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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..717de57 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62449 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62449) diff --git a/old/62449-0.txt b/old/62449-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c6c2612..0000000 --- a/old/62449-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2920 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Maximilian in Mexico, by J. Kemper - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Maximilian in Mexico - Life Stories for Young People - -Author: J. Kemper - -Editor: George P. Upton - -Release Date: June 22, 2020 [EBook #62449] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAXIMILIAN IN MEXICO *** - - - - -Produced by D A Alexander, Stephen Hutcheson, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - [Illustration: _EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN_] - - _Life Stories for Young People_ - - - - - Maximilian in Mexico - - - _Translated from the German of - J. Kemper_ - - BY - GEORGE P. UPTON - _Translator of “Memories,” “Immensee,” etc._ - - WITH THREE ILLUSTRATIONS - - [Illustration: A. C. McCLURG & CO.] - - CHICAGO - A. C. McCLURG & CO. - 1911 - - Copyright - A. C. McClurg & Co. - 1911 - Published September, 1911 - - THE · PLIMPTON · PRESS - [W·D·O] - NORWOOD · MASS · U·S·A - - - - - Translator’s Preface - - -The life story of Maximilian First in Mexico is one of the saddest of -tragedies. Admitting that he was in some respects a weak sovereign and -incompetent for the task he undertook, the tragedy is none the less sad. -The dreadful fate which overtook the Empress Carlotta only adds to the -gloom of the situation, and, if all reports are true, serves to -emphasize Mexican cruelty and treachery, for in official circles it is -generally believed she was made insane by a poisonous herb secretly -mixed with her drink. Maximilian himself was a gentleman in the best -sense of the term, gentle, courteous, refined, and scholarly; unfitted -for the position he held, inexperienced in political matters, and -ignorant how to contend with guile and treachery of the basest kind. He -was virtually forced to ascend the Mexican throne, and consented only -when he was assured that the Mexican people had enthusiastically elected -him. Once there, he found himself the victim of treacherous plots and -deadly hatred. He had but few friends upon whom he could rely, and they -were unable to aid him in the hour of greatest danger. Louis Napoleon, -who was chiefly instrumental in sending him there, violated his -agreements, withdrew the French troops from Mexico, and abandoned him as -a prey to his vindictive enemies, at whose hands he died like a -gentleman and a hero, leaving the Empress to suffer the tortures of -living death in a European asylum. History recalls few sadder tragedies -than the one contained in the story of Maximilian’s three years in -Mexico. - - G. P. U. - -Chicago, _May, 1911_ - - - - - Contents - - - Chapter Page - I Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian 11 - II The Mexican Empire 15 - III Arrival of the Emperor in Mexico 24 - IV Maximilian’s First Measures 28 - V Church Affairs in Mexico 37 - VI Enemies Within and Without 40 - VII Bazaine’s Position in Mexico 44 - VIII Fruits of the New Government 48 - IX Louis Napoleon’s Attitude 52 - X The Empress’ Journey to Europe 56 - XI Events in Mexico After the Departure of the Empress 62 - XII The Emperor at Orizaba 73 - XIII Departure of the French 79 - XIV The Siege of Querétaro 86 - XV Downfall of the Mexican Empire 99 - XVI The Emperor’s Imprisonment 113 - XVII Death of Maximilian and His Generals 124 - XVIII Conclusion 129 - Appendix 133 - - - - - Illustrations - - - Page - Emperor Maximilian _Frontispiece_ - Empress Carlotta 56 - Last Moments of Emperor Maximilian 124 - - - - - Maximilian in Mexico - - - - - Chapter I - Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian - - -Ferdinand Maximilian, born at Schönbrunn on the sixth of July, 1832, was -the second son of Archduke Charles of Austria and the Archduchess Sophie -of Bavaria, a clever and highly cultivated princess, under whose -personal supervision the young Archduke received a careful and thorough -education, in which Count Bombelles, whose son afterward accompanied -Maximilian to Mexico, also had an important share. - -From early childhood the prince showed that marked love of nature, and -especially of the sea, which was so characteristic of his later years -and which made his education for the navy—his destined career—an easy -and pleasant task. To this chosen profession, indeed, he applied himself -with such zeal and devotion that he may be regarded as the real founder -of the Austrian navy. - -His leisure hours were devoted to the study of the fine arts and to the -practice of all sorts of athletic pursuits, in which he excelled, being -tall and well built, and quick and elastic in all his motions. - -In 1850, upon the completion of his scientific studies, he made his -first long cruise, to Greece and Smyrna, followed by voyages to Spain, -Portugal, and Algiers. In 1853 he was made captain of a corvette, and a -year later received the appointment of commander-in-chief of the navy, -soon after which, escorted by a squadron of seventeen warships, he -visited Greece, Crete, Egypt, and Palestine. - -The years 1856-57 were spent chiefly in European travel, during which -time the Archduke made the acquaintance of his future wife, the Princess -Carlotta, daughter of King Leopold Second of Belgium, to whom he was -married in 1857 and who proved so loyal and devoted a companion in joy -and sorrow until overtaken by the tragic fate of which we shall hear -later. Soon after his marriage, Maximilian, then only in his -twenty-fifth year, was made governor-general of the Lombardo-Venetian -kingdom by his brother, the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria—an office -which he held for two years, and which served in some measure as a -preparation for his subsequent mission in Mexico for, as -governor-general, he had many difficulties to contend with, even though -they were of quite a different nature from those that afterward -confronted him in America. - -The war that broke out in 1859 between Italy and Austria put an end to -Maximilian’s political career and he retired to the seclusion of -Miramar, the beautiful palace erected at Trieste some years before. Here -he lived quietly and peacefully, occupied with his favorite literary and -artistic pursuits, and it was here that he wrote the “Sketches of -Travel,” afterward published; also the “Aphorisms,” which speak the -thoughts and aspirations of a great soul. - -Maximilian has been called weak and irresolute, and in fact he did prove -hopelessly unequal to the task that was set for him in Mexico—a task far -less suited to his gentle, kindly nature than to the bolder character of -his rival, Juarez, a man of quite another stamp, who hesitated at no -means to attain his ends and for whom the high-minded Hapsburger was no -match. That Maximilian made many grave errors cannot be denied, but his -entire administration should not be condemned for that reason. It is -certain that he was inspired by the noblest aims and intentions, and had -the Mexicans but realized this and given him their loyal support his -plans might have been realized and ensured both the country’s welfare -and his own. - - - - - Chapter II - The Mexican Empire - - -During the Archduke’s travels, in 1856, he had visited Paris and spent -twelve days at St. Cloud with Napoleon Third and Eugénie. He became much -interested in the Emperor’s ambitious schemes, while Napoleon and his -wife on their part were so pleased with Maximilian’s frank and manly -character that by the time he took his departure the French sovereigns -had already made plans for the future of their guest, the situation in -Mexico offering a favorable opportunity. - -The better class of Mexicans were anxious for a strong hand to assume -the reins of government and restore order to that distracted and -wellnigh ruined land, and as Napoleon Third was then in control of -affairs there, it was an easy matter for him to arouse the interest of -the Mexicans in the young Archduke as their prospective ruler. The -throne of Mexico therefore was duly offered to Maximilian, but he was at -first unwilling to accept it. Fully acquainted with the disordered state -of that country, there was little temptation for him to exchange the -peaceful seclusion of Miramar for so doubtful a gift. Negotiations were -carried on for eight months between Paris and Miramar before the -Archduke would consent to accept the crown. At length, however, he -agreed on condition that both France and England would guarantee their -support in this enterprise. Further delays were caused by discussions -between France, Spain, and England, but not until England and Spain had -finally yielded and withdrawn all their troops from Mexico did Napoleon -fully realize the complications of the situation there. - -Meanwhile Maximilian at Miramar became devoted to the idea of being -Emperor of Mexico, being principally actuated by the fact that his wife -would be an Empress. Both applied themselves closely to the study not -only of the geography but of the language and customs of the country, -actively corresponding at the same time with those who might be able to -exert an influence upon the destinies of Mexico. - -The first public negotiations were conducted in person by Napoleon Third -and the Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria, the latter of whom sent his -minister, Count Rechberg, to Miramar to discuss the matter with his -brother Maximilian. Both the Archduke and his wife attached great weight -to the opinion of her father, King Leopold, who was well known as a -shrewd and clear-headed thinker. He pointed out plainly the dangers and -difficulties attendant on assuming the sovereignty of Mexico, but did -not regard them as insurmountable, and his advice decided the question. -Maximilian announced himself ready to accept the throne on certain -conditions, the chief of which was that his choice as Emperor should be -confirmed by a vote of the Mexican people. - -On the third of October, 1863, an embassy from Mexico arrived at Miramar -with a formal offer of the crown. It was headed by Don Gutierrez de -Estrada, who had labored for twenty years to restore a monarchy in -Mexico. Maximilian’s reply was as follows: - -“I am deeply moved by the wishes of the Mexican assembly. It is most -flattering to our house that their choice should have fallen on a -descendant of Charles the Fifth. Yet noble and lofty a mission as it is -to establish the welfare and independence of Mexico, I agree with the -Emperor Napoleon that the monarchy can be restored on a firm and stable -basis only by the free consent of the people. My acceptance must -therefore be conditional on that. On the other hand, it shall be my duty -to secure the guarantees necessary to protect Mexico against the dangers -that menace her honor and her liberties. If I succeed in this and the -vote of the people be in my favor, then I shall be ready, with the -consent of my imperial brother, to accept the crown. Should Providence -call me to this high mission, it is my firm intention, after the -pacification of the country, to open the way for progress by granting a -constitution and to make this fundamental law permanent by an oath. Only -in this way can a new and truly national policy be created, by means of -which all parties, forgetting their differences, may work with me to -lift Mexico to an eminent place among the nations. Bring me this -declaration, then, on the part of your fellow-citizens and, if possible, -ascertain what form of government they desire.” - -This was a frank and manly answer, and no doubt the emissaries of the -Mexican people who carried it back across the Atlantic were equally -honorable in their intentions. How the vote was really obtained, -however, is told us by Montlong: - -At Monterey the French general, Jeanningres, summoned the most -influential citizens and addressed them thus: “The Emperor of the -French, always solicitous for the welfare of this unhappy country, has -determined to transform the Mexican republic into a great and prosperous -empire, and in the interests of this undertaking has chosen for your -Emperor one of the most liberal and enlightened princes in Europe, the -Archduke Maximilian of Austria. But as Napoleon wishes him to be elected -by general consent of the people I have summoned you here in order to -receive your votes.” Then with a threatening glance he added: “You -accept, do you not, gentlemen, the prince chosen for you by the Emperor -Napoleon?” - -Intimidated by the General’s manner and the ranks of soldiery behind -him, all replied in the affirmative, whereupon Jeanningres, addressing -the general staff officer who was to record the votes, ordered him: -“Write, sir, that this city votes unanimously for the Empire, and permit -these gentlemen to sign it.” - -The same method of procedure was enacted in every town. When the -principal citizens of Potosi refused to sign a similar document, the -officer in command caused them all to be imprisoned for thirty-six hours -till hunger forced them to yield. Thus by fraud the Empire was founded, -as by treachery it fell, both marked characteristics of this nation as -we shall see later. - -The way now seemed clear, but at the last moment an unforeseen -difficulty arose. While the Archduke was making a round of farewell -visits at various European courts, it was decided at Vienna to demand a -renunciation of all rights of succession to the throne of Austria on the -part of Maximilian and his possible descendants. Emperor Francis Joseph -strongly opposed this, justly maintaining that if such a step were -considered necessary, it should not have been deferred till the last -moment, but Count Rechberg and Baron Lichtenfels were firm. The former -undertook to lay the matter before the Archduke on his return, but was -so coldly received that he abandoned any further attempt, while -Maximilian himself declared that had this point been presented to him -earlier, negotiations with Mexico would have been broken off at once. -This, of course, was now out of the question, and after much discussion -he finally agreed to sign the act of renunciation, thus removing the -last obstacle. - -On the tenth of April, 1864, a second embassy, consisting of twenty -distinguished Mexicans, again headed by Estrada, arrived at Miramar to -perform the coronation ceremony. In his address, spoken in French, Don -Gutierrez alluded, first of all, to the gratifying result of the popular -vote. As to the method by which it had been secured the good man -probably had as little knowledge as Maximilian himself. He then recalled -France’s service to his native country, whose future prosperity he hoped -would be assured under the new monarchy. Mexico gratefully acknowledged -the Archduke’s self-sacrifice in accepting this difficult position and -was ready to hail with joy her chosen sovereign, whose motto was, -_Justitia regnorum fundamentum_. - -Maximilian’s reply was in Spanish. He declared that since the two -conditions required by him had been fulfilled, he was now able to redeem -the promise given six months before and was ready to accept the offered -crown. The oath was then administered. Maximilian swore to guard the -liberties of the Mexican nation under all circumstances and to do all in -his power for the welfare and prosperity of the people, after which -Estrada swore allegiance in the name of Mexico and was decorated by his -sovereign with the grand cross of the newly revived Guadeloupe order. A -triple “Viva” followed to the new Emperor and Empress in whose honor the -imperial Mexican flag was hoisted on the tower of Miramar, amidst salvos -from batteries and battle ships. A solemn Te Deum in the palace chapel -concluded the ceremonies. - -On the same day the Emperor signed the important convention with -Napoleon, known as the Treaty of Miramar, whereby it was agreed to -reduce the French troops as soon as possible to 25,000, including the -foreign legion. This body should evacuate the country as soon as forces -could be organized to take their place, yet the foreign legion of 8000 -was to remain, if required, for six years after the above withdrawal and -be supported from this time by the Mexican government. The transport -service for French military supplies must be paid by the same government -with 400,000 francs for the round trip, likewise the cost of the French -expedition, fixed at 270,000,000 francs for the whole time, till July 1, -1864, with interest at three per cent per annum. After this date the -expenses of the Mexican army rested with Mexico, which had also to give -1000 francs for the maintenance of each French soldier, pay included. -Against these sums the Mexican government had to pay at once 66,000,000 -francs in bonds of the late loan and 25,000,000 francs in specie -annually. A mixed commission of three Frenchmen and three Mexicans was -to meet at Mexico within three months to adjust the claims of French -citizens. All Mexican prisoners of war held by the French were to be -released as soon as Maximilian entered his States. In addition to this, -there were three secret clauses, by utilizing which France afterward, -and not without some show of reason, attempted to extricate herself from -her dangerous position. - - - - - Chapter III - Arrival of the Emperor in Mexico - - -On the tenth of April, 1864, the die was cast for Archduke Maximilian -and Carlotta. On the fourteenth, the day set for departure, all was -bustle and confusion at Miramar, usually so peaceful. The harbor of -Trieste was filled with vessels, large and small, and, anchored at some -distance from shore, lay the _Novara_, the Austrian warship that was to -convey the imperial pair to Mexico. Little did any one then suspect that -this same vessel was so soon to bring back the body of Maximilian, -cruelly murdered by Mexican rebels! To-day all was joyous anticipation. -A gayly decorated barge carried the Emperor and Empress out to the -_Novara_. Showers of blossoms were flung after them as they left the -shore, lined with thousands of spectators, and floated gently out upon -the blue waves of the Adriatic. Cannon thundered a farewell. Maximilian -looked for the last time upon his native shores. - -Two nights later the travellers rounded the southernmost point of Italy, -and on the eighteenth reached Civita Vecchia where they landed and were -met by the French and Italian ambassadors, envoys from Belgium and -Austria, and the Cardinals sent by Pope Pius Ninth to welcome -Maximilian. A special train was waiting to convey the entire party to -Rome where, on the nineteenth of April, the Emperor had an audience with -the Pope. Church affairs in Mexico had been completely demoralized by -Juarez, and one of the Emperor’s chief tasks was to restore order and -provide for the religious needs of his people. The following day Pope -Pius Ninth returned the visit at the Palazzo Marescotti, after which the -imperial party returned to Civita Vecchia, where they again boarded the -_Novara_ and resumed their voyage. At Gibraltar another stop of two days -was made, and on the twenty-eighth of May the _Novara_ anchored before -the city of Vera Cruz. The goal was reached—but what of Maximilian’s -reception by the people of Mexico who had chosen him as their sovereign -by a unanimous vote? - -Although the French frigate _Themis_, which escorted the _Novara_ across -the Atlantic, had hastened on in advance to notify the city of the -Emperor’s arrival, there was no commotion in the harbor. No flags were -flying, no guns roared a welcome, no one was waiting to receive him. A -feeling of uneasiness pervaded the Emperor’s household, but Maximilian -himself made no comment. After a long delay the commander-in-chief of -the French fleet, Rear-admiral Bosse, and his adjutant finally made -their appearance, though even then, according to the Countess Kollowitz, -their greeting was none too warm. Quite different, however, was the -Emperor’s reception in the towns between Vera Cruz and Mexico; his -journey to the capital was like a triumphal progress. - -Thus did Maximilian enter the land that was henceforth to claim his -whole attention and best endeavor. For this indifferent and ungrateful -people he had undertaken the Herculean task of regenerating a country -wasted by forty years of civil warfare; regulating a society demoralized -by anarchy; restoring national prosperity; reviving industries; and -reconciling to law and order a people to whom outlawry and robbery had -become second nature. The army must be reorganized, the land rid of -marauders, contending factions appeased and made to work together for -the common good. The Church must be placed once more on a settled basis, -new channels of trade established, and the whole national standard of -civilization raised. These were surely problems to daunt the bravest! -Well may Maximilian have hesitated long before accepting such -responsibilities, yet with heroic self-sacrifice the young Emperor set -himself to this stupendous work. That he failed was no doubt due partly -to his unfitness for the task, but more to the insuperable obstacles -that loomed before and finally crushed the noble Hapsburger. - - - - - Chapter IV - Maximilian’s First Measures - - -One of the first necessities that confronted Maximilian in the execution -of his mission was the establishment of diplomatic relations with the -world. The courts of Vienna, Rome, Paris, and Brussels had been informed -at once of his acceptance of the throne of Mexico. It now remained to -notify the remaining powers of this event. A decree was issued on the -twenty-first of June, 1864, empowering the foreign office to make the -necessary arrangements. By the end of the year Mexico had been -recognized as an Empire by Russia, Sweden, Turkey, Denmark, Portugal, -Spain, Italy, France, and England, also by the German Confederation and -the Shah of Persia. Far more valuable to the new monarchy would have -been its recognition by the United States, but the White House at -Washington still looked upon Juarez as President of Mexico, as did its -smaller and less important neighbors on the south, the republics of -Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, San Salvador, and Costa Rica. Thus the -Empire was surrounded by hostile countries, while its only ally in -America, the Emperor Don Pedro Second of Brazil, could be of little use. - -Maximilian appointed the advocate Don José Ramirez as minister of -foreign affairs—a man concerning whom opinion is divided. There can be -no question, however, as to his ability and his loyalty to Maximilian, -to whom he proved a valuable counsellor, although the Emperor -unfortunately did not always follow his advice. Maximilian took no -further action in governmental affairs until he had gained a more -intimate knowledge of the country. Though well versed in the language -and history of Mexico as well as its political complications, he -discovered at once the necessity of a personal acquaintance with the -various portions of his new realm and determined to make a tour of those -provinces loyal to him. Meanwhile he devoted himself to learning the -needs of his people. With this object in view he spent much time walking -about the streets of the capital or visiting various public and -charitable institutions. The Empress was her husband’s constant -companion, sharing all his cares and interests, and although Maximilian -did not always agree with her opinions, her clever pen, her quick wit, -and cultivated mind often proved of great help to him. - -He soon discovered many evils the existence of which he had not -suspected. The Mexican is profuse in promises which are never kept, and -Maximilian had daily proof of this national characteristic. In spite of -his personal charm and kindness the French officers kept jealously aloof -from him, regarding themselves as slighted in the distribution of -orders. The clergy, disappointed that the Church property confiscated by -Juarez had not been immediately restored to them, were dissatisfied with -the new government, while the republicans under Juarez refused, of -course, to acknowledge the Empire. - -The accusation made by these malcontents that Maximilian did not attempt -to improve conditions was entirely unjustified, however. Few that -followed his career realized how diligently and self-sacrificingly he -labored for that end. That the restoration of order must be gradually -accomplished was self-evident. Realizing that drastic measures were -necessary at many points in the affairs of state, he was forced to take -time for observation and investigation before attempting any change. -Many evils had to be endured temporarily before any radical changes -could be made, and he had also to consult the opinions of his advisers, -whether in accordance with his own or not. - -His first attention was devoted to the regulation of military and -financial matters. A commission, headed by General Bazaine, -commander-in-chief of the French troops, was appointed to meet on the -fourteenth of July to consider the reorganization of the army. The -relations between Maximilian and this officer had been none too friendly -from the first. Bazaine considered himself his own master and troubled -himself little as to the Emperor’s views. In justice to Napoleon Third, -however, it must be said that he seems to have been very imperfectly -informed as to the actions and practices of his generals in Mexico. All -correspondence with France had to pass through the hands of Bazaine or -his subordinates, who could easily color reports to suit themselves. On -the fifteenth of July a commission, presided over by Velasquez de Leon, -and consisting of landed proprietors, merchants, manufacturers, and mine -owners, met to discuss the regulation of financial affairs. - -From the first Maximilian exerted himself to do away with antiquated -customs, and as early as the sixteenth of July a decree was issued -requiring all officers of justice to be at their posts from nine to -twelve in the morning and shortening their annual leave of absence from -three months to six weeks, an innovation that met with small favor from -the Mexicans, as may be imagined. - -On the tenth of August the Emperor set out upon his tour into the -interior, the government during his absence being left in charge of the -Empress. He was accompanied by his life-long friend, Count Bombelles, -his secretary, Iglesias, Privy Councillor Scherzenlechner, and the Lord -Chamberlain Felipe Raygosa. Originally planned for four weeks, the -journey extended over three months. A proclamation had been issued by -Velasquez de Leon, shortly before the Emperor’s departure, announcing -his tour and forbidding any state receptions or entertainments in order -to spare expense to the people, impoverished by years of civil strife. -In spite of this prohibition, however, magnificent triumphal arches were -erected in many places in honor of the Emperor, who was welcomed with -great enthusiasm by the populace, the Indians, in particular, gathering -in crowds everywhere to gaze at their new sovereign. - -On the seventeenth of August Maximilian arrived at Querétaro where he -was received with great enthusiasm and remained for several days, being -royally entertained. Little did any of those who joined in the -festivities suspect that in this very town, only three years later, the -Emperor was to lay down his life for Mexico! From there he went on to -Celaya which was reached a week later. In many places through which they -passed evidences were visible of the effects of the famine that existed -in the interior of the country, and where the suffering was greatest -Maximilian distributed considerable sums of money from his own purse. At -Trapuato the Emperor was suddenly seized with an attack of quinsy which -confined him to his bed for two weeks. This delay, together with other -unforeseen occurrences in the capital, obliged him to abandon the rest -of his journey, and the party returned to Mexico, though by a different -route, arriving on the thirtieth of October. - -This tour of Maximilian’s had proved a continuous ovation, but how much -of the popular enthusiasm was due to his personality rather than to -allegiance to him as a sovereign is a question. He had shown himself -everywhere most gracious and kindly, granting audiences to persons of -all classes with a fearlessness which, considering the state of the -country, must have commanded the respect even of his enemies. Whether he -allowed himself to be deceived by these demonstrations is uncertain. At -all events he returned well content with the results of his journey and -full of hope for the future. That many of the great changes planned by -him for the benefit of the people were never put into execution was not -altogether his fault. To carry out any thorough system of reform large -sums of money are needed, and the treasury was exhausted. - -Maximilian’s first act after his return was to form a ministry. During -his travels he had met many able and patriotic Mexicans who, he fancied, -would be of great assistance to him in his projected reforms, and from -these he chose his ministers exclusively, though doubtless well aware -that in some cases the positions would have been better filled by -Austrians, Belgians, or Frenchmen. When reminded of this by his friends, -however, he would say, “Have patience! When the country learns that -Mexican ministers are good-for-nothing, I may be justified in appointing -others, and my people can then have nothing to reproach me with.” This -was no doubt wise on the Emperor’s part. The appointment of foreigners -would have excited suspicion if not rebellion at once among the -excitable and distrustful Mexicans. - -On his tour Maximilian had discovered that the country’s most pressing -need was the revival of commerce. New channels of trade must be created, -and for this purpose the laying out of highways and the building of -bridges was ordered. Robles, minister of public works, was commissioned -to build a railroad between Querétaro and Guanajuato, an undertaking -which was never carried out, however. A railroad from Mexico to Vera -Cruz was also planned, the execution of which was entrusted to an -English company, and three different companies received permission to -run steamship lines between the more important seaports of the country. -To exterminate the robber bands and secure safety for the life and -property of the people, a much needed system of militia was instituted -on the seventh of November, 1864. At the same time the Emperor urged -most strictly upon all magistrates of the various provinces the -following injunctions: preservation of law and order, firm -administration of justice, supervision of the press, construction and -maintenance of roads, extermination of marauders and outlaws, -sanitation, improvements in agriculture and the breeding of cattle, -conservation of forests, etc. - -All this proves the loftiness of Maximilian’s aims—nor were his hands -idle as some of his enemies maliciously maintained. Could he but have -had the necessary support and coöperation, conditions in that -unfortunate country must soon have improved. But with only the fickle -and treacherous Mexicans to depend upon, all these reforms were of brief -duration—a mere ripple on the stream. - - - - - Chapter V - Church Affairs in Mexico - - -The most difficult problem now awaiting solution was the religious -situation in Mexico. Forty years of internal strife and anarchy had -inevitably lowered the standards of the people and weakened their sense -of right and wrong, as was proved by Juarez’s treatment of Church -property. The claim of the enemies of the Catholic Church, however, that -the priesthood was responsible for this moral degradation, is entirely -without foundation. All reports agree that the priests were then, as -now, the friends and guardians of the Indians. Many of the stanchest -supporters of Mexican independence—among them Hidalgo, Morelos, and -Guerrero—belonged to the clerical party, and even at the present day a -large part of the minor clergy are Indians. - -Accounts vary as to the value of the Church’s property in Mexico at that -time, but it is a matter of little importance, since it had been seized -and disposed of by Juarez and his followers long before Maximilian’s -arrival. Indeed, this had been one of the chief causes for the latter’s -hesitation in accepting the throne. - -The only possible method of dealing with this knotty question seemed to -be that of direct negotiation with the papal chair, and a special envoy -was sent to Mexico by Pope Pius Ninth for this purpose. The nuncio, -Monsignore Meglia, was received by Maximilian with every mark of honor -and escorted in state to the capital where a round of festivities -ensued, after which the Emperor and his guest devoted themselves to the -matter in hand. Nine points were submitted by Maximilian and his -ministers for debate, the chief of which may be briefly stated as -follows: Free observance of all religions in Mexico, in so far as they -did not violate the laws of the country; all expenses of Catholic -worship to be borne by the State; no taxes nor gratuities of any kind to -be paid to the clergy by the people; cession by the Church of all -possessions declared to be national property; enjoyment by the Emperor -of all rights possessed by his predecessors, the Kings of Spain, in -Mexico; a mutual agreement to exist between the Pope and the Emperor to -resist aggression on the part of any or all religious orders in Mexico; -existing communities to remain on condition that no more novices be -received until conditions were settled. - -The delicate nature of these matters may readily be perceived as well as -the difficulty of their settlement. Negotiations, in fact, were soon -broken off and an uncomfortable open rupture occurred between the -Emperor’s ministers and Monsignore Meglia, who left the capital with his -suite on the twenty-seventh of May, and returned to Rome without having -accomplished his mission. - - - - - Chapter VI - Enemies Within and Without - - -Maximilian’s failure to settle this question, so important to Mexico, -not only was of the greatest detriment to the restoration of peace and -order, but also lost him the sympathies of the clerical party, already -averse to the new sovereignty. - -The unsettled condition of the country has been already alluded to. It -is impossible for peaceful industries to flourish where the lives and -property of citizens are in constant danger. The path of outlawry and -anarchy is marked only by mouldering corpses and smoking ruins. Some -idea of the state of things may be obtained from a report sent by the -prefect of Zamora to his chief, Antonio Moral, on the ninth of March, -1865: - -“This prefecture has learned through spies and other sources of -information that the robber chiefs Regules, Salazar, Egiulus, and others -are assembling their bands in large numbers for attack. Should the -troops stationed at Mazamitla and Uruapan be withdrawn, the bandits will -capture this town without a doubt, an event which would be followed by -the most serious consequences. I must add that all towns in the south of -this department are in the same danger, and earnestly implore aid. -Pazcuaro is menaced by more than 1400 outlaws. Unless General Neigre, -who has been informed of the danger, speedily sends assistance, it will -fall into their hands and a terrible catastrophe be precipitated.” - -On the tenth of May, 1865, the Mexican commander-in-chief, Vicente -Rosas, writes to the minister of war: - -“Matters are bad and grow worse daily. Besides the bands of Regules and -Pueblita, several others are roving about in this vicinity, plundering -and burning _haciendas_. Unless something can be done to remedy affairs, -this whole department will be lost.” - -The country’s most serious enemy, however, was its ex-President, Benito -Juarez. Born about 1807, in the State of Oaxaca, of an Indian family, -claiming descent from Zapotekos, Juarez’s childhood was spent in extreme -poverty. With a natural thirst for knowledge, he eagerly availed himself -of all the opportunities for learning that came within his reach, and, -finally succeeding in obtaining some education, he determined to devote -himself to the study of law. A wealthy Indian merchant, named Don José -Hernandez, had taken him into his service as errand-boy from which -position he soon rose to a clerkship, and afterward was admitted to the -bar with the dignity of Doctor of Laws. Later he was elected to the -Vice-Presidency under Comonfort, upon whose resignation, in 1858, Juarez -became President of Mexico. - -When Maximilian assumed the throne, Juarez’s term of office had nearly -expired (November 30, 1864). He would have been wise therefore to -recognize the Empire, under which he might have looked to hold some -important position. Maximilian, indeed, did make overtures to the -ex-President by offering him a place in the cabinet, but Juarez coldly -declined, preferring to remain at the head of the revolutionists, who -kept Mexico in a state of turmoil and effectually prevented any peaceful -development of that distracted country. - -The position taken by the United States toward the new Empire has -already been alluded to. On the fourth of April, 1864, Congress adopted -a resolution declaring the unwillingness of the United States tacitly to -appear before the world as an indifferent spectator of the deplorable -events then taking place in Mexico, and its refusal to recognize a -monarchical government founded on the ruins of an American republic and -under the protection of a European power. - -Much to his regret, therefore, Maximilian was forced to abandon all -thought of an embassy at Washington. Realizing fully how great an -advantage recognition by the United States would have been to the -Empire, both he and his ministers had used every effort to establish -friendly relations between the two governments. The White House, -however, still continued to recognize Juarez and his ambassador, Romero, -a crafty official who succeeded, not only in establishing recruiting -offices for his master in some of the large cities of the United States, -but in winning over many of the newspapers also to his side. - - - - - Chapter VII - Bazaine’s Position in Mexico - - -The attitude taken by the French in Mexico has already been alluded to. -Bazaine in particular seems from the first to have been little affected -by the Emperor’s good example. He was well aware of France’s -incalculable services to Mexico, and that it was French bayonets chiefly -which still maintained some show of order in the country. As for -Maximilian, while thoroughly appreciating Bazaine’s ability, he could -not but regard him as the man of whose will he was more or less at the -mercy, and felt most keenly the arbitrary acts of the Marshal and his -underlings, of which the following examples will serve as illustrations. - -In 1864 the French general, Briancourt, had a Mexican colonel arrested -and forced him to sweep the streets for two hours every day. Indignant -at this outrage, some ladies of the town brought wreaths of flowers to -the colonel as he swept, whereupon Briancourt had bills posted -proclaiming that in the future any one who committed this offence should -share the prisoner’s sentence. After being humiliated in this way for -ten days, the imperial officer was summoned before Briancourt, who -dismissed him with the words: “Go where you choose now—over to the -republicans—for all I care!” And the colonel actually did join the -Emperor’s enemies, with several other officers. - -A French officer, meeting one of his comrades who had served through a -campaign under Lieutenant-colonel Ornano, congratulated him on having -been one of those receiving decorations for bravery. “You do me an -injustice!” replied the other. “We invariably turned our backs upon the -enemy and if Ornano singled me out in his report, it was only through -fear lest I might betray how it was falsified. Let me tell you just one -incident of this honorable campaign. As we were approaching the village -of San Francisco, Ornano sent a party of cavalry in advance to -reconnoitre. A fifteen-year-old boy, attracted by the sound of riders, -came to the door of his house to see who they were, and, as he galloped -by, the leader of the patrol split the poor child’s skull with one -stroke of his sabre, just as his mother was about to draw him back into -the house. Truly a heroic deed!” - -These examples will suffice to prove with what contempt the French -regarded the Mexicans and how the officers especially lost no -opportunity of turning the Emperor’s subjects against him, even while -they themselves were still supposed to be in Maximilian’s service. It -would be unjust, however, to accuse the whole army of this treacherous -behavior, nor can Napoleon Third be held responsible for it. He was a -warm personal friend of Maximilian in the first place, and it seems -reasonable to assume that he was ignorant of such conduct on the part of -Bazaine or he would have recalled him and sent some one else in his -place. - -On the third of October, 1865, a report having been generally circulated -that Juarez had fled from Mexico and taken refuge in Texas, the Emperor -issued a decree for which he has been severely criticised. It ran in -substance as follows: All persons belonging to armed bands or companies, -political or otherwise, not lawfully authorized, under whatever -appellation or for whatever purpose, shall be tried by court-martial, -and if found guilty shall be condemned to death and executed within -twenty-four hours from the date of sentence. - -Bazaine is believed by some to have been the real author of this edict, -which was aimed at the destruction of the robber bands that infested the -country, but by authority of which Maximilian himself was afterward -sentenced to death by Juarez. As, however, it was signed by all -Maximilian’s liberal ministers it seems more probable that they were -responsible for a decree so little in accordance with his kindly nature. - -Whether or no Bazaine had any share in the framing of this edict, he -certainly did all in his power to further its execution, as appears from -a confidential message to his generals sent with a copy of the decree. -He concludes, “You are hereby commanded to notify the troops under your -orders that no more prisoners are to be taken. All individuals found -under arms, irrespective of person, are to be shot on sight. In future -there will be no more exchange of prisoners; on both sides, it is kill -or be killed.” - -By these cruel means he hoped to prejudice the people against their -sovereign, thereby furthering his own ambitious schemes for becoming -President of Mexico himself, schemes which were destined never to be -realized, however. - - - - - Chapter VIII - Fruits of the New Government - - -We have seen from the preceding chapters what the state of affairs in -Mexico was when Maximilian assumed the government. By the beginning of -the second year of the Empire matters had already materially changed. -Most of the country folk had returned to their farms, and city merchants -who dealt in agricultural implements soon saw their stock disappear, and -were forced to order fresh supplies. This led to a steady commercial -intercourse with the United States which greatly increased after the -close of the Civil War. In the Spring of 1865 the duties to Mexico from -New York alone amounted to 1,700,000 pesos in a single week. Trade with -the West Indies, South America, and Europe was also extensive. Merchants -who at first had been obliged to purchase on credit, owing to the -prevailing lack of funds, were by this time able to pay cash for goods. -This was certainly one good result of the new government, as must have -been recognized by all public-minded Mexicans. - -With the prospect of profit and an assured market, trades and crafts -also revived. Hundreds of youths, who had been torn from their peaceful -occupations and forced to join the revolutionist bands, returned to -their apprenticeships. Channels of trade were improved. A regular line -of mail steamships was established in the Gulf of Mexico, and -intercourse was resumed with all Pacific ports. Fine steamers made -monthly trips from San Francisco to La Paz, Guaymas, and Mazatlan, and -twice a month from Guaymas to Acapulco. Construction was begun on the -railroad between Vera Cruz and the capital, though it was afterward -suspended. A telegraph line was built from Mexico to San Luis Potosi. -The national finances were also much improved. Customs receipts steadily -increased and the mints coined more dollars than ever before, though -still bearing the stamp of the Republic. - -These were some of the happy results of the new administration. That -they were of but brief duration was not the fault of the government nor -yet of the Emperor, but of Juarez who, still passing as President, -succeeded only too well in his schemes for undermining the Empire. - -With increasing prosperity came a revival of various sports and -amusements, of which the Mexican people are naturally so fond. Early in -the year 1865 most of the European ambassadors arrived with their -suites, and a series of splendid entertainments followed at the imperial -court. Later the marriage of Marshal Bazaine to the seventeen-year-old -niece of General Lopez furnished occasion for more festivities. These -diversions, however, did not cause the Emperor to slacken his labors for -the improvement of the country. On the third of March, 1865, he had the -Empire divided into fifty departments and revived the so-called “Indian -Council,” which had existed in the days of Spanish sovereignty, placing -at its head the advocate, Faustin Chimalpopoca, a pure Aztec. The -Indians still formed the larger part of the population of Mexico in -spite of the efforts of the Republic to enslave and crush them. -Realizing the importance of this class of people, Maximilian took the -greatest interest in their protection and welfare, while they in turn -remained loyal to him to the last. - -On the tenth of April, 1865, the anniversary of his acceptance of the -crown, Maximilian published an imperial statute declaring that, as a -number of provinces still remained hostile to the Empire, he did not -deem it wise as yet to introduce popular representation, but promised to -do so as soon as the national disturbances were settled. Besides the -Guadeloupe order, revived in 1863, and the order of the Mexican Eagle, -founded in January, 1865, a special order for women, that of San Carlos, -was instituted, April tenth, by the joint sovereigns. Another important -task was the reorganization of the army. Most of the Mexican officers at -that time were quite useless and must be got rid of. To replace these -and furnish a supply of efficient native officers, Maximilian opened the -military school at Chapultepec. - - - - - Chapter IX - Louis Napoleon’s Attitude - - -When Maximilian ascended the throne of Mexico, the Civil War was still -raging in the United States, and the White House had no time to care for -the affairs of its southern neighbor. Although from the first the United -States had refused to recognize the Empire, its attitude had been -neutral rather than actually hostile, and Napoleon was counting on an -indefinite continuation of the war for the furtherance of his plans. The -end came sooner than was expected, however. After a bitter struggle the -Southern States yielded to the North, and this materially changed the -situation in Mexico. Juarez was now not only regarded as President, but -furnished with active support, without which he would doubtless have -been forced to give up the struggle. He hovered on the border, now on -one side of the line, now on the other, escaping into Texas when the -enemy was close at his heels, and remaining there in safety until the -danger was passed, then crossing back into Mexico again, where, -reinforced by volunteers from the north, he won frequent victories over -the imperial troops and constantly gained ground. - -Napoleon’s position was likewise changed. In a speech delivered from the -throne on the twenty-second of January, 1866, he declared: - -“In Mexico the government founded by the people continues to thrive. The -rebels, overpowered and dispersed, have no longer any leaders. The -national troops have proved their valor and the country has furnished -security for order and safety in the development of resources which have -made its commerce worth millions with France alone. Our enterprise -therefore is progressing most successfully, as I last year expressed the -hope that it would. As to the recall of our troops I have come to an -understanding with Emperor Maximilian, whereby their withdrawal may be -accomplished without danger to the interests of France, for the -protection of which in that distant country we have pledged ourselves. -Any objections raised by the United States to the continued presence of -our troops in Mexico will be removed, I feel sure, by the justice of our -explanations. The American people will perceive that an enterprise in -which we sought their aid cannot be contrary to their interests. Two -nations, equally jealous of their rights, must naturally resent any step -that might jeopardize their honor or their dignity.” - -Plausible and reassuring as this sounds, it nevertheless betrays two -facts: France’s fear of being drawn into war with the United States if -she continued to maintain an army on American soil, and Napoleon’s -desire to conciliate that country even at the cost of violating the -Treaty of Miramar. True, there may have been something in the secret -articles added to this document which justified Napoleon’s methods, -while on the other hand it is evident that Maximilian was far from -opposing the recall of Bazaine, nor did he object to the gradual -withdrawal of the French troops, as may be seen from the following -announcement that appeared in the _Monitor_: - -“In pursuance to an agreement between M. Dano, the French ambassador, -His Excellency Marshal Bazaine, and the Mexican government, the Emperor -has ordered that the French troops shall leave Mexico in three -detachments: the first to go in November, 1866, the second in March, -1867, the third in the following November. Negotiations between the two -governments have also begun to substitute those articles of the Treaty -of Miramar relating to finance, new stipulations whereby France’s -indebtedness and the interest of the loan guaranteed by her to Mexico -shall be assured.” - -The United States declared itself satisfied with these assurances and -continued to assist Juarez in his attempts to undermine the government. - -The year 1866, which thus began so peacefully on paper at a time when -there was little peace in the air, either in Europe or America, was to -prove an eventful one for Maximilian, and hastened with giant strides -the downfall of the Mexican Empire. - - - - - Chapter X - The Empress’ Journey to Europe - - -On the seventh of July, 1866, the following unexpected announcement -appeared in one of the Mexican journals: “Her Majesty, the Empress, -leaves to-morrow for Europe, where she is to arrange the settlement of -various matters of Mexican as well as international import. No greater -proof of patriotism and self-denial could be furnished on the part of -our sovereign than the assumption of this mission, the more so as the -Empress sails from Vera Cruz, where yellow fever is so prevalent at this -season. We publish this in order that the people may know the real -purpose of Her Majesty’s journey.” - -The Empress Carlotta’s sudden departure aroused great excitement. It was -generally felt, and not without reason, that such a step must have been -due to weighty causes, the issue of which it was at that time impossible -to foresee. For Maximilian it marked a turning-point in his career. It -was as if with the departure of his guardian angel, Fortune too had -forsaken him and abandoned him to his fate. - - [Illustration: _EMPRESS CARLOTTA_] - -Unexpectedly and most uncomfortably for Napoleon, Carlotta arrived at -St. Nazaire on the eighth of August by the packet-boat, _Empress -Eugénie_. She was met by the Mexican ambassador, Almonte, and his wife, -who travelled with her to Paris without delay. Metternich, the Austrian -ambassador, was awaiting her at the Grand Hotel, and on the eleventh of -August she had a long interview with Napoleon at St. Cloud. Accounts -vary as to what actually transpired on this memorable occasion, but -according to Hellwald, who seems a reliable authority, three points were -discussed. The first related to the postponement of the withdrawal of -the first detachment of French troops from November, 1866, to April, -1867, by which time Maximilian hoped to have his own army so -strengthened that he could better spare the French. Juarez had been -making such headway in the north that the Emperor did not dare as yet to -dispense with his allies. Next the Empress desired that Bazaine should -be immediately recalled and General Donay sent out in his place, a -request not difficult to understand considering the many differences -that had occurred between Maximilian and the Marshal. The third point -concerned Mexico’s ever empty exchequer. By the Treaty of Miramar Mexico -had agreed to repay her financial obligations to France; but, as we have -seen, she was by no means able to pay her debts or even the interest on -them. - -In her first interview the Empress accomplished nothing. Napoleon was -unwilling to defer the withdrawal of his troops for some months, for -fear of giving offence to the government at Washington. As to the second -point no agreement was arrived at, for Bazaine was not recalled. When he -did leave Mexico at last, he not only took the entire army with him, but -also induced the volunteers from Austria and Belgium to resign. As to a -settlement of the Mexican debt, however, a separate treaty was -concluded. - -On the twenty-second of August Empress Eugénie and Emperor Napoleon made -a final visit to Empress Carlotta, who left Paris on the following day -for Brussels. From there she went to Italy, and on the twenty-ninth -arrived once more at Miramar where she had spent so many happy days. -Another task now awaited her. As the negotiations between Maximilian’s -ministry and the papal nuncio concerning the religious situation in -Mexico had been unsuccessful, Carlotta determined to try and settle the -affair herself. On the twenty-fifth of September, therefore, she arrived -again in Rome with her suite and two days later had a long audience with -the Pope. Soon after this she was suddenly taken ill. At first her -attack was said to be only the result of the fatigues of her long -journey and the change of climate, an explanation which seemed -sufficiently plausible. The real nature of the illness could not be long -concealed, however. The Empress’ mind had become totally deranged, and -her malady was later pronounced incurable. Shocked as all Europe was by -this dreadful news, what must have been its effect upon Maximilian! How -he received it, is told as follows by his own physician, Dr. Basch: - -“The Emperor at this time was living entirely secluded in the palace, -only Herzfeld, the Minister of State, Father Fischer, the court -chaplain, and myself being present at his table. There were no invited -guests till the eighteenth of August, for the afternoon of which a large -dinner was planned. That morning the Emperor held a council of state, at -the close of which I entered the imperial cabinet. While I was present, -two cable despatches arrived from Europe, at sight of which His Majesty -was visibly alarmed. His forebodings were well founded. The first was -sent by Castello from Rome on the fifth of October, and read: - -“‘Her Majesty, the Empress, has succumbed to the fatigues and -difficulties of her mission, and must be taken to Miramar without delay, -accompanied by her physicians.’ - -“The other, dated the twelfth, was from Count Bombelles at Miramar, and -contained the further information that all hope was not yet abandoned. -Her Majesty, with her entire suite, was at Miramar, and a member of the -household would follow at once with advices. Herzfeld opened the -despatches and, unwilling to break their contents too suddenly to the -Emperor, pretended that he was unable to decipher them exactly, but -reassured His Majesty by asserting that the news apparently referred to -the illness of some one at Miramar, probably one of the Empress’ -ladies-in-waiting, Madame Bario, who was a Mexican. - -“The facts could not long be concealed, however, for the Emperor, -suspecting that something was being withheld from him, insisted upon -knowing the truth. - -“‘I feel that something terrible has happened,’ he declared. ‘Tell me -what it is, for I am consumed with anxiety.’ - -“While Herzfeld was seemingly studying the despatches more closely, I -retired to my apartment, but was soon summoned again by His Majesty. As -I entered, he turned to me, tears streaming down his cheeks, and asked, - -“‘Do you know who Dr. Riedel is in Vienna?’ - -“At the mention of this name, the truth flashed upon me. Herzfeld had -disclosed the news, and much as I longed to spare the Emperor, I could -not lie to him. - -“‘He is the director of the Insane Asylum,’ I was reluctantly forced to -reply.” - -These melancholy tidings only served to hasten the impending crisis. -Already disheartened by repeated trials and disappointments, Maximilian -now saw his last hope vanish, and felt himself deserted by Providence. -Indifferent to all that passed, his only thought seemed to be of -hastening to his beloved wife and leaving behind him this ill-fated -country to which she had been so cruelly sacrificed. - - - - - Chapter XI - Events in Mexico after the Departure of the Empress - - -Two persons have already been mentioned who played an important part in -the events of this history, Herzfeld, the Minister of State, and Father -Fischer. Herzfeld was a German and devoted to the Emperor. Unfortunately -Maximilian sent him back to Europe soon after this, thereby depriving -himself of a valuable friend and adviser in his days of misfortune. -Father Fischer was born in Würtemberg, of Protestant parents, and seems -to have had rather an adventurous career. He came to America with a band -of emigrants who settled in Texas, and went from there to California as -a gold miner. Becoming a convert to Catholicism, he entered the Jesuit -order, from which he was subsequently dismissed, for good and sufficient -reasons, no doubt. The description of this man given by the Emperor’s -physician is far from flattering, but it is manifestly unjust to lay his -faults at the door of the much-abused order of Jesuits. A whole society -cannot be held responsible for the deeds or misdeeds of a single member, -still less when that member has ceased to be one. At all events Father -Fischer belonged to the Emperor’s closest circle of friends, another -member of which was Professor Bilimek, whose acquaintance we shall make -in the next chapter. This man was a scholar, absorbed in the study of -the flowers and butterflies of Mexico and troubling himself little with -political affairs. - -After the departure of the Empress matters went rapidly from bad to -worse. In the north the followers of Juarez had inflicted a series of -defeats on the imperial troops and were steadily gaining ground, while -in the capital the outlook was far from encouraging. Maximilian had -replaced two of his Mexican ministers with Frenchmen, Generals Osmont -and Friant, but their attempts to remedy the situation were frustrated -by the pride and jealousy of the Mexicans who bitterly resented the -appointment of foreigners to these high positions. The United States, -moreover, took exceptions to these appointments as a violation of French -neutrality and made a formal complaint to Napoleon, whereupon the -following announcement appeared in the _Monitor_: - -“On the twenty-sixth of July His Majesty, the Emperor of Mexico, issued -a decree entrusting the portfolio of war to General Osmont, Chief of -Staff of the Expedition Corps, and that of finance to Friant, -intendant-general of the army. As, however, the military duties of these -gentlemen, both holding important posts in an army still in the field, -are irreconcilable with the responsibilities of their new positions, -they have received no authorization to accept these appointments.” - -This plainly shows France’s fear of the United States and her -indifference to her engagements with Maximilian. A new ministry, -therefore, had to be formed, in the selection of which Father Fischer’s -influence is said to have been largely responsible. - -As the prospects for a restoration of the Republic grew brighter, Juarez -did not remain the only candidate for the presidential chair, a certain -Ortega and the former ex-President Santa Anna also appearing as -aspirants to the honor. The position of the imperial forces on the -border soon became so unsafe that Maximilian was forced to abandon those -districts to the revolutionists and withdraw his troops more into the -interior. Even his attempt to keep the way to the coast open was not -successful, for the city of Xalapa, on the road to Vera Cruz, was -besieged and captured by the rebels, thus cutting off communication -between the capital and the coast, while many of the native soldiers -deserted and went over to the enemy with their leaders. Even among the -revolutionists, however, there were dissensions, the greater part of -them supporting Juarez, others Ortega or Santa Anna. On one point only -were they united, the downfall of the Empire and restoration of the -Republic. - -Another incident occurred at this time which was well calculated to make -Maximilian, already suffering from an intermittent fever, caused by the -climate, still more averse to remaining in Mexico. This was a conspiracy -against his life, discovered by one of the town prefects. The plot, -hatched by some of Santa Anna’s guerilla followers, was to include the -murder of the prefect himself by his secretary, a man from the lower -classes whom he had befriended, to be followed by that of several other -prominent personages. A closer investigation revealed that the Emperor’s -life also had been aimed at. - -Such were the people by whom Maximilian was surrounded, and such the -treachery which he had constantly to deal with in his adopted country. - -On the afternoon of the day on which the two fatal despatches arrived in -Mexico Maximilian was taking his usual stroll on the flat roof of the -palace with his physician, when he suddenly announced his intention of -abandoning the country where he had met with such ingratitude, and asked -his friend’s advice as to the matter. - -“I do not see how it will be possible for Your Majesty to remain here,” -replied the doctor frankly. - -“Will it be attributed to the Empress’ illness if I should leave?” he -then inquired. - -“That certainly is reason enough,” returned the other. “Besides, Europe -must recognize that Your Majesty is no longer bound to remain in Mexico -after France’s violation of her contracts.” - -“What do you suppose Herzfeld and Fischer will think of it?” continued -Maximilian, after a pause. - -“I am sure that Herzfeld will share my views,” declared the physician. -“As to Father Fischer, to tell the truth, I have not much confidence in -his opinions.” - -They then discussed the advisability of leaving at once or whether it -would be better to wait for a time, but as there seemed no good reason -at present for a sudden departure, Dr. Basch advised deferring it for a -week in order that suitable preparations might be made. - -That evening Maximilian summoned his Minister of State and Professor -Bilimek, director of the museum, and laid the matter before them. To -both, the Emperor’s safety was of far more concern than the fate of a -half-civilized country whose indifference had caused the downfall of all -his hopes and schemes. The recent plot against the Emperor’s life also -may well have been an argument in favor of the plan. At all events they -heartily coincided with it and Herzfeld urged preparations for departure -with such energy that in three days’ time it was possible to leave -Chapultepec, a summer palace near the city of Mexico, which Maximilian -had had newly restored and fitted up at great cost and where he was -staying at this time. - -The rumor of the Emperor’s proposed departure caused general -consternation. The new ministry was stunned and tried every means to -dissuade him from this step. But Maximilian remained deaf to all -arguments and, lest his resolution should be weakened, Dr. Basch had -orders to permit no one to enter the royal apartments. All who came were -dismissed with the information that His Majesty was ill and could -receive no visitors. Even the Princess Iturbide, aunt of little Prince -Iturbide, a descendant of August the First, the first Emperor of Mexico, -whom Maximilian, having no children of his own, had named as Crown -Prince, was unable to gain access to him. The physician admits he had -rather a violent scene with the high-spirited Princess. She would take -no denial and ended by roundly abusing those friends of the Emperor’s -who had persuaded him to leave Mexico. - -As a last resort the ministry threatened to resign in a body if the plan -were persisted in, but even this was of no avail. Maximilian quietly -declared that if these gentlemen resigned their offices he would leave -the country at once, and he would certainly have kept his word. It is -greatly to be regretted, therefore, that they did not do so and thus -spare Mexico the everlasting stain of treachery and murder. Finding it -the only means of at least deferring the Emperor’s abdication, however, -they remained at their posts and sent a message to him agreeing to carry -on the business of government during his absence in accordance with his -wishes. - -Maximilian had already received a letter from Bazaine approving the plan -of changing his residence to Orizaba, which was only a day’s journey -from the seaport of Vera Cruz, and promising to maintain law and order -in the capital. The Emperor’s abdication would suit his own plans very -well, by bringing him a step nearer to the realization of his secret -ambitions. - -Thanks to Herzfeld’s energy and activity, all was ready at the appointed -time, and at four o’clock on the morning of the twenty-first of October, -the Emperor, escorted by a troop of three hundred hussars under the -command of Colonel Kodolitsch, set out from Chapultepec, little thinking -ever to see that place again. Councillor Herzfeld remained in the -capital to arrange some business matters, expecting to join the Emperor -later on. - -The journey to Orizaba must not be passed over in silence, as it was -marked by the occurrence of an important event. On the afternoon of the -first day, the imperial party reached the Hacienda Socyapan, where they -were to spend the night. The Emperor seemed abstracted, and walked up -and down before the _hacienda_ in silence with his physician and -Professor Bilimek. At length he broke out suddenly: - -“I cannot have any more bloodshed in this unhappy country on my account. -What am I to do?” - -The professor advised him to abdicate and sail for Europe at once, but -Dr. Basch opposed this, representing that an unnecessarily sudden -departure would only precipitate matters and bring about exactly what -the Emperor wished to avoid, namely, more bloodshed in Mexico. At the -same time he urged a revocation of the decree of the third of October, -1865, a suggestion which Maximilian cordially approved, and in regard to -which he expressed himself in strong terms on this occasion. - -Father Fischer and Colonel Kodolitsch, who were also in the Emperor’s -confidence, added their influence to the doctor’s, urging that a -_hacienda_ was not a suitable place from which to abdicate a throne, as -Maximilian himself was forced to acknowledge. He contented himself, -therefore, with issuing two orders. Father Fischer was to write personal -letters at once to Bazaine and to Minister Lares, ordering the repeal of -the law of the third of October and the cessation of all hostilities -until further notice. These two important despatches were entrusted to -Count Lamotte, an officer in the Austrian Hussars, to carry back to the -city of Mexico, and on the following morning the Emperor left the -_hacienda_ apparently much relieved. At noon of the second day, while -resting at Rio-Frio, he sent the following telegram to Captain Pierron: - -“You, with Messieurs Pino, Trouchot, and Mangino, are hereby appointed a -commission which, under your direction and with the assistance of some -trustworthy official from the ministry of finance, will examine the -Civil List accounts, mine as well as that of the Empress, to prove -whether we owe the State or the State us. I desire from the commission a -detailed and authenticated statement in regard to this, in which shall -be included the sum taken by the Empress for her voyage to Europe, and -that received by my secretary on the Civil List account, together with -those employed by Minister Arroyo after the reduction of the Civil List, -in works on the palace and at Chapultepec.” - -Herzfeld was also commissioned to issue, in the name of the Emperor, the -necessary written orders to the prefect and treasurer at Miramar. - -“The Emperor wishes the utmost publicity to be given these matters,” so -Herzfeld was notified, “and holds you responsible therefor on your honor -and your friendship. Amid the political shipwreck he desires to keep his -name and honor untarnished and would rather suffer personal loss than -touch any part of the property of the Mexican nation.” - -At the stations of Actzingo and Canada, Maximilian spent the night in -the house of the priests, a fact which furnished his enemies an -opportunity for accusing him of too close affiliation with the clergy. -His arrival was everywhere hailed with rejoicings, and he was -overwhelmed with expressions of sympathy for the illness of the Empress. -On the twenty-seventh of October the imperial party reached the city of -Orizaba, which they entered at five o’clock in the afternoon, greeted -with booming of cannon and the enthusiastic acclamations of the -populace. - - - - - Chapter XII - The Emperor at Orizaba - - -Herzfeld’s knowledge of the real state of affairs and anxiety for his -master’s safety soon caused him to lay aside all other considerations -and follow the Emperor to Orizaba, where he urged preparations for -departure with all possible despatch. In the midst of those, however, he -was ordered to Europe by Maximilian to prepare for his arrival there. -Thus this loyal friend was spared being a witness of the Emperor’s -tragic fate. - -During his stay in Orizaba Maximilian led a simple, secluded life in his -palace, seeing only his intimate associates, but occupied with -arrangements for departure, and the settling of his private affairs. -Much to his satisfaction, his Civil List showed a balance in his favor -of $180,000. All his servants but two were paid and dismissed. Colonel -Kodolitsch was sent to Mexico to arrange with Bazaine concerning the -Austrian and Belgian volunteers, who had followed Maximilian to Mexico -and for whose future he felt it his duty to provide. One question much -discussed confidentially, and which Maximilian seemed quite unable to -decide, was as to whether the abdication should take place before his -departure or in Europe, where he had accepted the crown. His plans for -the future were already made. It was not his intention to return at once -to Austria, but to travel for two years, meeting the Empress at Corfu, -if her condition should permit. Meanwhile his own health had greatly -improved. With his two countrymen, Dr. Basch and Professor Bilimek, he -made frequent excursions about the neighborhood, enjoying the wonderful -scenery or searching for rare specimens of plants and insects. Suddenly, -however, events occurred which changed the aspect of affairs and -effectually put an end to the Emperor’s plans of travel. - -Two old comrades-in-arms in the Mexican army, Generals Marquez and -Miramon, returned from Europe and, seeking an immediate audience with -the Emperor, urged him to return to the capital, holding out promises of -support and encouraging prospects for the imperial cause. While -Maximilian was hesitating, a letter arrived from Bazaine, which turned -the scale. In this the Marshal was so imprudent as to tell tales out of -school, betraying the fact that Napoleon III had made other plans for -Mexico without consulting Maximilian, who, as he had not yet abdicated, -was still sovereign of the country. This arbitrary conduct on the part -of his ally roused Maximilian to action. Indignant at the slight cast -upon him and anxious to prove that he was not slinking away at the -bidding of France like a disgraced servant, he was in a proper frame of -mind to respond to the appeal made by his conservative advisers, that it -was his duty to remain and not desert his party in the hour of danger. -Although outwardly preparations for departure continued as before, the -Emperor’s resolution was weakened, and toward the end of November he -summoned his council to Orizaba to consult with them as to the -advisability of his abdication, giving in an address to that body his -reasons for such a step, _viz._, the spread of the revolution with its -attendant evils, the hostility of the United States toward Mexico, and -the withdrawal of the support of France. - -A vote was taken, twenty-three members of the council being present, of -whom two were for immediate abdication, ten of the opposite opinion, -while eleven were in favor of abdication, but held that the present was -not the time for such a step. Maximilian yielded to the majority and -agreed to remain on condition that funds should be raised for the proper -defence of the government and the organization of a permanent national -army, and that measures should be taken toward the settlement of -questions pending with France and the United States. The Mexicans, -proverbially lavish with promises, readily agreed to all these points, -and on the first of December the Emperor issued a manifesto to the -people, declaring that he had yielded to the desire of his council on -condition that a congress representing all parties should be summoned to -decide the existence of the Empire, and, if this were confirmed, he -would devote himself to the promotion of its welfare. - -On the twelfth of December, 1866, Maximilian left Orizaba to return to -Mexico, accompanied by most of the members of the council who, in the -unsettled condition of the country, were glad to avail themselves of the -imperial escort, consisting as before of Colonel Kodolitsch’s hussars. -They consumed much time on the journey, lingering for nearly three weeks -at Puebla, Maximilian residing at first in the Xonaca palace, a short -distance outside the city. Here he held an interview with Castelnan, the -French consul, which appears to have been of a most unpleasant nature -and widened still further the breach between the two Emperors. -Scientific expeditions were also attempted by the three friends, as at -Orizaba, but, finding few specimens in the region about Puebla, these -excursions were soon abandoned and Maximilian moved his residence into -the city. - -Arriving in Mexico on the fifth of January, 1867, Maximilian remained -for a time at the Hacienda de Teja, a quarter of an hour’s distance from -the capital. While there three of his former ministers, Ramirez, -Escudero, and Robles y Pezuela, made a final attempt to induce him to -abdicate and leave the country at once. But although evidently impressed -by their arguments he refused to follow their advice. The accusations of -vacillation and irresolution afterward made against Maximilian would -seem to be justified by his behavior at this time. Doubtful of himself -and of the future, he still clung to the hope of being able at least to -retire with honor, conscious of having fulfilled his duty to his -adherents. In relating to his physician the interview with his -ex-ministers, he declared that Ramirez wept at parting, expressing the -earnest wish that his evil forebodings might not be realized. He knew -but too well how deceptive were the promises of his countrymen. - -“In no case,” continued the Emperor, “will I remain here more than a few -months, only until affairs are more settled. Will it injure my health, -do you think, to stay on in Mexico? Will the fever return?” - -“I have no anxiety as to Your Majesty’s health on that score,” replied -the physician; “it is Your Majesty’s life I fear for.” - -Maximilian’s attempts to convoke an assembly of liberal representatives -from all parties to discuss measures for remedying the existing -disorders in the country met with small success, as might have been -expected. It seemed impossible to obtain any sort of peaceful fusion or -coöperation, and there was nothing left for the Junta (congress) but to -declare war on the rebels in Mexico—war to the knife. - - - - - Chapter XIII - Departure of the French - - -Meanwhile the French were making active preparations for their return to -France. On the sixteenth of January, 1867, a letter arrived from -Napoleon Third, revoking the extraordinary powers granted to Bazaine as -commander-in-chief of the Expedition Corps and declaring the corps -itself disbanded. The embarkation of the first division of troops on the -_Empress Eugénie_ had then already begun. This was in accordance with -the secret articles already mentioned, and met with no objection on the -part of Maximilian. The recall of the foreign legion, however, included -in the order, was a direct violation of the Treaty of Miramar, which -guaranteed their remaining in the country for several years yet, if -needed. - -In February the French marched out of the capital. Before leaving they -burned as many of the army effects as could not profitably be taken with -them. A large quantity of powder was poured into the water, and -projectiles were rendered useless by being filled with sand, so that the -Mexicans should not profit by their possession. It is hard to believe -that Bazaine’s personal feeling could have gone to such lengths, but -there seems no reason to doubt the truth of these statements. During the -Russian retreat before the French, in 1812, stores of all kinds were -destroyed to prevent their falling into the enemy’s hands. Maximilian -was not yet an enemy; on the contrary, he was supposed to be an ally, -yet for days huge columns of fire and smoke testified to the friendship -of the French. - -Nor was this all. On the occasion of the Marshal’s marriage to his -Mexican wife, Maximilian had presented him with a palace, which in case -of his recall was to be redeemed by the government for 150,000 piastres -($100,000). Now that he was about to leave the country forever he -demanded the promised sum, though well aware of the state of Mexican -finances, and, finding it impossible to obtain the money from an empty -exchequer, sold enough French arms and ammunition to the revolutionists -at insignificant prices to make up the amount. - -When Bazaine, some months before, had begun the reorganization of the -Mexican army which was to replace the French, he had ordered that all -commanders must be Frenchmen, other officers and privates either French -or Mexicans; pay, equipment, etc., to be the same as in the French army, -and those of his own troops who chose were to be free to remain in the -service of the Emperor. Yet in spite of this, before the departure of -the last of the troops in February, 1867, he issued an order declaring -that all French soldiers, officers or privates, who did not return to -their own banner immediately would be regarded as deserters and forfeit -all rights as citizens. Owing to the wide area of country involved and -the difficulty of communication it was, of course, impossible for this -order to reach all the French soldiers in Mexico—a fact which was taken -advantage of later by Juarez, for all the Frenchmen serving under -Maximilian, who were unfortunate enough to be taken prisoners, were shot -as deserters. Before leaving, however, the Marshal was kind enough to -send a message to Maximilian, offering to wait for him in case he should -decide to leave the country—an offer which, needless to say, was -declined. - -With the French troops, thanks to Bazaine’s powers of persuasion, went -the greater part of the Austrian and Belgian volunteers, who had done -distinguished service under the command of Count Thun, only a few of the -Austrians remaining with their Prince. The first step now to be taken -was the formation of the new national army, a task already begun by -Bazaine. Maximilian divided it, roughly speaking, into three corps, -commanded respectively by Generals Miramon, Marquez, and Mejia. As these -three men are henceforth to play an important part in Mexican affairs, a -word concerning them may not be amiss. - -Miramon had already enjoyed the honor of occupying the presidential -chair in Mexico, at which time Marquez had served under him. One -incident will suffice to illustrate the character of these two heroes. -After the capture of Tacubaya, in 1859, they made a visit to the -hospital where a corps of seven surgeons were caring for the wounded, -friend and foe alike. That very day Miramon issued an order to Marquez, -requiring all prisoners ranking from subalterns to staff-officers to be -shot under his personal supervision—a list of the same to be delivered -to himself that evening. And Leonardo Marquez, this worthy henchman, -carried out these instructions so faithfully that not only every -prisoner was shot before sunset, but also the surgeons of whom there had -been no mention in the order. Such were the ideas of justice that -animated these two commanders of the Mexican national army, yet Marquez, -in particular, seems to have completely succeeded in concealing his real -character from Maximilian, over whom he unfortunately had great -influence. In marked contrast to these was the Indian Mejia, who, though -still young and of unprepossessing appearance, was brave and honest, a -good soldier, and loyal to the end to his imperial master, whose death -indeed he shared. - -Army corps, properly speaking, were out of the question, of course, in -the Mexican army, of which only the few remaining French troops and -foreign volunteers were trained soldiers. For the rest and for the -greater part it was composed of half-hearted Mexicans, impressed into -the service and ready to go over to the enemy at a moment’s notice -whenever it pleased them. Of the volunteers Colonel Kherenhüller had -succeeded in forming a regiment of hussars, and Baron Hammerstein, one -of infantry, while Count Wickenburg had an auxiliary force of -constabulary, and Colonel Masso the _cazadores_ or _chasseurs_, all of -whom did good service. That their blood was shed in vain, that they -never had the honor of fighting near the Emperor or defending him with -their lives, was not the fault of these brave Germans, but of the -traitorous villain Marquez. - -Maximilian next divided the country into three great military districts. -Mejia was given command in the east, with headquarters at San Luis -Potosi, Miramon was stationed in the west at Querétaro, while Marquez, -controlling the central district, remained in the capital. - -The Emperor was determined now to show that he could maintain his -position without the aid of French bayonets—a proof of confidence and -fearlessness which was hailed with acclamations by the imperialists, who -already foresaw the downfall of Juarez and the triumph of the Empire. -Before actual hostilities began, however, Maximilian made one more -effort to avert bloodshed and make peace with his enemies. But it was -all in vain. His overtures were coldly rejected and there was nothing -for it but to let fate take its course. - -The first advance was made by Miramon, who succeeded in inflicting a -severe defeat upon the republicans, Juarez and his ministers only -escaping by the swiftness of their horses. But the exultation caused by -this news soon gave place to deepest dejection. Some days later, -Escobedo, commander of the revolutionist army in the north, surprised -the imperialists at San Jacinto and put them to rout, while Miramon, -with the remnants of his scattered forces, took refuge in Querétaro. - - - - - Chapter XIV - The Siege of Querétaro - - -On the tenth of February the Emperor told his physician to prepare for a -two weeks’ expedition to Querétaro. Prompted by the urgent -representations of his ministers, Lares and Marquez, that his presence -was needed there to counteract the demoralizing effect of Miramon’s -defeat, he determined to place himself at the head of the army. After -some delay, owing to the difficulty of obtaining funds for the campaign, -in spite of the ministry’s assurances as to the satisfactory condition -of the national finances, Maximilian set out upon this fateful journey -on the thirteenth of February, with a force of sixteen hundred Mexicans. - -The matter had been arranged with so much secrecy that even Prince Salm -and Major Hammerstein had no suspicion of the plan, while the Austrian -hussars were dumbfounded when they found the Emperor starting for -Querétaro without them. Two men have been accused of persuading -Maximilian to this rash and fatal step—Father Fischer and the Prussian -ambassador, Baron Magnus. Dr. Basch, one of the few who were in the -secret, denies this, however, and places the blame entirely on the two -ministers, Lares and Marquez—the latter of whom had managed to win the -Emperor’s entire confidence by his eloquence and flattery. This seems -the more probable since it was to their interest to remove Maximilian to -a safe distance. Once already he had started for the coast. Why might he -not do so again and with the aid of his Austrians succeed in reaching it -and bidding adieu to the country forever? This must be prevented at all -cost. As for leaving these loyal troops behind and trusting himself to -the uncertain Mexicans, it must be remembered that Maximilian was -completely deceived as to the real state of affairs. From his order to -Dr. Basch it is evident he expected to return from Querétaro in a short -time. He wished also to give his Mexican subjects a proof of his -confidence in them, a noble and chivalrous idea, no doubt, but most -imprudent. - -Marquez, on the other hand, was anxious to keep the Emperor under his -own influence and away from that of his German friends, whose advice -might seriously interfere with his plans. It was also important to leave -the capital in safe hands, and no one realized more than Marquez the -difference between the Austrian troops and his ragged Mexican soldiers, -many of them wearing a uniform for the first time. - -It was doubtless for this reason that the plan was kept so secret. The -Emperor’s friends would surely have dissuaded him from taking such a -step or, at least, have insisted on accompanying him. Indeed, when -Kherenhüller and Hammerstein heard that he was about to leave for -Querétaro, they tried their best to induce him to take them with him. As -a last resort they even appealed to Father Fischer to use his influence -in their behalf, but all in vain. Having promised his friend, Marquez, -Maximilian felt he could not in honor retract his word. - -Shortly before setting out he took leave of his Austrian officers, -assuring them that his reasons for taking this journey were purely -political ones, and promising that they should soon follow. Prince Salm -indeed did follow with a few trusted men, in spite of the Emperor’s -prohibition, overtaking the imperial party before they reached -Querétaro. Of the march thither Maximilian himself gives an interesting -account in a letter to Professor Bilimek who had returned to Miramar -some time before. In it he writes: - -“As you will already have learned through the newspapers, our friends, -the French, have at last left Mexico, and, having once more obtained -liberty of action, we have exchanged the butterfly net for the sword. -Instead of bugs and beetles we now pursue other game. Bullets instead of -bees now buzz about our heads. Twice between Mexico and Querétaro we -were in action and had a number of our men killed and wounded. One of -the latter fell just in front of my horse and was immediately operated -on, under fire, by Dr. Basch, the only European who accompanied me. In -the second skirmish, where we were shot at like targets, our Hungarian -cook (you remember him?), who was riding behind us with our servant -Grill, was wounded on the lip. In every town where there were no -revolutionists we were welcomed most heartily by the people, whom we -found longing for peace and cursing the French.” - -Maximilian reached Querétaro on the nineteenth and was received with the -enthusiasm to be expected from one of the strongest imperialist cities. -The streets were thronged with curious spectators who hailed the -Emperor’s appearance with shouts of joy, while from windows and -balconies, flags and gay hangings of all sorts waved a welcome. The -Spanish casino had been selected and prepared as a residence for the -Emperor, where he was received by the commandant of the city, General -Escobar, after which the whole party attended a solemn Te Deum at the -cathedral. - -In the evening there were great festivities, concluding with a -magnificent banquet, at which there was no lack of those fine speeches -wherein the Mexicans especially excel. Maximilian took no part in these -celebrations, pleading fatigue as an excuse. Marquez, however, improved -the occasion rudely to impress upon General Miramon the sense of their -altered positions, he now being commander-in-chief and Miramon his -inferior, at the same time openly displaying his satisfaction over the -latter’s recent defeat. Truly a noble soul! Although white with rage, -Miramon controlled himself, replying briefly with a toast to the army. - -For a time after his arrival in Querétaro, Maximilian found the life -very pleasant. His simple, kindly ways soon won the hearts of the -people, with whom he mingled freely and fearlessly, joining in their -amusements and conversing familiarly with all classes. His coolness -under fire also roused the admiration of his soldiers, who cheered -wildly as he rode calmly past their ranks, the enemy’s bullets whistling -about his head. - -In the capital, meanwhile, there was so little thought given to the -Emperor and his companions in Querétaro, and there was so little idea of -keeping any of the promises made to him, it would almost seem that -Marquez was not the only traitor. Soon after leaving Mexico, Maximilian -had sent back word for the Austrian troops remaining there to follow him -at once. Had this order been delivered, the expedition to Querétaro -might have had a different and less tragic ending. But, owing to -Marquez, it never reached its destination, and the Emperor’s loyal -friends, Kherenhüller and Hammerstein, were prevented from joining him -while there was still time. - -The city of Querétaro had at this time a population of some forty -thousand inhabitants. It lay in a narrow valley on the southern bank of -a small stream, called the Rio Blanco, forming a quadrangle of about -eight thousand feet in length by four thousand in breadth. To the west -extended a wide plain, called from the mountains behind it the plain of -Guadalajara, while running from south to northeast was a range of hills, -afterward utilized by the republicans with great effect. Two places -which proved of special importance to the imperialists during the siege -were the Cerro de la Campaña, a hill lying just west of the city, and -the Convent de la Cruz, almost at the opposite end. This was a large -stone edifice of great strength, dating from the days of Cortez. The -convent grounds were enclosed by heavy stone walls, and had at the -eastern end a smaller but equally strong building known as the Pantheon -or burial-place of the convent. - -Two weeks after the Emperor’s arrival (March fifth), the republican -forces, under General Escobedo, appeared before Querétaro and began to -invest the town. The garrison consisted of about four thousand infantry, -three thousand cavalry, and had forty-four cannon—a force so -insignificant, compared with the vast armies of the present day, that it -is remarkable it should have held out as long as it did against such -overwhelming superiority of numbers. General Mejia had arrived at -Querétaro shortly before this, with his troops from Potosi, among whom -were a number of German officers and soldiers, while serving under -Miramon were some six hundred Frenchmen. Immediately after the -appearance of the enemy, Maximilian held a council of war with his -generals. Miramon and Mejia were in favor of attacking the republicans -before their forces should have time to unite—an excellent plan which -was not carried out owing to the opposition of the all-influential -Marquez, who held that the defence of the city should be their first -consideration. Thus precious time was allowed to pass, and the -imperialists looked calmly on while the enemy gradually crowned the -surrounding heights with batteries. The Emperor had first established -his headquarters on the Cerro de la Campaña, but when the republicans -extended their lines eastward, they were moved to the Convent de la Cruz -(so called from a cross erected there in commemoration of the conquest). -General Miramon now occupied the former headquarters with a battery of -eight guns, while the chief defence of the town was entrusted to the -Mexican Castillo, an able general, but no longer young and almost -entirely deaf. - -The enemy’s next move was to cut off the city’s supplies, both of water -and provisions, hoping to subdue it by starvation. The only water now -obtainable was that of the Rio Blanco, while meat soon grew so scarce -that many of the cavalry horses had to be sacrificed. Juarez himself -joined the republican camp for a time, but, being unable to endure the -smell of powder, soon returned to Potosi. On the fourteenth of March the -Juarists made their first general attack on the town, assaults being -made on three sides at once, under cover of the batteries. The main -struggle, however, took place at La Cruz. After a hot fight they -succeeded in capturing the Pantheon, but were afterward driven out by a -body of Austrians. During the attack Maximilian remained in the great -square before the convent, exposed to the hottest fire, yet quite calm -and apparently unconscious of the deadly hail of bullets all about him. -Once a shell burst only a few paces in front of him, but fortunately no -one was injured, though an adjutant had his sword bent and his clothes -burned by a flying splinter. Prince Salm, always conspicuous for -bravery, made a brilliant sortie and succeeded in capturing the first -guns from the enemy. - -By evening the Juarists had been repulsed at all points and driven back, -but the victory proved barren in results. Lopez, for some reason, took -no part in the action, while Marquez either would not or did not know -how to follow up the advantage he had gained. As for Miramon, he -distinguished himself a few days later. It had been planned to surprise -the Juarists early on the morning of the sixteenth, and Miramon was -chosen to lead the attack, from which great things were hoped. But the -whole scheme fell through because—that general overslept!—a neglect of -duty difficult to understand in these days. When he did at last awake it -was broad daylight, and all thought of a surprise had to be abandoned. - -On the twenty-first of March another council was held and an important -decision arrived at. This was to send one of the generals back to the -city of Mexico with full authority from the Emperor to act as he thought -best. He was to dismiss the present ministry and form a new one, to -obtain more funds, and, in any case, to return with aid to Querétaro -without delay. Marquez, for whom the place was getting much too warm by -this time, had no difficulty in obtaining the appointment—a simple means -of escaping the trap into which he had led his sovereign. Still trusting -the traitor implicitly, Maximilian left it entirely to him whether to -bring only a part of the troops from Mexico or the whole garrison. It -was arranged that Marquez, with one thousand horsemen, was to make his -way through the hills to the south, while Miramon, to divert the enemy’s -attention, made a sortie in the opposite direction. The plan was kept so -secret that even Miramon had no suspicion of the real purpose of his -expedition. This time he did not oversleep but successfully surprised -the enemy at four in the morning, returning with twenty-two carts full -of provisions and war material, sixty oxen, and some two hundred sheep -and goats. Meanwhile Marquez and his troopers had passed through the -enemy’s lines unnoticed, leaving the imperialists the poorer by one -thousand of their best men—no small loss to a garrison already so -reduced. - -The Juarists, now swelled by reinforcements to about forty thousand men, -continued to harass the city by daily attacks from without, while their -spies kept them accurately informed of all that passed within. The -Emperor, unconscious of the treachery by which he was surrounded, still -looked confidently for relief from Marquez. Days passed in -ever-increasing suspense, while the situation of the besieged grew more -and more critical. Marquez’ enemies began openly to hint at treachery, -and at length even Maximilian lost faith. Now that it was too late his -eyes were opened to the real nature of his “friend,” and, realizing that -he had been betrayed, he determined to send Prince Salm on another -mission to the capital—to arrest Marquez, if necessary, and return at -once with reinforcements. An attempt was accordingly made on the -twenty-second of April to break through the enemy’s lines, but the city -was by this time so closely invested that it was found to be useless. -Meanwhile the republicans, fearing that the Emperor with his whole force -might succeed in escaping from the city, caused reports of Marquez’ -approach to be circulated by their spies, while false despatches, -purporting to arrive from the capital, were smuggled through the lines -in order to soothe the imperialists with vain hopes. - -But what of Marquez while all Querétaro watched so anxiously for his -return? Where was he and what was he doing? He had arrived safely at the -capital on the twenty-seventh of March with few losses, and, finding the -city of Puebla hard pressed by the Juarist, Porfirio Diaz, determined to -go to its relief. Though well aware of the urgency of the situation in -Querétaro, and the need of haste in executing his mission, he seems to -have troubled himself little concerning it, and to have taken no steps -toward sending the promised aid. The relief of Puebla he did indeed -undertake, but here as in Querétaro he made so many blunders that the -attempt ended in utter failure and involved the needless sacrifice of -many of Maximilian’s brave Austrians. - - - - - Chapter XV - Downfall of the Mexican Empire - - -Meanwhile the situation in Querétaro remained about the same from week -to week. Thanks to the reports spread by republican spies, relief was -still looked for, while frequent skirmishes enlivened the monotony in -which both Miramon and Mejia distinguished themselves. Nor were they -altogether without results, for on the twenty-seventh of April Miramon -routed twelve thousand of the besiegers, captured twenty-one guns, and -took a large number of prisoners. Yet neither of these generals seemed -able to utilize their advantages. Whenever a victory was won, precious -moments were wasted in useless celebrations, in true Mexican fashion, -leaving the enemy plenty of time to recover lost ground. - -At length, however, the Emperor was forced to abandon all hope of -Marquez’ return and as a last resort began seriously to consider the -possibility of breaking through the enemy’s siege lines to the western -plain whence they might be able to reach the mountains beyond. Once -there they would be safe—for these were the native haunts of General -Mejia, who knew every foot of the country and was certain to find -support among the sturdy mountaineers—always a loyal race. Thither, too, -the Juarists would be slow to follow. Being unwilling to leave the city -without any military protection, Maximilian’s first step was to issue a -call for volunteers, to which hundreds of the townsfolk responded and -were enrolled as recruits by Mejia, to whom their organization was -entrusted. Meanwhile Prince Salm selected a body-guard of picked men for -the Emperor. The attempt was to be made early on the morning of the -fourteenth of May,—the chief command of the expedition being intrusted -to Colonel Lopez, a proof of Maximilian’s unbounded faith in this -scoundrel. As to the sequence of events, Dr. Basch, who was an -eye-witness, writes as follows: - -“At eleven o’clock on the night of the thirteenth, a council of war was -held at which it was decided to defer our departure till the following -night. This was at Mejia’s request, the number of volunteers being so -great he had been unable properly to arm or organize them in so short a -time, and it was upon their help he largely depended for the success of -the undertaking. Preparations had all been completed. We were ready for -the march. Only such effects as could be carried with us on our horses -were to be taken. The Emperor himself was very hopeful. ‘I am glad,’ he -said to me on the afternoon of the fourteenth, ‘that the end has come at -last and feel sure we shall succeed, partly because my good fortune has -never yet failed me and also—call it superstition if you will—because -to-morrow is my mother’s name day—which is a good omen.’ - -“The Emperor’s luggage was divided among the escort—members of his suite -each taking a part of his papers among their effects. The contents of -His Majesty’s privy purse were distributed between Salm, -Lieutenant-colonel Pradillo, the Emperor’s secretary, Blasio, Colonel -Campos, commander of the body-guard, myself, and Lopez, the latter of -whom expressed dissatisfaction on being handed his share because it was -in silver and small coin instead of gold like the rest. - -“At ten o’clock that night another postponement was made till the -fifteenth, this time at the request of General Mendez, for what reason I -am unable to say. About eleven the Emperor held a conference with Lopez -concerning some details of the plan, and, made wakeful by excitement, -did not retire until one. At half-past two he had me wakened. I went at -once to his room and found him suffering with an attack of dysentery—a -disease which had been making havoc in both camps owing to bad food and -the effects of the rainy season. I stayed with him nearly an hour till -the pain was relieved, then returned to my own room and lay down with my -clothes on. The convent was then wrapped in deep stillness; not a sound -was to be heard. Just before five I was suddenly aroused by two men -bursting into my room, one of whom I recognized as Lieutenant Jablonski. -‘Where is Prince Salm?’ they shouted, ‘he must be awakened!’ and with -these words they rushed out again. I sprang up at once. Something -unusual must have occurred to bring them to headquarters at that hour. -Without stopping to think about it, however, I roused my servant, who -was sleeping in the same room, ordered him to saddle my horse as quickly -as possible, and hastened in quest of Salm, whom I found already up and -dressed. I asked him what was the matter. ‘We are surprised,’ was his -answer. ‘Make haste and tell Fürstenwärther to have the hussars mount -without delay.’ - -“I had just delivered this message when the Emperor’s Mexican -chamberlain, Severo, came and informed me that His Majesty wished to -speak with me. Returning to his room, I found him already dressed. ‘I do -not think it is anything serious,’ he declared with the utmost calmness, -‘but the enemy have forced their way into the courtyard. Get your pistol -and follow me to the square.’ - -“Grill, the steward, afterward told me during our imprisonment that the -Emperor did not lose his presence of mind for a moment. While he was -dressing he had his sword placed by the door unsheathed, to be at hand -in case of need. In obedience to His Majesty’s command I went to my room -to buckle on my revolver and there my servant met me with the news that -he had been stopped by a strange officer who had taken the saddle -blankets from him. Having myself given the order for the hussars to -mount, it was necessary for me to have my horse at once if I was to -accompany the Emperor, so I told my servant to follow me and point out -the officer who had prevented his obeying my orders. We met him in one -of the passageways, wrapped in one of the blankets and carrying the -other on his shoulder. As the Emperor had only spoken of the enemy as -having entered the courtyard, I naturally supposed, meeting this man -inside the convent, that he and the ten soldiers with him were our men -and asked if he did not recognize me as the Emperor’s physician. He -tried to evade me, pointing to a staircase leading to the roof of the -convent, and saying, ‘Your blankets are up there.’ - -“Still in the dark as to the meaning of all this, and indignant at the -unnecessary delay, I drew my revolver, whereupon the officer cried to -the soldiers, ‘_Desarme lo!_’ (Disarm him!) I saw a row of bayonets -pointed at me and heard the click of triggers and in a flash the whole -thing was clear to me. Any attempt at resistance would have been -madness, so, escorted by the officer and his squad, I mounted the steps -to the convent roof, which to my amazement I found crowded with -republican troops. ‘You are my prisoner!’ said the officer, now speaking -for the first time. ‘So I see!’ was my angry rejoinder. My revolver was -then taken away from me, and Perez, for such was the officer’s name, -began to search my pockets with a dexterity that proved him no novice in -the business. Naturally the well-filled money belt did not escape his -deft fingers, nor my watch which I had with me, and this unexpected -booty caused him to treat me with more favor. In spite of the danger of -the situation, I could not refrain from drawing out my surgical case, -which had been overlooked, and, offering it to Perez, inquiring whether -he would not like that also. This voluntary gift, however, he did not -accept nor did he take my note-book. There being no bank notes in -Mexico, paper naturally did not interest him as much as coin or -valuables, and my papers were left undisturbed in my pocket. I was then -taken to the tower where the Emperor had so often exposed himself to the -enemy’s fire, and placed under the guard of two men.” - -So much for the physician’s experiences on that eventful night. -Meanwhile, after telling Dr. Basch to get his pistol and follow him, -Maximilian, accompanied by Prince Salm, General Castillo, -Lieutenant-colonel Pradillo, and Secretary Blasio, went out into the -courtyard. At the gates they found one of the enemy’s guards stationed, -and standing near by were Colonel Lopez and Colonel José Rincon -Gallardo. The latter, to whom the Emperor was well known, said to the -guard: “Let them pass, they are civilians,” and Maximilian and his -companions walked out unmolested. From La Cruz they made their way to -Miramon’s headquarters on the Cerro de la Campaña, several other -officers joining them on the way. The lines everywhere were already in -the possession of the enemy and even the small body of cavalry they -found assembled at the foot of the hill soon melted away, going over to -the enemy little by little as their fears overcame them. Turning to -Mejia, the Emperor asked if there was no possibility of breaking through -with a few faithful followers, but Mejia sadly replied in the negative, -saying any such attempt would be useless. Resigning himself to his fate, -therefore, Maximilian ordered the white flag hoisted and a few moments -later surrendered his sword to a republican officer who galloped up. The -Emperor was a prisoner. - -That afternoon at four o’clock Escobedo sent the following telegram to -the Juarist minister of war in Potosi: - -“At three o’clock this morning our troops captured the convent La Cruz. -The garrison were taken prisoners, part of the enemy’s troops having -retreated to Cerro de la Campaña in great disorder and under fire from -our artillery. About eight this morning Maximilian with his generals -Mejia and Castillo surrendered at discretion. I beg to offer the -President my congratulations on this great triumph of the national arms. - - Mariano Escobedo.” - -A mighty triumph, indeed, for fifty thousand men to conquer a garrison -of five thousand, exhausted by famine and disease, and that only by an -act of treachery! - -As to the manner and conditions of Lopez’ betrayal, accounts vary. He is -said to have been promised as much as ten thousand piastres by Escobedo. -His accomplice in the plot was a certain Anton Jablonski, but the whole -affair was managed with such adroitness that not one of the Emperor’s -friends had a suspicion of it. Lopez afterward published an emphatic -denial of the accusation, which was supported by Escobedo and in which -he had the audacity to appeal to Prince Salm for confirmation. The -latter’s reply, written during his imprisonment and after Maximilian’s -death, leaves nothing to be desired in the way of plain speaking. It -runs in part as follows: - -“To Miguel Lopez, former imperial Mexican colonel and author of the -article entitled ‘The Capture of Querétaro’: - -“In this defence, addressed by you to your countrymen, to France, and to -the world at large, you appeal to me as witness that Querétaro did not -fall by treachery and maintain that your statements bear the stamp of -perfect truth. Although I, as you know, have been a prisoner of war for -five months, my sense of justice will no longer allow me to be silent, -for I can prove their utter falsity. You publicly declare that Querétaro -was captured by force of arms; that the Emperor commissioned you on the -night of the fourteenth of May to negotiate with the enemy, his troops -being completely demoralized and all hope of escape abandoned; and you -dare any who maintain that Querétaro fell by treachery to appear and -dispute your assertions. I accept your challenge, therefore, and before -the world proclaim you a traitor with the blood of your former sovereign -and benefactor on your hands. It is not true that the Emperor -commissioned you to negotiate with the enemy. I had the honor of -conversing with His Majesty that night, after you had left him, and he -had not then or at any other time the faintest idea of treating with the -republicans. If his army was small, it was still brave and loyal enough -to have fought a way out through the enemy’s lines for its beloved -sovereign, to whose character, as you well know, such a course as you -describe would have been utterly foreign. This being the case, permit -me, Senor Lopez, to ask you a few questions before the world. - -“Why, if you had been ordered to enter the enemy’s lines, did you return -about two o’clock with a republican officer of high rank and bring him -into La Cruz, the Emperor’s headquarters? Why did you, contrary to the -Emperor’s wishes, and without my knowledge, order the Hungarian hussars -to unsaddle, when I had already given them the Emperor’s commands to -remain saddled all night? Why, at such a dangerous time, did you remove -from the Emperor’s headquarters the guard upon whom the safety of La -Cruz depended? Why were the eight guns which stood on the square in -front of the convent turned with their muzzles toward the city? Why, at -two o’clock in the morning, did you take this republican general, -dressed as a civilian and armed with a revolver, all through our -fortifications? Why did you leave our lines before four o’clock that -morning, still with this same officer, and return in a quarter of an -hour at the head of two of the enemy’s battalions and lead them into the -inner court of La Cruz, where you were met by your accomplice, -Lieutenant Jablonski? How did it happen that you and Jablonski, both -supposedly prisoners, should have informed the Emperor of the enemy’s -presence in La Cruz? How do you explain the fact that when His Majesty, -with General Castillo and myself, were about to leave the convent, then -already surrounded by the enemy, we were allowed at a word from you to -pass as civilians, although the Emperor must have been already -recognized and General Castillo and I were in full uniform? How was it -that after our capture some of the republican officers named you as the -traitor? How did it happen that you, a prisoner, were always at liberty? -And, finally, how were you able to possess yourself of the imperial -papers and various articles belonging to His Majesty, such as his silver -toilet service, which, by the way, have never appeared again? - -“To all of this, Señor Miguel Lopez, you cannot honestly and honorably -reply; the facts speak for themselves and proclaim you both traitor and -murderer. Why did you betray your Emperor and benefactor? Because, in -the first place, you wished to be revenged on him for withholding from -you the General’s commission which he had already signed. In case you -should not know his reason for this, then learn now that it was because -a brave man, whose blood is also on your hands and whose name I will not -mention, lest you take revenge on those he has left behind, had -presented to His Majesty a private document dismissing you from the army -for infamous conduct during Santa Anna’s presidency and forbidding your -ever holding a government office again. - -“And, secondly, Señor Lopez, you were moved by fear. Seeing that -something decisive must soon occur and fearing, in case of our defeat, -for your future and for your life, you hoped by this shameful treachery -to clear your past account with the republicans, as indeed you did. Your -third attempt at treason failed, for a short time after the Emperor had -been made prisoner, finding your hopes disappointed, you sent a person -known to us both to him with offers to betray your new confederates. In -my presence this person attempted to pave the way for you to approach -the Emperor, overtures that were naturally rejected with contempt. A man -may choose his own course in life, but he must be true to his -principles. You have not only been false to yours but have also -committed the most infamous of all crimes—that of treason—and broken the -oath you took to the imperial cause. The name of Miguel Lopez may become -famous, no doubt, but it will never be mentioned in the annals of Mexico -or of the world save with deepest abhorrence and contempt.” - - - - - Chapter XVI - The Emperor’s Imprisonment - - -After Maximilian had surrendered his sword to the republican commander -on the Cerro de la Campaña he was taken back to his old quarters at the -convent, his physician and two attendants, Grill and Severo, being -allowed to join him later. - -“It was with a heavy heart,” writes Dr. Basch, “that I approached the -Emperor’s door, before which a guard was posted. I opened it and paused -a moment on the threshold to compose myself, but His Majesty came up at -once and embraced me, weeping. Quickly controlling himself, however, he -pressed my hand and turned away, sighing deeply. A mournful silence -followed. Now for the first time I perceived that Salm, Blasio, Pachta, -and Pradillo were also in the room. For a time the Emperor paced up and -down, lost in thought, but at last he spoke, this time more calmly. - -“‘I am glad,’ he said, ‘that it all happened without more bloodshed. -That much at least has been accomplished. I feared for you all.’ - -“Although he had been so ill the night before, excitement had sustained -him during the events that had since occurred. Now, however, the attack -returned and he was forced to go to bed suffering greatly. Having, in -our present situation, no remedies at hand to relieve his distress, I -was greatly surprised when the Emperor produced a small box of pills -which I had given him the night before. ‘You see,’ he declared, ‘how -important it is not to lose one’s presence of mind. This morning when we -were surprised I remembered to put this in my pocket.’” - -Maximilian’s room had been completely rifled during his absence. -Personal effects, books, clothing, and documents all had disappeared, -having been appropriated by Lopez as souvenirs of his former benefactor. -During the forenoon the Emperor was visited by several of the republican -officers, among whom was Colonel José Gallardo, who had permitted him to -leave La Cruz the preceding night—a mistaken kindness, as it proved, for -Maximilian, in consequence, had been arrested in arms and thereby made -himself liable to that fatal decree of October third, which he had tried -to revoke on his way to Orizaba. - -Most of the imperial generals who had remained loyal were confined in a -room adjoining the Emperor’s. Mendez remained in hiding, but, his plan -of concealment being betrayed a few days later, he was taken out and -shot. Miramon had been shot in the face with a revolver by one of his -own adjutants while attempting to rally his troops on the Cerro, the -morning of the surrender, and was at his own quarters. The prisoners -were treated with scant consideration. A rich merchant of the town -supplied Maximilian’s table, with the remains from which his companions -were obliged to content themselves. The Emperor soon grew so much worse -that his physician became alarmed and asked that one of the republican -army surgeons might be called in. Dr. Riva de Nejra was sent to visit -the august prisoner and advised a change of residence, declaring the -present one most unfit in his condition of health. - -On the morning of the seventeenth, therefore, Maximilian was taken to -the former convent, Santa Teresa, in a carriage, guarded by a troop of -cavalry, his companions being forced to walk. As they passed through the -city, the streets were deserted, the inhabitants considerately retiring -into their houses, the windows of which even were closed. Not a soul was -to be seen anywhere. The new quarters of the prisoners consisted of two -large rooms, absolutely bare and empty. After some trouble a bed and -chairs were procured for the Emperor’s use, while the others were left -to make themselves comfortable on the floor of the adjoining apartment. -Fortunately they managed to obtain some saddle blankets to sleep on and -the Emperor sent out and bought coverings, combs, brushes, and soap. - -“These republicans,” says Dr. Basch, “seem convinced they are treating -us with the greatest care and magnanimity, their idea of humanity being -apparently to permit us to breathe. Unless we can wait on ourselves we -must go hungry and dirty.” - -In spite of these hardships, however, the change made a perceptible -improvement in Maximilian’s health, and his painful symptoms gradually -disappeared. Juarez’ delay in taking any action in regard to the fate of -the prisoners encouraged the Emperor’s friends to expect a favorable -outcome of the affair—a hope that was rudely dispelled, however, when -the Princess Salm arrived at Querétaro on the twentieth of May and -revealed to her husband the danger in which Maximilian really stood. It -was apparent even to the republicans that Juarez was determined to have -his life. The Princess made the most heroic efforts to save him, -shrinking from no dangers and no exertion in his behalf, but all in -vain. The Emperor’s guard was not always strictly kept, and had not -treachery lurked at every turn, his escape might have been effected. -Such an attempt was finally made, indeed, but it was then too late. - -On the twenty-second of May Maximilian was again transferred, this time -to the Capuchin monastery, with Prince Salm and Generals Mejia and -Miramon. The other officers, Dr. Basch, and the Emperor’s servants were -left behind, expecting to follow shortly. As hour after hour passed, -however, and no one came, feeling that anything was possible in this -barbarous country, they were seized with the fear that Maximilian and -his companions might have been already shot without any warning. At -last, however, an officer appeared, about eight o’clock in the evening, -with the long-looked-for orders. - -“The first person I saw in the monastery,” relates Dr. Basch, “was Salm. -‘Where is the Emperor?’ I asked. - -“‘His Majesty is in the crypt,’ he replied, but quickly added, seeing my -horror at these words, ‘Calm yourself, he is alive, but really in the -crypt. I will take you to him.’ - -“As the door was opened a rush of cold air greeted me, rank with -dampness and decay. In the far corner of a huge vault, the burial-place -of the monastery, was a bed, and on it lay the Emperor reading Cæsar. A -small table beside him held a lighted candle. ‘They have not had time to -prepare a room for me,’ he remarked, smiling quietly, ‘so I am obliged -temporarily to take up my abode with the dead.’ I spent that night in -the crypt alone with the Emperor, making my bed on a large slab -apparently used as a bier, but after the hours of anxiety I had endured -that afternoon, I had no trouble in sleeping even amid those -surroundings.” - -Bitter as Juarez was against Maximilian, he was not in Querétaro at this -time, but at Potosi, and therefore cannot be held responsible for the -atrocious treatment accorded the unfortunate Emperor, whose calm and -cheerful acceptance of these indignities cannot but rouse the deepest -admiration. - -The next day he was taken from the crypt and lodged in a dark narrow -cell, similar to those assigned his companions in misfortune, all -opening on a small court so that the prisoners could be easily guarded. -It soon became evident that there was no hope of any compromise in the -Emperor’s case. Juarez insisted that it should be decided by a Mexican -court-martial—the outcome of which was a foregone conclusion. -Maximilian’s death had already been determined upon and any trial would -be merely a pretext to throw dust in the eyes of the world. - -Princess Salm, with the aid of a German merchant, named Stephen, and the -vice-consul from Hamburg, made another attempt at rescue, which might -have proved successful had not Maximilian refused to go without Miramon -and Mejia, who were to be tried with him. Miramon appears to have -revealed the plan to his wife, who, in turn, betrayed it to the enemy, -so it resulted in only stricter measures. All the prisoners were removed -from the Capuchin monastery with the exception of Maximilian and his two -generals, over whom a much stronger guard was placed. - -On the twelfth of June, 1867, General Escobedo issued an order -arraigning Ferdinand Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, and his -confederates, the “so-called” generals, Don Miguel Miramon and Don Tomas -Mejia, before a court-martial to answer for crimes against the nation -and against law and order. The charges against Maximilian were thirteen -in number, an absurd and incongruous medley, the chief of which were -that he had broken his personal guarantees; that he had served as an -instrument of the French; and that he had assumed the position of a -usurper and authorized atrocities of every description, such as the -decree of October 3, 1865. - -The trial opened at eight o’clock on the morning of June thirteenth in -the Iturbide theatre, the interior of which was brilliantly illuminated, -the galleries filled with spectators, all of whom displayed the deepest -interest in the proceedings. At the right sat the judges, consisting of -a lieutenant-colonel and six captains, all very young and selected with -little or no regard for the important questions involved. Opposite them -were placed the benches for the accused and their advocates, Generals -Mejia and Miramon arriving at the theatre about nine in a carriage under -a strong guard. - -The president opened the session, and the attorney for the government, -Manuel Aspiroz, read the charges, together with the Emperor’s protest -against this form of trial and the legality of all steps taken against -his person under the law of January 25, 1862, which was intended for -native rebels and not applicable to him as a foreigner. Lastly, medical -evidence in regard to the Emperor’s condition of health was produced, -with a petition for more healthful accommodations. - -General Mejia was first summoned to answer before this tribunal, and his -advocate, Vega, made a brilliant speech in his defence, dwelling on his -bravery and loyalty as well as the distinguished services he had -rendered to his native land. Miramon’s attorneys, Jauregui and Moreno, -employed the same line of argument. - -Maximilian did not appear in person before the court. He was defended by -two of the foremost lawyers in Mexico, Vazquez and Ortega, both -distinguished for learning and eloquence. They directed their main -arguments against the competency of such a court for the case. -Maximilian was not a usurper, as charged, declared Vazquez, for he had -come by invitation of a representative council, confirmed by popular -vote. He had refused, in fact, to accept the crown until such vote had -been assured. Whether this had been given fraudulently, he, as a -foreigner on the other side of the ocean, had no means of discovering, -nor had he any reason to regard himself as other than a legitimate -sovereign—the ovation accorded him on his arrival naturally tending to -strengthen him in this conviction. He had brought no troops but came -peaceably, accompanied only by his household. Neither had he served as a -tool for the French, for from the very first he had striven against -their interference; the constant friction between him and the French -commanders having finally led to the withdrawal of the French troops. - -Ortega protested vigorously against the imputation of Maximilian’s -cruelty. The severe decree of October 3, 1865, was issued on the advice -of his ministry and in the belief that Juarez had abandoned Mexican -territory. Its object had been chiefly to intimidate, for no man ever -sued in vain for mercy from Maximilian, whose clemency and magnanimity -were well known. He concluded with an appeal to the honor and sympathy -of the republicans, urging them not to abuse their victory and stain -their laurels with a bloody and useless execution. - -But his defenders’ brilliant eloquence was powerless to save Maximilian. -His sentence had been fixed long since. The whole trial was the merest -farce, a spectacle prepared by Juarez and his friends. It was most -fitting that a theatre should have been chosen for its performance! - -The public session of the court ended on the fourteenth of June. At -eleven o’clock that night the Emperor Maximilian and his two generals -were unanimously pronounced guilty and condemned to be shot, Escobedo -confirming the sentence on the sixteenth and ordering the execution to -take place that afternoon at three o’clock. - -Mexico was now completely in the hands of the Juarists, with the -exception of Vera Cruz and the capital, where Marquez was playing a -singular game and needlessly sacrificing the Emperor’s brave Austrians. -With the downfall of the imperial cause, however, this scoundrel passes -out of our history. Once, during his imprisonment, Maximilian said to -his physician: “If both Marquez and Lopez were given to me to deal with -as I chose, I would free the coward Lopez, but Marquez, the cold-blooded -and deliberate traitor, I would hang.” - - - - - Chapter XVII - Death of Maximilian and his Generals - - -The news that the Emperor and his two generals, Mejia and Miramon, had -been sentenced to death, aroused widespread sympathy and Juarez was -besieged with petitions for mercy, even Garibaldi, who certainly was no -friend to the house of Hapsburg, being among the pleaders. The Prussian -ambassador, Baron von Magnus, hastened to Potosi to intercede personally -in behalf of Maximilian, and used every effort to secure a pardon, but -in vain. All that he was able to obtain was a reprieve of two days, the -execution of the sentence being postponed till seven o’clock on the -morning of the nineteenth. - - [Illustration: _LAST MOMENTS OF EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN_] - -Prince Salm being still a prisoner and powerless to act, his wife made -one last desperate attempt to bring about the Emperor’s escape by -flight, but again the plan was frustrated by the fatal treachery that -seemed to pursue Maximilian at every turn in Mexico. The Princess Salm -was put into a carriage and sent out of Querétaro under a military -guard, while all the diplomatic representatives were ordered by Escobedo -to leave the city at two hours’ notice. Meanwhile the Emperor and his -companions prepared for death. They received the sacrament from Father -Soria and spent their last hours communing with the confessors who were -to accompany them on their last journey. Maximilian, calm and serene as -in happier days, conversed cheerfully with Dr. Basch and his lawyers, -Ortega and Vazquez, who had come to bid him farewell. On parting with -the physician he charged him to carry back to his friends and family in -Vienna a report of the siege and of his last days. - -“Tell my mother,” he said, “that I have done my duty as a soldier and -die a good Christian.” - -At three o’clock, the time originally set for the execution, all was -ready for the last march to the Cerro de la Campaña. The officer in -command of the firing squad begged for forgiveness with tears in his -eyes, but the Emperor calmed him, saying: “You are a soldier and must -obey your orders.” For a whole hour they waited for the summons, but -none came. At last, about four o’clock, an officer arrived with the -announcement that the execution had been postponed till the nineteenth, -the order having only just arrived by wire from Potosi an hour before. - -“This is hard,” exclaimed Maximilian, “for I had already finished with -the world.” - -He availed himself of the delay, however, to dictate several farewell -letters to his physician, among them one of thanks to his captive -officers for their loyalty and a touching appeal to his implacable -enemy, Juarez, to prevent further bloodshed and let his death serve to -promote the peace and welfare of his adopted country. Even now Baron von -Magnus made one more effort to save the Emperor’s life. On the -eighteenth of June he sent a telegram to the Juarist minister, Lerdo de -Tejada, offering to secure guarantees from all the leading sovereigns of -Europe that none of the three prisoners should ever again set foot on -Mexican soil or disturb the country in any way. But Juarez was -inexorable. In reply to the Baron’s despatch Minister Tejada stated that -the President of the Republic was convinced that the cause of justice -and the future peace of the country required the death of the prisoners. - -At last the fatal morning of Wednesday, June 19, 1867, dawned. At five -o’clock Father Soria came to celebrate mass, and at half past six the -republican officer who had charge of the execution arrived. The three -prisoners, dressed in black, entered carriages, each with his confessor, -and were driven slowly to the place of execution, which was surrounded -by a guard of four thousand men. On alighting, the Emperor embraced his -two companions, promising they should soon meet in another world, and -then walked with dignity to the spot assigned at the foot of a hill in -front of a shattered wall. Here he placed Miramon in the centre, saying, -“A brave soldier is respected by his sovereign; permit me to yield you -the place of honor.” Turning to Mejia, who had been unnerved by the -sight of his wife running through the streets frantic with grief, he -said: “General, what has not been rewarded on earth will certainly be in -heaven.” After distributing some gold pieces among the soldiers who were -to do the firing, he said in a firm voice: “May my blood be the last -shed in sacrifice for this country, and if more is required, let it be -for the good of the nation, never by treason.” - -The signal to fire was then given and the three fell simultaneously, -Maximilian’s body pierced by six bullets. The Mexican Empire had ceased -to exist, and the noble Hapsburger had laid down his life for the -welfare of an ungrateful people. - -General Escobedo had promised the Emperor before his death that his body -should be delivered to Baron von Magnus to be taken back to Europe, yet -in spite of this the ambassador had much trouble in obtaining possession -of it. He was ill himself for a time with fever and had to be taken to -Potosi. After many delays, however, the remains were finally given into -his custody on November twelfth and, attended by Vice-admiral von -Tegetthof, his two adjutants, and Doctor Basch, were taken to Vera Cruz -with a cavalry escort of one hundred men, and placed on board the -_Novara_, the same vessel which but three years before had conveyed -Maximilian to his adopted country and to his doom. On the fifteenth of -January, 1868, the _Novara_ arrived at Trieste. A special train conveyed -the coffin to Vienna, where, three days later, the body of Archduke -Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria was buried in the imperial vault in the -Capuchin church. - - - - - Chapter XVIII - Conclusion - - -As there may be some curiosity as to the later history of those who so -shamefully betrayed the Emperor Maximilian, a word as to their fate may -not be amiss. - -His murderer, Juarez, proved himself unable to restore peace and -tranquillity in the country. He attained his ambition, however, when he -was again made President, and this sufficed for him. He did not long -survive the victim of his cruelty and revenge, dying, in Mexico, July -18, 1872. His friend, Escobedo, received from General Mejia his only son -as a legacy—one that was to prove a constant reminder of his treachery. -Twice the Juarist chief had owed his life to Mejia’s generosity, yet he -had not hesitated in turn to sign the latter’s death-warrant. - -Napoleon Third’s subsequent career has passed into history. Losing -battle after battle, and finally his throne, in the war of 1870, he -surrendered his sword to King William First of Prussia on the second of -September of that year and was taken to Wilhelmshöhe at Cassel as a -prisoner of war, where he received very different treatment from that -accorded the captive Emperor in Querétaro. After the conclusion of peace -he retired to England, where he died at Chiselhurst. - -A yet more tragic fate befell Marshal François Achille Bazaine. During -the Franco-Prussian War he was besieged in Metz by Prince Friedrich Karl -and forced to surrender with about one hundred and seventy thousand men. -He was taken to Cassel, where he shared Napoleon’s imprisonment. Accused -by the French not only of cowardice and incapacity but also of treason, -he was tried by court-martial and condemned to death. There being no -bloodthirsty Juarez in France, however, the sentence was commuted to -twenty years’ imprisonment on the Island of Sainte Marguerite, near -Cannes. He succeeded in escaping, with the help of his wife, and fled to -Madrid, where he lived in poverty and obscurity and died in 1888, -forgotten by the world and deserted by his wife, who returned to her -native Mexico. - -Marquez escaped from the city of Mexico, hiding the first night, it is -said, in a coffin, and, continuing his flight at daylight toward the -north, succeeded in reaching Texas. His subsequent history is unknown. -After betraying the imperial army, Lopez prepared to enjoy the reward of -his treason, but it was flatly refused him. Despised alike by friend and -foe, and even by his own wife, he led a wretched existence, employing -himself in vain attempts to vindicate his treachery. - - * * * * * * * * - -Doubtless Maximilian made many grave mistakes, but from the foregoing -pages it is plain that both he and his wife went to Mexico with the -noblest aims and full of enthusiasm for the mission, to the difficulties -of which they finally succumbed. Yet the sacrifice was not wholly in -vain, for the last struggle has served to embalm the memory of the -Emperor Maximilian First of Mexico as a brave and chivalrous prince, -while that of his enemies is held in merited contempt. - -On the spot where Maximilian and his two generals so gallantly met their -fate on the nineteenth of June, 1867, a memorial chapel has been -erected, to which throngs of Mexicans of all classes annually make a -pilgrimage on the anniversary of that day, as indeed they did -previously, when only a simple gravestone marked the place of death. - - - - - Appendix - - -The following is a chronological statement of important events connected -with Maximilian: - - 1832 Birth of Maximilian. - 1850-57 Marine service. - 1857 Marriage to Carlotta. - 1859 Retires to Miramar. - 1863 Mexican Embassy visits Miramar. - 1864 Coronation ceremony. - 1864 Arrival in Mexico. - 1865 Revolutionary uprisings. - 1866 The Empress goes to Europe. - 1867 Departure of the French. - 1867 Downfall of the Mexican Empire. - 1867 Execution of Maximilian. - - - - - LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE - - _Translated from the German by_ - GEORGE P. 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margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; } - div.bq { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:23em; } - /* book advertisements */ - div.bcat dl dd { margin-left:4em; max-width:21em; } - div.bcat dl dt { text-indent:-2em; margin-left:2em; } - p.bkad {font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:2em; max-width:20em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; } - p.bkpr {font-size:90%; } - p.bkrv { } - dl.blist dt { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } - dl.blist, dl.biblio { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:25em; } - - dl.int, dl.undent { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:25em; } - dl.undent dt { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; margin-right:1em; } -.box dl.undent { margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; } - dl.int dt {margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } - dl.int dd {margin-left:2em; } - ul { max-width:23em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; } - -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Maximilian in Mexico, by J. Kemper - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Maximilian in Mexico - Life Stories for Young People - -Author: J. Kemper - -Editor: George P. Upton - -Release Date: June 22, 2020 [EBook #62449] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAXIMILIAN IN MEXICO *** - - - - -Produced by D A Alexander, Stephen Hutcheson, and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="img"> -<img class="cover" id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Maximilian in Mexico" width="500" height="694" /> -</div> -<div class="img" id="pic1"> -<img src="images/p0.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="691" /> -<p class="caption"><i>EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN</i></p> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center"><i><span class="sc">Life Stories for Young People</span></i></p> -<h1>Maximilian in Mexico</h1> -<p class="center"><span class="large"><i>Translated from the German of -<br />J. Kemper</i></span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="small">BY</span> -<br /><span class="large">GEORGE P. UPTON</span> -<br /><span class="small"><i>Translator of “Memories,” “Immensee,” etc.</i></span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="smaller">WITH THREE ILLUSTRATIONS</span></p> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p1.jpg" alt="A. C. McCLURG & CO." width="200" height="199" /> -</div> -<p class="center">CHICAGO -<br />A. C. McCLURG & CO. -<br />1911</p> -</div> -<p class="center small"><span class="sc">Copyright -<br />A. C. McClurg & Co.</span> -<br />1911 -<br />Published September, 1911</p> -<p class="center smaller">THE · PLIMPTON · PRESS -<br />[W·D·O] -<br />NORWOOD · MASS · U·S·A</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_v">v</div> -<h2>Translator’s Preface</h2> -<p>The life story of Maximilian First in Mexico -is one of the saddest of tragedies. Admitting -that he was in some respects a weak -sovereign and incompetent for the task he undertook, -the tragedy is none the less sad. The dreadful -fate which overtook the Empress Carlotta only adds -to the gloom of the situation, and, if all reports are -true, serves to emphasize Mexican cruelty and -treachery, for in official circles it is generally believed -she was made insane by a poisonous herb secretly -mixed with her drink. Maximilian himself was a -gentleman in the best sense of the term, gentle, -courteous, refined, and scholarly; unfitted for the -position he held, inexperienced in political matters, -and ignorant how to contend with guile and treachery -of the basest kind. He was virtually forced to -ascend the Mexican throne, and consented only when -he was assured that the Mexican people had enthusiastically -elected him. Once there, he found himself -the victim of treacherous plots and deadly hatred. -He had but few friends upon whom he could rely, -and they were unable to aid him in the hour of -greatest danger. Louis Napoleon, who was chiefly -instrumental in sending him there, violated his -agreements, withdrew the French troops from -Mexico, and abandoned him as a prey to his vindictive -enemies, at whose hands he died like a gentleman -and a hero, leaving the Empress to suffer -the tortures of living death in a European asylum. -History recalls few sadder tragedies than the one -contained in the story of Maximilian’s three years -in Mexico.</p> -<p><span class="jr">G. P. U.</span></p> -<p><span class="small"><span class="sc">Chicago</span>, <i>May, 1911</i></span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_vii">vii</div> -<h2>Contents</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt class="jr"><span class="jl"><span class="sc">Chapter</span></span> <span class="small"><span class="sc">Page</span></span></dt> -<dt><span class="cn">I </span><a href="#c1"><span class="sc">Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian</span></a> 11</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">II </span><a href="#c2"><span class="sc">The Mexican Empire</span></a> 15</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">III </span><a href="#c3"><span class="sc">Arrival of the Emperor in Mexico</span></a> 24</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">IV </span><a href="#c4"><span class="sc">Maximilian’s First Measures</span></a> 28</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">V </span><a href="#c5"><span class="sc">Church Affairs in Mexico</span></a> 37</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">VI </span><a href="#c6"><span class="sc">Enemies Within and Without</span></a> 40</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">VII </span><a href="#c7"><span class="sc">Bazaine’s Position in Mexico</span></a> 44</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">VIII </span><a href="#c8"><span class="sc">Fruits of the New Government</span></a> 48</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">IX </span><a href="#c9"><span class="sc">Louis Napoleon’s Attitude</span></a> 52</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">X </span><a href="#c10"><span class="sc">The Empress’ Journey to Europe</span></a> 56</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">XI </span><a href="#c11"><span class="sc">Events in Mexico After the Departure of the Empress</span></a> 62</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">XII </span><a href="#c12"><span class="sc">The Emperor at Orizaba</span></a> 73</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">XIII </span><a href="#c13"><span class="sc">Departure of the French</span></a> 79</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">XIV </span><a href="#c14"><span class="sc">The Siege of Querétaro</span></a> 86</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">XV </span><a href="#c15"><span class="sc">Downfall of the Mexican Empire</span></a> 99</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">XVI </span><a href="#c16"><span class="sc">The Emperor’s Imprisonment</span></a> 113</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">XVII </span><a href="#c17"><span class="sc">Death of Maximilian and His Generals</span></a> 124</dt> -<dt><span class="cn">XVIII </span><a href="#c18"><span class="sc">Conclusion</span></a> 129</dt> -<dt><span class="cn"> </span><a href="#c19"><span class="sc">Appendix</span></a> 133</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_ix">ix</div> -<h2>Illustrations</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt class="jr"><span class="small"><span class="sc">Page</span></span></dt> -<dt><a href="#pic1">Emperor Maximilian</a><i>Frontispiece</i></dt> -<dt><a href="#pic2">Empress Carlotta</a>56</dt> -<dt><a href="#pic3">Last Moments of Emperor Maximilian</a>124</dt> -</dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h2>Maximilian in Mexico</h2> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="h2line1">Chapter I</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian</span></h2> -<p>Ferdinand Maximilian, born at Schönbrunn -on the sixth of July, 1832, was the -second son of Archduke Charles of Austria -and the Archduchess Sophie of Bavaria, a clever -and highly cultivated princess, under whose personal -supervision the young Archduke received a -careful and thorough education, in which Count -Bombelles, whose son afterward accompanied Maximilian -to Mexico, also had an important share.</p> -<p>From early childhood the prince showed that -marked love of nature, and especially of the sea, -which was so characteristic of his later years and -which made his education for the navy—his destined -career—an easy and pleasant task. To this -chosen profession, indeed, he applied himself with -such zeal and devotion that he may be regarded -as the real founder of the Austrian navy.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<p>His leisure hours were devoted to the study of -the fine arts and to the practice of all sorts of athletic -pursuits, in which he excelled, being tall and -well built, and quick and elastic in all his motions.</p> -<p>In 1850, upon the completion of his scientific -studies, he made his first long cruise, to Greece and -Smyrna, followed by voyages to Spain, Portugal, and -Algiers. In 1853 he was made captain of a corvette, -and a year later received the appointment of commander-in-chief -of the navy, soon after which, -escorted by a squadron of seventeen warships, he -visited Greece, Crete, Egypt, and Palestine.</p> -<p>The years 1856-57 were spent chiefly in European -travel, during which time the Archduke made the -acquaintance of his future wife, the Princess Carlotta, -daughter of King Leopold Second of Belgium, -to whom he was married in 1857 and who proved so -loyal and devoted a companion in joy and sorrow -until overtaken by the tragic fate of which we shall -hear later. Soon after his marriage, Maximilian, -then only in his twenty-fifth year, was made governor-general -of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom -by his brother, the Emperor Francis Joseph of -Austria—an office which he held for two years, -and which served in some measure as a preparation -for his subsequent mission in Mexico for, as governor-general, -he had many difficulties to contend -with, even though they were of quite a different -nature from those that afterward confronted him -in America.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<p>The war that broke out in 1859 between Italy -and Austria put an end to Maximilian’s political -career and he retired to the seclusion of Miramar, -the beautiful palace erected at Trieste some years -before. Here he lived quietly and peacefully, occupied -with his favorite literary and artistic pursuits, -and it was here that he wrote the “Sketches of -Travel,” afterward published; also the “Aphorisms,” -which speak the thoughts and aspirations of a great -soul.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<p>Maximilian has been called weak and irresolute, -and in fact he did prove hopelessly unequal to the -task that was set for him in Mexico—a task far -less suited to his gentle, kindly nature than to the -bolder character of his rival, Juarez, a man of -quite another stamp, who hesitated at no means to -attain his ends and for whom the high-minded -Hapsburger was no match. That Maximilian made -many grave errors cannot be denied, but his entire -administration should not be condemned for that -reason. It is certain that he was inspired by the -noblest aims and intentions, and had the Mexicans -but realized this and given him their loyal support -his plans might have been realized and ensured both -the country’s welfare and his own.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="h2line1">Chapter II</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">The Mexican Empire</span></h2> -<p>During the Archduke’s travels, in 1856, he -had visited Paris and spent twelve days at -St. Cloud with Napoleon Third and Eugénie. -He became much interested in the Emperor’s -ambitious schemes, while Napoleon and his wife on -their part were so pleased with Maximilian’s frank -and manly character that by the time he took his -departure the French sovereigns had already made -plans for the future of their guest, the situation in -Mexico offering a favorable opportunity.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<p>The better class of Mexicans were anxious for a -strong hand to assume the reins of government and -restore order to that distracted and wellnigh ruined -land, and as Napoleon Third was then in control of -affairs there, it was an easy matter for him to arouse -the interest of the Mexicans in the young Archduke -as their prospective ruler. The throne of Mexico -therefore was duly offered to Maximilian, but he -was at first unwilling to accept it. Fully acquainted -with the disordered state of that country, there was -little temptation for him to exchange the peaceful -seclusion of Miramar for so doubtful a gift. Negotiations -were carried on for eight months between -Paris and Miramar before the Archduke would consent -to accept the crown. At length, however, he -agreed on condition that both France and England -would guarantee their support in this enterprise. -Further delays were caused by discussions between -France, Spain, and England, but not until England -and Spain had finally yielded and withdrawn all -their troops from Mexico did Napoleon fully realize -the complications of the situation there.</p> -<p>Meanwhile Maximilian at Miramar became devoted -to the idea of being Emperor of Mexico, being -principally actuated by the fact that his wife would -be an Empress. Both applied themselves closely to -the study not only of the geography but of the -language and customs of the country, actively corresponding -at the same time with those who might -be able to exert an influence upon the destinies of -Mexico.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<p>The first public negotiations were conducted in -person by Napoleon Third and the Emperor Francis -Joseph of Austria, the latter of whom sent his -minister, Count Rechberg, to Miramar to discuss -the matter with his brother Maximilian. Both the -Archduke and his wife attached great weight to the -opinion of her father, King Leopold, who was well -known as a shrewd and clear-headed thinker. He -pointed out plainly the dangers and difficulties -attendant on assuming the sovereignty of Mexico, -but did not regard them as insurmountable, and his -advice decided the question. Maximilian announced -himself ready to accept the throne on certain conditions, -the chief of which was that his choice -as Emperor should be confirmed by a vote of the -Mexican people.</p> -<p>On the third of October, 1863, an embassy from -Mexico arrived at Miramar with a formal offer of -the crown. It was headed by Don Gutierrez de -Estrada, who had labored for twenty years to restore -a monarchy in Mexico. Maximilian’s reply was as -follows:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<p>“I am deeply moved by the wishes of the Mexican -assembly. It is most flattering to our house that their -choice should have fallen on a descendant of Charles -the Fifth. Yet noble and lofty a mission as it is -to establish the welfare and independence of Mexico, -I agree with the Emperor Napoleon that the monarchy -can be restored on a firm and stable basis only -by the free consent of the people. My acceptance -must therefore be conditional on that. On the other -hand, it shall be my duty to secure the guarantees -necessary to protect Mexico against the dangers -that menace her honor and her liberties. If I succeed -in this and the vote of the people be in my -favor, then I shall be ready, with the consent of my -imperial brother, to accept the crown. Should -Providence call me to this high mission, it is my -firm intention, after the pacification of the country, -to open the way for progress by granting a constitution -and to make this fundamental law permanent -by an oath. Only in this way can a new and truly -national policy be created, by means of which all -parties, forgetting their differences, may work with -me to lift Mexico to an eminent place among the -nations. Bring me this declaration, then, on the part -of your fellow-citizens and, if possible, ascertain what -form of government they desire.”</p> -<p>This was a frank and manly answer, and no doubt -the emissaries of the Mexican people who carried it -back across the Atlantic were equally honorable in -their intentions. How the vote was really obtained, -however, is told us by Montlong:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<p>At Monterey the French general, Jeanningres, -summoned the most influential citizens and addressed -them thus: “The Emperor of the French, always -solicitous for the welfare of this unhappy country, has -determined to transform the Mexican republic into -a great and prosperous empire, and in the interests -of this undertaking has chosen for your Emperor -one of the most liberal and enlightened princes in -Europe, the Archduke Maximilian of Austria. But -as Napoleon wishes him to be elected by general -consent of the people I have summoned you here in -order to receive your votes.” Then with a threatening -glance he added: “You accept, do you not, -gentlemen, the prince chosen for you by the Emperor -Napoleon?”</p> -<p>Intimidated by the General’s manner and the -ranks of soldiery behind him, all replied in -the affirmative, whereupon Jeanningres, addressing -the general staff officer who was to record the votes, -ordered him: “Write, sir, that this city votes unanimously -for the Empire, and permit these gentlemen -to sign it.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<p>The same method of procedure was enacted in -every town. When the principal citizens of Potosi -refused to sign a similar document, the officer in -command caused them all to be imprisoned for -thirty-six hours till hunger forced them to yield. -Thus by fraud the Empire was founded, as by -treachery it fell, both marked characteristics of this -nation as we shall see later.</p> -<p>The way now seemed clear, but at the last moment -an unforeseen difficulty arose. While the Archduke -was making a round of farewell visits at various -European courts, it was decided at Vienna to demand -a renunciation of all rights of succession to the throne -of Austria on the part of Maximilian and his possible -descendants. Emperor Francis Joseph strongly opposed -this, justly maintaining that if such a step -were considered necessary, it should not have been -deferred till the last moment, but Count Rechberg -and Baron Lichtenfels were firm. The former undertook -to lay the matter before the Archduke on his -return, but was so coldly received that he abandoned -any further attempt, while Maximilian himself -declared that had this point been presented to -him earlier, negotiations with Mexico would have -been broken off at once. This, of course, was now out -of the question, and after much discussion he finally -agreed to sign the act of renunciation, thus removing -the last obstacle.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p>On the tenth of April, 1864, a second embassy, -consisting of twenty distinguished Mexicans, again -headed by Estrada, arrived at Miramar to perform -the coronation ceremony. In his address, spoken -in French, Don Gutierrez alluded, first of all, to the -gratifying result of the popular vote. As to the -method by which it had been secured the good man -probably had as little knowledge as Maximilian himself. -He then recalled France’s service to his native -country, whose future prosperity he hoped would be -assured under the new monarchy. Mexico gratefully -acknowledged the Archduke’s self-sacrifice in -accepting this difficult position and was ready to -hail with joy her chosen sovereign, whose motto -was, <i>Justitia regnorum fundamentum</i>.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<p>Maximilian’s reply was in Spanish. He declared -that since the two conditions required by him had -been fulfilled, he was now able to redeem the promise -given six months before and was ready to accept the -offered crown. The oath was then administered. -Maximilian swore to guard the liberties of the Mexican -nation under all circumstances and to do all in -his power for the welfare and prosperity of the -people, after which Estrada swore allegiance in the -name of Mexico and was decorated by his sovereign -with the grand cross of the newly revived Guadeloupe -order. A triple “Viva” followed to the new -Emperor and Empress in whose honor the imperial -Mexican flag was hoisted on the tower of Miramar, -amidst salvos from batteries and battle ships. A -solemn Te Deum in the palace chapel concluded the -ceremonies.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<p>On the same day the Emperor signed the important -convention with Napoleon, known as the Treaty -of Miramar, whereby it was agreed to reduce the -French troops as soon as possible to 25,000, including -the foreign legion. This body should evacuate -the country as soon as forces could be organized to -take their place, yet the foreign legion of 8000 was -to remain, if required, for six years after the above -withdrawal and be supported from this time by the -Mexican government. The transport service for -French military supplies must be paid by the same -government with 400,000 francs for the round trip, -likewise the cost of the French expedition, fixed at -270,000,000 francs for the whole time, till July 1, -1864, with interest at three per cent per annum. -After this date the expenses of the Mexican army -rested with Mexico, which had also to give 1000 -francs for the maintenance of each French soldier, -pay included. Against these sums the Mexican -government had to pay at once 66,000,000 francs in -bonds of the late loan and 25,000,000 francs in -specie annually. A mixed commission of three -Frenchmen and three Mexicans was to meet at -Mexico within three months to adjust the claims of -French citizens. All Mexican prisoners of war held -by the French were to be released as soon as Maximilian -entered his States. In addition to this, -there were three secret clauses, by utilizing which -France afterward, and not without some show of -reason, attempted to extricate herself from her dangerous -position.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<h2 id="c3"><span class="h2line1">Chapter III</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Arrival of the Emperor in Mexico</span></h2> -<p>On the tenth of April, 1864, the die was cast -for Archduke Maximilian and Carlotta. On -the fourteenth, the day set for departure, -all was bustle and confusion at Miramar, usually so -peaceful. The harbor of Trieste was filled with -vessels, large and small, and, anchored at some distance -from shore, lay the <i>Novara</i>, the Austrian warship -that was to convey the imperial pair to Mexico. -Little did any one then suspect that this same -vessel was so soon to bring back the body of Maximilian, -cruelly murdered by Mexican rebels! To-day -all was joyous anticipation. A gayly decorated -barge carried the Emperor and Empress out to the -<i>Novara</i>. Showers of blossoms were flung after them -as they left the shore, lined with thousands of spectators, -and floated gently out upon the blue waves -of the Adriatic. Cannon thundered a farewell. -Maximilian looked for the last time upon his native -shores.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<p>Two nights later the travellers rounded the southernmost -point of Italy, and on the eighteenth -reached Civita Vecchia where they landed and were -met by the French and Italian ambassadors, envoys -from Belgium and Austria, and the Cardinals sent -by Pope Pius Ninth to welcome Maximilian. A special -train was waiting to convey the entire party -to Rome where, on the nineteenth of April, the -Emperor had an audience with the Pope. Church -affairs in Mexico had been completely demoralized -by Juarez, and one of the Emperor’s chief tasks was -to restore order and provide for the religious needs -of his people. The following day Pope Pius Ninth -returned the visit at the Palazzo Marescotti, after -which the imperial party returned to Civita Vecchia, -where they again boarded the <i>Novara</i> and resumed -their voyage. At Gibraltar another stop of two -days was made, and on the twenty-eighth of May -the <i>Novara</i> anchored before the city of Vera Cruz. -The goal was reached—but what of Maximilian’s -reception by the people of Mexico who had chosen -him as their sovereign by a unanimous vote?</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<p>Although the French frigate <i>Themis</i>, which escorted -the <i>Novara</i> across the Atlantic, had hastened -on in advance to notify the city of the Emperor’s -arrival, there was no commotion in the harbor. No -flags were flying, no guns roared a welcome, no one -was waiting to receive him. A feeling of uneasiness -pervaded the Emperor’s household, but Maximilian -himself made no comment. After a long delay -the commander-in-chief of the French fleet, Rear-admiral -Bosse, and his adjutant finally made their -appearance, though even then, according to the -Countess Kollowitz, their greeting was none too -warm. Quite different, however, was the Emperor’s -reception in the towns between Vera Cruz and -Mexico; his journey to the capital was like a triumphal progress.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<p>Thus did Maximilian enter the land that was -henceforth to claim his whole attention and best -endeavor. For this indifferent and ungrateful people -he had undertaken the Herculean task of regenerating -a country wasted by forty years of civil warfare; -regulating a society demoralized by anarchy; restoring -national prosperity; reviving industries; and -reconciling to law and order a people to whom outlawry -and robbery had become second nature. -The army must be reorganized, the land rid of -marauders, contending factions appeased and made -to work together for the common good. The Church -must be placed once more on a settled basis, new -channels of trade established, and the whole national -standard of civilization raised. These were surely -problems to daunt the bravest! Well may Maximilian -have hesitated long before accepting such -responsibilities, yet with heroic self-sacrifice the -young Emperor set himself to this stupendous work. -That he failed was no doubt due partly to his unfitness -for the task, but more to the insuperable obstacles -that loomed before and finally crushed the -noble Hapsburger.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="h2line1">Chapter IV</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Maximilian’s First Measures</span></h2> -<p>One of the first necessities that confronted -Maximilian in the execution of his mission -was the establishment of diplomatic relations -with the world. The courts of Vienna, Rome, -Paris, and Brussels had been informed at once of his -acceptance of the throne of Mexico. It now remained -to notify the remaining powers of this event. -A decree was issued on the twenty-first of June, -1864, empowering the foreign office to make the -necessary arrangements. By the end of the year -Mexico had been recognized as an Empire by Russia, -Sweden, Turkey, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Italy, -France, and England, also by the German Confederation -and the Shah of Persia. Far more valuable to -the new monarchy would have been its recognition -by the United States, but the White House at Washington -still looked upon Juarez as President of -Mexico, as did its smaller and less important -neighbors on the south, the republics of Guatemala, -Honduras, Nicaragua, San Salvador, and Costa Rica. -Thus the Empire was surrounded by hostile countries, -while its only ally in America, the Emperor -Don Pedro Second of Brazil, could be of little use.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<p>Maximilian appointed the advocate Don José -Ramirez as minister of foreign affairs—a man concerning -whom opinion is divided. There can be no -question, however, as to his ability and his loyalty -to Maximilian, to whom he proved a valuable counsellor, -although the Emperor unfortunately did not -always follow his advice. Maximilian took no further -action in governmental affairs until he had -gained a more intimate knowledge of the country. -Though well versed in the language and history of -Mexico as well as its political complications, he -discovered at once the necessity of a personal -acquaintance with the various portions of his new -realm and determined to make a tour of those -provinces loyal to him. Meanwhile he devoted -himself to learning the needs of his people. With -this object in view he spent much time walking -about the streets of the capital or visiting various -public and charitable institutions. The Empress -was her husband’s constant companion, sharing all -his cares and interests, and although Maximilian did -not always agree with her opinions, her clever pen, -her quick wit, and cultivated mind often proved of -great help to him.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<p>He soon discovered many evils the existence of -which he had not suspected. The Mexican is profuse -in promises which are never kept, and Maximilian -had daily proof of this national characteristic. -In spite of his personal charm and kindness the -French officers kept jealously aloof from him, regarding -themselves as slighted in the distribution of -orders. The clergy, disappointed that the Church -property confiscated by Juarez had not been immediately -restored to them, were dissatisfied with the -new government, while the republicans under Juarez -refused, of course, to acknowledge the Empire.</p> -<p>The accusation made by these malcontents that -Maximilian did not attempt to improve conditions -was entirely unjustified, however. Few that followed -his career realized how diligently and self-sacrificingly -he labored for that end. That the -restoration of order must be gradually accomplished -was self-evident. Realizing that drastic measures -were necessary at many points in the affairs of -state, he was forced to take time for observation -and investigation before attempting any change. -Many evils had to be endured temporarily before -any radical changes could be made, and he had also -to consult the opinions of his advisers, whether in -accordance with his own or not.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div> -<p>His first attention was devoted to the regulation -of military and financial matters. A commission, -headed by General Bazaine, commander-in-chief of -the French troops, was appointed to meet on the -fourteenth of July to consider the reorganization of -the army. The relations between Maximilian and -this officer had been none too friendly from the -first. Bazaine considered himself his own master -and troubled himself little as to the Emperor’s -views. In justice to Napoleon Third, however, it -must be said that he seems to have been very imperfectly -informed as to the actions and practices -of his generals in Mexico. All correspondence with -France had to pass through the hands of Bazaine -or his subordinates, who could easily color reports -to suit themselves. On the fifteenth of July a -commission, presided over by Velasquez de Leon, -and consisting of landed proprietors, merchants, -manufacturers, and mine owners, met to discuss the -regulation of financial affairs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div> -<p>From the first Maximilian exerted himself to do -away with antiquated customs, and as early as the -sixteenth of July a decree was issued requiring all -officers of justice to be at their posts from nine to -twelve in the morning and shortening their annual -leave of absence from three months to six weeks, an -innovation that met with small favor from the -Mexicans, as may be imagined.</p> -<p>On the tenth of August the Emperor set out -upon his tour into the interior, the government -during his absence being left in charge of the Empress. -He was accompanied by his life-long friend, -Count Bombelles, his secretary, Iglesias, Privy Councillor -Scherzenlechner, and the Lord Chamberlain -Felipe Raygosa. Originally planned for four weeks, -the journey extended over three months. A proclamation -had been issued by Velasquez de Leon, -shortly before the Emperor’s departure, announcing -his tour and forbidding any state receptions or entertainments -in order to spare expense to the people, -impoverished by years of civil strife. In spite of -this prohibition, however, magnificent triumphal -arches were erected in many places in honor of the -Emperor, who was welcomed with great enthusiasm -by the populace, the Indians, in particular, gathering -in crowds everywhere to gaze at their new sovereign.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div> -<p>On the seventeenth of August Maximilian arrived -at Querétaro where he was received with great -enthusiasm and remained for several days, being -royally entertained. Little did any of those who -joined in the festivities suspect that in this very -town, only three years later, the Emperor was to -lay down his life for Mexico! From there he went -on to Celaya which was reached a week later. In -many places through which they passed evidences -were visible of the effects of the famine that existed -in the interior of the country, and where the suffering -was greatest Maximilian distributed considerable -sums of money from his own purse. At Trapuato -the Emperor was suddenly seized with an attack -of quinsy which confined him to his bed for two -weeks. This delay, together with other unforeseen -occurrences in the capital, obliged him to abandon -the rest of his journey, and the party returned to -Mexico, though by a different route, arriving on the -thirtieth of October.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<p>This tour of Maximilian’s had proved a continuous -ovation, but how much of the popular enthusiasm -was due to his personality rather than to -allegiance to him as a sovereign is a question. He -had shown himself everywhere most gracious and -kindly, granting audiences to persons of all classes -with a fearlessness which, considering the state of -the country, must have commanded the respect even -of his enemies. Whether he allowed himself to be -deceived by these demonstrations is uncertain. At -all events he returned well content with the results -of his journey and full of hope for the future. That -many of the great changes planned by him for the -benefit of the people were never put into execution -was not altogether his fault. To carry out any -thorough system of reform large sums of money -are needed, and the treasury was exhausted.</p> -<p>Maximilian’s first act after his return was to form -a ministry. During his travels he had met many -able and patriotic Mexicans who, he fancied, would -be of great assistance to him in his projected reforms, -and from these he chose his ministers exclusively, -though doubtless well aware that in some cases the -positions would have been better filled by Austrians, -Belgians, or Frenchmen. When reminded of -this by his friends, however, he would say, “Have -patience! When the country learns that Mexican -ministers are good-for-nothing, I may be justified in -appointing others, and my people can then have -nothing to reproach me with.” This was no doubt -wise on the Emperor’s part. The appointment of -foreigners would have excited suspicion if not rebellion -at once among the excitable and distrustful -Mexicans.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<p>On his tour Maximilian had discovered that the -country’s most pressing need was the revival of -commerce. New channels of trade must be created, -and for this purpose the laying out of highways -and the building of bridges was ordered. Robles, -minister of public works, was commissioned to build -a railroad between Querétaro and Guanajuato, an -undertaking which was never carried out, however. -A railroad from Mexico to Vera Cruz was also -planned, the execution of which was entrusted to -an English company, and three different companies -received permission to run steamship lines between -the more important seaports of the country. To -exterminate the robber bands and secure safety -for the life and property of the people, a much -needed system of militia was instituted on the -seventh of November, 1864. At the same time -the Emperor urged most strictly upon all magistrates -of the various provinces the following injunctions: -preservation of law and order, firm -administration of justice, supervision of the press, -construction and maintenance of roads, extermination -of marauders and outlaws, sanitation, improvements -in agriculture and the breeding of cattle, -conservation of forests, etc.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<p>All this proves the loftiness of Maximilian’s aims—nor -were his hands idle as some of his enemies -maliciously maintained. Could he but have had -the necessary support and coöperation, conditions -in that unfortunate country must soon have improved. -But with only the fickle and treacherous -Mexicans to depend upon, all these reforms were of -brief duration—a mere ripple on the stream.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="h2line1">Chapter V</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Church Affairs in Mexico</span></h2> -<p>The most difficult problem now awaiting solution -was the religious situation in Mexico. -Forty years of internal strife and anarchy -had inevitably lowered the standards of the people -and weakened their sense of right and wrong, as was -proved by Juarez’s treatment of Church property. -The claim of the enemies of the Catholic Church, -however, that the priesthood was responsible for -this moral degradation, is entirely without foundation. -All reports agree that the priests were then, -as now, the friends and guardians of the Indians. -Many of the stanchest supporters of Mexican independence—among -them Hidalgo, Morelos, and -Guerrero—belonged to the clerical party, and even -at the present day a large part of the minor clergy -are Indians.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<p>Accounts vary as to the value of the Church’s -property in Mexico at that time, but it is a matter -of little importance, since it had been seized and -disposed of by Juarez and his followers long before -Maximilian’s arrival. Indeed, this had been one of -the chief causes for the latter’s hesitation in accepting -the throne.</p> -<p>The only possible method of dealing with this -knotty question seemed to be that of direct negotiation -with the papal chair, and a special envoy was -sent to Mexico by Pope Pius Ninth for this purpose. -The nuncio, Monsignore Meglia, was received by -Maximilian with every mark of honor and escorted -in state to the capital where a round of festivities -ensued, after which the Emperor and his guest -devoted themselves to the matter in hand. Nine -points were submitted by Maximilian and his ministers -for debate, the chief of which may be briefly -stated as follows: Free observance of all religions in -Mexico, in so far as they did not violate the laws -of the country; all expenses of Catholic worship to -be borne by the State; no taxes nor gratuities of any -kind to be paid to the clergy by the people; cession -by the Church of all possessions declared to be -national property; enjoyment by the Emperor of all -rights possessed by his predecessors, the Kings of -Spain, in Mexico; a mutual agreement to exist -between the Pope and the Emperor to resist aggression -on the part of any or all religious orders in -Mexico; existing communities to remain on condition -that no more novices be received until conditions -were settled.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<p>The delicate nature of these matters may readily -be perceived as well as the difficulty of their settlement. -Negotiations, in fact, were soon broken off -and an uncomfortable open rupture occurred between -the Emperor’s ministers and Monsignore Meglia, -who left the capital with his suite on the twenty-seventh -of May, and returned to Rome without -having accomplished his mission.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<h2 id="c6"><span class="h2line1">Chapter VI</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Enemies Within and Without</span></h2> -<p>Maximilian’s failure to settle this question, -so important to Mexico, not only was of -the greatest detriment to the restoration -of peace and order, but also lost him the sympathies -of the clerical party, already averse to the new -sovereignty.</p> -<p>The unsettled condition of the country has been -already alluded to. It is impossible for peaceful -industries to flourish where the lives and property -of citizens are in constant danger. The path of outlawry -and anarchy is marked only by mouldering -corpses and smoking ruins. Some idea of the state -of things may be obtained from a report sent by -the prefect of Zamora to his chief, Antonio Moral, -on the ninth of March, 1865:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<p>“This prefecture has learned through spies and -other sources of information that the robber chiefs -Regules, Salazar, Egiulus, and others are assembling -their bands in large numbers for attack. Should -the troops stationed at Mazamitla and Uruapan be -withdrawn, the bandits will capture this town without -a doubt, an event which would be followed by -the most serious consequences. I must add that all -towns in the south of this department are in the -same danger, and earnestly implore aid. Pazcuaro -is menaced by more than 1400 outlaws. Unless -General Neigre, who has been informed of the danger, -speedily sends assistance, it will fall into their -hands and a terrible catastrophe be precipitated.”</p> -<p>On the tenth of May, 1865, the Mexican commander-in-chief, -Vicente Rosas, writes to the minister -of war:</p> -<p>“Matters are bad and grow worse daily. Besides -the bands of Regules and Pueblita, several others -are roving about in this vicinity, plundering and -burning <i>haciendas</i>. Unless something can be done -to remedy affairs, this whole department will be -lost.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<p>The country’s most serious enemy, however, was -its ex-President, Benito Juarez. Born about 1807, -in the State of Oaxaca, of an Indian family, claiming -descent from Zapotekos, Juarez’s childhood was -spent in extreme poverty. With a natural thirst -for knowledge, he eagerly availed himself of all the -opportunities for learning that came within his -reach, and, finally succeeding in obtaining some -education, he determined to devote himself to the -study of law. A wealthy Indian merchant, named -Don José Hernandez, had taken him into his service -as errand-boy from which position he soon rose to -a clerkship, and afterward was admitted to the bar -with the dignity of Doctor of Laws. Later he was -elected to the Vice-Presidency under Comonfort, -upon whose resignation, in 1858, Juarez became -President of Mexico.</p> -<p>When Maximilian assumed the throne, Juarez’s -term of office had nearly expired (November 30, -1864). He would have been wise therefore to recognize -the Empire, under which he might have looked -to hold some important position. Maximilian, indeed, -did make overtures to the ex-President by -offering him a place in the cabinet, but Juarez coldly -declined, preferring to remain at the head of the -revolutionists, who kept Mexico in a state of -turmoil and effectually prevented any peaceful development -of that distracted country.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<p>The position taken by the United States toward -the new Empire has already been alluded to. On -the fourth of April, 1864, Congress adopted a resolution -declaring the unwillingness of the United States -tacitly to appear before the world as an indifferent -spectator of the deplorable events then taking place -in Mexico, and its refusal to recognize a monarchical -government founded on the ruins of an American -republic and under the protection of a European -power.</p> -<p>Much to his regret, therefore, Maximilian was -forced to abandon all thought of an embassy at -Washington. Realizing fully how great an advantage -recognition by the United States would have -been to the Empire, both he and his ministers had -used every effort to establish friendly relations between -the two governments. The White House, -however, still continued to recognize Juarez and his -ambassador, Romero, a crafty official who succeeded, -not only in establishing recruiting offices for -his master in some of the large cities of the United -States, but in winning over many of the newspapers -also to his side.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<h2 id="c7"><span class="h2line1">Chapter VII</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Bazaine’s Position in Mexico</span></h2> -<p>The attitude taken by the French in Mexico -has already been alluded to. Bazaine in -particular seems from the first to have been -little affected by the Emperor’s good example. He -was well aware of France’s incalculable services to -Mexico, and that it was French bayonets chiefly -which still maintained some show of order in the -country. As for Maximilian, while thoroughly appreciating -Bazaine’s ability, he could not but regard -him as the man of whose will he was more or less -at the mercy, and felt most keenly the arbitrary -acts of the Marshal and his underlings, of which the -following examples will serve as illustrations.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<p>In 1864 the French general, Briancourt, had a -Mexican colonel arrested and forced him to sweep -the streets for two hours every day. Indignant at -this outrage, some ladies of the town brought -wreaths of flowers to the colonel as he swept, whereupon -Briancourt had bills posted proclaiming that in -the future any one who committed this offence should -share the prisoner’s sentence. After being humiliated -in this way for ten days, the imperial officer was -summoned before Briancourt, who dismissed him -with the words: “Go where you choose now—over -to the republicans—for all I care!” And the -colonel actually did join the Emperor’s enemies, with -several other officers.</p> -<p>A French officer, meeting one of his comrades -who had served through a campaign under Lieutenant-colonel -Ornano, congratulated him on having -been one of those receiving decorations for bravery. -“You do me an injustice!” replied the other. “We -invariably turned our backs upon the enemy and -if Ornano singled me out in his report, it was only -through fear lest I might betray how it was falsified. -Let me tell you just one incident of this honorable -campaign. As we were approaching the village of -San Francisco, Ornano sent a party of cavalry in -advance to reconnoitre. A fifteen-year-old boy, attracted -by the sound of riders, came to the door of -his house to see who they were, and, as he galloped -by, the leader of the patrol split the poor child’s -skull with one stroke of his sabre, just as his mother -was about to draw him back into the house. Truly -a heroic deed!”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<p>These examples will suffice to prove with what -contempt the French regarded the Mexicans and -how the officers especially lost no opportunity of -turning the Emperor’s subjects against him, even -while they themselves were still supposed to be in -Maximilian’s service. It would be unjust, however, -to accuse the whole army of this treacherous behavior, -nor can Napoleon Third be held responsible -for it. He was a warm personal friend of Maximilian -in the first place, and it seems reasonable to -assume that he was ignorant of such conduct on the -part of Bazaine or he would have recalled him and -sent some one else in his place.</p> -<p>On the third of October, 1865, a report having -been generally circulated that Juarez had fled from -Mexico and taken refuge in Texas, the Emperor -issued a decree for which he has been severely criticised. -It ran in substance as follows: All persons -belonging to armed bands or companies, political or -otherwise, not lawfully authorized, under whatever -appellation or for whatever purpose, shall be tried -by court-martial, and if found guilty shall be condemned -to death and executed within twenty-four -hours from the date of sentence.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<p>Bazaine is believed by some to have been the real -author of this edict, which was aimed at the destruction -of the robber bands that infested the country, -but by authority of which Maximilian himself was -afterward sentenced to death by Juarez. As, however, -it was signed by all Maximilian’s liberal -ministers it seems more probable that they were -responsible for a decree so little in accordance with -his kindly nature.</p> -<p>Whether or no Bazaine had any share in the framing -of this edict, he certainly did all in his power to -further its execution, as appears from a confidential -message to his generals sent with a copy of the decree. -He concludes, “You are hereby commanded -to notify the troops under your orders that no more -prisoners are to be taken. All individuals found -under arms, irrespective of person, are to be shot -on sight. In future there will be no more exchange -of prisoners; on both sides, it is kill or be killed.”</p> -<p>By these cruel means he hoped to prejudice the -people against their sovereign, thereby furthering -his own ambitious schemes for becoming President -of Mexico himself, schemes which were destined -never to be realized, however.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<h2 id="c8"><span class="h2line1">Chapter VIII</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Fruits of the New Government</span></h2> -<p>We have seen from the preceding chapters -what the state of affairs in Mexico was -when Maximilian assumed the government. -By the beginning of the second year of the -Empire matters had already materially changed. -Most of the country folk had returned to their farms, -and city merchants who dealt in agricultural implements -soon saw their stock disappear, and were -forced to order fresh supplies. This led to a steady -commercial intercourse with the United States which -greatly increased after the close of the Civil War. -In the Spring of 1865 the duties to Mexico from New -York alone amounted to 1,700,000 pesos in a single -week. Trade with the West Indies, South America, -and Europe was also extensive. Merchants who -at first had been obliged to purchase on credit, -owing to the prevailing lack of funds, were by -this time able to pay cash for goods. This was -certainly one good result of the new government, -as must have been recognized by all public-minded -Mexicans.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<p>With the prospect of profit and an assured market, -trades and crafts also revived. Hundreds of youths, -who had been torn from their peaceful occupations -and forced to join the revolutionist bands, returned -to their apprenticeships. Channels of trade were -improved. A regular line of mail steamships was -established in the Gulf of Mexico, and intercourse -was resumed with all Pacific ports. Fine steamers -made monthly trips from San Francisco to La Paz, -Guaymas, and Mazatlan, and twice a month from -Guaymas to Acapulco. Construction was begun on -the railroad between Vera Cruz and the capital, -though it was afterward suspended. A telegraph -line was built from Mexico to San Luis Potosi. The -national finances were also much improved. Customs -receipts steadily increased and the mints coined -more dollars than ever before, though still bearing -the stamp of the Republic.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<p>These were some of the happy results of the new -administration. That they were of but brief duration -was not the fault of the government nor yet of -the Emperor, but of Juarez who, still passing as -President, succeeded only too well in his schemes for -undermining the Empire.</p> -<p>With increasing prosperity came a revival of -various sports and amusements, of which the Mexican -people are naturally so fond. Early in the year -1865 most of the European ambassadors arrived -with their suites, and a series of splendid entertainments -followed at the imperial court. Later the -marriage of Marshal Bazaine to the seventeen-year-old -niece of General Lopez furnished occasion for -more festivities. These diversions, however, did -not cause the Emperor to slacken his labors for the -improvement of the country. On the third of March, -1865, he had the Empire divided into fifty departments -and revived the so-called “Indian Council,” -which had existed in the days of Spanish sovereignty, -placing at its head the advocate, Faustin Chimalpopoca, -a pure Aztec. The Indians still formed the -larger part of the population of Mexico in spite of -the efforts of the Republic to enslave and crush them. -Realizing the importance of this class of people, -Maximilian took the greatest interest in their protection -and welfare, while they in turn remained -loyal to him to the last.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div> -<p>On the tenth of April, 1865, the anniversary of -his acceptance of the crown, Maximilian published -an imperial statute declaring that, as a number of -provinces still remained hostile to the Empire, he -did not deem it wise as yet to introduce popular -representation, but promised to do so as soon as -the national disturbances were settled. Besides the -Guadeloupe order, revived in 1863, and the order -of the Mexican Eagle, founded in January, 1865, a -special order for women, that of San Carlos, was -instituted, April tenth, by the joint sovereigns. Another -important task was the reorganization of the -army. Most of the Mexican officers at that time -were quite useless and must be got rid of. To -replace these and furnish a supply of efficient native -officers, Maximilian opened the military school at -Chapultepec.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div> -<h2 id="c9"><span class="h2line1">Chapter IX</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Louis Napoleon’s Attitude</span></h2> -<p>When Maximilian ascended the throne of -Mexico, the Civil War was still raging in -the United States, and the White House -had no time to care for the affairs of its southern -neighbor. Although from the first the United States -had refused to recognize the Empire, its attitude had -been neutral rather than actually hostile, and Napoleon -was counting on an indefinite continuation of -the war for the furtherance of his plans. The end -came sooner than was expected, however. After a -bitter struggle the Southern States yielded to the -North, and this materially changed the situation in -Mexico. Juarez was now not only regarded as -President, but furnished with active support, without -which he would doubtless have been forced to -give up the struggle. He hovered on the border, -now on one side of the line, now on the other, escaping -into Texas when the enemy was close at his -heels, and remaining there in safety until the danger -was passed, then crossing back into Mexico again, -where, reinforced by volunteers from the north, he -won frequent victories over the imperial troops and -constantly gained ground.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<p>Napoleon’s position was likewise changed. In a -speech delivered from the throne on the twenty-second -of January, 1866, he declared:</p> -<p>“In Mexico the government founded by the -people continues to thrive. The rebels, overpowered -and dispersed, have no longer any leaders. -The national troops have proved their valor and the -country has furnished security for order and safety -in the development of resources which have made -its commerce worth millions with France alone. -Our enterprise therefore is progressing most successfully, -as I last year expressed the hope that it would. -As to the recall of our troops I have come to an -understanding with Emperor Maximilian, whereby -their withdrawal may be accomplished without -danger to the interests of France, for the protection -of which in that distant country we have pledged -ourselves. Any objections raised by the United -States to the continued presence of our troops in -Mexico will be removed, I feel sure, by the justice -of our explanations. The American people will -perceive that an enterprise in which we sought their -aid cannot be contrary to their interests. Two -nations, equally jealous of their rights, must naturally -resent any step that might jeopardize their -honor or their dignity.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div> -<p>Plausible and reassuring as this sounds, it nevertheless -betrays two facts: France’s fear of being -drawn into war with the United States if she continued -to maintain an army on American soil, and -Napoleon’s desire to conciliate that country even at -the cost of violating the Treaty of Miramar. True, -there may have been something in the secret articles -added to this document which justified Napoleon’s -methods, while on the other hand it is evident that -Maximilian was far from opposing the recall of -Bazaine, nor did he object to the gradual withdrawal -of the French troops, as may be seen from -the following announcement that appeared in the -<i>Monitor</i>:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<p>“In pursuance to an agreement between M. Dano, -the French ambassador, His Excellency Marshal -Bazaine, and the Mexican government, the Emperor -has ordered that the French troops shall leave -Mexico in three detachments: the first to go in -November, 1866, the second in March, 1867, the -third in the following November. Negotiations -between the two governments have also begun to -substitute those articles of the Treaty of Miramar relating -to finance, new stipulations whereby France’s -indebtedness and the interest of the loan guaranteed -by her to Mexico shall be assured.”</p> -<p>The United States declared itself satisfied with -these assurances and continued to assist Juarez in -his attempts to undermine the government.</p> -<p>The year 1866, which thus began so peacefully on -paper at a time when there was little peace in -the air, either in Europe or America, was to prove -an eventful one for Maximilian, and hastened -with giant strides the downfall of the Mexican -Empire.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div> -<h2 id="c10"><span class="h2line1">Chapter X</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">The Empress’ Journey to Europe</span></h2> -<p>On the seventh of July, 1866, the following -unexpected announcement appeared in one -of the Mexican journals: “Her Majesty, the -Empress, leaves to-morrow for Europe, where she is -to arrange the settlement of various matters of -Mexican as well as international import. No greater -proof of patriotism and self-denial could be furnished -on the part of our sovereign than the assumption of -this mission, the more so as the Empress sails from -Vera Cruz, where yellow fever is so prevalent at this -season. We publish this in order that the people -may know the real purpose of Her Majesty’s -journey.”</p> -<p>The Empress Carlotta’s sudden departure aroused -great excitement. It was generally felt, and not -without reason, that such a step must have been -due to weighty causes, the issue of which it was at -that time impossible to foresee. For Maximilian it -marked a turning-point in his career. It was as if -with the departure of his guardian angel, Fortune -too had forsaken him and abandoned him to his -fate.</p> -<div class="img" id="pic2"> -<img src="images/p2.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="689" /> -<p class="caption"><i>EMPRESS CARLOTTA</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div> -<p>Unexpectedly and most uncomfortably for Napoleon, -Carlotta arrived at St. Nazaire on the eighth -of August by the packet-boat, <i>Empress Eugénie</i>. She -was met by the Mexican ambassador, Almonte, and -his wife, who travelled with her to Paris without -delay. Metternich, the Austrian ambassador, was -awaiting her at the Grand Hotel, and on the eleventh -of August she had a long interview with Napoleon -at St. Cloud. Accounts vary as to what actually -transpired on this memorable occasion, but according -to Hellwald, who seems a reliable authority, -three points were discussed. The first related to -the postponement of the withdrawal of the first -detachment of French troops from November, 1866, -to April, 1867, by which time Maximilian hoped to -have his own army so strengthened that he could -better spare the French. Juarez had been making -such headway in the north that the Emperor did -not dare as yet to dispense with his allies. Next -the Empress desired that Bazaine should be immediately -recalled and General Donay sent out in his -place, a request not difficult to understand considering -the many differences that had occurred between -Maximilian and the Marshal. The third point concerned -Mexico’s ever empty exchequer. By the -Treaty of Miramar Mexico had agreed to repay her -financial obligations to France; but, as we have seen, -she was by no means able to pay her debts or even -the interest on them.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div> -<p>In her first interview the Empress accomplished -nothing. Napoleon was unwilling to defer the withdrawal -of his troops for some months, for fear of -giving offence to the government at Washington. -As to the second point no agreement was arrived at, -for Bazaine was not recalled. When he did leave -Mexico at last, he not only took the entire army -with him, but also induced the volunteers from -Austria and Belgium to resign. As to a settlement -of the Mexican debt, however, a separate treaty was -concluded.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div> -<p>On the twenty-second of August Empress Eugénie -and Emperor Napoleon made a final visit to Empress -Carlotta, who left Paris on the following day for -Brussels. From there she went to Italy, and on the -twenty-ninth arrived once more at Miramar where -she had spent so many happy days. Another task -now awaited her. As the negotiations between -Maximilian’s ministry and the papal nuncio concerning -the religious situation in Mexico had been -unsuccessful, Carlotta determined to try and settle -the affair herself. On the twenty-fifth of September, -therefore, she arrived again in Rome with -her suite and two days later had a long audience -with the Pope. Soon after this she was suddenly -taken ill. At first her attack was said to be only -the result of the fatigues of her long journey and the -change of climate, an explanation which seemed -sufficiently plausible. The real nature of the illness -could not be long concealed, however. The Empress’ -mind had become totally deranged, and her -malady was later pronounced incurable. Shocked -as all Europe was by this dreadful news, what must -have been its effect upon Maximilian! How he -received it, is told as follows by his own physician, -Dr. Basch:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div> -<p>“The Emperor at this time was living entirely -secluded in the palace, only Herzfeld, the Minister -of State, Father Fischer, the court chaplain, and -myself being present at his table. There were no -invited guests till the eighteenth of August, for the -afternoon of which a large dinner was planned. -That morning the Emperor held a council of state, -at the close of which I entered the imperial cabinet. -While I was present, two cable despatches -arrived from Europe, at sight of which His Majesty -was visibly alarmed. His forebodings were well -founded. The first was sent by Castello from -Rome on the fifth of October, and read:</p> -<p>“‘Her Majesty, the Empress, has succumbed to -the fatigues and difficulties of her mission, and must -be taken to Miramar without delay, accompanied -by her physicians.’</p> -<p>“The other, dated the twelfth, was from Count -Bombelles at Miramar, and contained the further -information that all hope was not yet abandoned. -Her Majesty, with her entire suite, was at Miramar, -and a member of the household would follow at -once with advices. Herzfeld opened the despatches -and, unwilling to break their contents too suddenly -to the Emperor, pretended that he was unable to -decipher them exactly, but reassured His Majesty -by asserting that the news apparently referred to -the illness of some one at Miramar, probably one of -the Empress’ ladies-in-waiting, Madame Bario, who -was a Mexican.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div> -<p>“The facts could not long be concealed, however, -for the Emperor, suspecting that something was -being withheld from him, insisted upon knowing the -truth.</p> -<p>“‘I feel that something terrible has happened,’ he -declared. ‘Tell me what it is, for I am consumed -with anxiety.’</p> -<p>“While Herzfeld was seemingly studying the -despatches more closely, I retired to my apartment, -but was soon summoned again by His Majesty. As -I entered, he turned to me, tears streaming down -his cheeks, and asked,</p> -<p>“‘Do you know who Dr. Riedel is in Vienna?’</p> -<p>“At the mention of this name, the truth flashed -upon me. Herzfeld had disclosed the news, and -much as I longed to spare the Emperor, I could not -lie to him.</p> -<p>“‘He is the director of the Insane Asylum,’ I was -reluctantly forced to reply.”</p> -<p>These melancholy tidings only served to hasten -the impending crisis. Already disheartened by -repeated trials and disappointments, Maximilian -now saw his last hope vanish, and felt himself deserted -by Providence. Indifferent to all that passed, -his only thought seemed to be of hastening to his -beloved wife and leaving behind him this ill-fated -country to which she had been so cruelly sacrificed.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div> -<h2 id="c11"><span class="h2line1">Chapter XI</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Events in Mexico after the Departure of the Empress</span></h2> -<p>Two persons have already been mentioned who -played an important part in the events of -this history, Herzfeld, the Minister of State, -and Father Fischer. Herzfeld was a German and -devoted to the Emperor. Unfortunately Maximilian -sent him back to Europe soon after this, -thereby depriving himself of a valuable friend and -adviser in his days of misfortune. Father Fischer -was born in Würtemberg, of Protestant parents, and -seems to have had rather an adventurous career. -He came to America with a band of emigrants who -settled in Texas, and went from there to California as -a gold miner. Becoming a convert to Catholicism, -he entered the Jesuit order, from which he was subsequently -dismissed, for good and sufficient reasons, -no doubt. The description of this man given by -the Emperor’s physician is far from flattering, but -it is manifestly unjust to lay his faults at the door -of the much-abused order of Jesuits. A whole -society cannot be held responsible for the deeds or -misdeeds of a single member, still less when that -member has ceased to be one. At all events Father -Fischer belonged to the Emperor’s closest circle of -friends, another member of which was Professor -Bilimek, whose acquaintance we shall make in the -next chapter. This man was a scholar, absorbed in -the study of the flowers and butterflies of Mexico -and troubling himself little with political affairs.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div> -<p>After the departure of the Empress matters went -rapidly from bad to worse. In the north the followers -of Juarez had inflicted a series of defeats on the -imperial troops and were steadily gaining ground, -while in the capital the outlook was far from encouraging. -Maximilian had replaced two of his Mexican -ministers with Frenchmen, Generals Osmont and -Friant, but their attempts to remedy the situation -were frustrated by the pride and jealousy of the -Mexicans who bitterly resented the appointment of -foreigners to these high positions. The United -States, moreover, took exceptions to these appointments -as a violation of French neutrality and made -a formal complaint to Napoleon, whereupon the -following announcement appeared in the <i>Monitor</i>:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div> -<p>“On the twenty-sixth of July His Majesty, the -Emperor of Mexico, issued a decree entrusting the -portfolio of war to General Osmont, Chief of Staff -of the Expedition Corps, and that of finance to -Friant, intendant-general of the army. As, however, -the military duties of these gentlemen, both -holding important posts in an army still in the -field, are irreconcilable with the responsibilities of -their new positions, they have received no authorization -to accept these appointments.”</p> -<p>This plainly shows France’s fear of the United -States and her indifference to her engagements with -Maximilian. A new ministry, therefore, had to be -formed, in the selection of which Father Fischer’s -influence is said to have been largely responsible.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<p>As the prospects for a restoration of the Republic -grew brighter, Juarez did not remain the only candidate -for the presidential chair, a certain Ortega -and the former ex-President Santa Anna also appearing -as aspirants to the honor. The position of -the imperial forces on the border soon became so -unsafe that Maximilian was forced to abandon those -districts to the revolutionists and withdraw his -troops more into the interior. Even his attempt -to keep the way to the coast open was not successful, -for the city of Xalapa, on the road to Vera Cruz, -was besieged and captured by the rebels, thus cutting -off communication between the capital and the -coast, while many of the native soldiers deserted -and went over to the enemy with their leaders. -Even among the revolutionists, however, there were -dissensions, the greater part of them supporting -Juarez, others Ortega or Santa Anna. On one point -only were they united, the downfall of the Empire -and restoration of the Republic.</p> -<p>Another incident occurred at this time which was -well calculated to make Maximilian, already suffering -from an intermittent fever, caused by the climate, -still more averse to remaining in Mexico. This was -a conspiracy against his life, discovered by one of -the town prefects. The plot, hatched by some of -Santa Anna’s guerilla followers, was to include the -murder of the prefect himself by his secretary, a -man from the lower classes whom he had befriended, -to be followed by that of several other prominent -personages. A closer investigation revealed that -the Emperor’s life also had been aimed at.</p> -<p>Such were the people by whom Maximilian was -surrounded, and such the treachery which he had -constantly to deal with in his adopted country.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div> -<p>On the afternoon of the day on which the two -fatal despatches arrived in Mexico Maximilian was -taking his usual stroll on the flat roof of the palace -with his physician, when he suddenly announced his -intention of abandoning the country where he had -met with such ingratitude, and asked his friend’s -advice as to the matter.</p> -<p>“I do not see how it will be possible for Your -Majesty to remain here,” replied the doctor frankly.</p> -<p>“Will it be attributed to the Empress’ illness if -I should leave?” he then inquired.</p> -<p>“That certainly is reason enough,” returned the -other. “Besides, Europe must recognize that Your -Majesty is no longer bound to remain in Mexico -after France’s violation of her contracts.”</p> -<p>“What do you suppose Herzfeld and Fischer will -think of it?” continued Maximilian, after a pause.</p> -<p>“I am sure that Herzfeld will share my views,” -declared the physician. “As to Father Fischer, to -tell the truth, I have not much confidence in his -opinions.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div> -<p>They then discussed the advisability of leaving -at once or whether it would be better to wait -for a time, but as there seemed no good reason at -present for a sudden departure, Dr. Basch advised -deferring it for a week in order that suitable -preparations might be made.</p> -<p>That evening Maximilian summoned his Minister -of State and Professor Bilimek, director of the museum, -and laid the matter before them. To both, -the Emperor’s safety was of far more concern than -the fate of a half-civilized country whose indifference -had caused the downfall of all his hopes and -schemes. The recent plot against the Emperor’s -life also may well have been an argument in favor -of the plan. At all events they heartily coincided -with it and Herzfeld urged preparations for departure -with such energy that in three days’ time it was -possible to leave Chapultepec, a summer palace -near the city of Mexico, which Maximilian had had -newly restored and fitted up at great cost and where -he was staying at this time.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_68">68</div> -<p>The rumor of the Emperor’s proposed departure -caused general consternation. The new ministry -was stunned and tried every means to dissuade him -from this step. But Maximilian remained deaf to -all arguments and, lest his resolution should be -weakened, Dr. Basch had orders to permit no one -to enter the royal apartments. All who came were -dismissed with the information that His Majesty -was ill and could receive no visitors. Even the -Princess Iturbide, aunt of little Prince Iturbide, a -descendant of August the First, the first Emperor of -Mexico, whom Maximilian, having no children of -his own, had named as Crown Prince, was unable -to gain access to him. The physician admits he had -rather a violent scene with the high-spirited Princess. -She would take no denial and ended by -roundly abusing those friends of the Emperor’s who -had persuaded him to leave Mexico.</p> -<p>As a last resort the ministry threatened to resign -in a body if the plan were persisted in, but even -this was of no avail. Maximilian quietly declared -that if these gentlemen resigned their offices he -would leave the country at once, and he would -certainly have kept his word. It is greatly to be -regretted, therefore, that they did not do so and -thus spare Mexico the everlasting stain of treachery -and murder. Finding it the only means of at least -deferring the Emperor’s abdication, however, they -remained at their posts and sent a message to him -agreeing to carry on the business of government -during his absence in accordance with his wishes.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div> -<p>Maximilian had already received a letter from -Bazaine approving the plan of changing his residence -to Orizaba, which was only a day’s journey -from the seaport of Vera Cruz, and promising to -maintain law and order in the capital. The Emperor’s -abdication would suit his own plans very -well, by bringing him a step nearer to the realization -of his secret ambitions.</p> -<p>Thanks to Herzfeld’s energy and activity, all was -ready at the appointed time, and at four o’clock on -the morning of the twenty-first of October, the -Emperor, escorted by a troop of three hundred -hussars under the command of Colonel Kodolitsch, -set out from Chapultepec, little thinking ever to see -that place again. Councillor Herzfeld remained in -the capital to arrange some business matters, expecting -to join the Emperor later on.</p> -<p>The journey to Orizaba must not be passed over -in silence, as it was marked by the occurrence of -an important event. On the afternoon of the first -day, the imperial party reached the Hacienda -Socyapan, where they were to spend the night. The -Emperor seemed abstracted, and walked up and -down before the <i>hacienda</i> in silence with his physician -and Professor Bilimek. At length he broke -out suddenly:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_70">70</div> -<p>“I cannot have any more bloodshed in this -unhappy country on my account. What am I to -do?”</p> -<p>The professor advised him to abdicate and sail for -Europe at once, but Dr. Basch opposed this, representing -that an unnecessarily sudden departure would -only precipitate matters and bring about exactly -what the Emperor wished to avoid, namely, more -bloodshed in Mexico. At the same time he urged a -revocation of the decree of the third of October, -1865, a suggestion which Maximilian cordially -approved, and in regard to which he expressed himself -in strong terms on this occasion.</p> -<p>Father Fischer and Colonel Kodolitsch, who were -also in the Emperor’s confidence, added their influence -to the doctor’s, urging that a <i>hacienda</i> was not -a suitable place from which to abdicate a throne, as -Maximilian himself was forced to acknowledge. He -contented himself, therefore, with issuing two orders. -Father Fischer was to write personal letters at once -to Bazaine and to Minister Lares, ordering the repeal -of the law of the third of October and the cessation -of all hostilities until further notice. These two -important despatches were entrusted to Count -Lamotte, an officer in the Austrian Hussars, to carry -back to the city of Mexico, and on the following -morning the Emperor left the <i>hacienda</i> apparently -much relieved. At noon of the second day, while -resting at Rio-Frio, he sent the following telegram -to Captain Pierron:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div> -<p>“You, with Messieurs Pino, Trouchot, and Mangino, -are hereby appointed a commission which, -under your direction and with the assistance of -some trustworthy official from the ministry of -finance, will examine the Civil List accounts, mine -as well as that of the Empress, to prove whether we -owe the State or the State us. I desire from the -commission a detailed and authenticated statement -in regard to this, in which shall be included the sum -taken by the Empress for her voyage to Europe, -and that received by my secretary on the Civil List -account, together with those employed by Minister -Arroyo after the reduction of the Civil List, in -works on the palace and at Chapultepec.”</p> -<p>Herzfeld was also commissioned to issue, in the -name of the Emperor, the necessary written orders -to the prefect and treasurer at Miramar.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_72">72</div> -<p>“The Emperor wishes the utmost publicity to be -given these matters,” so Herzfeld was notified, “and -holds you responsible therefor on your honor and -your friendship. Amid the political shipwreck he -desires to keep his name and honor untarnished and -would rather suffer personal loss than touch any -part of the property of the Mexican nation.”</p> -<p>At the stations of Actzingo and Canada, Maximilian -spent the night in the house of the priests, a -fact which furnished his enemies an opportunity for -accusing him of too close affiliation with the clergy. -His arrival was everywhere hailed with rejoicings, -and he was overwhelmed with expressions of sympathy -for the illness of the Empress. On the twenty-seventh -of October the imperial party reached the -city of Orizaba, which they entered at five o’clock -in the afternoon, greeted with booming of cannon -and the enthusiastic acclamations of the populace.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_73">73</div> -<h2 id="c12"><span class="h2line1">Chapter XII</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">The Emperor at Orizaba</span></h2> -<p>Herzfeld’s knowledge of the real state of -affairs and anxiety for his master’s safety -soon caused him to lay aside all other considerations -and follow the Emperor to Orizaba, -where he urged preparations for departure with all -possible despatch. In the midst of those, however, -he was ordered to Europe by Maximilian to prepare -for his arrival there. Thus this loyal friend was -spared being a witness of the Emperor’s tragic fate.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_74">74</div> -<p>During his stay in Orizaba Maximilian led a -simple, secluded life in his palace, seeing only his -intimate associates, but occupied with arrangements -for departure, and the settling of his private affairs. -Much to his satisfaction, his Civil List showed a -balance in his favor of $180,000. All his servants -but two were paid and dismissed. Colonel Kodolitsch -was sent to Mexico to arrange with Bazaine -concerning the Austrian and Belgian volunteers, -who had followed Maximilian to Mexico and for -whose future he felt it his duty to provide. One -question much discussed confidentially, and which -Maximilian seemed quite unable to decide, was as to -whether the abdication should take place before his -departure or in Europe, where he had accepted the -crown. His plans for the future were already made. -It was not his intention to return at once to Austria, -but to travel for two years, meeting the Empress at -Corfu, if her condition should permit. Meanwhile -his own health had greatly improved. With his two -countrymen, Dr. Basch and Professor Bilimek, he -made frequent excursions about the neighborhood, -enjoying the wonderful scenery or searching for rare -specimens of plants and insects. Suddenly, however, -events occurred which changed the aspect of -affairs and effectually put an end to the Emperor’s -plans of travel.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_75">75</div> -<p>Two old comrades-in-arms in the Mexican army, -Generals Marquez and Miramon, returned from -Europe and, seeking an immediate audience with the -Emperor, urged him to return to the capital, holding -out promises of support and encouraging prospects -for the imperial cause. While Maximilian was hesitating, -a letter arrived from Bazaine, which turned -the scale. In this the Marshal was so imprudent as -to tell tales out of school, betraying the fact that -Napoleon III had made other plans for Mexico -without consulting Maximilian, who, as he had not -yet abdicated, was still sovereign of the country. -This arbitrary conduct on the part of his ally roused -Maximilian to action. Indignant at the slight cast -upon him and anxious to prove that he was not -slinking away at the bidding of France like a disgraced -servant, he was in a proper frame of mind to -respond to the appeal made by his conservative -advisers, that it was his duty to remain and not -desert his party in the hour of danger. Although -outwardly preparations for departure continued as -before, the Emperor’s resolution was weakened, -and toward the end of November he summoned his -council to Orizaba to consult with them as to the -advisability of his abdication, giving in an address -to that body his reasons for such a step, <i>viz.</i>, the -spread of the revolution with its attendant evils, the -hostility of the United States toward Mexico, and -the withdrawal of the support of France.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div> -<p>A vote was taken, twenty-three members of the -council being present, of whom two were for immediate -abdication, ten of the opposite opinion, while -eleven were in favor of abdication, but held that the -present was not the time for such a step. Maximilian -yielded to the majority and agreed to remain -on condition that funds should be raised for the -proper defence of the government and the organization -of a permanent national army, and that -measures should be taken toward the settlement -of questions pending with France and the United -States. The Mexicans, proverbially lavish with -promises, readily agreed to all these points, and on -the first of December the Emperor issued a manifesto -to the people, declaring that he had yielded -to the desire of his council on condition that a congress -representing all parties should be summoned -to decide the existence of the Empire, and, if this -were confirmed, he would devote himself to the -promotion of its welfare.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div> -<p>On the twelfth of December, 1866, Maximilian -left Orizaba to return to Mexico, accompanied by -most of the members of the council who, in the -unsettled condition of the country, were glad to -avail themselves of the imperial escort, consisting -as before of Colonel Kodolitsch’s hussars. They -consumed much time on the journey, lingering for -nearly three weeks at Puebla, Maximilian residing -at first in the Xonaca palace, a short distance -outside the city. Here he held an interview with -Castelnan, the French consul, which appears to -have been of a most unpleasant nature and widened -still further the breach between the two Emperors. -Scientific expeditions were also attempted by the -three friends, as at Orizaba, but, finding few specimens -in the region about Puebla, these excursions -were soon abandoned and Maximilian moved his -residence into the city.</p> -<p>Arriving in Mexico on the fifth of January, 1867, -Maximilian remained for a time at the Hacienda de -Teja, a quarter of an hour’s distance from the -capital. While there three of his former ministers, -Ramirez, Escudero, and Robles y Pezuela, made a -final attempt to induce him to abdicate and leave -the country at once. But although evidently impressed -by their arguments he refused to follow their -advice. The accusations of vacillation and irresolution -afterward made against Maximilian would seem -to be justified by his behavior at this time. Doubtful -of himself and of the future, he still clung to the -hope of being able at least to retire with honor, conscious -of having fulfilled his duty to his adherents. -In relating to his physician the interview with his -ex-ministers, he declared that Ramirez wept at -parting, expressing the earnest wish that his evil -forebodings might not be realized. He knew but -too well how deceptive were the promises of his -countrymen.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div> -<p>“In no case,” continued the Emperor, “will I -remain here more than a few months, only until -affairs are more settled. Will it injure my health, -do you think, to stay on in Mexico? Will the fever -return?”</p> -<p>“I have no anxiety as to Your Majesty’s health -on that score,” replied the physician; “it is Your -Majesty’s life I fear for.”</p> -<p>Maximilian’s attempts to convoke an assembly of -liberal representatives from all parties to discuss -measures for remedying the existing disorders in the -country met with small success, as might have been -expected. It seemed impossible to obtain any sort -of peaceful fusion or coöperation, and there was -nothing left for the Junta (congress) but to declare -war on the rebels in Mexico—war to the knife.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_79">79</div> -<h2 id="c13"><span class="h2line1">Chapter XIII</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Departure of the French</span></h2> -<p>Meanwhile the French were making active -preparations for their return to France. -On the sixteenth of January, 1867, a letter -arrived from Napoleon Third, revoking the extraordinary -powers granted to Bazaine as commander-in-chief -of the Expedition Corps and declaring the corps -itself disbanded. The embarkation of the first -division of troops on the <i>Empress Eugénie</i> had then -already begun. This was in accordance with the -secret articles already mentioned, and met with no -objection on the part of Maximilian. The recall of -the foreign legion, however, included in the order, -was a direct violation of the Treaty of Miramar, -which guaranteed their remaining in the country -for several years yet, if needed.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_80">80</div> -<p>In February the French marched out of the capital. -Before leaving they burned as many of the -army effects as could not profitably be taken with -them. A large quantity of powder was poured into -the water, and projectiles were rendered useless by -being filled with sand, so that the Mexicans should -not profit by their possession. It is hard to believe -that Bazaine’s personal feeling could have gone to -such lengths, but there seems no reason to doubt the -truth of these statements. During the Russian retreat -before the French, in 1812, stores of all kinds -were destroyed to prevent their falling into the -enemy’s hands. Maximilian was not yet an enemy; -on the contrary, he was supposed to be an ally, yet -for days huge columns of fire and smoke testified to -the friendship of the French.</p> -<p>Nor was this all. On the occasion of the Marshal’s -marriage to his Mexican wife, Maximilian had -presented him with a palace, which in case of his -recall was to be redeemed by the government for -150,000 piastres ($100,000). Now that he was -about to leave the country forever he demanded the -promised sum, though well aware of the state of -Mexican finances, and, finding it impossible to -obtain the money from an empty exchequer, sold -enough French arms and ammunition to the revolutionists -at insignificant prices to make up the amount.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_81">81</div> -<p>When Bazaine, some months before, had begun -the reorganization of the Mexican army which was -to replace the French, he had ordered that all commanders -must be Frenchmen, other officers and -privates either French or Mexicans; pay, equipment, -etc., to be the same as in the French army, and those -of his own troops who chose were to be free to remain -in the service of the Emperor. Yet in spite of this, -before the departure of the last of the troops in -February, 1867, he issued an order declaring that all -French soldiers, officers or privates, who did not -return to their own banner immediately would be -regarded as deserters and forfeit all rights as citizens. -Owing to the wide area of country involved -and the difficulty of communication it was, of course, -impossible for this order to reach all the French -soldiers in Mexico—a fact which was taken advantage -of later by Juarez, for all the Frenchmen serving -under Maximilian, who were unfortunate enough to -be taken prisoners, were shot as deserters. Before -leaving, however, the Marshal was kind enough to -send a message to Maximilian, offering to wait for -him in case he should decide to leave the country—an -offer which, needless to say, was declined.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_82">82</div> -<p>With the French troops, thanks to Bazaine’s -powers of persuasion, went the greater part of the -Austrian and Belgian volunteers, who had done -distinguished service under the command of Count -Thun, only a few of the Austrians remaining with -their Prince. The first step now to be taken was -the formation of the new national army, a task -already begun by Bazaine. Maximilian divided it, -roughly speaking, into three corps, commanded -respectively by Generals Miramon, Marquez, and -Mejia. As these three men are henceforth to play -an important part in Mexican affairs, a word concerning -them may not be amiss.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div> -<p>Miramon had already enjoyed the honor of occupying -the presidential chair in Mexico, at which -time Marquez had served under him. One incident -will suffice to illustrate the character of these two -heroes. After the capture of Tacubaya, in 1859, -they made a visit to the hospital where a corps of -seven surgeons were caring for the wounded, friend -and foe alike. That very day Miramon issued an -order to Marquez, requiring all prisoners ranking -from subalterns to staff-officers to be shot under -his personal supervision—a list of the same to be -delivered to himself that evening. And Leonardo -Marquez, this worthy henchman, carried out these -instructions so faithfully that not only every prisoner -was shot before sunset, but also the surgeons -of whom there had been no mention in the order. -Such were the ideas of justice that animated these -two commanders of the Mexican national army, yet -Marquez, in particular, seems to have completely -succeeded in concealing his real character from -Maximilian, over whom he unfortunately had great -influence. In marked contrast to these was the -Indian Mejia, who, though still young and of unprepossessing -appearance, was brave and honest, a -good soldier, and loyal to the end to his imperial -master, whose death indeed he shared.</p> -<p>Army corps, properly speaking, were out of the -question, of course, in the Mexican army, of which -only the few remaining French troops and foreign -volunteers were trained soldiers. For the rest and -for the greater part it was composed of half-hearted -Mexicans, impressed into the service and ready to -go over to the enemy at a moment’s notice whenever -it pleased them. Of the volunteers Colonel -Kherenhüller had succeeded in forming a regiment -of hussars, and Baron Hammerstein, one of infantry, -while Count Wickenburg had an auxiliary force of -constabulary, and Colonel Masso the <i>cazadores</i> or -<i>chasseurs</i>, all of whom did good service. That -their blood was shed in vain, that they never had -the honor of fighting near the Emperor or defending -him with their lives, was not the fault of -these brave Germans, but of the traitorous villain -Marquez.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_84">84</div> -<p>Maximilian next divided the country into three -great military districts. Mejia was given command -in the east, with headquarters at San Luis Potosi, -Miramon was stationed in the west at Querétaro, -while Marquez, controlling the central district, -remained in the capital.</p> -<p>The Emperor was determined now to show that -he could maintain his position without the aid of -French bayonets—a proof of confidence and fearlessness -which was hailed with acclamations by the -imperialists, who already foresaw the downfall of -Juarez and the triumph of the Empire. Before -actual hostilities began, however, Maximilian made -one more effort to avert bloodshed and make peace -with his enemies. But it was all in vain. His -overtures were coldly rejected and there was nothing -for it but to let fate take its course.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_85">85</div> -<p>The first advance was made by Miramon, who -succeeded in inflicting a severe defeat upon the -republicans, Juarez and his ministers only escaping -by the swiftness of their horses. But the exultation -caused by this news soon gave place to deepest -dejection. Some days later, Escobedo, commander -of the revolutionist army in the north, surprised the -imperialists at San Jacinto and put them to rout, -while Miramon, with the remnants of his scattered -forces, took refuge in Querétaro.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_86">86</div> -<h2 id="c14"><span class="h2line1">Chapter XIV</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">The Siege of Querétaro</span></h2> -<p>On the tenth of February the Emperor told -his physician to prepare for a two weeks’ -expedition to Querétaro. Prompted by the -urgent representations of his ministers, Lares and -Marquez, that his presence was needed there to -counteract the demoralizing effect of Miramon’s -defeat, he determined to place himself at the head -of the army. After some delay, owing to the difficulty -of obtaining funds for the campaign, in spite -of the ministry’s assurances as to the satisfactory -condition of the national finances, Maximilian set -out upon this fateful journey on the thirteenth of -February, with a force of sixteen hundred Mexicans.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_87">87</div> -<p>The matter had been arranged with so much -secrecy that even Prince Salm and Major Hammerstein -had no suspicion of the plan, while the Austrian -hussars were dumbfounded when they found the -Emperor starting for Querétaro without them. Two -men have been accused of persuading Maximilian to -this rash and fatal step—Father Fischer and the -Prussian ambassador, Baron Magnus. Dr. Basch, -one of the few who were in the secret, denies this, -however, and places the blame entirely on the two -ministers, Lares and Marquez—the latter of whom -had managed to win the Emperor’s entire confidence -by his eloquence and flattery. This seems the more -probable since it was to their interest to remove -Maximilian to a safe distance. Once already he -had started for the coast. Why might he not do -so again and with the aid of his Austrians succeed in -reaching it and bidding adieu to the country forever? -This must be prevented at all cost. As for leaving -these loyal troops behind and trusting himself to -the uncertain Mexicans, it must be remembered that -Maximilian was completely deceived as to the real -state of affairs. From his order to Dr. Basch it is -evident he expected to return from Querétaro in a -short time. He wished also to give his Mexican -subjects a proof of his confidence in them, a noble -and chivalrous idea, no doubt, but most imprudent.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_88">88</div> -<p>Marquez, on the other hand, was anxious to keep -the Emperor under his own influence and away -from that of his German friends, whose advice -might seriously interfere with his plans. It was also -important to leave the capital in safe hands, and no -one realized more than Marquez the difference between -the Austrian troops and his ragged Mexican -soldiers, many of them wearing a uniform for the -first time.</p> -<p>It was doubtless for this reason that the plan was -kept so secret. The Emperor’s friends would surely -have dissuaded him from taking such a step or, at -least, have insisted on accompanying him. Indeed, -when Kherenhüller and Hammerstein heard that -he was about to leave for Querétaro, they tried their -best to induce him to take them with him. As a -last resort they even appealed to Father Fischer to -use his influence in their behalf, but all in vain. -Having promised his friend, Marquez, Maximilian -felt he could not in honor retract his word.</p> -<p>Shortly before setting out he took leave of his -Austrian officers, assuring them that his reasons for -taking this journey were purely political ones, and -promising that they should soon follow. Prince -Salm indeed did follow with a few trusted men, -in spite of the Emperor’s prohibition, overtaking the -imperial party before they reached Querétaro. Of -the march thither Maximilian himself gives an interesting -account in a letter to Professor Bilimek who -had returned to Miramar some time before. In it -he writes:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_89">89</div> -<p>“As you will already have learned through the -newspapers, our friends, the French, have at last -left Mexico, and, having once more obtained liberty -of action, we have exchanged the butterfly net for -the sword. Instead of bugs and beetles we now -pursue other game. Bullets instead of bees now -buzz about our heads. Twice between Mexico and -Querétaro we were in action and had a number of -our men killed and wounded. One of the latter fell -just in front of my horse and was immediately -operated on, under fire, by Dr. Basch, the only -European who accompanied me. In the second -skirmish, where we were shot at like targets, our -Hungarian cook (you remember him?), who was -riding behind us with our servant Grill, was wounded -on the lip. In every town where there were no -revolutionists we were welcomed most heartily by -the people, whom we found longing for peace and -cursing the French.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_90">90</div> -<p>Maximilian reached Querétaro on the nineteenth -and was received with the enthusiasm to be expected -from one of the strongest imperialist cities. The -streets were thronged with curious spectators who -hailed the Emperor’s appearance with shouts of joy, -while from windows and balconies, flags and gay -hangings of all sorts waved a welcome. The Spanish -casino had been selected and prepared as a residence -for the Emperor, where he was received by the commandant -of the city, General Escobar, after which -the whole party attended a solemn Te Deum at the -cathedral.</p> -<p>In the evening there were great festivities, concluding -with a magnificent banquet, at which there -was no lack of those fine speeches wherein the -Mexicans especially excel. Maximilian took no -part in these celebrations, pleading fatigue as an -excuse. Marquez, however, improved the occasion -rudely to impress upon General Miramon the sense -of their altered positions, he now being commander-in-chief -and Miramon his inferior, at the same time -openly displaying his satisfaction over the latter’s -recent defeat. Truly a noble soul! Although white -with rage, Miramon controlled himself, replying -briefly with a toast to the army.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div> -<p>For a time after his arrival in Querétaro, Maximilian -found the life very pleasant. His simple, -kindly ways soon won the hearts of the people, with -whom he mingled freely and fearlessly, joining in -their amusements and conversing familiarly with all -classes. His coolness under fire also roused the -admiration of his soldiers, who cheered wildly as he -rode calmly past their ranks, the enemy’s bullets -whistling about his head.</p> -<p>In the capital, meanwhile, there was so little -thought given to the Emperor and his companions -in Querétaro, and there was so little idea of keeping -any of the promises made to him, it would almost -seem that Marquez was not the only traitor. Soon -after leaving Mexico, Maximilian had sent back -word for the Austrian troops remaining there to -follow him at once. Had this order been delivered, -the expedition to Querétaro might have had a -different and less tragic ending. But, owing to -Marquez, it never reached its destination, and the -Emperor’s loyal friends, Kherenhüller and Hammerstein, -were prevented from joining him while there -was still time.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_92">92</div> -<p>The city of Querétaro had at this time a population -of some forty thousand inhabitants. It lay in -a narrow valley on the southern bank of a small -stream, called the Rio Blanco, forming a quadrangle -of about eight thousand feet in length by four thousand -in breadth. To the west extended a wide -plain, called from the mountains behind it the plain -of Guadalajara, while running from south to northeast -was a range of hills, afterward utilized by the -republicans with great effect. Two places which -proved of special importance to the imperialists -during the siege were the Cerro de la Campaña, a -hill lying just west of the city, and the Convent de -la Cruz, almost at the opposite end. This was a -large stone edifice of great strength, dating from the -days of Cortez. The convent grounds were enclosed -by heavy stone walls, and had at the eastern end a -smaller but equally strong building known as the -Pantheon or burial-place of the convent.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_93">93</div> -<p>Two weeks after the Emperor’s arrival (March -fifth), the republican forces, under General Escobedo, -appeared before Querétaro and began to invest -the town. The garrison consisted of about four -thousand infantry, three thousand cavalry, and had -forty-four cannon—a force so insignificant, compared -with the vast armies of the present day, that it -is remarkable it should have held out as long as it -did against such overwhelming superiority of numbers. -General Mejia had arrived at Querétaro -shortly before this, with his troops from Potosi, -among whom were a number of German officers and -soldiers, while serving under Miramon were some -six hundred Frenchmen. Immediately after the -appearance of the enemy, Maximilian held a council -of war with his generals. Miramon and Mejia were -in favor of attacking the republicans before their -forces should have time to unite—an excellent plan -which was not carried out owing to the opposition -of the all-influential Marquez, who held that the -defence of the city should be their first consideration. -Thus precious time was allowed to pass, and the -imperialists looked calmly on while the enemy -gradually crowned the surrounding heights with -batteries. The Emperor had first established his -headquarters on the Cerro de la Campaña, but when -the republicans extended their lines eastward, they -were moved to the Convent de la Cruz (so called -from a cross erected there in commemoration of the -conquest). General Miramon now occupied the -former headquarters with a battery of eight guns, -while the chief defence of the town was entrusted to -the Mexican Castillo, an able general, but no longer -young and almost entirely deaf.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_94">94</div> -<p>The enemy’s next move was to cut off the city’s -supplies, both of water and provisions, hoping to -subdue it by starvation. The only water now obtainable -was that of the Rio Blanco, while meat soon -grew so scarce that many of the cavalry horses had -to be sacrificed. Juarez himself joined the republican -camp for a time, but, being unable to endure -the smell of powder, soon returned to Potosi. On the -fourteenth of March the Juarists made their first -general attack on the town, assaults being made on -three sides at once, under cover of the batteries. -The main struggle, however, took place at La Cruz. -After a hot fight they succeeded in capturing the -Pantheon, but were afterward driven out by a body -of Austrians. During the attack Maximilian remained -in the great square before the convent, -exposed to the hottest fire, yet quite calm and -apparently unconscious of the deadly hail of bullets -all about him. Once a shell burst only a few paces -in front of him, but fortunately no one was injured, -though an adjutant had his sword bent and his -clothes burned by a flying splinter. Prince Salm, -always conspicuous for bravery, made a brilliant -sortie and succeeded in capturing the first guns from -the enemy.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_95">95</div> -<p>By evening the Juarists had been repulsed at all -points and driven back, but the victory proved -barren in results. Lopez, for some reason, took no -part in the action, while Marquez either would not -or did not know how to follow up the advantage -he had gained. As for Miramon, he distinguished -himself a few days later. It had been planned to -surprise the Juarists early on the morning of the -sixteenth, and Miramon was chosen to lead the -attack, from which great things were hoped. But -the whole scheme fell through because—that general -overslept!—a neglect of duty difficult to understand -in these days. When he did at last awake it -was broad daylight, and all thought of a surprise -had to be abandoned.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div> -<p>On the twenty-first of March another council was -held and an important decision arrived at. This -was to send one of the generals back to the city of -Mexico with full authority from the Emperor to act -as he thought best. He was to dismiss the present -ministry and form a new one, to obtain more funds, -and, in any case, to return with aid to Querétaro without -delay. Marquez, for whom the place was getting -much too warm by this time, had no difficulty -in obtaining the appointment—a simple means of -escaping the trap into which he had led his sovereign. -Still trusting the traitor implicitly, Maximilian left -it entirely to him whether to bring only a part of -the troops from Mexico or the whole garrison. It -was arranged that Marquez, with one thousand -horsemen, was to make his way through the hills to -the south, while Miramon, to divert the enemy’s -attention, made a sortie in the opposite direction. -The plan was kept so secret that even Miramon had -no suspicion of the real purpose of his expedition. -This time he did not oversleep but successfully -surprised the enemy at four in the morning, returning -with twenty-two carts full of provisions and war -material, sixty oxen, and some two hundred sheep -and goats. Meanwhile Marquez and his troopers -had passed through the enemy’s lines unnoticed, -leaving the imperialists the poorer by one thousand -of their best men—no small loss to a garrison -already so reduced.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_97">97</div> -<p>The Juarists, now swelled by reinforcements to -about forty thousand men, continued to harass the -city by daily attacks from without, while their spies -kept them accurately informed of all that passed -within. The Emperor, unconscious of the treachery -by which he was surrounded, still looked confidently -for relief from Marquez. Days passed in ever-increasing -suspense, while the situation of the -besieged grew more and more critical. Marquez’ -enemies began openly to hint at treachery, and at -length even Maximilian lost faith. Now that it was -too late his eyes were opened to the real nature of his -“friend,” and, realizing that he had been betrayed, -he determined to send Prince Salm on another mission -to the capital—to arrest Marquez, if necessary, -and return at once with reinforcements. An attempt -was accordingly made on the twenty-second of April -to break through the enemy’s lines, but the city was -by this time so closely invested that it was found -to be useless. Meanwhile the republicans, fearing -that the Emperor with his whole force might succeed -in escaping from the city, caused reports of -Marquez’ approach to be circulated by their spies, -while false despatches, purporting to arrive from the -capital, were smuggled through the lines in order to -soothe the imperialists with vain hopes.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_98">98</div> -<p>But what of Marquez while all Querétaro watched -so anxiously for his return? Where was he and -what was he doing? He had arrived safely at the -capital on the twenty-seventh of March with few -losses, and, finding the city of Puebla hard pressed -by the Juarist, Porfirio Diaz, determined to go to -its relief. Though well aware of the urgency of the -situation in Querétaro, and the need of haste in -executing his mission, he seems to have troubled -himself little concerning it, and to have taken no -steps toward sending the promised aid. The relief -of Puebla he did indeed undertake, but here as in -Querétaro he made so many blunders that the -attempt ended in utter failure and involved the -needless sacrifice of many of Maximilian’s brave -Austrians.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_99">99</div> -<h2 id="c15"><span class="h2line1">Chapter XV</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Downfall of the Mexican Empire</span></h2> -<p>Meanwhile the situation in Querétaro -remained about the same from week to -week. Thanks to the reports spread by -republican spies, relief was still looked for, while -frequent skirmishes enlivened the monotony in -which both Miramon and Mejia distinguished -themselves. Nor were they altogether without -results, for on the twenty-seventh of April Miramon -routed twelve thousand of the besiegers, captured -twenty-one guns, and took a large number of prisoners. -Yet neither of these generals seemed able -to utilize their advantages. Whenever a victory -was won, precious moments were wasted in useless -celebrations, in true Mexican fashion, leaving the -enemy plenty of time to recover lost ground.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_100">100</div> -<p>At length, however, the Emperor was forced to -abandon all hope of Marquez’ return and as a last -resort began seriously to consider the possibility of -breaking through the enemy’s siege lines to the -western plain whence they might be able to reach -the mountains beyond. Once there they would be -safe—for these were the native haunts of General -Mejia, who knew every foot of the country and was -certain to find support among the sturdy mountaineers—always -a loyal race. Thither, too, the -Juarists would be slow to follow. Being unwilling -to leave the city without any military protection, -Maximilian’s first step was to issue a call for volunteers, -to which hundreds of the townsfolk responded -and were enrolled as recruits by Mejia, to whom -their organization was entrusted. Meanwhile Prince -Salm selected a body-guard of picked men for the -Emperor. The attempt was to be made early on the -morning of the fourteenth of May,—the chief command -of the expedition being intrusted to Colonel -Lopez, a proof of Maximilian’s unbounded faith -in this scoundrel. As to the sequence of events, -Dr. Basch, who was an eye-witness, writes as follows:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_101">101</div> -<p>“At eleven o’clock on the night of the thirteenth, -a council of war was held at which it was decided to -defer our departure till the following night. This -was at Mejia’s request, the number of volunteers -being so great he had been unable properly to arm or -organize them in so short a time, and it was upon -their help he largely depended for the success of the -undertaking. Preparations had all been completed. -We were ready for the march. Only such effects as -could be carried with us on our horses were to be -taken. The Emperor himself was very hopeful. -‘I am glad,’ he said to me on the afternoon of the -fourteenth, ‘that the end has come at last and feel -sure we shall succeed, partly because my good -fortune has never yet failed me and also—call it -superstition if you will—because to-morrow is my -mother’s name day—which is a good omen.’</p> -<p>“The Emperor’s luggage was divided among the -escort—members of his suite each taking a part -of his papers among their effects. The contents of -His Majesty’s privy purse were distributed between -Salm, Lieutenant-colonel Pradillo, the Emperor’s -secretary, Blasio, Colonel Campos, commander of -the body-guard, myself, and Lopez, the latter of -whom expressed dissatisfaction on being handed -his share because it was in silver and small coin -instead of gold like the rest.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_102">102</div> -<p>“At ten o’clock that night another postponement -was made till the fifteenth, this time at the request -of General Mendez, for what reason I am unable to -say. About eleven the Emperor held a conference -with Lopez concerning some details of the plan, -and, made wakeful by excitement, did not retire -until one. At half-past two he had me wakened. -I went at once to his room and found him suffering -with an attack of dysentery—a disease which had -been making havoc in both camps owing to bad food -and the effects of the rainy season. I stayed with -him nearly an hour till the pain was relieved, then -returned to my own room and lay down with my -clothes on. The convent was then wrapped in deep -stillness; not a sound was to be heard. Just before -five I was suddenly aroused by two men bursting -into my room, one of whom I recognized as Lieutenant -Jablonski. ‘Where is Prince Salm?’ they -shouted, ‘he must be awakened!’ and with these -words they rushed out again. I sprang up at once. -Something unusual must have occurred to bring them -to headquarters at that hour. Without stopping -to think about it, however, I roused my servant, who -was sleeping in the same room, ordered him to saddle -my horse as quickly as possible, and hastened in -quest of Salm, whom I found already up and dressed. -I asked him what was the matter. ‘We are surprised,’ -was his answer. ‘Make haste and tell Fürstenwärther -to have the hussars mount without delay.’</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_103">103</div> -<p>“I had just delivered this message when the -Emperor’s Mexican chamberlain, Severo, came and -informed me that His Majesty wished to speak with -me. Returning to his room, I found him already -dressed. ‘I do not think it is anything serious,’ he -declared with the utmost calmness, ‘but the enemy -have forced their way into the courtyard. Get -your pistol and follow me to the square.’</p> -<p>“Grill, the steward, afterward told me during our -imprisonment that the Emperor did not lose his -presence of mind for a moment. While he was dressing -he had his sword placed by the door unsheathed, -to be at hand in case of need. In obedience to His -Majesty’s command I went to my room to buckle -on my revolver and there my servant met me with -the news that he had been stopped by a strange -officer who had taken the saddle blankets from him. -Having myself given the order for the hussars to -mount, it was necessary for me to have my horse at -once if I was to accompany the Emperor, so I told -my servant to follow me and point out the officer -who had prevented his obeying my orders. We -met him in one of the passageways, wrapped in -one of the blankets and carrying the other on his -shoulder. As the Emperor had only spoken of the -enemy as having entered the courtyard, I naturally -supposed, meeting this man inside the convent, that -he and the ten soldiers with him were our men and -asked if he did not recognize me as the Emperor’s -physician. He tried to evade me, pointing to a -staircase leading to the roof of the convent, and -saying, ‘Your blankets are up there.’</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_104">104</div> -<p>“Still in the dark as to the meaning of all this, -and indignant at the unnecessary delay, I drew my -revolver, whereupon the officer cried to the soldiers, -‘<i>Desarme lo!</i>’ (Disarm him!) I saw a row of bayonets -pointed at me and heard the click of triggers -and in a flash the whole thing was clear to me. -Any attempt at resistance would have been madness, -so, escorted by the officer and his squad, I -mounted the steps to the convent roof, which to -my amazement I found crowded with republican -troops. ‘You are my prisoner!’ said the officer, -now speaking for the first time. ‘So I see!’ was my -angry rejoinder. My revolver was then taken away -from me, and Perez, for such was the officer’s -name, began to search my pockets with a dexterity -that proved him no novice in the business. Naturally -the well-filled money belt did not escape his -deft fingers, nor my watch which I had with me, and -this unexpected booty caused him to treat me with -more favor. In spite of the danger of the situation, -I could not refrain from drawing out my surgical -case, which had been overlooked, and, offering it to -Perez, inquiring whether he would not like that also. -This voluntary gift, however, he did not accept nor -did he take my note-book. There being no bank -notes in Mexico, paper naturally did not interest -him as much as coin or valuables, and my papers -were left undisturbed in my pocket. I was then -taken to the tower where the Emperor had so often -exposed himself to the enemy’s fire, and placed -under the guard of two men.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_105">105</div> -<p>So much for the physician’s experiences on that -eventful night. Meanwhile, after telling Dr. Basch -to get his pistol and follow him, Maximilian, accompanied -by Prince Salm, General Castillo, Lieutenant-colonel -Pradillo, and Secretary Blasio, went out into -the courtyard. At the gates they found one of -the enemy’s guards stationed, and standing near by -were Colonel Lopez and Colonel José Rincon Gallardo. -The latter, to whom the Emperor was well -known, said to the guard: “Let them pass, they -are civilians,” and Maximilian and his companions -walked out unmolested. From La Cruz they made -their way to Miramon’s headquarters on the Cerro -de la Campaña, several other officers joining them -on the way. The lines everywhere were already in -the possession of the enemy and even the small -body of cavalry they found assembled at the foot -of the hill soon melted away, going over to the -enemy little by little as their fears overcame them. -Turning to Mejia, the Emperor asked if there was -no possibility of breaking through with a few faithful -followers, but Mejia sadly replied in the negative, -saying any such attempt would be useless. Resigning -himself to his fate, therefore, Maximilian ordered -the white flag hoisted and a few moments later -surrendered his sword to a republican officer who -galloped up. The Emperor was a prisoner.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_106">106</div> -<p>That afternoon at four o’clock Escobedo sent the -following telegram to the Juarist minister of war -in Potosi:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_107">107</div> -<p>“At three o’clock this morning our troops captured -the convent La Cruz. The garrison were -taken prisoners, part of the enemy’s troops having -retreated to Cerro de la Campaña in great disorder -and under fire from our artillery. About eight this -morning Maximilian with his generals Mejia and -Castillo surrendered at discretion. I beg to offer -the President my congratulations on this great -triumph of the national arms.</p> -<p><span class="jr"><span class="sc">Mariano Escobedo.</span>”</span></p> -<p>A mighty triumph, indeed, for fifty thousand men -to conquer a garrison of five thousand, exhausted -by famine and disease, and that only by an act of -treachery!</p> -<p>As to the manner and conditions of Lopez’ betrayal, -accounts vary. He is said to have been -promised as much as ten thousand piastres by -Escobedo. His accomplice in the plot was a certain -Anton Jablonski, but the whole affair was -managed with such adroitness that not one of the -Emperor’s friends had a suspicion of it. Lopez -afterward published an emphatic denial of the -accusation, which was supported by Escobedo and -in which he had the audacity to appeal to Prince -Salm for confirmation. The latter’s reply, written -during his imprisonment and after Maximilian’s -death, leaves nothing to be desired in the way of -plain speaking. It runs in part as follows:</p> -<p>“To Miguel Lopez, former imperial Mexican -colonel and author of the article entitled ‘The -Capture of Querétaro’:</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_108">108</div> -<p>“In this defence, addressed by you to your countrymen, -to France, and to the world at large, you -appeal to me as witness that Querétaro did not fall -by treachery and maintain that your statements -bear the stamp of perfect truth. Although I, as you -know, have been a prisoner of war for five months, -my sense of justice will no longer allow me to be -silent, for I can prove their utter falsity. You publicly -declare that Querétaro was captured by force -of arms; that the Emperor commissioned you on -the night of the fourteenth of May to negotiate with -the enemy, his troops being completely demoralized -and all hope of escape abandoned; and you dare -any who maintain that Querétaro fell by treachery -to appear and dispute your assertions. I accept -your challenge, therefore, and before the world proclaim -you a traitor with the blood of your former -sovereign and benefactor on your hands. It is not -true that the Emperor commissioned you to negotiate -with the enemy. I had the honor of conversing -with His Majesty that night, after you had left -him, and he had not then or at any other time the -faintest idea of treating with the republicans. If -his army was small, it was still brave and loyal -enough to have fought a way out through the -enemy’s lines for its beloved sovereign, to whose -character, as you well know, such a course as you -describe would have been utterly foreign. This being -the case, permit me, Senor Lopez, to ask you -a few questions before the world.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_109">109</div> -<p>“Why, if you had been ordered to enter the -enemy’s lines, did you return about two o’clock with -a republican officer of high rank and bring him into -La Cruz, the Emperor’s headquarters? Why did -you, contrary to the Emperor’s wishes, and without -my knowledge, order the Hungarian hussars to -unsaddle, when I had already given them the -Emperor’s commands to remain saddled all night? -Why, at such a dangerous time, did you remove from -the Emperor’s headquarters the guard upon whom -the safety of La Cruz depended? Why were the -eight guns which stood on the square in front of the -convent turned with their muzzles toward the city? -Why, at two o’clock in the morning, did you take -this republican general, dressed as a civilian and -armed with a revolver, all through our fortifications? -Why did you leave our lines before four o’clock that -morning, still with this same officer, and return in a -quarter of an hour at the head of two of the enemy’s -battalions and lead them into the inner court of -La Cruz, where you were met by your accomplice, -Lieutenant Jablonski? How did it happen that you -and Jablonski, both supposedly prisoners, should -have informed the Emperor of the enemy’s presence -in La Cruz? How do you explain the fact that -when His Majesty, with General Castillo and myself, -were about to leave the convent, then already -surrounded by the enemy, we were allowed at a -word from you to pass as civilians, although the -Emperor must have been already recognized and -General Castillo and I were in full uniform? How -was it that after our capture some of the republican -officers named you as the traitor? How did it happen -that you, a prisoner, were always at liberty? -And, finally, how were you able to possess yourself -of the imperial papers and various articles belonging -to His Majesty, such as his silver toilet service, -which, by the way, have never appeared again?</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_111">111</div> -<p>“To all of this, Señor Miguel Lopez, you cannot -honestly and honorably reply; the facts speak for -themselves and proclaim you both traitor and murderer. -Why did you betray your Emperor and -benefactor? Because, in the first place, you wished -to be revenged on him for withholding from you -the General’s commission which he had already -signed. In case you should not know his reason -for this, then learn now that it was because a brave -man, whose blood is also on your hands and whose -name I will not mention, lest you take revenge on -those he has left behind, had presented to His -Majesty a private document dismissing you from the -army for infamous conduct during Santa Anna’s -presidency and forbidding your ever holding a -government office again.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_112">112</div> -<p>“And, secondly, Señor Lopez, you were moved -by fear. Seeing that something decisive must soon -occur and fearing, in case of our defeat, for your -future and for your life, you hoped by this shameful -treachery to clear your past account with the republicans, -as indeed you did. Your third attempt at -treason failed, for a short time after the Emperor -had been made prisoner, finding your hopes disappointed, -you sent a person known to us both to -him with offers to betray your new confederates. -In my presence this person attempted to pave the -way for you to approach the Emperor, overtures -that were naturally rejected with contempt. A -man may choose his own course in life, but he -must be true to his principles. You have not only -been false to yours but have also committed the -most infamous of all crimes—that of treason—and -broken the oath you took to the imperial -cause. The name of Miguel Lopez may become -famous, no doubt, but it will never be mentioned -in the annals of Mexico or of the world save with -deepest abhorrence and contempt.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_113">113</div> -<h2 id="c16"><span class="h2line1">Chapter XVI</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">The Emperor’s Imprisonment</span></h2> -<p>After Maximilian had surrendered his sword -to the republican commander on the Cerro -de la Campaña he was taken back to his -old quarters at the convent, his physician and two -attendants, Grill and Severo, being allowed to join -him later.</p> -<p>“It was with a heavy heart,” writes Dr. Basch, -“that I approached the Emperor’s door, before which -a guard was posted. I opened it and paused a -moment on the threshold to compose myself, but -His Majesty came up at once and embraced me, -weeping. Quickly controlling himself, however, he -pressed my hand and turned away, sighing deeply. -A mournful silence followed. Now for the first -time I perceived that Salm, Blasio, Pachta, and -Pradillo were also in the room. For a time the -Emperor paced up and down, lost in thought, but -at last he spoke, this time more calmly.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_114">114</div> -<p>“‘I am glad,’ he said, ‘that it all happened -without more bloodshed. That much at least has been -accomplished. I feared for you all.’</p> -<p>“Although he had been so ill the night before, -excitement had sustained him during the events -that had since occurred. Now, however, the attack -returned and he was forced to go to bed suffering -greatly. Having, in our present situation, no remedies -at hand to relieve his distress, I was greatly -surprised when the Emperor produced a small box -of pills which I had given him the night before. -‘You see,’ he declared, ‘how important it is not to -lose one’s presence of mind. This morning when -we were surprised I remembered to put this in my -pocket.’”</p> -<p>Maximilian’s room had been completely rifled -during his absence. Personal effects, books, clothing, -and documents all had disappeared, having been -appropriated by Lopez as souvenirs of his former -benefactor. During the forenoon the Emperor was -visited by several of the republican officers, among -whom was Colonel José Gallardo, who had permitted -him to leave La Cruz the preceding night—a -mistaken kindness, as it proved, for Maximilian, in -consequence, had been arrested in arms and thereby -made himself liable to that fatal decree of October -third, which he had tried to revoke on his way to -Orizaba.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_115">115</div> -<p>Most of the imperial generals who had remained -loyal were confined in a room adjoining the Emperor’s. -Mendez remained in hiding, but, his plan -of concealment being betrayed a few days later, he -was taken out and shot. Miramon had been shot -in the face with a revolver by one of his own adjutants -while attempting to rally his troops on the -Cerro, the morning of the surrender, and was at his -own quarters. The prisoners were treated with -scant consideration. A rich merchant of the town -supplied Maximilian’s table, with the remains from -which his companions were obliged to content themselves. -The Emperor soon grew so much worse that -his physician became alarmed and asked that one -of the republican army surgeons might be called in. -Dr. Riva de Nejra was sent to visit the august -prisoner and advised a change of residence, declaring -the present one most unfit in his condition of -health.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_116">116</div> -<p>On the morning of the seventeenth, therefore, -Maximilian was taken to the former convent, -Santa Teresa, in a carriage, guarded by a troop -of cavalry, his companions being forced to walk. -As they passed through the city, the streets were -deserted, the inhabitants considerately retiring into -their houses, the windows of which even were -closed. Not a soul was to be seen anywhere. -The new quarters of the prisoners consisted of -two large rooms, absolutely bare and empty. After -some trouble a bed and chairs were procured for -the Emperor’s use, while the others were left to -make themselves comfortable on the floor of the -adjoining apartment. Fortunately they managed to -obtain some saddle blankets to sleep on and the Emperor -sent out and bought coverings, combs, brushes, -and soap.</p> -<p>“These republicans,” says Dr. Basch, “seem convinced -they are treating us with the greatest care -and magnanimity, their idea of humanity being -apparently to permit us to breathe. Unless we can -wait on ourselves we must go hungry and dirty.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_117">117</div> -<p>In spite of these hardships, however, the change -made a perceptible improvement in Maximilian’s -health, and his painful symptoms gradually disappeared. -Juarez’ delay in taking any action in -regard to the fate of the prisoners encouraged the -Emperor’s friends to expect a favorable outcome of -the affair—a hope that was rudely dispelled, however, -when the Princess Salm arrived at Querétaro -on the twentieth of May and revealed to her husband -the danger in which Maximilian really stood. -It was apparent even to the republicans that Juarez -was determined to have his life. The Princess made -the most heroic efforts to save him, shrinking from -no dangers and no exertion in his behalf, but all in -vain. The Emperor’s guard was not always strictly -kept, and had not treachery lurked at every turn, -his escape might have been effected. Such an -attempt was finally made, indeed, but it was then -too late.</p> -<p>On the twenty-second of May Maximilian was -again transferred, this time to the Capuchin monastery, -with Prince Salm and Generals Mejia and -Miramon. The other officers, Dr. Basch, and the -Emperor’s servants were left behind, expecting to -follow shortly. As hour after hour passed, however, -and no one came, feeling that anything was possible -in this barbarous country, they were seized with -the fear that Maximilian and his companions might -have been already shot without any warning. At -last, however, an officer appeared, about eight o’clock -in the evening, with the long-looked-for orders.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_118">118</div> -<p>“The first person I saw in the monastery,” relates -Dr. Basch, “was Salm. ‘Where is the Emperor?’ -I asked.</p> -<p>“‘His Majesty is in the crypt,’ he replied, but -quickly added, seeing my horror at these words, -‘Calm yourself, he is alive, but really in the crypt. -I will take you to him.’</p> -<p>“As the door was opened a rush of cold air greeted -me, rank with dampness and decay. In the far -corner of a huge vault, the burial-place of the monastery, -was a bed, and on it lay the Emperor reading -Cæsar. A small table beside him held a lighted -candle. ‘They have not had time to prepare a -room for me,’ he remarked, smiling quietly, ‘so I am -obliged temporarily to take up my abode with the -dead.’ I spent that night in the crypt alone with -the Emperor, making my bed on a large slab apparently -used as a bier, but after the hours of anxiety -I had endured that afternoon, I had no trouble in -sleeping even amid those surroundings.”</p> -<p>Bitter as Juarez was against Maximilian, he was -not in Querétaro at this time, but at Potosi, and -therefore cannot be held responsible for the atrocious -treatment accorded the unfortunate Emperor, whose -calm and cheerful acceptance of these indignities -cannot but rouse the deepest admiration.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_119">119</div> -<p>The next day he was taken from the crypt and -lodged in a dark narrow cell, similar to those assigned -his companions in misfortune, all opening on a small -court so that the prisoners could be easily guarded. -It soon became evident that there was no hope of -any compromise in the Emperor’s case. Juarez -insisted that it should be decided by a Mexican -court-martial—the outcome of which was a foregone -conclusion. Maximilian’s death had already -been determined upon and any trial would be merely -a pretext to throw dust in the eyes of the world.</p> -<p>Princess Salm, with the aid of a German merchant, -named Stephen, and the vice-consul from -Hamburg, made another attempt at rescue, which -might have proved successful had not Maximilian -refused to go without Miramon and Mejia, who -were to be tried with him. Miramon appears to -have revealed the plan to his wife, who, in turn, -betrayed it to the enemy, so it resulted in only -stricter measures. All the prisoners were removed -from the Capuchin monastery with the exception of -Maximilian and his two generals, over whom a -much stronger guard was placed.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_120">120</div> -<p>On the twelfth of June, 1867, General Escobedo -issued an order arraigning Ferdinand Maximilian, -Archduke of Austria, and his confederates, the “so-called” -generals, Don Miguel Miramon and Don -Tomas Mejia, before a court-martial to answer for -crimes against the nation and against law and -order. The charges against Maximilian were thirteen -in number, an absurd and incongruous medley, the -chief of which were that he had broken his personal -guarantees; that he had served as an instrument -of the French; and that he had assumed the position -of a usurper and authorized atrocities of every -description, such as the decree of October 3, 1865.</p> -<p>The trial opened at eight o’clock on the morning -of June thirteenth in the Iturbide theatre, the -interior of which was brilliantly illuminated, the -galleries filled with spectators, all of whom displayed -the deepest interest in the proceedings. At the -right sat the judges, consisting of a lieutenant-colonel -and six captains, all very young and selected -with little or no regard for the important questions -involved. Opposite them were placed the benches -for the accused and their advocates, Generals Mejia -and Miramon arriving at the theatre about nine in -a carriage under a strong guard.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_121">121</div> -<p>The president opened the session, and the attorney -for the government, Manuel Aspiroz, read the -charges, together with the Emperor’s protest against -this form of trial and the legality of all steps taken -against his person under the law of January 25, -1862, which was intended for native rebels and -not applicable to him as a foreigner. Lastly, medical -evidence in regard to the Emperor’s condition -of health was produced, with a petition for more -healthful accommodations.</p> -<p>General Mejia was first summoned to answer -before this tribunal, and his advocate, Vega, made -a brilliant speech in his defence, dwelling on his -bravery and loyalty as well as the distinguished -services he had rendered to his native land. Miramon’s -attorneys, Jauregui and Moreno, employed -the same line of argument.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_122">122</div> -<p>Maximilian did not appear in person before the -court. He was defended by two of the foremost -lawyers in Mexico, Vazquez and Ortega, both -distinguished for learning and eloquence. They -directed their main arguments against the competency -of such a court for the case. Maximilian -was not a usurper, as charged, declared Vazquez, -for he had come by invitation of a representative -council, confirmed by popular vote. He had refused, -in fact, to accept the crown until such vote had been -assured. Whether this had been given fraudulently, -he, as a foreigner on the other side of the ocean, had -no means of discovering, nor had he any reason to -regard himself as other than a legitimate sovereign—the -ovation accorded him on his arrival naturally -tending to strengthen him in this conviction. He -had brought no troops but came peaceably, accompanied -only by his household. Neither had he -served as a tool for the French, for from the very -first he had striven against their interference; the -constant friction between him and the French commanders -having finally led to the withdrawal of the -French troops.</p> -<p>Ortega protested vigorously against the imputation -of Maximilian’s cruelty. The severe decree of -October 3, 1865, was issued on the advice of his -ministry and in the belief that Juarez had abandoned -Mexican territory. Its object had been chiefly to -intimidate, for no man ever sued in vain for mercy -from Maximilian, whose clemency and magnanimity -were well known. He concluded with an appeal to -the honor and sympathy of the republicans, urging -them not to abuse their victory and stain their laurels -with a bloody and useless execution.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_123">123</div> -<p>But his defenders’ brilliant eloquence was powerless -to save Maximilian. His sentence had been fixed -long since. The whole trial was the merest farce, -a spectacle prepared by Juarez and his friends. It -was most fitting that a theatre should have been -chosen for its performance!</p> -<p>The public session of the court ended on the -fourteenth of June. At eleven o’clock that night -the Emperor Maximilian and his two generals were -unanimously pronounced guilty and condemned to -be shot, Escobedo confirming the sentence on the -sixteenth and ordering the execution to take place -that afternoon at three o’clock.</p> -<p>Mexico was now completely in the hands of the -Juarists, with the exception of Vera Cruz and the -capital, where Marquez was playing a singular game -and needlessly sacrificing the Emperor’s brave -Austrians. With the downfall of the imperial cause, -however, this scoundrel passes out of our history. -Once, during his imprisonment, Maximilian said to -his physician: “If both Marquez and Lopez were -given to me to deal with as I chose, I would free the -coward Lopez, but Marquez, the cold-blooded and -deliberate traitor, I would hang.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_124">124</div> -<h2 id="c17"><span class="h2line1">Chapter XVII</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Death of Maximilian and his Generals</span></h2> -<p>The news that the Emperor and his two -generals, Mejia and Miramon, had been sentenced -to death, aroused widespread sympathy -and Juarez was besieged with petitions for -mercy, even Garibaldi, who certainly was no friend -to the house of Hapsburg, being among the pleaders. -The Prussian ambassador, Baron von Magnus, hastened -to Potosi to intercede personally in behalf of -Maximilian, and used every effort to secure a pardon, -but in vain. All that he was able to obtain was a -reprieve of two days, the execution of the sentence -being postponed till seven o’clock on the morning -of the nineteenth.</p> -<div class="img" id="pic3"> -<img src="images/p3.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="540" /> -<p class="caption"><i>LAST MOMENTS OF EMPEROR MAXIMILIAN</i></p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_125">125</div> -<p>Prince Salm being still a prisoner and powerless -to act, his wife made one last desperate attempt -to bring about the Emperor’s escape by flight, but -again the plan was frustrated by the fatal treachery -that seemed to pursue Maximilian at every turn in -Mexico. The Princess Salm was put into a carriage -and sent out of Querétaro under a military guard, -while all the diplomatic representatives were ordered -by Escobedo to leave the city at two hours’ notice. -Meanwhile the Emperor and his companions prepared -for death. They received the sacrament from -Father Soria and spent their last hours communing -with the confessors who were to accompany them -on their last journey. Maximilian, calm and serene -as in happier days, conversed cheerfully with Dr. -Basch and his lawyers, Ortega and Vazquez, who -had come to bid him farewell. On parting with the -physician he charged him to carry back to his -friends and family in Vienna a report of the siege -and of his last days.</p> -<p>“Tell my mother,” he said, “that I have done my -duty as a soldier and die a good Christian.”</p> -<p>At three o’clock, the time originally set for the -execution, all was ready for the last march to the -Cerro de la Campaña. The officer in command of -the firing squad begged for forgiveness with tears in -his eyes, but the Emperor calmed him, saying: “You -are a soldier and must obey your orders.” For a -whole hour they waited for the summons, but none -came. At last, about four o’clock, an officer arrived -with the announcement that the execution had been -postponed till the nineteenth, the order having only -just arrived by wire from Potosi an hour before.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_126">126</div> -<p>“This is hard,” exclaimed Maximilian, “for I had -already finished with the world.”</p> -<p>He availed himself of the delay, however, to dictate -several farewell letters to his physician, among them -one of thanks to his captive officers for their loyalty -and a touching appeal to his implacable enemy, -Juarez, to prevent further bloodshed and let his death -serve to promote the peace and welfare of his adopted -country. Even now Baron von Magnus made one -more effort to save the Emperor’s life. On the -eighteenth of June he sent a telegram to the Juarist -minister, Lerdo de Tejada, offering to secure guarantees -from all the leading sovereigns of Europe that -none of the three prisoners should ever again set -foot on Mexican soil or disturb the country in -any way. But Juarez was inexorable. In reply to -the Baron’s despatch Minister Tejada stated that -the President of the Republic was convinced that the -cause of justice and the future peace of the country -required the death of the prisoners.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_127">127</div> -<p>At last the fatal morning of Wednesday, June -19, 1867, dawned. At five o’clock Father Soria -came to celebrate mass, and at half past six the -republican officer who had charge of the execution -arrived. The three prisoners, dressed in black, -entered carriages, each with his confessor, and were -driven slowly to the place of execution, which was -surrounded by a guard of four thousand men. On -alighting, the Emperor embraced his two companions, -promising they should soon meet in another -world, and then walked with dignity to the spot -assigned at the foot of a hill in front of a shattered -wall. Here he placed Miramon in the centre, -saying, “A brave soldier is respected by his sovereign; -permit me to yield you the place of honor.” -Turning to Mejia, who had been unnerved by the -sight of his wife running through the streets frantic -with grief, he said: “General, what has not been -rewarded on earth will certainly be in heaven.” -After distributing some gold pieces among the -soldiers who were to do the firing, he said in a -firm voice: “May my blood be the last shed in -sacrifice for this country, and if more is required, -let it be for the good of the nation, never by -treason.”</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_128">128</div> -<p>The signal to fire was then given and the three -fell simultaneously, Maximilian’s body pierced by -six bullets. The Mexican Empire had ceased to -exist, and the noble Hapsburger had laid down his -life for the welfare of an ungrateful people.</p> -<p>General Escobedo had promised the Emperor -before his death that his body should be delivered -to Baron von Magnus to be taken back to Europe, -yet in spite of this the ambassador had much trouble -in obtaining possession of it. He was ill himself -for a time with fever and had to be taken to Potosi. -After many delays, however, the remains were -finally given into his custody on November twelfth -and, attended by Vice-admiral von Tegetthof, his two -adjutants, and Doctor Basch, were taken to Vera -Cruz with a cavalry escort of one hundred men, and -placed on board the <i>Novara</i>, the same vessel which -but three years before had conveyed Maximilian to -his adopted country and to his doom. On the -fifteenth of January, 1868, the <i>Novara</i> arrived at -Trieste. A special train conveyed the coffin to -Vienna, where, three days later, the body of Archduke -Ferdinand Maximilian of Austria was buried -in the imperial vault in the Capuchin church.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_129">129</div> -<h2 id="c18"><span class="h2line1">Chapter XVIII</span> -<br /><span class="h2line2">Conclusion</span></h2> -<p>As there may be some curiosity as to the later -history of those who so shamefully betrayed -the Emperor Maximilian, a word as to -their fate may not be amiss.</p> -<p>His murderer, Juarez, proved himself unable to -restore peace and tranquillity in the country. He -attained his ambition, however, when he was again -made President, and this sufficed for him. He did -not long survive the victim of his cruelty and revenge, -dying, in Mexico, July 18, 1872. His friend, Escobedo, -received from General Mejia his only son as -a legacy—one that was to prove a constant reminder -of his treachery. Twice the Juarist chief -had owed his life to Mejia’s generosity, yet he had -not hesitated in turn to sign the latter’s death-warrant.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_130">130</div> -<p>Napoleon Third’s subsequent career has passed -into history. Losing battle after battle, and finally -his throne, in the war of 1870, he surrendered his -sword to King William First of Prussia on the second -of September of that year and was taken to -Wilhelmshöhe at Cassel as a prisoner of war, where -he received very different treatment from that -accorded the captive Emperor in Querétaro. After -the conclusion of peace he retired to England, where -he died at Chiselhurst.</p> -<p>A yet more tragic fate befell Marshal François -Achille Bazaine. During the Franco-Prussian War -he was besieged in Metz by Prince Friedrich Karl -and forced to surrender with about one hundred and -seventy thousand men. He was taken to Cassel, -where he shared Napoleon’s imprisonment. Accused -by the French not only of cowardice and incapacity -but also of treason, he was tried by court-martial -and condemned to death. There being no bloodthirsty -Juarez in France, however, the sentence was -commuted to twenty years’ imprisonment on the -Island of Sainte Marguerite, near Cannes. He -succeeded in escaping, with the help of his wife, and -fled to Madrid, where he lived in poverty and obscurity -and died in 1888, forgotten by the world and -deserted by his wife, who returned to her native -Mexico.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_131">131</div> -<p>Marquez escaped from the city of Mexico, hiding -the first night, it is said, in a coffin, and, continuing -his flight at daylight toward the north, succeeded in -reaching Texas. His subsequent history is unknown. -After betraying the imperial army, Lopez prepared -to enjoy the reward of his treason, but it was flatly -refused him. Despised alike by friend and foe, and -even by his own wife, he led a wretched existence, -employing himself in vain attempts to vindicate his -treachery.</p> -<p class="center"><span class="gs">* * * * * * * *</span></p> -<p>Doubtless Maximilian made many grave mistakes, -but from the foregoing pages it is plain that -both he and his wife went to Mexico with the noblest -aims and full of enthusiasm for the mission, to the -difficulties of which they finally succumbed. Yet -the sacrifice was not wholly in vain, for the last -struggle has served to embalm the memory of the -Emperor Maximilian First of Mexico as a brave -and chivalrous prince, while that of his enemies is -held in merited contempt.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_132">132</div> -<p>On the spot where Maximilian and his two generals -so gallantly met their fate on the nineteenth of -June, 1867, a memorial chapel has been erected, to -which throngs of Mexicans of all classes annually -make a pilgrimage on the anniversary of that day, -as indeed they did previously, when only a simple -gravestone marked the place of death.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_133">133</div> -<h2 id="c19">Appendix</h2> -<p>The following is a chronological statement of important -events connected with Maximilian:</p> -<table class="center"> -<tr><td>1832</td><td>Birth of Maximilian.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1850-57</td><td>Marine service.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1857</td><td>Marriage to Carlotta.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1859</td><td>Retires to Miramar.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1863</td><td>Mexican Embassy visits Miramar.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1864</td><td>Coronation ceremony.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1864</td><td>Arrival in Mexico.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1865</td><td>Revolutionary uprisings.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1866</td><td>The Empress goes to Europe.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1867</td><td>Departure of the French.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1867</td><td>Downfall of the Mexican Empire.</td></tr> -<tr><td>1867</td><td>Execution of Maximilian.</td></tr> -</table> -<div class="pb" id="Page_134">134</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center">LIFE STORIES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE</p> -<p class="center"><i>Translated from the German by</i> -<br /><span class="small">GEORGE P. UPTON</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="sc">36 Volumes Now Ready</span></p> -<p class="center"><i>American Explorers</i></p> -<dl class="undent"><dt><span class="sc">Columbus</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Pizarro</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Cortes</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Eric the Red and Leif the Lucky, and Other Pre-Columbian Discoveries of America</span></dt></dl> -<p class="center"><i>Historical and Biographical</i></p> -<dl class="undent"><dt><span class="sc">Washington</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Franklin</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Penn</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Maximilian</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Barbarossa</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">William of Orange</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Maria Theresa</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">The Maid of Orleans</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Frederick the Great</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">The Little Dauphin</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Herman and Thusnelda</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">The Swiss Heroes</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Marie Antoinette’s Youth</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">The Duke of Brittany</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Louise, Queen of Prussia</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">The Youth of the Great Elector</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Emperor William First</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Elizabeth, Empress of Austria</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Charlemagne</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Prince Eugene</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Eugénie, Empress of the French</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Queen Maria Sophia of Naples</span></dt></dl> -<p class="center"><i>Musical Biography</i></p> -<dl class="undent"><dt><span class="sc">Beethoven</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Mozart</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Johann Sebastian Bach</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Joseph Haydn</span></dt></dl> -<p class="center"><i>Legendary</i></p> -<dl class="undent"><dt><span class="sc">Frithjof Saga</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Gudrun</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">The Nibelungs</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">William Tell</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Arnold of Winkelried</span></dt> -<dt><span class="sc">Undine</span></dt></dl> -<p class="center">Illustrated. Each 50 cents <i>net</i> -<br />A. C. McCLURG & CO., <span class="sc">Chicago</span></p> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Copyright notice provided as in the original—this e-text is public domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions, delimited italics text in _underscores_ (the HTML version reproduces the font form of the printed book.)</li> -<li>Silently corrected palpable typos; left non-standard spellings and dialect unchanged.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Maximilian in Mexico, by J. 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