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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Water pollution--Wells, by Irving A. Watson
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
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-
-Title: Water pollution--Wells
-
-Author: Irving A. Watson
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-Release Date: May 18, 2020 [EBook #62174]
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-Language: English
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-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WATER POLLUTION--WELLS ***
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-
-WATER POLLUTION—WELLS.
-
-
-
-
-                         WATER POLLUTION—WELLS.
-
-                                   BY
-                        IRVING A. WATSON, M. D.,
-              SECRETARY OF THE N. H. STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.
-
-                             REPRINTED FROM
-                 TRANSACTIONS OF N. H. MEDICAL SOCIETY,
-                                  1883.
-
-                             CONCORD, N. H.:
-              PRINTED BY THE REPUBLICAN PRESS ASSOCIATION.
-                                  1885.
-
-
-
-
-WATER POLLUTION—WELLS.
-
-
-Poets have sung of the “babbling brooks” and the “mountain springs” with
-their “silver cascades.” Painters have sketched
-
-                  “the placid stream,
-    Reflecting back the mirrored beam,”
-
-in many a sequestered nook, where the beauty of the scene gave to the
-soul its grandest appreciation of nature’s handiwork; but the poet’s
-song and the painter’s canvas are too often the false airs and the
-tinsel drapery of Momus—fun and folly. But poets and painters live
-in a realm uncongenial to the startling facts of modern chemistry.
-Virgil would undoubtedly have been as ready to have believed that H₂O
-represented a glass of milk, as that it was the equivalent of pure water;
-while, if Raphael had been told that the pool of Bethesda was abundant
-with “albuminoid ammonia,” he might innocently have believed it to be
-“something good to eat.”
-
-Tradition and popular education have taken wings in a tangent direction
-from many of the fundamental principles of a natural existence, and,
-while freighting the popular mind with its bulky chaff, sparsely grained,
-they seldom recognize the revelations of science. The plot of some
-well drawn novel, or the fascinating performances of its hero, rest
-unforgotten in the embrace of memory,—are sought after, cherished, and
-remembered in all and by all ages. Science as yet is but little courted,
-much less wedded to the popular taste, and the stubbornness of facts
-is in direct ratio to the inflexibility of the public mind. Science,
-however, is not always of one hue. It is full of attractions and alluring
-fascinations. It needs only to be clothed in well cut and fashionable
-garments, and properly and politely introduced, to receive universal
-recognition and popular applause. This is especially true of the science
-of sanitation, because it is more closely allied to the vital interests
-of every community and every family than all others, and, through the
-simplicity of its primary principles, can be realized and understood by
-all.
-
-Pure water is essential to the health and comfort of every community:
-there is no argument to the contrary. How such a _desideratum_ can
-be acquired and maintained is a problem which requires the closest
-application of science, as well as mechanical and engineering skill. The
-question, whenever and wherever applied, becomes an isolated reality,
-and the solution, instead of being based upon established formulas
-or analogy, is almost wholly dependent upon the individual facts and
-conditions connected therewith.
-
-The aspect of the question a century hence will be very different from
-what it is to-day, even as in its present bearings it differs from
-the time when the woodman’s axe was the only sound of industry that
-echoed through the sleeping valleys and over the watchful hills of New
-Hampshire. In that day the hardy pioneer quenched his thirst by the
-side of any stream or spring with water as pure as earth could give.
-He thought not to glance up the stream to see if it was spanned by a
-family vault, or flanked by a barn-yard. Likewise, if he partook from
-the bubbling spring or the primitive well, he never imagined a crystal
-of urea came up in the tiny fountains of sand at its bottom, or that the
-sparkle of the water was the carbonic acid of a sink drain; for around
-him were no such dangers. But civilization (in many respects a misnomer)
-came on, and brought with her more evils than one,—seduced the virginity
-of nature, and begot a host of illegitimate products and conditions.
-Into her very veins—the streams and rivers—have been injected the effete
-products of waste and decay; and to-day her very gifts, poisoned by men,
-bring pain, poverty, tears, and death into many households.
-
-We have all, no doubt, traced some cases of the zymotic order to
-polluted water, with evidence that left no doubt as to the correctness of
-our conclusions. As to how far such influences extend in the causation of
-disease is undetermined, but I believe it extends far beyond the category
-of acute zymotic diseases.
-
-What of the great invalid corp that register their physical afflictions
-under the comprehensive term “poor health,” and who seem to have no
-specific disease, either acute or chronic? What demon has laid so
-oppressive a burden upon the nerve centres that half of life’s function
-is smothered, and the physical energies nearly blotted out? I believe
-that contaminated water is one of the prime factors in this unfortunate
-and distressing aggregate. We have often traced typhoid fever, dysentery,
-and other diseases to a polluted well or spring; but the cause of
-insidious decay, progressive pallor, softening muscles, wasting strength,
-and slow enervation is not so readily found nor so zealously sought
-after. That contaminated water should produce such results, associated
-perhaps with other unsanitary surroundings, there can be no argument to
-disprove. A close study of the subject for the past two years has led me
-to believe that polluted wells are a most prolific source of sickness and
-death throughout the state. I believe the medical profession is not yet
-so thoroughly aroused upon this subject as the facts demand, and that if
-the physicians of the state should carefully investigate the question
-of water pollution, the result would be one of wide-spread alarm at the
-ravages it is producing.
-
-By far the most dangerous source of water supply is the well, because
-of its close proximity to dwellings. If the surroundings of a well are
-not free from all impurities and waste, we have no right to expect pure
-water, and an attack of typhoid fever, dysentery, or kindred diseases
-should not in the least astonish us. _Conditions which endanger our wells
-are the rule and not the exception, both in the sparsely settled country
-and in the city._
-
-In a speech before the Central N. Y. Medical Association in 1875, Dr.
-Harvey Jewett said,—
-
-“We are often asked, In what way does the water of our wells, in farming
-communities especially, and in our larger villages, become impure?
-It comes bubbling up from the deep fountains, fresh, cold, pure, and
-clear as the crystal, and often gives no indication by taste or smell
-of containing impurities. How often do we see the waste water from
-our kitchens thrown out upon the ground year after year, until the
-soil is saturated thereby? Then, again, the continuity of sink-drains,
-cess-pools, and privy vaults to our wells is sufficient to saturate the
-earth with their poisonous, disease-producing elements. It is through
-the agency of this apparently _pure water_, constantly, insidiously
-introducing these subtle elements into the human organism, that the
-fountains of life are poisoned and disease generated. In large towns and
-thickly populated streets, with slovenly domestics, the whole surface
-becomes saturated with the waste water, and in wet seasons the well,
-being the only artificial drainage, receives the drippings, converting
-it into a cess-pool of filth. I have known instances where the waste
-water from the sink-drain ran directly into the well, until the horrible
-stench compelled an investigation and a remedy. Instances of this kind
-are by no means rare, where a direct communication from the sink to the
-well is found to exist. With some families in the country the whole waste
-water of the household is thrown out upon the ground, until the entire
-surface soil is saturated like a sponge with the elements of disease. The
-popular but erroneous idea, that filling in earth upon a water-saturated
-soil removes the necessity of deep drainage, should be exploded from
-the minds of the people, and the great central fact set forth, that
-no water-saturated soil is fit for human habitation, and that a large
-proportion of unhealthfulness and human ailments can be traced directly
-or indirectly to this influence.”
-
-I have had forwarded to me during the past year many samples of well
-water from different sections of the state for examination, and _over
-ninety-five per cent. were contaminated_. In many instances no particular
-suspicion existed that the wells were polluted, so “sweet and sparkling”
-was the water. With the exception of a few wells in this city, the
-samples came from the smaller villages and isolated farm-houses. I
-suspect, and my experience is in accord with the idea, that the most
-dangerous wells are to be found at the latter, because such a well is
-subjected not only to the unsanitary influences of the household, but
-of the barns, cattle-yards, hennery, pig-sty, etc. No one can reasonably
-presume that a well situated in close proximity to such surroundings
-can long remain pure, except that its altitude is such as to render
-contamination impossible, which is rarely the case. It should be borne
-in mind that a well is in itself a system of drainage for a given area
-of the earth, which area is dependent upon the depth of the well and the
-character of the soil. The accepted formula is, that it drains a portion
-of soil represented by an inverted cone, the base of which equals in
-diameter the depth of the well. Thus, the well _must_ drain a certain
-amount of soil or earth, and unless this certain amount is kept clean
-and uncontaminated, the well _must become polluted_. It should not be
-forgotten that this described cone of soil is the _minimum_ amount that
-a well can drain, while with favorable conditions the maximum area is
-almost unlimited. A stratum of clay or other impervious substance, or
-fissures in the rock formation, may act as the carrier of a little stream
-or vein of polluted water till it reaches the well, and the source of
-pollution may be a long distance away.
-
-The sketch which is here reproduced from the last report of the State
-Board of Health vividly illustrates the way in which a well is often
-polluted.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The double lines 1 and 2 represent the angle which the well drains. The
-slightly curved lines 3 and 4 represent the water line in the ground,
-the constant use of the well depressing this line below a level in the
-immediate vicinity of the well. The lines radiating from the cess-pool
-and vault illustrate the cause of said pollution, and consequently
-contamination of the water in the well. This sketch is in no way
-overdrawn: I have seen many wells apparently situated in precisely the
-same way. If somewhere in a near and convenient location to this well, as
-shown above, were placed a barn-yard and a pig-sty in addition to what we
-now see, it would represent the exact condition of many of our farmers’
-wells. Yet the proprietor of this “best well in town” wonders why his
-doctor’s bills are so large! He bows “to the will of God” when cholera
-infantum takes the life of his little child, when his own ignorance or
-cupidity is the destroyer. How long shall the Almighty be charged with
-crimes that come alone from the ignorance, carelessness, neglect, and
-conceit of men?
-
-I propose to give a few illustrations of water pollution that are of a
-very marked character. The following diagram is that of a hotel in one
-of the thriving towns in this state, and the facts connected therewith I
-obtained from a reliable physician under the promise of not giving to
-the public the locality or his name. I have seen the hotel myself, and
-assure you that the location was as represented.
-
-A case of typhoid fever occurred the past season (1882) in the bed-room
-near the privy (see diagram No. 1). All the discharges from this patient
-were thrown into the vault without being disinfected. This vault was
-located about _fifteen feet from the well_ which supplied this house.
-Result: _Fourteen cases of typhoid fever, with one death, from the use of
-this water for drinking purposes_.
-
-[Illustration: DIAGRAM NO. 1.]
-
-The following description and history of a well in Newport (although I
-published the same in the last report of the State Board of Health) is of
-such a remarkable character that it will bear republication.
-
-The attention of Dr. D. M. Currier was directed to this well in the
-investigation of the cause of sickness in the family that used this
-water, and the analysis which is given of the water was made by Prof.
-Edmund R. Angell of Derry.
-
-
-ANALYSIS OF THE NEWPORT WELL.
-
-    Odor,                                                      slight.
-    Color,                                         a little yellowish.
-    Total solids, grains per gallon,                             49.2
-    Soluble solids,                                              34.7
-    Ignition of residue,                                  it blackens.
-    Combustible and volatile matter, grains per gal.,            9.24
-    Hardness, equivalent to grains of CaCo₃ per gal.,           11.00
-    Alkalinity,       ”       ”       ”       ”                 15.00
-    Chlorine, grains per gallon,                                12.00
-    Ammonia, parts per million,—
-             Free ammonia,                                     0.0666
-             Albuminoid ammonia,                               0.3100
-    Nitric acid, grains per gallon,                              2.69
-    Nitrous acid,                                                none.
-    Iodine,                                                      none.
-    Bromine,                                                     none.
-    Iron,                                           very slight trace.
-    Copper and lead,                                             none.
-
-Microscopic examination of sediment shows,—
-
-    Bacteria:
-      Bacteria Bacillus.
-      Bacteria Vibrio.
-    Infusoria:
-      Flagellata Monadina.
-      Flagellata Euglenia.
-      Ciliata Enchelia.
-      Ciliata Bursarina.
-      Ciliata Parmecia.
-    Silicious granules.
-    Small pieces of decaying wood.
-
-
-ADDITIONAL FACTS.
-
-    Free carbonic acid, grains per gallon, 11.9504
-    Combined Co₂,         ”     ”     ”     6.6528
-    Total Co₂,            ”     ”     ”    18.6032
-
-Bases: Lime, magnesia, soda, potassa, ammonia.
-
-Acids: Hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, carbonic, silicic.
-
-Most of the lime is in the form of carbonate held in solution by carbonic
-acid; most of the magnesia exists as a salt soluble in water, probably
-the sulphate; some of the alkalies are present as carbonates. The iron is
-kept in solution by carbonic acid.
-
-
-EXPLANATION AND OPINION.
-
-The color and odor indicate contamination. The large amount of soluble
-solids is suspicious. The blackening of the residue during ignition
-shows the presence of organic matter in solution. The large amount of
-combustible and volatile matter is a grave indication. Because the
-alkalinity exceeds the hardness, it shows the presence of an alkaline
-carbonate, which is a suspicious circumstance, since it may result from
-the decomposition of animal matter. The amount of chlorine is unusually
-large. I think the average for well water is about one grain. The large
-quantity of chlorine and the presence of alkaline carbonates point very
-strongly to the stable, privy, sewer, or cess-pool. The amount of nitric
-acid is large, though this alone may not mean much, yet joined with the
-other results it has much significance. The amount of ammonia is more
-than twice the quantity that ought to condemn a water absolutely. The
-small amount of free ammonia and the large quantity of albuminoid ammonia
-show that a large amount of organic matter is present and decaying
-slowly. As the weather becomes warm, the proportion of free ammonia will
-increase. Bacteria are always associated with putrefaction and conditions
-of hygienic importance.
-
-Infusoria are never generated except in organic solutions. They are
-abundant in all fresh water wherever organic matter is held in solution,
-also in stagnant water.
-
-From the large amount of chlorine and the presence of alkaline
-carbonates, it would appear that the water is contaminated with animal
-rather than with vegetable matter.
-
-This water is unfit for domestic uses.
-
-                                                        EDMUND R. ANGELL.
-
-A word in explanation may be necessary to those who are not familiar with
-water analysis.
-
-Water that contains such a large amount of solids is very suspicious. It
-will be seen that the sample contained twelve grains of chlorine to the
-gallon, which would alone at once condemn it. The only source from which
-chlorine is derived in the waters of this state, except possibly a trace,
-must be from the sewage or waste from the household, where common salt is
-used. A well that contains over one grain to the gallon is to be looked
-upon with suspicion. The same is true of a water that contains over 0.01
-part of ammonia or “albuminoid ammonia.”
-
-Then, again, the bacteria and infusoria, to the extent present, indicate
-its pollution.
-
-Of the history of this well and the family using its water Dr. Currier
-renders the following report, which is a terrible commentary upon the
-dangers of filth in drinking-water. Since the report was made, Dr. C.
-states that there was a case of typhoid upon these premises during the
-early part of the winter, which he did not know of at the time his
-report was written.
-
-
-DR. CURRIER’S REPORT.
-
-The farm-house, from the well of which was taken the specimen of polluted
-water, is situated on a high bluff of land south-east of the village,
-and is known by the name of East Mountain. Upon this ridge of land are
-situated some of the best farms in town. The soil is rich and deep,
-underlying which is a sub-soil of clay, very hard and compact, but
-occasionally interrupted by a deposit of sand. I have been told there
-were beds of sand in the vicinity of this dwelling-house.
-
-[Illustration: DIAGRAM NO. 2.]
-
-By the diagram sent, you will see that the well is under the L part
-of the house. The water is drawn up by means of a windlass in one of
-the back rooms. The well itself is some twenty-five feet deep. In the
-summer kitchen, not more than three or four feet from the well, you will
-notice the sink marked 2 on the diagram, which discharges its water on
-the ground by means of an open spout but a few feet from the outside of
-the building. At 3, about an equal distance from the well, is a back
-door, from which foul water, as on washing-days, and filth of nearly all
-descriptions, were usually thrown, which is not saying more than can be
-said of back doors to farm-houses in general.
-
-As you step out of this door, a little to your left you will see the
-pig-sty, the centre of which cannot be more than fifteen feet from top
-of well. The privy marked 4 is entered from the walk leading from the
-well-room to the barn-yard, the excrements of which are received upon the
-ground. The distance from the door, 7, that opens into the barn-yard,
-and the well, is just twenty-four feet by actual measurement. Stepping
-out of this door you are in the barn-yard filled with cattle and sheep,
-on the further side of which is the barn with its usual manure heap
-and decomposing vegetable matter in general. Thus we have the barn,
-barn-yard, privy, pig-sty, back door, and sink all in dangerous proximity
-to the well, either one of which might contaminate its water, and render
-it unfit for use.
-
-It was on the 8th of March, 1883, that I procured the second specimen
-of water from this well that I sent you. For over three months prior
-to that date the ground had been frozen and covered with snow, with no
-thaws during the whole winter severe enough to cause any surface-water.
-The winter was what is called a dry one, all the wells in that vicinity
-being remarkably low, so that there could be no surface-water finding its
-way into the well on that date, and probably had not for months previous:
-the influence of the surroundings at that time must have been at the
-minimum. If the water is bad under this condition, what must it be soon
-after the frost is out, and the well becomes filled with its maximum of
-surface-water?
-
-Now the interesting question comes, What has been the effect upon the
-health and lives of the family or families occupying this house and using
-this water? I am informed that they did not use the water at all times,
-under suspicion that it might not be good: still it was used more or less.
-
-Forty-one years ago the place was purchased and occupied by a man then in
-the prime of life. He had seven children, some of whom were born before
-and some after moving upon the place. The father, mother, and all the
-children are now dead, except one.
-
-The date, age, and cause of death, as near as I can find out, are as
-follows:
-
-    1849, a son, age 18 years; cause, typhoid fever.
-
-    1849, a daughter, age 16 years; cause, typhoid fever.
-
-    1863, a son, age 28 years; cause, consumption.
-
-    1871, mother, age 63 years; cause, gall stones; great sufferer
-    from sick headache.
-
-    1874, a daughter, age 27 years; cause, consumption.
-
-    1878, a son, age 37 years; cause, consumption.
-
-    1879, a daughter, age 34 years; cause, consumption.
-
-    1879, father, age 76 years; cause, old age, feeble a long time.
-
-    1883, a son-in-law, age 47 years; cause, bronchial consumption.
-
-This last was the only one of whom I had charge, and it was during one
-of my professional visits that I discovered the situation of the well.
-One of the first things of which he complained was sore throat and
-hoarseness, laryngo-pharyngitis. At the same time he was troubled with
-an eruption. I never saw it, but as he described it I should say that it
-was erythematous in its nature. If he exercised so as to perspire, or
-took hot drinks, it would make its appearance, causing the surface to
-itch and feel very uncomfortable.
-
-During the spring and summer of 1882 he was under the care of various
-physicians, both regular and irregular, until the first of October of
-that year, when he came under my care, at which time he was troubled
-with cough and hoarseness, it being with difficulty that he spoke aloud.
-The stomach was very irritable, frequently rejecting food, and more
-often his medicine. Once when he was in my office for the purpose of
-consultation, I inquired in regard to his drinking-water. He told me that
-it was “splendid water,” and all right; that he drank a great deal of
-it. At various times during the fall and early winter he would seem to
-improve, when some imprudence on his part would put him back. Finally he
-grew worse, as manifested by failing strength, loss of appetite, and by
-coughing and raising more, until his death.
-
-The sputa was very tenacious, and at last was quite thick, and composed
-almost entirely of pus. A few weeks before he died I examined his chest
-thoroughly. There was no dulness over either lung, and he could fill both
-of them equally well. Auscultation revealed very heavy, moist rales.
-
-About five weeks before the death of the father,—that was some time in
-January,—I was called to the house to attend his son, a lad six years
-of age, with dysentery accompanied with petechial eruption over the
-limbs and body. He recovered slowly. In about two weeks two other sons,
-aged respectively eight and ten years, came down in the same way with
-dysentery and the eruption, causing them to scratch vigorously. The
-mother was troubled with the eruption, but no dysentery.
-
-                                                           D. M. CURRIER.
-
-
-THE RYE BEACH WELL,
-
-which has attracted considerable attention the present season, and been
-the source of many false newspaper reports, is most remarkable in the
-history of water pollution. Briefly, the history connected therewith is
-as follows:
-
-A wealthy Philadelphian by the name of Lewis, who has spent his summers
-at this noted beach for the last twelve years, bought last spring a lot
-of land, and built a very expensive and elegant summer residence. The
-location was upon an elevation some forty or fifty feet higher than the
-sea, and but a short distance from the water. This elevation is made up
-mostly of seamy ledges, with but a few feet of soil covering the same.
-From a sanitary point of view, no better site could possibly be selected.
-
-Instead of building a sewer to the ocean for drainage purposes, he
-constructed a cess-pool forty feet distant from the house, into which
-all the sewage from the house ran. In building this cess-pool it
-was necessary to excavate three feet of the ledge to get a good and
-sufficient depth. Sixty feet from this cess-pool, and apparently upon
-the same level, was dug the well which was to supply this residence with
-water. After reaching the ledge, it was necessary to go ten feet into
-the rock to get sufficient water, which was obtained in abundance, and
-was excellent in quality. The well and cess-pool were both constructed
-at the same time, and in _two weeks after, the well was polluted by
-this cess-pool_. The family, not realizing the source of pollution or
-its danger, continued to use the water for a short time afterwards, or
-until it became so tainted that it was repulsive to the senses of taste
-and smell. The result was the death of Mr. Lewis, and a lady visitor who
-lived in the vicinity and frequently drank of this water, and a severe
-illness of a daughter of Mr. Lewis, his servant, and a guest of the
-family. These seemed to be cases of blood poisoning, the severer ones
-resembling in their last stage typhoid fever.
-
-This instance of well pollution illustrates the fact that a rock
-formation, though generally believed to be the best safeguard against
-the contamination of a well, may be the most dangerous. The seams which
-existed in this ledge no doubt served as direct channels to convey the
-filth to this well.
-
-The following instance of well pollution seems to illustrate in what
-unsuspected ways water may become contaminated:
-
-A short time since, Dr. C. A. Wood, of Greenville, sent me several
-specimens of water for examination. The contamination of some of them was
-of such a character that I asked him for a history of the samples. I
-will here state that the specimens marked “No. 2” and “No. 3” were both
-badly polluted, and with different substances, so that, in testing, the
-chemical reactions were quite different. In his reply to my letter of
-inquiry he says,—
-
-“The water I sent you last week marked No. 2 was dipped directly from the
-well, as shown in diagram, while the water marked No. 3 was pumped from
-the pump. The family have been sick more or less ever since they occupied
-the house. _None of them have been well_, but it is exceedingly difficult
-to give a name to their complaints, except a general out of fix, with a
-dull, tired feeling, headaches, sore throats, furred tongues, &c., but no
-downright sickness so as to prostrate them.”
-
-It will be readily seen by the crude diagram that the cess-pool filth
-which had accumulated around the lead pipe leading to the well, by reason
-of a breakage in the sink-drain, had corroded the water-pipe till it was
-full of small holes, which allowed this filth to be drawn in and mixed
-with the water every time any was drawn from the well. Such a condition
-is not likely to be of very frequent occurrence, but it demonstrates
-the fact that the source of water pollution may be sometimes subtle and
-unexpected.
-
-[Illustration: DIAGRAM NO. 3.]
-
-In the foregoing paper it has been my aim only to present some points
-that will lead to a more careful consideration of this all-important
-subject, rather than to discuss the topic from a purely scientific
-standpoint. To awaken a deeper interest in the prevention of disease is
-necessary both in the profession and among the people, and I sincerely
-hope the medical men of our state will become the instructors and the
-guardians of the public to the extent that unnecessary sickness may be
-largely averted, and nature’s gifts received in nature’s purity.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of Project Gutenberg's Water pollution--Wells, by Irving A. Watson
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-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Water pollution--Wells, by Irving A. Watson
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Water pollution--Wells
-
-Author: Irving A. Watson
-
-Release Date: May 18, 2020 [EBook #62174]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WATER POLLUTION--WELLS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
-
-<h1>WATER POLLUTION—WELLS.</h1>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p class="titlepage larger">WATER POLLUTION—WELLS.</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">BY</span><br />
-IRVING A. WATSON, M. D.,<br />
-<span class="smaller">SECRETARY OF THE N. H. STATE BOARD OF HEALTH.</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">REPRINTED FROM</span><br />
-TRANSACTIONS OF N. H. MEDICAL SOCIETY,<br />
-<span class="smaller">1883.</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage">CONCORD, N. H.:<br />
-<span class="smaller">PRINTED BY THE REPUBLICAN PRESS ASSOCIATION.<br />
-1885.</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
-
-<h2>WATER POLLUTION—WELLS.</h2>
-
-
-<p>Poets have sung of the “babbling brooks” and the “mountain
-springs” with their “silver cascades.” Painters have
-sketched</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container">
-<div class="poetry">
-<div class="verse indent7">“the placid stream,</div>
-<div class="verse">Reflecting back the mirrored beam,”</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p class="noindent">in many a sequestered nook, where the beauty of the scene
-gave to the soul its grandest appreciation of nature’s handiwork;
-but the poet’s song and the painter’s canvas are too often
-the false airs and the tinsel drapery of Momus—fun and folly.
-But poets and painters live in a realm uncongenial to the startling
-facts of modern chemistry. Virgil would undoubtedly have
-been as ready to have believed that H₂O represented a glass of
-milk, as that it was the equivalent of pure water; while, if
-Raphael had been told that the pool of Bethesda was abundant
-with “albuminoid ammonia,” he might innocently have believed
-it to be “something good to eat.”</p>
-
-<p>Tradition and popular education have taken wings in a tangent
-direction from many of the fundamental principles of a
-natural existence, and, while freighting the popular mind with
-its bulky chaff, sparsely grained, they seldom recognize the revelations
-of science. The plot of some well drawn novel, or the
-fascinating performances of its hero, rest unforgotten in the
-embrace of memory,—are sought after, cherished, and remembered
-in all and by all ages. Science as yet is but little courted,
-much less wedded to the popular taste, and the stubbornness
-of facts is in direct ratio to the inflexibility of the public mind.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
-Science, however, is not always of one hue. It is full of attractions
-and alluring fascinations. It needs only to be clothed in
-well cut and fashionable garments, and properly and politely
-introduced, to receive universal recognition and popular applause.
-This is especially true of the science of sanitation,
-because it is more closely allied to the vital interests of every
-community and every family than all others, and, through the
-simplicity of its primary principles, can be realized and understood
-by all.</p>
-
-<p>Pure water is essential to the health and comfort of every
-community: there is no argument to the contrary. How such
-a <i>desideratum</i> can be acquired and maintained is a problem
-which requires the closest application of science, as well as
-mechanical and engineering skill. The question, whenever and
-wherever applied, becomes an isolated reality, and the solution,
-instead of being based upon established formulas or analogy, is
-almost wholly dependent upon the individual facts and conditions
-connected therewith.</p>
-
-<p>The aspect of the question a century hence will be very different
-from what it is to-day, even as in its present bearings it
-differs from the time when the woodman’s axe was the only
-sound of industry that echoed through the sleeping valleys and
-over the watchful hills of New Hampshire. In that day the
-hardy pioneer quenched his thirst by the side of any stream or
-spring with water as pure as earth could give. He thought not
-to glance up the stream to see if it was spanned by a family
-vault, or flanked by a barn-yard. Likewise, if he partook from
-the bubbling spring or the primitive well, he never imagined a
-crystal of urea came up in the tiny fountains of sand at its bottom,
-or that the sparkle of the water was the carbonic acid of
-a sink drain; for around him were no such dangers. But civilization
-(in many respects a misnomer) came on, and brought
-with her more evils than one,—seduced the virginity of nature,
-and begot a host of illegitimate products and conditions. Into
-her very veins—the streams and rivers—have been injected the
-effete products of waste and decay; and to-day her very gifts,
-poisoned by men, bring pain, poverty, tears, and death into
-many households.</p>
-
-<p>We have all, no doubt, traced some cases of the zymotic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
-order to polluted water, with evidence that left no doubt as to
-the correctness of our conclusions. As to how far such influences
-extend in the causation of disease is undetermined, but I
-believe it extends far beyond the category of acute zymotic
-diseases.</p>
-
-<p>What of the great invalid corp that register their physical
-afflictions under the comprehensive term “poor health,” and
-who seem to have no specific disease, either acute or chronic?
-What demon has laid so oppressive a burden upon the nerve
-centres that half of life’s function is smothered, and the physical
-energies nearly blotted out? I believe that contaminated water
-is one of the prime factors in this unfortunate and distressing
-aggregate. We have often traced typhoid fever, dysentery,
-and other diseases to a polluted well or spring; but the cause of
-insidious decay, progressive pallor, softening muscles, wasting
-strength, and slow enervation is not so readily found nor so
-zealously sought after. That contaminated water should produce
-such results, associated perhaps with other unsanitary surroundings,
-there can be no argument to disprove. A close
-study of the subject for the past two years has led me to believe
-that polluted wells are a most prolific source of sickness
-and death throughout the state. I believe the medical profession
-is not yet so thoroughly aroused upon this subject as the
-facts demand, and that if the physicians of the state should
-carefully investigate the question of water pollution, the result
-would be one of wide-spread alarm at the ravages it is producing.</p>
-
-<p>By far the most dangerous source of water supply is the well,
-because of its close proximity to dwellings. If the surroundings
-of a well are not free from all impurities and waste, we
-have no right to expect pure water, and an attack of typhoid
-fever, dysentery, or kindred diseases should not in the least
-astonish us. <i>Conditions which endanger our wells are the rule
-and not the exception, both in the sparsely settled country and in
-the city.</i></p>
-
-<p>In a speech before the Central N. Y. Medical Association in
-1875, Dr. Harvey Jewett said,—</p>
-
-<p>“We are often asked, In what way does the water of our wells,
-in farming communities especially, and in our larger villages,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
-become impure? It comes bubbling up from the deep fountains,
-fresh, cold, pure, and clear as the crystal, and often gives no
-indication by taste or smell of containing impurities. How
-often do we see the waste water from our kitchens thrown out
-upon the ground year after year, until the soil is saturated thereby?
-Then, again, the continuity of sink-drains, cess-pools, and
-privy vaults to our wells is sufficient to saturate the earth with
-their poisonous, disease-producing elements. It is through the
-agency of this apparently <i>pure water</i>, constantly, insidiously
-introducing these subtle elements into the human organism,
-that the fountains of life are poisoned and disease generated.
-In large towns and thickly populated streets, with slovenly
-domestics, the whole surface becomes saturated with the waste
-water, and in wet seasons the well, being the only artificial
-drainage, receives the drippings, converting it into a cess-pool
-of filth. I have known instances where the waste water from
-the sink-drain ran directly into the well, until the horrible stench
-compelled an investigation and a remedy. Instances of this
-kind are by no means rare, where a direct communication from
-the sink to the well is found to exist. With some families in
-the country the whole waste water of the household is thrown
-out upon the ground, until the entire surface soil is saturated
-like a sponge with the elements of disease. The popular but
-erroneous idea, that filling in earth upon a water-saturated soil
-removes the necessity of deep drainage, should be exploded
-from the minds of the people, and the great central fact set
-forth, that no water-saturated soil is fit for human habitation,
-and that a large proportion of unhealthfulness and human ailments
-can be traced directly or indirectly to this influence.”</p>
-
-<p>I have had forwarded to me during the past year many samples
-of well water from different sections of the state for examination,
-and <i>over ninety-five per cent. were contaminated</i>. In
-many instances no particular suspicion existed that the wells
-were polluted, so “sweet and sparkling” was the water. With
-the exception of a few wells in this city, the samples came from
-the smaller villages and isolated farm-houses. I suspect, and
-my experience is in accord with the idea, that the most dangerous
-wells are to be found at the latter, because such a well is
-subjected not only to the unsanitary influences of the household,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
-but of the barns, cattle-yards, hennery, pig-sty, etc. No one
-can reasonably presume that a well situated in close proximity
-to such surroundings can long remain pure, except that its altitude
-is such as to render contamination impossible, which is
-rarely the case. It should be borne in mind that a well is in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
-itself a system of drainage for a given area of the earth, which
-area is dependent upon the depth of the well and the character
-of the soil. The accepted formula is, that it drains a portion of
-soil represented by an inverted cone, the base of which equals
-in diameter the depth of the well. Thus, the well <i>must</i> drain a
-certain amount of soil or earth, and unless this certain amount
-is kept clean and uncontaminated, the well <i>must become polluted</i>.
-It should not be forgotten that this described cone of
-soil is the <i>minimum</i> amount that a well can drain, while with
-favorable conditions the maximum area is almost unlimited. A
-stratum of clay or other impervious substance, or fissures in the
-rock formation, may act as the carrier of a little stream or vein
-of polluted water till it reaches the well, and the source of pollution
-may be a long distance away.</p>
-
-<p>The sketch which is here reproduced from the last report of
-the State Board of Health vividly illustrates the way in which
-a well is often polluted.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
-<img src="images/sketch.jpg" width="700" height="500" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<p>The double lines 1 and 2 represent the angle which the well
-drains. The slightly curved lines 3 and 4 represent the water
-line in the ground, the constant use of the well depressing this
-line below a level in the immediate vicinity of the well. The
-lines radiating from the cess-pool and vault illustrate the cause
-of said pollution, and consequently contamination of the water
-in the well. This sketch is in no way overdrawn: I have seen
-many wells apparently situated in precisely the same way. If
-somewhere in a near and convenient location to this well, as
-shown above, were placed a barn-yard and a pig-sty in addition
-to what we now see, it would represent the exact condition of
-many of our farmers’ wells. Yet the proprietor of this “best
-well in town” wonders why his doctor’s bills are so large! He
-bows “to the will of God” when cholera infantum takes the life
-of his little child, when his own ignorance or cupidity is the
-destroyer. How long shall the Almighty be charged with
-crimes that come alone from the ignorance, carelessness, neglect,
-and conceit of men?</p>
-
-<p>I propose to give a few illustrations of water pollution that
-are of a very marked character. The following diagram is that
-of a hotel in one of the thriving towns in this state, and the
-facts connected therewith I obtained from a reliable physician<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
-under the promise of not giving to the public the locality or his
-name. I have seen the hotel myself, and assure you that the
-location was as represented.</p>
-
-<p>A case of typhoid fever occurred the past season (1882) in
-the bed-room near the privy (see diagram No. 1). All the discharges
-from this patient were thrown into the vault without
-being disinfected. This vault was located about <i>fifteen feet
-from the well</i> which supplied this house. Result: <i>Fourteen cases
-of typhoid fever, with one death, from the use of this water for
-drinking purposes</i>.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
-<img src="images/diagram1.jpg" width="700" height="550" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Diagram No. 1.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The following description and history of a well in Newport
-(although I published the same in the last report of the State
-Board of Health) is of such a remarkable character that it will
-bear republication.</p>
-
-<p>The attention of Dr. D. M. Currier was directed to this well
-in the investigation of the cause of sickness in the family that
-used this water, and the analysis which is given of the water
-was made by Prof. Edmund R. Angell of Derry.</p>
-
-<h3>ANALYSIS OF THE NEWPORT WELL.</h3>
-
-<table summary="Chemical composition">
-  <tr>
-    <td>Odor,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">slight.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Color,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">a little yellowish.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Total solids, grains per gallon,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">49.2</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Soluble solids,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">34.7</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Ignition of residue,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">it blackens.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Combustible and volatile matter, grains per gal.,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">9.24</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Hardness, equivalent to grains of CaCo₃ per gal.,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Alkalinity, <span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">15.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Chlorine, grains per gallon,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">12.00</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Ammonia, parts per million,—</td>
-    <td class="tdr"></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdsub">Free ammonia,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">0.0666</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdsub">Albuminoid ammonia,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">0.3100</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nitric acid, grains per gallon,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">2.69</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Nitrous acid,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">none.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Iodine,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">none.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Bromine,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">none.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Iron,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">very slight trace.</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Copper and lead,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">none.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Microscopic examination of sediment shows,—</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Bacteria:</li>
-<li class="isub1">Bacteria Bacillus.</li>
-<li class="isub1">Bacteria Vibrio.</li>
-<li>Infusoria:</li>
-<li class="isub1">Flagellata Monadina.</li>
-<li class="isub1">Flagellata Euglenia.</li>
-<li class="isub1">Ciliata Enchelia.</li>
-<li class="isub1">Ciliata Bursarina.</li>
-<li class="isub1">Ciliata Parmecia.</li>
-<li>Silicious granules.</li>
-<li>Small pieces of decaying wood.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<h3>ADDITIONAL FACTS.</h3>
-
-<table summary="Chemical composition">
-  <tr>
-    <td>Free carbonic acid,</td>
-    <td>grains per gallon,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">11.9504</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Combined Co₂,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">6.6528</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Total Co₂,</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr">18.6032</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>Bases: Lime, magnesia, soda, potassa, ammonia.</p>
-
-<p>Acids: Hydrochloric, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, carbonic,
-silicic.</p>
-
-<p>Most of the lime is in the form of carbonate held in solution
-by carbonic acid; most of the magnesia exists as a salt soluble
-in water, probably the sulphate; some of the alkalies are present
-as carbonates. The iron is kept in solution by carbonic
-acid.</p>
-
-<h3>EXPLANATION AND OPINION.</h3>
-
-<p>The color and odor indicate contamination. The large
-amount of soluble solids is suspicious. The blackening of the
-residue during ignition shows the presence of organic matter
-in solution. The large amount of combustible and volatile
-matter is a grave indication. Because the alkalinity exceeds
-the hardness, it shows the presence of an alkaline carbonate,
-which is a suspicious circumstance, since it may result from the
-decomposition of animal matter. The amount of chlorine is
-unusually large. I think the average for well water is about
-one grain. The large quantity of chlorine and the presence of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
-alkaline carbonates point very strongly to the stable, privy,
-sewer, or cess-pool. The amount of nitric acid is large, though
-this alone may not mean much, yet joined with the other results
-it has much significance. The amount of ammonia is more
-than twice the quantity that ought to condemn a water absolutely.
-The small amount of free ammonia and the large
-quantity of albuminoid ammonia show that a large amount of
-organic matter is present and decaying slowly. As the weather
-becomes warm, the proportion of free ammonia will increase.
-Bacteria are always associated with putrefaction and conditions
-of hygienic importance.</p>
-
-<p>Infusoria are never generated except in organic solutions.
-They are abundant in all fresh water wherever organic matter
-is held in solution, also in stagnant water.</p>
-
-<p>From the large amount of chlorine and the presence of alkaline
-carbonates, it would appear that the water is contaminated
-with animal rather than with vegetable matter.</p>
-
-<p>This water is unfit for domestic uses.</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Edmund R. Angell.</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>A word in explanation may be necessary to those who are
-not familiar with water analysis.</p>
-
-<p>Water that contains such a large amount of solids is very
-suspicious. It will be seen that the sample contained twelve
-grains of chlorine to the gallon, which would alone at once
-condemn it. The only source from which chlorine is derived
-in the waters of this state, except possibly a trace, must be
-from the sewage or waste from the household, where common
-salt is used. A well that contains over one grain to the gallon
-is to be looked upon with suspicion. The same is true of a
-water that contains over 0.01 part of ammonia or “albuminoid
-ammonia.”</p>
-
-<p>Then, again, the bacteria and infusoria, to the extent present,
-indicate its pollution.</p>
-
-<p>Of the history of this well and the family using its water Dr.
-Currier renders the following report, which is a terrible commentary
-upon the dangers of filth in drinking-water. Since
-the report was made, Dr. C. states that there was a case of
-typhoid upon these premises during the early part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
-winter, which he did not know of at the time his report was
-written.</p>
-
-<h3>DR. CURRIER’S REPORT.</h3>
-
-<p>The farm-house, from the well of which was taken the specimen
-of polluted water, is situated on a high bluff of land south-east
-of the village, and is known by the name of East Mountain.
-Upon this ridge of land are situated some of the best
-farms in town. The soil is rich and deep, underlying which is
-a sub-soil of clay, very hard and compact, but occasionally interrupted
-by a deposit of sand. I have been told there were
-beds of sand in the vicinity of this dwelling-house.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;">
-<img src="images/diagram2.jpg" width="700" height="400" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Diagram No. 2.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>By the diagram sent, you will see that the well is under the
-L part of the house. The water is drawn up by means of a
-windlass in one of the back rooms. The well itself is some
-twenty-five feet deep. In the summer kitchen, not more than
-three or four feet from the well, you will notice the sink
-marked 2 on the diagram, which discharges its water on the
-ground by means of an open spout but a few feet from the outside
-of the building. At 3, about an equal distance from the
-well, is a back door, from which foul water, as on washing-days,
-and filth of nearly all descriptions, were usually thrown, which
-is not saying more than can be said of back doors to farm-houses
-in general.</p>
-
-<p>As you step out of this door, a little to your left you will see
-the pig-sty, the centre of which cannot be more than fifteen feet
-from top of well. The privy marked 4 is entered from the walk
-leading from the well-room to the barn-yard, the excrements of
-which are received upon the ground. The distance from the
-door, 7, that opens into the barn-yard, and the well, is just
-twenty-four feet by actual measurement. Stepping out of this
-door you are in the barn-yard filled with cattle and sheep, on
-the further side of which is the barn with its usual manure heap
-and decomposing vegetable matter in general. Thus we have
-the barn, barn-yard, privy, pig-sty, back door, and sink all in
-dangerous proximity to the well, either one of which might
-contaminate its water, and render it unfit for use.</p>
-
-<p>It was on the 8th of March, 1883, that I procured the second
-specimen of water from this well that I sent you. For over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
-three months prior to that date the ground had been frozen and
-covered with snow, with no thaws during the whole winter
-severe enough to cause any surface-water. The winter was
-what is called a dry one, all the wells in that vicinity being
-remarkably low, so that there could be no surface-water finding
-its way into the well on that date, and probably had not for
-months previous: the influence of the surroundings at that time
-must have been at the minimum. If the water is bad under
-this condition, what must it be soon after the frost is out, and
-the well becomes filled with its maximum of surface-water?</p>
-
-<p>Now the interesting question comes, What has been the effect
-upon the health and lives of the family or families occupying
-this house and using this water? I am informed that they did
-not use the water at all times, under suspicion that it might not
-be good: still it was used more or less.</p>
-
-<p>Forty-one years ago the place was purchased and occupied
-by a man then in the prime of life. He had seven children,
-some of whom were born before and some after moving upon
-the place. The father, mother, and all the children are now
-dead, except one.</p>
-
-<p>The date, age, and cause of death, as near as I can find out,
-are as follows:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquote">
-
-<p>1849, a son, age 18 years; cause, typhoid fever.</p>
-
-<p>1849, a daughter, age 16 years; cause, typhoid fever.</p>
-
-<p>1863, a son, age 28 years; cause, consumption.</p>
-
-<p>1871, mother, age 63 years; cause, gall stones; great sufferer
-from sick headache.</p>
-
-<p>1874, a daughter, age 27 years; cause, consumption.</p>
-
-<p>1878, a son, age 37 years; cause, consumption.</p>
-
-<p>1879, a daughter, age 34 years; cause, consumption.</p>
-
-<p>1879, father, age 76 years; cause, old age, feeble a long
-time.</p>
-
-<p>1883, a son-in-law, age 47 years; cause, bronchial consumption.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>This last was the only one of whom I had charge, and it was
-during one of my professional visits that I discovered the situation
-of the well. One of the first things of which he complained
-was sore throat and hoarseness, laryngo-pharyngitis. At the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
-same time he was troubled with an eruption. I never saw it,
-but as he described it I should say that it was erythematous in
-its nature. If he exercised so as to perspire, or took hot drinks,
-it would make its appearance, causing the surface to itch and
-feel very uncomfortable.</p>
-
-<p>During the spring and summer of 1882 he was under the care
-of various physicians, both regular and irregular, until the first
-of October of that year, when he came under my care, at which
-time he was troubled with cough and hoarseness, it being with
-difficulty that he spoke aloud. The stomach was very irritable,
-frequently rejecting food, and more often his medicine. Once
-when he was in my office for the purpose of consultation, I
-inquired in regard to his drinking-water. He told me that it
-was “splendid water,” and all right; that he drank a great deal
-of it. At various times during the fall and early winter he
-would seem to improve, when some imprudence on his part
-would put him back. Finally he grew worse, as manifested by
-failing strength, loss of appetite, and by coughing and raising
-more, until his death.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The sputa was very tenacious, and at last was quite thick,
-and composed almost entirely of pus. A few weeks before he
-died I examined his chest thoroughly. There was no dulness
-over either lung, and he could fill both of them equally well.
-Auscultation revealed very heavy, moist rales.</p>
-
-<p>About five weeks before the death of the father,—that was
-some time in January,—I was called to the house to attend his
-son, a lad six years of age, with dysentery accompanied with
-petechial eruption over the limbs and body. He recovered
-slowly. In about two weeks two other sons, aged respectively
-eight and ten years, came down in the same way with dysentery
-and the eruption, causing them to scratch vigorously. The
-mother was troubled with the eruption, but no dysentery.</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">D. M. Currier.</span></p>
-
-<h3>THE RYE BEACH WELL,</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">which has attracted considerable attention the present season,
-and been the source of many false newspaper reports, is most
-remarkable in the history of water pollution. Briefly, the history
-connected therewith is as follows:</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>A wealthy Philadelphian by the name of Lewis, who has
-spent his summers at this noted beach for the last twelve years,
-bought last spring a lot of land, and built a very expensive and
-elegant summer residence. The location was upon an elevation
-some forty or fifty feet higher than the sea, and but a
-short distance from the water. This elevation is made up mostly
-of seamy ledges, with but a few feet of soil covering the same.
-From a sanitary point of view, no better site could possibly be
-selected.</p>
-
-<p>Instead of building a sewer to the ocean for drainage purposes,
-he constructed a cess-pool forty feet distant from the
-house, into which all the sewage from the house ran. In building
-this cess-pool it was necessary to excavate three feet of the
-ledge to get a good and sufficient depth. Sixty feet from this
-cess-pool, and apparently upon the same level, was dug the
-well which was to supply this residence with water. After
-reaching the ledge, it was necessary to go ten feet into the rock
-to get sufficient water, which was obtained in abundance, and
-was excellent in quality. The well and cess-pool were both
-constructed at the same time, and in <i>two weeks after, the well
-was polluted by this cess-pool</i>. The family, not realizing the
-source of pollution or its danger, continued to use the water for
-a short time afterwards, or until it became so tainted that it
-was repulsive to the senses of taste and smell. The result was
-the death of Mr. Lewis, and a lady visitor who lived in the
-vicinity and frequently drank of this water, and a severe illness
-of a daughter of Mr. Lewis, his servant, and a guest of the
-family. These seemed to be cases of blood poisoning, the
-severer ones resembling in their last stage typhoid fever.</p>
-
-<p>This instance of well pollution illustrates the fact that a rock
-formation, though generally believed to be the best safeguard
-against the contamination of a well, may be the most dangerous.
-The seams which existed in this ledge no doubt served as
-direct channels to convey the filth to this well.</p>
-
-<p>The following instance of well pollution seems to illustrate in
-what unsuspected ways water may become contaminated:</p>
-
-<p>A short time since, Dr. C. A. Wood, of Greenville, sent me
-several specimens of water for examination. The contamination
-of some of them was of such a character that I asked him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
-for a history of the samples. I will here state that the specimens
-marked “No. 2” and “No. 3” were both badly polluted,
-and with different substances, so that, in testing, the chemical
-reactions were quite different. In his reply to my letter of
-inquiry he says,—</p>
-
-<p>“The water I sent you last week marked No. 2 was dipped
-directly from the well, as shown in diagram, while the water
-marked No. 3 was pumped from the pump. The family have
-been sick more or less ever since they occupied the house.
-<i>None of them have been well</i>, but it is exceedingly difficult to
-give a name to their complaints, except a general out of fix,
-with a dull, tired feeling, headaches, sore throats, furred
-tongues, &amp;c., but no downright sickness so as to prostrate
-them.”</p>
-
-<p>It will be readily seen by the crude diagram that the cess-pool
-filth which had accumulated around the lead pipe leading to the
-well, by reason of a breakage in the sink-drain, had corroded
-the water-pipe till it was full of small holes, which allowed
-this filth to be drawn in and mixed with the water every time
-any was drawn from the well. Such a condition is not likely
-to be of very frequent occurrence, but it demonstrates the fact
-that the source of water pollution may be sometimes subtle and
-unexpected.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 1000px;">
-<img src="images/diagram3.jpg" width="1000" height="500" alt="" />
-<p class="caption"><span class="smcap">Diagram No. 3.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>In the foregoing paper it has been my aim only to present
-some points that will lead to a more careful consideration of
-this all-important subject, rather than to discuss the topic from
-a purely scientific standpoint. To awaken a deeper interest in
-the prevention of disease is necessary both in the profession
-and among the people, and I sincerely hope the medical men of
-our state will become the instructors and the guardians of the
-public to the extent that unnecessary sickness may be largely
-averted, and nature’s gifts received in nature’s purity.</p>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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