbonate is staple, non-irritating to -the stomach, and especially suited to dogs. It has the same uses as the -sulphate. It is also used for the other animals when the stomach is -weak. - -Sulphate of iron is used locally as an astringent and internally as a -haematinic and tonic in anaemia. It improves the appetite and abates -exhausting discharges, as in nasal gleet and leucorrhoea. In atonic -torpidity of bowels it is prescribed with aloes; also in the same way -for intestinal worms. Conjoined with iodine it is the best prescription -for diabetes insipidus. It is also prescribed with good results in the -first stages of liver rot in sheep. Chorea and epilepsy when with -anaemia are benefited by iron. Combined iron and arsenic for chorea. -Septicaemia, pyaemia and all forms of blood poisoning, as purpura, -haemorrhagica, scarlatina, etc., with quinine. The tincture chloride is -prescribed in blood poisoning. In red water of cattle, after bowels are -freely opened. In convalescence from debilitating diseases it is a -valuable tonic combined with other medicines as nux vomica, quinine, -etc. Such diseases as influenza, chest diseases and chronic catarrh -should be followed with iron and other tonics. - -Iodide of iron is used when an alterative as well as a tonic action is -desired. It is given to promote the absorption of glandular enlargements -in young and weakly animals, and in swelling of the joints. It is useful -in polyuria or diabetes insipidus, also nasal gleet. - -Tincture chloride of iron acts as a haematinic, tonic, antiseptic, -astringent, styptic, diuretic and local irritant or caustic. It is -serviceable in most cases in which the sulphate is recommended. It is -used in atonic dyspepsia and for the removal of intestinal worms, in -relaxed and sore throat. - -Tincture Chloride of iron is also used in anaemia combined with arsenic -or quinine, and in blood poisoning combined with quinine. It also -promotes absorption of inflammatory material when associated with -debility and anaemia. It is the most serviceable preparation of iron for -influenza, purpura and scarlatina, as it has a tonic effect on both the -blood and arterioles. In these cases it is prescribed with turpentine, -quinine and oil. It is used in rheumatism in weakly patients alternated -with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda. Also used as an -astringent and stimulant for the genito-urinary mucous membrane. The -tincture being excreted by the kidneys, is preferred to watery solution. -It is particularly suited for distemper and rheumatic lameness in weakly -dogs. - -USES.--Externally: Liquor ferri chloridi and liquor ferri subsulphatis -are sometimes used to stop bleeding from wounds or natural cavities of -the body. They may be injected, applied by swab, or on absorbent -material, which is packed into the wound or cavity. As a local -application in pharyngitis, we use one part of the solution of ferric -chloride with four parts of glycerine. In the same strength, diluted -with water, the chloride may be injected into the uterus to stop -hemorrhage. Again, a solution in the strength of two drachms to the pint -of water, is employed as an enema to destroy ascarides. The objection to -these solutions of iron is that they form heavy, nasty, tenacious clots -when employed to arrest hemorrhage, and the clots are apt to decompose -and favor sepsis. Therefore they should not be used if other means, as -ligature, pressure, heat or cold can be utilized. Iron is regarded as a -specific for erysipelas. It is given both internally and externally. - -ADMINISTRATION OF IRON.--The fluid preparations should be freely -diluted; the solid preparations should be combined with protectives or -inert remedies, either in powder or capsule form, or with stomachics as -gentian root. Iron causes less gastric irritation and enters the blood -more readily if given with or immediately after meals. In anaemia it -should be given in increased doses. Overcome constipation by giving when -necessary or combining iron with laxatives as linseed oil. - - - - -GAMBIR--CATECHU - - -An extract prepared from the leaves and twigs of Ourouparia Gambir -(Hunter), Ballon (Fam. Rubiaceae). U. S. “An extract of the leaves and -young shoots of the Uncaria Gambir, Roxb.” - -HABITAT.--Africa and Southern Asia. - -DESCRIPTION.--Irregular masses or cubes; reddish-brown, pale -brownish-gray or light brown; fracture dull-earthy; friable, -crystalline; inodorous, bitterish, very astringent, with a sweetish -after-taste; free from starch. Not less than 70 per cent should be -soluble in alcohol. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Catechutannic acid (about 45 per cent) is the active -principle; it is converted into the isomeric inactive catchnic acid, or -catchin, by the saliva and by boiling, a red color being developed. -There is also pyrocatechin or catechol. - -INCOMPATIBLES.--Alkalies, metallic salts and gelatine. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 -dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -TINCTURA GAMBIR COMPOSITA--COMPOUND TINCTURE OF GAMBIR - -Composed of gambir, 50; cinnamon, 25; alcohol to make 1000. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 2 oz.; cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to -1 oz.; calves and foals, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; lambs, 10 to 30 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to -1 dr. The above doses can be considerably increased and are good in -cases of diarrhoea of small and young animals. - -ACTION AND USES.--Gambir is administered to all classes of domestic -animals for the arrest of chronic catarrhal discharges and haemorrhage, -especially from the alimentary canal. The insoluble catechnic acid -beneficially exerts its astringency on the relaxed, over-secreting -surfaces alike of small and large intestines. In chronic diarrhoea and -in dysentery it is combined with aromatics to allay flatulence; with -opium to relieve irritability and spasm; with alkalies, magnesia, or -chalk to counteract acidity. - -If there is much mucus in the fecal discharges, showing a catarrhal -state of the intestinal mucous membrane, it is advisable to give oil, -salts or calomel before checking up the bowels with an astringent. - - - - -GENTIANA--GENTIAN - - -Gentian is obtained from the root Gentiana lutae. - -HABITAT.--Mountainous parts of Southern and Central Europe. - -PROPERTIES.--Odor strong, characteristic; taste slightly sweetish, -strongly and persistently bitter. The powder is free from starch grains -and sclerenchymatic tissues. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 -dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -EXTRACTUM GENTIANAE--EXTRACT OF GENTIAN - -Made by maceration and percolation with water and evaporated. - -DOSE.--Horses, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 20 -to 40 gr.; dogs, 1 to 3 gr. - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM OF GENTIANAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF GENTIAN - -Made by maceration and percolation with dilute alcohol and evaporated, -so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 -dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m. - - -TINCTURA GENTIANAE COMPOSITA--COMPOUND TINCTURE OF GENTIAN - -Composed of gentian, 100 parts; bitter orange peel, 40 parts; cardamon, -10 parts; made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; -dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Gentian is a pure bitter, and is prescribed as a -stomachic and tonic for all classes of animals. Gentian improves the -appetite and general tone. In atonic indigestion it is particularly -useful amongst young animals, and in such cases is often conjoined with -ginger and sodium bicarbonate. In relaxed and irritable states of the -bowels and where intestinal worms are suspected, after administration of -a laxative, gentian and dilute hydrochloric acid are of service. For -horses suffering from simple catarrh few combinations are more effectual -than an ounce of powdered gentian, two drachms potassium nitrate with -two ounces of magnesium sulphate, dissolved in a pint of linseed tea, -repeated morning and night. Where more general tonic effects are sought, -iron sulphate is alternated with the gentian and salines. Gentian proves -an excellent stomachic and stimulating tonic in influenza and other -epizootics, helps convalescence from exhausting disorders and is a -useful restorative for horses, overworked or suffering from loss of -appetite or slight cold. The powdered gentian should be added to aloes -when given in full cathartic doses to horses. - - - - -HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM--CORROSIVE MERCURIC CHLORIDE--BICHLORIDE -OF MERCURY--CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE - - -ORIGIN.--Bichloride of mercury is obtained as a sulphate by heating a -mixture of mercuric sulphate, sodium chloride and a little black oxide -of manganese. - -PROPERTIES.--Heavy, colorless masses; soluble one in sixteen of water, -one in three of alcohol; hydrochloric acid or muriate of ammonia -increases its solubility. - -ACTIONS.--It is a corrosive, irritant poison; it is occasionally -prescribed as an alterative, antiseptic and hepatic stimulant; repeated -doses or long continued produce mercurialism. Externally, it is used as -an antiseptic, astringent, caustic and parasiticide. It is a most -powerful antiseptic when five parts of tartaric acid are added to one -part of bichloride of mercury, which prevents the formation of insoluble -albuminates of mercury in the tissues which checks any further action of -the drug. Hydrochloric acid equal parts serves the same purpose. - -USES.--For internal use milder preparations of mercury are preferred, -and it is dangerous to use it for the production of mercurialism. For -horses it has been prescribed in tetanus, chronic skin eruptions and -swollen oedematous legs following repeated attacks of lymphangitis. Its -chief use is that of an antiseptic externally for many surgical -purposes, usually in the strength of one to five hundred, one to one -thousand; for uterine injections, one to five thousand or one in ten -thousand. Seven and a half grains to a pint of water makes a one to one -thousand solution. Seven and a half grains to a quart of water makes a -one to two thousand solution. Fifteen grains to a pint of water makes a -one to five hundred solution. Instruments, sponges, towels as well as -the hands are disinfected by washing in a one thousandth solution. But -it is injurious to most metal instruments and irritates and roughens the -operator’s hands. Best antiseptic for foul wounds, thrush, poll-evil, -quittor and fistulous withers and nail punctures of the feet, a one in -five hundred to one in one thousand solution to destroy the cryptogamic -growths of ringworm, to kill lice and allay the itching of puritis and -urticaria. Bichloride of mercury one part in one or two thousand parts -of water is injected into the uterus in metritis, and in cases of -abortion with good results. Contagious abortion is satisfactorily -prevented by washing the aborted animal’s tail and external genital -organs twice daily. All pregnant cows should be treated in the same -manner. Warm solutions are much more active than cold. - -A one in three to five thousand solutions are used in purulent -conjunctivitis or wounds of the eye and lids, by frequently saturating -absorbent cotton in the solution and holding over the eye by means of a -clean cloth or bandage. - -DOSES.--Horse, 1 to 5 gr.; cattle, 2 to 8 gr.; sheep, ¹⁄₂ to 1 gr.; pigs -¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₆₀ to ¹⁄₁₀ gr. Not often given internally. It is -the best of all the preparations of mercury for hypodermic use in -syphilitic diseases. - -ANTIDOTES.--The white of eggs, stomach pump for horses and emesis for -dogs; wheat flower, milk, etc. - - -HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE--MILD MERCUROUS CHLORIDE--CALOMEL - -ORIGIN.--Calomel is obtained by heating a mixture of mercurous sulphate -and sodium chlorid. Calomel is found native in Spain and Carniola, but -in too small quantities for commercial value. - -PROPERTIES.--Calomel is a dull-white heavy powder. It is inodorous, -insoluble in water, alcohol or ether. - -ACTIONS.--Calomel is a cathartic, laxative, alterative, diuretic and -vermifuge. Small doses are laxatives when repeated, large doses are -cathartics, full doses irritate the stomach and produce emesis in man -and dog. By stimulating the urea functions of the liver diuresis are -produced, its action on the liver does not directly increase the -secretion of bile, but removes it from the duodenum which reflexly -increases its secretion. Repeated doses produce mercurial poisoning. It -is an alterative when combined with opium, laxative in small repeated -doses and cathartic in larger doses. - -USES.--Calomel is useful in gastric and intestinal catarrh, bilious -diarrhoea, influenza lymphangitis and liver disorders which show -themselves by a yellowness of the visible mucous membranes. It is a -useful adjuvant cathartic conjoined with aloes or other cathartics. As -a laxative or cathartic for horses give aloes and calomel; cattle and -sheep, magnesium and sodium sulphate; for pigs, dogs and cats with -jalap. Pure calomel is a specific for thrush. It is also useful in the -treatment of moist skin and raw sores, mixed in equal parts with bismuth -subnitrate it quickly dries the flesh and prevents itching. - -DOSES.--As a laxative vermifuge and alterative horses and cattle take 20 -to 40 grs.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 20 grs.; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₁₆ to 1 gr., -given two or three times a day with equal weight of opium which prevents -griping and a too rapid removal by the bowels. As a cathartic, calomel -is best conjoined with other medicines regulated by that of the medicine -with which it is conjoined. A full cathartic for horses should consist -of calomel 1 to 1¹⁄₂ drs. with aloes 4 to 6 drs.; cattle, 1¹⁄₂ to 2 drs. -with magnesium sulphate or sodium sulphate 1 to 1¹⁄₂ pounds; sheep, 5 to -30 grs. with magnesium sulphate 4 to 8 ounces; pigs, 5 to 30 grs. with -sodium bicarbonate ¹⁄₂ to 1 ounce; dogs and cats ¹⁄₈ to 10 grs. with -jalap 10 to 30 grains. - - -HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM--RED IODIDE OF MERCURY--BINIODIDE OF MERCURY - -ORIGIN.--Red iodide of mercury is obtained by dissolving in water -separately bichloride of mercury and potassium iodide, and pour both -solutions slowly and stirring actively. - -PROPERTIES.--A scarlet-red, amorphous powder; odorless and tasteless; -permanent in air, insoluble in water; soluble in one hundred and -twenty-five parts of alcohol. - -ACTIONS.--Red iodide of mercury is a stimulant irritant, resolvent -pustulant antiseptic and parasiticide. - -USES.--Mixed with one to eight parts of lard it is a blister used to -reduce bony enlargements or bone-tumors as in splints, bone spavin, -ringbone, sidebone and actinomycosis; it is also used with good results -in reducing soft swellings, to arrest chronic inflammation and promote -absorption of inflammatory deposits, as seen in sprained tendons, curbs, -enlarged joints, bursae, etc. It is frequently used as a -counter-irritant in sore throat, chronic cough and roaring. Mixed with -cantharides the strength can be reduced as an irritant and less apt to -permanently destroy the hair bulbs. It is used internally to arrest the -growths of actinomycoses and scirrhous cord, but in those cases the -benefits are derived from the potassium iodide which it contains, and I -would recommend administering internally without the mercury. - - -HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM--YELLOW MERCURIC OXIDE - -ORIGIN.--Yellow mercuric oxide is obtained by the interaction of -mercuric chloride and sodium hydroxide. - -PROPERTIES.--Mercuric oxide is of a yellow color, similar to that of the -yolk of egg, and is a completely amorphous powder; odorless, and having -a somewhat metallic taste; permanent in the air, but turning dark on -exposure to light; insoluble in water or alcohol. - -ACTIONS.--A stimulant caustic and anesthetic. - -USES.--The official ointment of yellow mercuric oxide is prescribed as a -stimulant and anesthetic in chronic inflammation and ulceration of the -eye (4 gr. of yellow mercuric oxide to 1 oz. of vaseline). It is also -employed on skin diseases, indolent ulcers, swollen glands and -granulated wounds. - - - - -HYDRASTIS--GOLDEN SEAL - - -The rhizome and roots of hydrastis canadensis Linne, yielding not less -than 2.5 per cent of hydrastine. - -HABITAT.--North America in woods west to Missouri and Arkansas. - -PROPERTIES.--Externally brownish-gray to yellow-brown; fracture short, -wood wedges bright yellow, pith large, light yellow, the roots thin, -brittle, with a thick yellow bark and a somewhat quadrangular wood; odor -distinct; taste bitter. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Berberine, an alkaloid occurring in yellow crystals; -hydrastine, a colorless crystalline alkaloid, soluble in alcohol and -ether; canadine occurring in white, acicular crystals. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; -dogs, 5 gr. to 1 dr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS--FLUIDEXTRACT OF HYDRASTIS - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, glycerin and water and -evaporation. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; -dogs, 5 gr. to 1 dr. - - -TINCTURA HYDRASTIS--TINCTURE OF HYDRASTIS - -Made by maceration and percolation of hydrastis, with diluted alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, -¹⁄₂ to 2 drs. - - -GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS--GLYCERITE OF HYDRASTIS - -Made by maceration and percolation of hydrastis, 1000 parts add water to -the percolate and evaporate. Add water to the residue, set aside 24 -hours and filter; add enough water to the filtrate to make 500 parts; -then add glycerin 500. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; -dogs, 5 m. to 1 dr. - - -HYDRASTINNAE HYDROCHLORIDUM--HYDRASTINE HYDROCHLORIDE - -The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid derived from hydrastine. - -PROPERTIES.--Light, yellow, amorphous granules, or a pale yellow -crystalline powder; odorless and having a bitter, saline taste; -deliquescent on exposure to damp air. Very soluble in cold and hot water -and in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 grs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ grs.; -dogs, ¹⁄₁₂ to ¹⁄₄ gr. - -ACTION AND USES.--It acts like the simple bitters, promotes appetite and -aids digestion, increases nutrition and stimulates secretion, especially -of the intestines and liver. It is a stomach tonic, laxative, slightly -diuretic and hepatic stimulant. It is also said to promote uterine -constructions, and has some power as an antispasmodic. Externally it is -an antiseptic and astringent. Useful in conjunctivitis, nasal gleet and -leucorrhoea; one to two drachms of the fluid extract or glycerite to the -ounce of distilled water. One to two drachms of the fluidextract of -hydrastis to one ounce of water is useful as a gargle for sore throat. -Equal parts of fluidextract of ergot and fluidextract of hydrastis is -useful in ulceration of the uterus, vagina and in eversion of the -rectum. Useful internally during convalescence after debilitating -diseases, as in influenza and distemper, or whenever a bitter tonic is -indicated, as in dyspepsia, chronic gastric catarrh, catarrhal jaundice, -constipation from chronic nephritis and chronic cystitis. The glycerite -applied locally for fissure of teats, cracked heels. Where there is a -tendency to constipation it should be used as a bitter in preference to -gentian, etc. - - - - -IODUM--IODINE - - -DERIVATION.--Iodine exists in certain marine vegetables, particularly -the fuci or common sea weeds, which have long been its most abundant -natural source. Iodine is also found in the animal kingdom, as in the -sponge, oysters, cod liver oil and eggs, and in the mineral kingdom, in -sea water in small quantities, in certain salt springs. It is obtained -commercially from one of these sources. - -PROPERTIES.--Iodine is heavy, bluish-black color, dry and friable, -rhombic plates, having a metallic luster, a distinctive odor, and a -sharp and acrid taste. Iodine imparts a deep brown, evanescent stain to -the skin, and slowly destroys vegetable colors. Soluble in about 5000 -parts of water and in 10 parts of alcohol at 77° F., freely soluble in -ether, chloroform or carbon disulphide; its solution in alcohol or in an -aqueous solution of potassium iodide has a reddish color; its solution -in chloroform or carbon disulphide has a violet color. - -ACTIONS.--Iodine internally is an antiseptic, alterative, resolvent and -irritant. Full doses persisted will produce a state of debility and -emaciation termed iodism. Externally it is applied as an antiseptic, -disinfectant, parasiticide, deodorant, stimulant, desquamatic, absorbent -and counter-irritant. Iodine is one of the best antiseptics for surgical -purposes. The tincture iodine especially kills all disease producing -bacteria in one minute, whereas it takes a one in one thousandth -solution of bichloride of mercury more than half an hour to destroy the -same micro-organisms. The tincture of iodine also possesses unusual -penetrating power on the dry skin, finding its way into the hair -follicles and cutaneous glands. Iodine must not be applied to the wetted -skin because the wetting causes the skin cells to swell and thus prevent -the iodine from penetrating into the sebaceous and sudoriparous glands, -the very action upon which the special germicidal action depends. - -USES.--Iodine is of most value applied externally, or locally. In -sterilizing the skin for an emergency operation the hair should be -clipped and shaved dry and the tincture of iodine applied without -washing the skin. For other operations the skin may be scrubbed with -soap and shaved and dried before applying the tincture. The tincture -should always dry on the skin before the operation is begun. - -The method used in human surgery for sterilizing the skin, and -recommended by leading surgeons, consists in first of cleansing the skin -with gasoline to remove the grease and then applying the tincture of -iodine in full or half strength. - -Tincture of iodine applied is of some value in the treatment of -periostitis with osseous deposits, as splints, bone-spavin, ringbone, -sidebones, etc. It is used for enlargements of glands as goiter in dog. - - - - -LINUM--LINSEED--FLAXSEED - - -Ground linseed (linseed meal or flaxseed meal) should be recently -prepared and free from unpleasant or rancid odor. It is a grayish-yellow -powder containing brownish fragments. - -ACTION AND USES.--It is nutrient, tonic, laxative, emollient and -demulcent. Linseed meal and the cake are valuable foodstuffs in small -quantities. It is two and one-half times as fattening as starch or -sugar. It causes the hair of an animal to become slick and glossy and -induces shedding in the spring, but is very heating in summer. Linseed -gruel is a food, being palatable and easily digested, for horses, cattle -and sheep, not only good in health, but in debilitating diseases, also -in chronic skin diseases. It acts in such cases both as food and -medicine. In febrile diseases horses will often sip or drink cold -linseed tea (linseed meal two ounces to one pint of water) when they -will not touch anything else. When a patient is exhausted the linseed -tea is given with milk, eggs and whisky. Horses that are poor feeders, -having harsh scurvy skins, or being affected with roaring, thick wind or -heaves, are usually much benefited with linseed in some form. A -mucilaginous demulcent in the proportion of about one to two ounces to a -pint of warm water, is useful in irritable conditions of the throat, -alimentary canal, kidneys and bladder. - -For linseed poultices, take the best grade of linseed meal, pour hot -water over it until it becomes pasty. Charcoal and antiseptics are often -mixed with it. When used as a poultice on the foot in nail pricks, -always put on a poultice that will cover the whole foot. - - -OLEUM LINI--LINSEED OIL--OIL OF FLAXSEED - -A fixed oil expressed from flaxseed without the use of heat. - -PROPERTIES.--A yellowish or yellow, oily liquid, having a slight, -peculiar odor and bland taste. Soluble in about ten parts of absolute -alcohol and in all proportions in ether, chloroform, benzine or oil of -turpentine. - -Linseed oil for medicine should always be used raw. - -DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 4 pints; sheep and pigs, 5 to -10 ozs.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 ozs.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Linseed oil cannot be used as a diet on account of its -being too laxative; it is laxative in small doses, but in large doses -produces copious discharges of faeces, having a distinct linseed oil -smell. The oil is also emollient, soothing and softening to inflamed and -indurated surfaces. As a laxative it usually produces tolerably full and -softened evacuations, without nausea, griping or superpurgation and with -decided odor of oil. It is the best physic to administer to pregnant -animals and in irritable conditions of the bowels; also in cases of -influenza, purpura and other debilitating diseases, where the usual -purgatives would be too severe, irritating and exhausting. It is also -used as an enema; two to four ounces of the oil or meal given daily in -mash often suffices to maintain the bowels in a relaxed condition -throughout febrile attacks, where there is a tendency to constipation. -An ounce or two of oil given daily often relieves broken wind in horses. -For burns and scalds the well known _carron oil_, composed of equal -parts of linseed oil and lime water, cannot be surpassed. This oil is -also used as a vehicle for acrid medicines and to act as a protective to -the alimentary tract in poisoning of corrosive medicines, also to sweep -them out. Carron oil in two to four ounce doses two to three times daily -will often relieve “heaves” in horses. - -Linseed oil is frequently given to ruminants, although Epsom salts is -generally the best purge for them. It is indicated for these animals -when a milder operation than that obtained by a full dose of salts is -required, and for its demulcent action in irritable states of the -digestive organs. - - - - -MAGNESII SULPHAS--MAGNESIUM SULPHATE--EPSOM SALTS - - -DERIVATION.--Magnesium sulphate is a constituent of sea water and of -some saline springs. It also occurs native, either crystallized in -slender, prismatic, adhering crystals, or as an efflorescence on certain -rocks and soils which contain magnesia and a sulphate or sulphide. In -the United States it is found in the great caves so numerous to the west -of the Alleghany Mountains. - -PROPERTIES.--Small, colorless, rhombic prisms, or acicular crystals, -without color and having a cooling, saline and bitter taste; slowly -efflorescent in dry air; .85 part of water; insoluble in alcohol. - -ACTIONS.--Magnesium sulphate is a hydragogue and cholagogue cathartic; -alterative and febrifuge and is also feebly diuretic and diaphoretic. As -a cathartic it resembles common and glauber salts, and is more active -than potassium bitartrate or sodium phosphate. When magnesium sulphate -is administered it causes outpouring of secretion from the walls of the -small intestines, most quickly and abundantly when the bowels have been -partially emptied by several hours’ fasting. Neither pancreatic fluid -nor bile is materially increased. But magnesium sulphate has a low -diffusing power. It is slowly absorbed, and moreover, retards diffusion -and absorption of fluid present in the bowels. In this twofold action by -increased secretion and retarded absorption the fluid contents of the -bowels are increased, producing more or less mechanical distension and -provoking, like other salines, slight peristalsis. The retarded removal -of accumulating liquid is apt to produce the formation of gases in the -bowels, which is relieved by conjoining carminatives, as ginger or -capsicum, while effectual removal of the intestinal fluids is attained -by using with magnesium sulphate aloes, calomel or oil. It acts in from -twelve to sixteen hours; in small doses it stimulates the secretions of -the kidneys and skin. In febrile diseases it is used in small repeated -doses. It is valuable in treating animals suffering from reflex skin -irritation, combined with large doses of bicarbonate of sodium, -generally gives relief, especially in urticaria of the horse. It is -quite commonly used as a cathartic for horses, but most often for cattle -and sheep. - -DOSES.--When repeated two or three times as a laxative and alterative -horses take 2 to 4 ounces, cattle 3 to 6 ounces, sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 -drachms. As a cathartic cattle take 1 to 2 pounds, calves two to three -months old 3 to 4 ounces, sheep 4 to 6 ounces, dogs 1 to 4 drachms. -Aloes is a much better cathartic for horses, and castor or linseed oil -acts much better as a cathartic in pigs. - - - - -NAPHTHALENUM--NAPHTHALENE - - -A by-product of gas manufacture. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, shining rhombic crystals of an aromatic acrid -taste, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether and oils. - -DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 3 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 -gr.; dogs, 1 to 10 gr. These doses can be doubled in severe cases of -intestinal flatulence. - -ACTIONS AND USES.--A true intestinal antiseptic and antiferment, is also -expectorant, antiseptic and parasiticide. Used in intestinal flatulence, -dissolved in tincture capsicum; in diarrhoea and dysentery, is of great -value in these ailments, quickly allays foul odor of the evacuations of -the bowels; large doses irritate the kidneys and cause bloody urine -which ceases upon withholding the drug. When powdered on a wound as wire -cuts, etc., will keep away flies and other insects, besides it is a -powerful antiseptic and promotes the healing of wounds. Used as an -ointment it is very effective in parasitic skin diseases. - - - - -NUX VOMICA--QUAKER BUTTON - - -The dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica, yielding when assayed by -the process given below, not less than 1.25 per cent of strychnine. - -HABITAT.--The tree is a native of the East Indies, growing in Bengal, -Malabar, on the Coromandel Coast, in Ceylon, in many islands of the -Indian Archipelago, in Cochin-China and in other neighboring countries. - -DESCRIPTION.--Orbicular, nearly flat, sometimes irregularly bent, about -three-quarters of an inch in diameter and two in thickness; externally -grayish or greenish-gray, the surface covered with short closely -oppressed, satiny hairs; rounded or somewhat acute at the margin, with a -slight ridge extending from the center of one side to the edge; -internally whitish-gray, horny, very tough, the endosperm in two more or -less regular concavo-convex halves, between which, at one end, lie the -heart-shaped, palmately nerved cotyledons; inodorous; taste intensely -and persistently bitter. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Two alkaloids. 1. Strychnine, 0.2-0.6 per cent. 2. -Brucine, 0.5-1.0 per cent. Similar in action to strychnine, but weaker -and slower. Both alkaloids exist in combination with igasuric acid. -Brucine occurs in rectangular octohedral crystals; it is soluble in -alcohol, in 7 parts of chloroform, and possesses a bitter taste. With -sulphuric and nitric acids a beautiful blood-red color is developed. -There are also: 4. Igasuric acid with which strychnine and brucine are -combined. 5. Loganin, an inert glucoside occurring in colorless prisms. - -DOSE.--Of the ground seeds, horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, 20 to -40 gr.; pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 1 to 2 gr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE--EXTRACT OF NUX VOMICA - -Made by maceration with alcohol, water and acetic acid; percolation with -alcohol and water and evaporation. Standardized to contain 5 per cent of -strychnine. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 5 to 15 gr.; sheep, 2 to 5 gr.; pigs, 1 to 2 -gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₄ gr. - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF NUX VOMICA - -Made by digestion and percolation with alcohol and water and acetic -acid. The alcohol is distilled off and the solution evaporated. Alcohol -and water are added so that the fluid extract shall contain one per cent -of strychnine. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, 20 to 30 m.; pigs, 10 to 20 -m.; dogs, 1 to 2 m. - - -TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICAE--TINCTURE OF NUX VOMICA - -Made by solution of the extract of nux vomica, 20 in alcohol, and water -to make 1000. Standardized to contain 0.1 per cent strychnine. - - -STRYCHNINA--STRYCHNINE - -An alkaloid obtained from nux vomica, and also obtainable from other -plants of the natural order Loganiaceae. - -DERIVATION.--Nux vomica seeds are powdered and strychnine is extracted -with water acidulated with hydrochloric acid. The solution is -concentrated and strychnine precipitated with lime. It is then -redissolved in boiling alcohol and the crystals are deposited upon -concentration of the solution. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or a white -crystalline powder; odorless, having an intensely bitter taste, -perceptible even in solutions of 1 in 700,000. Strychnine should be -tasted with extreme caution. Permanent in the air, soluble in water, -alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzine and amyl alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as strychnine sulphate. - - -STRYCHNINAE SULPHAS--STRYCHNINE SULPHATE - -Made by the action of sulphuric acid on strychnine. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless or white, prismatic crystals, odorless and having -an intensely bitter taste. Efflorescent in dry air. Soluble in water and -alcohol. Almost soluble in ether. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ gr.; cattle, 1 to 3 gr.; sheep, ¹⁄₄ to ¹⁄₂ -gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₂₀ to ¹⁄₄₀ gr. The small doses are to be used when -strychnine is given subcutaneously. - -ACTIONS.--Nerve tonic, stomach tonic, stimulates respiration, secretion, -appetite and digestion; it increases peristalsis, stimulates both the -motor and inhibitory apparatus of the heart, and raises arterial tension -by stimulating the vaso-motor centers, thus contracting the arterioles, -though full doses relax the arterioles and thus lower blood pressure. - -Strychnine exalts all functions of the spinal cord, reflex, motor, -vaso-motor and sensory, the latter being the least affected; it does not -affect the brain directly. - -TOXICOLOGY.--Large doses cause trembling and twitching of the voluntary -and involuntary muscles with violent clonic spasms, lasting one or two -minutes, gradually getting more frequent and severe in form involving -the glottis, diaphragm and other muscles of respiration; causes death -usually from asphyxia. Very large doses may paralyze the cord as from a -blow, and cause almost instant death. - -USES.--Nux vomica or strychnine is indicated in any condition in which -there is a paralysis or depressed state of the nerves or nervous system; -atonic dyspepsia, broken wind, relaxed condition of the bowels due to -lack of tone, in small doses. - -In weak condition of the heart give with small doses of digitalis; it -stimulates sexual organs. Give it in convalescence from debilitating -diseases, also as an aid to recovery during their progress; in collapse -and for narcotic poisoning strychnine hypodermically in paralysis, -whether of limbs, intestines or bladder. - -In diarrhoea, due to lack of tone of muscular coat of the bowels -combined with astringents; for anaemia, strychnine combined with iron -and quinine; nervous coughs use strychnine with sedatives; also in -incontinuence of urine and chorea, in dogs after distemper. - -ANTIDOTE FOR STRYCHNINE POISONING.--Tannic acid or vegetables containing -it should be freely administered, for the tannate of strychnine which is -formed is very insoluble; an emetic or the stomach pump must be used -promptly. The tetanic spasms are best controlled by chloral hydrate or -very large doses of potassium bromide (2 dr. to ¹⁄₂ oz. for man) or 4 to -8 ounces for the horse as antidote for strychnine poisoning. Inhalations -of ether are also recommended. Chloral hydrate may be used per rectum or -intravenously. Inhalations of amyl nitrate are also of value. The -administration of melted lard seems to exert peculiar antidotal -properties to strychnine poisoning. As an emetic for dogs apomorphinae -hydrochloras ¹⁄₂₀ to ¹⁄₅ grain, given hypodermically, is the best and -may have to be pushed as emetics act tardily in poisoning by this drug. - - - - -OLEUM MORRHUAE--COD LIVER OIL - - -A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of cod fish. - -HABITAT.--North Atlantic Ocean. - -PROPERTIES.--A pale yellow, thin, oily liquid, having a peculiar -slightly fishy but not rancid odor, and a bland, slightly fishy taste. -Cod liver oil is often adulterated with the oil of other fish. Brown -oils are not desirable therapeutically. - -DOSE.--Horses, 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep, 1 oz.; pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 -oz.; dogs, 1 to 4 dr.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Nutrient, tonic and alterative; on account of its -biliary constituents is easily emulsified and digested. It is indicated -in all cases of malnutritions and where the digestive organs are weak; -also in animals recovering from debilitating diseases, such as distemper -and influenza. It is good in catarrh and bronchitis, as it appears to -furnish suitable material for repair of the inflamed mucous membranes. -Like other oils it relieves broken wind and is given to man in -consumption. It is particularly used for the smaller animals. It is -given to dogs and cats during distemper, also in eczema, epilepsy, -chorea, rickets and chronic rheumatism. - - - - -OLEUM OLIVAE--OLIVE OIL--SWEET OIL - - -A fixed oil expressed from the ripe fruit of Olea europaea Linne. It -should be kept in well stoppered bottles in a cool place. - -HABITAT.--Southern Europe and Asia. - -PROPERTIES.--A pale yellow, or light greenish-yellow, oily liquid, -having a slightly peculiar odor and a nutty oleaginous taste, with a -faintly acrid after-taste. Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but -readily soluble in ether and chloroform. - -DOSE.--As a laxative--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 pt.; dogs, 2 to 4 oz. - - - - -OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS--COTTON SEED OIL - - -A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gossypium herbaceum Linne and of -other species of Gossypium and subsequently purified. - -HABITAT.--Southern United States and other semitropical countries; -cultivated. - -PROPERTIES.--A pale yellow, oily liquid, without odor and having a bland -nut-like taste. Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble -in ether, chloroform or carbon disulphide. - -DOSE.--Same as olive oil. - -ACTION AND USES.--Both olive and cotton seed oil are laxative tonics, -demulcents and emollients. Sweet oil, not used internally to any extent, -but is used externally for soothing and healing irritated wounds. It may -be used in its pure state or be mixed with carbolic acid, 20 m. of the -carbolic acid to 4 oz. of sweet oil. - - - - -OLEUM RICINI--CASTOR OIL - - -DERIVATION.--Castor oil is expressed from the seeds of a plant (Ricinus -communis) which grows in the East Indies and Africa in the character of -a tree and rises sometimes thirty or forty feet. It also grows in the -temperate latitudes of North America and Europe. - -PROPERTIES.--Pure castor oil is a thick, viscid, colorless liquid, with -little or no odor and a mild though somewhat nauseous taste. - -ACTION AND USES.--Good castor oil is a mild and speedy cathartic, -usually operating within four to five hours with little griping or -uneasiness, and evacuating the contents of the bowels without much -increasing the alvine secretions. Hence it is particularly applicable to -constipation from collections of abnormally hard faeces, and to cases in -which irritating substances have been swallowed or irritating substances -have accumulated in the bowels. From its mildness it is also especially -adapted to diseases of the bowels, as colic, indigestion, diarrhoea, -dysentery and enteritis. It is also indicated in overloaded bowels in -pregnancy combined with anodynes and antispasmodics to prevent griping. -Castor oil in two or three ounce doses conjoined with gruel and five or -six drops of oil of peppermint is suitable for foals and calves affected -with gastro-intestinal disorders. Castor oil is specially applicable in -canine practice, to evacuate the bowels, and in irritated conditions of -the digestive tract, in ounce doses mixed with equal parts of glycerine -and adding two or three drops of oil of wintergreen. - -Castor oil may be given to horses in sixteen ounce doses conjoined with -oil of peppermint, twenty drops, or tincture opium, one ounce and -fluidextract of belladonna, one to two drachms, flour gruel, etc. - -Castor oil in one to two drachm doses is especially valuable for -poultry. - -Castor oil is used with equal success in the treatment of -gastro-intestinal disorders of cattle, sheep and pigs. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 12 to 16 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 6 oz.; dogs -and cats, ¹⁄₂ to 2 oz.; poultry, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr. - - - - - OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE--OIL OF TURPENTINE - Erroneously Called Spirits of Turpentine - - -DERIVATION.--A concrete oleo-resin from Pinus palustris Miller, and from -other species of Pinus. The oil is distilled, usually by the use of -steam, from the oleo-resin. - -HABITAT.--Southern United States, from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico. - -PROPERTIES.--A thin, colorless liquid, having a characteristic odor and -taste. Soluble in three times its volume of alcohol; also soluble in an -equal volume of glacial acetic acid. - -DOSE.--Carminative--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to -4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m. Best given in 8 to 10 times its bulk of cotton -seed oil, linseed oil or milk. Anthelmintic--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 -oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 4 dr. Diuretic--Horses -and cattle, 2 to 4 dr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -LINIMENTUM TERBINTHINAE--TURPENTINE LINIMENT - -Composed of resin cerate, 650 parts; oil of turpentine, 350 parts; melt -the resin cerate and add the oil of turpentine. - - -OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE RECTIFICATUM--RECTIFIED OIL OF TURPENTINE - -Made by slaking oil of turpentine with an equal volume of Solution of -Sodium Hydroxide, and distillation. - -PROPERTIES.--A thin, colorless liquid, having the same properties as oil -of turpentine and should be the one used for internal use. - - -DERIVATIVES OF TURPENTINE - - -TEREBENUM--TEREBENE - -Made by the action of sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine and by -distillation. - -PROPERTIES.--A colorless, or slightly yellowish, thin liquid, having a -rather agreeable thyme-like odor, and an aromatic, somewhat -terebinthinated taste. Only slightly soluble in water, but soluble in -three times its volume of alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 m. Dilute same as -oil of turpentine. - - -TERPINI HYDRAS--TERPIN HYDRATE - -The hydrate of the diatomic alcohol Terpin. - -DERIVATION.--Rectified oil of turpentine, alcohol and nitric acid are -mixed together in a shallow porcelain dish, and after three or four days -terpin hydrate crystallizes out. The crystals are collected, drained, -dried on absorbent paper and purified by recrystallization in alcohol. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, crystals, odorless, having a somewhat bitter -taste. Soluble in 200 parts of water, 10 parts of alcohol. - -ACTIONS.--Externally--Oil of turpentine is rubefacient, irritant and -counter-irritant; vesicant if rubbed in or confined, also a powerful -antiseptic and disinfectant; is absorbed by the unbroken skin. - -Internally--Is diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, -hemostatic and anthelmintic; it is irritant, and large undiluted doses -may cause gastro-enteritis and paralysis of nerve centers. - -USES.--In colic, both spasmodic and flatulent; for worms, give full -doses, septic fevers; gangrene of the lungs; catarrhal conditions, -pneumonia and bronchitis; as a diuretic, but others not as irritant are -better. - -For local gangrene remove the dead tissue and then apply the turpentine -direct to the affected parts by means of absorbent cotton or cloth -saturated with it; the offensive odor is removed and sloughing arrested. -For tape worm it is given with oleo-resin of aspidium, in oil. As an -inhalation in pulmonary diseases one-half ounce is added to three quarts -of boiling water. In two drachm doses every three hours, if frequently, -aborts suppuration in parotiditis of horses. In purpura haemorrhagica, -turpentine is a valuable medicine as a vaso-motor stimulant and -diuretic, given in two drachm doses every four hours with tincture -chloride of iron and linseed oil. - - - - -OLEUM TIGLII--CROTON OIL - - -A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Croton Tiglium Linne. - -HABITAT.--Asia, India, Indian Archipelago and Philippine Islands. - -PROPERTIES.--A pale yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat viscid, and -slightly fluorescent liquid, having a slight fatty odor, and a mild, -oily afterwards acrid and burning taste (great caution is necessary in -tasting). Specific gravity 0.935 to 0.950 at 25° C. (77° F.). - -CONSTITUENTS.--Crotonoleic acid is the purgative principal. A small -amount is free in the oil but it is mostly formed within the bowels. It -resembles acid of castor oil in its chemistry; crotonol is a -non-purgative body causing irritation of the skin; tiglinic acid and -other volatile acids existing as glycerides and accounting for the odor -of croton oil; it also contains free and combined fatty acids. - -DOSE.--Horses, 15 to 30 m.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to -10 m.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 m. - -ACTIONS.--It is a powerful irritant and pustulant, is a drastic -hydragogue cathartic; full doses cause gastro-enteritis and much -prostration; undiluted it seriously and deeply inflames the skin, -causing severe blemishes and by absorption it may cause fever and -superpurgation. The purgative action is probably due in part to direct -irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane; in part to absorption and -elimination of the purgative principle by the bowels. - -USES.--Cattle are the only animals for which it can be used with any -degree of safety; it can be used for dogs and pigs if used with great -caution. For horses and sheep it is too irritating and depressing; it is -used in cattle as an active hydragogue purgative when they suffer from -lodgment of fecal matter in the third stomach and other forms of -constipation, and from torpidity of the bowels. Should not be used in -debilitated, delicate or young animals. If an over-dose has been given -combat with demulcents, opium and stimulants. It should not be used as a -counter-irritant or applied to the skin in any form or for any purpose. -Croton oil (in a pint of linseed oil) is valuable in assisting the -action of salts in obstinate constipation of cattle. It may be given to -horses when a powerful derivative and purgative action is indicated, as -in acute inflammation of the brain and spinal cord with calomel and -aloes in a capsule. - - - - -OPIUM - - -DERIVATION.--The concrete, milky exudate obtained by incising the unripe -capsules of Papaver somniferum Linne, and yielding in its normal, moist -condition, not less than nine per cent of crystallized morphine when -assayed by the official process. Opium is imported from Turkey, Asia -Minor, Persia, India and Egypt. The Smyrna, or Turkey opium, is the more -common variety used in the United States. It occurs in irregular, -globular masses, covered with poppy leaves and capsules of a species of -dock, weighing from one-half to one pound. - -PROPERTIES.--In irregular, flattened, more or less rounded masses of -variable size, externally grayish-brown, covered with particles of poppy -leaves and with occasional fruits of a species of Rumex; more or less -plastic when fresh, but becoming hard on keeping; internally dark brown, -somewhat lustrous; odor strong, narcotic; taste bitter and -characteristic. It yields its medical properties to water, alcohol and -dilute acids, forming dark brown solutions. Ether extracts its -principles in part. - -CONSTITUENTS.--There are about nineteen or twenty alkaloids derived from -opium, but only a few are of any importance so far as their medical -value is concerned. - -DOSE.--Of the crude opium--Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; -sheep, 10 to 30 gr.; pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -OPII PULVIS--POWDERED OPIUM - -This is opium dried at a temperature not exceeding 85° C. (185° F.) and -powdered and should not contain less than 12 per cent nor more than -12¹⁄₂ per cent morphine. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ dr.; cattle, 1 to 3 dr.; sheep, 5 to 30 gr.; -pigs, 5 to 15 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₄ to 3 gr. - - -EXTRACTUM OPII--EXTRACT OF OPIUM - -Composed of powdered opium, 100 parts; distilled water, 1000 parts; -sugar of milk, a sufficient quantity. Made by trituration, filtration -and evaporation. Assayed to contain 20 per cent of morphine. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, 5 to 15 gr.; -pigs, 3 to 10 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₄ to 2 gr. - - -PULVIS IPECACUANHAE ET OPII--POWDER OF IPECAC AND OPIUM--DOVER’S POWDER - -Composed of ipecac, 10 parts; powdered opium, 10 parts; sugar of milk, -80. The most diaphoretic and expectorant compound of opium. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, 2 to 12 gr. - - -TINCTURA IPECACUANHAE ET OPII--TINCTURE OF IPECAC AND OPIUM--LIQUID -DOVER’S POWDER - -Composed of tincture of deodorized opium 100, evaporated to 80, fluid -extract of ipecac 10, diluted alcohol sufficient quantity to make 100. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, 3 to 12 m. - - - TINCTURA OPII--TINCTURE OF OPIUM - Popularly Known as Laudanum - -Composed of granulated opium, 100 parts; alcohol, 400 parts; water, 400 -parts; diluted alcohol to make 1000. Made by trituration, maceration -with precipitated calcium phosphate and percolation. Assayed and -standardized to contain between 1.2 and 1.25 gm. of morphine in 100 c. -c. - -DOSE.--Horses, 1 to 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 -dr.; dogs, 3 to 20 m. - - -TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA--CAMPHORATED TINCTURE OF OPIUM - - Well Known as Paregoric - -Composed of powdered opium, 4 parts; benzoic acid, 4 parts; camphor, 4 -parts; oil of anise, 4 parts; glycerine, 40 parts; diluted alcohol to -make 1000 parts. Made by maceration and filtration. - -DOSE.--Dogs, 1 to 4 dr.; puppies and cats, 2 to 10 m. - - -OPIUM DEODORATUM--DEODORIZED OPIUM - -Composed of powdered opium, 500 parts; purified petroleum, q. s. Made by -repeated maceration, agitation and percolation with purified petroleum -benzine. The petroleum benzine removes narcotic and odorous principles, -which cause nausea and disagreeable after-effects in opium. Contains 12 -to 12.5 per cent of morphine. - -DOSE.--Same as powdered opium. - - -VINUM OPII--WINE OF OPIUM - -Composed of opium, cloves, cinnamon and sherry wine. Recommended for -dogs suffering from diarrhoea. - -DOSE.--Same as the tincture of opium. - - -MORPHINA--MORPHINE - -An alkaloid obtained from opium. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless or white, shining prismatic crystals, or fine -needles, or crystalline powder; odorless and having a bitter taste; -permanent in the air; soluble in 3330 parts of water. The latter are -preferable owing to their greater solubility. - - -MORPHINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM--MORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE - -Morphine is stirred with hot distilled water, to which hydrochloric acid -is gradually added. Morphine hydrochlorate crystallizes out on cooling. - -PROPERTIES.--White silky, glistening needles or microcrystalline cubes, -or a white, crystalline powder, odorless and having a bitter taste; -permanent in the air. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether -and chloroform. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 3 to 10 gr.; sheep, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.; pigs, ¹⁄₁₀ -to ¹⁄₂ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₂ gr. About one-half of these doses for -hypodermic use. - - -MORPHINAE ACETAS--MORPHINE ACETATE - -Morphine is dissolved in acetic acid and water and the solution -evaporated and crystallized. - -PROPERTIES.--A white or faintly yellowish-white, crystalline, amorphous -powder, having a faint, acetous odor and bitter taste. Soluble in water -and alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as morphine hydrochloride. - - -MORPHINAE SULPHAS--MORPHINE SULPHATE - -Morphine is stirred into boiling distilled water; diluted sulphuric acid -is added until neutralization is attained, and the sulphate crystallizes -out on cooling. - -PROPERTIES.--White, feathery, acicular, silky crystals, or in cubical -masses, odorless, permanent in the air, and having a bitter taste. -Soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in chloroform and ether. - - -CODEINA--CODEINE - -An alkaloid obtained from opium by evaporation of the ammoniacal liquid, -after the precipitation of morphine. The residue is added to water, -precipitated by potassium hydrate, and redissolved in ether, from which -codeine crystallizes out on evaporation. - -PROPERTIES.--White or nearly translucent, orthorhombic prisms, -octahedral crystals, or a crystalline powder; odorless and having a -faintly bitter taste; slightly efflorescent in warm air. Soluble in -water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. - -DOSE.--Dogs, ¹⁄₄ to 1¹⁄₂ gr. - - -HEROIN--DIACETYLMORPHINE - -This drug is a derivative of morphine, and is now used extensively in -human medicine as a substitute for morphine and codeine. - -PROPERTIES.--White or colorless, crystalline powder, possessing a -slightly bitter taste. Insoluble in water, but readily soluble in weak -acidous solutions. Heroin hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder, -odorless, soluble in 2 parts of water. Heroin surpasses both morphine -and codeine therapeutically in many ways. It increases markedly the -inspiratory and expiratory force, while lessening the number of the -respiratory movements and exerts a special sedative influence on the -respiratory mucous membranes. The drug acts also as a general motor -depressant, hypnotic and analgesic, but is not comparable to morphine in -these respects. Heroin is about five times more toxic for dogs than -morphine. Heroin is particularly valuable in the treatment of all -varieties of coughs affecting the dog. The after-effects of small doses -are not as nauseating or constipating as morphine. - -Heroin can be given in powder, pill or tablet, the Heroin hydrochloride -in solution, every three or four hours. - -DOSE OF EITHER.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 2 gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂₄ to ¹⁄₆ gr. - -ACTIONS.--Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, -narcotic; also cardiac and respiratory depressant after primary brief -stimulation. - -MEDICAL DOSES.--It dries all secretions except the mammae and skin. The -latter being increased, it produces dryness of the mouth and throat, -arrests gastric secretions, retards digestion and causes anorexia (loss -of appetite); it stimulates the brain by increasing the blood supply; in -man it stimulates the mental activity, while in animals it stimulates -motor activity; it does not affect the conductivity of nerves, but it -prevents the consciousness to pain by paralyzing the nerve centers; the -action of the heart is increased and arterial tension is raised; the -pupil slightly contracted; the mind at first stimulated, becomes calm, -sleep follows, disturbed by dreams and headache; constipation and some -depression follows. - -LARGE DOSES.--Arrest digestion, cause nausea and vomiting, greatly -increase perspiration, prevents the conductivity of nerves, depresses -the heart and circulation, impairing oxidation and lowering temperature; -it contracts the pupil by stimulating the motor nerve of the eye (in -horses it dilates the pupil) and causes intense puritis (itching), -especially of the nose, often retention of the urine and soon profound -sleep; in some cases coma or delirium, leaving as after-effects nausea, -depression, constipation, vertigo, anorexia, nasal puritis and fetid -pathological secretions. - -_Morphine and codeine compared with the action of opium._ Morphine is -more anodyne and hypnotic; it causes more intense puritis (itching) is -less stimulant, less convulsant, less constipating and diaphoretic. - -Codeine is a motor paralyzant; it exalts the spinal cord more than -morphine and affects the cerebrum less, producing muscular tremors in -excess of sedation; it reduces the urinary sugar in diabetes and has a -selective sedative influence on the pneumogastric nerve, thus a better -sedative in cough. - -_Indications for the use of Opium_: - - 1. To relieve pain and spasm. - 2. To produce sleep. - 3. To abort inflammation. - 4. To check excessive secretions. - 5. To act as a stimulant and supporting agent. - 6. As a sudorific (not so active in animals as in man). - -Sulphuric ether administered with opium prevents its drying up effects -as well as the nauseating and depressing effects. Used for pain from any -cause except acute inflammation of the brain. Used in low fevers to -support the system when sufficient food cannot be taken, also in -irritation of bronchi, bladder, stomach and bowels, as well as the -uterus. - -In inflammation of the serous membranes which line the abdominal walls -(peritonitis) opium can be used freely; combined or alternated with -aconite and diuretics is very highly recommended and tends to prevent -dropsical conditions. - -In inflammation of the serous membrane investing lungs and lining the -thorax (pleurisy) opium and aconite will often arrest its development if -administered in its first stages. - -In diarrhoea and dysentery opium is said to be one of the best medicines -we have, it can be combined with acetate of lead, prepared chalk, etc. - -In inflammation of the bowels, owing to its effect in binding up the -bowels, belladonna alternated with aconite is preferred to opium. - -In colds administer Dover’s Powder, or opium, ammonium carbonate, -quinine sulphate and camphor. - -In spasmodic colic do not use opium, but give hypodermically three to -four grains of morphine sulphate; it is non-constipating; also use -anodynes, such as cannabis indica, hyoscyamus, etc., are preferable. - -In gastritis, opium conjoined with bismuth subnitrate and hydrastis. - -In eversion of the rectum or uterus, administer morphine hypodermically -to prevent straining. - -In muscular spasms opium is very effective. - -In cerebro-spinal meningitis opium should be administered early, before -exudation has set in, with belladonna and ergot, alternated with -aconite. - -In diabetes mellitus, codeine is said to be best, as it lessens the -amount of sugar in the urine and should be administered by the mouth; if -given hypodermically it exerts no influence on the sugar. - -In catarrhal diseases administer opium to lessen the discharge. - -In Thumps administer full doses of morphine subcutaneously. - -In inflammation of the eyes morphine sulphate is very efficient combined -with zinc sulphate and distilled water. - -TOXIC DOSES.--Produce cold clammy sweat, very slow heart, diminished -quantity of urine, abolished reflexes, coma, the pupil minutely -contracted (except in the horse) but dilated as the end approaches and -death by suspension of respiration, due to direct action of the poison -on the respiratory centers in the medulla. - -In case of poisoning. Emetics, stomach pump, permanganate of potassium, -grain for grain of morphine, or 10 to 15 grains dissolved in 8 ounces of -water, given by the mouth for large dogs, and 1 to 2 drachms of -permanganate of potassium in 2 or 3 pints of water for horses. -Artificial respiration, striking the body, keep patient moving, empty -bladder to prevent absorption. - - -APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDUM--APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE - -DERIVATION.--The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid, obtained by -heating morphine or codeine in hermetically closed tubes with an excess -of pure hydrochloric acid. - -PROPERTIES.--Minute, grayish-white, shining monoclinic prisms, without -odor, having a faintly bitter taste and acquiring a greenish tint upon -exposure to light and air. It should be kept in small, dark, -amber-colored vials. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform. - -DOSE.--As an emetic for dogs, ¹⁄₈ to ¹⁄₅ gr., by the mouth, and ¹⁄₂₀ to -¹⁄₁₀ gr., subcutaneously. - -DOSE.--As an expectorant, subcutaneously, horses, ³⁄₄ gr.; foals, ¹⁄₂ -gr.; cattle, 1¹⁄₂ gr.; sheep and calves, ¹⁄₂ gr.; dogs, ¹⁄₁₀ to ¹⁄₅ gr. -By the mouth, dogs, ¹⁄₄₀ to ¹⁄₂₅ gr. as an expectorant. - -ACTION AND USES.--It is a prompt and effectual emetic in animals that -vomit, acting on the vomiting centers. When ¹⁄₅ gr. dissolved in water -is swallowed by either man or dog repeated vomiting occurs, but is not -followed by so much nausea as usually follows the use of tartar emetic. -Increases bronchial, intestinal and pancreatic secretions. Chronic dry -bronchitis of dogs is benefited by apomorphine. In pica cattle, 1¹⁄₂ -gr. may be given on three consecutive days, or in recent cases, 3 gr. -are given subcutaneously in the same way. It relieves choking in animals -by its relaxing spasm and increasing secretion of the gullet. -Three-quarters of a grain may be injected under the skin in horses. It -should be tried before using a probang, as, if successful, it will act -within fifteen or twenty minutes. The alkaloid decomposes in crystal and -rapidly in solution, becoming toxic and of a green hue. Solutions should -be freshly prepared. - - - - -PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM--LIQUID PETROLATUM - - -DERIVATION.--A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marshgas series, -obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from -petroleum and purifying the residue when it has the desired consistence. - -PROPERTIES.--A colorless, or more or less yellowish, oily transparent -liquid without odor or taste; or giving off, when heated, a faint odor -of petroleum. Insoluble in water; scarcely soluble in cold or hot -alcohol, or cold absolute alcohol; but soluble in ether, chloroform, -carbon disulphide, oil of turpentine, benzine, benzol and fixed and -volatile oils. - - -PETROLATUM--VASELINE--COSMOLINE - -DERIVATION.--A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the marshgas series, -obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from -petroleum and purifying the residue when it has reached the desired -melting point. - -PROPERTIES.--A fat-like mass of about the consistence of an ointment -varying in color from yellowish to light amber, having not more than a -slight fluorescence, even after being melted; transparent in thin -layers, completely amorphous and without odor or taste, or giving off -when heated a faint odor of petroleum. In other respects soft petrolatum -has the solubility of liquid petrolatum. - - -PETROLATUM ALBUM--WHITE PETROLATUM - -DERIVATION.--A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of the methane series, -obtained by distilling off the lighter and more volatile portions from -petroleum and purifying the residue. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, unctuous mass, of about the consistency of an -ointment, transparent in thin layers, completely amorphous; without odor -or taste. Otherwise it resembles, in solubility, petrolatum. - -ACTION.--All preparations of petrolatum are valuable emollients. They -soothe, protect and soften parts to which they are applied and are -superior to animal or vegetable fats or oils in not becoming rancid. - -USES.--Petrolatum may be used alone, or as an excipient in the -preparation of ointments, but does not aid the absorption of drugs (as -do alcohol, glycerine, chloroform, animal oils and fats), for it is not -itself absorbed even when administered internally. Petrolatum exerts a -demulcent action upon the mucous membrane of the alimentary tract, and -may be prescribed in electuary or capsule in inflammation thereof. -Liquid petrolatum is useful given internally in piles (dogs one-half -ounce twice daily) to soften the feces. It is also very serviceable with -menthol and camphor (equal parts, fifteen grains to one ounce) dropped -in the nostrils (with a medicine dropper) for dogs with acute nasal -catarrh. Petrolatum is sold universally under the proprietary names of -vaseline and cosmoline, and is often combined with antiseptics for -medical and surgical purposes in skin diseases and upon inflamed mucous -membranes, blisters and abraded surfaces and sores. It is one of the -most useful agents in lubricating instruments, protecting metal from -rust, and is sometimes employed as a vehicle for electuaries. It should -not be used as a base for blisters or other ointments where absorption -is desired. - - - - -PIX LIQUIDA--TAR - - -An empyreumatic oleo-resin obtained by the destructive distillation of -the wood of various species of pines, especially that of Pinus -palustris. - -HABITAT.--United States. - -PROPERTIES.--Thick, viscid, semi-fluid, blackish-brown; heavier than -water, transparent, in thin layers, becoming granular and opaque with -age; odor empyreumatic terebinthinated; taste sharp empyreumatic. Tar is -slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, fixed or volatile oils -and solutions of potassium or sodium hydrate. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Oil of turpentine; methylic alcohol; creosote; guaiacol; -phenol; pyrocatechin; toluol; xylol; acetic acid; acetone; resins. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; -dogs, ¹⁄₄ to 1 dr. Oil of tar should be diluted with alcohol, glycerine, -syrup or mucilage. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDAE--TAR OINTMENT - -Composed of tar, 500; yellow wax, 150; lard, 350. - -Used alone as a healing ointment or as a base. - - -OLEUM PICIS LIQUIDAE--OIL OF TAR - -A volatile oil distilled from tar. - -PROPERTIES.--An almost colorless liquid when freshly distilled, but soon -acquiring a dull, reddish brown color, and having a strong tarry odor -and taste. Soluble in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, -¹⁄₂ to 2 dr. - -ACTIONS.--Internally, is an antiseptic stimulant expectorant. -Externally, it is rubefacient and if continually rubbed in may cause -papules and pustules. - -USES.--Tar or the oil is commonly used in cough mixtures and in -subacute and chronic bronchitis. By inhalation (which is done by pouring -tar on a heated shovel or a shovel containing live coals or by adding a -pint of tar to a gallon of water, heating the mixture by placing hot -bricks or stones in the solution) either method is excellent for its -local antiseptic and stimulating effects in the various catarrhal -diseases; bronchitis, distemper, strangles, etc. Care should be used so -that the vapor be not inhaled too hot. - -Externally, it is a very useful agent in various skin diseases, both -parasitic and non-parasitic; for this the official ointment may be used, -or if used on a large surface on dogs it should be diluted with an equal -amount of zinc ointment. - - - - -PLUMBI OXIDUM--LEAD OXIDE - - -DERIVATION.--Made by roasting lead in the air. - -PROPERTIES.--A heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow powder, or minute -scales, without odor or taste. Almost insoluble in water; insoluble in -alcohol. Lead oxide is only valuable for its preparations. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -PLUMBI ACETAS--LEAD ACETATE--SUGAR OF LEAD - -DERIVATION.--Heat lead oxide in acetic acid and water. Lead acetate -crystallizes on cooling. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, shining, transparent; monoclinic prisms or -plates, or heavy, white crystalline masses, or granular crystals, having -a faintly acetous odor and a sweetish, astringent, afterwards metallic -taste. Efflorescent and absorbing carbon dioxide on exposure to the air. -Soluble in two parts of water and in thirty parts of alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 20 gr.; -dogs, 1 to 2 gr. Given in capsule or solution. - - -LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS--SOLUTION OF LEAD SUBACETATE--GOULARD’S -EXTRACT - -An aqueous liquid, containing in solution about 25 per cent of lead -subacetate. - -DERIVATION.--Made from acetate of lead, 180 parts; oxide of lead, 110 -parts; boiled together in water to make 1000 parts. - -PROPERTIES.--A dense, clear colorless liquid, sweet, astringent taste, -decomposed by exposure to the air. - -ACTIONS.--The lead compounds are powerful astringents, haemostatics, -styptics, anodynes, local sedatives and desiccants; they coagulate -albumen and form a protective coat, also contract small vessels. In -large or continued doses they irritate, then paralyze voluntary and -involuntary muscles, and also the central nervous system. - -USES.--Plumbi acetate is administered internally to check haemorrhages, -especially of the stomach and lungs, has been used in purpura in horses -with varying results; it is said to be very good in red water of cattle; -also used in diabetes insipidus; for diarrhoea, lead acetate with opium -is very good, also in dysentery, chronic scouring and bronchorrhoea; it -is occasionally prescribed as a gargle. - -Externally used in solution to check superficial inflammation; used on -burns, bruises and ulcers, also to cool and relieve strained and -inflamed tendons and joints, it is also used as a wash to abate the -itching of nettle-rash and erythema and other skin diseases; also -serviceable in eczema and grease-heel; used in eye wash but should not -be used when there is an abrasion of the cornea, as insoluble compounds -are formed; the acetate may be used as an ointment or powder or in -solution dissolved in twenty to forty parts water, a little vinegar or -acetic acid increases its solubility; it is used in white lotion -combined with zinc sulphate and water. - -Goulard’s Extract, four ounces to a pint of water, is used for sprains, -bruises, cuts, burns, scratches, grease-heel, etc. For painful -affections, tincture of opium, four to six ounces to one pint, or -belladonna, two ounces to the pint, are added. Goulard’s Extract, one -part, lard oil, four parts, makes a good dressing for blistered or -bruised surfaces, grease-heel and other ailments of that class; for skin -diseases, eczema, canker of ear in dog, etc. - - - - -POTASSII ACETAS--POTASSIUM ACETATE - - -DERIVATION.--Add acetic acid in excess to potassium carbonate. Evaporate -to dryness and fuse residue. - -PROPERTIES.--White, deliquescent, satiny, neutral masses of a peculiar -odor; also in a granular form. Soluble in water and alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 20 gr. - - -POTASSII CITRAS--POTASSIUM CITRATE - -DERIVATION.--Neutralize potassium carbonate with a solution of citric -acid and evaporate to dryness. - -PROPERTIES.--White, granular, deliquescent powder, saline taste, neutral -reaction. Soluble in water. - -DOSE.--Same as potassium acetate. - -ACTIONS.--Potassium acetate and citrate are the least irritant to the -stomach of all the potassium salts. They are neutral and have no action -on the gastric juice: are not antacid. They are changed into the -carbonate of potassium and as such circulate in the blood. Are powerful -direct diuretics, stimulate the renal cells direct and increase both the -water and the solids of the urine, also diaphoretic; the citrate more -than the acetate. They have a slight depressing action on the heart, and -slightly expectorant. - -USES.--Potassium acetate and citrate are indicated in irritation or -inflammation of the kidneys and bladder and cause absorption of -exudations (pleural effusion, for example) through their diuretic power. -They are sometimes prescribed in fever on account of slight diaphoretic -and powerful diuretic properties. They also stimulate bronchial -secretions and make it thinner and are recommended accordingly in -bronchitis. They are used in gouty conditions, Bright’s disease, fevers -of all kinds, azoturia, dropsical conditions, pleurisy, ascites oedema -of the legs, sheath, udder, etc., combined with tonics, as iron, etc. - - -POTASSII BROMIDUM--POTASSIUM BROMIDE - -DERIVATION.--Potassium bromide may be obtained by adding a slight excess -of bromide to a strong solution of potassium hydroxide, evaporating the -potassium bromide and bromate to dryness, decomposing the bromate by -fusing the mixture with charcoal and purifying the crystallization. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or granules; -odorless and having a strong saline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble -in about fifteen parts of water and in about one hundred and eighty -parts of alcohol. - - -SODII BROMIDUM--SODIUM BROMIDE - -DERIVATION.--Sodium bromide may be obtained in the same manner as -potassium bromide, sodium hydroxide being used in place of potassium -hydroxide. - -PROPERTIES.--It occurs in colorless or white, cubical crystals, or a -white, granular powder, odorless and having a saline, bitter taste. The -salt absorbs moisture from the air without deliquescing. Soluble in one -and seven-tenths parts of water and in twelve and a half parts of -alcohol. - -ACTION OF POTASSIUM AND SODIUM BROMIDE.--They are distinguished -depressants of the cerebral and spinal functions, also hypnotic, -anaphrodisiac, antispasmodic and alterative. The bromide of potash, like -all other potassium salts, is especially a cardiac and muscular -paralyzant. They are very diffusible and slowly eliminated; long -continued doses produce gastric catarrh. They reduce the number of -respirations and the heart’s action and force; lessen activity of brain -cells, producing sleep; diminish sensibility of peripheral nerves, -causing anesthesia of the skin and mucous membrane. - -USES.--The bromides, being particularly useful in the treatment of -functional nervous diseases, do not possess nearly the value in -veterinary medicine that they have in human practice. Consequently their -use is limited mainly to canine disorders, as bromides have little -influence upon diseases of horses. They are sometimes used as sedatives -to the nervous system, to lower reflex activity, to produce sleep, to -subdue excitement of the genital apparatus and to antagonize congestion -of the brain. Used extensively in fits of dogs, twenty or thirty grain -doses of the bromide of potash or bromide of soda dissolved in a -tablespoonful of water; may be used per rectum if necessary in any -convulsive or spasmodic condition. In strychnine poisoning, the bromide -of potash may be used as an antidote in place of chloral hydrate or -conjoined with it. - -DOSES.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, -5 to 60 gr.; average dose, 20 gr. - - -POTASSII CARBONAS--POTASSIUM CARBONATE--SALTS OF TARTAR - -DERIVATION.--The solution resulting from the lixiviation of wood ashes -is boiled to dryness and the resultant mass is the potash of commerce. -This is purified to some extent by burning in ovens, forming pearlash, a -mixture of the hydrate and carbonate. Water dissolves mainly the -carbonate which is obtained by evaporation of the aqueous solution. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, granular powder, odorless and having a strongly -alkaline taste; very deliquescent. Soluble in water; insoluble in -alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 20 gr. - - -POTASSII BICARBONAS--POTASSIUM BICARBONATE - -DERIVATION.--Potassium bicarbonate is obtained by saturating a strong -aqueous solution of potassium carbonate and carbonic anhydride. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, odorless and -having a saline and slightly alkaline taste. Permanent in the air. -Soluble in water. Almost soluble in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as potassium carbonate. - -ACTION AND USES.--They stimulate the production of gastric juice when -administered before meals with bitter tonics, or after meals to overcome -excessive acidity of the stomach; used in rheumatism and gouty condition -to make blood alkaline and overcome lactic acid. Useful as an antacid in -nettle-rash and other itching skin diseases. Internally and externally -as a mild wash, two to four drachms to the pint. A solution of the same -strength is injected to overcome acidity of the uterus in leucorrhoea, -etc. Calculus made up of ammonium, magnesium and phosphates occur in the -bladder and urethra of highly fed rams and wethers. For this use -potassium bicarbonate one-half to one drachm, well diluted, conjoined -with laxative diet and belladonna to dilate urethra; it is less certain -as a diuretic than the acetate or nitrate of potassium. - - -POTASSII HYDROXIDUM--POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE--CAUSTIC POTASH - -DERIVATION.--A solution hydrate is evaporated, and this is fused and run -into moulds. - -PROPERTIES.--White, translucent pencils or fused masses, hard and -brittle, showing a crystalline fracture; odorless or having a faint odor -of lye and a very acid and caustic taste. Very deliquescent in air. -Soluble in water and alcohol. - -Not used in this form to any extent. - - -LIQUOR POTASSII HYDROXIDI--SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE - -A solution of potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) containing about five -per cent of the hydroxide. - -DERIVATION.--Boiling a solution of potassium carbonate with calcium -hydrate leaves potassium hydrate in solution, while calcium carbonate is -precipitated. - -PROPERTIES.--A clean, clear colored liquid, odorless, having a very -acrid and caustic taste. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 10 m. - -ACTION AND USES.--Externally potassium hydroxide and the solution of -potassium hydroxide are irritant and caustic, when applied they abstract -water from the parts. They dissolve fatty matters, antacids and if well -diluted acts as a sedative. Internally not used to any extent, as milder -salts of potassium are preferred, is antacid, alterative, febrifuge and -diuretic. Large undiluted doses corrode and inflame the alimentary -tract, cause colicy pains, great depression and sometimes perforations. -Caustic potash is sometimes used to destroy warts and fungous growths. A -dilute solution is used to cauterize poisoned wounds, but is dangerous, -as it may penetrate too deeply and spread. This can be overcome by -washing with vinegar. - - -POTASSII IODIDUM--POTASSIUM IODIDE - -DERIVATION.--Potassium iodide may be prepared in the same manner as -potassium bromide iodine, being used in place of bromine. - -PROPERTIES.--It is a colorless, transparent, translucent, or opaque -white, cubical crystals, or white granular powder, having a peculiar, -faint, iodine-like odor and a pungent, saline, afterwards bitter, taste. -Permanent in dry air and but slightly deliquescent in moist air. Soluble -in 0.7 parts of water, and in about 12 parts of alcohol at 77° F., in -0.5 parts of boiling water, in 6 parts of boiling alcohol; also soluble -in 2.5 parts of glycerine. - -ACTIONS.--Potassium iodide closely resembles iodine but is less -powerful and devoid of local irritant action. Medical doses are -antiseptic, desquamatic, deobstruent, expectorant, alterative and -diuretic. It stimulates the lymphatic system. It is readily soluble, and -is quickly absorbed in the tissues, where it undergoes decomposition; -the iodine, when liberated, apparently combines with albuminoids and -acts specially on the lymphatic glands and vessels, modifying nutrition, -hastening metabolism and promoting absorption. It is doubtless in this -way that it also unites with lead and mercury deposited in the tissues, -renders them soluble, carries them into the circulation and causes their -elimination. - -It is quickly excreted by the mucus and skin surfaces, but chiefly by -the kidneys. - -USES.--Potassium iodide is useful in promoting absorption of enlarged -lymphatic glands, and its action should be assisted by the application -of iodine or red iodide of mercury externally. Potassium iodide in small -doses diminishes congestion and increases the fluidity and amount of -secretions in acute laryngitis, acute and subacute bronchitis, and -appears to possess an alterative action in improving the condition and -nutrition of the bronchial mucous membranes. It is also of some value in -asthma, pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis, unassociated with -copious secretion. Chronic pleuritis, pericarditis and ascites are -treated with potassium iodide, which assists absorption and occasionally -exerts a diuretic effect. Tardy resolution of pneumonia consolidation is -hastened by potassium iodide. Endocarditis with cardiac hypertrophy is -said to be benefited by potassium iodide and digitalis. - -Champignon, or scirrhous cord in horses, is sometimes cured by the -sorbefacient powers of potassium iodide in full doses. Potassium iodide -is of value in goiter of dogs, calves and sheep when tincture of iodine -is used externally. “Roaring” and “thick wind” may be cured by the -administration of potassium iodide. It is the best medicine known for -actinomycosis. Potassium iodide has a clinical reputation for its power -to aid absorption and resolution in inflammation or effusions of the -brain or spinal cord, in paralysis of the body or limbs and inflammation -of the membranes covering the brain. - -DOSES.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, 3 to 6 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 -gr.; dogs, 1 to 10 gr. - -It should be given to the larger animals in doses of three drachms -daily, until iodism appears, which shows itself by loss of appetite, an -irritable, catarrhal condition of the mucous membranes of the nostrils, -eyes, throat and digestive organs, a vesicular skin eruption, abstinence -from water, diminished secretions of urine, temperature elevated and -emaciation. - - -POTASSII NITRAS--POTASSIUM NITRATE--NITRATE OF POTASH--NITER--SALTPETRE - -DERIVATION.--Nitrate of potash may be obtained by purifying crude niter, -or by the interaction of sodium nitrate and potassium chloride. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, six-sided, rhombic prisms, or a -crystalline powder, odorless and having a cooling, saline and pungent -taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in -alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 6 dr.; dogs, -5 to 20 gr. - -ACTIONS.--Large doses irritate the stomach, bowels and kidneys; medical -doses are alterative, febrifuge, diuretic and feebly laxative. Excreted -by the bronchial glands, skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of -these organs; is a cardiac depressant and mild refrigerant and -diaphoretic. - -Nitrate of potash is more frequently prescribed than any other potash -salt in veterinary medicine, and is commonly considered one of the best -febrifuges. Its only service in fevers is as a diuretic. - -USES.--In certain febrile conditions; in oedema of legs should be -combined with digitalis and general tonics. For dropsical conditions the -acetate and citrate are better. - -Nitrate of potash is highly recommended in acute laminitis, two to four -ounces once or twice daily is given by some veterinarians. - - -POTASSII CHLORAS--POTASSIUM CHLORATE - -DERIVATION.--Pass chlorine into a mixture of potassium carbonate and -calcium hydrate; dissolve the result in boiling water and recover the -chlorate by crystallization. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms or plates, or white -powder, odorless, having a cooling, saline taste. Permanent in the air. -Soluble in water. Insoluble in absolute alcohol, but slightly soluble in -mixtures of alcohol and water. Explodes readily when rubbed with sugar, -sulphur, charcoal, glycerine and many other substances. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 dr.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 20 gr. - -ACTION.--Chlorate of potash is antiseptic, antacid, alterative, -sialagogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac depressant; irritant to the -gastro-intestinal tract and kidneys. Externally, antiseptic, mild -stimulant and refrigerant. Is a protoplasmic poison, as is the nitrate; -disintegrates the red blood corpuscles. - -USES.--Chlorate of potash is valuable as a wash or gargle, it stimulates -the salivary and buccal glands, moistening the dry, parched mouth. It -soothes and heals aphthous eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth and -throat; while in catarrh, sore throat and bronchitis it thins the -secretions and promotes expectoration. Like other salines, in febrile -and inflammatory diseases, whether in horses or cattle, it is believed -to lower pulse and temperature, clean the tongue, improve appetite, -gently stimulate the bowels and render the evacuations more natural and -less coated with mucus. It is frequently prescribed with good results in -horses suffering from catarrhal conditions of the bowels. In epizootic -catarrh, purpura, it is very beneficial prescribed with iron salts, as -it increases the coagulability of the blood. It is also prescribed with -other salines, bitter tonics or stimulants. Most animals of their own -accord will take an ounce daily, dissolved in their drinking water or -gruel. Pine tar is a soothing electuary for sore throat, it is conjoined -with camphor, belladonna and treacle. - - -POTASSII BITARTRAS--POTASSIUM BITARTRATE--CREAM OF TARTAR - -DERIVATION.--Obtained from crude tartar deposited on the sides of wine -casks during fermentation of grape juice, by purification. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic crystals, or a white, -somewhat gritty powder; odorless and having a pleasant, acidulous taste. -Permanent in the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in -alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; -dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr. - -ACTIONS.--Potassium bitartrate is a non-irritating purgative in large -doses. It is a hydragogue cathartic and has a strong affinity for water; -abstracting it from the blood vessels in the bowels, holding the same in -solution and thus flushing out the intestines. - -USES.--Is used for liver disease, chronic constipation, skin disease and -as a refrigerant in febrile conditions. It should be given in solution -and is useful in dropsies, more particularly of renal origin; also in -catarrhal jaundice, and as a laxative for foals and calves. In cases -where the urine of the horse is thick, stringy and high colored, it will -cause it to regain its normal state. It may easily be administered in -either food or drinking water, and its diuretic effect is enhanced when -given with a large amount of water. - - -POTASSII PERMANGANAS--POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE--PERMANGANATE OF POTASH - -ORIGIN.--Potassium permanganate may be obtained by the interaction of -potassium chlorate, potassium hydroxide and manganese dioxide. - -ACTIONS.--Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and -readily yields up its oxygen in the form of ozone; hence it is an -antiseptic and deodorizer. Full strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted -it is astringent. - -USES.--Potassium permanganate is advantageously used to deodorize and -disinfect foul smelling wounds, the nostrils in eczema, nasal gleet, the -mouth in aphthae, throat when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in -metritis, retention of placenta and leucorrhoea. It is sometimes given -internally in puerperal, erysipelas and septicaemia, also to cleanse -hands or instruments. Potassium permanganate is used as a prophylactic -in solutions of one in five thousand in poultry. - -Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizant much more freely upon some -organic substances than upon others, by virtue of which fact it is a -valuable antidote, notably in the treatment of morphine-poisoning and of -snake-poisoning. In the former condition it acts only upon the alkaloid -in the stomach, but should be given frequently during the continuance of -the symptoms in order to destroy any morphine which may have been -eliminated from the blood into the stomach. In snake-poisoning a -concentrated solution of it should be injected freely and immediately -into the part which has been bitten. Potassium permanganate is one of -the best medicines with which to sterilize the hands before operating. A -saturated solution is used for this purpose and the stains may be -removed from the hands by washing them in saturated solution of oxalic -acid, or in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 15 gr. to 1 dr. in one pint of water; sheep -and pigs, 5 to 10 gr. in half pint of water; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₂ to 11 -gr. in capsule with kaolin. For poultry it should be diluted one part to -five thousand parts of water. - -As an antiseptic and deodorizer for disinfecting newly cut or old foul -smelling wounds and for surgical purposes one drachm to half an ounce of -the drug to one pint of water. - -As an eye wash use about one in two thousand to one in one thousand. - -For uterine injections use one in five thousand to one in two thousand. - -As an antidote for opium, morphine or weed-poisoning it can be -administered by the mouth or hypodermically. When given for these -purposes the amount of potassium permanganate should equal that of the -poison taken. - - - - -QUSSIA--BITTER WOOD - - -Qussia is obtained from chips or shavings from a tall tree 70 to 100 -feet high. - -HABITAT.--Jamaica and other West Indian Islands. - -PROPERTIES.--Qussia has no odor, but an intensely bitter taste, -dependent on a neutral crystalline principle, quassin. There is also a -volatile oil, but no tannin. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -EXTRACTUM QUASSIAE--EXTRACT OF QUSSIA - -Made by percolation with water, boiling and evaporation to pilular -consistence. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 to 30 gr.; -dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 gr. - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM QUASSIAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF QUSSIA - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water and -evaporation. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, -15 m. to 1 dr. - - -TINCTURE QUSSIAE--TINCTURE OF QUSSIA - -Made by maceration and percolation of qussia, 200 parts; with alcohol -and water to make 1000. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; -dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Qussia is a bitter stomachic and tonic. It resembles -gentian and calumba. It is prescribed for the several domestic animals -in dyspepsia, loss of appetite and convalescence from debilitating -disorders. Qussia is the most efficient vermicide in our possession for -the destruction of Oxyuris curvula, horse; and O. vermicularis, dog, in -the lower bowel. An infusion is employed for this purpose, made by -soaking qussia chips in cold water (two drachms of the qussia to one -pint of water) for half an hour. The rectum should be first thoroughly -washed out with soap and water and one-half pint of this infusion is -given in enema to dogs; two quarts to horses. The infusion is a narcotic -poison for flies and other insects. - - -JALAPA--JALAP - -The dried tuberous roots of Exogonium Purga Bentham, yielding not less -than eight per cent of total resin, but not more than one and a half per -cent of the resin soluble in ether. - -HABITAT.--Southern United States and Mexico. - -PROPERTIES.--The root is dark brown, with numerous concentric circles -composed of small resin cells; fracture resinous, lustrous, not fibrous; -odor slight, but peculiar, smoky and sweetish; taste sweetish and acrid. - -DOSE.--Pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.; cats, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr. - - -RESINA JALAPA--RESIN OF JALAP - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, partial distillation; -precipitation with water; washing and drying. - -PROPERTIES.--Yellowish-brown powder, having a slight, peculiar odor, and -a somewhat acrid taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in alcohol, ether, -fixed and volatile oils. - -DOSE.--Pigs, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 gr.; cats, 5 to 15 gr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Jalap is a hydragogue cathartic, a vermifuge and -cholagogue. By adding calomel to jalap its power is increased; jalap is -more active than senna, but is less powerful and irritating than gamboge -or podophyllum. Jalap may be given to expel round and thread worms; in -torpidity of the liver, and in chronic constipation in dogs. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -PULVIS JALAPA COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND POWDER OF JALAP - -Composed of jalap, 35 parts; potassium bitartrate, to make 100. - -DOSE.--Dogs, 15 to 30 gr. - - - - -RHAMNUS PURSHIANA--CASCARA SAGRADA--CALIFORNIA BUCKTHORN--CHITTEM BARK - - -The bark of Rhamnus Persiana de Candolle (nat. ord. Rhamnaceae). -Collected at least one year before being used. - -HABITAT.--United States from Northern Idaho west to the Pacific Ocean. - -PROPERTIES.--Externally the bark is reddish-brown. Internally yellowish -to light brownish, becoming dark with age. Odor distinct; taste bitter -and slightly acrid. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Three resins; a neutral body; a volatile oil; malic and -tannic acids. - -DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 gr.; cats, 1 to 5 gr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANAE--FLUIDEXTRACT OF RHAMNUS PURSHIANA - -Made by maceration and percolation with diluted alcohol, and -evaporation. - -DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 m.; cats, 1 to 5 m. - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANA AROMATICUM--AROMATIC FLUIDEXTRACT OF -CASCARA SAGRADA - -DOSE.--Dogs, 5 to 30 m.; cats, 1 to 5 m. - -ACTION AND USES.--Used as a non-irritant tonic laxative or cathartic; -small doses are stomachic; to overcome chronic constipation, give small -repeated doses; very useful in canine practice. The aromatic -fluidextract is the best preparation, and is occasionally given to dogs -and cats with castor oil. - - -RHEUM--RHUBARB - -The dried roots of Rheum, of which there are several species. - -HABITAT.--China and Thibet. - -PROPERTIES.--When powdered it is of a bright orange-yellow, odor -characteristic; taste bitter, astringent; gritty when chewed. - -DOSE.--As a stomachic--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep, 1 dr.; -dogs and cats, 5 to 10 gr. - -As a mild purgative--Foals and calves, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs and cats, ¹⁄₂ to -2 dr.; poultry, 5 to 10 gr., in pill. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF RHUBARB - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol and water, and -evaporated. - -DOSE.--Same as that of rhubarb. - - -PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS--COMPOUND POWDER OF RHUBARB--GREGORY’S POWDER - -Composed of rhubarb, 25 parts; magnesia, 65 parts; ginger, to make 100. - -DOSE.--Foals and calves, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 dr. - - -TINCTURE RHEI AROMATICA--AROMATIC TINCTURE OF RHUBARB - -Composed of rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg. - -DOSE.--Calves, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; foals, 2 to 6 dr.; sheep, 4 dr. to 1 oz.; -lambs, ¹⁄₂ to 2 dr.; dogs, ¹⁄₂ to 3 dr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Rhubarb is a stomachic, tonic, astringent, mildly -cathartic and cholagogue. Rhubarb is useful where there is a lack of -tone to the bowels; used in diarrhoea in small doses, for its -stimulating tonic action; as a laxative in large doses or may be -combined with other laxatives, to prevent griping in milk-fed animals, -or may be combined with bismuth, opium or sulphuric acid, to stop -diarrhoea; as a laxative or purgative. The fluidextract or powdered root -may be combined with calomel, jalap, etc. - - - - -SALICINUM--SALICIN - - -A neutral principle (glucoside) obtained from several species of the -willow and poplar tree. - -HABITAT.--Europe, but cultivated in North America. - -DERIVATION.--Obtained from a decoction of willow bark. Salicin -crystallizes on evaporation, after removal of tannin by agitation with -lead oxide. It is purified by repeated solution and crystallization. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, silky, shining crystalline needle, or colorless -crystalline powder; odorless, and having a very bitter taste. Permanent -in air. Soluble in 28 parts of water and 30 parts of alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 to 4 dr.; pigs, ¹⁄₂ -to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr. - -ACTIONS.--Bitter tonic, antipyretic, antiferment and antiseptic, -somewhat antiperiodic resembling quinine in its actions, but not as -powerful. - -USES.--Used in febrile conditions about the same as quinine, its chief -use is in acute rheumatism, for which it is a very good remedy; as a -diaphoretic is used in large doses. - - - - -SINAPIS ALBA--WHITE MUSTARD - - -DERIVATION.--The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis alba Linne. - -HABITAT.--Southern Europe and Asia; cultivated in temperate climates. - -DESCRIPTION.--Globular, with a circular hilum; shell yellowish, finely -pitted, hard; embryo oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one -folded over the other; free from starch; inodorous; taste pungent and -acrid. - -DOSE.--Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 -dr.; dogs, 10 to 15 gr. - - - - -SINAPIS NIGRA--BLACK MUSTARD - - -DERIVATION.--The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis Nigra Linne. - -HABITAT.--Same as White Mustard. - -DESCRIPTION.--Globular, with a circular hilum; shell blackish-brown, or -grayish-brown, finely pitted, hard; embryo oily, with curved radicle and -two cotyledons, one folded over the other; free from starch; inodorous -when dry, but when triturated with water, of a pungent, penetrating, -irritating odor; taste pungent and acrid. - -CONSTITUENTS.--In the presence of water the latter converts the former -into the acrid, volatile, official oil of mustard. - -DOSE.--Same as white mustard. Commercial form of mustard is a mixture of -black and white mustard, and constitutes Sinapis. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE--VOLATILE OIL OF MUSTARD - -DERIVATION.--A volatile oil obtained from black mustard by maceration -with water and subsequent distillation. - -PROPERTIES.--A colorless or pale yellow, and strongly refractive liquid, -having a very pungent and acrid odor and taste. Freely soluble in -alcohol, ether or carbon disulphide, the solution being neutral to -litmus paper. Specific gravity 1.013 to 1.020. - -ACTIONS.--Is irritant or counter-irritant, rubefacient, vesicant or -suppurant, according to the manner in which it is used; it acts much -quicker than cantharides, but its action is not so prolonged; the paste -made with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces its effects -within twenty minutes; in two to six hours vesication occurs, pustules -may occur where the paste is used very strong or closely repeated, or -too much has been used. - -The volatile oil of mustard is a very powerful vesicant and acts very -quickly. - -USES.--It is used as a counter-irritant in laryngitis, pharyngitis, -bronchitis, pneumonia and pleurisy, or wherever a counter-irritant is -indicated; applied in the early congested stages it lessens the pain and -relieves difficult breathing, besides reflexly limiting the amount of -blood in the parts; it thus limits or decreases the inflammatory action; -also useful in the exudative stages of these diseases; to promote the -absorption of the exudate and thus hasten resolution, or where these -diseases remain dormant; also arouse a depressed nervous system and -reflexly stimulates the heart; can be used in spinal diseases or in -congestion of the kidneys. - -It acts best when applied and left on 20 or 30 minutes, then washed off -and repeat in an hour or two; also used in acute indigestion, applied to -the abdomen; also in colic, enteritis and peritonitis; in phlebitis -mustard can be used, but a cantharides blister is better. In making a -mustard plaster, take the pure powdered mustard and gradually pour in -warm water (not hot); can also be made with cold water or vinegar; rub -in with moderate friction. - -As an emetic for dogs one to two teaspoonfuls in one or two ounces of -warm water is very effective. - - - - -SODIUM BICARBONATE--BICARBONATE OF SODA - - -ORIGIN.--Bicarbonate of soda may be obtained by exposing crystals of -sodium carbonate to carbonic anhydride, or by the interaction of sodium -chloride and ammonium bicarbonate. - -PROPERTIES.--Bicarbonate of soda is a white, opaque powder, odorless and -having a cooling, mildly alkaline taste. It is permanent in dry, but -slowly decomposes in moist air. Soluble in twelve parts of water at 15° -C. (59° F.); above this temperature the solution gradually loses carbon -dioxide, and at boiling heat the salt is entirely converted into normal -carbonate, insoluble in alcohol. - -ACTIONS.--Antacid, peristaltic stimulant, carminative, alterative and -mildly anodyne externally. It also increases fluidity of and secretion -of gastric juice. - -USES.--In disorders of the digestive organ administered half hour before -meals, to increase the flow of gastric juice, or as an antacid after -meals. Young calves when fed on stale skim milk, suffering from -dyspepsia, are benefited by one to two drams of bicarbonate of soda, -dissolved in each meal of milk. Bicarbonate of soda has become a very -popular medicine in the treatment of azoturia in about four ounce doses -every four hours. Bicarbonate of soda is used to lessen the irritation -of itching skin disorders, as nettle-rash and urticaria, one ounce to a -quart of water. Also used as an injection for leucorrhoea. It is an -antidote for acid poisoning. - -DOSES.--Horses, 2 dr. to 4 oz.; cattle, 2 dr. to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, -¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; dogs, 10 to 30 gr. - - - - -SODII CHLORIDUM--SODIUM CHLORIDE--COMMON OR TABLE SALT - - -ORIGIN.--Mined in a native state and obtained by evaporation of brine, -spring or sea water. - -PROPERTIES.--It is officially described as in “colorless, transparent, -cubical crystals, or a white, crystalline powder, odorless and heavy, a -purely saline taste.” Permanent in dry air. Soluble in two and -eight-tenths parts of water at 25° C. (77° F.), and in two and a half -parts of boiling water; almost insoluble in alcohol. - -ACTIONS.--Sodium chloride in small doses is a condiment, restorative, -tonic, stomachic, antiferment, alterative, laxative, anthelmintic -antiseptic emetic for dogs and used as an injection for pin worms. - -Animals deprived of salt do not thrive as it is an essential constituent -of food necessary to the composition of HCl in the gastric juice, and of -blood plasma, from which it is constantly eliminated in the urine. As an -emetic for dogs one to four drams of salt, and one dram of powdered -mustard dissolved in four ounces of tepid water. Common salt as an -eye-wash is a tonic to the eyes; one dram to a pint of water. Feed -animals refined salt, as rocksalt contains irritating properties due to -its great impurity. A cooling and stimulating lotion for sprains and -bruises may be made by dissolving two ounces of common salt, nitrate of -potash and chloride of ammonia in a quart of water. - -Use pure cooking salt in _normal salt solution_, which contains six of -one per cent (about fifty grains to a pint), or may be made at once by -adding a heaping teaspoonful of pure salt into a quart of sterilized -water at a temperature of 100° to 110° F. In cases of azoturia give -plenty of salt; it acts as a diuretic, makes the horse thirsty and -causes him to drink water freely and flushes the kidneys. - -DOSE.--Horse, ¹⁄₂ to 1 oz.; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; sheep, 2 to 4 dr.; pigs, -1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. These doses are stomachic alterative; when -used for cattle as a cathartic and vermifuge give 10 to 20 ounces in -water, usually combined with magnesium or sodium sulphate. - - - - -SODII SULPHAS--SODIUM SULPHATE--GLAUBER’S SALTS - - -ORIGIN.--Sodium sulphate effloresces on the soil in various parts of -Europe. It also exists in solution in many mineral springs in the United -States. Sodium sulphate is also produced artificially in several -chemical operations. - -PROPERTIES.--Sodium sulphate is in large, colorless, transparent, -monoclinic prisms, or granular crystals; odorless, and having a bitter, -saline taste. It effloresces rapidly in the air, and finally loses all -its water of crystalization. Soluble in three parts of water at the -temperature of 59° F., insoluble in alcohol, soluble in glycerine. - -ACTIONS.--Saline cathartic, cholagogue, hepatic stimulant, slightly -diuretic and febrifuge. When the effects of a hepatic stimulant is -required it should be given in small repeated doses. - -USES.--It is advantageously used as a cathartic in congestion of the -liver, in small repeated doses, also useful in dropsical conditions, -influenza, especially where the liver is involved; tetanus and febrile -diseases, where the bowels are apt to be constipated. Give two to four -ounces in a bucket of water. It is successfully used in itching skin -diseases in full doses combined with bicarbonate of soda two to four -ounces. - -DOSES.--As a cathartic, well diluted in water at about 59° F.; horses, -16 to 24 ounces; cattle, 1 to 2 pounds; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 ounces. -Where repetition is necessary the dose should be reduced one-eighth of -the above. Best results are obtained when administered with capsicum or -ginger, as it prevents griping and assists its action. - - - - -SODII THIOSULPHAS--SODIUM THIOSULPHATE--SODIUM HYPOSULPHITE - - -ORIGIN.--Sodium hyposulphite is prepared by dissolving sulphur in -boiling aqueous solution of sodium sulphite. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms; odorless and -having a cooling, afterwards bitter taste. Permanent in air 91.4° F., -but efflorescent in dry air above that temperature; slightly -deliquescent in moist air. Soluble in about 0.35 parts of water at 77° -F. At boiling heat the solution is rapidly decomposed; insoluble in -alcohol, slightly soluble in turpentine. - -ACTIONS.--Sodium hyposulphite is an antiseptic, deodoriser and -insecticide. In the presence of acids, without and also within the body, -it gives off sulphurous acid, which it therefore resembles. It is -thought to destroy ferments and bacteria, and removes offensive smells. -Its properties are greatly increased when used along with the tar acids. -When standing long in contact with water the sulphite decomposes and -gives off hydrogen sulphide. - -USES.--Sodium hyposulphite is recommended in indigestion, fermentation, -flatulence and foul smelling feces and in general septic conditions, but -have proven as useless as most other medicines in their latter stages. -It is used externally in parasitic affections of the skin and mouth in -the form of an ointment or solution. - -DOSES.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1¹⁄₂ ozs.; sheep and pigs, ¹⁄₂ to 1 -dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr. - - - - -SPIRITUS AETHERIS NITROSI--SPIRIT OF NITROUS ETHER--SWEET SPIRITS OF -NITER - - -An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrate, yielding when freshly prepared -not less than four per cent of ethyl nitrate. - -DERIVATIVE.--Mix sulphuric acid (40 c. c.) with water (120 c. c.), cool -and add alcohol and water each, (85 c. c.) and place in (1000 c. c.) -flask surrounded by ice and water. Dissolve sodium nitrate (100 gm.) in -water (285 c. c.), filter and allow filtrate to drop slowly into the -flask above. Wash ethyl nitrate formed with sodium carbonate solution, -to remove acid, and agitate with potassium carbonate, to remove water. -Add ethyl-nitrate to 22 times its weight of alcohol. - -PROPERTIES.--A clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable liquid, of a -pale-yellowish or faintly greenish-yellow tint, having a fragrant -ethereal and pungent odor, free from acidity, and a sharp burning taste. -Mixes freely with water and alcohol. - -DOSES AS A STIMULANT AND ANTISPASMODIC.--Horses, 1 to 3 oz.; cattle, 1 -to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 dr.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 m. to 1 dr. As -a febrifuge and diuretic horses take from 4 dr. to 1 oz.; 4 dr. is -sufficient as a rule every two, three or four hours, usually combined -with other medicines for all of its purposes, in fever and colic cases. - -ACTIONS.--Spirit of nitrous ether conjoins the action of the alcohol and -ethyl nitrite of which it consists. It is hence a general stimulant and -a relaxer and paralyzer of non-striped muscle. It relieves acute fever -and the difficult breathing of bronchitis and asthma. It is -antispasmodic, diaphoretic and diuretic. Large doses are narcotic. - -USES.--Consisting of strong spirit and a saline ether, when swallowed it -stimulates the stomach and intestines; is hence stomachic, carminative -and antispasmodic, and is prescribed to animals in indigestion, -tympanites, colic and convalescence from debilitating disorders. But its -properties as a diffusible nitrite, relaxing spasm of involuntary -muscles, also come into operation. It dilates arterioles, thus decreases -arterial tension, and hence is of special value in the acute stages of -fever, whether depending upon specific conditions or local inflammation. -It relaxes the muscular fibers of the bronchial tubes, and thus relieves -the spasmodic contraction and difficulty of breathing, which -characterise catarrh, bronchitis and some forms of asthma. It is -specially indicated when the heart action is weak and there is -difficulty of breathing--conditions frequently concurring in influenza -of horses. During excretion, notably by the skin and kidneys, its -twofold constitution is further useful as the alcohol stimulates -secretion, while the ethyl nitrate dilates the lumen of contracted -vessels, and thus diaphoresis and diuresis are promoted in fevers, local -inflammations, rheumatism and other disorders. As it is readily -decomposed, even by water, it should be diluted or mixed with other -medicines or water only immediately before it is administered. It is -usually given in cold water, beer or linseed tea. - - - - -SPIRITUS GLYCERYLIS NITRATIS--SPIRIT OF GLYCERYL TRINITRATE--SPIRIT OF -GLONOIN - - -An alcoholic solution containing one per cent, by weight, of -nitroglycerine. It is probably decomposed in the formation of potassium -and sodium nitrite. - -DERIVATION.--Nitroglycerine is prepared by dropping pure glycerine upon -a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids, kept cool by ice, and purified -by washing with water. The official one per cent solution is not -explosive unless it becomes concentrated by evaporation to an extent -exceeding ten per cent. - -PROPERTIES.--A clear, colorless liquid, possessing the odor and taste of -alcohol. Caution should be exercised in tasting it, since even a small -quantity is liable to produce violent headache. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, ¹⁄₂ to 1 dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 20 m.; -dogs, 1 to 2 m. It is administered hypodermically, intravenously, -intracheally or by the mouth according to the emergency of the case. For -hypodermic injections one-half drachm is usually sufficient and should -be diluted with one or two parts of water. It may be repeated in 15 or -20 minutes if necessary, then every hour or two if required. Care should -be exercised not to repeat oftener than is necessary, or to give too -large a dose as violent headache is produced by the drug in animals as -well as in man. - -ACTIONS.--Are the same as amyl nitrite, but more prolonged. - -Spirit of nitroglycerine is the most prompt and powerful of all heart -stimulants, showing its effects usually within three to five minutes. - -USES.--It is best used in the official solution, but for dogs may be -carried in tablets or pills containing ¹⁄₁₀₀ of a grain of glonoin. The -spirit, however is more dependable. It is a good plan in cases of -cardiac weakness to brace up the heart with Spirit of Glonoin, then -maintain the effect with Tincture Strophanthus. - - - - -SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM--SUBLIMED SULPHUR--FLOWERS OF SULPHUR - - -DERIVATION.--Obtained from native sulphur by sublimation. - -PROPERTIES.--A fine, yellow powder, having a slightly characteristic -odor and a faintly acid taste. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in -absolute alcohol; more readily soluble in benzine, benzol, oil of -turpentine and many other oils; also in ether, chloroform and in boiling -aqueous solutions of alkaline hydrates. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 oz.; dogs, -1 to 4 dr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -SULPHUR LOTUM--WASHED SULPHUR - -DERIVATION.--Obtained from sublimed sulphur, which is treated with -diluted ammonia water to wash out sulphurous and sulphuric and ether -impurities. - -PROPERTIES.--A fine, yellow powder, without odor or taste. Solubility -same as sublimed sulphur. - -DOSE.--Same as sublimed sulphur. - - -SULPHUR PRECIPITATUM--PRECIPITATED SULPHUR - -DERIVATION.--Obtained from a solution of sublimed sulphur, 100; in -boiling calcium hydrate, 50; by precipitation with hydrochloric acid. - -PROPERTIES.--A fine, amorphous powder, of a pale yellow color, without -odor or taste. Solubility same as sublimed sulphur. - -DOSE.--Same as sublimed sulphur. - - -UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS--SULPHUR OINTMENT - -Composed of washed sulphur, 150; benzoinated lard, 850. - -ACTIONS.--Sulphur applied to skin or mucous surfaces is a feeble, -mechanical stimulant, and hence relieves chronic passive congestion. It -destroys parasitic infestation of the skin. Administered internally it -is a laxative and alterative. It destroys fungi on vines and kills -similar parasites affecting plants and animals. How much of this toxic -effect depends on the sulphur acting as sulphur, and how much on the -alkaline sulphides, sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid into which -it is gradually converted, has not been determined. Sulphur when -swallowed is slowly acted upon by the alkaline secretions of the -intestines, and small quantities are converted into sulphides, which -stimulate the intestinal mucous membrane. A further change liberates -sulphuretted hydrogen, which imparts its disagreeable smell to the -breath, secretions of the skin and bowels. The greater part of the -sulphur swallowed is removed unchanged by the bowels, but a portion is -excreted in the urine as sulphates. Over-doses given to horses and other -animals cause colic, purging, prostration and sometime fatal -gastro-enteritis. - -USES.--Sulphur is given to the several domestic animals as a laxative -where more powerful purgatives might irritate--as in pregnancy, -convalescence from acute diseases in young animals, and in piles. - -Its alterative and stimulant effects on the skin have led to its use in -rheumatism, eczema and cutaneous diseases. Some veterinarians affirm -that it benefits dry congested conditions of the respiratory membrane by -stimulating its epithelial cells and increasing movements of the cilia. -It has no special vermicide action. Sulphur dusted on the skin slightly -stimulates, but when dissolved by admixture with an alkali or oil, and -smartly rubbed in, it more actively stimulates the cells of the rete -Malpighi and thus hastens desquamation; while it also increases -contractility of the muscular textures, and hence overcomes passive -cutaneous hyperaemia. It thus promotes a healthier action in chronic -eczema and psoriasis, and in such cases sulphur dressings are used with -benefit combined or alternated with iodine or tar acids, and are aided -by the internal use of sulphur and arsenic. Infriction of sulphur -ointment is stated to relieve the pain of rheumatic muscles and joints. -Sulphurous gas from burning sulphur is used for husk or hoose of sheep -and calves; this is a disease in which worms affect the bronchial tubes, -due to strongylus micrurus in calves and strongylus filaria in sheep. -The patients are placed in a loose box and sulphur is burned about six -feet away from them, so that air may dilute the fumes before being -inhaled by the animals; let them inhale the fumes for ten or twenty -minutes or longer, unless irritation is too great. - - - - -TARAXACUM--DANDELION ROOT - - -The fresh and dried roots of Taraxacum officinale, collected in the -autumn. - -HABITAT.--United States and Europe. - -PROPERTIES.--The root is about six to twelve inches long, half an inch -to an inch thick, is dark brown externally and white within. It breaks -with a short fracture; from the fractured surface a milky juice exudes, -which is inodorous, but has a bitter taste. - -CONSTITUENTS.--Taraxacin, a bitter, soluble, crystalline substance; -inulin, taraxacerin, resin causing milky juice, asparagin of no medical -value. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, -1 to 2 dr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -EXTRACTUM TARAXACI--EXTRACT OF TARAXACUM - -Made by percolation of powdered taraxacum with alcohol and water, and -evaporation. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; -dogs, 5 to 20 gr. - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI--FLUIDEXTRACT OF TARAXACUM - -Made by maceration and percolation with dilute alcohol, and -evaporation. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, -1 to 2 dr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Taraxacum is a simple stomachic and bitter and may be -employed in place of gentian or calumba. It has been generally taught -that taraxacum is a hepatic stimulant and increases the secretion of -bile. This has been proven valueless. The extract is often used as a -base in preparing masses. - - - - -ZINGIBER--GINGER - - -The scraped and dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale. - -HABITAT.--East and West Indies and India; cultivated in tropical -climates. - -PROPERTIES.--Ginger owes its taste to a pungent resin, its aroma to a -volatile oil, and its medicinal and flavoring properties to both -constituents, which are chiefly found in the delicate felted layer lying -between the starchy, mealy parenchyma and the brown, horny, external -covering. - -DOSE.--Horses, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to -2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 gr. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -FLUIDEXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS--FLUIDEXTRACT OF GINGER - -Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, and evaporated so that -1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude drug. - -DOSE.--Same as for ginger. - - -TINCTURE ZINGIBERIS--TINCTURE OF GINGER - -Made by percolation of ginger with alcohol and water. - -DOSE.--Horses, ¹⁄₂ to 2 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; -pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 m. - - -OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS--OLEORESIN OF GINGER - -DOSE.--Horses, 30 m. to 1¹⁄₂ dr.; dogs, 1 to 5 m. - -ACTION AND USES.--Ginger is an aromatic stimulant, and is used as a -stomachic and carminative for all animals, notably for cattle and sheep. -Ginger is administered internally, promotes gastric secretion, digestion -and appetite. It is prescribed in atonic dyspepsia, often along with -antacids and laxatives. Conjoined with purgatives it diminishes their -tendency to nauseate and gripe, and also somewhat hastens their effects. -The powder or fluidextract should be added to magnesium and sodium -sulphate when given in full purgative doses to cattle or sheep. - - - - -ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS--ZINC SULPHOCARBOLATE - - -DERIVATION.--Zinc sulphocarbolate may be obtained by heating a mixture -of phenol and sulphuric acid and saturating the product with zinc oxide. - -PROPERTIES.--Colorless, transparent, rhombic prisms or tabular crystals; -odorless and having an astringent, metallic taste. Soluble in water and -alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; foals and calves, 5 to 10 gr.; -sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr.; dogs, 4 to 6 gr. - -ACTION AND USES.--Zinc sulphocarbolate has been employed as an -antiseptic astringent stimulant to indolent or foul wounds, and in -subacute inflammations of the mucous membrane. The solution used may be -a little stronger than those of zinc sulphate employed for similar -purposes. It is also used as an intestinal antiseptic. - - -ZINCI SULPHAS--ZINC SULPHATE - -DERIVATION.--Prepared by dissolving zinc in sulphuric acid. Iron and tin -exist as impurities and are removed by chlorine solution and zinc -carbonate. - -PROPERTIES.--A colorless, transparent, rhombic crystal, without odor and -having an astringent, metallic taste. Efflorescent in dry air; soluble -in water and glycerine; insoluble in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; -dogs, 2 to 3 gr. As an emetic for dogs, 10 to 15 gr. - -ACTIONS.--Irritant, emetic, astringent, antiseptic and nerve tonic. -Externally it is used as stimulant, astringent and antiseptic; in dogs -it is a prompt and efficient emetic, causes no depression and acts both -on the stomach nerve centers; poisonous or long continued large doses in -the horse dry up the secretions, cause nausea, colic and efforts to -vomit; dogs cannot be poisoned by it as it causes vomiting. - -USES.--As a tonic it is inferior to iron; chief use is externally as an -astringent; it is used in white lotion combined with lead acetate; -sometimes used internally with opium to stop excessive sweating in -frequent small doses. Used as a safe and prompt emetic for dogs and -pigs. - -Externally in solution as an astringent and stimulant for wounds, -ulcers, simple ophthalmia and irritable conditions of the mucous -membrane of the uterus or vagina and urethra, vesicular and pustulant -skin eruptions. Proper strength, one ounce to one quart of water in -ophthalmia, one-half to one drachm to one pint of water. - - -ZINCI CARBONAS PRAECIPITATUS--PRECIPITATED ZINC CARBONATE - -DERIVATION.--Solutions of nearly equal weight of sodium carbonate and -zinc sulphate are boiled together; dry precipitate. This salt is in -reality a mixture of zinc carbonate and oxide, in varying proportions, -with water of crystallization. - -PROPERTIES.--An impalpable white powder, of somewhat variable chemical -composition, without odor or taste; insoluble in water or alcohol. - - -ZINCI OXIDUM--ZINC OXIDE - -DERIVATION.--Zinc oxide, may be prepared by exposing zinc carbonate to a -dull red heat, or from metallic zinc by combustion. - -PROPERTIES.--An amorphous, white powder without odor or taste. Insoluble -in water or alcohol. - -DOSE.--Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; -dogs, 5 to 10 gr. Not much used internally. - - -PREPARATIONS - - -UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDE--OINTMENT OF ZINC OXIDE - -Composed of zinc oxide, 200 parts; benzoinated lard, 800 parts. - -ACTIONS AND USES.--Used chiefly as a dusting powder for wounds and -excoriated surfaces; used alone or conjoined with boric acid, subnitrate -of bismuth, calomel or in the form of the zinc oxide ointment is -desiccant, mildly astringent and protective; it is sometimes used in -chorea, epilepsy and other nervous diseases; to check excessive sweating -and in diarrhoea. Used extensively in wounds and diseases of the cow’s -udder. - - -ZINCI ACETAS--ZINC ACETATE - -DERIVATION.--Dissolve zinc oxide in diluted acetic acid and boil. -Evaporate and crystallize. - -PROPERTIES.--Soft, white, six-sided monoclinic plates, of a pearly -lustre, having a faintly acidious odor and an astringent metallic taste. -Soluble in water and in alcohol. - -DOSE.--Same as zinc sulphate. - -ACTION AND USES.--The same as zinc sulphate; it is the acetate of zinc -which is the soluble agent in white lotion, caused by the acetate of -lead and sulphate of zinc changing their composition. - - -ZINCI CHLORIDUM--ZINC CHLORIDE - -DERIVATION.--Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid by boiling. The solution -contains the zinc chloride with chlorides of iron and lead as -impurities. These are precipitated by adding first nitric acid then zinc -carbonate. Filter and finally evaporate. - -PROPERTIES.--A white, granular powder, or porcelain-like masses, -irregular or moulded into pencils; odorless; of such intensely caustic -properties as to make tasting dangerous unless the salt be dissolved in -much water, when it has an astringent, metallic taste; very -deliquescent; soluble in water and alcohol. - - -LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDE--SOLUTION OF ZINC CHLORIDE - -DERIVATION.--Made from zinc chloride and water. It should contain about -50 per cent, by weight, of the salt. Zinc chloride is used externally -only. - -PROPERTIES.--A clear, colorless, liquid, odorless, having a very -astringent, metallic taste. - -ACTION AND USES.--Is caustic and escharotic, used full strength or in a -strong solution; penetrates very deeply and causes deep sloughing; an -irritant and corrosive poison; mild medical solutions are antiseptic and -astringent; is also disinfectant and deodorizer. Can be used as a -caustic when indicated; used with caution, for granulations in chronic -ulcers and foot-rot in sheep; to slough out all kinds of fistula, -usually mixed with one or two parts of flour made into a paste with -water, two ounces in a pint of water is injected as a caustic into -fistulous tracts; two or three per cent solution or two to four drachms -to the pint of water is used for ordinary astringent purposes and as a -parasiticide. - - - - -VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR DOMESTIC ANIMALS - - -In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, lb. for pound, -gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop. - - ==================+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========== - Name of Drug | Cattle | Sheep | Horses | Hogs | Dogs - ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------- - Alcohol |4 oz. |1-2 oz. |2-4 oz. |1-2 oz. |1-4 dr. - Alum |3-4 dr. |40 gr. |2-4 dr. |40 gr. |15 gr. - Ammonia Aromatic |2 oz. |1-2 dr. |1-2 oz. |1-2 dr. |20-60 dp. - Aniseed |1-5 oz. |1-2 dr. |1 oz. |1 dr. |15 gr. - Arnica Tincture |1 oz. |2 dr. |.5-1 oz. |1 dr. |7-20 dp. - Asafetida Tincture|3 oz. |.5 oz. |2 oz. |2 dr. |1 dr. - Boracic Acid |3 dr. |20 gr. |1-3 dr. |15 gr. |8 gr. - Brandy |4 oz. |1-2 oz. |2-4 oz. |1-2 oz. |1-2 dr. - Calomel |1-2 dr. |5-20 gr. |1 dr. |5-20 gr. |1 gr. - Camphor Spirit |1 oz. |2 dr. |2-4 dr. |15 dp. |10 dp. - Carbolic Acid |1-2 dr. |10-20 dp.|.5-2 dr. |5-15 dp. |3-8 dp. - Castor Oil |1 pt. |2-4 oz. |1 pt. |2-4 oz. |1-2 dr. - Chalk |2 oz. |1-2 dr. |.5-2 oz. |1 dr. |.5-1 dr. - Codliver Oil |3-8 oz. |3-8 dr. |2-6 oz. |2-6 dr. |1-3 dr. - Copperas |2 dr. |20 gr. |1 dr. |10 gr. |4 gr. - Copper Sulphate |2-4 dr. |20-30 gr.|2-4 dr. |20-30 gr.|1-2 gr. - Digitalis |10-30 gr.|5-15 gr. |10-50 gr.|3-10 gr. |2 gr. - Epsom Salts |1 lb. |1-4 oz. |.5-1 lb. |1 oz. |1-4 dr. - Fowler’s Solution |5 dr. |5-20 dp. |2-4 dr. |5-20 dp. |1-5 dp. - Gentian |5-8 dr. |1-2 dr. |4-8 dr. |1-2 dr. |40 gr. - Ginger |5-8 dr. |1-2 dr. |2-8 dr. |15-60 gr.|5-20 gr. - Glauber Salts |1-1.5 lb.|1-4 dr. |.5-1 lb. |1 oz. |1-4 dr. - Iodide of Potash |1-2 dr. |10-25 gr.|.5-2 dr. |5-20 gr. |2-8 gr. - Iron Sulphate. |2 dr. |25 gr. |1-2 dr. |25 gr. |4 gr. - Jamaica Ginger |2 oz. |.5 oz. |1 oz. |.5-1 dr. |¹⁄₄-¹⁄₂ dr. - Laudanum |2-5 oz. |1-4 dr. |1-4 oz. |1-2 dr. |20 dp. - Lead Acetate |1 dr. |25 gr. |1 dr. |20 gr. |1-2 gr. - Lime Water |4-6 oz. |2 oz. |4-6 oz. |2 oz. |1-8 dr. - Linseed Oil |1-2 pt. |6-12 oz. |.5-1 pt. |5-10 oz. |1 oz. - Mustard |1 oz. |1-2 dr. |.5-1 oz. |1-2 dr. |20 gr. - Nitre |3-8 oz. |1 dr. |1-2 oz. |1 dr. |5-20 gr. - Nux Vomica |2 dr. |30-40 gr.|1-2 dr. |10-20 gr.|1-2 gr. - Olive Oil |1-2 pt. |3-8 dr. |1-2 pt. |2-6 dr. |2-4 oz. - Pepper |2-4 dr. |15-25 gr.|1-3 dr. |10-20 gr.|4-10 gr. - Potassium Bromide |2 oz. |2-4 dr. |1-2 oz. |2-4 dr. |5-50 gr. - Quinine |1-2 dr. |5-10 gr. |50-60 gr.|5-10 gr. |1-2 gr. - Rhubarb |1-2 oz. |1 dr. |1-2 oz. |1 dr. |5-10 gr. - Saltpeter |1-3 dr. |.5-1 dr. |2-4 dr. |.5-1 dr. |2-10 gr. - Soda |2 oz. |2-4 dr. |1-1.5 oz.|1-3 dr. |20-50 gr. - Sulphur |3-4 oz. |1-2 oz. |2-4 oz. |1-2 oz. |1-4 dr. - Turpentine |2 oz. |1-4 dr. |1-2 oz. |1 dr. |20-50 dp. - ------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------- - - - - -INDEX - - - Abbreviations in Prescription Writing, 24 - Absolute Alcohol, 36 - Acetate of Lead, 131 - Acetate of Morphine, 123 - Acetate of Potassium, 133 - Acetate of Zinc, 162 - Acid Arcenous, 58 - Acid Benzoicum, 67 - Acid, Boric, 25 - Acid Boricum, 25 - Acid, Carbolic, 26 - Acid, Salicylic, 28 - Acidum Arsenosum, 58 - Acidum Carbolicum, 26 - Acidum Carbolicum Crudum, 26 - Acidum Salicylicum, 28 - Aconite, Fluidextract, 31 - Aconite, Tincture, 31 - Aconite, 29 - Aconitum, 29 - Aconitina, 31 - Aconitine, 31 - Actions of Iron, 93 - Adeps Benzoinatus, 66 - Administration of Medicines, 20 - Aether, 33 - Aloe Barbadensis, 11 - Aloe Socotrina, 41 - Aloes Barbadoes, 41 - Alcohol, 35 - Alcohol Absolutum, 36 - Alkaloidal Salts of Chichona, 84 - Aloin, 42 - Aloinum, 42 - Alum, 44 - Alum, Dried, 44 - Alumen, 44 - Alumen Exsiccatum, 44 - Alumini Hydroxidum, 44 - Alumini Sulphas, 45 - Aluminum Hydroxide, 44 - Aluminum Sulphate, 45 - Ammonia Aromatic Spirit, 51 - Ammonia Liniment, 52 - Ammonia Muriate, 54 - Ammonia Spiritus, 50 - Ammonia Stronger Water, 50 - Ammonia Water, 50 - Ammonii Benzoas, 67 - Ammonii Carbonas, 52 - Ammonii Chloridium, 54 - Ammonium Acetate Solution, 52 - Ammonium Benzoate, 67 - Ammonium Carbonate, 52 - Amyl Nitrate, 46 - Amylis Nitris, 46 - Anesthesia, 79 - Anise, 47 - Anise Oil, 47 - Anisum, 47 - Antimonii et Potassii Tartars, 48 - Antipyrin, 49 - Antipyrina, 49 - Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, 48 - Apomorphine Hydrochloride, 127 - Apomorphine Hydrochloridum, 127 - Aqua Ammoniae, 50 - Aqua Ammoniae Fortior, 50 - Aqua Camphorae, 71 - Aqua Chloroformi, 77 - Arcenous Acid, 58 - Argenti Nitras, 54 - Argenti Nitras Fusus, 55 - Argenti Nitras Mitigatus, 55 - Arnica, 56 - Arnica Root, Extract, 56 - Arnica Root, Fluidextract, 56 - Arnicae, 56 - Aromatic Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada, 146 - Aromatic Spirit Ammonia, 51 - Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb, 147 - Arseni Trioxidum, 58 - Arsenic, 57 - Arsenic Trioxide, 58 - Arsenic, White, 58 - Arsenum, 57 - Art of Prescribing, 22-23 - Aspidium, 61 - Atropinae Sulphas, 64 - - Barbadoes Aloes, 41 - Belladonna Extract, 63 - Belladonna Leaves, 62 - Belladonna Liniment, 64 - Belladonna Ointment, 63 - Belladonna Radix, 63 - Belladonna Root, 63 - Belladonna Tincture, 63 - Belladonnae Folia, 62 - Benzoate of Ammonia, 67 - Benzoate of Soda, 67 - Benzoic Acid, 67 - Benzoin, 66 - Benzoin Tincture, 67 - Benzoinated Lard, 66 - Benzoinum, 66 - Bicarbonate of Potassium, 136 - Bicarbonate of Soda, 150 - Biniodide of Mercury, 102 - Bi-Chloride of Mercury, 99 - Bitartrate of Potassium, 141 - Bitter Wood, 143 - Black Mustard, 148 - Blister Beetles, 74 - Blue Stone, 88 - Blue Vitriol, 88 - Boracic Acid, 25 - Boric Acid, 25 - Brandy, 37 - Bromide of Potassium, 134 - Bromide of Sodium, 134 - - Calamus, 68 - Calamus Fluidextract, 68 - Calcium Oxide, 69 - California Buckthorn, 145 - Calomel, 101 - Calumba, 69 - Calumba Fluidextract, 70 - Calumba Tincture, 70 - Calx, 69 - Camphor, 71 - Camphor Cerate, 72 - Camphor Liniment, 72 - Camphor Water, 71 - Camphora, 71 - Camphora Monobromata, 72 - Camphorated Oil, 72 - Camphorated Tincture of Opium, 121 - Cantharis, 74 - Cantharides, 74 - Cantharides Tincture, 74 - Capsicum, 75 - Capsicum Fluidextract, 76 - Capsicum Oleoresin, 76 - Capsicum Tincture, 76 - Carbolic Acid, 26 - Carbolic Acid, Crude, 26 - Carbonate of Ammonia, 52 - Carbonate of Potassium, 135 - Carron Oil, 69 - Cascara Sagrada, 145 - Castor Oil, 115 - Catechu, 97 - Caustic Potash, 136 - Cayenne Pepper, 75 - Cerate of Camphor, 72 - Ceratum Camphorae, 72 - Chalk Mixture, 87 - Chalk, Prepared, 86 - Chichona, 83 - Chichona Alkaloids, 84 - Chittem Bark, 145 - Chlorate of Potassium, 140 - Chloride of Iron, 93 - Chloride of Mercury, Mild, 101 - Chloride of Sodium, 150 - Chloride of Zinc, 162 - Chloroform, 77 - Chloroform Compared with Ether, 81 - Chloroform Emulsum, 78 - Chloroform Liniment, 77 - Chloroform Spirits, 78 - Chloroform Water, 77 - Chloroformum, 77 - Citrate of Potassium, 133 - Cocaine Hydrochloride, 85 - Cocainae Hydrochloridum, 85 - Cod Liver Oil, 114 - Codeina, 123 - Codeine, 123 - Comparison of Ether with Chloroform, 81 - Compound Chalk Powder, 87 - Compound Powder of Jalap, 145 - Compound Powder Rhubarb, 146 - Compound Spirit of Ether, 34 - Compound Spirit of Juniper, 37 - Compound Tincture of Benzoin, 67 - Compound Tincture of Gentian, 99 - Compound Tincture of Gambir, 97 - Copper Sulphate, 88 - Copperas, 91 - Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, 99 - Corrosive Sublimate, 99 - Cosmoline, 128 - Cotton Seed Oil, 115 - Cream of Tartar, 141 - Creta Praeparata, 86 - Cretae Mistura, 87 - Cretae Pulvis Compositus, 87 - Croton Oil, 118 - Crude Carbolic Acid, 26 - Cupri Sulphas, 88 - - Diacetylmorphine, 123 - Dandelion Root, 158 - Digitalein, 89 - Digitalin, 89 - Digitalis, 88 - Digitalis Infusion, 90 - Digitalis Extract, 89 - Digitalis Fluidextract, 90 - Digitalis Tincture, 90 - Digitonin, 89 - Digitoxin, 89 - Deodorized Opium, 122 - Donovan’s Solution, 59 - Dose Table of Valuable Drugs, 164 - Doses for Young Animals, 21-22 - Dover’s Liquid Powder, 121 - Dover’s Powder, 121 - Dried Ferrous Sulphate, 91 - - Emulsion of Chloroform, 78 - Epsom Salts, 109 - Ether, 33 - Ether Compared with Chloroform, 81 - Ether, Pure, 33 - Extract of Arnica Root, 56 - Extract of Belladonna Leaves, 63 - Extract of Digitalis, 89 - Extract of Gentian, 98 - Extract of Nux Vomica, 111 - Extract of Opium, 121 - Extract of Quassia, 143 - Extract of Taraxacum, 158 - Extractum Arnicae Radicis, 56 - Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum, 63 - Extractum Digitalis, 89 - Extractum Gentianae, 98 - Extractum Nucis Vomicae, 111 - Extractum Opii, 121 - Extractum Quassiae, 143 - Extractum Taraxaci, 158 - - Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus, 92 - Ferri Chloridum, 92 - Ferri Sulphas, 91 - Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus, 91 - Ferric Chloride, 92 - Ferrous Sulphate, 91 - Ferrum Reductum, 91 - Flaxseed, 107 - Fluidextract of Aconite, 31 - Fluidextract of Arnica Root, 56 - Fluidextract of Belladonna Root, 63 - Fluidextract Calamus, 68 - Fluidextract of Calumba, 70 - Fluidextract of Capsicum, 76 - Fluidextract of Digitalis, 90 - Fluidextract of Gentian, 98 - Fluidextract of Ginger, 159 - Fluidextract of Hydrastis, 104 - Fluidextract Nux Vomica, 111 - Fluidextract of Quassia, 143 - Fluidextract of Rhamnus Purshiana, 145 - Fluidextract of Rhubarb, 146 - Fluidextract of Taraxacum, 158 - Fluidextractum Aconiti, 31 - Fluidextractum Arnicae Radicis, 56 - Fluidextractum Belladonnae Radicis, 63 - Fluidextractum Calumbae, 70 - Fluidextractum Calami, 68 - Fluidextractum Capsici, 76 - Fluidextractum Digitalis, 90 - Fluidextractum of Gentianae, 98 - Fluidextractum Hydrastis, 104 - Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae, 111 - Fluidextractum Quassiae, 143 - Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshiana, 146 - Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshiana Aromaticum, 145 - Fluidextractum Rhei, 146 - Fluidextractum Taraxaci, 158 - Fluidextractum Zingiberis, 159 - Fowler’s Solution, 58 - Foxglove, 88 - - Gambir, 97 - Gambir Tincture Compound, 97 - Gamboge, 70 - Gambogia, 70 - General Actions of Medicines, 5-19 - Gentian, 98 - Gentian Extract, 98 - Gentian Fluidextract, 98 - Gentian Tincture Compound, 99 - Gentiana, 98 - Ginger, 159 - Ginger Fluidextract, 159 - Ginger Oleoresin, 159 - Ginger Tincture, 159 - Glauber’s Salts, 151 - Glycerite of Boroglycerin, 25 - Glycerite Hydrastis, 104 - Glyceritum Boroglycerin, 25 - Glyceritum Hydrastis, 104 - Golden Seal, 103 - Goulard’s Extract, 132 - Green Vitriol, 91 - Gregory’s Powder, 146 - Gum Camphor, 71 - - Heroin, 123 - Hoffman’s Anodyne, 34 - Hydrate of Turpin, 117 - Hydrastine Hydrochloride, 104 - Hydrastis, 103 - Hydrastis Fluidextract, 104 - Hydrastis Glycerite, 104 - Hydrastis Tincture, 104 - Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum, 103 - Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, 99 - Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, 101 - Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, 102 - Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum, 104 - Hydroxide of Potassium, 136 - Hyposulphite of Sodium, 152 - Hydroxide of Aluminum, 44 - - Infusion of Digitalis, 90 - Infusum Digitalis, 90 - Iodide of Mercury (Red), 102 - Iodide of Potassium, 137 - Iodine, 105 - Iodum, 105 - Ipecac and Opium, 121 - Iron Actions, 93 - Iron Chloride, 92 - Iron Reduced, 91 - - Jalap, 144 - Jalap Compound Powder, 145 - Jalapa, 144 - Jalapa Resina, 144 - Jalap Resin, 144 - - Lard Benzoinated, 66 - Laudanum, 121 - Lead Acetate, 131 - Lead Oxide, 131 - Lime, 69 - Lime Liniment, 69 - Liniment, Ammonia, 52 - Liniment Belladonna, 64 - Liniment Chloroform, 77 - Liniment Soap, 72 - Liniment of Turpentine, 117 - Linimentum Ammoniae, 52 - Linimentum Belladonnae, 64 - Linimentum Calcis, 69 - Linimentum Camphorae, 72 - Linimentum Saponis, 72 - Linimentum Terebinthinae, 117 - Linseed, 107 - Linseed Oil, 107 - Linum, 107 - Liquid Dover’s Powder, 121 - Liquid Petrolatum, 128 - Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, 52 - Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi, 59 - Liquor Ferri Chloridi, 93 - Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis, 93 - Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis, 132 - Liquor Potassii Arsentis, 58 - Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi, 137 - Liquor Zinci Chloride, 163 - Lithii Benzoas, 67 - Lithium Benzoate, 67 - Lunar Caustic, 55 - - Male Fern, 61 - Magnesii Sulphas, 109 - Magnesium Sulphate, 109 - Medicines, General Actions, 5-19 - Medicines, Administration, 20 - Mercury Bi-Chloride, 99 - Mercury Oxide (Yellow), 103 - Methods of Administering Medicines, 20 - Mild Mercurous Chloride, 101 - Mitigated Silver Nitrate, 55 - Monkshood, 29 - Monobromated Camphor, 72 - Monsel’s Solution, 93 - Morphina, 122 - Morphine, 122 - Morphinae Acetas, 123 - Morphinae Hydrochloridum, 122 - Morphinae Sulphas, 123 - Morphine Acetate, 123 - Morphine Hydrochloride, 122 - Morphine Sulphate, 123 - Moulded Silver Nitrate, 55 - Muriate of Ammonia, 54 - Mustard, Black, 148 - Mustard Oil, 148 - Mustard, White, 148 - - Naphthalene, 110 - Naphthalenum, 110 - Nitrate of Potassium, 139 - Nitrate of Silver, 54 - Niter, 139 - Nitrite Amyl, 46 - Nux Vomica, 110 - Nux Vomica Extract, 111 - Nux Vomica Fluidextract, 111 - Nux Vomica Tincture, 112 - - Oil of Anise, 47 - Oil Camphorated, 72 - Oil Carron, 69 - Oil of Castor, 115 - Oil of Cod Liver, 114 - Oil of Cotton Seed, 115 - Oil of Croton, 118 - Oil of Linseed, 107 - Oil of Mustard, 148 - Oil, Olive, 114 - Oil, Sweet, 114 - Oil of Turpentine, Rectified, 117 - Oil of Tar, 130 - Ointment of Tar, 130 - Ointment of Zinc Oxide, 162 - Oleum Anisi, 47 - Oleoresin Aspidium, 62 - Oleoresin Capsicum, 76 - Oleoresin Male Fern, 62 - Oleoresina Aspidii, 62 - Oleoresina Zingiberis, 159 - Oleoresina Capsici, 76 - Oleum Gossypii Seminis, 115 - Oleum Lini, 107 - Oleum Morrhuae, 114 - Oleum Olivae, 114 - Oleum Picis Liquidae, 130 - Oleum Ricini, 115 - Oleum Sinapis Volatile, 148 - Oleum Terebinthinae, 116 - Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum, 117 - Olive Oil, 114 - Oil of Turpentine, 116 - Oleum Tiglii, 118 - Opii Pulvis, 120 - Opium, 120 - Opium Deodoratum, 122 - Opium Extract, 121 - Opium and Ipecac, 121 - Opium, Powdered, 120 - Opium Tincture, 121 - Opium Tincture, Camphorated, 121 - Opium and Wine, 122 - Oxide of Lead, 131 - Oxide of Zinc, 161 - - Paregoric, 121 - Pepper, Cayenne, 75 - Pepper, Red, 75 - Permanganate of Potash, 142 - Petrolatum, 128 - Petrolatum Album, 129 - Petrolatum Liquidum, 128 - Petrolatum White, 129 - Phenol, 26 - Phenyl Salicylate, 29 - Phenylis Salicylas, 29 - Pix Liquida, 130 - Plumbi Acetas, 131 - Plumbi Oxidum, 131 - Potassii Acetas, 133 - Potassii Citras, 133 - Potassii Bicarbonas, 136 - Potassii Bitartras, 141 - Potassii Bromidum, 134 - Potassii Carbonas, 135 - Potassii Chloras, 140 - Potassii Hydroxium, 136 - Potassii Iodidum, 137 - Potassii Nitras, 139 - Potassii Permanganas, 142 - Potassium Acetate, 133 - Potassium Bicarbonate, 136 - Potassium Bitartrate, 141 - Potassium Bromide, 134 - Potassium Carbonate, 135 - Potassium Chlorate, 140 - Potassium Citrate, 133 - Potassium Hydroxide, 136 - Potassium Hydroxide Solution, 137 - Potassium Iodide, 137 - Potassium Nitrate, 139 - Potassium Permanganate, 142 - Precipitated Sulphur, 156 - Precipitated Zinc Carbonate, 161 - Prepared Chalk, 86 - Prescribing, the Art of, 22-23 - Prescription Writing, Abbreviations, 24 - Prescription Writing Tables, 21 - Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii, 121 - - Quaker Button, 110 - Quassia, 143 - Quassia Extract, 143 - Quassia Fluidextract, 143 - Quassia Tincture, 144 - Quininae et ureae Hydrochloridum, 85 - Quininae Sulphas, 84 - Quinine Sulphate, 84 - Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride, 85 - - Rectified Oil of Turpentine, 117 - Red Iodide of Mercury, 102 - Red Wine, 38 - Reduced Iron, 91 - Red Pepper, 75 - Resin of Jalap, 144 - Resina Jalapa, 144 - Rhamnus Purshiana, 145 - Rheum, 146 - Rhubarb, 146 - Rhubarb Compound Powder, 146 - Rhubarb Fluidextract, 146 - Rum, 38 - - Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate, 92 - Sal Ammoniac, 54 - Salicin, 147 - Salicinum, 147 - Salicylas Sodium, 28 - Salicylic Acid, 28 - Salol, 29 - Saltpeter, 139 - Salts (Epsom), 109 - Salts of Tartar, 135 - Silver Nitrate, 54 - Sinapis Alba, 148 - Sinapis Nigra, 148 - Soap Liniment, 72 - Socotrine Aloes, 41 - Sodii Benzoas, 67 - Sodii Bromidum, 134 - Sodii Chloridum, 150 - Sodii Salicylas, 28 - Sodii Sulphas, 151 - Sodii Thiosulphas, 152 - Sodium, Salicylas, 28 - Sodium Benzoate, 67 - Sodium Bicarbonate, 150 - Sodium Bromide, 134 - Sodium Chloride, 150 - Sodium Sulphate, 151 - Sodium Thiosulphate, 152 - Solution of Ammonia Acetate, 52 - Solution of Ferri Chloride, 93 - Solution of Ferric Subsulphate, 93 - Solution of Lead Subacetate, 132 - Solution of Potassium Arsenite, 58 - Solution of Potassium Hydroxide, 137 - Solution of Zinc Chloride, 163 - Spanish Fly, 74 - Spirit Ammonia, 50 - Spirit of Camphor, 72 - Spirit of Chloroform, 78 - Spirit of Ether, 34 - Spirit of Glonoin, 155 - Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate, 155 - Spirit of Nitrous Ether, 153 - Spirits Vini Gallici, 37 - Spiritus Aetheris, 34 - Spiritus Aetheris Compositus, 34 - Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, 153 - Spiritus Ammoniae, 50 - Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus, 51 - Spiritus Camphorae, 72 - Spiritus Chloroform, 78 - Spiritus Frumenti, 37 - Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis, 155 - Spiritus Juniperi Compositus, 37 - Stronger Ammonia Water, 50 - Strychnina, 112 - Strychnine, 112 - Strychnine Sulphate, 112 - Strychninae Sulphas, 112 - Sulphate of Aluminum, 45 - Sugar of Lead, 131 - Sulphate of Atrophine, 64 - Sulphate of Copper, 88 - Sulphate of Copper, 91 - Sulphate of Iron, Dried, 91 - Sulphate of Magnesium, 109 - Sulphate of Morphine, 123 - Sulphate of Quinine, 84 - Sulphate of Strychnine, 112 - Sulphate of Zinc, 160 - Sulphate of Sodium, 151 - Sulphur Flowers, 156 - Sulphur Lotum, 156 - Sulphur Ointment, 156 - Sulphur Precipitatum, 156 - Sulphur Sublimatum, 156 - Sulphur Sublimed, 156 - Sulphur Washed, 156 - Sweet Flag, 68 - Sweet Oil, 114 - Sweet Spirits of Niter, 153 - Syrupus Ferri Iodidi, 92 - Syrup of Ferrous Iodide, 92 - - Tables used in Prescription Writing, 21 - Tables Regulating the Doses for Young Animals, 21-22 - Tables of Weights and Measures, 21 - Tar, 130 - Tar Oil, 130 - Tar Ointment, 130 - Taraxacum, 158 - Taraxacum Extract, 158 - Taraxacum Fluidextract, 158 - Tartar Emetic, 48 - Terebene, 117 - Terebenum, 117 - Terpin Hydrate, 117 - Terpini Hydras, 117 - Tinctura Aconiti, 31 - Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae, 42 - Tinctura Arnicae, 56 - Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum, 63 - Tinctura Benzoini, 67 - Tinctura Benzoini Composita, 67 - Tinctura Cantharidis, 74 - Tinctura Capsici, 76 - Tinctura Digitalis, 90 - Tinctura Calumbae, 70 - Tinctura Gambir Composita, 97 - Tinctura Gentianae Composita, 99 - Tinctura Hydrastis, 104 - Tinctura Ipecacuanhae et Opii, 121 - Tinctura Nucis Vomicae, 112 - Tinctura Opii, 121 - Tinctura Opii Camphorata, 121 - Tincture Aconite, 31 - Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh, 42 - Tincture of Arnica, 56 - Tincture of Belladonna Leaves, 63 - Tincture Benzoin, 67 - Tincture of Calumba, 70 - Tincture of Capsicum, 76 - Tincture Cantharides, 74 - Tincture of Digitalis, 90 - Tincture of Ferric Chloride, 93 - Tincture Hydrastis, 104 - Tincture of Ipecac and Opium, 121 - Tincture of Nux Vomica, 112 - Tincture of Opium, 121 - Tincture Quassiae, 144 - Tincture Rhei Aromatica, 147 - Tincture Zingiberis, 159 - Turpentine, 116 - Turpentine Liniment, 117 - Tincturus Ferri Chloridi, 93 - - Unguentum Belladonnae, 63 - Unguentum Picis Liquidae, 130 - Unguentum Sulphuris, 156 - Unguentum Zinci Oxide, 162 - - Vaseline, 128 - Vinum Album, 38 - Vinum Opii, 122 - Vinum Rubrum, 38 - Vitriol, Blue, 88 - Vitriol, Green, 91 - - Weights and Measures Tables, 21 - Whisky, 37 - White Mustard, 148 - White Wine, 38 - Wine of Opium, 122 - Wine, Red, 38 - Wine, White, 38 - - Yellow Mercuric Oxide, 103 - - Zinc Acetate, 162 - Zinc Chloride, 162 - Zinc Chloride Solution, 163 - Zinc Oxide, 161 - Zinc Sulphate, 160 - Zinc Sulphocarbolate, 160 - Zinci Acetas, 162 - Zinci Carbonas Praecipitatus, 161 - Zinci Chloridum, 162 - Zinci Oxidum, 161 - Zinci Phenolsulphonas, 160 - Zinci Sulphas, 160 - Zingiber, 159 - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - - Inconsistent, archaic and unusual spelling, hyphenation, - capitalisation, etc. have been retained, except as mentioned below. - This includes the use of Linne for Linné, atrophine for atropine, - Qussia for Quassia, incontinuence for incontinence, Reisling and - Resiling for Riesling; Chichona and Cinchona; chlorid and chlorate for - chloride, etc. that may either be deliberately used alternative - spellings or typographical errors. - - Individual medicines have been treated as sections, which were (when - applicable) grouped together in chapters based on their common - compound. - - The book has several sentences where a word (or some words) may be - missing; these have not been corrected, unless mentioned below. - - Depending on the hard- and software used and their settings, not all - elements may display as intended. - - Page 36, miscible with ether chloroform: presumably miscible with - ether and chloroform. - - Page 37, owe their flavor to bouquet to ethers: as printed in the - source document; possibly an error for ... to a bouquet of ethers. - - Page 41, 20 gr. to 1 dr.: the animal for this dose is not mentioned, - but is possibly the dog. - - Page 46, distillation of nitric and amylic alcohol: possibly an error - for ... nitric acid and amylic alcohol. - - Page 51, These four proportions of ammonia: possibly an error for - These four preparations of ammonia; alcoholic proportions: possibly an - error for alcoholic preparations. - - Page 85, 97, U. S.: presumably U. S. P. (for Pharmacopoeia) as - elsewhere. - - - Changes: - - Many minor obvious typographical errors have been corrected silently. - - Aquous and aqueous have been standardised to aqueous; columba and - calumba to calumba; hydrastic to hydrastis. - - Page Source document Changed to - 7 ANTIFEREMENT. ANTIFERMENT. - 9 Commony Elaterium Common Elaterium - 10 seatons setons - CAUTERY POTENTEAL. CAUTERY POTENTIAL. - 12 Pancratin Pancreatin - 13 EPISPOSTIC. EPISPASTIC. - 14 Segenaroot Senegaroot - 17 borac acid boric acid (boracic acid might - also be appropriate) - 24 quaqua--hora quaqua-hora - Oclarius Octarius - Unguntum Unguentum - 25 crystitis cystitis - 26 cresol creosol - PHENO--ACIDUM CARBOLICUM-- PHENOL--ACIDUM CARBOLICUM-- - CARBOLIC ACID CARBOLIC ACID - 30 horney horny - 32 perotidities perotiditis (also called - parotiditis elsewhere in the - book) - 41 Aloe chinenisis Aloe chinensis - 50 AQUA AMMONIAE FORTOR AQUA AMMONIAE FORTIOR - 53 the oxygens, carrying power the oxygen carrying power - intestinal paristalsis intestinal peristalsis - 55 ARGENTE NITRAS MITIGATUS ARGENTI NITRAS MITIGATUS - 56 senuses of fistulous withers sinuses of fistulous withers - 58 ARSENIC TROXIDE ARSENIC TRIOXIDE - LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENTIS LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS - 59 excharotic escharotic - 60 exidation exudation - acidum arcenosum acidum arsenosum - 61 Aspidum Filix--mas Aspidium Filix-mas - 62 aspedium aspidium - 65 pharangitis pharyngitis - 66 stryrax styrax - 68 rheumatic effections rheumatic affections - 69 abraided surfaces abraded surfaces - 70 CAMBOGIA GAMBOGIA (this section is no - longer in alphabetical order - after the correction) - TINCLURA CALUMBAE TINCTURA CALUMBAE - 73 stangury strangury - 75 adaps adeps - 83 antonic indigestion atonic indigestion - 84 the action of quinine or micro- the action of quinine on micro- - organisms organisms - 86 neurectony neurectomy - 97 Uncaria Gembier, Roxb. Uncaria Gambir, Roxb. - 100 albumenates albuminates - 101 emisis emesis - 103 GOLDEN ZEAL GOLDEN SEAL - 106 parasitide parasiticide - disquamatic desquamatic - 110 Commandel Coast Coromandel Coast - 112 anyl alcohol amyl alcohol - 116 alvein secretions alvine secretions - Pinus paulstris Pinus palustris - 120 The Smyram, or Turkey opium The Smyrna, or Turkey opium - 123 ammonical ammoniacal - 126 bismuth sub. nitrate bismuth subnitrate - 129 electuries electuaries - 130 OLEUM PISIS OLEUM PICIS - 132 repeated header PREPARATIONS deleted - 138 scirrhus scirrhous - 142 internally in purperal internally in puerperal - 152 chologogue cholagogue - 153 All ethyl-nitrate to Add ethyl-nitrate to - 157 psoriases psoriasis - 159 Zingiber officiale Zingiber officinale - 162 acedious acidious - 165 ff., Index - duplicate entry Acid, Carbolic removed - Argenti Nitras Fusus moved to proper place - Entry Ether moved from separate entry - (directly before Chittem Bark) - to the second line of entry - Chloroform compared with - Wand Measures Tables Weights and Measures Tables - Several typographical errors corrected in order to conform to - the text; when necessary the - entries concerned were moved to - their proper places after - correction. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Veterinary Medicines, by George F. 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Korinek - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: Veterinary Medicines - Their Actions, Uses and Dose - -Author: George F. Korinek - -Release Date: July 14, 2020 [EBook #62644] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VETERINARY MEDICINES *** - - - - -Produced by Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="tnbox"> -<p class="center">Please see the <a href="#TN">Transcriber’s Notes</a> at the end of this text.</p> -</div> - -<div class="scr"> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="figcenter covercontainer"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover" /> -</div> - -</div><!--scr--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="titlepage"> - -<p class="center highline2">VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION<br /> -<span class="fsize90">OF AMERICA</span></p> - -<hr class="short" /> - -<h1><span class="h1line1">VETERINARY MEDICINES</span><br /> -<span class="h1line2">THEIR<br /> -ACTIONS, USES AND DOSE</span></h1> - -<p class="center highline4 fsize80">BY</p> - -<p class="center highline2">GEORGE F. KORINEK, V. S., B. V. S.</p> - -<p class="achievements"><i>Graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College. Graduate from -the Veterinary Department of the University of Toronto, Canada. -Member of the Science Association of the Ontario Veterinary -College. Registrar of the Veterinary Science Association -of America. Ten years of Practical Experience in Veterinary -Medicine and Surgery.</i></p> - -<div class="logo"> -<img src="images/illo000.jpg" alt="VSAA logo" /> -</div> - -<p class="center highline2"><span class="fsize80">PUBLISHED BY THE</span><br /> -VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION<br /> -OF AMERICA</p> - -</div><!--titlepage--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="copyright"> - -<p class="center fsize80">COPYRIGHT 1917<br /> -by the<br /> -VETERINARY SCIENCE ASSOCIATION<br /> -OF AMERICA</p> - -</div><!--copyright--> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page3">[3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="front">PREFACE</h2> - -<p>There is no scarcity of excellent works on Veterinary -materia medica and Therapeutics.</p> - -<p>Many of these will well repay the student for the -time spent in mastering them, but none seem to meet the -wants of the Veterinary Practitioner and Student for -whom this work is primarily intended.</p> - -<p>It has been my endeavor to find, and bring together -in available form, some of the facts regarded as of value -to those upon whom the stockman must depend, to a -great extent, for important services when sickness comes -upon our dumb friends—the domestic animals.</p> - -<p>A few publications have been consulted, and in some -instances quoted. It has not been practicable to give -proper credit for use of ideas and language in each instance, -but a general acknowledgment is here made.</p> - -<div class="publications"> - -<p>List of publications consulted and in some instances quoted:</p> - -<p>United States Dispensatory (by Wood).</p> - -<p>Veterinary Medicines (by Dun).</p> - -<p>Veterinary Materia Medica and Therapeutics (by Winslow).</p> - -<p>Veterinary Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Toxicology (by -Quitman).</p> - -</div><!--publications--> - -<p class="right padr2"><span class="smcap">George F. Korinek</span>, V. S., B. V. S.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page4">[4-<br />5]<a id="Page5"></a></span></p> - -<h2>SUMMARY OF VETERINARY MATERIA -MEDICA, THERAPEUTICS AND -TOXICOLOGY</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Materia Medica</span>, derived from two <i>Latin</i> words -signifying medical material, the science which treats -with medicine, their source or origin, their derivatives, -physical and chemical properties, their method of preparation -and administration, their dose, physiological and -toxicological effects.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Therapeutics</span>, derived from the Greek, <i>Therapevo</i>, -meaning to serve or attend the sick, is that branch of -knowledge which treats of the application of all means—medical -or otherwise—to the cure of disease or relief of -pain.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Toxicology</span>, derived from the Greek <i>Toxikon</i>, a -poison, is that branch of knowledge which treats of the -nature, actions, detection and treatment of poisons.</p> - -<p>A <i>medicine</i> is an agent of animal, vegetable, or mineral -origin used for the cure of disease or relief of pain.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Drug</span>, derived from the Dutch, <i>Droog</i>, meaning dry, -is now used synonymously with medicine although -originally referring to an herb or dried medical plant.</p> - -<h2>GENERAL ACTIONS OF MEDICINES</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Alterative.</span>—A medicine that alters the process of -nutrition, so as to overcome morbid conditions of the -body as Arcenous Acid, Potassium Iodide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Anaesthetic.</span>—Medicines used to produce insensibility -to pain, and they are divided into Local and General -Anaesthetics.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">General Anaesthetics.</span>—Are inhaled and carried -by the blood to the brain and spinal cord, where they -paralyze the nerve centers, cause muscular relaxation -and finally produce entire suspension of sensation and -power of motion, together with a loss of consciousness, -and apparent life, except breathing and the action of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page6">[6]</span> -heart. They comprise Nitrous Oxide Gas, Ether and -Chloroform, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Local Anaesthetics.</span>—As a rule, are injected -hypodermically or applied to open wounds. They cause -temporary loss of local or circumscribed sensation by -paralyzing the sensory nerves. When applied in the -form of liniments they resemble anodynes, but act more -promptly and profoundly. They comprise Cocaine, -Eucaine, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Analgesic.</span>—A medicine used to relieve pain, as -Opium, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Anaphrodisiac.</span>—A medicine used to produce absence -or impairment of sexual appetite, as Potassium -Bromide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Anhidrotic.</span>—A medicine that diminishes the secretion -of perspiration as Belladonna, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Anodyne.</span>—A medicine that lessens sensibility to -pain, by diminishing the excitability of nerve centers, -as Cannabis Indica, Chloral Hydrate, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Anodynes Local.</span>—Are drugs that diminish pain -by acting locally on sensory nerves, and are applied -in the form of a liniment over painful swellings, as -Belladonna, Aconite, Opium, hot and cold packs, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antacid.</span>—A medicine that counteracts or neutralizes -acidity of the stomach or intestines as liquor Potassium, -Sodium Carbonate and Bicarbonate, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antagonistic.</span>—A medicine which counteracts the -action of another medicine in the system, as would -Potassium Bromide and Nux Vomica or Strychnine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Anthelmintic.</span>—A medicine efficiently destroying -or expelling worms or preventing their development, as -Santonin, Arecae Nut, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antidote.</span>—A substance preventing or counteracting -the action of a poison. Antidotes are distinguished -as: chemical, those that change the chemical nature of the -poison; mechanical, those that prevent absorption of -poison; physiologic, those that counteract the effects of -poison by producing other effects.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page7">[7]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antiemetic.</span>—A medicine which prevents or arrests -vomiting, as Bismuth Subnitrate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antifebrile.</span>—A medicine that reduces temperature, -as Acetanilid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antiferment.</span>—A medicine which prevents the -formation of gases, as Sodium Bicarbonate, Turpentine, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antigalactic.</span>—A medicine which lessens the secretion -of milk, as Belladonna, Tannin, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antiparasitic.</span>—An agent which destroys and repels -insects, as essential oils, powdered tobacco, sulphur -and naphthalin, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antiperiodic.</span>—A medicine that tends to prevent the -periodic recurrence of a disease, as Quinine Sulphate, -Arsenous Acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antiperistaltic or Antiperistalsis.</span>—Are medicines -that produce compression of peristalsis or the -worm-like movement of the intestines by which method -the alimentary canal propels its contents, as Opium.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antiphlogistic.</span>—A medicine or agent subduing -or reducing inflammation or fever, as in bloodletting, -applications of cold packs or the administration of -Aconite, Acetanilide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antirheumatic.</span>—A medicine that prevents or -cures rheumatism, as Sodium Salicylates, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antipyretic.</span>—A medicine which reduces body temperature -in fever, as Quinine Sulphate, Salicylic Acid, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antiseptic.</span>—A medicine which arrests putrefaction -on or in the body, or hinders septic decomposition by killing -the germs that produce it or by checking their development, -as Carbolic Acid, Zinc Sulphocarbolates, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antispasmodic.</span>—A medicine which prevents or removes -spasmodic contraction of voluntary or involuntary -muscles, as Belladonna, Valerian, Chloral Hydrate, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antitoxin.</span>—A counter poison or antidote generated -within the body to counteract the toxins of bacteria. -Antitoxins are frequently injected hypodermically in<span class="pagenum" id="Page8">[8]</span> -the treatment of certain infectious diseases and also to -immunize against disease, as Tetanus Antitoxin for the -treatment of tetanus or lockjaw, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antivenene.</span>—A name applied to blood-serum of -animals rendered immune against snake-poison owing -to its antidotal properties.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antizymotic.</span>—A medicine preventing fermentation, -as Salicylic Acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Aperient.</span>—A medicine possessing a mild laxative -or purgative effect, as Rochelle Salts, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Aphrodisiac.</span>—A medicine which stimulates sexual -appetite, as Cantharides, Nux Vomica, Phosphorus, Alcohol -and general tonics, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Aromatic.</span>—A medicine characterized by a fragrant -taste or odor, as Aromatic Spiritus of Ammonia, Ginger -and the essential oils, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Astringent.</span>—A medicine which contracts vessels -and arrests discharges, as Tannic Acid, Ergot, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Auxiliary.</span>—A medicine that assists the action of -another, as Chloral Hydrate would assist Bromide of -Potassium in checking excitability.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bitter.</span>—A medicine with a bitter taste, stimulating -the gastro-intestinal secretions without materially affecting -the general system, as Qussia Gentian, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Blennorrhagic.</span>—A medicine which increases the -secretions of mucus, as Eucalyptus, Balsam Tulo, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Blister.</span>—An agent which, when applied over the -skin, produces vesicles resulting from local inflammatory -exudate of serous fluid between the epidermis and -true skin, as applications of Cantharides, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bolus.</span>—A large pill or a round mass of food prepared -by the mouth for swallowing.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Bouilon.</span>—A nutritive medium for the culture of -micro-organisms prepared from finely chopped beef or -beef extract.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cachexia.</span>—A deprived condition of general nutrition, -due to serious diseases, as Tuberculosis, Scrofula, -Syphilis, Cancer, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Calefacient.</span>—A medicine applied externally to<span class="pagenum" id="Page9">[9]</span> -produce a sensation of warmth to the part to which it -is applied, as Turpentine, Mustard, Capsicum, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Calmant.</span>—A medicine that reduces functional activity, -as Bromide of Potassium, Aconite, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Calmative.</span>—A medicine which has a quieting or a -sedative effect, as Morphine, Cannibus Indica, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Calorifacient or Calorific.</span>—A heat producing -substance which has the power of developing heat in the -body, as Cod Liver and Olive Oil, Fats, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cardiac Depressant or Sedative.</span>—A medicine -which lessens the force and frequency of the heart’s -action as Aconite, Potassium Nitrate, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cardiac Stimulant.</span>—A medicine that increases -the force and frequency of the heart’s action when in a -depressed condition, as Alcohol, Nux Vomica, Ether, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cardiac Tonics.</span>—Are medicines that do not act -as quickly as cardiac stimulants, but they strengthen the -heart muscles which regulate pulsation, as Digitalis, -Nux Vomica, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Carminative.</span>—A medicine that allays pain by causing -the expulsion of gases from the alimentary canal, as -Aromatic Spiritus of Ammonia, Asafetida, Turpentine, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cataleptic.</span>—A medicine causing animals to lose -control of their muscles, as Cannibus Indica, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Catalytic.</span>—A medicine supposed to break down, -destroy or counteract morbid agencies existing in the -blood, as Calomel, Arcenous Acid, etc.</p> - -<p id="Ref01"><span class="smcap">Cathartic.</span>—A medicine which hastens the evacuation -of the bowels, as Aloes, Castor Oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cathartic Cholagogue.</span>—A medicine that stimulates -the evacuation of the intestines and the flow of -bile at the same time, as Podophyllin, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cathartic Drastic.</span>—A medicine which produces -violent action of the intestines with griping and pain, -as Jalap, Arecoline, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cathartic Hydragogue.</span>—A medicine that causes -abundant watery discharges of feces, as Common -Elaterium, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page10">[10]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cathartic Saline.</span>—A medicine which increases -intestinal secretions and prevents re-absorption, and -mechanically excites peristaltic action, as Magnesium -Sulphate, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cathartic Simple.</span>—A medicine that is more active -then a laxative, but is accompanied by some griping; it -causes active peristalsis and larger and softer stools than -laxatives, as Rhubarb, Aloes, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Caustic.</span>—A medicine or agent used to destroy living -tissue, as Caustic Potash, Silver Nitrate, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cautery.</span>—An agent used to sear or burn living -tissue, with a cautery or a caustic, as a hot iron or Nitric -Acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cautery Actual.</span>—A metal instrument heated by -an electric current or by flame, used to destroy bone or -muscular tissue or for producing counter-irritation, -much preferred to setons in diseases of the bones especially -of their joints, as in Bone Spavin, Ringbone, -etc., also valuable in the treatment of sprained tendons. -The methods used are either puncture or line firing.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cautery Potential.</span>—A chemical used for destroying -or cauterizing flesh, as Nitric Acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Chalybeate.</span>—A medicine containing iron, as Tincture -Chlorid of Iron.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Condiment.</span>—A medicine used to improve palatability -of food, as Fenugreek, Aniseed, Salt, Pepper, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Conservative.</span>—A medicine or substance used for -the preservation of other medicines without loss, as Alcohol, -Honey, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constringent.</span>—A medicine which causes contraction -of organic tissues, as Tannin, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Convulsant.</span>—A medicine which causes violent and -unnatural contractions of muscles (convulsions) as Nux -Vomica or its derivative, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cordial.</span>—A medicine which increases the strength -and raises the vitality when depressed, as Aromatic -Spirits of Ammonia, Alcohol, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Corrective</span> or <span class="smcap">Correctant</span>.—A -substance used to<span class="pagenum" id="Page11">[11]</span> -modify or make pleasant the action of a cathartic or -other medicines, as Acacia, Coriander, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Corrosive.</span>—A substance that destroys organic tissue -either by direct chemical means or by causing inflammation -and suppuration, as Mercuric Chloride, Nitric -Acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Counter Irritant.</span>—A substance or medicine which -produces superficial inflammation artificially in order -to exercise a good effect, by stimulating functional -activity of a part, thus promoting repair upon some -adjacent or deep-seated morbid process, as Blistering -or Firing, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Cumulative Poison.</span>—A medicine which finally -acts as a poison after several successive doses have been -taken with little or no apparent effect, as Arsenic, -Strychnine, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Debilitant.</span>—A medicine which diminishes the energy -of organs, as Bromide of Potassium, Lobelia, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Defervescent.</span>—A medicine that reduces temperature, -as Quinine Sulphate, Aconite, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Deliriant or Delirifacent.</span>—A medicine which -produces delirium, as Opium, Stramonium, Alcohol, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Demulcent.</span>—A mucilaginous or oily, soothing -blend to protect irritated skin or mucous membranes, as -Carron Oil, White of an Egg, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Deobstruent.</span>—A medicine which removes functional -obstructions in the body, as Castor Oil, Magnesium -Sulphate, Aloes, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Deodorant or Deodorizer.</span>—A substance to conceal -or destroy foul odors, as Crude Carbolic Acid, -Chloride of Lime, etc. Noxious odors may also be destroyed -and absorbed with freshly burnt charcoal or dry -earth.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Depletory.</span>—A medicine which diminishes the -quantity of liquid in the body, as Iodide or Nitrate of -Potassium, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Depressant.</span>—A medicine which lessens vital power, -as Opium, Aconite, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page12">[12]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Depresso-Motor.</span>—A medicine that depresses motor -activity, as Sodium or Potassium Bromide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Depurant.</span>—A medicine for cleaning foul wounds -and abscesses, as Hydrogen Peroxide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Depuratory.</span>—A medicine which purifies the blood, -as Sulphur, Iodide Potassium, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dermatic.</span>—A medicine used in diseases of the skin, -as Resorcinol, Zinc Oxide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivative.</span>—A substance used in drawing away -blood or liquid exudates from diseased parts by creating -an extra demand for them in some other part of the -body, as Mustard, Capsicum, Cantharides, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Desiccant.</span>—A medicine used for drying up sores, -as Tannic Acid, Boric Acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Desiccative.</span>—A medicine which dries up secretions, -as Zinc Oxide, Camphor, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Desiccatory.</span>—A medicine used externally to dry -up moisture or fluids from wounds, as Tannic Acid, -Starch, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Desquamation.</span>—A medicine which removes scales -from the skin, bones and mucous membranes, as Potassium -Iodide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Detergent.</span>—A substance for purifying and cleansing -wounds, ulcers, as Hydrogen Peroxide, Soap and -Water, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Diaphoretic.</span>—A medicine which causes an increased -amount of perspiration, as Pilocarpine, Ginger, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Diarrhetic.</span>—A substance or medicine which causes -increased frequency and lessened consistency of fecal -evacuations, as Mandrake.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dietetic.</span>—A medicine having nutritious properties, -as Olive or Cod Liver Oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Digestant.</span>—A medicine that assists digestion of -food, in the mouth, stomach or intestines, as Pancreatin, -Pepsin, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Digestive.</span>—A medicine which promotes the process -of digestion, as Gentian, Qussia, Nux Vomica, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page13">[13]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Diluent.</span>—A medicine that dilutes the secretions of -organs, as Magnesium Sulphate, Gamboge, Arecoline, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Discutient.</span>—A substance or medicine having the -power of causing an exudation to disappear, as Iodide -of Potassium, Red Iodide of Mercury, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Disinfectant.</span>—A medicine which destroys septic -poisons of communicable diseases; its special function -is to kill or hinder the development of those germs or -bacteria which produce diseases, as Carbolic Acid, -Chloride of Lime, Formaldehyde, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dissolvent.</span>—A medicine that promotes solution of -tissues of the body, as Potassium Iodide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Diuretic.</span>—A medicine that increases the secretions -of the urinary organs, as Potassium Nitrate, Buchu, -Turpentine, Spirits Ether Nit, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Drastic.</span>—A medicine having a severe purgative or -cathartic effect on the bowels, as Croton Oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Ebolic.</span>—A medicine causing contraction of the -uterus, and thus producing abortion, as Ergot, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Electuary.</span>—A substance used to lessen irritability -or increase the palatability of medicines, as Sugar, -Honey, Molasses, Water, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Eliminative.</span>—A medicine having power of expelling -or casting out, especially waste products, as Arecoline, -Magnesium Sulphate, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Emetic.</span>—A substance or medicine having the power -to induce vomiting, as Apomorphine, Ipecac, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Emmenagogue.</span>—A medicine which stimulates -menstrual flow, as Potassium Permanganate, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Emollient.</span>—A substance used externally to soften, -sooth and relax parts to which they are applied as vegetable -poultices, oils, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Epispastic.</span>—A medicine producing a blister, as -Cantharides, Aqua Ammonia Fort, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Errhine.</span>—A medicine that increases nasal secretions, -as Formalin, Capsicum, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Evacuant.</span>—A medicine which causes the emptying<span class="pagenum" id="Page14">[14]</span> -of an organ, especially the bowels, as Magnesium Sulphate, -Aloes, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Excitant.</span>—A medicine that arouses functional activity, -as Nux Vomica, Alcohol, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Exhilarant.</span>—A medicine which cheers or stimulates -the mind, as Strychnine, Alcohol, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Expectorant.</span>—A medicine that acts upon the -pulmonary mucous membranes to increase or alter its -secretions, as Lobelia, Chloride of Ammonia, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Febrifuge.</span>—A medicine which lessens bodily temperature, -as Quinine, Acetanilid, Aconite, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Fumigation.</span>—Is a process of disinfection by exposure -to the fumes of a vaporizing disinfectant, as -Formaldehyde.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Galactagogue.</span>—A medicine or substance which -stimulates the secretions of the mammary glands, thereby -increasing the flow of milk, as Senegaroot, Pilocarpine, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Germicide.</span>—A medicine which destroys germs of -any kind whether bacilli, spirilli or micrococci, as Bichloride -Mercury, Carbolic Acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hematinic.</span>—A medicine that increases the proportion -of hematin or coloring matter in the blood, as Iron, -Arsenic, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hemolytic.</span>—A medicine which causes the breaking -down of the blood corpuscles, as Mineral Acids.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hemostatic.</span>—A medicine which stops bleeding, as -Tincture Chloride of Iron, Ergot, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hepatic Depressant or Sedative.</span>—A medicine -that decreases the function of the liver, as Plumbi -Acetate, Morphine, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hepatic Stimulant.</span>—A medicine which increases -the functions of the liver, as Calomel, Podophyllin, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hidrotic or Hydrotic.</span>—A medicine that stimulates -perspiration (sweat), as Pilocarpine, Spirits Ether -Nit., etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hydragogue.</span>—A medicine which causes full watery -evacuations from the bowels, as Arecoline, Gamboge, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page15">[15]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hypnotic.</span>—A medicine which produces sleep, as -Chloral Hydrate, Morphine, Potassium Bromide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Hyposthenic.</span>—A medicine which causes weakness, -debility, as Lobelia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Idiosyncrasy.</span>—A peculiarity of constitution that -makes one person or animal react differently to medicines -or other influences from most persons or animals.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Insecticide.</span>—A substance used to destroy insects, -as unrefined carbolic acid, benzine, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Intoxicant.</span>—A drug which excites or stupifies, as -alcohol, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Irritant.</span>—A medicine or agent causing heat, pain -and tension due to the increased flow of blood to the part, -as heat, mustard, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lactagogue.</span>—A medicine which increases the flow -of milk, as extract of malt, jaborandi, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Laxative.</span>—A medicine that loosens the bowels; a -mild cathartic or purgative, as potassium nitrate, sulphur, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lenitive.</span>—A substance having the quality to relieve -pain or protecting tissues from the actions of irritants, -as fats, oils, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Liquefacient.</span>—A medicine which promotes the -liquefying processes of the system, as potassium iodide, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lithagogue.</span>—A medicine which expels calculi (or -stones) from the kidneys or bladder, as benzoic acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Litholytic</span> or <span class="smcap">Lithontriptic</span>.—A medicine to dissolve -calculi (or stones) as benzoate of ammonia, carbonate -of potassium, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lubricant.</span>—A substance which soothes irritated -surfaces of the throat and their fauces, as honey, olive -oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Medicament.</span>—Any medicine used in the treatment -of diseases or wounds.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Medicine.</span>—Any substance for the cure of disease.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Mydriatic.</span>—An agent which dilates or enlarges -the pupil of the eye, whether used internally or externally, -as atrophine.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page16">[16]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Myotic.</span>—Any agent that contracts the pupil of the -eye, whether applied to the eye or taken by the mouth, -as eserine, arecoline, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Narcotic.</span>—A medicine which produces sleep and -relieves pain, but first cause cerebral excitement, as -chloroform, ether, belladonna and alcohol, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Nephritic.</span>—A medicine used in diseases of the kidneys, -as buchu, uva ursi, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Nervine.</span>—A medicine that calms nervous excitement -or acts favorably in nervous diseases, as potassium -bromide, chloral hydrate, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Nutrient.</span>—A medicine which builds up the waste -tissues of the system, as cod liver oil, general tonics, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Obtundent.</span>—Any agent which relieves irritation or -reduces sensibility, as opium, poultices, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Odontalgic.</span>—Any substance for the relief of toothache, -as oil of cloves, morphine, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Odorant.</span>—Any substance with a pronounced odor, -as naphthaline, asafoetida, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Opiate.</span>—A drug which causes sleep, as chloral -hydrate, opium, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Oxytocic.</span>—Any agent that produces parturition, -as cotton root, ergot, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Panacea.</span>—A medicine curing all diseases; a cure -all, as some patent medicines.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Parasiticide.</span>—A substance that destroys various -animal and vegetable organisms or parasites which live -upon the surface of the body, as mercurial and sulphur -ointment, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Parturient</span> or <span class="smcap">Parturifacient</span>.—Any agent assisting -in the birth of the young, as ergot.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Peristaltic.</span>—A medicine which increases the movements -of the longitudinal and transverse muscular fibers -of the intestines and assists them in expelling their contents -as nux vomica, arecoline, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Placebo.</span>—Any medicine or inert substance given -for the purpose of satisfying the patient, rather than for -its medical effects, as sugar, fenugreek, anise, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Poison.</span>—An agent that when introduced into the<span class="pagenum" id="Page17">[17]</span> -body either destroys life or impairs seriously the functions -of one or more of its organs, as potassium cyanide, -hydrocyanic acid, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Potential.</span>—A medicine which possesses restorative -effects, but is delayed in its effects, as potassium -iodide, arsenic, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Preservative.</span>—A substance which prevents decomposition -of another substance, as acetanilid, boric acid, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Preventive</span> or <span class="smcap">Prophylactic</span>.—A medicine or -method that tends to prevent disease, as quinine for the -prevention of malaria, vaccine, hygienics, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Protective.</span>—A substance used for protecting the -parts to which it is applied, as collodion, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pungent.</span>—Any substance producing a sharp, -pinching, penetrating effect, as ammonia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Purgative.</span>—A medicine causing copious evacuations -of the bowels. (See <a href="#Ref01">Cathartics</a>.)</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pustulant.</span>—A medicine which irritates and gives -rise to the formation of pustules, as cantharides, croton -oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Recuperative.</span>—A medicine which restores health -and energy, as extract of malt, cod liver oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Refrigerant.</span>—A medicine or agent having cooling -properties or the power of lowering internal or external -temperature, as potassium nitrate, aconite, cold -water, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Relaxant.</span>—A substance which causes relaxation of -muscular tissues, as chloroform, chloral, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Reparative.</span>—A substance used to restore debilitated -tissues of the body, as general tonics, nitrogenous -foods, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Resolvent.</span>—A substance indicated in the treatment -or absorption of hard, callous tissue, as iodine and -its preparations.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Restorative.</span>—A medicine that aids in restoring the -health, as nux vomica, arsenic, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Revulsant</span> or <span class="smcap">Revulsive</span>.—An -agent which produces<span class="pagenum" id="Page18">[18]</span> -irritation and draws fluids from other parts diseased, -as poultices, cantharides, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Rubefacient.</span>—A medicine or agent causing irritation -and redness of the skin, as turpentine, mustard, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sedative.</span>—A medicine which diminishes functional -activity, as potassium or ammonium bromide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Septic.</span>—An agent causing poisoning resulting from -the absorption of products of putrefaction, as bacteria.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sialogogue.</span>—A medicine stimulating the flow of -saliva, as pilocarpine, arecoline, ginger, capsicum, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Somnifacient</span> or <span class="smcap">Soporific</span>.—A medicine which -produces drowsiness and sleep, as morphine, chloral -hydrate, potassium, bromide, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sorbefacient.</span>—A medicine used to produce abortion, -as ergot.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Specific.</span>—A medicine or agent which has a distinct -curative influence on an individual disease, as potassium -iodide in actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw) or oxygen in -milk fever, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Stimulant.</span>—A medicine which quickens or increases -functional activity, as strychnine, ammonium -carbonate, alcohol, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Stomachic.</span>—A medicine which increases functional -activity of the stomach, as quassia gentian, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Stomatic.</span>—A medicine used in diseases of the -mouth, as boric acid, potassium chlorate, alum, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Superfacient.</span>—A medicine causing unconsciousness -from which the patient can be roused, as opium, -bromide of potassium, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Styptic.</span>—An agent that checks bleeding by causing -contraction of the blood vessels, as tincture chloride -of iron, ergot, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Succedaneum.</span>—A medicine which may be substituted -for another possessing similar properties, as -chloral hydrate for potassium bromide, or aloes for linseed -oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sudorific.</span>—A medicine or agent which produces an -increased quantity of perspiration (sweat) as ginger, -pilocarpine, Dover’s powders, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page19">[19]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Suppurant.</span>—A medicine or agent promoting pus -formation, as poultices, cantharides, croton oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Synergist.</span>—A medicine which co-operates or assists -the action of another, as chloroform with ether, cantharides -with red iodide of mercury, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Taenicide.</span>—A medicine which destroys tape worms, -as extract of male fern.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Taenifuge.</span>—A medicine which expels tape worms, -as areca nut, pumpkin seed, oil of turpentine, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tetanic.</span>—A medicine or agent which increases the -irritation of the spinal cord or muscles producing -spasms, as strychnine, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tonic.</span>—A medicine promoting nutrition and giving -strength to the body, as arsenic, cod liver oil, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Topic</span> or <span class="smcap">Topical</span>.—A substance or agent for external -use, applied locally, as a liniment.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Toxic.</span>—A condition produced by a poison, as a result -of an over-dose of medicine or the absorption of -bacterial products.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Tricophyed.</span>—A medicine promoting the growth of -hair, as pilocarpine, cantharides, capsicum, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uterine.</span>—A medicine acting upon the uterus, as -ergot.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Vehicle.</span>—A medicine or agent used as a medium or -base for the administration of medicines, as syrups, oils, -water, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Vermicide.</span>—A medicine which destroys parasitic -worms, as turpentine, iron sulphate, tobacco, creosote, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Vermifuge.</span>—A medicine which expels parasitic -worms, as arecoline, aloes, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Vesicant.</span>—A medicine which forms pustules containing -white serum, as cantharides.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Virus.</span>—A poison of an infectious disease, especially -one found in the system of an animal suffering from an -infectious disease, as hog cholera, cowpox or rabies virus, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Vulnerary.</span>—Any medicine or compound used in -the treatment of wounds, as ointments, liniments, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page20">[20]</span></p> - -<h2>ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES</h2> - -<p>The following methods of administering medicines -in order of their rapidity of absorption, beginning with -the method by which absorption is most rapid, and following -with those by which absorption is less rapid and -finally least rapid: 1. Intravenous, by injection into -veins. 2. By inhalation (volatile drugs). 3. Subcutaneous, -by injection into subcutaneous tissue. 4. Intratracheal, -by injection into the trachea (or wind pipe). -5. Oral, by the mouth. 6. Rectal, by the rectum. 7. -Inunction, by the skin. 8. Intramammary injections.</p> - -<h2>WHEN MEDICINES SHOULD BE -ADMINISTERED</h2> - -<p>The curative effects of medicines may be restrained, -changed in form or prevented by untimely administration.</p> - -<p>Medicines intended to act on the mucous membrane -of the stomach should only be given when that organ is -empty. If distant parts are to be affected in the most -prompt and efficient manner and the medicine is free -from distinct irritating qualities, it should be taken on -an empty stomach; as when digestion is going on, the -contents of the stomach are acid in reaction and if -alkalies are given combinations take place and salts are -formed. If alkalies are given before digestion begins, -diffusion of the acid-forming constituents of the blood -takes place, and in this way the acidity of the gastric -juice is promoted; likewise acids given before meals increase -the diffusion of the alkaline constituents of the -blood.</p> - -<h2>METHODS OF ADMINISTERING MEDICINES</h2> - -<p>Drenching, bit, balling gun, capsule gun, bottle, -dose syringe and hypodermic syringe.</p> - -<p>Anaesthetics administered in feed bags or proper -inhaler.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page21">[21]</span></p> - -<h2>TABLES USED IN PRESCRIPTION WRITING</h2> - -<p class="tabhead">APOTHECARIES OR TROY WEIGHT.</p> - -<table class="standard fsize90" summary="Weights"> - -<tr> -<td class="number">20</td> -<td class="text padr6">Grains (Granum)</td> -<td class="text">(Gr. or Grs.) = 1 Scruple.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">3</td> -<td class="text padr6">Scruples (Scrupulum)</td> -<td class="text">(Sc.) = 1 Drachm (60 Grs.)</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">8</td> -<td class="text padr6">Drachms (Drachma)</td> -<td class="text">(ʒ) = 1 Ounce.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">12</td> -<td class="text padr6">Ounces (Uncia)</td> -<td class="text">(℥) = 1 Pound (℔)</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="fsize90">In prescription writing the pound sign should not be used; always -express large quantities by ounces.</p> - -<p class="tabhead">APOTHECARIES’ LIQUID MEASURE.</p> - -<table class="standard fsize90" summary="Measures"> - -<tr> -<td class="number">60</td> -<td class="text padr6">Minims (Minimum)</td> -<td class="text">(M. or Ms.) = 1 Fluid Drachm.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">8</td> -<td class="text padr6">Fluid Drachms (Fluid Drachma)</td> -<td class="text">(fl. ʒ) = 1 Fluid Ounce.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">16</td> -<td class="text padr6">Fluid Ounces (Fluid Uncia)</td> -<td class="text">(fl. ℥) = 1 Pint.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">2</td> -<td class="text padr6">Pints (Octarius)</td> -<td class="text">(O.) = 1 Quart.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">4</td> -<td class="text padr6">Quarts or 8 Pints = 1 Gallon</td> -<td class="text">(congius—C.)</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p class="fsize90">In prescribing liquids the abbreviation for Quarts (Qts.) is never -used. If a quart is desired it is expressed as two pints (Oij).</p> - -<p class="tabhead">APPROPRIATE EQUIVALENTS OF WINE UNITS IN DOMESTIC -MEASURES.</p> - -<table class="standard fsize90" summary="Measures"> - -<tr> -<td class="text padr6">Teaspoon</td> -<td class="text">= ʒi.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text padr6">Dessert spoon</td> -<td class="text">= ʒii.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text padr6">Table spoon</td> -<td class="text">= ℥ss.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text padr6">Cup</td> -<td class="text">= ℥iv.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text padr6">Tumbler</td> -<td class="text">= ℥viii.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<h2>TABLES FOR REGULATING THE DOSES FOR -YOUNG ANIMALS</h2> - -<p class="tabhead">HORSES.</p> - -<div class="centerblock"> - -<p>3 years old and upward, full dose.<br /> -From 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> years old to 3 years, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dose.<br /> -From 9 to 18 months old, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> dose.<br /> -From 4<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 9 months old, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> dose.<br /> -From 1 to 4<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> months old, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>16</sub> dose.</p> - -</div><!--centerblock--> - -<p class="tabhead">CATTLE.</p> - -<div class="centerblock"> - -<p>2 years old and upward, full dose.<br /> -From 1 to 2 years old, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dose.<br /> -From <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 year, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> dose.<br /> -From 3 to 6 months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> dose.<br /> -From 1 to 3 months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>16</sub> dose.</p> - -</div><!--centerblock--> - -<p class="tabhead">SHEEP.</p> - -<div class="centerblock"> - -<p>2 years old and upward, full dose.<br /> -From 1 to 2 years old, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dose.<br /> -From <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 year, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> dose.<br /> -From 3 to 6 months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> dose.<br /> -From 1 to 3 months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>16</sub> dose.</p> - -</div><!--centerblock--> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page22">[22]</span></p> - -<p class="tabhead">PIGS.</p> - -<div class="centerblock"> - -<p>1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> years and upward, full dose.<br /> -From 9 to 18 months old, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dose.<br /> -From 4<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 9 months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> dose.<br /> -From 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 4<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> dose.<br /> -From 1 to 2<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>16</sub> dose.</p> - -</div><!--centerblock--> - -<p class="tabhead">DOGS.</p> - -<div class="centerblock"> - -<p>From <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 year old, full dose.<br /> -From 3 to 6 months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dose.<br /> -From 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 3 months, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> dose.<br /> -From 20 to 45 days, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> dose.<br /> -From 10 to 20 days, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>16</sub> dose.</p> - -</div><!--centerblock--> - -<h2>THE ART OF PRESCRIBING</h2> - -<p>The prescription should be as brief and simple as -possible. It should be explicit and clearly written. It -may be expressed either in Latin or in English. The -manner in which the medicine is to be used should be -specified. Important instructions as to the rule, systematic -regulations or diet of the patient are sometimes -necessary.</p> - -<p>Prescriptions usually contain two or more of the -following four representative constituents: (1) The -<i>basis</i> or active ingredients. The practice of conjoining -several active medicines has wisely been abandoned. -Occasionally, however, it may be advantageous to give -together two medicines producing their effects in somewhat -different ways. Thus, spasms of the bowels are -more often effectually controlled by the conjunction of -a stimulant like ether and an anodyne like opium than -by either given alone. Pain which is not alleviated by -either morphine or atropine is sometimes abated by giving -them together. (2) The <i>adjuvant</i> is introduced in -order to increase, moderate or modify the action of the -basis. Frequently its chief object is to insure solubility -and ready absorption. (3) A <i>corrective</i> is occasionally -required to temper the effects of the basis. Thus a -small dose of opium is prescribed with oil or other laxative -in cases of diarrhoea; ginger is generally added to<span class="pagenum" id="Page23">[23]</span> -the aloetic mass to prevent its griping. (4) The -<i>vehicle</i> generally consists of some comparatively inert -substance, added to facilitate administration, such as -the treacle, linseed meal or licorice powder used as an -excipient for boluses and pills, the benzoated lard or -vaseline used for making ointments, and the water given -in drenches.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">Example:</p> - -<table class="standard margin75 fsize90" summary="Prescription"> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="5" class="left top">℞</td> -<td colspan="2"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Barb. Aloes</td> -<td class="text padr3">℥i.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Calomel</td> -<td class="text padr3">ʒi.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Ginger</td> -<td class="text padr3">ʒii.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Molasses</td> -<td class="text padr3">℥ss.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="2" class="text">M. et fiat massa, in bolus 1.</td> -<td> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="text">Sig. Give at once.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="3"> </td> -<td class="text">—John Jones.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p>In the above prescription aloes is the basis; calomel -as an adjuvant, ginger as a corrective, molasses as an -excipient.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">A prescription is composed of several parts, which -may be considered as follows:</p> - -<table class="standard fsize90" summary="Prescription"> - -<tr> -<td class="number">1.</td> -<td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="text">Heading.</td> -<td rowspan="13" class="w4m"> </td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">2.</td> -<td class="text">Names and quantities of drugs.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">3.</td> -<td class="text">Directions to compounder.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">4.</td> -<td class="text">Directions to attendant.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">5.</td> -<td class="text">Signature of writer.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number padtop75">1.</td> -<td class="text padtop75">For Gray Tom. July 22, 1916.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="text">℞</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="4" class="number mid">2.</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace right padr0">-</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="brace bt bb bl"> </td> -<td class="text">Cupri sulph.,</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Ferri. sulph. exsic., aa. ℥iss.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Pulv. belladonna fol.,</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="text">Pulv. gentian rad. aa. ℥iii.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">3.</td> -<td rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="text">M. Ft. Chart No. XII.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="number">4.</td> -<td class="text">Sig.—One powder three or four times daily in syrup.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td colspan="5" class="right padtop75">—John Jones.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page24">[24]</span></p> - -<h2>ABBREVIATIONS</h2> - -<p class="tabhead">PRESCRIPTION WRITING.</p> - -<p class="fsize90">Words, phrases and abbreviations commonly used in prescription -writing.</p> - -<ul class="abbreviations"> - -<li>℞—means take thou.</li> -<li>M.—Misce, mix.</li> -<li>Fiat—make.</li> -<li>Ad.—add, to make.</li> -<li>Et.—means and.</li> -<li>Sig.—Signa, label, or write thus.</li> -<li>Numerus—number.</li> -<li>O.—Octarius, a pint.</li> -<li>Ter.—thrice.</li> -<li>C. or Cong.—Congius, gallon.</li> -<li>Dies.—diem, day.</li> -<li>Q. S.—Quantum sufficiat. Sufficient quantity.</li> -<li>Bene—well.</li> -<li>q. s. ad.—quantity sufficient to make certain amount.</li> -<li>Q. h.—quaqua-hora, every hour.</li> -<li>aa.—ana. Of each.</li> -<li>S.—Semis, means half.</li> -<li>S. S.—Semi or Semissis means one-half.</li> -<li>Cum.—with.</li> -<li>Stat.—statim, immediately.</li> -<li>B. I. D.—Bis in die. Twice daily.</li> -<li>T. I. D., or T. D.—three times daily, Ter in die.</li> -<li>Q. D.—quarter in die; four times daily.</li> -<li>P. Æ.—Partes æquales, equal parts.</li> -<li>Div.—divide.</li> -<li>Gtt.—Guttæ, drops.</li> -<li>Grs.—Grains.</li> -<li>ʒ—Drachma, dram.</li> -<li>℥—Uncia, ounce.</li> -<li>M.—Minims about a drop.</li> -<li>℈—Scruple.</li> -<li>M. ft.—mistura fiat; let a mixture be made.</li> -<li>Pil.—Pilula; pill.</li> -<li>Destil.—Destilla; distill.</li> -<li>Liq.—liquor a solution.</li> -<li>Pulv.—Pulvis; powder.</li> -<li>Fl.—fluidus, fluid.</li> -<li>Bol.—Bolus, large pill.</li> -<li>Cola—strain.</li> -<li>Filtra—filter.</li> -<li>Capsula—cap. A capsule.</li> -<li>Charta—chart. A paper (medicated).</li> -<li>Dosis—Dos. A dose.</li> -<li>Massa—Mass. A pill—mass.</li> -<li>Unguentum—Ungt. An ointment.</li> -<li>Syrups—Syr. A syrup.</li> -<li>Vinum.—Vin. A wine.</li> -<li>Aqua fontana—Aq. font.—Spring water.</li> -<li>Aqua destillata—Aq. dest.—Distilled water.</li> - -</ul> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page25">[25]</span></p> - -<h2>ACIDUM BORICUM—BORACIC ACID—BORIC -ACID</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made by evaporation and crystallization -of a solution obtained by passing steam issuing from -rocks in volcanic regions of Italy, through water; or -by the action of hydrochloric or sulphuric acids upon -borax. Recovered by filtration and recrystallization.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Transparent colorless scales, of a -somewhat pearly luster, six-sided tricline crystals, or a -light white, very fine powder, slightly unctuous to the -touch; odorless, having a faintly bitterish taste, and -permanent in air. Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerine, -etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; foals and -calves, 20 to 30 grs.; sheep and pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, -5 to 20 grs.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI—GLYCERITE -OF BOROGLYCERIN</h4> - -<p>Composed of boric acid, 310 parts; glycerin to make -1,000; prepared by heat (303° F.).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Boric acid is a non-volatile, non-irritating -antiseptic, deodorant and astringent, it arrests fermentation -of minute organisms, free of irritating effects in -solution, when applied to wounds; it lessens suppuration, -and is as effective as carbolic acid; can be used in -any strength from the pure powder or saturated solution -to the mildest form.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Boric acid is indicated for all purposes for -which an antiseptic is used; it is used in diarrhoea in -foals, calves and dogs, combined with other drugs; it -has a slightly astringent action of itself; it is excreted in -the urine, consequently would exert its influence on the -bladder in cystitis, cystic catarrh; 1 part in 800 prevents -the development of anthrax-bacilli; useful in skin -diseases, also used in keratitis and catarrhal and purulent -conjunctivitis, six to ten grains to the ounce, with -atropine or cocaine when very painful. Useful in distemper<span class="pagenum" id="Page26">[26]</span> -of dogs where the bowels are affected, as an antiseptic. -Boric acid is preferred to carbolic acid as an -antiseptic for dogs. On account of the paralyzing effect -of carbolic acid on the nerves, it hinders the healing -of wounds to a certain extent, while the boracic acid does -not.</p> - -<p>Boric acid may be applied pure to wounds and sores -or mixed with other suitable drugs as a dusting powder. -Equal parts of boric acid and zinc oxide make a cheap -and effective healing powder; to an itching wound the -addition of an equal quantity of acetanilide increases its -value. A saturated solution (four per cent) is useful -as a vaginal and uterine douche and to flush the bladder -in cystitis.</p> - -<h2>ACIDUM CARBOLICUM CRUDUM—CRUDE -CARBOLIC ACID</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A liquid consisting of several different -constituents of coal tar, particularly creosol and -phenol, obtained by fractional distillation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A nearly colorless, or reddish-brown -liquid of a strong disagreeable and creosote-like odor, -and gradually turning darker on exposure to the air and -light. Soluble in fifteen parts of water.</p> - -<h2>PHENOL—ACIDUM CARBOLICUM—CARBOLIC -ACID</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained from crude carbolic acid by -agitation with caustic soda, heating to 338° F., and adding -hydrochloric acid. Then by agitation with sodium -chloride, digestion with calcium chloride, and distillation -at a temperature between 336° F. and 374° F. and -finally by crystallization.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Phenol in its pure state is a solid at -ordinary temperatures, crystallizing in minute plates or -long rhomboidal needles, white or colorless, of a -peculiar odor recalling that of creosote, and an acrid -burning taste. It is likely to be colored pinkish or brown -under the influence of light and air. Soluble in about<span class="pagenum" id="Page27">[27]</span> -19.6 parts of water, and very soluble in alcohol, ether, -chloroform, glycerin, fixed and volatile oils.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Phenol in large and undiluted doses is -an irritant and narcotic poison; it is used as an antiseptic, -parasiticide, antiferment and sometimes used as a local -anaesthetic or anodyne in a 2 to 5 per cent solution; also -as a caustic, but should not be used as a caustic as a burn -from it heals very slowly.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Internally as a gastric sedative in small doses -for vomiting in dogs; is administered in various contagious -and infectious diseases with the view of preventing -or arresting the development of micro-organisms; it -coagulates albumen, is not nearly so active as bichloride -of mercury; 1 part to 500 parts of water prevents the -growth of anthrax and other bacilli. Full doses produce -gastro-enteritis, and collapse, which may end fatally; -it is a muscular and nerve paralyzer, both internally -and externally, it kills by paralyzing the muscles of -respiration and the heart. It is chiefly eliminated from -the system by the kidneys, giving the urine a brownish -color.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">In Surgery.</span>—A three to five per cent solution is -used for washing out wounds, a two to three per cent -for hands, and for itching of the skin, carbolic acid -three or four drachms, glycerine two ounces to one pint -of water. Do not use over large surface on dogs and -not at all on cats.</p> - -<p>Phenol treatment for Tetanus, which has given very -good results and I would recommend one drachm in -three ounces of water, injected hypodermically in the -region of neck and shoulder every two or three hours -until twelve injections were given and less frequently -thereafter.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—Of the phenol: Horses and cattle, 10 to -40 grs.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 grs.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 gr., -well diluted.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Toxicology.</span>—Dogs and cats are especially susceptible -to the action of carbolic acid, therefore great care<span class="pagenum" id="Page28">[28]</span> -must be exercised when washing, especially cats, with -any preparation containing carbolic acid. Disinfecting -and deodorizing cat’s quarters with any preparation containing -carbolic acid makes them sick.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antidote.</span>—Sulphates of soda or magnesia. Atropine -sulphate hypodermically is a very valuable antidote. -Alcohol and vinegar have been used with good results, -both internally and externally.</p> - -<h2>ACIDUM SALICYLICUM—SALICYLIC ACID</h2> - -<p>An organic acid, existing naturally in combination -in various plants, but largely prepared synthetically -from carbolic acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made by passing carbonic dioxide -through sodium carbolate at a temperature of 428° F. -(220° C.). 2 NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O (sodium carbolate) + CO<sub>2</sub> = -Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>7</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (sodium salicylate) + C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O (phenol). -Sodium salicylate is treated with hydrochloric acid when -salicylic acid is precipitated.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Light, fine, white, needle-shaped -crystals, odorless, having a sweetish, afterwards acrid -taste; permanent in air. Soluble in alcohol, ether and -hot water; borax increases its solubility.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 2 to 6 drs.; cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep, -1 to 2 drs.; pigs, 30 to 40 grs.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.; should -be given well diluted; large doses are recommended for -fevers, but smaller doses more often repeated in rheumatism.</p> - -<h2>SODII SALICYLAS—SODIUM SALICYLAS</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made by the action of salicylic acid -on sodium carbonate. The solution is filtered and -heated to expel carbon dioxide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white amorphous or crystalline -powder or scales; odorless and having a sweetish, saline -taste. Permanent in air. Soluble in water, alcohol and -glycerine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as for salicylic acid.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page29">[29]</span></p> - -<h2>PHENYLIS SALICYLAS—PHENYL SALICYLATE -(Salol)</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made by heating salicylic and carbolic -acids with phosphorous pentachloride.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white crystalline powder; odorless, -or having a faintly aromatic odor, and almost tasteless. -Permanent in air. Insoluble in water, soluble in -ten parts of alcohol and readily soluble in chloroform.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as for salicylic acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Salicylic acid, sodium salicylate and -phenyl salicylate are powerful antiseptic, anti-rheumatic, -diaphoretic, cardiac depressant, antiferment and -antipyretic. Salicylic acid is in addition irritant and -astringent, continued in large doses is apt to derange -digestion; best to be administered on a full stomach.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—For acute rheumatism, influenza, strangles -and purpura where there is much sloughing; also as a -surgical wash, salicylic acid one part, borax one part to -thirty or forty parts of water. Salicylic acid is a more -powerful antiseptic than carbolic acid. Salicylic of soda -is freely antiseptic. Salicylic acid is highly recommended -in intestinal flatulence, given in two drachm -doses with one ounce of aromatic spirits of ammonia. -In gastric-flatulence give two drachms in capsule, repeat -in half hour if necessary.</p> - -<h2>ACONITUM—ACONITE—MONKSHOOD</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Aconite is obtained from the root of -aconitum napellus, which grows in Northwestern North -America, Europe and Asia in mountainous regions, and -cultivated in the United States for its beautiful flowers.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—The fresh leaves have a faint narcotic -odor, most sensible when they are rubbed. Their taste -is at first bitterish and herbaceous, afterwards burning -and acrid, with a feeling of numbness and tingling on -the inside of the lips, tongue and fauces, which is very -durable, lasting sometimes many hours. When long -chewed they inflame the tongue. The dried leaves have<span class="pagenum" id="Page30">[30]</span> -a similar taste, but the acrid impression commences later. -Their sensible properties and medical activity are impaired -by long keeping. They should be of a green -color, and free from mustiness. The root has a feeble -earthy odor. Though sweetish at first, it has afterwards -the same effect as the leaves upon the mouth and fauces. -It shrinks much in drying and becomes darker, but -does not lose its acrimony. Those parcels, whether of -leaves or roots, should always be rejected which are -destitute of this property. Aconite root is officially -described as being “slenderly conical, 4 to 10 cm. long, -10 to 20 mm. thick at the crown; occasionally split; longitudinally -wrinkled; dark brown and marked with coarse -whitish root-scars; fracture short, horny or mealy; internally -whitish or light brown; the cambium zone irregular -and 5 to 7-angled; odor very slight; taste sweetish, -soon becoming acrid and developing a tingling sensation, -followed by numbness.”</p> - -<p>Preparations of the leaves are not official in the U. S. -P. The root is five times stronger than the leaves.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—The alkaloid representing the action -of the drug is aconitine, which is precipitated by ammonia -from an aqueous solution of an alcoholic extract of -the root of various species. It is a colorless, crystalline -or amorphous, gray powder, almost insoluble in water, -and soluble in 22 parts of alcohol, in 44 parts of ether -and 1 part of chloroform. Its salts are soluble in water. -Aconitine or its solutions, unless very dilute, are too -poisonous to be tasted.</p> - -<p>Commercial preparations vary in purity and -strength, and since it is extremely poisonous its internal -administration is undesirable. Pseudo-aconitine, aconitine -and other alkaloids in combination with aconitic -acid have been obtained from aconite, but their identity -and chemistry are uncertain.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 3 to 20 grs.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 3 grs.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>11</sub> gr.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page31">[31]</span></p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM ACONITI—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF ACONITE</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol -and water and evaporation. Assayed so that each 100 -c. c. contains 0.4 gm. aconitine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 m.; sheep and -pigs. 2 to 5 m.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> to 1 m.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA ACONITI—TINCTURE ACONITE</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation of aconite, 100; -with alcohol and water to make 1000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 20 m. to 1 dr.; sheep and -pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs, 2 to 10 m.</p> - -<p>Fleming’s Tincture (non-official) (79 per cent).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 8 to 20 m.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to -2 m.</p> - -<h4>ACONITINA—ACONITINE</h4> - -<p>Not used to any extent in veterinary practice; is very -unreliable and varying in strength. Aconitine often -contains a considerable proportion of aconite and benzaconine, -and so varies in activity, which is a great objection -to the use of one of the most powerful drugs -known.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>30</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>5</sub> gr.; dogs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>200</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>100</sub> gr. subcutaneously.</p> - -<p>Actions of aconite, its preparations and derivative -are anodynes and sedatives, acting specially on the peripheral -endings of the sensory nerves, on the heart and -on respiration. Aconite kills by respiratory arrest.</p> - -<p>Its physiological actions as a cardiac and respiratory -sedative renders it a febrifuge; it is also diaphoretic and -diuretic. It is prescribed in acute febrile conditions, -and in the earlier stages of acute local inflammation. -It is used topically to relieve pain.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">General Actions.</span>—Locally applied, in virtue of its -action on sensory nerves, aconite produces first irritation, -tingling and twitching and subsequently numbness -and anesthesia. The tincture of aconite is rapidly<span class="pagenum" id="Page32">[32]</span> -absorbed and quickly passed into the tissues, as is shown -by the blood of a poisoned dog five minutes after the -drug has been administered, being transferred into the -veins of another dog without producing the physiological -action of the poison.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Toxic Effects.</span>—One and one-half drachm of the -tincture (equal to about one drachm of aconite root) is -given as the minimum fatal dose for the horse, one-half -drachm will occasionally cause very serious symptoms -and where an idiosyncrasy exists as little as fifteen -minims will cause toxic symptoms.</p> - -<p>It causes great muscular weakness, dimness of sight; -pupil at first may be dilated or contracted, but as the -end approaches remains dilated; shallow irregular and -labored respiration, a slow and small pulse, becoming -rapid and imperceptible near the end. Gulping, frothy -saliva, flatulence, belching, retching, nausea, etc. There -is often a peculiar clicking sound made from the constant -attempts at swallowing.</p> - -<p>Coldness of surface, clammy sweat, anxious countenance, -extreme weakness of the extremities, lowering -of temperature 2 to 3 degrees, abolishment of sensation, -reflexes and motility and finally death from paralysis -of the heart and respiration, with or without convulsions, -consciousness being preserved until near the end, when -carbon dioxide narcosis sets in.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—It antagonizes the fever process, when properly -used is a most valuable drug; it is indicated in all -affections, characterized by high resisting pulse, dry, -hot skin and elevated body temperature; is useful in -acute throat affections as laryngitis, pharyngitis and -perotiditis, in small doses often repeated. Indicated in -acute inflammation of the organs of respiration. For -pleurisy and perotiditis, at the outset, give aconite -with opium. Aconite is indicated in simple fevers or -in puerperal fever, inflammation of the brain; in acute -or inflammatory rheumatism, in acute local inflammation, -as arthritis or inflammation resulting from bruises, -sprains, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page33">[33]</span></p> - -<p>In lymphangitis, laminitis and enteritis, if called in -first stages of enteritis give 20 ms. of aconite and repeat -with 10 or 15 ms. every hour and between times gives -fluid extract of belladonna 15 to 20 ms. every hour and -externally woolen blankets wrung out of hot water and -wrapped around the body.</p> - -<p>In mammitis is also useful in large doses, combined -with phytolacca; in spasmodic colic brought on by drinking -cold water, give 30 to 60 ms. of the tincture of aconite -with other colic mixture; in congestion of the bowels -or liver, or in congestion of any part, small repeated -doses are better than large ones. It is also advantageously -used in lung disorders.</p> - -<h2>AETHER—ETHER—PURE ETHER</h2> - -<p>A liquid composed of about 96 per cent, by weight, -of absolute ether or ethyl oxide, and about 4 per cent of -alcohol containing a little water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Prepared by distillation of alcohol -with sulphuric acid. There are two steps in the production -of ether; sulphorvinic acid and water are formed -in the first step. Sulphorvinic acid is then further acted -upon by alcohol. The distillate is freed from water by -agitation with calcium oxide and chloride and subjected -to redistillation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, -having a characteristic odor and a burning and -sweetish taste. Ether is highly volatile and inflammable; -its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, explodes -violently. Miscible in all proportions with alcohol, -chloroform, benzine, benzol, fixed and volatile oils. -Ether is a solvent for fats, oils, alkaloids, resins, gutta -percha and guncotton. Upon evaporation ether should -have no residue. Ether vapor is heavier than air and -consequently etherization should never be done above a -light or fire.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 10 ms. to 1 dr.</p> - -<p>As an anaesthetic, horses and cattle require from 4 -to 16 ozs. Smaller animals from 4 drs. to 4 ozs. Chloroform<span class="pagenum" id="Page34">[34]</span> -is usually prescribed for large animals and ether -for smaller animals. Ether never paralyzes a healthy -heart, while chloroform sometimes does. For anaesthetic -purposes see anesthesia.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>SPIRITUS AETHERIS—SPIRIT OF ETHER</h4> - -<p>Composed of ether, 325 parts, alcohol to make 1000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as ether.</p> - -<h4>SPIRITUS AETHERIS COMPOSITUS—COMPOUND -SPIRIT OF ETHER—HOFFMAN’S -ANODYNE</h4> - -<p>Composed of ether, 325 parts; alcohol, 650 parts; -ethereal oil, 25 parts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as for ether.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Ether is anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, -anthelmintic; a cardiac, respiratory and cerebral -stimulant, an anesthetic and a narcotic poison; -one of the best and quickest acting, diffusible, general -stimulants, acting on the heart reflexly from the stomach. -It is a powerful secretory stimulant, acting especially -on the secretions of the stomach, salivary glands -and pancreas. On the cerebrum and the motor and -sensory nerves, its actions are similar to that of alcohol, -but more prompt and less protracted; it is eliminated -quickly, chiefly by the lungs.</p> - -<p>When inhaled, it first causes irritation of the fauces, -a sense of strangulation and cough, then a stage of excitement -in which the visible mucous membranes are -flushed and the respiration and pulse quickened; a convulsive -stage generally follows, with rigid muscles and -respiration stertorous; this subsides and complete insensibility -is established, the muscles being relaxed and -the reflexes abolished; in fact all of the functions of the -body are suspended, except respiration and circulation.</p> - -<p>If the inhalation be continued these too become paralyzed, -death usually resulting from slow paralysis of -respiration (chloroform paralyzes quickly); the heart -pulsating long after breathing has ceased. Atropine<span class="pagenum" id="Page35">[35]</span> -hypodermically is the best antagonist to the toxic effects -of ether, also artificial respiration and injections of -brandy.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses of Ether.</span>—When mixed with alcohol, as the -spirit, ether mixes readily with water. It is excellent -in indigestion with flatulence; it checks gastric fermentation, -expels the gas and overcomes irregular and violent -gastro-intestinal movements; hence, is also very -good in spasmodic colic. In spasmodic colic, best to -combine with cannabis indica or belladonna. When used -as a vermifuge it should be followed by a purge. Used -diluted one to ten to dislodge worms in the rectum. A -most reliable remedy for collapse. Ether and alcohol -are indicated in parturient paresis, ether with aqua ammonia -may be used intravenously when the cow is unable -to swallow. Sulphuric ether and alcohol or whisky -are also good in parturient eclampsia of bitches, though -aromatic spirit of ammonia is better; for chills, spirit -of nitrous ether; also useful in convalescence from debilitating -disease. Ether is a very good remedy in Thumps. -Ether may be used for local anesthesia, applied as a -spray, from an atomizer, about one ounce, usually being -enough for the painless opening of abscesses or -fistulae, but cocaine is better in our patients. <i>As an -anesthetic</i> it should be used in preference to chloroform, -for the smaller and young animals, especially dogs, -which are easily killed by chloroform. Ether is less -prompt in action but much safer than chloroform, as it -never paralyzes a healthy heart; it should be inhaled in -as concentrated a form as possible, very little air being -allowed, so it will exert its effects quickly, in the dog; -a light or fire of any kind should not be allowed near, as -ether is very inflammable and its vapor explosive. Always -have a bottle of aqua ammonia fort. at hand as a -restorer.</p> - -<h2>ALCOHOL</h2> - -<p>Alcohol is derived directly from fruit sugar, and indirectly -from starch. The grains, as wheat, rye, corn; -and potatoes, supply starch most economically. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page36">[36]</span> -starch in these substances is converted into glucose by -heating with very dilute sulphuric acid, or by fermentation -with malt. Glucose is further acted upon by -yeast containing the Torula cerevisiae, which converts 15 -per cent of glucose into alcohol and carbonic dioxide. -The weak alcohol resulting is subjected to repeated distillation -until sufficiently pure and concentrated. In -the natural fermentation of fruit sugar in grape juice, -during the formation of wine, the amount of alcohol is -self-limited to 15, rarely 20 per cent, since the ferment is -killed by a larger amount of alcohol than this.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—The official alcohol is derived from -rectified spirits, by maceration, first with anhydrous potassium -carbonate, then freshly fused calcium chloride, -and finally by distillation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A liquid composed of about 92.3 per -cent, by weight, or 94.9 per cent, by volume, of ethyl -alcohol (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH) and about 7.7 per cent, by weight, -of water (U. S. P.). A transparent, colorless, mobile -and volatile liquid, of a characteristic rather agreeable -odor and a burning taste. Specific gravity about .816 -at 15.6° C. (60° F.). Miscible with water in all proportions -and without any trace of cloudiness. Also -miscible with ether chloroform. It is readily volatile -at low temperature, and boils at 78° C. (172.4° F.). -It is inflammable and burns with a blue flame.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep and pigs, -2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr. Diluted four to six times its -bulk of water.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>ALCOHOL ABSOLUTUM—ABSOLUTE -ALCOHOL</h4> - -<p>Ethyl alcohol, containing not more than one per -cent, by weight, of water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Percolation of the purest alcohol -through quicklime, out of contact with the air, and redistillation -in vacuo.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Transparent, colorless, mobile and -volatile liquid, of a characteristic rather agreeable odor<span class="pagenum" id="Page37">[37]</span> -and a burning taste. Very hydroscopic. Specific gravity -not higher than 0.797 at 15.6° C. (60° F.).</p> - -<h4>SPIRITUS FRUMENTI—WHISKY</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—An alcoholic liquid obtained by the -distillation of the mash of fermented grain (usually of -mixtures of corn, wheat and rye) and at least four years -old.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—An amber-colored liquid having a distinctive -odor and taste, and a slightly acid reaction. Its -specific gravity should not be more than 0.945, nor less -than 0.924, corresponding, approximately, to an alcoholic -strength of 37 to 47.5 per cent, by weight, or 44 -to 55 per cent, by volume. Contains no more than -traces of fusel oil. The alcoholic liquors owe their flavor -to bouquet to ethers which are only developed in course -of time. The amylic alcohol, or fusel oil, in whisky is -therefore converted into ethers, which give the characteristic -flavor to whisky.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and -swine, 1 to 2 oz.; dogs, 1 to 4 dr., diluted three to four -times its bulk in water.</p> - -<h4>SPIRITS VINI GALLICI—BRANDY</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—An alcoholic liquid obtained by the -distillation of the fermented unmodified juice of fresh -grapes, and at least four years old.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A pale amber-colored liquid, having a -distinctive odor and taste and a slightly acid reaction. -Its specific gravity should not be more than 0.941, nor -less than 0.925 at 15.6° C. (60° F.), corresponding, approximately, -to an alcoholic strength of 39 to 47 per -cent, by weight, or 46 to 55 per cent, by volume, of absolute -alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as that for whisky.</p> - -<h4>SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS—COMPOUND -SPIRIT OF JUNIPER</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Oil of juniper, 8; oil of caraway, 1; -oil of fennel, 1; alcohol, 1,400; water to make 2,000.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page38">[38]</span></p> - -<p>Compound spirit of juniper is similar to gin in its -therapeutic action. Contains about 15 per cent more -alcohol. Gin is made by distillation of fermented malt -and juniper berries. Gin differs from the other alcoholic -preparations therapeutically in being more diuretic.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as that for whisky.</p> - -<h4>RUM (not official)</h4> - -<p>Rum is made from a fermented solution of molasses -by distillation. It contains, by weight, from 40 to 50 -per cent of absolute alcohol. Rum does not differ -physiologically from alcohol. There is no authoritative -Latin name for rum.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as that for whisky.</p> - -<h4>VINUM ALBUM—WHITE WINE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting -the juice of fresh grapes, the fruit of Vitis vinifera, -free from seeds, stems and skins.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A pale amber or straw-colored liquid, -having a pleasant odor, free from yeastiness and a -fruity, agreeable, slightly spirituous taste, without excessive -sweetness or acidity. The Pharmacopoeia -(1890) directs that the wine should contain from 7 to -12 per cent, by weight, of absolute alcohol. California -Hock and Reisling, Ohio Catawba, Sherry, Muscatel, -Madeira or the stronger wines of the Rhine, Mediterranean -and Hungary come within the pharmacopoeial -limits. Wines containing more than 14 per cent -of alcohol are usually fortified, i. e., have alcohol or -brandy added to them, and much imported Sherry and -Madeira contain 15 to 20 per cent, by weight, of absolute -alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as that for whisky.</p> - -<h4>VINUM RUBRUM—RED WINE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—An alcoholic liquid made by fermenting -the juice of fresh colored grapes, the fruit of Vitis -vinifera, in presence of their skins.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page39">[39]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A deep red liquid, having a pleasant -odor, free from yeastiness, and a fruity moderately -astringent, pleasant and slightly acidulous taste, without -excessive sweetness or acidity. Should contain not -less than 7 nor more than 12 per cent, by weight, of -alcohol. Native Claret, Burgundy, Bordeaux and -Hungarian wines may be included within the pharmacopoeial -limits of vinum rubrum. Port (vinum portense) -is fortified with brandy during fermentation, and -contains 15 to 25 per cent, by weight, of absolute alcohol. -Port is astringent from tannic acid in the grapes, -skin and stalks, or the astringency may be due to logwood. -Red wines are said to be rough, contain tannic -acid and therefore are astringents. Dry wines are those -which contain little sugar. The wines develop ethers -with age and these improve their flavor and action.</p> - -<p>Champagne contains about 10 per cent of absolute -alcohol and carbonic acid gas, which acts as a local -sedative upon the stomach. Ale, stout and beers contain -from 4 to 8 per cent of alcohol, together with bitters -and malt extracts.</p> - -<p>Cider contains 5 to 9 per cent of absolute alcohol. -Imported sherry (B. P.) contains 15 to 20 per cent of -absolute alcohol.</p> - -<p>Alcohol is the solvent most commonly employed in -pharmacy, dissolving alkaloids, resins, volatile oils, balsams, -oleo-resins, tannin, sugar, some fats and fixed oils.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 oz.; sheep and pigs, -1 to 3 oz.; dogs, 2 dr. to 1 oz.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Alcohol is a cerebral excitant and finally -becomes a depressant and a narcotic poison.</p> - -<p>It is anesthetic, antiseptic, antiparasitic, rubefacient -(if confined), mild astringent, coagulate albumen; a -local refrigerant by virtue of its rapid evaporation, unless -confined by bandage, oiled silk, etc., when it is -absorbed by the tissues and causes a sensation of warmth.</p> - -<p>In medical doses it is a powerful general stimulant; -it is very diffusible, and is partly oxidized by the organism, -and partly excreted; thus alcohol acts as a food.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page40">[40]</span></p> - -<p>Small doses relax the blood vessels, stimulate the -gastric glands, promote appetite and digestion; lessen -the elimination of waste products, by preventing rapid -tissue waste; causes a feeling of warmth, and temporarily, -though slightly, raises the body temperature. It -stimulates the heart and increases the functional activity -of all organs, especially the kidneys and skin.</p> - -<p>Large or too long continued doses derange the appetite -and digestion, congest or inflame the stomach and -liver. Eight ounces of alcohol killed a horse. Alcohol -is poisonous and should be used with caution.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Are numerous, used principally as a stimulant, -either in one large dose, 2 to 3 ounces of alcohol, -or better, in small repeated doses, 1 ounce every 1, 2 or -3 hours, can be conjoined with other stimulants such -as sulphuric ether, aromatic spirits of ammonia, digitalis, -etc.</p> - -<p>It is used in anesthetic mixtures, such as alcohol, -ether and chloroform, combined in different proportions; -in snake bites it is administered in very large -doses.</p> - -<p>In blood poisoning alcohol is a most potent drug, -sustaining the heart, lowering the temperature and acting -as a germicide. Alcohol makes an excellent dressing -for wounds; applied locally to threatened bed-sores, -frequently prevents their formation. It is useful in -colds at their outset, or in a chill to restore the balance -of the circulation and prevent or overcome internal congestion -by relaxing the blood vessels of the periphery.</p> - -<p>All alcoholic liquors are useful in debilitating diseases, -such as influenza, in two or three ounce doses repeated -every three or four hours. One-half to one -drachm of quinine to one ounce of alcohol, for influenza -or febrile diseases in general, excepting brain and spinal -disease; useful in convalescence. In colic alcohol can be -used with a great degree of success; it will act as a -carminative antispasmodic and stimulant, used in collapse -and weak heart; in septicaemia and pyaemia it has -notable antiseptic and antipyretic effects. Useful in<span class="pagenum" id="Page41">[41]</span> -carbolic acid poisoning, alcohol, or alcoholic liquors, act -as a chemical antidote besides overcoming the shock -produced by the acid. It may also be used locally for -carbolic acid burns.</p> - -<p>The effects of alcohol are noticed in ten or fifteen -minutes after administration and will be shown by a -better condition of the pulse, the weak pulse becoming -stronger and firmer; the quick pulse slower, the breathing -becomes more natural, eyes brighten up and in fact -a general improvement is shown.</p> - -<p>Externally alcohol is used alone as a strengthening -application to weak tendons and muscles; or after a -race, is used to rub on the legs, combined with other -drugs as a liniment, as alcohol, soap-liniment and witch -hazel; can be used in surgery as an antiseptic.</p> - -<p>To toughen the skin of tender or thin skinned horses -who gall or chafe easily under the collar and saddle, -alcohol will be found a most satisfactory application.</p> - -<h2>ALOE BARBADENSIS—BARBADOES ALOES</h2> - -<p>The thickened juice of the leaves of Aloe vera, Linn., -Aloe chinensis, Bak., and probably other species, evaporated -to dryness.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—The Barbadoes Island.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—In hard masses, orange, brown, -opaque, translucent on the edges; fracture waxy or -resinous; odor saffron-like; taste strongly bitter. Almost -entirely soluble in alcohol; most used in veterinary -medicine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituent.</span>—Aloin; a resin; volatile oil; gallic -acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; 20 gr. to 1 dr.</p> - -<h2>ALOE SOCOTRINA—SOCOTRINE ALOES</h2> - -<p>The juice that flows from the transversely cut leaves -of Aloe Perryi, Baker, evaporated to dryness.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Eastern Africa.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—In hard masses, occasionally soft in -the interior; opaque, yellowish-brown, orange-brown or<span class="pagenum" id="Page42">[42]</span> -dark ruby-red, fracture resinous. When moistened it -emits a fragrant saffron-like odor; taste peculiar, strongly -bitter. Almost entirely soluble in alcohol and four -parts of boiling water. The powdered socotrine aloes is -brighter and redder, and the odor less disagreeable than -that of Barbadoes Aloes.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—About the same as Barbadoes -Aloes.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as Barbadoes Aloes.</p> - -<h2>ALOINUM—ALOIN</h2> - -<p>A neutral principle obtained from several varieties -of aloes, chiefly from Barbadoes and Socotrine Aloes.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained by pulverizing and macerating -aloes in cold water, and evaporating the resulting -solution in vacuo. Aloin crystallizes out and is dried -between folds of bibulous paper. It is purified by repeated -solution in hot water, filtration, recrystallization, -and finally by solution in hot alcohol and crystallization.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A micro-crystalline powder or minute -acicular crystals, lemon yellow or dark yellow in -color, possessing a slight odor of aloes and intensely -bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 3 dr.; sheep, 20 to 60 -gr.; pigs, 10 to 40 gr.; dogs, 11 to 20 gr.; combined with -other purgatives.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>TINCTURA ALOES ET MYRRHAE—TINCTURE -OF ALOES AND MYRRH</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation of purified -aloes, 100 parts; myrrh, 100 parts, and liquorice root, -with alcohol and water to make 1000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action.</span>—Aloes is a purgative, acting chiefly on the -large intestines; small doses are bitter tonics; it stimulates -both peristalsis and secretion, increases secretion -of bile; is also diuretic; applied externally it is stimulant -and desiccant; the Barbadoes is the most active and uniform -in its effects.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page43">[43]</span></p> - -<p>Aloes should be kept in lumps in tin cans or other -good containers, only powdered for immediate use; in -melting aloes don’t let the temperature rise above 120 -degrees as it impairs the activity by converting the active -aloin into inert resin. Aloes operate in from 12 to -24 hours after administration; don’t repeat an aloetic -purge until 24 hours have elapsed. It also does not -cause catharsis. In about 15 hours, the patient should -be exercised, but returned to the stall as soon as the -desired effect is evident. If it fails to act in 24 hours, -linseed oil may be given. Aloin appears to contain the -active principles of aloes, and is usually as operative, -but some manufactures are ineffective.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses Internal.</span>—In dyspepsia with capricious appetite, -irregularity of the bowels, hide-bound horses, -worms; is used in colic, both spasmodic and flatulent, for -overloaded condition of the bowels; to promote excretion -of waste products from the bowels and the blood, and -consequently relieve febrile symptoms; rheumatic attacks, -skin irritation, swollen limbs and inflamed joints; -in lymphangitis to prevent and aid in curing. By attracting -the blood to the bowels, it is useful in congestion -or inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, full -doses being necessary; in paralysis, paraplegia or hemiplegia -or reflexed paralysis due to indigestion, give full -doses. Aloes should not be used in irritation or inflammation -of the alimentary canal or piles. It is not advisable -to give an aloetic purge when the temperature -is above 102° F. Nor in hemorrhage from the rectum; -in high fevers it is apt to cause superpurgation, also -should not be used where there is great debility or weakness. -In influenza the bowels are apt to be irritable and -oil is preferable to aloes. Don’t use during pregnancy; -may cause abortion. For young foals or other animals, -the gentler purgative, such as linseed or castor oil should -be used. The medical value of aloes being large, it is -impossible to enumerate all the diseases in which it is -useful. Externally the tincture of aloes and myrrh is -sometimes applied as a stimulant to wounds, and powdered<span class="pagenum" id="Page44">[44]</span> -aloes is mixed with plaster of paris in making -splints for dogs to prevent these animals from biting -and tearing them off. Internally aloes should be combined -with ginger, nux vomica and given in capsule or -bolus.</p> - -<h2>ALUMEN—ALUM</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—From alum slate, shale, schist, a native -mixture of aluminum silicate and iron sulphide. -This is roasted and exposed to the air, when the sulphur -is oxidized into sulphuric acid and combined in part with -aluminum and iron to form sulphates. The mass is -lixiviated with water, and aluminum and iron sulphates -together with sulphuric acid are recovered in solution. -The solution is concentrated and to it is added potassium -chloride. The double sulphate of potassium and aluminum -(alum) is formed, which crystallizes out on cooling, -while potassium sulphate and ferric chloride remain -as by-products. Alum is purified by recrystallization.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Large, colorless, octahedral crystals, -sometimes modified by cubes or crystalline fragments; -without odor, but having a sweetish and strongly astringent -taste. On exposure to the air the crystals are liable -to absorb ammonia and acquire a whitish coating. Soluble -in nine parts of water, insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, -20 gr. to 1 dr.; emetic for dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.</p> - -<h3>ALUMEN EXSICCATUM—DRIED ALUM</h3> - -<p>Commonly termed burnt alum, is alum deprived of -its water of crystallization by heat.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white granular powder, odorless, -having a sweetish astringent taste, soluble in twenty -parts of water at 60° F. Is a powerful astringent and -escharotic.</p> - -<h3>ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM—ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made from alum, 100 parts; monohydrate -sodium carbonate, 43 parts; water, a sufficient<span class="pagenum" id="Page45">[45]</span> -quantity. Mix hot, boiling solutions of alum and sodium -carbonate. Precipitate strained, washed and -dried.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, light, amorphous powder; -odorless and tasteless; permanent in dry air; insoluble -in water or alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as alum.</p> - -<h3>ALUMINI SULPHAS—ALUMINUM -SULPHATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Aluminum hydroxide is dissolved in -diluted sulphuric acid, and the solution is filtered and -evaporated to dryness.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, crystalline powder, without -odor, having a sweetish and afterwards astringent -taste; permanent in the air; soluble in one part of water; -insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as alum.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Astringent, at first excites flow of saliva, -then markedly decreases it; coagulates pepsin, thus it -would derange or entirely arrest digestion; it also stops -peristalsis and produces constipation, though sometimes -it induces diarrhoea by irritation. It arrests secretions -in general and in the circulation contracts the capillaries; -it is in this way it arrests secretions, especially those of -mucous surfaces, and stops capillary hemorrhage. The -sulphate of aluminum is mildly caustic, astringent and -antiseptic. Dried alum is caustic and astringent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Externally.</span>—Dried alum is a caustic, in contact -with raw sores, on account of its affinity for water. -Alum has no action on unbroken skin, but applied to -mucous membranes or denuded parts it is antiseptic and -astringent; coagulates albumin of discharges; precipitates -or coagulates albumin of the tissues; squeeze blood -out of the vessels; reduces inflammation and makes the -part whiter, brings together and denser. Alum is a -hemostatic, stopping bleeding by compression of the -structures surrounding the vessels and by causing blood -to clot.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—In diarrhoea and dysentery, but other astringents<span class="pagenum" id="Page46">[46]</span> -are safer and better, as it may lock the bowels too -tight, may be used in weeping sores or weeping skin -diseases; in long standing nail wounds by putting one-half -to one pound into the soaking tub, also in same -way for injured coronets, with raw bulging surfaces -that bleed easily, also for sore mouth, sometimes mix a -little boric acid; useful in bleeding piles, and in mild -solution alum one ounce to water one pint for sore -throat; also used internally for bloody urine (haematuria) -and for open joints apply the powdered alum to -arrest the flow of joint oil (synovia). For catarrhal -ophthalmia, after the acute stage, an alum lotion five -grains to one ounce of water is very serviceable; for -granular lids rub with a crystal of alum. Alum should -never be used too strong over the eye as it seems to -have the power of dissolving the cornea; a solution containing -ten grains of alum to the ounce of water may -be used in canker of the ear of dogs; also for leucorrhoea -and prolapsus of the rectum; dried alum may be used -as a caustic whenever a caustic is indicated, but is not -recommended for this purpose. For a powerful drying -powder, especially useful when excessive granulation -exists. It causes sloughing of the dead tissues and is -indicated when the use of the knife is inadmissible.</p> - -<h2>AMYLIS NITRIS—AMYL NITRITE</h2> - -<p>A liquid containing about 80 per cent of amyl nitrite, -together with variable quantities of undetermined compounds.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained through distillation of -nitric and amylic alcohol. Distillate purified by sodium -carbonate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A clear, yellow or pale yellow liquid, -oily, very volatile, peculiar and very diffusive ethereal -odor and a pungent aromatic taste. Insoluble in water, -but soluble in all proportions in alcohol, ether and -chloroform.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; sheep and -pigs, 5 to 15 ms.; dogs, 2 to 5 ms.; amyl nitrite is very -seldom given internally; hypodermically, one-half this<span class="pagenum" id="Page47">[47]</span> -dose. By inhalation, same as given internally. It should -be fresh as it rapidly deteriorates.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—It stimulates the heart’s action, greatly -dilates the arterioles by paralyzing their muscular coats; -causes a sense of fullness in the brain with vertigo, fall -of blood pressure due to dilation of the arterioles, lowering -of temperature; when the vapor is applied direct to -muscular or nerve tissues it suspends or completely arrests -its functional activity; it depresses the nervous -system and unstriped muscular fiber. Overdoses cause -death by respiratory failure.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Epileptic attacks may be warded off by its -being inhaled; spasmodic asthma, used either internally, -hypodermically or best by inhalation; in strychnine poisoning, -angina pectoris in tetanus, and as a heart stimulant. -It is useful as an inhalation in bringing about -recovery from deep chloroform and anesthesia.</p> - -<h2>ANISUM—ANISE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—The anise plant is a native of Egypt and -the Levant, but has been introduced in various parts of -that continent. It is also cultivated occasionally in the -gardens of this country. The fruit is abundantly produced -in Malta and Spain; in Romagna, in Italy, whence -it is largely exported through Leghorn, and in Central -and Southern Russia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Description.</span>—Ovoid, laterally compressed, 4 to 5 -m. m. long; carpels usually cohering and attached to a -slender pedicel; grayish or greenish-gray to grayish -brown; each with a flat face and five light brown filiform -ridges and about 16 oil-tubes; odor and taste agreeable -and aromatic. The anise berries are dried and ground, -this being the form in which it is usually used.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, -2 to 3 dr.; dogs, 10 to 30 gr.</p> - -<h3>OLEUM ANISI—OIL OF ANISE</h3> - -<p>A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of star anise.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A colorless or pale yellow, thin and -strongly refractive liquid, having the characteristic odor<span class="pagenum" id="Page48">[48]</span> -of anise, and a sweetish, mildly aromatic taste. Specific -gravity about 0.975 to 0.985. Soluble in an equal volume -of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 20 to 30 m.; sheep and -pigs, 5 to 10 m.; dogs and cats, 1 to 5 m.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Anise is an aromatic stimulant, stomachic -and carminative. It is used to relieve indigestion and -flatulence, to communicate an agreeable flavor to many -medicines, and to diminish the griping of purgatives. -Oil of anise resembles in action other volatile oils.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—The oil of anise is employed with olive oil or -alcohol to kill fleas or lice on dogs, rubbed over the skin; -and one drop of the pure oil may be placed on the -feathers of fowl to cause destruction of lice. The oil of -anise is sometimes prescribed to disguise the odor of -drugs, and is ordered in cough mixtures for its expectorant -properties.</p> - -<p>The fruit is given all animals (generally powdered) -on their food—frequently with sodium bicarbonate and -ginger—to relieve mild forms of indigestion and flatulence -through its stomachic and carminative effects.</p> - -<h2>ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTARS—ANTIMONY -AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE—TARTAR -EMETIC</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Make a white paste with cream of -tartar, antimony trioxide and water. Set aside 24 hours, -boil in water 15 minutes and crystallize.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, transparent crystals of the -rhombic system, becoming opaque and white on exposure -to the air, or a white granular powder without odor -and having a sweet, afterwards disagreeable, metallic -taste. Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep, 2 to 5 -gr.; pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr. As an -emetic for pigs, 4 to 10 gr.; dogs, 1 to 2 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Tartar emetic is a systemic and local -emetic, a diaphoretic, cardiac and arterial sedative and -a gastro-intestinal irritant. It is a powerful waste producer -and stimulates the secretions of the stomach, intestines,<span class="pagenum" id="Page49">[49]</span> -salivary glands, liver and pancreas. Large -doses cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea, while toxic -doses are followed by vomiting (in animals that can -vomit), serious blood purging, great depression of the -circulation and respiration weakness, collapse and death. -Tartar emetic is also a vermifuge.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Tartar emetic is too mild as an emetic in -poison cases. In asthma of dogs it may be used in -from <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> grain doses to relax spasm and promote -secretion. For horses its most valuable use is to expel -the common round worms from the intestines, for which -it is very efficacious; given in two drachm doses once or -twice daily in the feed for four to six days, or one-half -ounce dissolved in water is given on an empty stomach -followed by a full dose of linseed oil.</p> - -<h2>ANTIPYRINA—ANTIPYRIN</h2> - -<p>Phenyl-hydrazine is acted upon by aceto-acetic ether, -when phenyl-monomethyl-pyrazolon, ethyl alcohol and -water results.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, odorless, scaly crystals, of -a bitterish taste. Soluble in water, ether and chloroform.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 3 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 grs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Powerful antipyretic, anodyne and local -anesthetic, antiseptic, cardiac depressant; it reduces -temperature very quickly, usually within half an hour -and the effects continue two or more hours. It can -be administered by the mouth, hypodermically or intertracheally; -as an antiseptic it diminishes oxidation, -and promotes heat loss by dilating the cutaneous vessels, -but more probably by depressing the activity of the -calorifacient centers.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Used in high fever where the temperature -must be reduced quickly, as in sun-stroke, acute rheumatism; -in man a solution of antipyrine from four to -ten per cent strength up, is sprayed into the nostrils for -hay-fever. Acetanilide is a better and safer and much -cheaper drug for febrile diseases.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page50">[50]</span></p> - -<h2>AQUA AMMONIAE FORTIOR—STRONGER -AMMONIA WATER</h2> - -<p>An aqueous solution of ammonia containing twenty-eight -per cent, by weight of the gas.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Evolve ammonia gas by heating ammonium -chloride with calcium hydrate and pass it into -water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A colorless, transparent liquid, having -an excessively pungent odor and a caustic alkaline -taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and pigs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 m. Should be diluted one -drachm to one pint of water.</p> - -<h3>AQUA AMMONIAE—AMMONIA WATER</h3> - -<p>An aqueous solution containing ten per cent by weight -of ammonia gas.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Same as strong ammonia water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—The taste is not so caustic and the odor -is less pungent then the stronger water of ammonia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 10 to 20 m. Should be diluted -one drachm to half pint of water.</p> - -<h3>SPIRITUS AMMONIAE—SPIRIT OF -AMMONIA</h3> - -<p>An alcoholic solution containing ten per cent., by -weight of the ammonia gas.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A solution of caustic ammonia in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A colorless liquid, having a strong -odor of ammonia. This preparation of ammonia possesses -properties of ammonia and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 10 to 20 m. Should be diluted -in water.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page51">[51]</span></p> - -<h3>SPIRITUS AMMONIAE AROMATICUS—AROMATIC -SPIRIT OF AMMONIA</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Ammonium carbonate 3.4%, aqua ammonia -9%, oil of lemon 1%, oil of lavender flowers 0.1%, -oil of nutmeg 0.1%, alcohol 70%, and distilled water to -make 100 parts. Diluted in water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A nearly colorless liquid when first -prepared, but gradually acquires an amber color. It has -a pungent ammoniacal odor and taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—These four proportions of ammonia are -gastric and general stimulants. They stimulate the cardiac -respiratory and spinal systems. They irritate the -nose when inhaled, but reflexly they stimulate the circulation -and respiration, they are good stimulants as -they do not affect the brain. The aromatic spirits of -ammonia is also a carminative. Externally they are -rubefacients, and when confined are vesicants.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Its antacid and stimulant properties recommend -ammonia in indigestion, tympanites, and spasmodic -colic, especially in cattle and sheep. Stimulating -the spinals and respiratory systems, it is valuable in -the treatment of influenza, pneumonia, pleurisy and -similar complaints. The fumes of ammonia are occasionally -used to arouse animals from shocks, collapse, or -chloroform intoxication, but must be used cautiously, -lest excessive irritation of the respiratory mucous membrane -be produced. It is a promptly acting antidote in -poisoning by opium, aconite, digitalis, and ether narcotic -and sedative drugs. It may be administered much diluted -in the usual way, injected subcutaneously and -intravenously, and also applied externally, in the treatment -of snake-bites. On account of its producing -bronchial secretion, and assisting in its expulsion, ammonia -is serviceable as a stimulating expectorant. To -develop its more general effects its alcoholic proportions -should be prescribed as spirit of ammonia or the aromatic -spirit of ammonia. Externally used in the form of liniment -of ammonia, with oils, camphor, etc., proves useful -as a stimulant in rheumatism, stiff-joints, muscular<span class="pagenum" id="Page52">[52]</span> -strains, sore throat, pleurisy, pneumonia and influenza, -and for preventing the rapid chilling of fomented surfaces. -It relieves the irritation caused by nettles, and -by bites and stings of insects.</p> - -<h3>LINIMENTUM AMMONIAE—AMMONIA -LINIMENT</h3> - -<p>Is made by mixing ammonia water, 350; cottonseed -oil, 570; alcohol, 50; oleic acid, 30. The above is recognized -by the U. S. P. and is advantageously used on -muscular strains and where an external stimulant is indicated.</p> - -<h3>LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS—SOLUTION -OF AMMONIUM ACETATE</h3> - -<p>An aqueous solution of ammonium acetate containing -about seven per cent of the salt, together with small -amounts of acetic acid and carbon dioxide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Ammonium carbonate is gradually -added to cold, dilute acetic acid until the latter is materialized.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A clear, colorless liquid, mildly saline -and acidulous taste, and an acid reaction.</p> - -<p>Incompatible with acids and alkalies.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; dogs, 2 to 6 drs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Diaphoretic, antipyretic, mild stimulant, -mild diuretic, mild expectorant and stomachic.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Its uses are recommended in febrile and inflammatory -attacks, especially in influenza, distemper, -etc., combined with other medicines, improves the appetite; -can be used externally as a refrigerant over -swollen and inflamed tendons.</p> - -<h3>AMMONII CARBONAS—AMMONIUM -CARBONATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A mixture of ammonium chloride or -sulphate, and calcium carbonate, is sublimed and resublimed. -Ammonium carbonate, so-called, is a mixture of -ammonium carbonate and bicarbonate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White translucent masses, having a<span class="pagenum" id="Page53">[53]</span> -strongly ammoniacal odor, and a sharp saline taste. On -exposure to air it loses both ammonia and carbonic -dioxide, soluble one part in four parts of water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 2 to 8 grs. Larger doses are -recommended when a antispasmodic or carminative is -desired the dose for horses and cattle can be increased -to an ounce, but only two doses should be administered, -well diluted in water or in ball or capsule.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Ammonium carbonate is decomposed by -acid in the stomach and escapes in the urine. It stimulates -gastric secretion, vascularity and motion, and exciting -intestinal peristalsis. It is, therefore, a stomachic -and carminative. It is also an antacid, and, in large -doses, an emetic for dogs. It is given in capsules or in -solution in cold water, to avoid irritating fumes; also -with syrup or gruel. It is often prescribed with other -stimulants and antispasmodics, as alcohol, camphor, -capsicum and asafoetida. The action of ammonium carbonate -is almost identical with that of ammonia water in -stimulating the heart and respiration, but it has more -power in augmenting the bronchial secretions.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—It is given to all animals in indigestion; conjoins -the actions of an antacid and diffusible stimulant; -in small doses promotes secretion of gastric juice, and -in larger, relieves flatulence and spasm. In diseases of -the air passages it is used as an expectorant; is contra-indicated -in purpura haemorrhagica, as it lowers the -oxygen carrying power of red blood corpuscles, and -dissolves fibrin. As a stimulant it can be combined with -alcohol and sulphuric ether. Ammonia is recommended -where a clot, thrombi or embolism is supposed to exist -on account of its defibrinating power. Ammonium carbonate -is used extensively in the treatment of spasmodic -and flatulent, colic and acute indigestion conjoined -with either asafoetida, capsicum, camphor, nux -vomica and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page54">[54]</span></p> - -<h3>AMMONII CHLORIDIUM—MURIATE OF AMMONIA—SAL -AMMONIAC</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—This salt may be formed by neutralizing -crude solution of ammonia or ammonium carbonate -with hydrochloric acid and purifying the product.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, crystalline powder without -odor, having a cooling, saline taste, and permanent in -the air. Soluble in two parts of water; in fifty parts -alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—Horses, 1 to 2 drs.; cattle, 4 drs. to 1 oz.; -sheep and pigs, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Internally it is an expectorant, alterative, -feebly diaphoretic and diuretic. When ingested, -ammonium chloride is a feeble heart and respiratory -stimulant, and is not comparable to the ammonia compounds -or ammonium carbonate in this respect. It is -eliminated in great part unchanged by the urine, but -also by the other channels. In its excretion it stimulates -the mucous membranes, increases their secretion generally, -and is thought to improve their nutrition. Ammonium -chloride both excites the secretion of the -bronchial mucous membrane and renders it less viscid in -inflammatory conditions. Externally it is a refrigerant.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Useful in all diseases where an expectorant -is indicated, catarrhal condition, pneumonia, coughs, influenza, -chronic congestion of the liver, etc. Used externally -one part ammonium chloride dissolved in ten -parts of water as a refrigerant lotion for inflammatory -swellings, bruises and sprains.</p> - -<h2>ARGENTI NITRAS—SILVER NITRATE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Dissolve silver in nitric acid with heat. -Evaporate and crystallize.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, transparent, tubular, rhombic -crystals, becoming gray, or grayish-black on exposure -to light in the presence of organic matter; without -odor, but having a bitter, caustic and strongly -metallic taste; soluble in water and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page55">[55]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 grs.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 grs.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.</p> - - -<h3>ARGENTI NITRAS MITIGATUS—MITIGATED -SILVER NITRATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Melt silver nitrate, 30 parts, with -potassium nitrate, 60 parts, in a crucible at as low a -temperature as possible. Mix and cast into suitable -moulds.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, hard, solid, generally in the -form of pencils or canes of a finely granular fracture; -becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure to light in -the presence of organic matter; odorless, having a caustic, -metallic taste. Soluble in water and alcohol.</p> - -<h3>ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS—MOULDED SILVER -NITRATE—LUNAR CAUSTIC</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Melt silver nitrate, 100 parts, with -hydrochloric acid, 4 parts at as low a temperature as -possible. Mix and pour into suitable moulds.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Practically same as mitigated silver -nitrate. Use only externally.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Silver nitrate combines with the albumen -of the tissues, and is a limited caustic; causes superficial -inflammation and stains the parts black; small doses increase -secretion and stimulate the heart. It promotes -nutrition, and is said to be a nerve tonic. Its continued -administration causes waste, gastro-intestinal catarrh, -fluidity of the blood, slate colored lines about the gums, -and similar discoloration of the skin and mucous membrane, -followed by nervous disorder, paralysis, convulsions -and death.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—A solution of forty grains to one ounce of -spirit of nitrous ether is said to abort superficial inflammation, -if early applied; used for erysipelas, twenty -grains to one ounce of distilled water, applied around -margin to limit the area; also used in ulceration of the -throat; used with a spray or swab, in strength of from -ten grains to one-half to drachm to one ounce of distilled -water. For dysentery, internally and as an enema<span class="pagenum" id="Page56">[56]</span> -it is very good; used in conjunctivitis one to five grains -to one to two ounces of distilled water, is the average -strength, and should only be applied to the conjunctiva -or lids, and should not be on the cornea, as it may form -an insoluble chloride of silver and cause permanent -opacities. Nitrate of silver is used in the form of lunar -caustic to stimulate indolent ulcers, and to burn off -warts.</p> - -<p>To stimulate ulcers, touch in spots around the edge; -also used in chorea epilepsy and chronic spinal disease, -foot rot in sheep; a piece of the caustic is placed in -sinuses of fistulous withers, quittors, etc. It causes a -slough, followed by healthy granulation; used for sore -teats in cows.</p> - -<h2>ARNICAE—ARNICA</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Arnica is obtained from the flower roots -of a plant that grows in mountainous countries of Central -Europe, Asia and America.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Composition.</span>—An active principle called arnicin. -The root contains an essential oil, on which depends in -great part its physiological activity.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>EXTRACTUM ARNICAE RADICIS—EXTRACT -OF ARNICA ROOT (NON-OFFICIAL)</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; sheep and -pigs, 5 to 10 grs.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 3 grs.</p> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM ARNICAE RADICIS—FLUIDEXTRACT -ARNICA ROOT -(NON-OFFICIAL)</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drs.; sheep and pigs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 2 to 10 ms.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA ARNICAE—TINCTURE OF -ARNICA</h4> - -<p>This is the best and most used preparation of Arnica.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and -pigs, 15 ms. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 ms. This dose can -be given every three hours to maintain the circulation<span class="pagenum" id="Page57">[57]</span> -of the skin; as a diaphoretic, the dose can and may be -increased and combined with other diaphoretics.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Incompatibles.</span>—Its action is antagonized by ammonia, -alcoholic stimulants, opium, camphor, etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Synergists.</span>—Aconite, veratrum viride, digitalis and -arterial sedatives, generally increase the effects of arnica.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Arnica is irritant, stimulant, depressant; -antipyretic, diuretic, diaphoretic and is used as a vulnerary, -it dilates the circular blood vessels. It irritates the -gastro-intestinal tract. In alcoholic solutions (as tincture -of arnica) it inflames the skin when used full -strength.</p> - -<p>In small doses it increases the action of the heart, -raises arterial tension and stimulates the action of the -skin and kidneys.</p> - -<p>Large doses produce a transient excitement, followed -by depressed circulation, respiration and temperature.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—It is a very efficient diaphoretic for horses -in one or two ounce doses diluted in one pint of water; -one-half ounce of fluid extract pilocarpus may be added -at the outset of inflammatory diseases of any kind, such -as lymphangitis, laminitis, pulmonary diseases, etc. Excellent -to stop a chill and prevent the following fever or -inflammatory action. It does this by dilating the blood -vessels of the skin, thus attracting the blood to the surface -and away from congested internal organs. It is indicated -in sthetic fever of any kind; azoturia, rheumatism, -especially inflammatory or articular; congestion -of the brain, kidneys, etc., externally much used, but of -little value on hairy animals.</p> - -<h2>ARSENUM—ARSENIC</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—The world’s supply of arsenic and arsenic -compounds at the present time is obtained from Germany, -Spain, England, Canada and portions of the -United States, as Montana and Washington, where considerable -quantities of arsenic are being produced as a -by-product in the smelting of copper ores. Arsenic ore is -roasted and purified by sublimation, before it is used for -medical purposes.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page58">[58]</span></p> - -<h3> -ARSENI TRIOXIDUM—ARSENIC TRIOXIDE<br /> -ACIDUM ARSENOSUM—ARCENOUS ACID<br /> -(White Arsenic)</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Arsenical ores are roasted or conducted -into condensing chambers and purified by sublimation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A heavy solid, occurring either as an -opaque, white powder, or in irregular masses of two -varieties; the one amorphous, transparent and colorless, -like glass; the other crystalline, opaque, and white, resembling -porcelain. Frequently the same piece has an -opaque, white outer crust enclosing the glassy variety. -Contact with moist air gradually changes the glassy into -the white opaque variety. Both are odorless and tasteless. -The glassy variety dissolves slowly in thirty parts of -water; the porcelain-like in eighty parts of water. Arcenous -acid is sparingly soluble in alcohol, but soluble -in glycerin, hydrochloric acid and solutions of the alkali -hydrates and carbonates. When heated to 424°, arcenous -acid is completely volatilized without melting.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Incompatibles.</span>—Lime water, salts of iron and magnesia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 1 to 5 grs.; cattle, 2 to 8 grs.; sheep -and pigs, 1 to 2 grs.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>30</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> gr.</p> - -<h3>LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS—SOLUTION -OF POTASSIUM ARSENITE (Fowler’s Solution)</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Arcenous acid, potassium bicarbonate, -compound tincture of lavender and distilled -water. Strength one part of arcenous acid in 100.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; cattle, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> ozs.; -sheep and pigs, 10 to 40 ms.; dogs, 2 to 5 ms. Average -dose for horse is <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> oz. usually given three times daily -in drinking water or bran mash.</p> - -<h3>LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENOSI—SOLUTION OF -ARCENOUS ACID</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Arcenous acid, diluted hydrochloric<span class="pagenum" id="Page59">[59]</span> -acid, and distilled water. Strength one part arcenous -acid in 100.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as liquor potassii arsenitis.</p> - -<h3>LIQUOR ARSENI ET HYDRARGYRI IODIDI -(Donovan’s Solution)</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Arcenous iodide, red mercuric iodide, -and distilled water, which should contain not less then -one per cent of arcenous iodide and one per cent of -mercuric iodide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as liquor potassii arsenitis.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Arsenic and its compounds are gastro-intestinal -and pulmonary tonic, a stimulant and alterative, -acting particularly on the digestive and respiratory -mucous membranes and skin. It is antiperiodic and -tonic; also antispasmodic in diseases of the nervous system, -and is a nervine tonic. In large doses it is a corrosive-irritant -poison, killing either by gastro-enteritis, -or nervous paresis. Continued doses produce fatty degeneration. -On account of its being a stomachic, small -doses promote the appetite and digestion. Large doses -inflame the stomach and derange digestion. It increases -the cardiac action, respiratory power, and secretion of -the intestines. It also stimulates peristalsis. When -tolerance is established, large doses are taken with impunity.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Externally.</span>—Arsenic is a very painful escharotic, -exciting violent inflammation. It is a caustic, antiseptic, -and parasiticide, and is frequently used as a sheep dip. -It is eliminated chiefly by the kidneys, skin and saliva -and milk of nursing animals.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—It should not be given in acute diseases. It -is given as a general tonic after debilitating diseases especially -when the lungs are involved, as in pneumonia, -bronchitis and pleurisy. Arsenic combined with bran -mashes is beneficial in stocking or swelling of the legs. -As for its use in chronic indigestion, other medicines -had better be resorted to. It assists in the expulsion of -worms. Useful in chronic diseases of the air passage. -Arsenic relieves irritable chronic coughs, and roaring in<span class="pagenum" id="Page60">[60]</span> -early stages, as well as thick and broken wind and -heaves. As an alterative modifying tissue change it is -prescribed in early stages of tuberculosis, chronic rheumatism, -chorea and epilepsy. It prevents periodically -returning fevers. In anaemia it increases both red and -white blood corpuscles. For chorea in dogs, commence -with a small dose, three times daily and increase a minimum -per dose every third or fourth day until the physiological -limit is reached as described under (<a href="#Ref02">Toxicology -of Arsenic</a>).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions on the Skin.</span>—Administered internally it -stimulates the dermis and hastens the removal of epidermal -cells; hence it is useful in all chronic skin diseases, -as chronic eczema, scab, mange and warts. To remove -warts that occur in the mouth and on the muzzle of -animals, give internally and apply locally Fowler’s -solution. In chronic skin diseases use Donovan’s or -Fowler’s solution or acidum arsenosum and sulphur -mixed in the feed. Useful internally in successive eruptions -of the skin boils and in chronic urticaria.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">External Uses.</span>—The white arsenic or arcenous -acid is used to slough out tumors, fistulae, quittors, etc. -But I would not recommend it as it is too painful. It is -valuable in the treatment of foot-rot. The affected animals -should be slowly driven through a trough containing -a solution of arsenic. It is used extensively -for sheep and cattle to destroy ticks. In this way, animals -are sometimes poisoned, as it drips on the grass and -other animals eat it.</p> - -<p id="Ref02"><span class="smcap">Toxicology of Arsenic.</span>—Full medical doses if -long continued, cause edema and itching of the eyelids, -increased flow of saliva nausea, diarrhoea or dysentery, -weak heart, soreness to the touch over the region of the -stomach, itchy skin with small eruptions, jaundice and -albuminuria. In long continued doses it diminishes -exudation, decomposes albuminoid tissues and produces -fatty degeneration; also lessens the glycogenic functions -of the liver.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Chronic Arsenical Poisoning.</span>—Is common in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page61">[61]</span> -vicinity of either tin or copper smelting plants. The -symptoms are as follows: indigestion, thirst, wasting, -chronic diseases of joints and bones, the knee joints -swell, the animal becomes lame and hide-bound, hair -falls off, skin gets rough and scurfy, teeth get black and -fall out and necrosis of the bones follow.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antagonists and Incompatibles.</span>—The salts of -iron, magnesia, lime, and astringents, are chemically -incompatible. The hydroxide of iron, or as it is also -known, hydrate sesquioxide of iron, freshly made and -in soft magma is the antidote to arsenic. To dogs give -from half to one tablespoonful every five or ten minutes. -From eight to twenty grains of the antidote are required -to each grain of arsenic swallowed (when it can be determined). -The stomach should first be emptied by the -use of cathartics or stomach pump and then give the -antidote, and follow with demulcents as oil, milk and -mucilaginous drinks. Also administer diluents, as weak -alkaline water. Iodide of potassium is valuable as a -antidote of arsenical poisoning and should be administered -to promote elimination of the poison. In the -absence of the antidote, chalk, magnesia and lime water -may be freely given. These agents act mechanically by -developing the poison and preventing absorption. -Dialysed iron is recommended as efficacious as an -antidote in doses of five to fifteen minimums for dogs.</p> - -<h2>ASPIDIUM—MALE FERN</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—The rhizome of Aspidium Filix-mas. -Collected late in the autumn, divested of its roots, leaves -and dead portions, and carefully dried. Male fern should -not be kept more than a year.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—The male fern grows wild throughout -most temperate regions, on the sides of roads and in open -woods, especially where the soil is light.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Its root stock is perennial, about a -foot long and two inches thick; is scaly, tufted, greenish-brown, -and firmly fixed in the ground by numerous -black root fibers. The dried root has a disagreeable<span class="pagenum" id="Page62">[62]</span> -odor, and a sweet, astringent, nauseous taste. Powdered -male fern should be freshly prepared and have a bright -green color.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—The powdered male fern is given to horses -and cattle in doses of 4 to 6 ozs.; sheep and pigs, 1 to -4 ozs.; dogs and cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 ozs. The powder is bulky, -and less certain than the oleoresin of aspidium.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>OLEORESINA ASPIDII—OLEORESIN ASPIDIUM—OLEORESIN -MALE FERN</h4> - -<p>Made by percolation with ether, distillation and -evaporation of the ether.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 3 to 6 drs.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs and cats, 15 ms. to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Male fern is irritant, vermicide -laxative, large doses of the drug cause hemorrhagic -gastro-enteritis, tremors, weakness, stupor, coma, acute -nephritis and cystitis. Oleoresin of male fern is one of -the most effectual remedies for tapeworm, particularly -those inhabiting dogs.</p> - -<h2>BELLADONNAE FOLIA—BELLADONNA -LEAVES</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Belladonna is the leaves of a plant known -as deadly nightshade. It grows wild in some parts of -Great Britain, and is also cultivated to a great extent. -The dried leaves of atropa belladonna yield, when -assayed by the U. S. P. process, not less than 0.35 per -cent of mydriatic alkaloids. Usually of a dull brownish-green -color, the leaves much wrinkled and matted together, -frequently with the flowering tops intermixed; -odor distinctly narcotic, especially on moistening; taste -somewhat bitter and acrid. Contains not less than 0.5 -per cent atropine. The powdered leaves are characterized -by few hairs and numerous small arrow-shaped -crystals of calcium oxalate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Of the powdered leaves, horses and cattle, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 dr.; dogs, 1 to 5 grs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page63">[63]</span></p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>EXTRACTUM BELLADONNAE FOLIORUM—EXTRACT -OF BELLADONNA LEAVES</h4> - -<p>Made by percolation with dilute alcohol and evaporation -to pilular consistence. Used in preparing the unguentum -belladonnae. Contains 1.4 per cent of mydriatic -alkaloids.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 10 to 20 grs.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 grs.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA BELLADONNAE FOLIORUM—TINCTURE -OF BELLADONNA LEAVES</h4> - -<p>Belladonna leaves 100, dilute alcohol to make 1,000, -made by maceration and percolation. (Strength 10%.)</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 3 to 30 ms.</p> - -<h4>UNGUENTUM BELLADONNAE—BELLADONNA -OINTMENT</h4> - -<p>Extract of belladonna leaves, 10; dilute alcohol, 5; -hydrous wool fat, 20; benzoinated lard, 63.</p> - -<h2>BELLADONNAE RADIX—BELLADONNA -ROOT</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—The dried root of atropa belladonna -yielding, when assayed by the U. S. P. process not less -than 0.5 per cent of mydriatic alkaloids.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Same as leaves. Contains not less -than 0.5 per cent atropine.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM BELLADONNAE RADICIS—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF BELLADONNA -ROOT</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration with alcohol and water and -evaporation. One cc. of the extract = one gm. of belladonna -root. Standardized so that 100 cc. of the fluidextract -contain 0.5 gm. of mydriatic alkaloids. This -is one of the most reliable preparations of belladonna.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 3 dr.; sheep -and pigs, 10 to 15 ms.; dogs, 1 to 3 ms.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page64">[64]</span></p> - -<h4>LINIMENTUM BELLADONNAE—BELLADONNA -LINIMENT</h4> - -<p>Made by adding camphor, 50 parts to fluidextract -of belladonna to make 1,000 parts (U. S. P.).</p> - -<h4>ATROPINAE SULPHAS—SULPHATE OF -ATROPHINE</h4> - -<p>An alkaloid obtained from belladonna. As it occurs -in commerce, it is always accompanied by small proportion -of hyoscyamine extracted along with it, from -which it cannot readily be separated.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Atropine is obtained from a strong -tincture of the root.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white crystalline powder, very -soluble in water and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> grs.; cattle, 1 to 2 grs.; -sheep and pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>20</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>12</sub> -gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>150</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>50</sub> -gr. The doses should be considerably reduced when -used with morphine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Incompatibles.</span>—Caustic alkalies; antagonize physiologically -by pilocarpine and physostigma throughout -almost whole range of its influence, and opium within a -certain limitation, prevents the respiratory failure, which -is the cause of death.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action.</span>—Belladonna is an irritant narcotic, a -mydriatic, an antispasmodic and anodyne. In small -doses a cardiac, respiratory and spinal stimulant; in large -doses a paralyzer of the sensory and motor nerve endings -and a stimulator of the entire sympathetic system.</p> - -<p>It produces dryness of the mucous membrane of -the throat, mouth, nose and pharynx, and at first lessens -the gastric and intestinal secretions, but soon produces -them in large quantities. It is anti-galactogogue, that -is, it arrests secretion of milk.</p> - -<p>The heart rate is at first slowed, but soon becomes -very rapid and vigorous, the pulse being doubled in -rapidity; arterial tension is raised and the circulation -greatly increased.</p> - -<p>The pupils are dilated by the local or systemic use -of the drug.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page65">[65]</span></p> - -<p>The brain is congested by belladonna, a busy delirium -being produced, and hallucinations with mental disorder, -due to a selective action on the cell of the gray matter.</p> - -<p>The spinal cord is stimulated from the second cervical -vertebrae to the tenth dorsal, resulting in paralysis of -the motor nerves, both central and peripheral, power -being lost in hind extremities first. The respiration is -increased and the temperature is raised by the increased -circulation; metamorphosis is greatly promoted.</p> - -<p>Belladonna and atrophine are rapidly diffused and -quickly eliminated by the kidneys. By its paralyzing -effect on the terminal nerve filaments, it relaxes the -bronchial tubes and checks the secretion of the bronchial -mucous membrane; it checks secretion of saliva and -milk in the same way and causes dryness of the skin.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Belladonna and atrophine is indicated anywhere -that an antispasmodic and anodyne is needed. -Is serviceable in catarrh, pharyngitis and bronchitis to -check secretion in second stage; heaves, especially asthmatic -heaves, combined with gelsemium and lobelia, followed -by Fowler’s Solution; in influenza, it stimulates -the weakened heart, besides having other good effects.</p> - -<p>In the first stage of respiratory diseases, belladonna -alone, or combined with aconite or other febrifuges and -expectorants; in cough, especially spasmodic or when -due to irritation of the throat; in heart failure or heart -weakness, hypodermic injections of atrophine are beneficial; -in spasmodic colic one to two drachms of the fluid -extract to a dose, but one drachm is usually sufficient; -as a powerful antispasmodic and anodyne, atropine and -morphine combined; small doses are given in constipation -of the bowels, combined with nux vomica; small -doses with purgatives are said to aid their action.</p> - -<p>In tetanus give one to two drachms of the extract -two or three times daily; in paralysis of the throat of -tetanus the fluid extract combined with soap liniment -or used alone externally; in cerebro-spinal meningitis, -belladonna and ergot alternated with aconite is rational -treatment, conjoined with the external treatment. It<span class="pagenum" id="Page66">[66]</span> -allays irritations of the bladder, rectum, and uterus, especially -if combined with cannabis indica.</p> - -<p>In contraction or rigid os the extract applied directly, -quickly relaxes and allows parturition; it is well to see -if this is necessary before giving ergot.</p> - -<p>Used extensively in examinations and diseases of the -eye.</p> - -<p>Atrophine sulphate is used locally to dilate the pupil, -assisting in the detection of cataracts or other disorders -of the eye and testing the condition of the refracting -media; for dilating pupil use a solution of four grains -of the atrophine to one ounce of distilled water; a few -drops are placed into the eye, for inflammation of the -eye with great irritation; belladonna may be combined -with cocaine; in iritis.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antidote.</span>—In poisoning, tannic acid should be used.</p> - -<h2>BENZOINUM—BENZOIN</h2> - -<p>A balsamic resin obtained from styrax benzoin -dryander, and another unidentified species of styrax. -It contains benzoic acid in the proportions 12 to 20 per -cent to which it probably owes its action.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Southern Asia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—In pebble-like bodies or tears, slightly -flattened, straight or curved, yellowish to rusty-brown -externally, milky-white on fresh fractures internally. -Odor agreeable, balsamic; taste slightly acrid. It is -almost wholly soluble in five parts of moderately warm -alcohol, and in solutions of the fixed alkalies. When -heated it gives off fumes of benzoic acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid; resins -and a volatile oil.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>ADEPS BENZOINATUS—BENZOINATED -LARD</h4> - -<p>Made by melting lard 1,000, with benzoin 20, and -straining; used as an ointment itself, and as a base for -other ointments.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page67">[67]</span></p> - -<h4>TINCTURA BENZOINI—TINCTURE OF -BENZOIN</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration of benzoin 200, in alcohol; -filtration and addition of alcohol to make 1,000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 drs.; dogs, 30 to 60 ms.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA—COMPOUND -TINCTURE OF BENZOIN</h4> - -<p>Commonly known as Friar’s Balsam. Benzoin, 100; -purified aloes, 20; storax, 80; balsam of tolu, 40; alcohol -to make 1,000. Made by digestion and filtration.</p> - -<h4>ACIDUM BENZOICUM—BENZOIC ACID</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained from benzoin by sublimation, -or artificially prepared.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White feathery crystals of a peculiar, -agreeable odor, and warm acidulous taste, sparingly -soluble in cold water (1 to 500), more soluble in boiling -water, 1 in 15, and in 2 parts of alcohol; borax renders -it more soluble.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Incompatibles.</span>—Alkalies, ammonium carbonate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep and -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 grs.</p> - -<h4>AMMONII BENZOAS—AMMONIUM -BENZOATE</h4> - -<p>Made by the action of benzoic acid and ammonia -water. In white crystals. Soluble in 10.5 parts of water; -in 25 parts of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as benzoic acid.</p> - -<h4>SODII BENZOAS—SODIUM BENZOATE</h4> - -<p>Made by the action of a hot solution of sodium carbonate -of benzoic acid. Occurs in a white powder. -Soluble in 1.6 parts of water; in 43 parts of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as benzoic acid.</p> - -<h4>LITHII BENZOAS—LITHIUM BENZOATE</h4> - -<p>Made by decomposing lithium carbonate with benzoic -acid. It should contain not less than 98.5 per cent<span class="pagenum" id="Page68">[68]</span> -of pure lithium benzoate, and should be kept in a well -stopped bottle. Soluble in 3 parts of water, and in 13 -parts of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as benzoic acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Benzoin is a mild stimulant, expectorant -and antiseptic; benzoic acid is quite powerful; it renders -alkaline urine acid; it is used to dissolve phosphatic -calculi.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—The tincture and compound tincture are used -as stimulants and antiseptics for wounds and sores. -Benzoic acid, when administered internally, acts mildly -as an antiseptic to the bladder; useful in catarrh of the -bladder. Benzoate of soda is used in bronchial catarrh. -Benzoate of ammonia is used to dissolve phosphatic -calculi. Lithium benzoate has been highly recommended -as a remedy for rheumatic affections.</p> - -<h2>CALAMUS—SWEET FLAG</h2> - -<p>The unpeeled, dried rhizome of acorus calamus -Linne.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—United States, Europe, Western and -Southern Asia, including India and Japan.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—The leaves as well as the root have -an aromatic odor; but the root only is employed. It -should be collected late in the autumn, or in the early -spring. After removal from the ground, the roots are -washed, freed from their fibers, and dried with moderate -heat. By drying they lose nearly one-half their diameter, -but are improved in odor and taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Acorin, a liquid, yellow glucoside, -having a bitter taste; a volatile oil; calamine; choline.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 3 drs.; dogs, 15 grs to 1 dr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALAMI—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF CALAMUS</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration, percolation and evaporation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 ozs.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 3 drs.; dogs, 15 ms. to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page69">[69]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Calanus is a feeble aromatic -bitter, and is therefore useful in loss of appetite and indigestion -associated with mild forms of flatulence. The -powdered root is used as a base in powders, balls and -electuaries. It is harmless, and the dose is therefore -unimportant.</p> - -<h2>CALX LIME—CALCIUM OXIDE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Prepared by burning white marble, -oyster shells, or the purest varieties of natural calcium -carbonate; to expel carbon dioxide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Lime is in hard, white or grayish-white -masses, which in contact with air gradually attract -moisture and carbon dioxide and fall to a white powder; -odorless; of a sharp caustic taste. Soluble in water; -insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Antacid, gastric sedative, intestinal astringent, -desiccant.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Its principal use is in diarrhoea, combined -with opium tannic acid, also antiseptics; makes a very -good dusting powder over abraded surfaces. Lime -water and milk equal parts and sweetened is very good -for puppies raised on a bottle as it is easily digested.</p> - -<h3>LINIMENTUM CALCIS—LIME LINIMENT -(Carron Oil)</h3> - -<p>Composed of lime water and raw linseed oil equal -parts; is very good for burns. Carron oil given internally -is a good, mild laxative and antacid for horses -with heaves. It is given on the food. It is also an excellent -purgative for foals and calves in the treatment -of diarrhoea and indigestion.</p> - -<h2>CALUMBA</h2> - -<p>The dried transversely cut slices of the root of -Jateorhiza Calumba.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Mozambique, East Africa. Cultivated -in the East Indies.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Odor slight, taste bitter. It contains<span class="pagenum" id="Page70">[70]</span> -calumbin, a neutral bitter, crystalline substance; an alkaloid, -berberine; calumbic acid and starch.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 5 to 30 grs.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM CALUMBAE—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF CALUMBA</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol -and water, and evaporation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as calumba.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA CALUMBAE—TINCTURE OF -CALUMBA</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation of calumbae, -with alcohol and water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 ozs.; sheep and -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions and Uses.</span>—Calumba is a bitter, gastric -stimulant and carminative. It promotes secretion of -gastric juice and improves the appetite. As it contains -no tannin it is devoid of astringency and may be prescribed -with preparations of iron. Like qussia, calumba -infusion may be used to destroy worms in the horse’s -rectum.</p> - -<h2>GAMBOGIA—GAMBOGE</h2> - -<p>A gum-resin obtained from garcinia hunburii -Hooker filius (nat. ord. guttiferae).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Southern Asia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—In cylindrical pieces, usually hollow -in the center, externally grayish orange-brown, longitudinally -striate; fracture conchordal, orange-red, waxy and -somewhat porous; inodorous; taste very acid. Powder -bright yellow, sternutatory, containing few or no starch -grains. Not more than 25 per cent should be soluble -in alcohol; ash not more than 3 per cent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> oz.; -sheep and pigs, 20 grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 grs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Gamboge is a drastic, hydragogue purgative,<span class="pagenum" id="Page71">[71]</span> -and slightly diuretic. Its action is uncertain and -often violent, with production of griping pains. Large -doses cause vomiting in the dog and gastro-enteritis in -all that cannot vomit. Gamboge is dissolved by the bile -and alkaline intestinal juices and some of it is absorbed, -since it colors the urine yellow in its elimination and -occasions diuresis.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Gamboge should never be prescribed alone. -It has been recommended in obstinate constipation, indigestion, -impaction of the third stomach, and brain diseases -of cattle, conjoined with salts, or rubbed up with -water and an equal amount of aloes (each one ounce).</p> - -<h2>CAMPHORA—CAMPHOR—GUM CAMPHOR</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Camphor is obtained from a tree -known as Laurel Camphor. The branches are cut and -boiled in water and the camphor rises to the top in the -form of gum.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Japan, China and Sunda Islands.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White translucent masses, of a tough -consistence and a crystalline structure, readily pulverizable -in the presence of a little alcohol ether or chloroform; -having a penetrating characteristic odor, and a -pungent aromatic taste. Very sparingly soluble in -water, but readily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, -carbon disulphide, petroleum, benzine and in fixed and -volatile oils. On exposure to the air, it evaporates more -or less rapidly at ordinary temperatures, and when moderately -heated, it sublimes without leaving a residue.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 1 to 3 drs.; cattle, 2 to 4 drs.; sheep -and pigs, 15 grs. to 1 dr.; dogs, 3 to 30 grs.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>AQUA CAMPHORAE—CAMPHOR WATER</h4> - -<p>Tincture camphor 8, with alcohol 8 and purified talc -15; then with water to make 1000 filter.</p> - -<p>Camphor water has this advantage over camphor in -substance, that the latter is with difficulty dissolved by -liquids of the stomach; but it is too feeble a preparation -for use when a decided effect is desired; it is, however,<span class="pagenum" id="Page72">[72]</span> -an excellent vehicle for the administration of more active -substances.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Ad lib.</p> - -<h4>SPIRITUS CAMPHORAE—SPIRIT OF -CAMPHOR</h4> - -<p>Made by dissolving gum camphor, 100, in alcohol, -800; filter and add alcohol to make 1000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 30 grs. to 1 dr. Spirit of camphor -is frequently prescribed in colic mixtures.</p> - -<h4>LINIMENTUM CAMPHORAE—CAMPHOR -LINIMENT—CAMPHORATED OIL</h4> - -<p>Made by adding camphor, 200 parts to cottonseed -oil, 800 parts.</p> - -<p>It is a mild rubefacient; is used in cough mixtures, -also used locally in liniments.</p> - -<h4>CERATUM CAMPHORAE—CAMPHOR -CERATE</h4> - -<p>Composed of camphor liniment, 100 parts, white -wax 350 parts, white petrolatum 150 parts, lard 400 -parts.</p> - -<p>For external use only.</p> - -<h4>LINIMENTUM SAPONIS—SOAP LINIMENT</h4> - -<p>Composed of soap 60 parts, camphor 45 parts, oil -of rosemary 10 parts, alcohol 725 parts, water to make -1000 parts; for external use only, as a mild stimulating -and anodyne liniment, usually combined with other -medicines and used for its stimulating properties.</p> - -<h4>CAMPHORA MONOBROMATA—MONOBROMATED -CAMPHOR</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made by heating camphor and bromine -in the proper chemical proportions for three -hours in a sealed tube, in a water bath. The crystalline -masses washed with water, recrystallized from -alcohol after treatment with animal charcoal, washed<span class="pagenum" id="Page73">[73]</span> -with an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide, then -with much water and finally recrystallized from a mixture -of alcohol and ether. It is very easy to prepare -the monobromide on a small scale in this way.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, prismatic needles or scales, -permanent in air, almost soluble in water, freely soluble -in alcohol, ether, chloroform and fixed and volatile -oils; used frequently as an anaphrodisiac.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 2 to 10 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Antispasmodic or nerve stimulant, anodyne, -antiseptic, diaphoretic, a stimulant, expectorant, a -cerebral excitant or narcotic, a gastro-intestinal irritant, -a rubefacient or counter-irritant and also carminative. -It has an acrid hot taste, irritates the skin and mucous -membrane, large doses causing gastro-intestinal inflammation.</p> - -<p>Medical doses stimulate the vaso-motor system and -the cardiac-motor ganglia, and lessens the influence of -the pneumogastric (inhibitory nerve); afterwards stimulates -the accelerator apparatus, thus increasing the -circulation and raising arterial tension; it also stimulates -respiration, and in man stimulates mental activity -even to intoxication.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—In catarrhal conditions, cough mixtures, -acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia. The spirits -of camphor is used in colic mixtures; also locally to stop -secretions of milk applied frequently; in cardiac weakness; -strangury may be relieved by one to two ounce -doses of the spirits for the horse. Spirits of camphor is -used in Thumps.</p> - -<p>Camphor is a valuable medicine in diarrhoea, particularly -in serious variety, and in that form following exposure -to cold. It is not useful in inflammatory conditions, -but checks secretions and pain.</p> - -<p>Spirit of camphor and nitrous ether are efficient in -relieving irritation of the genito-urinary tract. Camphor -has proven of service in purpura hemorrhagica of -horses given three times daily in capsules or pills.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page74">[74]</span></p> - -<h2>CANTHARIS—CANTHARIDES—SPANISH -FLY—BLISTER BEETLES</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Cantharides is obtained from flies -which receive the name Spanish Fly on account of so -many of them coming from Spain, but they are also -imported from Germany and Russia; living chiefly on -climbing shrubs and trees.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Description.</span>—About 20 to 25 m. m. long and about -6 mm. broad, flattish cylindrical, with filiform antennae, -black in the upper part, and with long wing-sheaths, and -ample membranous, transparent, brownish wings, elsewhere -of a shining, coppery-green color. The powder -is grayish-brown, and contains green shining particles. -Odor strong and disagreeable; taste slight, afterwards -irritating. Cantharides deteriorate with age and should -be kept unpowdered in tightly stoppered bottles.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Of the powdered fly, horses and cattle, 5 to -10 gr.; sheep and pigs, 3 to 6 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 gr.</p> - -<h3>TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS—TINCTURE OF -CANTHARIDES</h3> - -<p>Prepared by percolation of powdered cantharides, -100 parts, with alcohol to make 1000 parts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and -pigs, 15 to 30 m.; dogs, 2 to 15 m.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Externally, is rubefacient, irritant, vesicant, -according to the strength used, it promotes water -blister; counter-irritant, etc. Cantharides acts more -powerfully on the skin of horses and dogs than on that -of cattle and swine. If applied over an extensive surface, -absorption and poisoning may occur.</p> - -<p>Internally cantharides is an irritant, and produces -its effects on any part which the free cantharidin is -brought into contact. When swallowed it irritates the -digestive mucous membrane; large doses produce gastro-enteritis. -The active cantharidin is absorbed, and in -the blood forms a non-irritant albuminoid, but in the -kidneys is again liberated, developing its characteristic -irritation, medical doses stimulating the urino-genital -tract, causing diuresis, and in some animals increases<span class="pagenum" id="Page75">[75]</span> -sexual appetite; full doses induce inflammation, slow -and painful discharge of bloody urine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Externally cantharides is employed as a -blister rubefacient or as a counter-irritant; blisters are -formed in from two to eight hours. If repeatedly used -it may cause sloughing of the tissue; cantharides may -be used wherever a blister or counter-irritant is required, -except in inflammation of the urinary organs, as it is -absorbed and will increase the inflammation. Cantharides -conjoined with red mercurous iodide and adeps -is usually employed in the treatment of diseases of the -bones, joints, bursae, ligaments and tendons. In exostoses, -as bone spavin and ring bone, used most effectively -after the actual cautery, to secure absorption -and resolution, or anchylosis. Always clip off the hair -close before applying a blister, tie or muzzle the animal -so he cannot bite it; leave blister on forty-eight hours, -then wash and grease the parts daily. A cantharides -blister is sometimes beneficial in hastening the formation -of abscess (distemper); also to stimulate indolent -ulcers or wounds; it causes swelling and closes the opening -of small umbilical hernias of foals and calves. It -is also valuable in closing and sealing punctured wounds -into joints and synovial cavities. The tincture of cantharides -can be applied once or twice daily, full strength, -when the exudation of much serum is desired. Cantharides -is seldom used internally except in incontinuence -of urine from debility or partial paralysis of the -bladder. Seldom used to increase sexual desire. The -tincture of cantharides should be employed when the -drug is administered internally.</p> - -<h2>CAPSICUM—RED PEPPER—CAYENNE -PEPPER</h2> - -<p>The dried ripe fruit of Capsicum fastigiatum Blume -deprived of its calyx.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Tropical America; cultivated also in -other tropical countries.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Capsicum when ground has a hot, -pungent, spicy taste.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page76">[76]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Capsicum contains capsaicin, a -crystallizable, acrid body; capsicin, a volatile alkaloid; -a fixed oil; fatty matter; resin.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 20 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr., -sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; dogs, 1 to 5 gr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM CAPSICI—FLUID EXTRACT -OF CAPSICUM</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, -and evaporated, so that 1 cc. equals 1 gm. of the crude -drug.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 10 m. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; -sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 m.; dogs, 1 to 5 m.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA CAPSICI—TINCTURE OF -CAPSICUM</h4> - -<p>Made by percolation of capsicum, 100, with alcohol -and water to make 1,000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 20 m. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m.</p> - -<h4>OLEORESINA CAPSICI—OLEORESIN OF -CAPSICUM</h4> - -<p>Made by percolation with acetone, distillation and -evaporation of the residue.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 10 to 30 m.; cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; sheep -and pigs, 1 to 5 m.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 m.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Capsicum and its preparations -are irritants, stimulating stomachics, carminatives and -rubefacients. Large doses, especially in carnivora and -omnivora, are irritant poisons, inflaming the alimentary -and sometimes also the urino-genital mucous membranes. -Properly regulated doses are indicated in -atonic indigestion and flatulent colic in horses combined -with ammonium carbonate. It may be advantageously -combined with bitters, as nux vomica. Capsicum is a -favorite stimulant and tonic remedy—to the digestion—with -poultry fanciers. It also increases the laying of -eggs when given to hens. Externally capsicum is rubefacient<span class="pagenum" id="Page77">[77]</span> -and counter-irritant, producing about the same -degree of irritation as mustard, but causing considerable -pain. It ought not be used for blistering ointments or -for setons.</p> - -<h2>CHLOROFORMUM—CHLOROFORM</h2> - -<p>A liquid consisting of 99 to 99.4 per cent, by weight, -of absolute chloroform, and 0.6 to 1 per cent alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Alcohol and water are heated in a still -to 37.70° C. (100° F.), when chlorinated lime is added -and chloroform is evolved.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Chloroform is a heavy, clear, colorless, -mobile and diffusible liquid, of a characteristic ethereal -odor, and a burning sweet taste. Specific gravity not -below 1.476 at 25° C. (77° F.). Soluble in 200 times -its volume of cold water, and in all proportions in alcohol, -ether, benzol, benzine and the fixed and volatile oils. -Chloroform is not inflammable. Chloroform should be -kept in dark amber colored well stoppered bottles in a -cool and dark place.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, -20 to 40 m.; dogs, 2 to 8 m. Should be well diluted with -glycerine, syrup, eggs or diluted alcohol; the above dose -can be repeated every two or three hours.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>AQUA CHLOROFORMI—CHLOROFORM -WATER</h4> - -<p>A saturated solution of chloroform and distilled water, -it should contain one-half per cent of chloroform. -Chloroform water has been proven to be an excellent -vehicle for administering active remedies, and, owing to -its antiseptic properties, mixtures having it for a basis -resist decomposition longer than those made with ordinary -water. Used extensively as a vehicle in cough and -diarrhoea mixtures.</p> - -<h4>LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI—CHLOROFORM -LINIMENT</h4> - -<p>Made from chloroform, 300 parts, soap liniment 700 -parts.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page78">[78]</span></p> - -<h4>SPIRITUS CHLOROFORMI</h4> - -<p>Made from chloroform 60 parts, alcohol, 940 parts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 20 to 40 m.</p> - -<h4>CHLOROFORM EMULSUM—EMULSION OF -CHLOROFORM</h4> - -<p>Made from chloroform, expressed oil of almond, -tragacanth and water. Should contain four per cent of -chloroform. A good agent and vehicle for diarrhoea -and vermifuge mixtures for small animals.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Chloroform is a topical irritant, antiseptic, -parasiticide, carminative, antispasmodic and analgesic. -Full doses quickly and powerfully paralyze the -cerebro-spinal nervous system; chloroform kills by paralyzing -the heart and respiration; the latter effects are -most rapidly produced when the drug is inhaled. Chloroform -is the general anaesthetic most used for veterinary -purposes except for dogs.</p> - -<p>Externally it is rubefacient if confined or even suppurant. -It also acts as a refrigerant, anodyne and local -anaesthetic if not confined. It penetrates the skin very -readily and on this account is commonly used in liniments -to aid in the absorption of other medicines.</p> - -<p>Chloroform compared to ether is much more irritating -to the mucous membrane, and causes violent -gastro-enteritis, if swallowed undiluted; it is less stimulating -and more depressing to the heart and circulation. -For inhalation it requires much more air; is less irritant -to the air passages than ether; is uninflammable, -more pleasant, more prompt in action, has a shorter -stage of excitement, causes a more profound narcosis, -and is not so nauseating as ether and is cheaper. Statistics -show it to be five times more fatal than ether.</p> - -<p>The results of various experiments show that chloroform -and ether both act in the same manner upon the<span class="pagenum" id="Page79">[79]</span> -heart and respiration, paralyzing the latter first; but -chloroform acts much more quickly and powerfully than -ether in both directions. But when chloroform is inhaled -in a concentrated form it generally paralyzes the -heart first.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Chloroform should be used as an aid in painful -and prolonged cases of parturition, especially where -you have tumultuous contraction of the uterus, or rigid -contraction of the os. Use just enough by inhalation -to dull the pain and relax the parts; it will aid you in -your efforts to rectify abnormal presentations by relaxing -the parts.</p> - -<p>Internally it is used in spasmodic and flatulent colic -as it is an antispasmodic carminative and anodyne in its -effects; chloroform combined with belladonna and opium -is very beneficial in spasmodic coughs, given in linseed -gruel or water, well diluted; in liniments about one or -two ounces to the pint. Chloroform is used in chronic -diarrhoea with other medicines, such as morphine, capsicum, -camphor, oil of peppermint and ether. It is also -a good taeniacide.</p> - -<h2>ANESTHESIA</h2> - -<p>Anesthesia is divided into three stages; the stimulant, -anaesthetic and paralytic.</p> - -<p><i>In the first stage</i> there is struggling and excitement, -due partly to the action of the drug and partly to fright. -The local irritant action of the vapor causes choking and -coughing, which also induces struggling.</p> - -<p>The respiratory and cardiac centers are temporarily -stimulated, as a consequence of which the pulse and respiratory -movements are increased in force and frequency -and blood tension is raised.</p> - -<p>The smaller animals, particularly the dog, may vomit -during the first stage of anaesthesia. In the first stage -the dog may bark, whine or howl, the horse neighs and -groans; other animals give expression to sounds more -or less characteristic to their species.</p> - -<p><i>The second or anesthetic stage</i> is characterized by<span class="pagenum" id="Page80">[80]</span> -loss of consciousness, sensation, motion and partial loss -of reflex action and is that state suitable for operations. -The stimulating action of the anesthetic has passed -and there is now depression of the cerebral functions, -the motor centers. The voluntary muscles are completely -relaxed, the sphincters occasionally, the patient -lies absolutely motionless, the cornea fails to respond -to irritation, i. e., winking is not produced when the -cornea is lightly touched with the finger. Sometimes -the muscles are rigid and twitching during this stage of -anesthesia, though sensation and consciousness are -absent. In the anesthesia stage the pulse is slow, full -and strong, due to lowered blood pressure, the breathing -is slow and shallow but regular.</p> - -<p><i>The third or paralytic stage</i>, which must be carefully -watched against, poisoning is beginning and there is -depression of the three great medullary centers controlling -the heart, respiration and vascular tension and also -the posterior reflex centers of the spinal cord, so that -the urine and faeces are passed involuntarily. The passage -of urine frequently occurs in the first stages of -anesthesia and should not of itself be considered a -danger mark. When the pulse becomes rapid, feeble -and irregular, the breathing is at first stertorous and -then the respiratory movements become shallow and -weak, with long intervals intervening between them; this -irregularity is a most important danger sign. The skin -and mucous membrane often become cold and clammy. -The pupils are usually widely dilated, though death -may occur with either dilated or contracted pupils and -consequently no dependence should be put in this sign -unless there has been a sudden change from one condition -of the pupils to the other. The three above mentioned -stages are conventional, and are not in any case so -clearly defined in practice as they are described theoretically -upon paper. The first stage may be either absent -or prolonged, and the last stage should not be reached -at all.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page81">[81]</span></p> - -<h3>COMPARISON OF ETHER WITH -CHLOROFORM</h3> - -<table class="etherchloroform" summary="Comparison"> - -<tr> -<th>Ether.</th> -<th>Chloroform.</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">More diffusible.</td> -<td>Less diffusible; vapor heavier.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Inflammable and explosive.</td> -<td>Not inflammable, but vapor decomposes when exposed to a light and causes irritation and some times death.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Stimulant to heart, except in enormous quantities.</td> -<td>Depresses powerfully the heart respiratory and vaso-motor centers in large doses.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Irritating (due to exclusion of air), may induce bronchitis and nephritis.</td> -<td>Less irritating (on account of more air being required for dilution.)</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Respiratory centers not so easily or suddenly depressed as by chloroform.</td> -<td>Three to five times more dangerous (deaths) than ether.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Larger quantities required.</td> -<td>Smaller quantities required.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Less rapid.</td> -<td>Acts quickly.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">More expensive.</td> -<td>Cheaper.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="br">Kills by respiratory failure.</td> -<td>Death from respiratory failure, combined with cardiac depression.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<p>Consequently you can see considering both drugs -to be properly administered, all the advantages are in -favor of chloroform except safety.</p> - -<p>Ether is to be preferred for dogs, cats and other -small animals.</p> - -<p>Chloroform is especially dangerous for dogs, though -horses stand it exceptionally well and it is preferable to<span class="pagenum" id="Page82">[82]</span> -ether in large animals. The safety with which chloroform -may be administered to large animals frequently -makes veterinarians careless; that is, they “force” the -drug; they do not allow sufficient air for dilution, and -though the patients may not die from the immediate -effects of the drug their existence may be terminated in -a few days from pneumonia or broncho-pneumonia -(mechanical), due to the irritating effects of the drug.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Anaesthesia.</span>—It is best to cast the large animals; -after complete anaesthesia remove the hobbles.</p> - -<p>For dogs make a cone of a towel and paper, put a -sponge in the bottom, allowing a small opening in the -end to admit air; pour in ether a little at a time.</p> - -<p>In brain diseases or tumors of the brain, chloroform -is dangerous. Horses with heaves or emphysema should -not take chloroform; it is also dangerous in fatty degeneration -of the heart. Operations during incomplete -anaesthesia, especially with chloroform, are dangerous; -always produce complete anaesthesia, have the stomach -empty, but don’t fast animals for more than two or three -meals.</p> - -<p><i>Things to remember when administering an anaesthetic:</i></p> - -<p>The operator must be skilled and give his attention -exclusively to the production of anaesthesia, watching -the respiration and pulse for signs of failure.</p> - -<p>Do not commence operation until anaesthesia is profound, -until reflex action is abolished, which can be told -by touching the eye with the finger; obey this, no matter -how slight the operation. The utmost care should be -exercised if the patient is very old or has fatty degeneration -of the heart, or lung diseases.</p> - -<p>Great care should be exercised in operations about -the mouth or trachea. See that no blood passes down -the trachea. The stomach and bowels should be empty. -This will cause less nausea and feed may be regurgitated -and run down the trachea.</p> - -<p>When purchasing chloroform or ether for anaesthetic -purposes insist on the best; it must be pure.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page83">[83]</span></p> - -<p>Ether can be used almost pure, only a little air being -necessarily allowed for dilution; chloroform must have a -large amount of air.</p> - -<p>In all classes of patients the head should be slightly -raised, and watch the tongue so that it does not fall back -over the larynx and suffocate the animal.</p> - -<p>Anaesthesia should be started very slowly; don’t -force either chloroform or ether.</p> - -<p>It is a good practice to have restoratives ready for -use before commencing anaesthesia, as aqua ammonia -fort., a hypodermic syringe and nitro-glycerin.</p> - -<h2>CINCHONA</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Cinchona is obtained from the bark of a -tree (Cinchona Calisaya), which grows in South America, -East Indies and Jamaica. It contains at least -five per cent of its peculiar alkaloids, of which not less -than one-half should be quinine sulphate, which is the -most important.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Cinchona is an astringent. Other than -that cinchona and its alkaloids possess the same actions, -that being, bitter tonic, stimulant, antiseptic, antiperiodic, -antipyretic, antiphlogistic, antimiasmatic, stomachic -and antiferment. Large doses are general depressants.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Cinchona and its alkaloids are recommended -for all classes of patients as bitter stomachic and tonics. -They stimulate the appetite, check abnormal gastro-intestinal -fermentation and counteract relaxed conditions -of the intestines and the accumulations of mucus, which -prove favorable to the development of worms.</p> - -<p>In troublesome cases of atonic indigestion in horses -respond rapidly when quinine sulphate is frequently -given in thirty to forty grain doses with half a drachm -of dilute nitric or hydrochloric acid. Weak foals and -calves suffering from relaxed condition of the bowels, -following a dose of castor oil are often much benefited -by a few doses of cinchona bark, hydrochloric acid dilute -and brandy.</p> - -<p>Few medicines are so effectual as cinchona bark or<span class="pagenum" id="Page84">[84]</span> -quinine sulphate in improving appetite and muscular -strength and hastening convalescence from debilitating -disease.</p> - -<p>They are advantageous in anaemia joined with iron -salts.</p> - -<p>Good results are obtained from cinchona or quinine in -the earlier stages of tuberculosis, in septicaemia and -pyaemia in all animals; in influenza, protracted cases of -strangles, purpura and other similar diseases of the -horse; in septic metritis in cows and ewes and in lingering -cases of distemper in dogs. Their beneficial effects -in these and other diseases probably depending on the -action of quinine on micro-organisms or their products. -It is often useful in rheumatism conjoined with salicylic -acid or potassium iodide. Administered with cathartics, -like other bitter tonics, it generally increases their activity. -Alternated with cod liver or olive oil and iron, -quinine is the best tonic for weak dogs and those suffering -from chorea.</p> - -<p>Quinine and urea hydrochloride has recently come -into use as local anaesthetic. One per cent solutions -make a satisfactory substitute for cocaine, etc. It also -has advantages over cocaine. It is non-toxic, it may be -exposed to a boiling temperature and its anaesthetic -effect for dogs after an operation, therefore aiding in -dressing of wounds. Its anaesthetic effect comes on -within five minutes to half an hour after being injected -into the intended seat of operation.</p> - -<p>Speaking from practical experience, I prefer quinine -and urea hydrochloride to cocaine or any of its allies.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Of the powdered cinchona bark: Horses, 2 -dr. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 dr.; -dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr.</p> - -<h3>ALKALOIDAL SALTS OF CINCHONA—QUININAE -SULPHAS—SULPHATE -OF QUININE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—As a tonic: Horses, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; dogs and -cats, 1 to 2 gr. As antipyretic Dose: Horses and<span class="pagenum" id="Page85">[85]</span> -cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, 15 gr to 1 dr.; dogs -and cats, 5 to 10 gr.</p> - -<h3>QUININAE ET UREAE HYDROCHLORIDUM—QUININE -AND UREA HYDROCHLORIDE -(NON-OFFICIAL)</h3> - -<p>Soluble in 18 parts of water. Use hypodermically -as a local anesthetic.</p> - -<h2>COCAINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM—COCAINE -HYDROCHLORIDE</h2> - -<p>“The dried leaves of Erythroxylon Coca Lamarck -(Fam. Erythroxylaceae), known commercially as -Huanuco Coca, or of E. Truxillense Rusby, known commercially -as Truxillo Coca, yielding when assayed not -less than 0.5 per cent of the ether-soluble alkaloids of -coca.” U. S. “The dried leaves of Erythroxylum -Coca, Lam., and its varieties.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Cultivated in Peru and Bolivia and introduced -into medicine by Koller in 1884.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Cocaine hydrochloride is recovered -by agitating an acidulated alcoholic solution of coca -leaves with ether. The etheral liquid is made alkaline -with sodium carbonate and evaporated. The residue is -purified, deodorized, neutralized with hydrochloric acid -and finally crystallized.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A colorless, transparent, monoclinic -prism, flaky, lustrous leaflets or a white crystalline -powder; permanent in air, containing no water of -crystallization; odorless; of a saline, slightly bitter taste, -and producing on the tongue a tingling sensation followed -by numbness of several minutes’ duration. Soluble -in 0.4 part of water, 2.6 parts of alcohol and in 18.5 -parts of chloroform at 25° C. (77° F.); soluble in benzine, -petroleum benzine and ether. It leaves no residue -on incineration. Its aqueous solution is neutral to litmus -paper.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 5 to 20 gr.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 3 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> to 1 gr. Not much used internally.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page86">[86]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action.</span>—Cocaine in small doses is a cerebral, cardiac, -respiratory and nervous stimulant and dieuretic; -overdoses cause delirium with cardiac and respiratory -failure. Cocaine is a powerful local anaesthetic; used -for all animals in 4 to 10 per cent solution, usually a -4 to 6 per cent solution is strong enough for ordinary -operations. Inject under the skin, into the muscular -tissue or over nerve trunks for minor operations. Applied -to such structures as the eye, penis, tongue and -other delicate mucous surfaces as the uterus, vagina, -rectum, etc. It causes profound but temporary anaesthesia -over a small area; it causes rapid and extreme -dilation of the pupil.</p> - -<p>Cocaine is injected for minor operations to prevent -pain, such as neurectomy, removing tumors, operations -on the eyes, tongue, fistulae, firing, etc. For dogs it -should be used with great caution, a two per cent solution -usually being enough and as little as possible being -used.</p> - -<p>For the horse, as a rule, not more than two drachms -of a five per cent solution should be injected subcutaneously, -lest restlessness, excitement, etc., ensue, which -though not necessarily dangerous, may interfere with -the operation.</p> - -<p>In using cocaine as a diagnostic agent for lameness, -the fact must not be lost sight of that it is a cerebral -stimulant and that if a large quantity is injected it may -cause such a degree of excitement as to make the patient -forget his lameness, thus leading the operator to believe -that the improvement is due to anaesthesia below the -point of injection, when the apparent remission from the -lameness is of physical origin. Cocaine is advantageously -used in painful eye affections. Its effects may -be prolonged and the danger of its use lessened by dissolving -the cocaine in a 1 to 1000 adrenalin chloride -solution.</p> - -<h2>CRETA PRAEPARATA—PREPARED CHALK</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Native calcium carbonate, freed from -most of its impurities by elutriation.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page87">[87]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, amorphous powder, often -molded into conical drops; odorless and tasteless; permanent -in the air. Almost insoluble in water; insoluble -in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 1 to 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>PULVIS CRETAE COMPOSITUS—COMPOUND -CHALK POWDER</h4> - -<p>Composed of chalk, 30 parts; acacia, 20 parts; sugar, -50 parts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 10 gr. to 1 dr.; cats, 1 to 5 gr.</p> - -<h4>MISTURA CRETAE—CHALK MIXTURE</h4> - -<p>Composed of compound chalk powder, 20 parts; cinnamon -water, 40 parts; water to make 100.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 1 to 2 oz.; cats, 1 to 2 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Internally, chalk is the slowest acting -antacid, because of its comparative insolubility and is of -value when it can exert its long-continued influence -throughout the digestive tract. It resembles bismuth in -mechanically coating or protecting inflamed or irritable -surfaces. It is not so astringent nor antiseptic as the -bismuth salts, and these are generally preferable to chalk -for the smaller animals. It is excreted unchanged in -the feces. Externally it is a dessicant and slightly -astringent powder, also protective.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Chalk forms a dusting powder for moist -eczema, slight burns and intertrigo; zinc oxide and starch -(one to four) is, however, a better preparation. Chalk -is the most useful antacid for diarrhoea accompanied by -fermentation of the intestinal contents, while its local -astringent and protecting influence assists in overcoming -the trouble. It is especially good for foals and calves -given in flour gruel and often conjoined with catechu, -ginger and opium.</p> - -<p>Chalk may be given to dogs in pills or powder; to -other animals in powder, capsules or electuary. Chalk -is frequently prescribed suspended in flour, gruel, milk<span class="pagenum" id="Page88">[88]</span> -or mucilage to the larger animals. The chalk preparations -are suitable for dogs and cats.</p> - -<h2>CUPRI SULPHAS—COPPER SULPHATE—BLUE -VITRIOL—BLUE STONE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Boil metallic copper and sulphuric -acid together. Dissolve product in hot water and -crystallize.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Large, transparent, deep blue, triclinic -crystals; odorless, of a nauseous, metallic taste; -slowly efflorescent in dry air; soluble in water; almost -insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, -20 to 40 gr.; dogs, 1 to 2 gr.</p> - -<p>As a tonic and astringent, repeat two or three times -daily; given either in capsule or in some mucilagenous -solution, or in powder form, with some inert substance; -when given as a tonic should be given at time of feeding, -or right after eating.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Gastro-intestinal irritant, astringent, -tonic, emetic in large doses; acts directly on the stomach; -antiseptic and vermifuge.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Internally used as emetic, antidote for phosphorus, -atony of the bowels, diarrhoea, especially combined -with dilute sulphuric acid opium; is supposed to -prevent the development of farcy and glanders in exposed -animals. Used externally as a caustic and stimulant; -styptic, also used for foot-rot; for granular eyelids, -touch lightly over the granular surface with the -sulphate of copper.</p> - -<h2>DIGITALIS—FOXGLOVE</h2> - -<p>The dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Linne (Fam. -Scrophulariaceae), collected from plants of the second -year’s growth, at the commencement of flowering.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Foxglove grows wild in the temperate -parts of Europe, where it flowers in the middle of summer. -In this country it is cultivated for ornamental -and for medical use.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Foxglove is without odor in the recent<span class="pagenum" id="Page89">[89]</span> -state, but acquires a faint narcotic odor when dried. -The color of the dried leaf is a dull pale green, modified -by the whitish down upon the under surface; that of -the powder is a fine deep green.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Digitalein, Digitonin, Digitalin -and Digitoxin, the latter is most poisonous and active. -Said to be cumulative.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Digitalis leaves, horses, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, -30 gr to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 gr.; dogs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 3 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Active Principles.</span>—Digitoxin—It occurs in crystals, -soluble in alcohol and chloroform, slightly in ether, -and insoluble in water; said to be cumulative.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> -to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>250</sub> -to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>50</sub> gr.</p> - -<p>Digitalein, an amorphous, bitter substance, soluble -in water and alcohol and non-cumulative.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as digitoxin.</p> - -<p>Digitalin, a very bitter, crystalline substance, soluble -in alcohol, and slightly soluble in water and ether.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as for digitoxin.</p> - -<p>Digitonin, resembling or identical with saponin of -senega. White, amorphous powder, soluble in water. -It is a heart depressant, muscular paralyzant and powerful -irritant, besides being antagonistic to digitalis. In -addition to these principles there are: Digitin, an inactive -substance. Digitalic and antirrhinic acids. Tannin -coloring matter, starch, sugar, gum, a volatile oil, -salts, etc., common to most vegetables.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>EXTRACTUM DIGITALIS—EXTRACT OF -DIGITALIS</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol -and water; distillation of alcohol and evaporation to -pilular substance.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 5 to 10 gr.; sheep and -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> to 1 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page90">[90]</span></p> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM DIGITALIS—FLUID -EXTRACT OF DIGITALIS</h4> - -<p>Prepared by maceration and percolation with alcohol -and water, and evaporating so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. -of the crude drug.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 10 m. to 1 dr.; cattle, 30 m. to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -dr.; sheep and pigs, 5 to 15 m.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 m.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA DIGITALIS—TINCTURE OF -DIGITALIS</h4> - -<p>Composed of powdered digitalis 100 parts with sufficient -alcohol and water to make 1000 parts. By maceration -and percolation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 m.</p> - -<h4>INFUSUM DIGITALIS—INFUSION OF -DIGITALIS</h4> - -<p>Composed of digitalis 15 parts, alcohol 100 parts, -cinnamon water 150 parts, boiling water 500 parts, cold -water to make 1000 parts. By maceration.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; dogs, 1 to 4 dr.</p> - -<p>There are several substitutes for digitalis found in -commerce.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—A cardiac and vascular tonic and stimulant, -a motor excitant, paralyzant, anaphrodisiac, it is -an indirect diuretic and an emetic, irritates the mucous -membrane.</p> - -<p>The heart is slowed but the force is increased; digitalis -stimulates the cardiac motor ganglia, the inhibitory -apparatus and the vaso-motor centers, contracting the -arterioles and thereby greatly raising the arterial tension; -large doses exhaust and paralyze the heart.</p> - -<p>Its diuretic action is very complex, one of the active -principles, digitalin, increases the arterial pressure by -contracting the blood vessels of the body, while the large -renal arteries are dilated by two of its active principles, -digitoxin and digitalein. On this account digitalis is an -ideal diuretic.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page91">[91]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—It is used as a cardiac stimulant in full doses, -followed by small ones; used in heart and cardiac debility -from any cause, irregularity of the heart due to debility; -used in dropsical conditions, combined with acetate or -nitrate of potash; it is useful in congestion of organs, -useful in the first stages of pneumonia and scarlatina; -as a diuretic over the region of the kidneys this can be -used two or three times daily; when internal remedies -fail to increase the action of the kidneys this is very effectual. -Useful in palpitation of the heart due to overexertion. -Digitalis is occasionally employed with good -results as a poultice of the leaves, applied over the loins -to promote diuresis, or in local inflammation, to contract -blood vessels.</p> - -<h2>FERRUM REDUCTUM—REDUCED IRON</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Hydrogen gas is passed over freshly -made and carefully washed ferric oxide in a hot and -closed tube.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A very fine grayish-black, lustreless -powder, without odor or taste; permanent in dry air; insoluble -in water or alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep -and pigs, 20 to 30 gr.; dogs, 1 to 5 gr.</p> - -<h3>FERRI SULPHAS—FERROUS SULPHATE—COPPERAS—GREEN -VITRIOL</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Iron wire is dissolved by boiling in -dilute sulphuric acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Large, pale bluish-green, monoclinic -prisms, without odor and having a saline styptic taste; -efflorescent in dry air. On exposure to moist air the -crystals rapidly absorb oxygen and become coated with -brownish-yellow, basic ferric sulphate; soluble in water, -insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as reduced iron.</p> - -<h4>FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS—DRIED -FERROUS SULPHATE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Allow ferrous sulphate, 100 parts,<span class="pagenum" id="Page92">[92]</span> -to effloresce at a temperature of 104° F., then heat on a -water bath until the product weighs 65.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A greyish-white powder, slowly but -completely soluble in water, without odor, and having a -saline styptic taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as reduced iron.</p> - -<h3>FERRI CARBONAS SACCHARATUS—SACCHARATED -FERROUS CARBONATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Ferrous sulphate, 50; sodium bicarbonate, -35; sugar and distilled water. Made by solution, -precipitation and washing.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Greenish-brown powder, without -odor; sweetish taste; becomes oxidized on exposure to -the air.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep -and pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 2 to 10 gr.</p> - -<h3>SYRUPUS FERRI IODIDI—SYRUP OF FERROUS -IODIDE</h3> - -<p>Contains five per cent, by weight, of ferrous iodide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Transparent, pale green liquid; sweet, -ferruginous taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m. Given when you -want the combined action of iron and iodine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action.</span>—Tonic, alterative, diuretic and emmenagogue.</p> - -<h3>FERRI CHLORIDUM—FERRIC CHLORIDE</h3> - -<p>Ferric chloride should contain not less than 22 per -cent of metallic iron in the form of chloride.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—It is in orange-yellow, crystalline -pieces, odorless or having a faint odor of hydrochloric -acid and a strong styptic taste; deliquescent; soluble in -water and alcohol; not used internally.</p> - -<p>Used almost exclusively in the form of tincture or -liquor, and in reference to its effect and application I -refer you to Tincture Ferri Chloridi and Liquor Ferri -Chloridi.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page93">[93]</span></p> - -<h4>LIQUOR FERRI CHLORIDE—SOLUTION OF -FERRI CHLORIDE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Dissolve iron wire, 125, in hydrochloric -acid, 680, nitric acid and water to make 1000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A reddish-brown liquid, having a faint -odor of hydrochloric acid, an acid, strongly styptic taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, -10 to 20 m.; dogs, 2 to 10 m. All liquid preparations -of iron should be well diluted with water or oil.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA FERRI CHLORIDI—TINCTURE -OF FERRIC CHLORIDE</h4> - -<p>Composed of ferric chloride, 350 parts; alcohol to -make 1000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 20 to 30 m.; dogs, 5 to 30 m.</p> - -<h3>LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS—SOLUTION -OF FERRIC SUBSULPHATE—MONSEL’S -SOLUTION</h3> - -<p>A solution of sulphate of iron, sulphuric and nitric -acids.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A dark reddish-brown liquid, odorless -or nearly so; of an acid, strongly styptic taste; miscible -in water and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep and -pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs, 2 to 10 m. This is used almost -entirely for external use as an astringent and styptic.</p> - -<p>There are 36 official preparations of iron and a number -of unofficial preparations, quite a few of which are -impracticable for use in veterinary medicine, consequently -we have considered only those which are practicable -for use. Some are more irritating than others -and some have special actions due to other drugs combined -with the iron.</p> - -<h3>GENERAL ACTION OF IRON AND ITS SALTS</h3> - -<p>Iron is not a foreign substance to the organism. It -is constantly present in the blood, gastric juice, lymph, -bile, pigment of the eye and traces of it in the milk and<span class="pagenum" id="Page94">[94]</span> -urine. In man there is 1 part of iron to 230 red blood -corpuscles, and in cattle 1 to 194 red globules. That -it performs a very important part is shown in the rapid -construction of red globules when iron is administered -in anaemia. Without it haematin is not formed and -red globules diminish in number. By its medicinal use -we furnish to the blood a material which it needs. The -action of iron is not limited merely to the construction -of red blood. It also promotes the appetite and invigorates -the digestion when there is no intolerance to its -presence in the stomach. By increasing the disposition -for food and the ability to dispose of it, iron acts as a -stomachic, consequently when given in the healthy state -or when administered for too long a period during disease -the gastric glands become exhausted by over-stimulation; -then it is said that iron disagrees. Being a restorative -its use is contra-indicated in a condition of plethora -(fullness of the blood vessels). In large doses -the soluble preparations of iron give rise to nausea and -vomiting, some of them possessing more or less toxic activity. -The iodide chloride and sulphate are the most -active. Large doses will produce gangrene of the -stomach and intestines. Certain salts of iron, as the -sulphates, nitrates and chlorides, possess a high degree -of astringency, hence they produce constipation when -taken internally. When brought into contact with -blood they coagulate it, forming a tough brownish -magma, and as the albuminous elements of the tissues -are also solidified they are powerful haemostatics. Iron -is eliminated chiefly by the intestinal route, partly by the -liver into the bile, thence into the intestines, some by the -kidneys also. The tincture of the chloride being especially -diuretic.</p> - -<p>Iron is a haematinic, stomachic, styptic, astringent -or haemostatic. The tincture chloride in addition is diuretic. -The sulphate is in addition vermicide. The iodide -is alterative and resolvent as well as tonic. A medicine -used in combination with iron may modify or enhance -its action. Externally iron salts contract tissue by coagulating<span class="pagenum" id="Page95">[95]</span> -albumen when applied to raw surfaces or mucous -membranes, and through this means by compressing -the blood vessels from without and plugging them -from within with clotted blood, arrest hemorrhage. The -astringent salts may also induce some contraction of the -vessels besides. Iron in the form of liquor ferri chloridi -or liquor ferri subsulphatis is the most powerful of the -metallic hemostatic agents we possess.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses Internally.</span>—The saccharated carbonate is -staple, non-irritating to the stomach, and especially -suited to dogs. It has the same uses as the sulphate. -It is also used for the other animals when the stomach -is weak.</p> - -<p>Sulphate of iron is used locally as an astringent and -internally as a haematinic and tonic in anaemia. It improves -the appetite and abates exhausting discharges, -as in nasal gleet and leucorrhoea. In atonic torpidity -of bowels it is prescribed with aloes; also in the same -way for intestinal worms. Conjoined with iodine it is -the best prescription for diabetes insipidus. It is also -prescribed with good results in the first stages of liver -rot in sheep. Chorea and epilepsy when with anaemia -are benefited by iron. Combined iron and arsenic for -chorea. Septicaemia, pyaemia and all forms of blood -poisoning, as purpura, haemorrhagica, scarlatina, etc., -with quinine. The tincture chloride is prescribed in -blood poisoning. In red water of cattle, after bowels -are freely opened. In convalescence from debilitating -diseases it is a valuable tonic combined with other medicines -as nux vomica, quinine, etc. Such diseases as influenza, -chest diseases and chronic catarrh should be followed -with iron and other tonics.</p> - -<p>Iodide of iron is used when an alterative as well as a -tonic action is desired. It is given to promote the absorption -of glandular enlargements in young and weakly -animals, and in swelling of the joints. It is useful in -polyuria or diabetes insipidus, also nasal gleet.</p> - -<p>Tincture chloride of iron acts as a haematinic, tonic, -antiseptic, astringent, styptic, diuretic and local irritant<span class="pagenum" id="Page96">[96]</span> -or caustic. It is serviceable in most cases in which the -sulphate is recommended. It is used in atonic dyspepsia -and for the removal of intestinal worms, in relaxed and -sore throat.</p> - -<p>Tincture Chloride of iron is also used in anaemia -combined with arsenic or quinine, and in blood poisoning -combined with quinine. It also promotes absorption -of inflammatory material when associated with debility -and anaemia. It is the most serviceable preparation -of iron for influenza, purpura and scarlatina, as it -has a tonic effect on both the blood and arterioles. In -these cases it is prescribed with turpentine, quinine and -oil. It is used in rheumatism in weakly patients alternated -with salol, salicylic acid or salicylate of soda. Also -used as an astringent and stimulant for the genito-urinary -mucous membrane. The tincture being excreted -by the kidneys, is preferred to watery solution. -It is particularly suited for distemper and rheumatic -lameness in weakly dogs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Externally: Liquor ferri chloridi and liquor -ferri subsulphatis are sometimes used to stop bleeding -from wounds or natural cavities of the body. They -may be injected, applied by swab, or on absorbent material, -which is packed into the wound or cavity. As a -local application in pharyngitis, we use one part of the -solution of ferric chloride with four parts of glycerine. -In the same strength, diluted with water, the chloride -may be injected into the uterus to stop hemorrhage. -Again, a solution in the strength of two drachms to -the pint of water, is employed as an enema to destroy -ascarides. The objection to these solutions of iron is -that they form heavy, nasty, tenacious clots when employed -to arrest hemorrhage, and the clots are apt to -decompose and favor sepsis. Therefore they should not -be used if other means, as ligature, pressure, heat or -cold can be utilized. Iron is regarded as a specific for -erysipelas. It is given both internally and externally.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Administration of Iron.</span>—The fluid preparations -should be freely diluted; the solid preparations should<span class="pagenum" id="Page97">[97]</span> -be combined with protectives or inert remedies, either in -powder or capsule form, or with stomachics as gentian -root. Iron causes less gastric irritation and enters the -blood more readily if given with or immediately after -meals. In anaemia it should be given in increased doses. -Overcome constipation by giving when necessary or -combining iron with laxatives as linseed oil.</p> - -<h2>GAMBIR—CATECHU</h2> - -<p>An extract prepared from the leaves and twigs of -Ourouparia Gambir (Hunter), Ballon (Fam. Rubiaceae). -U. S. “An extract of the leaves and young -shoots of the Uncaria Gambir, Roxb.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Africa and Southern Asia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Description.</span>—Irregular masses or cubes; reddish-brown, -pale brownish-gray or light brown; fracture dull-earthy; -friable, crystalline; inodorous, bitterish, very astringent, -with a sweetish after-taste; free from starch. -Not less than 70 per cent should be soluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Catechutannic acid (about 45 per -cent) is the active principle; it is converted into the -isomeric inactive catchnic acid, or catchin, by the saliva -and by boiling, a red color being developed. There is -also pyrocatechin or catechol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Incompatibles.</span>—Alkalies, metallic salts and gelatine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>TINCTURA GAMBIR COMPOSITA—COMPOUND -TINCTURE OF GAMBIR</h4> - -<p>Composed of gambir, 50; cinnamon, 25; alcohol to -make 1000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 oz.; cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep -and pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; calves and foals, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; lambs, -10 to 30 m.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr. The above doses can be -considerably increased and are good in cases of diarrhoea -of small and young animals.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses</span>.—Gambir is administered to all<span class="pagenum" id="Page98">[98]</span> -classes of domestic animals for the arrest of chronic -catarrhal discharges and haemorrhage, especially from -the alimentary canal. The insoluble catechnic acid -beneficially exerts its astringency on the relaxed, over-secreting -surfaces alike of small and large intestines. -In chronic diarrhoea and in dysentery it is combined -with aromatics to allay flatulence; with opium to relieve -irritability and spasm; with alkalies, magnesia, or chalk -to counteract acidity.</p> - -<p>If there is much mucus in the fecal discharges, showing -a catarrhal state of the intestinal mucous membrane, -it is advisable to give oil, salts or calomel before checking -up the bowels with an astringent.</p> - -<h2>GENTIANA—GENTIAN</h2> - -<p>Gentian is obtained from the root Gentiana lutae.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Mountainous parts of Southern and -Central Europe.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Odor strong, characteristic; taste -slightly sweetish, strongly and persistently bitter. The -powder is free from starch grains and sclerenchymatic -tissues.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>EXTRACTUM GENTIANAE—EXTRACT OF -GENTIAN</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with water and -evaporated.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; -sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr.; dogs, 1 to 3 gr.</p> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM OF GENTIANAE—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF GENTIAN</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with dilute alcohol -and evaporated, so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the -crude drug.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page99">[99]</span></p> - -<h4>TINCTURA GENTIANAE COMPOSITA—COMPOUND -TINCTURE OF GENTIAN</h4> - -<p>Composed of gentian, 100 parts; bitter orange peel, -40 parts; cardamon, 10 parts; made by maceration and -percolation with alcohol and water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, -2 dr. to 1 oz.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Gentian is a pure bitter, and is -prescribed as a stomachic and tonic for all classes of animals. -Gentian improves the appetite and general tone. -In atonic indigestion it is particularly useful amongst -young animals, and in such cases is often conjoined with -ginger and sodium bicarbonate. In relaxed and irritable -states of the bowels and where intestinal worms -are suspected, after administration of a laxative, gentian -and dilute hydrochloric acid are of service. For -horses suffering from simple catarrh few combinations -are more effectual than an ounce of powdered gentian, -two drachms potassium nitrate with two ounces of magnesium -sulphate, dissolved in a pint of linseed tea, repeated -morning and night. Where more general tonic -effects are sought, iron sulphate is alternated with the -gentian and salines. Gentian proves an excellent stomachic -and stimulating tonic in influenza and other epizootics, -helps convalescence from exhausting disorders -and is a useful restorative for horses, overworked or -suffering from loss of appetite or slight cold. The powdered -gentian should be added to aloes when given in -full cathartic doses to horses.</p> - -<h2>HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSIVUM—CORROSIVE -MERCURIC CHLORIDE—BICHLORIDE -OF MERCURY—CORROSIVE -SUBLIMATE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Bichloride of mercury is obtained as a sulphate -by heating a mixture of mercuric sulphate, sodium -chloride and a little black oxide of manganese.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Heavy, colorless masses; soluble one<span class="pagenum" id="Page100">[100]</span> -in sixteen of water, one in three of alcohol; hydrochloric -acid or muriate of ammonia increases its solubility.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—It is a corrosive, irritant poison; it is -occasionally prescribed as an alterative, antiseptic and -hepatic stimulant; repeated doses or long continued produce -mercurialism. Externally, it is used as an antiseptic, -astringent, caustic and parasiticide. It is a most -powerful antiseptic when five parts of tartaric acid are -added to one part of bichloride of mercury, which prevents -the formation of insoluble albuminates of mercury -in the tissues which checks any further action of -the drug. Hydrochloric acid equal parts serves the -same purpose.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—For internal use milder preparations of mercury -are preferred, and it is dangerous to use it for the -production of mercurialism. For horses it has been prescribed -in tetanus, chronic skin eruptions and swollen -oedematous legs following repeated attacks of lymphangitis. -Its chief use is that of an antiseptic externally for -many surgical purposes, usually in the strength of one -to five hundred, one to one thousand; for uterine injections, -one to five thousand or one in ten thousand. Seven -and a half grains to a pint of water makes a one to one -thousand solution. Seven and a half grains to a quart -of water makes a one to two thousand solution. Fifteen -grains to a pint of water makes a one to five hundred -solution. Instruments, sponges, towels as well as the -hands are disinfected by washing in a one thousandth -solution. But it is injurious to most metal instruments -and irritates and roughens the operator’s hands. Best -antiseptic for foul wounds, thrush, poll-evil, quittor and -fistulous withers and nail punctures of the feet, a one in -five hundred to one in one thousand solution to destroy -the cryptogamic growths of ringworm, to kill lice and -allay the itching of puritis and urticaria. Bichloride of -mercury one part in one or two thousand parts of water -is injected into the uterus in metritis, and in cases of -abortion with good results. Contagious abortion is satisfactorily -prevented by washing the aborted anima<span class="pagenum" id="Page101">[101]</span>l’s -tail and external genital organs twice daily. All pregnant -cows should be treated in the same manner. Warm -solutions are much more active than cold.</p> - -<p>A one in three to five thousand solutions are used in -purulent conjunctivitis or wounds of the eye and lids, by -frequently saturating absorbent cotton in the solution -and holding over the eye by means of a clean cloth or -bandage.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—Horse, 1 to 5 gr.; cattle, 2 to 8 gr.; sheep, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 gr.; pigs <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> to -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>60</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> gr. -Not often given internally. It is the best of all the -preparations of mercury for hypodermic use in syphilitic -diseases.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antidotes.</span>—The white of eggs, stomach pump for -horses and emesis for dogs; wheat flower, milk, etc.</p> - -<h3>HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE—MILD -MERCUROUS CHLORIDE—CALOMEL</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Calomel is obtained by heating a mixture -of mercurous sulphate and sodium chlorid. Calomel is -found native in Spain and Carniola, but in too small -quantities for commercial value.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Calomel is a dull-white heavy powder. -It is inodorous, insoluble in water, alcohol or ether.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Calomel is a cathartic, laxative, alterative, -diuretic and vermifuge. Small doses are laxatives -when repeated, large doses are cathartics, full doses -irritate the stomach and produce emesis in man and dog. -By stimulating the urea functions of the liver diuresis -are produced, its action on the liver does not directly -increase the secretion of bile, but removes it from the -duodenum which reflexly increases its secretion. Repeated -doses produce mercurial poisoning. It is an -alterative when combined with opium, laxative in small -repeated doses and cathartic in larger doses.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Calomel is useful in gastric and intestinal -catarrh, bilious diarrhoea, influenza lymphangitis and -liver disorders which show themselves by a yellowness -of the visible mucous membranes. It is a useful adjuvant -cathartic conjoined with aloes or other cathartics.<span class="pagenum" id="Page102">[102]</span> -As a laxative or cathartic for horses give aloes and -calomel; cattle and sheep, magnesium and sodium sulphate; -for pigs, dogs and cats with jalap. Pure calomel -is a specific for thrush. It is also useful in the treatment -of moist skin and raw sores, mixed in equal parts with -bismuth subnitrate it quickly dries the flesh and prevents -itching.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—As a laxative vermifuge and alterative -horses and cattle take 20 to 40 grs.; sheep and pigs, 5 -to 20 grs.; dogs and cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>16</sub> to 1 gr., given two or -three times a day with equal weight of opium which -prevents griping and a too rapid removal by the bowels. -As a cathartic, calomel is best conjoined with other medicines -regulated by that of the medicine with which it is -conjoined. A full cathartic for horses should consist -of calomel 1 to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> drs. with aloes 4 to 6 drs.; cattle, -1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 drs. with magnesium sulphate or sodium sulphate -1 to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> pounds; sheep, 5 to 30 grs. with magnesium -sulphate 4 to 8 ounces; pigs, 5 to 30 grs. with sodium -bicarbonate <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 ounce; dogs and cats <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> to 10 grs. -with jalap 10 to 30 grains.</p> - -<h3>HYDRARGYRI IODIDUM RUBRUM—RED -IODIDE OF MERCURY—BINIODIDE -OF MERCURY</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Red iodide of mercury is obtained by dissolving -in water separately bichloride of mercury and -potassium iodide, and pour both solutions slowly and -stirring actively.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A scarlet-red, amorphous powder; -odorless and tasteless; permanent in air, insoluble in -water; soluble in one hundred and twenty-five parts of -alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Red iodide of mercury is a stimulant -irritant, resolvent pustulant antiseptic and parasiticide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Mixed with one to eight parts of lard it is -a blister used to reduce bony enlargements or bone-tumors -as in splints, bone spavin, ringbone, sidebone -and actinomycosis; it is also used with good results in -reducing soft swellings, to arrest chronic inflammation<span class="pagenum" id="Page103">[103]</span> -and promote absorption of inflammatory deposits, as -seen in sprained tendons, curbs, enlarged joints, bursae, -etc. It is frequently used as a counter-irritant in sore -throat, chronic cough and roaring. Mixed with cantharides -the strength can be reduced as an irritant and -less apt to permanently destroy the hair bulbs. It is -used internally to arrest the growths of actinomycoses -and scirrhous cord, but in those cases the benefits are -derived from the potassium iodide which it contains, and -I would recommend administering internally without -the mercury.</p> - -<h3>HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM FLAVUM—YELLOW -MERCURIC OXIDE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Yellow mercuric oxide is obtained by -the interaction of mercuric chloride and sodium hydroxide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Mercuric oxide is of a yellow color, -similar to that of the yolk of egg, and is a completely -amorphous powder; odorless, and having a somewhat -metallic taste; permanent in the air, but turning dark -on exposure to light; insoluble in water or alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—A stimulant caustic and anesthetic.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—The official ointment of yellow mercuric -oxide is prescribed as a stimulant and anesthetic in -chronic inflammation and ulceration of the eye (4 gr. of -yellow mercuric oxide to 1 oz. of vaseline). It is also -employed on skin diseases, indolent ulcers, swollen -glands and granulated wounds.</p> - -<h2>HYDRASTIS—GOLDEN SEAL</h2> - -<p>The rhizome and roots of hydrastis canadensis Linne, -yielding not less than 2.5 per cent of hydrastine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—North America in woods west to -Missouri and Arkansas.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Externally brownish-gray to yellow-brown; -fracture short, wood wedges bright yellow, pith -large, light yellow, the roots thin, brittle, with a thick -yellow bark and a somewhat quadrangular wood; odor -distinct; taste bitter.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page104">[104]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Berberine, an alkaloid occurring in -yellow crystals; hydrastine, a colorless crystalline alkaloid, -soluble in alcohol and ether; canadine occurring -in white, acicular crystals.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 gr. to 1 dr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF HYDRASTIS</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, -glycerin and water and evaporation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 3 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 5 gr. to 1 dr.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA HYDRASTIS—TINCTURE OF -HYDRASTIS</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation of hydrastis, -with diluted alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, -2 to 4 drs.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 drs.</p> - -<h4>GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS—GLYCERITE OF -HYDRASTIS</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation of hydrastis, -1000 parts add water to the percolate and evaporate. -Add water to the residue, set aside 24 hours and filter; -add enough water to the filtrate to make 500 parts; -then add glycerin 500.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 drs. to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 drs.; dogs, 5 m. to 1 dr.</p> - -<h4>HYDRASTINNAE HYDROCHLORIDUM—HYDRASTINE -HYDROCHLORIDE</h4> - -<p>The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid derived -from hydrastine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Light, yellow, amorphous granules, -or a pale yellow crystalline powder; odorless and having -a bitter, saline taste; deliquescent on exposure to damp -air. Very soluble in cold and hot water and in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page105">[105]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 grs.; sheep and -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> grs.; dogs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>12</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—It acts like the simple bitters, -promotes appetite and aids digestion, increases nutrition -and stimulates secretion, especially of the intestines and -liver. It is a stomach tonic, laxative, slightly diuretic -and hepatic stimulant. It is also said to promote uterine -constructions, and has some power as an antispasmodic. -Externally it is an antiseptic and astringent. Useful in -conjunctivitis, nasal gleet and leucorrhoea; one to two -drachms of the fluid extract or glycerite to the ounce -of distilled water. One to two drachms of the fluidextract -of hydrastis to one ounce of water is useful as a -gargle for sore throat. Equal parts of fluidextract of -ergot and fluidextract of hydrastis is useful in ulceration -of the uterus, vagina and in eversion of the rectum. Useful -internally during convalescence after debilitating diseases, -as in influenza and distemper, or whenever a bitter -tonic is indicated, as in dyspepsia, chronic gastric -catarrh, catarrhal jaundice, constipation from chronic -nephritis and chronic cystitis. The glycerite applied -locally for fissure of teats, cracked heels. Where -there is a tendency to constipation it should be used as a -bitter in preference to gentian, etc.</p> - -<h2>IODUM—IODINE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Iodine exists in certain marine vegetables, -particularly the fuci or common sea weeds, which -have long been its most abundant natural source. Iodine -is also found in the animal kingdom, as in the -sponge, oysters, cod liver oil and eggs, and in the mineral -kingdom, in sea water in small quantities, in certain -salt springs. It is obtained commercially from one -of these sources.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Iodine is heavy, bluish-black color, dry -and friable, rhombic plates, having a metallic -luster, a distinctive odor, and a sharp and acrid taste. -Iodine imparts a deep brown, evanescent stain to the -skin, and slowly destroys vegetable colors. Soluble in -about 5000 parts of water and in 10 parts of alcohol<span class="pagenum" id="Page106">[106]</span> -at 77° F., freely soluble in ether, chloroform or carbon -disulphide; its solution in alcohol or in an aqueous solution -of potassium iodide has a reddish color; its solution -in chloroform or carbon disulphide has a violet color.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Iodine internally is an antiseptic, alterative, -resolvent and irritant. Full doses persisted will -produce a state of debility and emaciation termed iodism. -Externally it is applied as an antiseptic, disinfectant, -parasiticide, deodorant, stimulant, desquamatic, absorbent -and counter-irritant. Iodine is one of the best antiseptics -for surgical purposes. The tincture iodine especially -kills all disease producing bacteria in one minute, -whereas it takes a one in one thousandth solution of -bichloride of mercury more than half an hour to destroy -the same micro-organisms. The tincture of iodine -also possesses unusual penetrating power on the dry -skin, finding its way into the hair follicles and cutaneous -glands. Iodine must not be applied to the wetted skin -because the wetting causes the skin cells to swell and -thus prevent the iodine from penetrating into the sebaceous -and sudoriparous glands, the very action upon -which the special germicidal action depends.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Iodine is of most value applied externally, or -locally. In sterilizing the skin for an emergency operation -the hair should be clipped and shaved dry and the -tincture of iodine applied without washing the skin. -For other operations the skin may be scrubbed with -soap and shaved and dried before applying the tincture. -The tincture should always dry on the skin before the -operation is begun.</p> - -<p>The method used in human surgery for sterilizing -the skin, and recommended by leading surgeons, consists -in first of cleansing the skin with gasoline to remove -the grease and then applying the tincture of iodine in -full or half strength.</p> - -<p>Tincture of iodine applied is of some value in the -treatment of periostitis with osseous deposits, as splints, -bone-spavin, ringbone, sidebones, etc. It is used for enlargements -of glands as goiter in dog.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page107">[107]</span></p> - -<h2>LINUM—LINSEED—FLAXSEED</h2> - -<p>Ground linseed (linseed meal or flaxseed meal) -should be recently prepared and free from unpleasant -or rancid odor. It is a grayish-yellow powder containing -brownish fragments.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—It is nutrient, tonic, laxative, -emollient and demulcent. Linseed meal and the cake -are valuable foodstuffs in small quantities. It is two -and one-half times as fattening as starch or sugar. It -causes the hair of an animal to become slick and glossy -and induces shedding in the spring, but is very heating -in summer. Linseed gruel is a food, being palatable -and easily digested, for horses, cattle and sheep, not only -good in health, but in debilitating diseases, also in chronic -skin diseases. It acts in such cases both as food and -medicine. In febrile diseases horses will often sip or -drink cold linseed tea (linseed meal two ounces to one -pint of water) when they will not touch anything else. -When a patient is exhausted the linseed tea is given with -milk, eggs and whisky. Horses that are poor feeders, -having harsh scurvy skins, or being affected with roaring, -thick wind or heaves, are usually much benefited -with linseed in some form. A mucilaginous demulcent -in the proportion of about one to two ounces to a pint of -warm water, is useful in irritable conditions of the -throat, alimentary canal, kidneys and bladder.</p> - -<p>For linseed poultices, take the best grade of linseed -meal, pour hot water over it until it becomes pasty. -Charcoal and antiseptics are often mixed with it. When -used as a poultice on the foot in nail pricks, always put -on a poultice that will cover the whole foot.</p> - -<h3>OLEUM LINI—LINSEED OIL—OIL OF -FLAXSEED</h3> - -<p>A fixed oil expressed from flaxseed without the use -of heat.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A yellowish or yellow, oily liquid, having -a slight, peculiar odor and bland taste. Soluble in<span class="pagenum" id="Page108">[108]</span> -about ten parts of absolute alcohol and in all proportions -in ether, chloroform, benzine or oil of turpentine.</p> - -<p>Linseed oil for medicine should always be used raw.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 1 to 2 pints; cattle, 2 to 4 pints; -sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 ozs.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 3 ozs.; cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Linseed oil cannot be used as a -diet on account of its being too laxative; it is laxative in -small doses, but in large doses produces copious discharges -of faeces, having a distinct linseed oil smell. -The oil is also emollient, soothing and softening to inflamed -and indurated surfaces. As a laxative it usually -produces tolerably full and softened evacuations, -without nausea, griping or superpurgation and with decided -odor of oil. It is the best physic to administer to -pregnant animals and in irritable conditions of the -bowels; also in cases of influenza, purpura and other debilitating -diseases, where the usual purgatives would be -too severe, irritating and exhausting. It is also used as -an enema; two to four ounces of the oil or meal given -daily in mash often suffices to maintain the bowels in -a relaxed condition throughout febrile attacks, where -there is a tendency to constipation. An ounce or two -of oil given daily often relieves broken wind in horses. -For burns and scalds the well known <i>carron oil</i>, composed -of equal parts of linseed oil and lime water, cannot -be surpassed. This oil is also used as a vehicle for -acrid medicines and to act as a protective to the alimentary -tract in poisoning of corrosive medicines, also to -sweep them out. Carron oil in two to four ounce doses -two to three times daily will often relieve “heaves” in -horses.</p> - -<p>Linseed oil is frequently given to ruminants, although -Epsom salts is generally the best purge for them. -It is indicated for these animals when a milder operation -than that obtained by a full dose of salts is required, and -for its demulcent action in irritable states of the digestive -organs.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page109">[109]</span></p> - -<h2>MAGNESII SULPHAS—MAGNESIUM SULPHATE—EPSOM -SALTS</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Magnesium sulphate is a constituent -of sea water and of some saline springs. It also occurs -native, either crystallized in slender, prismatic, adhering -crystals, or as an efflorescence on certain rocks and soils -which contain magnesia and a sulphate or sulphide. In -the United States it is found in the great caves so numerous -to the west of the Alleghany Mountains.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Small, colorless, rhombic prisms, or -acicular crystals, without color and having a cooling, -saline and bitter taste; slowly efflorescent in dry air; -.85 part of water; insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Magnesium sulphate is a hydragogue -and cholagogue cathartic; alterative and febrifuge and -is also feebly diuretic and diaphoretic. As a cathartic -it resembles common and glauber salts, and is more active -than potassium bitartrate or sodium phosphate. -When magnesium sulphate is administered it causes -outpouring of secretion from the walls of the -small intestines, most quickly and abundantly when -the bowels have been partially emptied by several hours’ -fasting. Neither pancreatic fluid nor bile is materially -increased. But magnesium sulphate has a low diffusing -power. It is slowly absorbed, and moreover, retards -diffusion and absorption of fluid present in the bowels. -In this twofold action by increased secretion and retarded -absorption the fluid contents of the bowels are increased, -producing more or less mechanical distension -and provoking, like other salines, slight peristalsis. The -retarded removal of accumulating liquid is apt to produce -the formation of gases in the bowels, which is relieved -by conjoining carminatives, as ginger or capsicum, -while effectual removal of the intestinal fluids is attained -by using with magnesium sulphate aloes, calomel or oil. -It acts in from twelve to sixteen hours; in small doses -it stimulates the secretions of the kidneys and skin. In -febrile diseases it is used in small repeated doses. It is -valuable in treating animals suffering from reflex skin<span class="pagenum" id="Page110">[110]</span> -irritation, combined with large doses of bicarbonate of -sodium, generally gives relief, especially in urticaria of -the horse. It is quite commonly used as a cathartic for -horses, but most often for cattle and sheep.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—When repeated two or three times as a laxative -and alterative horses take 2 to 4 ounces, cattle 3 to -6 ounces, sheep and pigs, 1 to 2 drachms. As a cathartic -cattle take 1 to 2 pounds, calves two to three months -old 3 to 4 ounces, sheep 4 to 6 ounces, dogs 1 to 4 -drachms. Aloes is a much better cathartic for horses, -and castor or linseed oil acts much better as a cathartic -in pigs.</p> - -<h2>NAPHTHALENUM—NAPHTHALENE</h2> - -<p>A by-product of gas manufacture.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, shining rhombic crystals of -an aromatic acrid taste, insoluble in water but soluble in -alcohol, ether and oils.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 1 to 3 dr.; cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep -and pigs, 5 to 15 gr.; dogs, 1 to 10 gr. These doses can -be doubled in severe cases of intestinal flatulence.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions and Uses.</span>—A true intestinal antiseptic and -antiferment, is also expectorant, antiseptic and parasiticide. -Used in intestinal flatulence, dissolved in tincture -capsicum; in diarrhoea and dysentery, is of great -value in these ailments, quickly allays foul odor of the -evacuations of the bowels; large doses irritate the kidneys -and cause bloody urine which ceases upon withholding -the drug. When powdered on a wound as wire -cuts, etc., will keep away flies and other insects, besides -it is a powerful antiseptic and promotes the healing -of wounds. Used as an ointment it is very effective -in parasitic skin diseases.</p> - -<h2>NUX VOMICA—QUAKER BUTTON</h2> - -<p>The dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux vomica, yielding -when assayed by the process given below, not less -than 1.25 per cent of strychnine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—The tree is a native of the East Indies, -growing in Bengal, Malabar, on the Coromandel Coast,<span class="pagenum" id="Page111">[111]</span> -in Ceylon, in many islands of the Indian Archipelago, -in Cochin-China and in other neighboring countries.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Description.</span>—Orbicular, nearly flat, sometimes irregularly -bent, about three-quarters of an inch in diameter -and two in thickness; externally grayish or greenish-gray, -the surface covered with short closely oppressed, -satiny hairs; rounded or somewhat acute at the -margin, with a slight ridge extending from the center -of one side to the edge; internally whitish-gray, horny, -very tough, the endosperm in two more or less regular -concavo-convex halves, between which, at one end, lie the -heart-shaped, palmately nerved cotyledons; inodorous; -taste intensely and persistently bitter.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Two alkaloids. 1. Strychnine, -0.2-0.6 per cent. 2. Brucine, 0.5-1.0 per cent. -Similar in action to strychnine, but weaker and slower. -Both alkaloids exist in combination with igasuric acid. -Brucine occurs in rectangular octohedral crystals; it is -soluble in alcohol, in 7 parts of chloroform, and possesses -a bitter taste. With sulphuric and nitric acids -a beautiful blood-red color is developed. There are -also: 4. Igasuric acid with which strychnine and brucine -are combined. 5. Loganin, an inert glucoside occurring -in colorless prisms.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Of the ground seeds, horses and cattle, 1 to -2 dr.; sheep, 20 to 40 gr.; pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 1 to -2 gr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE—EXTRACT -OF NUX VOMICA</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration with alcohol, water and acetic -acid; percolation with alcohol and water and evaporation. -Standardized to contain 5 per cent of strychnine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 5 to 15 gr.; sheep, 2 to -5 gr.; pigs, 1 to 2 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> gr.</p> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF NUX VOMICA</h4> - -<p>Made by digestion and percolation with alcohol and -water and acetic acid. The alcohol is distilled off and<span class="pagenum" id="Page112">[112]</span> -the solution evaporated. Alcohol and water are added -so that the fluid extract shall contain one per cent of -strychnine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, 20 to -30 m.; pigs, 10 to 20 m.; dogs, 1 to 2 m.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA NUCIS VOMICAE—TINCTURE OF -NUX VOMICA</h4> - -<p>Made by solution of the extract of nux vomica, 20 -in alcohol, and water to make 1000. Standardized to -contain 0.1 per cent strychnine.</p> - -<h4>STRYCHNINA—STRYCHNINE</h4> - -<p>An alkaloid obtained from nux vomica, and also -obtainable from other plants of the natural order Loganiaceae.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Nux vomica seeds are powdered and -strychnine is extracted with water acidulated with hydrochloric -acid. The solution is concentrated and -strychnine precipitated with lime. It is then redissolved -in boiling alcohol and the crystals are deposited upon -concentration of the solution.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, -or a white crystalline powder; odorless, having an -intensely bitter taste, perceptible even in solutions of -1 in 700,000. Strychnine should be tasted with extreme -caution. Permanent in the air, soluble in water, alcohol, -ether, chloroform, benzine and amyl alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as strychnine sulphate.</p> - -<h4>STRYCHNINAE SULPHAS—STRYCHNINE -SULPHATE</h4> - -<p>Made by the action of sulphuric acid on strychnine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless or white, prismatic crystals, -odorless and having an intensely bitter taste. Efflorescent -in dry air. Soluble in water and alcohol. Almost -soluble in ether.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.; cattle, 1 to 3 gr.; -sheep, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.; dogs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>120</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>40</sub> gr. The small -doses are to be used when strychnine is given subcutaneously.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page113">[113]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Nerve tonic, stomach tonic, stimulates -respiration, secretion, appetite and digestion; it increases -peristalsis, stimulates both the motor and inhibitory apparatus -of the heart, and raises arterial tension by stimulating -the vaso-motor centers, thus contracting the arterioles, -though full doses relax the arterioles and thus -lower blood pressure.</p> - -<p>Strychnine exalts all functions of the spinal cord, -reflex, motor, vaso-motor and sensory, the latter being -the least affected; it does not affect the brain directly.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Toxicology.</span>—Large doses cause trembling and -twitching of the voluntary and involuntary muscles with -violent clonic spasms, lasting one or two minutes, gradually -getting more frequent and severe in form involving -the glottis, diaphragm and other muscles of respiration; -causes death usually from asphyxia. Very large -doses may paralyze the cord as from a blow, and cause -almost instant death.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Nux vomica or strychnine is indicated in any -condition in which there is a paralysis or depressed state -of the nerves or nervous system; atonic dyspepsia, -broken wind, relaxed condition of the bowels due to lack -of tone, in small doses.</p> - -<p>In weak condition of the heart give with small doses -of digitalis; it stimulates sexual organs. Give it in -convalescence from debilitating diseases, also as an aid -to recovery during their progress; in collapse and for -narcotic poisoning strychnine hypodermically in paralysis, -whether of limbs, intestines or bladder.</p> - -<p>In diarrhoea, due to lack of tone of muscular coat -of the bowels combined with astringents; for anaemia, -strychnine combined with iron and quinine; nervous -coughs use strychnine with sedatives; also in incontinuence -of urine and chorea, in dogs after distemper.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Antidote for Strychnine Poisoning.</span>—Tannic -acid or vegetables containing it should be freely administered, -for the tannate of strychnine which is formed is -very insoluble; an emetic or the stomach pump must be -used promptly. The tetanic spasms are best controlled<span class="pagenum" id="Page114">[114]</span> -by chloral hydrate or very large doses of potassium -bromide (2 dr. to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> oz. for man) or 4 to 8 ounces for -the horse as antidote for strychnine poisoning. Inhalations -of ether are also recommended. Chloral hydrate -may be used per rectum or intravenously. Inhalations -of amyl nitrate are also of value. The administration -of melted lard seems to exert peculiar antidotal properties -to strychnine poisoning. As an emetic for dogs -apomorphinae hydrochloras <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>20</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>5</sub> grain, given -hypodermically, is the best and may have to be pushed -as emetics act tardily in poisoning by this drug.</p> - -<h2>OLEUM MORRHUAE—COD LIVER OIL</h2> - -<p>A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of cod fish.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—North Atlantic Ocean.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A pale yellow, thin, oily liquid, having -a peculiar slightly fishy but not rancid odor, and a -bland, slightly fishy taste. Cod liver oil is often adulterated -with the oil of other fish. Brown oils are not -desirable therapeutically.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep, 1 oz.; -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; dogs, 1 to 4 dr.; cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Nutrient, tonic and alterative; -on account of its biliary constituents is easily emulsified -and digested. It is indicated in all cases of malnutritions -and where the digestive organs are weak; also in -animals recovering from debilitating diseases, such as -distemper and influenza. It is good in catarrh and -bronchitis, as it appears to furnish suitable material -for repair of the inflamed mucous membranes. Like -other oils it relieves broken wind and is given to man -in consumption. It is particularly used for the smaller -animals. It is given to dogs and cats during distemper, -also in eczema, epilepsy, chorea, rickets and chronic rheumatism.</p> - -<h2>OLEUM OLIVAE—OLIVE OIL—SWEET OIL</h2> - -<p>A fixed oil expressed from the ripe fruit of Olea -europaea Linne. It should be kept in well stoppered -bottles in a cool place.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page115">[115]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Southern Europe and Asia.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A pale yellow, or light greenish-yellow, -oily liquid, having a slightly peculiar odor and a -nutty oleaginous taste, with a faintly acrid after-taste. -Very sparingly soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble -in ether and chloroform.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—As a laxative—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 pt.; -dogs, 2 to 4 oz.</p> - -<h2>OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS—COTTON SEED -OIL</h2> - -<p>A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Gossypium -herbaceum Linne and of other species of Gossypium and -subsequently purified.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Southern United States and other semitropical -countries; cultivated.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A pale yellow, oily liquid, without -odor and having a bland nut-like taste. Very sparingly -soluble in alcohol, but readily soluble in ether, chloroform -or carbon disulphide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as olive oil.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Both olive and cotton seed oil -are laxative tonics, demulcents and emollients. Sweet -oil, not used internally to any extent, but is used externally -for soothing and healing irritated wounds. It may -be used in its pure state or be mixed with carbolic acid, -20 m. of the carbolic acid to 4 oz. of sweet oil.</p> - -<h2>OLEUM RICINI—CASTOR OIL</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Castor oil is expressed from the seeds -of a plant (Ricinus communis) which grows in the East -Indies and Africa in the character of a tree and rises -sometimes thirty or forty feet. It also grows in the -temperate latitudes of North America and Europe.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Pure castor oil is a thick, viscid, colorless -liquid, with little or no odor and a mild though somewhat -nauseous taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Good castor oil is a mild and -speedy cathartic, usually operating within four to five -hours with little griping or uneasiness, and evacuating<span class="pagenum" id="Page116">[116]</span> -the contents of the bowels without much increasing the -alvine secretions. Hence it is particularly applicable -to constipation from collections of abnormally hard -faeces, and to cases in which irritating substances have -been swallowed or irritating substances have accumulated -in the bowels. From its mildness it is also especially -adapted to diseases of the bowels, as colic, indigestion, -diarrhoea, dysentery and enteritis. It is also -indicated in overloaded bowels in pregnancy combined -with anodynes and antispasmodics to prevent griping. -Castor oil in two or three ounce doses conjoined with -gruel and five or six drops of oil of peppermint is suitable -for foals and calves affected with gastro-intestinal -disorders. Castor oil is specially applicable in canine -practice, to evacuate the bowels, and in irritated conditions -of the digestive tract, in ounce doses mixed with -equal parts of glycerine and adding two or three drops -of oil of wintergreen.</p> - -<p>Castor oil may be given to horses in sixteen ounce -doses conjoined with oil of peppermint, twenty drops, -or tincture opium, one ounce and fluidextract of belladonna, -one to two drachms, flour gruel, etc.</p> - -<p>Castor oil in one to two drachm doses is especially -valuable for poultry.</p> - -<p>Castor oil is used with equal success in the treatment -of gastro-intestinal disorders of cattle, sheep and pigs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 12 to 16 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 6 oz.; dogs and cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 oz.; poultry, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 2 dr.</p> - -<h2>OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE—OIL OF TURPENTINE<br /> -Erroneously Called Spirits of Turpentine</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A concrete oleo-resin from Pinus -palustris Miller, and from other species of Pinus. The -oil is distilled, usually by the use of steam, from the oleo-resin.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Southern United States, from Virginia -to the Gulf of Mexico.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A thin, colorless liquid, -having a characteristic<span class="pagenum" id="Page117">[117]</span> -odor and taste. Soluble in three times its -volume of alcohol; also soluble in an equal volume of -glacial acetic acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Carminative—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; -sheep and pigs, 1 to 4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 m. Best given -in 8 to 10 times its bulk of cotton seed oil, linseed oil or -milk. Anthelmintic—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; -sheep and pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 4 dr. Diuretic—Horses -and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>LINIMENTUM TERBINTHINAE—TURPENTINE -LINIMENT</h4> - -<p>Composed of resin cerate, 650 parts; oil of turpentine, -350 parts; melt the resin cerate and add the oil of -turpentine.</p> - -<h4>OLEUM TEREBINTHINAE RECTIFICATUM—RECTIFIED -OIL OF TURPENTINE</h4> - -<p>Made by slaking oil of turpentine with an equal -volume of Solution of Sodium Hydroxide, and distillation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A thin, colorless liquid, having the -same properties as oil of turpentine and should be the -one used for internal use.</p> - -<h3>DERIVATIVES OF TURPENTINE</h3> - -<h4>TEREBENUM—TEREBENE</h4> - -<p>Made by the action of sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine -and by distillation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A colorless, or slightly yellowish, thin -liquid, having a rather agreeable thyme-like odor, and -an aromatic, somewhat terebinthinated taste. Only -slightly soluble in water, but soluble in three times its -volume of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 -m. Dilute same as oil of turpentine.</p> - -<h4>TERPINI HYDRAS—TERPIN HYDRATE</h4> - -<p>The hydrate of the diatomic alcohol Terpin.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Rectified oil of turpentine, alcohol<span class="pagenum" id="Page118">[118]</span> -and nitric acid are mixed together in a shallow porcelain -dish, and after three or four days terpin hydrate -crystallizes out. The crystals are collected, drained, -dried on absorbent paper and purified by recrystallization -in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, crystals, odorless, having a -somewhat bitter taste. Soluble in 200 parts of water, -10 parts of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Externally—Oil of turpentine is rubefacient, -irritant and counter-irritant; vesicant if rubbed -in or confined, also a powerful antiseptic and disinfectant; -is absorbed by the unbroken skin.</p> - -<p>Internally—Is diuretic, stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, -hemostatic and anthelmintic; it is irritant, and -large undiluted doses may cause gastro-enteritis and -paralysis of nerve centers.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—In colic, both spasmodic and flatulent; for -worms, give full doses, septic fevers; gangrene of the -lungs; catarrhal conditions, pneumonia and bronchitis; -as a diuretic, but others not as irritant are better.</p> - -<p>For local gangrene remove the dead tissue and then -apply the turpentine direct to the affected parts by -means of absorbent cotton or cloth saturated with it; the -offensive odor is removed and sloughing arrested. For -tape worm it is given with oleo-resin of aspidium, in oil. -As an inhalation in pulmonary diseases one-half ounce -is added to three quarts of boiling water. In two -drachm doses every three hours, if frequently, aborts -suppuration in parotiditis of horses. In purpura haemorrhagica, -turpentine is a valuable medicine as a vaso-motor -stimulant and diuretic, given in two drachm doses -every four hours with tincture chloride of iron and -linseed oil.</p> - -<h2>OLEUM TIGLII—CROTON OIL</h2> - -<p>A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Croton Tiglium -Linne.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Asia, India, Indian Archipelago and -Philippine Islands.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A pale yellow or brownish-yellow,<span class="pagenum" id="Page119">[119]</span> -somewhat viscid, and slightly fluorescent liquid, having -a slight fatty odor, and a mild, oily afterwards acrid -and burning taste (great caution is necessary in tasting). -Specific gravity 0.935 to 0.950 at 25° C. (77° -F.).</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Crotonoleic acid is the purgative -principal. A small amount is free in the oil but it is -mostly formed within the bowels. It resembles acid -of castor oil in its chemistry; crotonol is a non-purgative -body causing irritation of the skin; tiglinic acid and -other volatile acids existing as glycerides and accounting -for the odor of croton oil; it also contains free and combined -fatty acids.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 15 to 30 m.; cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; -sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 m.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 m.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—It is a powerful irritant and pustulant, -is a drastic hydragogue cathartic; full doses cause gastro-enteritis -and much prostration; undiluted it seriously -and deeply inflames the skin, causing severe blemishes -and by absorption it may cause fever and superpurgation. -The purgative action is probably due in part to -direct irritation of the intestinal mucous membrane; in -part to absorption and elimination of the purgative principle -by the bowels.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Cattle are the only animals for which it can -be used with any degree of safety; it can be used for -dogs and pigs if used with great caution. For horses -and sheep it is too irritating and depressing; it is used in -cattle as an active hydragogue purgative when they suffer -from lodgment of fecal matter in the third stomach -and other forms of constipation, and from torpidity of -the bowels. Should not be used in debilitated, delicate -or young animals. If an over-dose has been given combat -with demulcents, opium and stimulants. It should -not be used as a counter-irritant or applied to the skin -in any form or for any purpose. Croton oil (in a pint -of linseed oil) is valuable in assisting the action of salts -in obstinate constipation of cattle. It may be given to -horses when a powerful derivative and purgative action<span class="pagenum" id="Page120">[120]</span> -is indicated, as in acute inflammation of the brain and -spinal cord with calomel and aloes in a capsule.</p> - -<h2>OPIUM</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—The concrete, milky exudate obtained -by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum -Linne, and yielding in its normal, moist condition, not -less than nine per cent of crystallized morphine when -assayed by the official process. Opium is imported from -Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia, India and Egypt. The -Smyrna, or Turkey opium, is the more common variety -used in the United States. It occurs in irregular, globular -masses, covered with poppy leaves and capsules -of a species of dock, weighing from one-half to one -pound.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—In irregular, flattened, more or less -rounded masses of variable size, externally grayish-brown, -covered with particles of poppy leaves and with -occasional fruits of a species of Rumex; more or less -plastic when fresh, but becoming hard on keeping; internally -dark brown, somewhat lustrous; odor strong, narcotic; -taste bitter and characteristic. It yields its medical -properties to water, alcohol and dilute acids, forming -dark brown solutions. Ether extracts its principles -in part.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—There are about nineteen or twenty -alkaloids derived from opium, but only a few are of any -importance so far as their medical value is concerned.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Of the crude opium—Horses, 1 to 2 dr.; -cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; sheep, 10 to 30 gr.; pigs, 5 to 10 gr.; -dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 gr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>OPII PULVIS—POWDERED OPIUM</h4> - -<p>This is opium dried at a temperature not exceeding -85° C. (185° F.) and powdered and should not contain -less than 12 per cent nor more than 12<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> per cent morphine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dr.; cattle, 1 to 3 dr.; -sheep, 5 to 30 gr.; pigs, 5 to 15 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> to 3 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page121">[121]</span></p> - -<h4>EXTRACTUM OPII—EXTRACT OF OPIUM</h4> - -<p>Composed of powdered opium, 100 parts; distilled -water, 1000 parts; sugar of milk, a sufficient quantity. -Made by trituration, filtration and evaporation. Assayed -to contain 20 per cent of morphine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep, -5 to 15 gr.; pigs, 3 to 10 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> to 2 gr.</p> - -<h4>PULVIS IPECACUANHAE ET OPII—POWDER -OF IPECAC AND OPIUM—DOVER’S -POWDER</h4> - -<p>Composed of ipecac, 10 parts; powdered opium, 10 -parts; sugar of milk, 80. The most diaphoretic and -expectorant compound of opium.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; dogs, 2 to 12 gr.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA IPECACUANHAE ET OPII—TINCTURE -OF IPECAC AND OPIUM—LIQUID -DOVER’S POWDER</h4> - -<p>Composed of tincture of deodorized opium 100, -evaporated to 80, fluid extract of ipecac 10, diluted alcohol -sufficient quantity to make 100.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; dogs, 3 to 12 m.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA OPII—TINCTURE OF OPIUM<br /> -Popularly Known as Laudanum</h4> - -<p>Composed of granulated opium, 100 parts; alcohol, -400 parts; water, 400 parts; diluted alcohol to make -1000. Made by trituration, maceration with precipitated -calcium phosphate and percolation. Assayed and -standardized to contain between 1.2 and 1.25 gm. of -morphine in 100 c. c.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 1 to 2 oz.; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 3 to 20 m.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA—CAMPHORATED -TINCTURE OF OPIUM<br /> -Well Known as Paregoric</h4> - -<p>Composed of powdered opium, 4 parts; benzoic acid,<span class="pagenum" id="Page122">[122]</span> -4 parts; camphor, 4 parts; oil of anise, 4 parts; glycerine, -40 parts; diluted alcohol to make 1000 parts. Made by -maceration and filtration.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 1 to 4 dr.; puppies and cats, 2 to 10 m.</p> - -<h4>OPIUM DEODORATUM—DEODORIZED -OPIUM</h4> - -<p>Composed of powdered opium, 500 parts; purified -petroleum, q. s. Made by repeated maceration, agitation -and percolation with purified petroleum benzine. -The petroleum benzine removes narcotic and odorous -principles, which cause nausea and disagreeable after-effects -in opium. Contains 12 to 12.5 per cent of morphine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as powdered opium.</p> - -<h4>VINUM OPII—WINE OF OPIUM</h4> - -<p>Composed of opium, cloves, cinnamon and sherry -wine. Recommended for dogs suffering from diarrhoea.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as the tincture of opium.</p> - -<h4>MORPHINA—MORPHINE</h4> - -<p>An alkaloid obtained from opium.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless or white, shining prismatic -crystals, or fine needles, or crystalline powder; odorless -and having a bitter taste; permanent in the air; soluble -in 3330 parts of water. The latter are preferable owing -to their greater solubility.</p> - -<h4>MORPHINAE HYDROCHLORIDUM—MORPHINE -HYDROCHLORIDE</h4> - -<p>Morphine is stirred with hot distilled water, to which -hydrochloric acid is gradually added. Morphine hydrochlorate -crystallizes out on cooling.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White silky, glistening needles or -microcrystalline cubes, or a white, crystalline powder, -odorless and having a bitter taste; permanent in the -air. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether -and chloroform.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page123">[123]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 3 to 10 gr.; sheep, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to -2 gr.; pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr. About -one-half of these doses for hypodermic use.</p> - -<h4>MORPHINAE ACETAS—MORPHINE -ACETATE</h4> - -<p>Morphine is dissolved in acetic acid and water and -the solution evaporated and crystallized.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white or faintly yellowish-white, -crystalline, amorphous powder, having a faint, acetous -odor and bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as morphine hydrochloride.</p> - -<h4>MORPHINAE SULPHAS—MORPHINE -SULPHATE</h4> - -<p>Morphine is stirred into boiling distilled water; diluted -sulphuric acid is added until neutralization is attained, -and the sulphate crystallizes out on cooling.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White, feathery, acicular, silky crystals, -or in cubical masses, odorless, permanent in the air, -and having a bitter taste. Soluble in water and alcohol, -insoluble in chloroform and ether.</p> - -<h4>CODEINA—CODEINE</h4> - -<p>An alkaloid obtained from opium by evaporation of -the ammoniacal liquid, after the precipitation of morphine. -The residue is added to water, precipitated by -potassium hydrate, and redissolved in ether, from which -codeine crystallizes out on evaporation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White or nearly translucent, orthorhombic -prisms, octahedral crystals, or a crystalline powder; -odorless and having a faintly bitter taste; slightly -efflorescent in warm air. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether -and chloroform.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.</p> - -<h4>HEROIN—DIACETYLMORPHINE</h4> - -<p>This drug is a derivative of morphine, and is now -used extensively in human medicine as a substitute for -morphine and codeine.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page124">[124]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White or colorless, crystalline powder, -possessing a slightly bitter taste. Insoluble in water, -but readily soluble in weak acidous solutions. -Heroin hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder, -odorless, soluble in 2 parts of water. Heroin surpasses -both morphine and codeine therapeutically in many -ways. It increases markedly the inspiratory and expiratory -force, while lessening the number of the respiratory -movements and exerts a special sedative influence -on the respiratory mucous membranes. The drug -acts also as a general motor depressant, hypnotic and -analgesic, but is not comparable to morphine in these -respects. Heroin is about five times more toxic for dogs -than morphine. Heroin is particularly valuable in the -treatment of all varieties of coughs affecting the dog. -The after-effects of small doses are not as nauseating -or constipating as morphine.</p> - -<p>Heroin can be given in powder, pill or tablet, the -Heroin hydrochloride in solution, every three or four -hours.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose of Either.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 2 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>24</sub> -to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>6</sub> gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Opium is analgesic, hypnotic, diaphoretic, -antispasmodic, narcotic; also cardiac and respiratory -depressant after primary brief stimulation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Medical Doses.</span>—It dries all secretions except the -mammae and skin. The latter being increased, it produces -dryness of the mouth and throat, arrests gastric -secretions, retards digestion and causes anorexia (loss -of appetite); it stimulates the brain by increasing the -blood supply; in man it stimulates the mental activity, -while in animals it stimulates motor activity; it does not -affect the conductivity of nerves, but it prevents the -consciousness to pain by paralyzing the nerve centers; -the action of the heart is increased and arterial tension -is raised; the pupil slightly contracted; the mind at -first stimulated, becomes calm, sleep follows, disturbed -by dreams and headache; constipation and some depression -follows.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page125">[125]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Large Doses.</span>—Arrest digestion, cause nausea and -vomiting, greatly increase perspiration, prevents the -conductivity of nerves, depresses the heart and circulation, -impairing oxidation and lowering temperature; it -contracts the pupil by stimulating the motor nerve of the -eye (in horses it dilates the pupil) and causes intense -puritis (itching), especially of the nose, often retention -of the urine and soon profound sleep; in some cases -coma or delirium, leaving as after-effects nausea, depression, -constipation, vertigo, anorexia, nasal puritis -and fetid pathological secretions.</p> - -<p><i>Morphine and codeine compared with the action of -opium.</i> Morphine is more anodyne and hypnotic; it -causes more intense puritis (itching) is less stimulant, -less convulsant, less constipating and diaphoretic.</p> - -<p>Codeine is a motor paralyzant; it exalts the spinal -cord more than morphine and affects the cerebrum less, -producing muscular tremors in excess of sedation; it -reduces the urinary sugar in diabetes and has a selective -sedative influence on the pneumogastric nerve, thus a -better sedative in cough.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75"><i>Indications for the use of Opium</i>:</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">1. To relieve pain and spasm.</p> - -<p>2. To produce sleep.</p> - -<p>3. To abort inflammation.</p> - -<p>4. To check excessive secretions.</p> - -<p>5. To act as a stimulant and supporting agent.</p> - -<p>6. As a sudorific (not so active in animals as in man).</p> - -<p>Sulphuric ether administered with opium prevents -its drying up effects as well as the nauseating and depressing -effects. Used for pain from any cause except -acute inflammation of the brain. Used in low fevers -to support the system when sufficient food cannot be -taken, also in irritation of bronchi, bladder, stomach and -bowels, as well as the uterus.</p> - -<p>In inflammation of the serous membranes which line -the abdominal walls (peritonitis) opium can be used<span class="pagenum" id="Page126">[126]</span> -freely; combined or alternated with aconite and diuretics -is very highly recommended and tends to prevent -dropsical conditions.</p> - -<p>In inflammation of the serous membrane investing -lungs and lining the thorax (pleurisy) opium and aconite -will often arrest its development if administered in -its first stages.</p> - -<p>In diarrhoea and dysentery opium is said to be one -of the best medicines we have, it can be combined with -acetate of lead, prepared chalk, etc.</p> - -<p>In inflammation of the bowels, owing to its effect -in binding up the bowels, belladonna alternated with -aconite is preferred to opium.</p> - -<p>In colds administer Dover’s Powder, or opium, ammonium -carbonate, quinine sulphate and camphor.</p> - -<p>In spasmodic colic do not use opium, but give hypodermically -three to four grains of morphine sulphate; it -is non-constipating; also use anodynes, such as cannabis -indica, hyoscyamus, etc., are preferable.</p> - -<p>In gastritis, opium conjoined with bismuth subnitrate -and hydrastis.</p> - -<p>In eversion of the rectum or uterus, administer morphine -hypodermically to prevent straining.</p> - -<p>In muscular spasms opium is very effective.</p> - -<p>In cerebro-spinal meningitis opium should be administered -early, before exudation has set in, with belladonna -and ergot, alternated with aconite.</p> - -<p>In diabetes mellitus, codeine is said to be best, as it -lessens the amount of sugar in the urine and should be -administered by the mouth; if given hypodermically -it exerts no influence on the sugar.</p> - -<p>In catarrhal diseases administer opium to lessen the -discharge.</p> - -<p>In Thumps administer full doses of morphine subcutaneously.</p> - -<p>In inflammation of the eyes morphine sulphate is -very efficient combined with zinc sulphate and distilled -water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Toxic Doses.</span>—Produce cold clammy sweat, very<span class="pagenum" id="Page127">[127]</span> -slow heart, diminished quantity of urine, abolished reflexes, -coma, the pupil minutely contracted (except in -the horse) but dilated as the end approaches and death -by suspension of respiration, due to direct action of the -poison on the respiratory centers in the medulla.</p> - -<p>In case of poisoning. Emetics, stomach pump, -permanganate of potassium, grain for grain of morphine, -or 10 to 15 grains dissolved in 8 ounces of water, -given by the mouth for large dogs, and 1 to 2 drachms -of permanganate of potassium in 2 or 3 pints of water -for horses. Artificial respiration, striking the body, -keep patient moving, empty bladder to prevent absorption.</p> - -<h4>APOMORPHINE HYDROCHLORIDUM—APOMORPHINE -HYDROCHLORIDE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—The hydrochloride of an artificial alkaloid, -obtained by heating morphine or codeine in hermetically -closed tubes with an excess of pure hydrochloric -acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Minute, grayish-white, shining monoclinic -prisms, without odor, having a faintly bitter taste -and acquiring a greenish tint upon exposure to light and -air. It should be kept in small, dark, amber-colored -vials. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—As an emetic for dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> -to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>5</sub> gr., by the -mouth, and <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>20</sub> to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> gr., subcutaneously.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—As an expectorant, subcutaneously, horses, -<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> gr.; foals, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.; cattle, -1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.; sheep and calves, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>10</sub> to -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>5</sub> gr. By the mouth, dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>40</sub> -to <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>25</sub> gr. as an expectorant.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—It is a prompt and effectual -emetic in animals that vomit, acting on the vomiting centers. -When <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>5</sub> gr. dissolved in water is swallowed by -either man or dog repeated vomiting occurs, but is not -followed by so much nausea as usually follows the use -of tartar emetic. Increases bronchial, intestinal and -pancreatic secretions. Chronic dry bronchitis of dogs -is benefited by apomorphine. In pica cattle, 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> gr.<span class="pagenum" id="Page128">[128]</span> -may be given on three consecutive days, or in recent -cases, 3 gr. are given subcutaneously in the same way. -It relieves choking in animals by its relaxing spasm and -increasing secretion of the gullet. Three-quarters of a -grain may be injected under the skin in horses. It -should be tried before using a probang, as, if successful, -it will act within fifteen or twenty minutes. The alkaloid -decomposes in crystal and rapidly in solution, becoming -toxic and of a green hue. Solutions should be -freshly prepared.</p> - -<h2>PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM—LIQUID PETROLATUM</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly -of the marshgas series, obtained by distilling off the -lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum and -purifying the residue when it has the desired consistence.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A colorless, or more or less yellowish, -oily transparent liquid without odor or taste; or giving -off, when heated, a faint odor of petroleum. Insoluble -in water; scarcely soluble in cold or hot alcohol, or cold -absolute alcohol; but soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon -disulphide, oil of turpentine, benzine, benzol and fixed -and volatile oils.</p> - -<h3>PETROLATUM—VASELINE—COSMOLINE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly of -the marshgas series, obtained by distilling off the lighter -and more volatile portions from petroleum and purifying -the residue when it has reached the desired melting -point.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A fat-like mass of about the consistence -of an ointment varying in color from yellowish to -light amber, having not more than a slight fluorescence, -even after being melted; transparent in thin layers, completely -amorphous and without odor or taste, or giving -off when heated a faint odor of petroleum. In other respects -soft petrolatum has the solubility of liquid petrolatum.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page129">[129]</span></p> - -<h3>PETROLATUM ALBUM—WHITE PETROLATUM</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A mixture of hydrocarbons, chiefly -of the methane series, obtained by distilling off the -lighter and more volatile portions from petroleum and -purifying the residue.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, unctuous mass, of about the -consistency of an ointment, transparent in thin layers, -completely amorphous; without odor or taste. Otherwise -it resembles, in solubility, petrolatum.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action.</span>—All preparations of petrolatum are valuable -emollients. They soothe, protect and soften parts -to which they are applied and are superior to animal or -vegetable fats or oils in not becoming rancid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Petrolatum may be used alone, or as an excipient -in the preparation of ointments, but does not aid -the absorption of drugs (as do alcohol, glycerine, chloroform, -animal oils and fats), for it is not itself absorbed -even when administered internally. Petrolatum exerts -a demulcent action upon the mucous membrane of the -alimentary tract, and may be prescribed in electuary or -capsule in inflammation thereof. Liquid petrolatum is -useful given internally in piles (dogs one-half ounce -twice daily) to soften the feces. It is also very serviceable -with menthol and camphor (equal parts, fifteen -grains to one ounce) dropped in the nostrils (with a -medicine dropper) for dogs with acute nasal catarrh. -Petrolatum is sold universally under the proprietary -names of vaseline and cosmoline, and is often combined -with antiseptics for medical and surgical purposes in -skin diseases and upon inflamed mucous membranes, -blisters and abraded surfaces and sores. It is one of -the most useful agents in lubricating instruments, protecting -metal from rust, and is sometimes employed as a -vehicle for electuaries. It should not be used as a base -for blisters or other ointments where absorption is desired.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page130">[130]</span></p> - -<h2>PIX LIQUIDA—TAR</h2> - -<p>An empyreumatic oleo-resin obtained by the destructive -distillation of the wood of various species of -pines, especially that of Pinus palustris.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—United States.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Thick, viscid, semi-fluid, blackish-brown; -heavier than water, transparent, in thin layers, -becoming granular and opaque with age; odor empyreumatic -terebinthinated; taste sharp empyreumatic. Tar -is slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, fixed or -volatile oils and solutions of potassium or sodium hydrate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Oil of turpentine; methylic alcohol; -creosote; guaiacol; phenol; pyrocatechin; toluol; xylol; -acetic acid; acetone; resins.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub> to 1 dr. Oil of tar should be -diluted with alcohol, glycerine, syrup or mucilage.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDAE—TAR OINTMENT</h4> - -<p>Composed of tar, 500; yellow wax, 150; lard, 350.</p> - -<p>Used alone as a healing ointment or as a base.</p> - -<h4>OLEUM PICIS LIQUIDAE—OIL OF TAR</h4> - -<p>A volatile oil distilled from tar.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—An almost colorless liquid when freshly -distilled, but soon acquiring a dull, reddish brown -color, and having a strong tarry odor and taste. Soluble -in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, -2 to 4 dr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Internally, is an antiseptic stimulant expectorant. -Externally, it is rubefacient and if continually -rubbed in may cause papules and pustules.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Tar or the oil is commonly used in cough<span class="pagenum" id="Page131">[131]</span> -mixtures and in subacute and chronic bronchitis. By -inhalation (which is done by pouring tar on a heated -shovel or a shovel containing live coals or by adding a -pint of tar to a gallon of water, heating the mixture by -placing hot bricks or stones in the solution) either -method is excellent for its local antiseptic and stimulating -effects in the various catarrhal diseases; bronchitis, -distemper, strangles, etc. Care should be used so that -the vapor be not inhaled too hot.</p> - -<p>Externally, it is a very useful agent in various skin -diseases, both parasitic and non-parasitic; for this the -official ointment may be used, or if used on a large surface -on dogs it should be diluted with an equal amount -of zinc ointment.</p> - -<h2>PLUMBI OXIDUM—LEAD OXIDE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made by roasting lead in the air.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow -powder, or minute scales, without odor or taste. Almost -insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Lead oxide is -only valuable for its preparations.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>PLUMBI ACETAS—LEAD ACETATE—SUGAR -OF LEAD</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Heat lead oxide in acetic acid and -water. Lead acetate crystallizes on cooling.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, shining, transparent; monoclinic -prisms or plates, or heavy, white crystalline masses, -or granular crystals, having a faintly acetous odor and -a sweetish, astringent, afterwards metallic taste. Efflorescent -and absorbing carbon dioxide on exposure to -the air. Soluble in two parts of water and in thirty -parts of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; sheep and -pigs, 15 to 20 gr.; dogs, 1 to 2 gr. Given in capsule or -solution.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page132">[132]</span></p> - -<h4>LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS—SOLUTION -OF LEAD SUBACETATE—GOULARD’S -EXTRACT</h4> - -<p>An aqueous liquid, containing in solution about 25 -per cent of lead subacetate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made from acetate of lead, 180 parts; -oxide of lead, 110 parts; boiled together in water to -make 1000 parts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A dense, clear colorless liquid, sweet, -astringent taste, decomposed by exposure to the air.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—The lead compounds are powerful astringents, -haemostatics, styptics, anodynes, local sedatives -and desiccants; they coagulate albumen and form -a protective coat, also contract small vessels. In large -or continued doses they irritate, then paralyze voluntary -and involuntary muscles, and also the central nervous -system.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Plumbi acetate is administered internally to -check haemorrhages, especially of the stomach and -lungs, has been used in purpura in horses with varying -results; it is said to be very good in red water of cattle; -also used in diabetes insipidus; for diarrhoea, lead acetate -with opium is very good, also in dysentery, chronic -scouring and bronchorrhoea; it is occasionally prescribed -as a gargle.</p> - -<p>Externally used in solution to check superficial inflammation; -used on burns, bruises and ulcers, also to -cool and relieve strained and inflamed tendons and -joints, it is also used as a wash to abate the itching of -nettle-rash and erythema and other skin diseases; also -serviceable in eczema and grease-heel; used in eye wash -but should not be used when there is an abrasion of the -cornea, as insoluble compounds are formed; the acetate -may be used as an ointment or powder or in solution dissolved -in twenty to forty parts water, a little vinegar or -acetic acid increases its solubility; it is used in white -lotion combined with zinc sulphate and water.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page133">[133]</span></p> - -<p>Goulard’s Extract, four ounces to a pint of water, -is used for sprains, bruises, cuts, burns, scratches, grease-heel, -etc. For painful affections, tincture of opium, -four to six ounces to one pint, or belladonna, two ounces -to the pint, are added. Goulard’s Extract, one part, -lard oil, four parts, makes a good dressing for blistered -or bruised surfaces, grease-heel and other ailments of -that class; for skin diseases, eczema, canker of ear in -dog, etc.</p> - -<h2>POTASSII ACETAS—POTASSIUM ACETATE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Add acetic acid in excess to potassium -carbonate. Evaporate to dryness and fuse residue.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White, deliquescent, satiny, neutral -masses of a peculiar odor; also in a granular form. Soluble -in water and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.</p> - -<h3>POTASSII CITRAS—POTASSIUM CITRATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Neutralize potassium carbonate with -a solution of citric acid and evaporate to dryness.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White, granular, deliquescent powder, -saline taste, neutral reaction. Soluble in water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as potassium acetate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Potassium acetate and citrate are the -least irritant to the stomach of all the potassium salts. -They are neutral and have no action on the gastric juice: -are not antacid. They are changed into the carbonate -of potassium and as such circulate in the blood. Are -powerful direct diuretics, stimulate the renal cells direct -and increase both the water and the solids of the urine, -also diaphoretic; the citrate more than the acetate. They -have a slight depressing action on the heart, and slightly -expectorant.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Potassium acetate and citrate are indicated -in irritation or inflammation of the kidneys and bladder -and cause absorption of exudations (pleural effusion, for -example) through their diuretic power. They are sometimes -prescribed in fever on account of slight diaphoretic<span class="pagenum" id="Page134">[134]</span> -and powerful diuretic properties. They also stimulate -bronchial secretions and make it thinner and are -recommended accordingly in bronchitis. They are used -in gouty conditions, Bright’s disease, fevers of all kinds, -azoturia, dropsical conditions, pleurisy, ascites oedema -of the legs, sheath, udder, etc., combined with tonics, -as iron, etc.</p> - -<h3>POTASSII BROMIDUM—POTASSIUM BROMIDE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Potassium bromide may be obtained -by adding a slight excess of bromide to a strong solution -of potassium hydroxide, evaporating the potassium -bromide and bromate to dryness, decomposing the bromate -by fusing the mixture with charcoal and purifying -the crystallization.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or -granules; odorless and having a strong saline taste. -Permanent in the air. Soluble in about fifteen parts of -water and in about one hundred and eighty parts of alcohol.</p> - -<h3>SODII BROMIDUM—SODIUM BROMIDE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Sodium bromide may be obtained in -the same manner as potassium bromide, sodium hydroxide -being used in place of potassium hydroxide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—It occurs in colorless or white, cubical -crystals, or a white, granular powder, odorless and having -a saline, bitter taste. The salt absorbs moisture -from the air without deliquescing. Soluble in one and -seven-tenths parts of water and in twelve and a half -parts of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action of Potassium and Sodium Bromide.</span>—They -are distinguished depressants of the cerebral and -spinal functions, also hypnotic, anaphrodisiac, antispasmodic -and alterative. The bromide of potash, like all -other potassium salts, is especially a cardiac and muscular -paralyzant. They are very diffusible and slowly -eliminated; long continued doses produce gastric catarrh.<span class="pagenum" id="Page135">[135]</span> -They reduce the number of respirations and the -heart’s action and force; lessen activity of brain cells, -producing sleep; diminish sensibility of peripheral -nerves, causing anesthesia of the skin and mucous membrane.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—The bromides, being particularly useful in -the treatment of functional nervous diseases, do -not possess nearly the value in veterinary medicine that -they have in human practice. Consequently their use -is limited mainly to canine disorders, as bromides have -little influence upon diseases of horses. They are sometimes -used as sedatives to the nervous system, to lower -reflex activity, to produce sleep, to subdue excitement -of the genital apparatus and to antagonize congestion -of the brain. Used extensively in fits of dogs, twenty -or thirty grain doses of the bromide of potash or bromide -of soda dissolved in a tablespoonful of water; may -be used per rectum if necessary in any convulsive or -spasmodic condition. In strychnine poisoning, the bromide -of potash may be used as an antidote in place of -chloral hydrate or conjoined with it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 5 to 60 gr.; average dose, 20 gr.</p> - -<h3>POTASSII CARBONAS—POTASSIUM CARBONATE—SALTS -OF TARTAR</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—The solution resulting from the lixiviation -of wood ashes is boiled to dryness and the resultant -mass is the potash of commerce. This is purified to -some extent by burning in ovens, forming pearlash, a -mixture of the hydrate and carbonate. Water dissolves -mainly the carbonate which is obtained by evaporation -of the aqueous solution.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, granular powder, odorless -and having a strongly alkaline taste; very deliquescent. -Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page136">[136]</span></p> - -<h3>POTASSII BICARBONAS—POTASSIUM -BICARBONATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Potassium bicarbonate is obtained by -saturating a strong aqueous solution of potassium carbonate -and carbonic anhydride.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, transparent, monoclinic -prisms, odorless and having a saline and slightly alkaline -taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water. Almost -soluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as potassium carbonate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—They stimulate the production -of gastric juice when administered before meals with -bitter tonics, or after meals to overcome excessive acidity -of the stomach; used in rheumatism and gouty condition -to make blood alkaline and overcome lactic acid. Useful -as an antacid in nettle-rash and other itching skin -diseases. Internally and externally as a mild wash, two -to four drachms to the pint. A solution of the same -strength is injected to overcome acidity of the uterus in -leucorrhoea, etc. Calculus made up of ammonium, -magnesium and phosphates occur in the bladder and -urethra of highly fed rams and wethers. For this use -potassium bicarbonate one-half to one drachm, well diluted, -conjoined with laxative diet and belladonna to -dilate urethra; it is less certain as a diuretic than the -acetate or nitrate of potassium.</p> - -<h3>POTASSII HYDROXIDUM—POTASSIUM -HYDROXIDE—CAUSTIC POTASH</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A solution hydrate is evaporated, and -this is fused and run into moulds.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—White, translucent pencils or fused -masses, hard and brittle, showing a crystalline fracture; -odorless or having a faint odor of lye and a very acid and -caustic taste. Very deliquescent in air. Soluble in water -and alcohol.</p> - -<p>Not used in this form to any extent.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page137">[137]</span></p> - -<h3>LIQUOR POTASSII HYDROXIDI—SOLUTION -OF POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE</h3> - -<p>A solution of potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) -containing about five per cent of the hydroxide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Boiling a solution of potassium carbonate -with calcium hydrate leaves potassium hydrate in -solution, while calcium carbonate is precipitated.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A clean, clear colored liquid, odorless, -having a very acrid and caustic taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 10 m.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Externally potassium hydroxide -and the solution of potassium hydroxide are irritant -and caustic, when applied they abstract water from the -parts. They dissolve fatty matters, antacids and if well -diluted acts as a sedative. Internally not used to any -extent, as milder salts of potassium are preferred, is -antacid, alterative, febrifuge and diuretic. Large undiluted -doses corrode and inflame the alimentary tract, -cause colicy pains, great depression and sometimes perforations. -Caustic potash is sometimes used to destroy -warts and fungous growths. A dilute solution is used -to cauterize poisoned wounds, but is dangerous, as it -may penetrate too deeply and spread. This can be -overcome by washing with vinegar.</p> - -<h3>POTASSII IODIDUM—POTASSIUM IODIDE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Potassium iodide may be prepared in -the same manner as potassium bromide iodine, being -used in place of bromine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—It is a colorless, transparent, translucent, -or opaque white, cubical crystals, or white granular -powder, having a peculiar, faint, iodine-like odor and a -pungent, saline, afterwards bitter, taste. Permanent in -dry air and but slightly deliquescent in moist air. Soluble -in 0.7 parts of water, and in about 12 parts of alcohol -at 77° F., in 0.5 parts of boiling water, in 6 parts of -boiling alcohol; also soluble in 2.5 parts of glycerine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Potassium iodide closely resembles iodine<span class="pagenum" id="Page138">[138]</span> -but is less powerful and devoid of local irritant action. -Medical doses are antiseptic, desquamatic, deobstruent, -expectorant, alterative and diuretic. It stimulates the -lymphatic system. It is readily soluble, and is quickly -absorbed in the tissues, where it undergoes decomposition; -the iodine, when liberated, apparently combines -with albuminoids and acts specially on the lymphatic -glands and vessels, modifying nutrition, hastening metabolism -and promoting absorption. It is doubtless in -this way that it also unites with lead and mercury deposited -in the tissues, renders them soluble, carries them -into the circulation and causes their elimination.</p> - -<p>It is quickly excreted by the mucus and skin surfaces, -but chiefly by the kidneys.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Potassium iodide is useful in promoting absorption -of enlarged lymphatic glands, and its action -should be assisted by the application of iodine or red -iodide of mercury externally. Potassium iodide in -small doses diminishes congestion and increases the fluidity -and amount of secretions in acute laryngitis, acute -and subacute bronchitis, and appears to possess an alterative -action in improving the condition and nutrition -of the bronchial mucous membranes. It is also of -some value in asthma, pulmonary emphysema and -chronic bronchitis, unassociated with copious secretion. -Chronic pleuritis, pericarditis and ascites are treated -with potassium iodide, which assists absorption and occasionally -exerts a diuretic effect. Tardy resolution of -pneumonia consolidation is hastened by potassium iodide. -Endocarditis with cardiac hypertrophy is said -to be benefited by potassium iodide and digitalis.</p> - -<p>Champignon, or scirrhous cord in horses, is sometimes -cured by the sorbefacient powers of potassium iodide in -full doses. Potassium iodide is of value in goiter of dogs, -calves and sheep when tincture of iodine is used externally. -“Roaring” and “thick wind” may be cured by -the administration of potassium iodide. It is the best -medicine known for actinomycosis. Potassium iodide has -a clinical reputation for its power to aid absorption and<span class="pagenum" id="Page139">[139]</span> -resolution in inflammation or effusions of the brain or -spinal cord, in paralysis of the body or limbs and inflammation -of the membranes covering the brain.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, 3 to 6 dr.; sheep -and pigs, 15 to 30 gr.; dogs, 1 to 10 gr.</p> - -<p>It should be given to the larger animals in doses of -three drachms daily, until iodism appears, which shows -itself by loss of appetite, an irritable, catarrhal condition -of the mucous membranes of the nostrils, eyes, throat -and digestive organs, a vesicular skin eruption, abstinence -from water, diminished secretions of urine, temperature -elevated and emaciation.</p> - -<h3>POTASSII NITRAS—POTASSIUM NITRATE—NITRATE -OF POTASH—NITER—SALTPETRE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Nitrate of potash may be obtained -by purifying crude niter, or by the interaction of sodium -nitrate and potassium chloride.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, transparent, six-sided, -rhombic prisms, or a crystalline powder, odorless and -having a cooling, saline and pungent taste. Permanent -in the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in -alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, -2 to 6 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Large doses irritate the stomach, bowels -and kidneys; medical doses are alterative, febrifuge, diuretic -and feebly laxative. Excreted by the bronchial -glands, skin and kidneys, increasing secretions of these -organs; is a cardiac depressant and mild refrigerant and -diaphoretic.</p> - -<p>Nitrate of potash is more frequently prescribed than -any other potash salt in veterinary medicine, and is commonly -considered one of the best febrifuges. Its only -service in fevers is as a diuretic.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—In certain febrile conditions; in oedema of -legs should be combined with digitalis and general tonics. -For dropsical conditions the acetate and citrate are -better.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page140">[140]</span></p> - -<p>Nitrate of potash is highly recommended in acute -laminitis, two to four ounces once or twice daily is given -by some veterinarians.</p> - -<h3>POTASSII CHLORAS—POTASSIUM -CHLORATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Pass chlorine into a mixture of potassium -carbonate and calcium hydrate; dissolve the result -in boiling water and recover the chlorate by crystallization.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms -or plates, or white powder, odorless, having a cooling, -saline taste. Permanent in the air. Soluble in water. -Insoluble in absolute alcohol, but slightly soluble in mixtures -of alcohol and water. Explodes readily when -rubbed with sugar, sulphur, charcoal, glycerine and -many other substances.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 dr.; sheep and pigs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action.</span>—Chlorate of potash is antiseptic, antacid, -alterative, sialagogue, diuretic, febrifuge, and cardiac -depressant; irritant to the gastro-intestinal tract and -kidneys. Externally, antiseptic, mild stimulant and refrigerant. -Is a protoplasmic poison, as is the nitrate; -disintegrates the red blood corpuscles.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Chlorate of potash is valuable as a wash or -gargle, it stimulates the salivary and buccal glands, -moistening the dry, parched mouth. It soothes and -heals aphthous eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth -and throat; while in catarrh, sore throat and bronchitis -it thins the secretions and promotes expectoration. Like -other salines, in febrile and inflammatory diseases, -whether in horses or cattle, it is believed to lower pulse -and temperature, clean the tongue, improve appetite, -gently stimulate the bowels and render the evacuations -more natural and less coated with mucus. It is frequently -prescribed with good results in horses suffering<span class="pagenum" id="Page141">[141]</span> -from catarrhal conditions of the bowels. In epizootic -catarrh, purpura, it is very beneficial prescribed -with iron salts, as it increases the coagulability of the -blood. It is also prescribed with other salines, bitter -tonics or stimulants. Most animals of their own accord -will take an ounce daily, dissolved in their drinking -water or gruel. Pine tar is a soothing electuary for -sore throat, it is conjoined with camphor, belladonna and -treacle.</p> - -<h3>POTASSII BITARTRAS—POTASSIUM BITARTRATE—CREAM -OF TARTAR</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained from crude tartar deposited -on the sides of wine casks during fermentation of grape -juice, by purification.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic -crystals, or a white, somewhat gritty powder; odorless -and having a pleasant, acidulous taste. Permanent in -the air. Soluble in water; very sparingly soluble in -alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Potassium bitartrate is a non-irritating -purgative in large doses. It is a hydragogue cathartic -and has a strong affinity for water; abstracting it from -the blood vessels in the bowels, holding the same in solution -and thus flushing out the intestines.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Is used for liver disease, chronic constipation, -skin disease and as a refrigerant in febrile conditions. -It should be given in solution and is useful in dropsies, -more particularly of renal origin; also in catarrhal jaundice, -and as a laxative for foals and calves. In cases -where the urine of the horse is thick, stringy and high -colored, it will cause it to regain its normal state. It -may easily be administered in either food or drinking -water, and its diuretic effect is enhanced when given -with a large amount of water.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page142">[142]</span></p> - -<h3>POTASSII PERMANGANAS—POTASSIUM -PERMANGANATE—PERMANGANATE -OF POTASH</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Potassium permanganate may be obtained -by the interaction of potassium chlorate, potassium hydroxide -and manganese dioxide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Potassium permanganate is a powerful -oxidizing agent and readily yields up its oxygen in the -form of ozone; hence it is an antiseptic and deodorizer. -Full strength it is a mild caustic. Diluted it is astringent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Potassium permanganate is advantageously -used to deodorize and disinfect foul smelling wounds, -the nostrils in eczema, nasal gleet, the mouth in aphthae, -throat when ulcerated, diphtheria, the uterus in metritis, -retention of placenta and leucorrhoea. It is sometimes -given internally in puerperal, erysipelas and septicaemia, -also to cleanse hands or instruments. Potassium permanganate -is used as a prophylactic in solutions of one -in five thousand in poultry.</p> - -<p>Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizant much -more freely upon some organic substances than upon -others, by virtue of which fact it is a valuable antidote, -notably in the treatment of morphine-poisoning and of -snake-poisoning. In the former condition it acts only -upon the alkaloid in the stomach, but should be given -frequently during the continuance of the symptoms in -order to destroy any morphine which may have been -eliminated from the blood into the stomach. In snake-poisoning -a concentrated solution of it should be injected -freely and immediately into the part which has -been bitten. Potassium permanganate is one of the -best medicines with which to sterilize the hands before -operating. A saturated solution is used for this purpose -and the stains may be removed from the hands by -washing them in saturated solution of oxalic acid, or -in a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 15 gr. to 1 dr. in one pint -of water; sheep and pigs, 5 to 10 gr. in half pint of water;<span class="pagenum" id="Page143">[143]</span> -dogs and cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 11 gr. in capsule with kaolin. -For poultry it should be diluted one part to five thousand -parts of water.</p> - -<p>As an antiseptic and deodorizer for disinfecting -newly cut or old foul smelling wounds and for surgical -purposes one drachm to half an ounce of the drug to one -pint of water.</p> - -<p>As an eye wash use about one in two thousand to one -in one thousand.</p> - -<p>For uterine injections use one in five thousand to -one in two thousand.</p> - -<p>As an antidote for opium, morphine or weed-poisoning -it can be administered by the mouth or hypodermically. -When given for these purposes the amount of potassium -permanganate should equal that of the poison -taken.</p> - -<h2>QUSSIA—BITTER WOOD</h2> - -<p>Qussia is obtained from chips or shavings from a -tall tree 70 to 100 feet high.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Jamaica and other West Indian Islands.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Qussia has no odor, but an intensely -bitter taste, dependent on a neutral crystalline principle, -quassin. There is also a volatile oil, but no tannin.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>EXTRACTUM QUASSIAE—EXTRACT OF -QUSSIA</h4> - -<p>Made by percolation with water, boiling and evaporation -to pilular consistence.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs, -15 to 30 gr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 3 gr.</p> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM QUASSIAE—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF QUSSIA</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol -and water and evaporation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 15 m. to 1 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page144">[144]</span></p> - -<h4>TINCTURE QUSSIAE—TINCTURE OF -QUSSIA</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation of qussia, 200 -parts; with alcohol and water to make 1000.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Qussia is a bitter stomachic and -tonic. It resembles gentian and calumba. It is prescribed -for the several domestic animals in dyspepsia, -loss of appetite and convalescence from debilitating disorders. -Qussia is the most efficient vermicide in our -possession for the destruction of Oxyuris curvula, horse; -and O. vermicularis, dog, in the lower bowel. An infusion -is employed for this purpose, made by soaking -qussia chips in cold water (two drachms of the qussia -to one pint of water) for half an hour. The rectum -should be first thoroughly washed out with soap and -water and one-half pint of this infusion is given in -enema to dogs; two quarts to horses. The infusion is -a narcotic poison for flies and other insects.</p> - -<h2>JALAPA—JALAP</h2> - -<p>The dried tuberous roots of Exogonium Purga Bentham, -yielding not less than eight per cent of total resin, -but not more than one and a half per cent of the resin -soluble in ether.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Southern United States and Mexico.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—The root is dark brown, with numerous -concentric circles composed of small resin cells; fracture -resinous, lustrous, not fibrous; odor slight, but -peculiar, smoky and sweetish; taste sweetish and acrid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.; cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 1 dr.</p> - -<h3>RESINA JALAPA—RESIN OF JALAP</h3> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, -partial distillation; precipitation with water; washing -and drying.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Yellowish-brown powder, having a -slight, peculiar odor, and a somewhat acrid taste. Permanent<span class="pagenum" id="Page145">[145]</span> -in air. Soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile -oils.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Pigs, 30 gr. to 1 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 gr.; cats, -5 to 15 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Jalap is a hydragogue cathartic, -a vermifuge and cholagogue. By adding calomel to -jalap its power is increased; jalap is more active than -senna, but is less powerful and irritating than gamboge -or podophyllum. Jalap may be given to expel round -and thread worms; in torpidity of the liver, and in -chronic constipation in dogs.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>PULVIS JALAPA COMPOSITUS—COMPOUND -POWDER OF JALAP</h4> - -<p>Composed of jalap, 35 parts; potassium bitartrate, -to make 100.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 15 to 30 gr.</p> - -<h2>RHAMNUS PURSHIANA—CASCARA SAGRADA—CALIFORNIA -BUCKTHORN—CHITTEM BARK</h2> - -<p>The bark of Rhamnus Persiana de Candolle (nat. -ord. Rhamnaceae). Collected at least one year before -being used.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—United States from Northern Idaho -west to the Pacific Ocean.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Externally the bark is reddish-brown. -Internally yellowish to light brownish, becoming dark -with age. Odor distinct; taste bitter and slightly acrid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Three resins; a neutral body; a volatile -oil; malic and tannic acids.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 5 to 30 gr.; cats, 1 to 5 gr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANAE—FLUIDEXTRACT OF RHAMNUS PURSHIANA</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with diluted -alcohol, and evaporation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 5 to 30 m.; cats, 1 to 5 m.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page146">[146]</span></p> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHAMNI PURSHIANA -AROMATICUM—AROMATIC FLUIDEXTRACT OF CASCARA -SAGRADA</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Dogs, 5 to 30 m.; cats, 1 to 5 m.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Used as a non-irritant tonic -laxative or cathartic; small doses are stomachic; to -overcome chronic constipation, give small repeated -doses; very useful in canine practice. The aromatic -fluidextract is the best preparation, and is occasionally -given to dogs and cats with castor oil.</p> - -<h2>RHEUM—RHUBARB</h2> - -<p>The dried roots of Rheum, of which there are several -species.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—China and Thibet.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—When powdered it is of a bright -orange-yellow, odor characteristic; taste bitter, astringent; -gritty when chewed.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—As a stomachic—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 -ozs.; sheep, 1 dr.; dogs and cats, 5 to 10 gr.</p> - -<p>As a mild purgative—Foals and calves, 1 to 2 dr.; -dogs and cats, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 dr.; poultry, 5 to 10 gr., in pill.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF RHUBARB</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol -and water, and evaporated.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as that of rhubarb.</p> - -<h4>PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS—COMPOUND -POWDER OF RHUBARB—GREGORY’S -POWDER</h4> - -<p>Composed of rhubarb, 25 parts; magnesia, 65 parts; -ginger, to make 100.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Foals and calves, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 1 oz.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to -3 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page147">[147]</span></p> - -<h4>TINCTURE RHEI AROMATICA—AROMATIC -TINCTURE OF RHUBARB</h4> - -<p>Composed of rhubarb, cloves, cinnamon and nutmeg.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Calves, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; foals, 2 to 6 dr.; sheep, -4 dr. to 1 oz.; lambs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 dr.; dogs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 3 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Rhubarb is a stomachic, tonic, -astringent, mildly cathartic and cholagogue. Rhubarb -is useful where there is a lack of tone to the bowels; -used in diarrhoea in small doses, for its stimulating -tonic action; as a laxative in large doses or may be -combined with other laxatives, to prevent griping in -milk-fed animals, or may be combined with bismuth, -opium or sulphuric acid, to stop diarrhoea; as a laxative -or purgative. The fluidextract or powdered root -may be combined with calomel, jalap, etc.</p> - -<h2>SALICINUM—SALICIN</h2> - -<p>A neutral principle (glucoside) obtained from several -species of the willow and poplar tree.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Europe, but cultivated in North America.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained from a decoction of willow -bark. Salicin crystallizes on evaporation, after removal -of tannin by agitation with lead oxide. It is purified -by repeated solution and crystallization.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, silky, shining crystalline -needle, or colorless crystalline powder; odorless, and -having a very bitter taste. Permanent in air. Soluble -in 28 parts of water and 30 parts of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; sheep, 1 -to 4 dr.; pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Bitter tonic, antipyretic, antiferment -and antiseptic, somewhat antiperiodic resembling quinine -in its actions, but not as powerful.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Used in febrile conditions about the same as -quinine, its chief use is in acute rheumatism, for which -it is a very good remedy; as a diaphoretic is used in -large doses.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page148">[148]</span></p> - -<h2>SINAPIS ALBA—WHITE MUSTARD</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis alba -Linne.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Southern Europe and Asia; cultivated in -temperate climates.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Description.</span>—Globular, with a circular hilum; shell -yellowish, finely pitted, hard; embryo oily, with a curved -radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other; -free from starch; inodorous; taste pungent and acrid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 2 to 4 dr.; cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 10 to 15 gr.</p> - -<h2>SINAPIS NIGRA—BLACK MUSTARD</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—The dried ripe seeds of Sinapis Nigra -Linne.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—Same as White Mustard.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Description.</span>—Globular, with a circular hilum; -shell blackish-brown, or grayish-brown, finely pitted, -hard; embryo oily, with curved radicle and two cotyledons, -one folded over the other; free from starch; inodorous -when dry, but when triturated with water, of a -pungent, penetrating, irritating odor; taste pungent -and acrid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—In the presence of water the latter -converts the former into the acrid, volatile, official oil -of mustard.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as white mustard. Commercial form -of mustard is a mixture of black and white mustard, and -constitutes Sinapis.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE—VOLATILE -OIL OF MUSTARD</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—A volatile oil obtained from black -mustard by maceration with water and subsequent distillation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A colorless or pale yellow, and -strongly refractive liquid, having a very pungent and<span class="pagenum" id="Page149">[149]</span> -acrid odor and taste. Freely soluble in alcohol, ether -or carbon disulphide, the solution being neutral to litmus -paper. Specific gravity 1.013 to 1.020.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Is irritant or counter-irritant, rubefacient, -vesicant or suppurant, according to the manner -in which it is used; it acts much quicker than cantharides, -but its action is not so prolonged; the paste made -with water and rubbed into the skin of horses, produces -its effects within twenty minutes; in two to six hours -vesication occurs, pustules may occur where the paste is -used very strong or closely repeated, or too much has -been used.</p> - -<p>The volatile oil of mustard is a very powerful vesicant -and acts very quickly.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—It is used as a counter-irritant in laryngitis, -pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia and pleurisy, or -wherever a counter-irritant is indicated; applied in the -early congested stages it lessens the pain and relieves -difficult breathing, besides reflexly limiting the amount -of blood in the parts; it thus limits or decreases the inflammatory -action; also useful in the exudative stages -of these diseases; to promote the absorption of the exudate -and thus hasten resolution, or where these diseases -remain dormant; also arouse a depressed nervous system -and reflexly stimulates the heart; can be used in spinal -diseases or in congestion of the kidneys.</p> - -<p>It acts best when applied and left on 20 or 30 minutes, -then washed off and repeat in an hour or two; -also used in acute indigestion, applied to the abdomen; -also in colic, enteritis and peritonitis; in phlebitis mustard -can be used, but a cantharides blister is better. In making -a mustard plaster, take the pure powdered mustard -and gradually pour in warm water (not hot); can also -be made with cold water or vinegar; rub in with moderate -friction.</p> - -<p>As an emetic for dogs one to two teaspoonfuls in -one or two ounces of warm water is very effective.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page150">[150]</span></p> - -<h2>SODIUM BICARBONATE—BICARBONATE OF -SODA</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Bicarbonate of soda may be obtained by -exposing crystals of sodium carbonate to carbonic anhydride, -or by the interaction of sodium chloride and ammonium -bicarbonate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Bicarbonate of soda is a white, opaque -powder, odorless and having a cooling, mildly alkaline -taste. It is permanent in dry, but slowly decomposes -in moist air. Soluble in twelve parts of water at 15° C. -(59° F.); above this temperature the solution gradually -loses carbon dioxide, and at boiling heat the salt -is entirely converted into normal carbonate, insoluble in -alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Antacid, peristaltic stimulant, carminative, -alterative and mildly anodyne externally. It also -increases fluidity of and secretion of gastric juice.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—In disorders of the digestive organ administered -half hour before meals, to increase the flow of -gastric juice, or as an antacid after meals. Young -calves when fed on stale skim milk, suffering from dyspepsia, -are benefited by one to two drams of bicarbonate -of soda, dissolved in each meal of milk. Bicarbonate of -soda has become a very popular medicine in the treatment -of azoturia in about four ounce doses every four -hours. Bicarbonate of soda is used to lessen the irritation -of itching skin disorders, as nettle-rash and urticaria, -one ounce to a quart of water. Also used as an -injection for leucorrhoea. It is an antidote for acid -poisoning.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—Horses, 2 dr. to 4 oz.; cattle, 2 dr. to 2 oz.; -sheep and pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 10 to 30 gr.</p> - -<h2>SODII CHLORIDUM—SODIUM CHLORIDE—COMMON -OR TABLE SALT</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Mined in a native state and obtained by -evaporation of brine, spring or sea water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—It is officially described as in “colorless, -transparent, cubical crystals, or a white, crystalline<span class="pagenum" id="Page151">[151]</span> -powder, odorless and heavy, a purely saline taste.” Permanent -in dry air. Soluble in two and eight-tenths -parts of water at 25° C. (77° F.), and in two and a -half parts of boiling water; almost insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Sodium chloride in small doses is a condiment, -restorative, tonic, stomachic, antiferment, alterative, -laxative, anthelmintic antiseptic emetic for dogs -and used as an injection for pin worms.</p> - -<p>Animals deprived of salt do not thrive as it is an -essential constituent of food necessary to the composition -of HCl in the gastric juice, and of blood plasma, -from which it is constantly eliminated in the urine. As -an emetic for dogs one to four drams of salt, and one -dram of powdered mustard dissolved in four ounces of -tepid water. Common salt as an eye-wash is a tonic to -the eyes; one dram to a pint of water. Feed animals -refined salt, as rocksalt contains irritating properties -due to its great impurity. A cooling and stimulating -lotion for sprains and bruises may be made by dissolving -two ounces of common salt, nitrate of potash and chloride -of ammonia in a quart of water.</p> - -<p>Use pure cooking salt in <i>normal salt solution</i>, which -contains six of one per cent (about fifty grains to a -pint), or may be made at once by adding a heaping teaspoonful -of pure salt into a quart of sterilized water at -a temperature of 100° to 110° F. In cases of azoturia -give plenty of salt; it acts as a diuretic, makes the horse -thirsty and causes him to drink water freely and flushes -the kidneys.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horse, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 oz.; cattle, 2 to 3 oz.; sheep, -2 to 4 dr.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr. These -doses are stomachic alterative; when used for cattle as a -cathartic and vermifuge give 10 to 20 ounces in water, -usually combined with magnesium or sodium sulphate.</p> - -<h2>SODII SULPHAS—SODIUM SULPHATE—GLAUBER’S -SALTS</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Sodium sulphate effloresces on the soil in -various parts of Europe. It also exists in solution in -many mineral springs in the United States. Sodium<span class="pagenum" id="Page152">[152]</span> -sulphate is also produced artificially in several chemical -operations.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Sodium sulphate is in large, colorless, -transparent, monoclinic prisms, or granular crystals; -odorless, and having a bitter, saline taste. It effloresces -rapidly in the air, and finally loses all its water of -crystalization. Soluble in three parts of water at the -temperature of 59° F., insoluble in alcohol, soluble in -glycerine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Saline cathartic, cholagogue, hepatic -stimulant, slightly diuretic and febrifuge. When the -effects of a hepatic stimulant is required it should be -given in small repeated doses.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—It is advantageously used as a cathartic in -congestion of the liver, in small repeated doses, also useful -in dropsical conditions, influenza, especially where -the liver is involved; tetanus and febrile diseases, where -the bowels are apt to be constipated. Give two to four -ounces in a bucket of water. It is successfully used in -itching skin diseases in full doses combined with bicarbonate -of soda two to four ounces.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—As a cathartic, well diluted in water at -about 59° F.; horses, 16 to 24 ounces; cattle, 1 to 2 -pounds; sheep and pigs, 2 to 4 ounces. Where repetition -is necessary the dose should be reduced one-eighth -of the above. Best results are obtained when administered -with capsicum or ginger, as it prevents griping -and assists its action.</p> - -<h2>SODII THIOSULPHAS—SODIUM THIOSULPHATE—SODIUM -HYPOSULPHITE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Origin.</span>—Sodium hyposulphite is prepared by dissolving -sulphur in boiling aqueous solution of sodium -sulphite.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, transparent, monoclinic -prisms; odorless and having a cooling, afterwards bitter -taste. Permanent in air 91.4° F., but efflorescent in -dry air above that temperature; slightly deliquescent in -moist air. Soluble in about 0.35 parts of water at 77°<span class="pagenum" id="Page153">[153]</span> -F. At boiling heat the solution is rapidly decomposed; -insoluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in turpentine.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Sodium hyposulphite is an antiseptic, -deodoriser and insecticide. In the presence of acids, -without and also within the body, it gives off sulphurous -acid, which it therefore resembles. It is thought to -destroy ferments and bacteria, and removes offensive -smells. Its properties are greatly increased when used -along with the tar acids. When standing long in contact -with water the sulphite decomposes and gives off -hydrogen sulphide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Sodium hyposulphite is recommended in indigestion, -fermentation, flatulence and foul smelling -feces and in general septic conditions, but have proven as -useless as most other medicines in their latter stages. -It is used externally in parasitic affections of the skin -and mouth in the form of an ointment or solution.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> -to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> ozs.; sheep -and pigs, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 30 gr.</p> - -<h2>SPIRITUS AETHERIS NITROSI—SPIRIT OF -NITROUS ETHER—SWEET SPIRITS -OF NITER</h2> - -<p>An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrate, yielding when -freshly prepared not less than four per cent of ethyl -nitrate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivative.</span>—Mix sulphuric acid (40 c. c.) with water -(120 c. c.), cool and add alcohol and water each, (85 -c. c.) and place in (1000 c. c.) flask surrounded by ice -and water. Dissolve sodium nitrate (100 gm.) in water -(285 c. c.), filter and allow filtrate to drop slowly into -the flask above. Wash ethyl nitrate formed with sodium -carbonate solution, to remove acid, and agitate -with potassium carbonate, to remove water. Add ethyl-nitrate -to 22 times its weight of alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A clear, mobile, volatile, inflammable -liquid, of a pale-yellowish or faintly greenish-yellow tint, -having a fragrant ethereal and pungent odor, free from -acidity, and a sharp burning taste. Mixes freely with -water and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page154">[154]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Doses as a Stimulant and Antispasmodic.</span>—Horses, -1 to 3 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 ozs.; sheep, 2 to 4 dr.; -pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 m. to 1 dr. As a febrifuge and -diuretic horses take from 4 dr. to 1 oz.; 4 dr. is sufficient -as a rule every two, three or four hours, usually combined -with other medicines for all of its purposes, in -fever and colic cases.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Spirit of nitrous ether conjoins the action -of the alcohol and ethyl nitrite of which it consists. -It is hence a general stimulant and a relaxer and paralyzer -of non-striped muscle. It relieves acute fever and -the difficult breathing of bronchitis and asthma. It is -antispasmodic, diaphoretic and diuretic. Large doses -are narcotic.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Consisting of strong spirit and a saline ether, -when swallowed it stimulates the stomach and intestines; -is hence stomachic, carminative and antispasmodic, -and is prescribed to animals in indigestion, tympanites, -colic and convalescence from debilitating disorders. -But its properties as a diffusible nitrite, relaxing spasm -of involuntary muscles, also come into operation. It -dilates arterioles, thus decreases arterial tension, and -hence is of special value in the acute stages of fever, -whether depending upon specific conditions or local inflammation. -It relaxes the muscular fibers of the bronchial -tubes, and thus relieves the spasmodic contraction -and difficulty of breathing, which characterise catarrh, -bronchitis and some forms of asthma. It is specially -indicated when the heart action is weak and there is -difficulty of breathing—conditions frequently concurring -in influenza of horses. During excretion, notably -by the skin and kidneys, its twofold constitution is further -useful as the alcohol stimulates secretion, while the -ethyl nitrate dilates the lumen of contracted vessels, -and thus diaphoresis and diuresis are promoted in fevers, -local inflammations, rheumatism and other disorders. -As it is readily decomposed, even by water, it should -be diluted or mixed with other medicines or water only<span class="pagenum" id="Page155">[155]</span> -immediately before it is administered. It is usually -given in cold water, beer or linseed tea.</p> - -<h2>SPIRITUS GLYCERYLIS NITRATIS—SPIRIT -OF GLYCERYL TRINITRATE—SPIRIT -OF GLONOIN</h2> - -<p>An alcoholic solution containing one per cent, by -weight, of nitroglycerine. It is probably decomposed -in the formation of potassium and sodium nitrite.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Nitroglycerine is prepared by dropping -pure glycerine upon a mixture of sulphuric and -nitric acids, kept cool by ice, and purified by washing -with water. The official one per cent solution is not -explosive unless it becomes concentrated by evaporation -to an extent exceeding ten per cent.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A clear, colorless liquid, possessing -the odor and taste of alcohol. Caution should be exercised -in tasting it, since even a small quantity is liable -to produce violent headache.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 1 dr.; sheep and -pigs, 5 to 20 m.; dogs, 1 to 2 m. It is administered -hypodermically, intravenously, intracheally or by the -mouth according to the emergency of the case. For -hypodermic injections one-half drachm is usually sufficient -and should be diluted with one or two parts of -water. It may be repeated in 15 or 20 minutes if necessary, -then every hour or two if required. Care should -be exercised not to repeat oftener than is necessary, or -to give too large a dose as violent headache is produced -by the drug in animals as well as in man.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Are the same as amyl nitrite, but more -prolonged.</p> - -<p>Spirit of nitroglycerine is the most prompt and powerful -of all heart stimulants, showing its effects usually -within three to five minutes.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—It is best used in the official solution, but -for dogs may be carried in tablets or pills containing -<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>100</sub> of a grain of glonoin. The spirit, however is -more dependable. It is a good plan in cases of cardiac<span class="pagenum" id="Page156">[156]</span> -weakness to brace up the heart with Spirit of Glonoin, -then maintain the effect with Tincture Strophanthus.</p> - -<h2>SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM—SUBLIMED SULPHUR—FLOWERS -OF SULPHUR</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained from native sulphur by -sublimation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A fine, yellow powder, having a -slightly characteristic odor and a faintly acid taste. Insoluble -in water; slightly soluble in absolute alcohol; -more readily soluble in benzine, benzol, oil of turpentine -and many other oils; also in ether, chloroform and in -boiling aqueous solutions of alkaline hydrates.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and pigs, -1 to 2 oz.; dogs, 1 to 4 dr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>SULPHUR LOTUM—WASHED SULPHUR</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained from sublimed sulphur, -which is treated with diluted ammonia water to wash out -sulphurous and sulphuric and ether impurities.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A fine, yellow powder, without odor -or taste. Solubility same as sublimed sulphur.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as sublimed sulphur.</p> - -<h4>SULPHUR PRECIPITATUM—PRECIPITATED -SULPHUR</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Obtained from a solution of sublimed -sulphur, 100; in boiling calcium hydrate, 50; by precipitation -with hydrochloric acid.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A fine, amorphous powder, of a pale -yellow color, without odor or taste. Solubility same as -sublimed sulphur.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as sublimed sulphur.</p> - -<h4>UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS—SULPHUR -OINTMENT</h4> - -<p>Composed of washed sulphur, 150; benzoinated -lard, 850.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Sulphur applied to skin or mucous surfaces -is a feeble, mechanical stimulant, and hence relieves<span class="pagenum" id="Page157">[157]</span> -chronic passive congestion. It destroys parasitic -infestation of the skin. Administered internally it is a -laxative and alterative. It destroys fungi on vines and -kills similar parasites affecting plants and animals. -How much of this toxic effect depends on the sulphur -acting as sulphur, and how much on the alkaline sulphides, -sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid into -which it is gradually converted, has not been determined. -Sulphur when swallowed is slowly acted upon by the -alkaline secretions of the intestines, and small quantities -are converted into sulphides, which stimulate the intestinal -mucous membrane. A further change liberates -sulphuretted hydrogen, which imparts its disagreeable -smell to the breath, secretions of the skin and bowels. -The greater part of the sulphur swallowed is removed -unchanged by the bowels, but a portion is excreted in the -urine as sulphates. Over-doses given to horses and -other animals cause colic, purging, prostration and sometime -fatal gastro-enteritis.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—Sulphur is given to the several domestic animals -as a laxative where more powerful purgatives -might irritate—as in pregnancy, convalescence from -acute diseases in young animals, and in piles.</p> - -<p>Its alterative and stimulant effects on the skin have -led to its use in rheumatism, eczema and cutaneous diseases. -Some veterinarians affirm that it benefits dry -congested conditions of the respiratory membrane by -stimulating its epithelial cells and increasing movements -of the cilia. It has no special vermicide action. Sulphur -dusted on the skin slightly stimulates, but when -dissolved by admixture with an alkali or oil, and smartly -rubbed in, it more actively stimulates the cells of the -rete Malpighi and thus hastens desquamation; while it -also increases contractility of the muscular textures, and -hence overcomes passive cutaneous hyperaemia. It thus -promotes a healthier action in chronic eczema and -psoriasis, and in such cases sulphur dressings are used -with benefit combined or alternated with iodine or tar -acids, and are aided by the internal use of sulphur and<span class="pagenum" id="Page158">[158]</span> -arsenic. Infriction of sulphur ointment is stated to relieve -the pain of rheumatic muscles and joints. Sulphurous -gas from burning sulphur is used for husk or -hoose of sheep and calves; this is a disease in which -worms affect the bronchial tubes, due to strongylus -micrurus in calves and strongylus filaria in sheep. The -patients are placed in a loose box and sulphur is burned -about six feet away from them, so that air may dilute -the fumes before being inhaled by the animals; let them -inhale the fumes for ten or twenty minutes or longer, -unless irritation is too great.</p> - -<h2>TARAXACUM—DANDELION ROOT</h2> - -<p>The fresh and dried roots of Taraxacum officinale, -collected in the autumn.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—United States and Europe.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—The root is about six to twelve inches -long, half an inch to an inch thick, is dark brown externally -and white within. It breaks with a short fracture; -from the fractured surface a milky juice exudes, -which is inodorous, but has a bitter taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Constituents.</span>—Taraxacin, a bitter, soluble, crystalline -substance; inulin, taraxacerin, resin causing milky -juice, asparagin of no medical value.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and pigs, -2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>EXTRACTUM TARAXACI—EXTRACT OF -TARAXACUM</h4> - -<p>Made by percolation of powdered taraxacum with -alcohol and water, and evaporation.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 dr.; sheep and pigs, -30 gr. to 1 dr.; dogs, 5 to 20 gr.</p> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF TARAXACUM</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with dilute alcohol, -and evaporation.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page159">[159]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and -pigs, 2 to 4 dr.; dogs, 1 to 2 dr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Taraxacum is a simple stomachic -and bitter and may be employed in place of gentian -or calumba. It has been generally taught that -taraxacum is a hepatic stimulant and increases the secretion -of bile. This has been proven valueless. The -extract is often used as a base in preparing masses.</p> - -<h2>ZINGIBER—GINGER</h2> - -<p>The scraped and dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Habitat.</span>—East and West Indies and India; cultivated -in tropical climates.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Ginger owes its taste to a pungent -resin, its aroma to a volatile oil, and its medicinal and -flavoring properties to both constituents, which are -chiefly found in the delicate felted layer lying between -the starchy, mealy parenchyma and the brown, horny, -external covering.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 2 dr. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep -and pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 5 to 15 gr.</p> - -<h3>PREPARATIONS</h3> - -<h4>FLUIDEXTRACTUM ZINGIBERIS—FLUIDEXTRACT -OF GINGER</h4> - -<p>Made by maceration and percolation with alcohol, -and evaporated so that 1 c. c. equals 1 gm. of the crude -drug.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as for ginger.</p> - -<h4>TINCTURE ZINGIBERIS—TINCTURE OF -GINGER</h4> - -<p>Made by percolation of ginger with alcohol and -water.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> to 2 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep, -2 dr. to 1 oz.; pigs, 1 to 2 dr.; dogs, 15 to 30 m.</p> - -<h4>OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS—OLEORESIN OF -GINGER</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses, 30 m. to 1<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dr.; dogs, 1 to 5 m.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Ginger is an aromatic stimulant,<span class="pagenum" id="Page160">[160]</span> -and is used as a stomachic and carminative for all -animals, notably for cattle and sheep. Ginger is administered -internally, promotes gastric secretion, digestion -and appetite. It is prescribed in atonic dyspepsia, -often along with antacids and laxatives. Conjoined -with purgatives it diminishes their tendency to nauseate -and gripe, and also somewhat hastens their effects. The -powder or fluidextract should be added to magnesium -and sodium sulphate when given in full purgative doses -to cattle or sheep.</p> - -<h2>ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS—ZINC SULPHOCARBOLATE</h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Zinc sulphocarbolate may be obtained -by heating a mixture of phenol and sulphuric acid and -saturating the product with zinc oxide.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Colorless, transparent, rhombic prisms -or tabular crystals; odorless and having an astringent, -metallic taste. Soluble in water and alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 dr.; foals and -calves, 5 to 10 gr.; sheep and pigs, 20 to 40 gr.; dogs, -4 to 6 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Zinc sulphocarbolate has been -employed as an antiseptic astringent stimulant to indolent -or foul wounds, and in subacute inflammations of -the mucous membrane. The solution used may be a -little stronger than those of zinc sulphate employed for -similar purposes. It is also used as an intestinal antiseptic.</p> - -<h3>ZINCI SULPHAS—ZINC SULPHATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Prepared by dissolving zinc in sulphuric -acid. Iron and tin exist as impurities and are -removed by chlorine solution and zinc carbonate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A colorless, transparent, rhombic -crystal, without odor and having an astringent, metallic -taste. Efflorescent in dry air; soluble in water and -glycerine; insoluble in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and pigs,<span class="pagenum" id="Page161">[161]</span> -10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 2 to 3 gr. As an emetic for dogs, -10 to 15 gr.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions.</span>—Irritant, emetic, astringent, antiseptic -and nerve tonic. Externally it is used as stimulant, -astringent and antiseptic; in dogs it is a prompt and -efficient emetic, causes no depression and acts both on -the stomach nerve centers; poisonous or long continued -large doses in the horse dry up the secretions, cause -nausea, colic and efforts to vomit; dogs cannot be poisoned -by it as it causes vomiting.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Uses.</span>—As a tonic it is inferior to iron; chief use is -externally as an astringent; it is used in white lotion -combined with lead acetate; sometimes used internally -with opium to stop excessive sweating in frequent small -doses. Used as a safe and prompt emetic for dogs and -pigs.</p> - -<p>Externally in solution as an astringent and stimulant -for wounds, ulcers, simple ophthalmia and irritable -conditions of the mucous membrane of the uterus or -vagina and urethra, vesicular and pustulant skin eruptions. -Proper strength, one ounce to one quart of water -in ophthalmia, one-half to one drachm to one pint -of water.</p> - -<h3>ZINCI CARBONAS PRAECIPITATUS—PRECIPITATED -ZINC CARBONATE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Solutions of nearly equal weight of -sodium carbonate and zinc sulphate are boiled together; -dry precipitate. This salt is in reality a mixture of zinc -carbonate and oxide, in varying proportions, with water -of crystallization.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—An impalpable white powder, of -somewhat variable chemical composition, without odor -or taste; insoluble in water or alcohol.</p> - -<h3>ZINCI OXIDUM—ZINC OXIDE</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Zinc oxide, may be prepared by exposing -zinc carbonate to a dull red heat, or from metallic -zinc by combustion.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page162">[162]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—An amorphous, white powder without -odor or taste. Insoluble in water or alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 dr.; sheep and -pigs, 10 to 20 gr.; dogs, 5 to 10 gr. Not much used internally.</p> - -<h5>PREPARATIONS</h5> - -<h4>UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDE—OINTMENT OF -ZINC OXIDE</h4> - -<p>Composed of zinc oxide, 200 parts; benzoinated lard, -800 parts.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Actions and Uses.</span>—Used chiefly as a dusting powder -for wounds and excoriated surfaces; used alone or -conjoined with boric acid, subnitrate of bismuth, calomel -or in the form of the zinc oxide ointment is desiccant, -mildly astringent and protective; it is sometimes used in -chorea, epilepsy and other nervous diseases; to check -excessive sweating and in diarrhoea. Used extensively -in wounds and diseases of the cow’s udder.</p> - -<h4>ZINCI ACETAS—ZINC ACETATE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Dissolve zinc oxide in diluted acetic -acid and boil. Evaporate and crystallize.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—Soft, white, six-sided monoclinic plates, -of a pearly lustre, having a faintly acidious odor and an -astringent metallic taste. Soluble in water and in alcohol.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Same as zinc sulphate.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—The same as zinc sulphate; it is -the acetate of zinc which is the soluble agent in white -lotion, caused by the acetate of lead and sulphate of zinc -changing their composition.</p> - -<h4>ZINCI CHLORIDUM—ZINC CHLORIDE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Dissolve zinc in hydrochloric acid by -boiling. The solution contains the zinc chloride with -chlorides of iron and lead as impurities. These are precipitated -by adding first nitric acid then zinc carbonate. -Filter and finally evaporate.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page163">[163]</span></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A white, granular powder, or porcelain-like -masses, irregular or moulded into pencils; odorless; -of such intensely caustic properties as to make tasting -dangerous unless the salt be dissolved in much water, -when it has an astringent, metallic taste; very deliquescent; -soluble in water and alcohol.</p> - -<h4>LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDE—SOLUTION OF -ZINC CHLORIDE</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Derivation.</span>—Made from zinc chloride and water. -It should contain about 50 per cent, by weight, of the -salt. Zinc chloride is used externally only.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Properties.</span>—A clear, colorless, liquid, odorless, -having a very astringent, metallic taste.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Action and Uses.</span>—Is caustic and escharotic, used -full strength or in a strong solution; penetrates very -deeply and causes deep sloughing; an irritant and corrosive -poison; mild medical solutions are antiseptic and -astringent; is also disinfectant and deodorizer. Can be -used as a caustic when indicated; used with caution, for -granulations in chronic ulcers and foot-rot in sheep; to -slough out all kinds of fistula, usually mixed with one or -two parts of flour made into a paste with water, two -ounces in a pint of water is injected as a caustic into -fistulous tracts; two or three per cent solution or two -to four drachms to the pint of water is used for ordinary -astringent purposes and as a parasiticide.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page164">[164]</span></p> - -<h2>VALUABLE DRUGS AND THEIR DOSES FOR -DOMESTIC ANIMALS</h2> - -<p>In the list of doses, oz. stands for ounce, pt. for pint, -lb. for pound, gr. for grain, dr. for dram, dp. for drop.</p> - -<table class="drugdoses" summary="Drug Doses"> - -<tr class="btd bb"> -<th class="br">Name of Drug</th> -<th class="br">Cattle</th> -<th class="br">Sheep</th> -<th class="br">Horses</th> -<th class="br">Hogs</th> -<th>Dogs</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Alcohol</td> -<td class="dose br">4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose">1-4 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Alum</td> -<td class="dose br">3-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">40 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">40 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">15 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Ammonia Aromatic</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">20-60 dp.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Aniseed</td> -<td class="dose br">1-5 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">15 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Arnica Tincture</td> -<td class="dose br">1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">7-20 dp.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Asafetida Tincture</td> -<td class="dose br">3 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">1 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Boracic Acid</td> -<td class="dose br">3 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">20 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-3 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">15 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">8 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Brandy</td> -<td class="dose br">4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose">1-2 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Calomel</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-20 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-20 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">1 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Camphor Spirit</td> -<td class="dose br">1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">15 dp.</td> -<td class="dose">10 dp.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Carbolic Acid</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">10-20 dp.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-15 dp.</td> -<td class="dose">3-8 dp.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Castor Oil</td> -<td class="dose br">1 pt.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 pt.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose">1-2 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Chalk</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">.5-1 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Codliver Oil</td> -<td class="dose br">3-8 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">3-8 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-6 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-6 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">1-3 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Copperas</td> -<td class="dose br">2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">20 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">10 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">4 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Copper Sulphate</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">20-30 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">20-30 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">1-2 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Digitalis</td> -<td class="dose br">10-30 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-15 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">10-50 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">3-10 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">2 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Epsom Salts</td> -<td class="dose br">1 lb.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-1 lb.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose">1-4 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Fowler’s Solution</td> -<td class="dose br">5 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-20 dp.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-20 dp.</td> -<td class="dose">1-5 dp.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Gentian</td> -<td class="dose br">5-8 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">4-8 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">40 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Ginger</td> -<td class="dose br">5-8 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-8 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">15-60 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">5-20 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Glauber Salts</td> -<td class="dose br">1-1.5 lb.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-1 lb.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose">1-4 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Iodide of Potash</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">10-25 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-20 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">2-8 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Iron Sulphate.</td> -<td class="dose br">2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">25 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">25 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">4 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Jamaica Ginger</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose"><sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>4</sub>-<sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub> dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Laudanum</td> -<td class="dose br">2-5 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">20 dp.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Lead Acetate</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">25 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">20 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">1-2 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Lime Water</td> -<td class="dose br">4-6 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">4-6 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose">1-8 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Linseed Oil</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 pt.</td> -<td class="dose br">6-12 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-1 pt.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-10 oz.</td> -<td class="dose">1 oz.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Mustard</td> -<td class="dose br">1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-1 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">20 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Nitre</td> -<td class="dose br">3-8 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">5-20 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Nux Vomica</td> -<td class="dose br">2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">30-40 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">10-20 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">1-2 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Olive Oil</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 pt.</td> -<td class="dose br">3-8 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 pt.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-6 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">2-4 oz.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Pepper</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">15-25 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-3 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">10-20 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">4-10 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Potassium Bromide</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">5-50 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Quinine</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-10 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">50-60 gr.</td> -<td class="dose br">5-10 gr.</td> -<td class="dose">1-2 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Rhubarb</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">5-10 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Saltpeter</td> -<td class="dose br">1-3 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">.5-1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">2-10 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Soda</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-1.5 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-3 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">20-50 gr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="drug">Sulphur</td> -<td class="dose br">3-4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">2-4 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose">1-4 dr.</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td class="drug">Turpentine</td> -<td class="dose br">2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-4 dr.</td> -<td class="dose br">1-2 oz.</td> -<td class="dose br">1 dr.</td> -<td class="dose">20-50 dp.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page165">[165]</span></p> - -<h2>INDEX</h2> - -<ul class="index"> - -<li class="newletter">Abbreviations in Prescription Writing, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page24">24</a></span></li> -<li>Absolute Alcohol, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page36">36</a></span></li> -<li>Acetate of Lead, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Acetate of Morphine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Acetate of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page133">133</a></span></li> -<li>Acetate of Zinc, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> -<li>Acid Arcenous, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Acid Benzoicum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Acid, Boric, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> -<li>Acid Boricum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> -<li>Acid, Carbolic, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Acid, Salicylic, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page28">28</a></span></li> -<li>Acidum Arsenosum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Acidum Carbolicum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Acidum Carbolicum Crudum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Acidum Salicylicum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page28">28</a></span></li> -<li>Aconite, Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Aconite, Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Aconite, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page29">29</a></span></li> -<li>Aconitum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page29">29</a></span></li> -<li>Aconitina, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Aconitine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Actions of Iron, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Adeps Benzoinatus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page66">66</a></span></li> -<li>Administration of Medicines, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> -<li>Aether, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page33">33</a></span></li> -<li>Aloe Barbadensis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page11">11</a></span></li> -<li>Aloe Socotrina, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page41">41</a></span></li> -<li>Aloes Barbadoes, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page41">41</a></span></li> -<li>Alcohol, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page35">35</a></span></li> -<li>Alcohol Absolutum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page36">36</a></span></li> -<li>Alkaloidal Salts of Chichona, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page84">84</a></span></li> -<li>Aloin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page42">42</a></span></li> -<li>Aloinum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page42">42</a></span></li> -<li>Alum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> -<li>Alum, Dried, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> -<li>Alumen, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> -<li>Alumen Exsiccatum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> -<li>Alumini Hydroxidum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> -<li>Alumini Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page45">45</a></span></li> -<li>Aluminum Hydroxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> -<li>Aluminum Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page45">45</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonia Aromatic Spirit, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page51">51</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonia Liniment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonia Muriate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonia Spiritus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonia Stronger Water, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonia Water, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonii Benzoas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonii Carbonas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonii Chloridium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonium Acetate Solution, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonium Benzoate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Ammonium Carbonate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Amyl Nitrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page46">46</a></span></li> -<li>Amylis Nitris, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page46">46</a></span></li> -<li>Anesthesia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page79">79</a></span></li> -<li>Anise, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Anise Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Anisum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Antimonii et Potassii Tartars, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page48">48</a></span></li> -<li>Antipyrin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page49">49</a></span></li> -<li>Antipyrina, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page49">49</a></span></li> -<li>Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page48">48</a></span></li> -<li>Apomorphine Hydrochloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page127">127</a></span></li> -<li>Apomorphine Hydrochloridum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page127">127</a></span></li> -<li>Aqua Ammoniae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Aqua Ammoniae Fortior, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Aqua Camphorae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page71">71</a></span></li> -<li>Aqua Chloroformi, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> -<li>Arcenous Acid, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Argenti Nitras, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> -<li>Argenti Nitras Fusus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page55">55</a></span></li> -<li>Argenti Nitras Mitigatus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page55">55</a></span></li> -<li>Arnica, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Arnica Root, Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Arnica Root, Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Arnicae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Aromatic Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Aromatic Spirit Ammonia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page51">51</a></span></li> -<li>Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page147">147</a></span></li> -<li>Arseni Trioxidum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Arsenic, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page57">57</a></span></li> -<li>Arsenic Trioxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Arsenic, White, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Arsenum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page57">57</a></span></li> -<li>Art of Prescribing, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page22">22</a>-<a href="#Page23">23</a></span></li> -<li>Aspidium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page61">61</a></span></li> -<li>Atropinae Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page64">64</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Barbadoes Aloes, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page41">41</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonna Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonna Leaves, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page62">62</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonna Liniment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page64">64</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonna Ointment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonna Radix, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonna Root, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonna Tincture<span class="pagenum" id="Page166">[166]</span>, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Belladonnae Folia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page62">62</a></span></li> -<li>Benzoate of Ammonia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Benzoate of Soda, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Benzoic Acid, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Benzoin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page66">66</a></span></li> -<li>Benzoin Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Benzoinated Lard, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page66">66</a></span></li> -<li>Benzoinum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page66">66</a></span></li> -<li>Bicarbonate of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> -<li>Bicarbonate of Soda, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page150">150</a></span></li> -<li>Biniodide of Mercury, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page102">102</a></span></li> -<li>Bi-Chloride of Mercury, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Bitartrate of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page141">141</a></span></li> -<li>Bitter Wood, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Black Mustard, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Blister Beetles, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Blue Stone, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page88">88</a></span></li> -<li>Blue Vitriol, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page88">88</a></span></li> -<li>Boracic Acid, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> -<li>Boric Acid, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> -<li>Brandy, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page37">37</a></span></li> -<li>Bromide of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> -<li>Bromide of Sodium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Calamus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page68">68</a></span></li> -<li>Calamus Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page68">68</a></span></li> -<li>Calcium Oxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>California Buckthorn, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Calomel, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page101">101</a></span></li> -<li>Calumba, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Calumba Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Calumba Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Calx, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Camphor, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page71">71</a></span></li> -<li>Camphor Cerate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Camphor Liniment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Camphor Water, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page71">71</a></span></li> -<li>Camphora, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page71">71</a></span></li> -<li>Camphora Monobromata, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Camphorated Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Camphorated Tincture of Opium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Cantharis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Cantharides, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Cantharides Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Capsicum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> -<li>Capsicum Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Capsicum Oleoresin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Capsicum Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Carbolic Acid, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Carbolic Acid, Crude, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Carbonate of Ammonia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Carbonate of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> -<li>Carron Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Cascara Sagrada, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Castor Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page115">115</a></span></li> -<li>Catechu, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page97">97</a></span></li> -<li>Caustic Potash, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> -<li>Cayenne Pepper, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> -<li>Cerate of Camphor, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Ceratum Camphorae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Chalk Mixture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page87">87</a></span></li> -<li>Chalk, Prepared, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page86">86</a></span></li> -<li>Chichona, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page83">83</a></span></li> -<li>Chichona Alkaloids, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page84">84</a></span></li> -<li>Chittem Bark, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Chlorate of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page140">140</a></span></li> -<li>Chloride of Iron, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Chloride of Mercury, Mild, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page101">101</a></span></li> -<li>Chloride of Sodium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page150">150</a></span></li> -<li>Chloride of Zinc, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> -<li>Chloroform, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> -<li>Chloroform Compared with Ether, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page81">81</a></span></li> -<li>Chloroform Emulsum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Chloroform Liniment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> -<li>Chloroform Spirits, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Chloroform Water, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> -<li>Chloroformum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> -<li>Citrate of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page133">133</a></span></li> -<li>Cocaine Hydrochloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page85">85</a></span></li> -<li>Cocainae Hydrochloridum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page85">85</a></span></li> -<li>Cod Liver Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Codeina, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Codeine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Comparison of Ether with Chloroform, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page81">81</a></span></li> -<li>Compound Chalk Powder, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page87">87</a></span></li> -<li>Compound Powder of Jalap, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Compound Powder Rhubarb, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Compound Spirit of Ether, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page34">34</a></span></li> -<li>Compound Spirit of Juniper, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page37">37</a></span></li> -<li>Compound Tincture of Benzoin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Compound Tincture of Gentian, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Compound Tincture of Gambir, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page97">97</a></span></li> -<li>Copper Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page88">88</a></span></li> -<li>Copperas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Corrosive Sublimate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Cosmoline, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Cotton Seed Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page115">115</a></span></li> -<li>Cream of Tartar, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page141">141</a></span></li> -<li>Creta Praeparata, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page86">86</a></span></li> -<li>Cretae Mistura, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page87">87</a></span></li> -<li>Cretae Pulvis Compositus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page87">87</a></span></li> -<li>Croton Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page118">118</a></span></li> -<li>Crude Carbolic Acid, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Cupri Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page88">88</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Diacetylmorphine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Dandelion Root, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Digitalein, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page89">89</a></span></li> -<li>Digitalin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page89">89</a></span></li> -<li>Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page88">88</a></span></li> -<li>Digitalis Infusion<span class="pagenum" id="Page167">[167]</span>, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Digitalis Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page89">89</a></span></li> -<li>Digitalis Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Digitalis Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Digitonin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page89">89</a></span></li> -<li>Digitoxin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page89">89</a></span></li> -<li>Deodorized Opium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Donovan’s Solution, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page59">59</a></span></li> -<li>Dose Table of Valuable Drugs, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page164">164</a></span></li> -<li>Doses for Young Animals, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page21">21</a>-<a href="#Page22">22</a></span></li> -<li>Dover’s Liquid Powder, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Dover’s Powder, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Dried Ferrous Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Emulsion of Chloroform, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Epsom Salts, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page109">109</a></span></li> -<li>Ether, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page33">33</a></span></li> -<li>Ether Compared with Chloroform, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page81">81</a></span></li> -<li>Ether, Pure, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page33">33</a></span></li> -<li>Extract of Arnica Root, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Extract of Belladonna Leaves, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Extract of Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page89">89</a></span></li> -<li>Extract of Gentian, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Extract of Nux Vomica, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> -<li>Extract of Opium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Extract of Quassia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Extract of Taraxacum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Extractum Arnicae Radicis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Extractum Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page89">89</a></span></li> -<li>Extractum Gentianae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Extractum Nucis Vomicae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> -<li>Extractum Opii, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Extractum Quassiae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Extractum Taraxaci, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> -<li>Ferri Chloridum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> -<li>Ferri Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Ferric Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> -<li>Ferrous Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Ferrum Reductum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Flaxseed, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page107">107</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Aconite, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Arnica Root, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Belladonna Root, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract Calamus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page68">68</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Calumba, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Capsicum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Gentian, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Ginger, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Hydrastis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract Nux Vomica, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Quassia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Rhamnus Purshiana, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Rhubarb, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextract of Taraxacum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Aconiti, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Arnicae Radicis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Belladonnae Radicis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Calumbae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Calami, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page68">68</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Capsici, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum of Gentianae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Hydrastis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Quassiae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshiana, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshiana Aromaticum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Rhei, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Taraxaci, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Fluidextractum Zingiberis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> -<li>Fowler’s Solution, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Foxglove, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page88">88</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Gambir, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page97">97</a></span></li> -<li>Gambir Tincture Compound, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page97">97</a></span></li> -<li>Gamboge, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Gambogia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>General Actions of Medicines, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page5">5</a>-<a href="#Page19">19</a></span></li> -<li>Gentian, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Gentian Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Gentian Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Gentian Tincture Compound, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Gentiana, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> -<li>Ginger, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> -<li>Ginger Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> -<li>Ginger Oleoresin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> -<li>Ginger Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> -<li>Glauber’s Salts, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page151">151</a></span></li> -<li>Glycerite of Boroglycerin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> -<li>Glycerite Hydrastis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Glyceritum Boroglycerin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> -<li>Glyceritum Hydrastis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Golden Seal, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page103">103</a></span></li> -<li>Goulard’s Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page132">132</a></span></li> -<li>Green Vitriol, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Gregory’s Powder, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Gum Camphor, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page71">71</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Heroin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Hoffman’s Anodyne, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page34">34</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrate of Turpin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrastine Hydrochloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrastis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page103">103</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrastis Fluidextract<span class="pagenum" id="Page168">[168]</span>, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrastis Glycerite, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrastis Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page103">103</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page101">101</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrargyri Iodidum Rubrum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page102">102</a></span></li> -<li>Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Hydroxide of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> -<li>Hyposulphite of Sodium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page152">152</a></span></li> -<li>Hydroxide of Aluminum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Infusion of Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Infusum Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Iodide of Mercury (Red), <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page102">102</a></span></li> -<li>Iodide of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Iodine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page105">105</a></span></li> -<li>Iodum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page105">105</a></span></li> -<li>Ipecac and Opium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Iron Actions, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Iron Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> -<li>Iron Reduced, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Jalap, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Jalap Compound Powder, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Jalapa, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Jalapa Resina, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Jalap Resin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Lard Benzoinated, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page66">66</a></span></li> -<li>Laudanum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Lead Acetate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Lead Oxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Lime, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Lime Liniment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Liniment, Ammonia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Liniment Belladonna, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page64">64</a></span></li> -<li>Liniment Chloroform, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page77">77</a></span></li> -<li>Liniment Soap, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Liniment of Turpentine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Linimentum Ammoniae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Linimentum Belladonnae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page64">64</a></span></li> -<li>Linimentum Calcis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Linimentum Camphorae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Linimentum Saponis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Linimentum Terebinthinae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Linseed, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page107">107</a></span></li> -<li>Linseed Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page107">107</a></span></li> -<li>Linum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page107">107</a></span></li> -<li>Liquid Dover’s Powder, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Liquid Petrolatum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Liquor Ammonii Acetatis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page59">59</a></span></li> -<li>Liquor Ferri Chloridi, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Liquor Ferri Subsulphatis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page132">132</a></span></li> -<li>Liquor Potassii Arsentis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Liquor Zinci Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page163">163</a></span></li> -<li>Lithii Benzoas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Lithium Benzoate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Lunar Caustic, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page55">55</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Male Fern, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page61">61</a></span></li> -<li>Magnesii Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page109">109</a></span></li> -<li>Magnesium Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page109">109</a></span></li> -<li>Medicines, General Actions, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page5">5</a>-<a href="#Page19">19</a></span></li> -<li>Medicines, Administration, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> -<li>Mercury Bi-Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Mercury Oxide (Yellow), <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page103">103</a></span></li> -<li>Methods of Administering Medicines, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> -<li>Mild Mercurous Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page101">101</a></span></li> -<li>Mitigated Silver Nitrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page55">55</a></span></li> -<li>Monkshood, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page29">29</a></span></li> -<li>Monobromated Camphor, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Monsel’s Solution, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Morphina, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Morphine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Morphinae Acetas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Morphinae Hydrochloridum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Morphinae Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Morphine Acetate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Morphine Hydrochloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Morphine Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Moulded Silver Nitrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page55">55</a></span></li> -<li>Muriate of Ammonia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> -<li>Mustard, Black, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Mustard Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Mustard, White, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Naphthalene, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page110">110</a></span></li> -<li>Naphthalenum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page110">110</a></span></li> -<li>Nitrate of Potassium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page139">139</a></span></li> -<li>Nitrate of Silver, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> -<li>Niter, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page139">139</a></span></li> -<li>Nitrite Amyl, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page46">46</a></span></li> -<li>Nux Vomica, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page110">110</a></span></li> -<li>Nux Vomica Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> -<li>Nux Vomica Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> -<li>Nux Vomica Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Oil of Anise, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Oil Camphorated, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Oil Carron, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page69">69</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Castor, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page115">115</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Cod Liver, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Cotton Seed, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page115">115</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Croton, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page118">118</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Linseed, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page107">107</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Mustard, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Oil, Olive, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Oil, Sweet, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Turpentine, Rectified, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Tar, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Ointment of Tar, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Ointment of Zinc Oxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Anisi, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page47">47</a></span></li> -<li>Oleoresin Aspidium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page62">62</a></span></li> -<li>Oleoresin Capsicum<span class="pagenum" id="Page169">[169]</span>, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Oleoresin Male Fern, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page62">62</a></span></li> -<li>Oleoresina Aspidii, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page62">62</a></span></li> -<li>Oleoresina Zingiberis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> -<li>Oleoresina Capsici, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Gossypii Seminis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page115">115</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Lini, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page107">107</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Morrhuae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Olivae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Picis Liquidae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Ricini, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page115">115</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Sinapis Volatile, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Terebinthinae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page116">116</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Terebinthinae Rectificatum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Olive Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Oil of Turpentine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page116">116</a></span></li> -<li>Oleum Tiglii, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page118">118</a></span></li> -<li>Opii Pulvis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page120">120</a></span></li> -<li>Opium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page120">120</a></span></li> -<li>Opium Deodoratum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Opium Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Opium and Ipecac, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Opium, Powdered, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page120">120</a></span></li> -<li>Opium Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Opium Tincture, Camphorated, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Opium and Wine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Oxide of Lead, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Oxide of Zinc, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page161">161</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Paregoric, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Pepper, Cayenne, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> -<li>Pepper, Red, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> -<li>Permanganate of Potash, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page142">142</a></span></li> -<li>Petrolatum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Petrolatum Album, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page129">129</a></span></li> -<li>Petrolatum Liquidum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Petrolatum White, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page129">129</a></span></li> -<li>Phenol, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page26">26</a></span></li> -<li>Phenyl Salicylate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page29">29</a></span></li> -<li>Phenylis Salicylas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page29">29</a></span></li> -<li>Pix Liquida, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Plumbi Acetas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Plumbi Oxidum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Acetas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page133">133</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Citras, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page133">133</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Bicarbonas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Bitartras, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page141">141</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Bromidum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Carbonas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Chloras, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page140">140</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Hydroxium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Iodidum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Nitras, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page139">139</a></span></li> -<li>Potassii Permanganas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page142">142</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Acetate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page133">133</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Bicarbonate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Bitartrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page141">141</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Bromide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Carbonate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Chlorate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page140">140</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Citrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page133">133</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Hydroxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Hydroxide Solution, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Iodide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Nitrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page139">139</a></span></li> -<li>Potassium Permanganate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page142">142</a></span></li> -<li>Precipitated Sulphur, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Precipitated Zinc Carbonate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page161">161</a></span></li> -<li>Prepared Chalk, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page86">86</a></span></li> -<li>Prescribing, the Art of, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page22">22</a>-<a href="#Page23">23</a></span></li> -<li>Prescription Writing, Abbreviations, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page24">24</a></span></li> -<li>Prescription Writing Tables, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> -<li>Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Quaker Button, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page110">110</a></span></li> -<li>Quassia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Quassia Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Quassia Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page143">143</a></span></li> -<li>Quassia Tincture, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Quininae et ureae Hydrochloridum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page85">85</a></span></li> -<li>Quininae Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page84">84</a></span></li> -<li>Quinine Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page84">84</a></span></li> -<li>Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page85">85</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Rectified Oil of Turpentine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Red Iodide of Mercury, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page102">102</a></span></li> -<li>Red Wine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page38">38</a></span></li> -<li>Reduced Iron, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Red Pepper, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> -<li>Resin of Jalap, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Resina Jalapa, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Rhamnus Purshiana, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> -<li>Rheum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Rhubarb, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Rhubarb Compound Powder, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Rhubarb Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> -<li>Rum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page38">38</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> -<li>Sal Ammoniac, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> -<li>Salicin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page147">147</a></span></li> -<li>Salicinum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page147">147</a></span></li> -<li>Salicylas Sodium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page28">28</a></span></li> -<li>Salicylic Acid, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page28">28</a></span></li> -<li>Salol, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page29">29</a></span></li> -<li>Saltpeter, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page139">139</a></span></li> -<li>Salts (Epsom), <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page109">109</a></span></li> -<li>Salts of Tartar, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> -<li>Silver Nitrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> -<li>Sinapis Alba, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Sinapis Nigra, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>Soap Liniment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Socotrine Aloes, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page41">41</a></span></li> -<li>Sodii Benzoas<span class="pagenum" id="Page170">[170]</span>, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Sodii Bromidum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> -<li>Sodii Chloridum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page150">150</a></span></li> -<li>Sodii Salicylas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page28">28</a></span></li> -<li>Sodii Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page151">151</a></span></li> -<li>Sodii Thiosulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page152">152</a></span></li> -<li>Sodium, Salicylas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page28">28</a></span></li> -<li>Sodium Benzoate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Sodium Bicarbonate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page150">150</a></span></li> -<li>Sodium Bromide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> -<li>Sodium Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page150">150</a></span></li> -<li>Sodium Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page151">151</a></span></li> -<li>Sodium Thiosulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page152">152</a></span></li> -<li>Solution of Ammonia Acetate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page52">52</a></span></li> -<li>Solution of Ferri Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Solution of Ferric Subsulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Solution of Lead Subacetate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page132">132</a></span></li> -<li>Solution of Potassium Arsenite, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page58">58</a></span></li> -<li>Solution of Potassium Hydroxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> -<li>Solution of Zinc Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page163">163</a></span></li> -<li>Spanish Fly, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Spirit Ammonia, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Spirit of Camphor, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Spirit of Chloroform, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Spirit of Ether, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page34">34</a></span></li> -<li>Spirit of Glonoin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page155">155</a></span></li> -<li>Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page155">155</a></span></li> -<li>Spirit of Nitrous Ether, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page153">153</a></span></li> -<li>Spirits Vini Gallici, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page37">37</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Aetheris, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page34">34</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Aetheris Compositus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page34">34</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Aetheris Nitrosi, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page153">153</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Ammoniae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page51">51</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Camphorae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page72">72</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Chloroform, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page78">78</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Frumenti, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page37">37</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page155">155</a></span></li> -<li>Spiritus Juniperi Compositus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page37">37</a></span></li> -<li>Stronger Ammonia Water, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page50">50</a></span></li> -<li>Strychnina, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> -<li>Strychnine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> -<li>Strychnine Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> -<li>Strychninae Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Aluminum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page45">45</a></span></li> -<li>Sugar of Lead, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page131">131</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Atrophine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page64">64</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Copper, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page88">88</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Copper, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Iron, Dried, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Magnesium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page109">109</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Morphine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Quinine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page84">84</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Strychnine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Zinc, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page160">160</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphate of Sodium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page151">151</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphur Flowers, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphur Lotum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphur Ointment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphur Precipitatum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphur Sublimatum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphur Sublimed, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Sulphur Washed, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Sweet Flag, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page68">68</a></span></li> -<li>Sweet Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> -<li>Sweet Spirits of Niter, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page153">153</a></span></li> -<li>Syrupus Ferri Iodidi, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> -<li>Syrup of Ferrous Iodide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page92">92</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Tables used in Prescription Writing, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> -<li>Tables Regulating the Doses for Young Animals, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page21">21</a>-<a href="#Page22">22</a></span></li> -<li>Tables of Weights and Measures, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> -<li>Tar, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Tar Oil, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Tar Ointment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Taraxacum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Taraxacum Extract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Taraxacum Fluidextract, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> -<li>Tartar Emetic, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page48">48</a></span></li> -<li>Terebene, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Terebenum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Terpin Hydrate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Terpini Hydras, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Aconiti, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page42">42</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Arnicae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Benzoini, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Benzoini Composita, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Cantharidis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Capsici, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Calumbae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Gambir Composita, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page97">97</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Gentianae Composita, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Hydrastis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Ipecacuanhae et Opii, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Nucis Vomicae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Opii, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Tinctura Opii Camphorata, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture Aconite, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page42">42</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Arnica, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page56">56</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Belladonna Leaves, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture Benzoin, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Calumba, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Capsicum<span class="pagenum" id="Page171">[171]</span>, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page76">76</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture Cantharides, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Digitalis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page90">90</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Ferric Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture Hydrastis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page104">104</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Ipecac and Opium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Nux Vomica, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture of Opium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page121">121</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture Quassiae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture Rhei Aromatica, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page147">147</a></span></li> -<li>Tincture Zingiberis, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> -<li>Turpentine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page116">116</a></span></li> -<li>Turpentine Liniment, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> -<li>Tincturus Ferri Chloridi, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page93">93</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Unguentum Belladonnae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page63">63</a></span></li> -<li>Unguentum Picis Liquidae, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page130">130</a></span></li> -<li>Unguentum Sulphuris, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page156">156</a></span></li> -<li>Unguentum Zinci Oxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Vaseline, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> -<li>Vinum Album, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page38">38</a></span></li> -<li>Vinum Opii, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Vinum Rubrum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page38">38</a></span></li> -<li>Vitriol, Blue, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page88">88</a></span></li> -<li>Vitriol, Green, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page91">91</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Weights and Measures Tables, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> -<li>Whisky, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page37">37</a></span></li> -<li>White Mustard, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page148">148</a></span></li> -<li>White Wine, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page38">38</a></span></li> -<li>Wine of Opium, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> -<li>Wine, Red, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page38">38</a></span></li> -<li>Wine, White, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page38">38</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Yellow Mercuric Oxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page103">103</a></span></li> - -<li class="newletter">Zinc Acetate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> -<li>Zinc Chloride, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> -<li>Zinc Chloride Solution, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page163">163</a></span></li> -<li>Zinc Oxide, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page161">161</a></span></li> -<li>Zinc Sulphate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page160">160</a></span></li> -<li>Zinc Sulphocarbolate, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page160">160</a></span></li> -<li>Zinci Acetas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> -<li>Zinci Carbonas Praecipitatus, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page161">161</a></span></li> -<li>Zinci Chloridum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> -<li>Zinci Oxidum, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page161">161</a></span></li> -<li>Zinci Phenolsulphonas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page160">160</a></span></li> -<li>Zinci Sulphas, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page160">160</a></span></li> -<li>Zingiber, <span class="indexpage"><a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> - -</ul> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<div class="tnbot" id="TN"> - -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p>Inconsistent, archaic and unusual spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, etc. have been retained, except as mentioned below. -This includes the use of Linne for Linné, atrophine for atropine, Qussia for Quassia, incontinuence for incontinence, -Reisling and Resiling for Riesling; Chichona and Cinchona; chlorid and chlorate for chloride, etc. that may either be deliberately used -alternative spellings or typographical errors.</p> - -<p>Individual medicines have been treated as sections, which were (when applicable) grouped together in chapters based on their -common compound.</p> - -<p>The book has several sentences where a word (or some words) may be missing; these have not been corrected, unless mentioned below.</p> - -<p>Depending on the hard- and software used and their settings, not all elements may display as intended.</p> - -<p>Page 36, miscible with ether chloroform: presumably miscible with ether and chloroform.</p> - -<p>Page 37, owe their flavor to bouquet to ethers: as printed in the source document; possibly an error for ... to a bouquet of ethers.</p> - -<p>Page 41, 20 gr. to 1 dr.: the animal for this dose is not mentioned, but is possibly the dog.</p> - -<p>Page 46, distillation of nitric and amylic alcohol: possibly an error for ... nitric acid and amylic alcohol.</p> - -<p>Page 51, These four proportions of ammonia: possibly an error for These four preparations of ammonia; alcoholic proportions: possibly -an error for alcoholic preparations.</p> - -<p>Page 85, 97, U. S.: presumably U. S. P. (for Pharmacopoeia) as elsewhere.</p> - -<p class="blankbefore75">Changes:</p> - -<p>Many minor obvious typographical errors have been corrected silently.</p> - -<p>Aquous and aqueous have been standardised to aqueous; columba and calumba to calumba; hydrastic to hydrastis.</p> - -<table class="changes" summary="Changes"> - -<tr class="bb"> -<th class="right br">Page</th> -<th class="left br">Source document</th> -<th class="left">Changed to</th> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">7</td> -<td class="source"><span class="smcap">Antiferement.</span></td> -<td class="changes"><span class="smcap">Antiferment.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">9</td> -<td class="source">Commony Elaterium</td> -<td class="changes">Common Elaterium</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="page">10</td> -<td class="source">seatons</td> -<td class="changes">setons</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source"><span class="smcap">Cautery Potenteal.</span></td> -<td class="changes"><span class="smcap">Cautery Potential.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">12</td> -<td class="source">Pancratin</td> -<td class="changes">Pancreatin</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">13</td> -<td class="source"><span class="smcap">Epispostic.</span></td> -<td class="changes"><span class="smcap">Epispastic.</span></td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">14</td> -<td class="source">Segenaroot</td> -<td class="changes">Senegaroot</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">17</td> -<td class="source">borac acid</td> -<td class="changes">boric acid (boracic acid might also be appropriate)</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="3" class="page">24</td> -<td class="source">quaqua—hora</td> -<td class="changes">quaqua-hora</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">Oclarius</td> -<td class="changes">Octarius</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">Unguntum</td> -<td class="changes">Unguentum</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">25</td> -<td class="source">crystitis</td> -<td class="changes">cystitis</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="page">26</td> -<td class="source">cresol</td> -<td class="changes">creosol</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">PHENO—ACIDUM CARBOLICUM—CARBOLIC ACID</td> -<td class="changes">PHENOL—ACIDUM CARBOLICUM—CARBOLIC ACID</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">30</td> -<td class="source">horney</td> -<td class="changes">horny</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">32</td> -<td class="source">perotidities</td> -<td class="changes">perotiditis (also called parotiditis elsewhere in the book)</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">41</td> -<td class="source">Aloe chinenisis</td> -<td class="changes">Aloe chinensis</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">50</td> -<td class="source">AQUA AMMONIAE FORTOR</td> -<td class="changes">AQUA AMMONIAE FORTIOR</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="page">53</td> -<td class="source">the oxygens, carrying power</td> -<td class="changes">the oxygen carrying power</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">intestinal paristalsis</td> -<td class="changes">intestinal peristalsis</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">55</td> -<td class="source">ARGENTE NITRAS MITIGATUS</td> -<td class="changes">ARGENTI NITRAS MITIGATUS</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">56</td> -<td class="source">senuses of fistulous withers</td> -<td class="changes">sinuses of fistulous withers</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="page">58</td> -<td class="source">ARSENIC TROXIDE</td> -<td class="changes">ARSENIC TRIOXIDE</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENTIS</td> -<td class="changes">LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">59</td> -<td class="source">excharotic</td> -<td class="changes">escharotic</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="page">60</td> -<td class="source">exidation</td> -<td class="changes">exudation</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">acidum arcenosum</td> -<td class="changes">acidum arsenosum</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">61</td> -<td class="source">Aspidum Filix—mas</td> -<td class="changes">Aspidium Filix-mas.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">62</td> -<td class="source">aspedium</td> -<td class="changes">aspidium</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">65</td> -<td class="source">pharangitis</td> -<td class="changes">pharyngitis</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">66</td> -<td class="source">stryrax</td> -<td class="changes">styrax</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">68</td> -<td class="source">rheumatic effections</td> -<td class="changes">rheumatic affections</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">69</td> -<td class="source">abraided surfaces</td> -<td class="changes">abraded surfaces</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="page">70</td> -<td class="source">CAMBOGIA</td> -<td class="changes">GAMBOGIA (this section is no longer in alphabetical order after the correction)</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">TINCLURA CALUMBAE</td> -<td class="changes">TINCTURA CALUMBAE</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">73</td> -<td class="source">stangury</td> -<td class="changes">strangury</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">75</td> -<td class="source">adaps</td> -<td class="changes">adeps</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">83</td> -<td class="source">antonic indigestion</td> -<td class="changes">atonic indigestion</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">84</td> -<td class="source">the action of quinine or micro-organisms ...</td> -<td class="changes">the action of quinine on micro-organisms ...</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">86</td> -<td class="source">neurectony</td> -<td class="changes">neurectomy</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">97</td> -<td class="source">Uncaria Gembier, Roxb.</td> -<td class="changes">Uncaria Gambir, Roxb.</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">100</td> -<td class="source">albumenates</td> -<td class="changes">albuminates</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">101</td> -<td class="source">emisis</td> -<td class="changes">emesis</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">103</td> -<td class="source">GOLDEN ZEAL</td> -<td class="changes">GOLDEN SEAL</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="page">106</td> -<td class="source">parasitide</td> -<td class="changes">parasiticide</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">disquamatic</td> -<td class="changes">desquamatic</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">110</td> -<td class="source">Commandel Coast</td> -<td class="changes">Coromandel Coast</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">112</td> -<td class="source">anyl alcohol</td> -<td class="changes">amyl alcohol</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="2" class="page">116</td> -<td class="source">alvein secretions</td> -<td class="changes">alvine secretions</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">Pinus paulstris</td> -<td class="changes">Pinus palustris</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">120</td> -<td class="source">The Smyram, or Turkey opium</td> -<td class="changes">The Smyrna, or Turkey opium</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">123</td> -<td class="source">ammonical</td> -<td class="changes">ammoniacal</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">126</td> -<td class="source">bismuth sub. nitrate</td> -<td class="changes">bismuth subnitrate</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">129</td> -<td class="source">electuries</td> -<td class="changes">electuaries</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">130</td> -<td class="source">OLEUM PISIS</td> -<td class="changes">OLEUM PICIS</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">132</td> -<td class="source">repeated header PREPARATIONS</td> -<td class="changes">deleted</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">138</td> -<td class="source">scirrhus</td> -<td class="changes">scirrhous</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">142</td> -<td class="source">internally in purperal</td> -<td class="changes">internally in puerperal</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">152</td> -<td class="source">chologogue</td> -<td class="changes">cholagogue</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">153</td> -<td class="source">All ethyl-nitrate to</td> -<td class="changes">Add ethyl-nitrate to</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">157</td> -<td class="source">psoriases</td> -<td class="changes">psoriasis</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">159</td> -<td class="source">Zingiber officiale</td> -<td class="changes">Zingiber officinale</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="page">162</td> -<td class="source">acedious</td> -<td class="changes">acidious</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td rowspan="5" class="page">165 ff.,<br />Index</td> -<td class="source">duplicate entry Acid, Carbolic</td> -<td class="changes">removed</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">Argenti Nitras Fusus</td> -<td class="changes">moved to proper place</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">Entry Ether</td> -<td class="changes">moved from separate entry (directly before Chittem Bark) to the second line of entry Chloroform compared with</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td class="source">Wand Measures Tables</td> -<td class="changes">Weights and Measures Tables</td> -</tr> - -<tr class="bb"> -<td class="source">Several typographical errors</td> -<td class="changes">corrected in order to conform to the text; when necessary the entries concerned were moved to their proper -places after correction.</td> -</tr> - -</table> - -</div><!--tnbot--> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Veterinary Medicines, by George F. 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