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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05a99db --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #62025 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62025) diff --git a/old/62025-0.txt b/old/62025-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a9b4923..0000000 --- a/old/62025-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,13533 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Positions, by Richard Mulcaster - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Positions - -Author: Richard Mulcaster - -Contributor: Robert Hebert Quick - -Release Date: June 11, 2020 [EBook #62025] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSITIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - -No attempt has been made to rationalise the spelling within the text. - -Sidenotes, in italics and embedded in the text in the original, have -been placed at the beginning of the relevant paragraphs and marked -[Sidenote: ....] - -The Latin poem that follows the Dedication contains several words -ending in q with an acute accent. These are shown thus [que]. - -Footnotes are placed at the end of Chapters. - -Italics are represented thus _italic_, and -superscripts thus y^{en}. - - - - - POSITIONS: - - BY - - RICHARD MULCASTER, - First Headmaster of Merchant Taylors’ School (A.D. 1561-1586); - - - WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING SOME ACCOUNT - OF HIS LIFE AND WRITINGS, - - BY - - ROBERT HEBERT QUICK, - -Author of “_Essays on Educational Reformers_”; First University Lecturer - at Cambridge on the History of Education (A.D. 1879). - - - LONDON: - LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., - AND NEW YORK: 15, EAST 16^{th} STREET. - 1888. - - _All rights reserved._ - - - - - POSITIONS - - WHEREIN THOSE - PRIMITIVE CIRCVMSTANCES - BE EXAMINED, WHICH ARE - NECESSARIE FOR THE TRAINING - - vp of Children, either for skill in their - booke, or health in their bodie. - - - WRITTEN BY RICHARD MVLCASTER, MASTER OF THE SCHOOLE ERECTED IN LONDON - ANNO. 1561, IN THE PARISH OF SAINCT LAURENCE POVVNTNEIE, BY THE - VVORSHIPFULL COMPANIE OF THE MERCHAUNT TAILERS OF THE SAID CITIE. - -Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautrollier, dvvelling in the blacke Friers - by Ludgate, 1581. - - - Reprinted for Henry Barnard and R. H. Quick by - Harrison and Sons, Printers in Ordinary to Her Majesty, - St. Martin’s Lane, London, 1887. - - - - -[Illustration. Decorative Border] - - - _TO THE MOST VERTVOVS - LADIE, HIS MOST DEARE, AND - soueraine princesse, Elizabeth by the - grace of God Queene of England, - Fraunce, and Ireland, defendresse - of the faith &c._ - -My booke by the very argument, most excellent princesse, pretendeth a -common good, bycause it concerneth the generall traine and bringing -vp of youth, both to enrich their minds with learning, and to enable -their bodies with health: and it craues the fauour of some speciall -countenaunce farre aboue the common, or else it can not possiblie -procure free passage. For what a simple credit is myne, to perswade -so great a matter? or what force is there in common patronage, to -commaunde conceites? I am therefore driuen vpon these so violent -considerations, to presume so farre, as to present it, being my first -trauell, that euer durst venture vpon the print, vnto your maiesties -most sacred handes. For in neede of countenaunce, where best abilitie -is most assurance, and knowne vertue the fairest warrant, who is more -sufficient then your excellencie is, either for cunning to commend, -or for credit to commaunde? And what reason is there more likely to -procure the fauour of your maiesties most gracious countenaunce, -either to commende the worke, or to commaunde it waie, then the honest -pretence of a generall good, wherein you cannot be deceiued? For of -your accustomed care you will circumspectlie consider, and by your -singular iudgement, you can skillfully discerne, whether there be -any appearance, that my booke shall performe so great a good, as it -pretendeth to do, before you either praise it, or procure it passage. -In deede it is an argument which craueth consideration, bycause it is -the leader to a further consequence: and all your maiesties time is so -busily employed, about many and maine affaires of your estate, as I may -seeme verie iniurious to the common weale, besides some wrong offered -to your owne person, to desire your Maiestie at this time to reade any -part therof, much lesse the whole, the booke it selfe being very long, -and your Maiesties leasure being very litle. - -And yet if it maye please your most excellent Maiestie of some -extraordinarie grace towardes a most obsequious subiect in way of -encoraging his both toilsome and troublesome labour, to take but -some taste of any one title, of smallest encumbraunce, by the very -inscription, the paw of a Lion may bewraie the hole body in me by the -prouerbe, in your highnesse by the propertie, as who can best iudge, -what the Lion is. For the rest, which neither your Maiesties time can -tarie on, neither my boldnesse dare desire that you should: other mens -report, which shall haue time to read, and will lend an officious -countrieman some parte of their leysure, will proue a referendarie, and -certifie your highnesse how they finde me appointed. I haue entitled -the booke POSITIONS, bycause entending to go on further, for the -auauncement of learning I thought it good at the first to put downe -certaine groundes very needefull for my purpose, for that they be the -common circunstances, that belong to teaching and are to be resolued -on, eare we begin to teach. Wherin I craue consent of my countrey, to -ioyne with me in conceit, if my reasons proue likely, that therby I may -direct my whole currant in the rest, a great deale the better. Now if -it maye stand with your Maiesties most gracious good will to bestow -vpon me the fauourable smile of your good liking, to countenance me -in this course, which as it pretendeth the publike commoditie, so it -threateneth me with extreme paines, all my paine will proue pleasant -vnto me, and that good which shall come thereby to the common weale -shall be most iustly ascribed to your Maiesties especial goodnesse, -which encoraged my labour, and commended it to my countrey. Which both -encoragement to my selfe, and commendacion to my countrey, I do nothing -doubt but to obtaine at your Maiesties most gracious handes, whether -of your good nature, which hath alwaye furthered honest attemptes: or -of your Princely conceit, which is thoroughly bent to the bettering of -your state, considering my trauell doth tend that way. For the very -ende of my whole labour (if my small power can attaine to that, which -a great good will towards this my cuntrey hath deepely conceiued) is -to helpe to bring the generall teaching in your Maiesties dominions, -to some one good and profitable vniformitie which now in the middest -of great varietie doth either hinder much, or profit litle, or at the -least nothing so much, as it were like to do, if it were reduced to -one certaine fourme. The effecting wherof pretendeth great honour to -your Maiesties person, besides the profit, which your whole realme is -to reape therby. That noble Prince king HENRY the eight, your Maiesties -most renowned father vouchesafed to bring all Grammers into one fourme, -the multitude therof being some impediment to schoole learning in his -happie time, and thereby both purchased himselfe great honour, and -procured his subiectes a marueilous ease. Now if it shall please your -Maiestie by that Royall example which otherwise you so rarely exceede, -to further not onely the helping of that booke to a refining: but -also the reducing of all other schoole bookes to some better choice: -and all manner of teaching, to some redier fourme: can so great a -good but sound to your Maiesties most endlesse renowne, whose least -part gaue such cause of honour, to that famous King, your Maiesties -father? By these few wordes your highnesse conceiueth my full meaning -I am well assured, neither do I doubt, but that as you are well able -to discerne it, so you will very depelie consider it, and see this so -great a common good thoroughly set on foote. I know your Maiesties -pacience to be exceeding great in verie petie arguments, if not I -should haue bene afraid, to haue troubled you with so many wordes, -and yet least tediousnesse do soure euen a sweete and sound matter, I -will be no bolder. God blesse your Maiestie, and send you a long, and -an healthfull life, to his greatest glorie, and your Maiesties most -lasting honour. - - Your Maiesties most humble and - obedient subiect - - _Richard Mulcaster_. - - - - -[Illustration: Decorative border] - - - _AVTHOR IPSE AD - librum suum._ - - - Insita naturæ nostræ sitis illa iuuandi - Ignauum vitæ desidis odit iter. - Parca cibi, saturata fame, deuota labori, - Prodiga nocturni luminis vrget opus. - Quod, simul ac lucis patiens fore viderit, edit - Inde licet multo plena timore gemat. - Pœnitet emissam per mille pericula prolem, - Quæ poterat patriæ tuta latere domi. - Iudicium[que] timens alieni pallida iuris - Omine spem lædit deteriore suam. - Sed sine sole nequit viui, prodire necesse est, - Cura[que] quod peperit publica, iura vocant. - Fortunæ credenda salus, quam prouida virtus - Quam patris æterni dextera magna regit. - Sic sua Neptuno committit vela furenti - Spem solam in medijs docta phaselus aquis. - Sic mihi spes maior, cui res cum gente Deorum, - Quæ certo dubijs numine rebus adest. - Perge igitur, sorti[que] tuæ te crede, parentis - Tessera parue liber prima future tui. - Et quia, quà perges, hominum liberrima de te - Iudicia in medijs experiere vijs, - Quidnam quis[que] notet, quidnam desideret in te, - Quo possim in reliquis cautior esse, refer. - Interea veniam supplex vtrique precare, - Nam meus error erat, qui tuus error erit. - Qui neutrius erit, cum, quis sit, sensero, quippe - Nullum in correcto crimine crimen erit. - Ergo tuæ partes, quæ sint errata, referre: - Emendare, mei cura laboris erit. - Nam[que] rei nouitas nulli tentata priorum - Hac ipsa, qua tu progrediere, via, - Vtri[que] errores multos, lapsus[que]; minatur, - Quos cum resciero, num superesse sinam? - Cui tam chara mei lectoris amica voluntas, - Vt deleta illi displicitura velim. - - _R. M._ - -[Illustration: Decoration] - - - - -[Illustration: Decorative border] - - - THE ARGVMEMTES HANDLED - - IN EVERY PARTICVLAR TITLE. - - - Cap. 1. - - The entrie to the Positions, conteining the occasion of this present - discourse, and the causes why it was penned in English. (P. 1.) - - - Cap. 2. - - Wherfore these Positions serue, what they be, and how necessarie it - was to begin at them. (P. 4.) - - - Cap. 3. - - Of what force circunstance is in matters of action, and how warily - authorities be to be vsed, where the contemplatiue reason receiues the - check of the actiue circunstance, if they be not well applyed. Of the - alledging of authours. (P. 8.) - - - Cap. 4. - - What time were best for the childe to begin to learne. What matters - some of the best writers handle eare they determine this question. - Of letes and libertie, whervnto the parentes are subiect in setting - their children to schoole. Of the difference of wittes and bodies - in children. That exercise must be ioyned with the booke, as the - schooling of the bodie. (P. 14.) - - - Cap. 5. - - What thinges they be, wherein children are to be trained, eare they - passe to the Grammar. That parentes, and maisters ought to examine - the naturall abilities in children, whereby they become either fit, - or vnfit, to this, or that kinde of life. The three naturall powers - in children, Witte to conceiue by, Memorie to retaine by, Discretion - to discerne by. That the training vp to good manners, and nurture, - doth not belong to the teacher alone, though most to him, next after - the parent, whose charge that is most, bycause his commaundement - is greatest, ouer his owne childe, and beyond appeale. Of Reading, - Writing, Drawing, Musicke by voice, and instrument: and that they - be the principall principles, to traine vp the minde in. A generall - aunswere to all obiections, which arise against any, or all of these. - (P. 25.) - - - Cap. 6. - - Of exercises and training the body. How necessarie a thing exercise - is. What health is, and how it is maintained: what sicknesse is, how - it commeth, and how it is preuented. What a parte exercise playeth in - the maintenaunce of health. Of the student and his health. That all - exercises though they stirre some one parte most, yet helpe the whole - bodie. (P. 40.) - - - Cap. 7. - - The braunching, order, and methode, kept in this discourse of - exercises. (P. 49.) - - - Cap. 8. - - Of exercise in generall, and what it is. And that it is Athleticall - for games, Martiall for the fielde, Physicall for health, preparatiue - before, postparatiue after the standing exercise: some within dores, - for foule whether, some without for faire. (P. 51.) - - - Cap. 9. - - Of the particular exercises. Why I do appoint so manie, and how to - iudge of them, or to deuise the like. (P. 54.) - - - Cap. 10. - - Of lowd speaking. How necessarie, and how proper an exercise it is for - a scholer. (P. 55.) - - - Cap. 11. - - Of lowd singing, and in what degree it commeth to be one of the - exercises. (P. 59.) - - - Cap. 12. - - Of lowde, and soft reading. (P. 60.) - - - Cap. 13. - - Of much talking and silence. (P. 62.) - - - Cap. 14. - - Of laughing, and weeping. And whether children be to be forced toward - vertue and learning. (P. 63.) - - - Cap. 15. - - Of holding the breath. (P. 68.) - - - Cap. 16. - - Of daunsing, why it is blamed, and how deliuered from blame. (P. 72.) - - - Cap. 17. - - Of wrastling. (P. 76.) - - - Cap. 18. - - Of fensing, or the vse of the weapon. (P. 78.) - - Cap. 19. - - Of the Top, and scourge. (P. 80.) - - - Cap. 20. - - Of walking. (P. 82.) - - - Cap. 21. - - Of running. (P. 89.) - - - Cap. 22. - - Of leaping. (P. 92.) - - - Cap. 23. - - Of swimming. (P. 94.) - - - Cap. 24. - - Of riding. (P. 96.) - - - Cap. 25. - - Of hunting. (P. 98.) - - - Cap. 26. - - Of shooting. (P. 101.) - - - Cap. 27. - - Of the ball. (P. 103.) - - - Cap. 28. - - Of the circumstances, which are to be considered in exercise. - (P. 108.) - - - Cap. 29. - - The nature and qualitie of the exercise. (P. 109.) - - - Cap. 30. - - Of the bodies which are to be exercised. (P. 110.) - - - Cap. 31. - - Of the exercising places. (P. 114.) - - - Cap. 32. - - Of the exercising time. (P. 115.) - - - Cap. 33. - - Of the quantitie that is to be kept in exercise. (P. 118.) - - - Cap. 34. - - Of the manner of exercising. (P. 122.) - - - Cap. 35. - - An aduertisement to the training master. Why both the teaching of the - minde and the training of the bodie be assigned to the same master. - The inconueniences which ensue, where the bodie and the soule be made - particular subiectes to seuerall professions. That who so will execute - any thing well, must of force be fully resolued, in the excellencie - of his owne subiect. Out of what kinde of writers the exercising - maister maie store himselfe with cunning. That the first groundes - would be laide by the cunningest workeman. That priuate discretion in - any executour is of more efficacie, then his skill. (P. 124.) - - - Cap. 36. - - That both yong boyes, and yong maidens are to be put to learne. - Whether all boyes be to be set to schoole. That to many learned be - burdenous: to few to bare: wittes well sorted ciuill: missorted - seditious. That all may learne to write and reade without daunger. - The good of choice, the ill of confusion. The children which are set - to learne hauing either rich or poore freindes, what order and choice - is to be vsed in admitting either of them to learne. Of the time to - chuse. (P. 133.) - - - Cap. 37. - - The meanes to restraine the ouerflowing multitude of scholers. The - cause why euery one desireth, to haue his childe learned, and yet - must yeilde ouer his owne desire to the disposition of his countrie. - That necessitie and choice be the best restrainers. That necessitie - restraineth by lacke and law. Why it may be admitted that all may - learne to writ and reade that can, but no further. What is to be - thought of the speaking and vnderstanding of latine, and in what - degree of learning that is. That considering our time, and the state - of religion in our time law must needes helpe this restraint, with - the aunswere to such obiections as are made to the contrarie. That in - choice of wittes, which must deale with learning, that wit is fittest - for our state which aunswereth best the monarchie, and how such a wit - is to be knowne. That choice is to helpe in schooling, in admission - into colledges, in proceding to degrees, in preferring to liuings, - where the right and wrong of all the foure pointes be handled at full. - (P. 142.) - - - Cap. 38. - - That yong maindens are to be set to learning, which is proued by - the custome of our countrie, by our duetie towardes them, by their - naturall abilitie, and by the worthie effectes of such, as haue bene - well trained. The ende whereunto their education serueth, which is the - cause why and how much they learne. Which of them are to learne. When - they are to beginne to learne: What and how much they may learne. Of - whom and where they ought to be taught. (P. 166.) - - - Cap. 39. - - Of the training vp of yong gentlemen. Of priuate and publike - education, with their generall goodes and illes. That there is no - better way for gentlemen to be trained by in any respect, then the - common is, being well appointed. Of rich mens children, which be no - gentlemen. Of nobilitie in generall. Of gentlemanly exercises. What it - is to be a nobleman or a gentleman. That infirmities in noble houses - be not to be triumphed ouer. The causes and groundes of nobilitie. - Why so many desire to be gentlemen. That gentlemen ought to professe - learning, and liberall sciences for many good and honorable effectes. - Of trauelin into forraine contries, with all the braunches, allowance - and disallowance thereof: and that it were to be wished that gentlemen - would professe, to make sciences liberall in vse, which are liberall - in name. Of the training vp of a yong prince. (P. 183.) - - - Cap. 40. - - Of the generall place and time of education. Publike places - elementarie, grammaticall, collegiat. Of bourding of children abroad - from their parentes howses: and whether that be the best. The vse and - commoditie of a large and well situate training place. Observations to - be kept in the generall time. (P. 222.) - - - Cap. 41. - - Of teachers and trainers in generall: and that they be either - Elementarie, Grammatticall, or Academicall. Of the elementarie - teachers abilitie and entertainement: of the grammer maisters abilitie - and his entertainement. A meane to haue both excellent teachers and - cunning professours in all kindes of learning: by the diuision of - colledges according to professions: by sorting like yeares into the - same rowmes: by bettering the studentes allowance and liuing: by - prouiding and maintaining notable well learned readers. That for - bringing learning forward in her right and best course, there would be - seuen ordinarie ascending colledges for tounges, for mathematikes, for - philosophie, for teachers, for physicians, for lawyers, for diuines. - And that the generall studie of law, would be but one studie. Euery of - these pointes with his particular proufes sufficient for a position. - Of the admission of teachers. (P. 232.) - - - Cap. 42. - - How long the childe is to continew in the elementarie, eare he passe - to the toungues and grammer. The incurable infirmities which posting - haste maketh in the whole course of studie. How necessarie a thing - sufficient time is for a scholer. (P. 256.) - - - Cap. 43. - - How to cut of most inconueniences wherewith schooles and scholers, - masters and parentes be in our schooling now most troubled: whereof - there be too meanes, vniformitie in teaching and publishing of schoole - orders. That vniformitie in teaching hath for companions dispatch in - learning and sparing of expenses. Of the abbridging of the number of - bookes. Of curtesie and correction. Of schoole faultes. Of friendlines - betwene parentes and maisters. (P. 262.) - - - Cap. 44. - - That conference betwene those which haue interest in children: - Certaintie of direction in places where children vse most: and - Constancie in well keeping that, which is certainely appointed, be the - most profitable circunstances both for vertuous mannering and cunning - schooling. (P. 281.) - - Cap. 45. - - The peroration, wherein the summe of the whole booke is recapitulated - and proofes vsed, that this enterprise was first to be begon by - Positions, and that these be the most proper to this purpose. A - request concerning the well taking of that which is so well meant. (P. - 292.) - - - * * * * * - - CHAPTER 1—— PAGE - - Author aims at improving Schools 2 - Why he writes in English 3 - - CHAPTER 2—— - - Settling first Principles 4 - The three Stages of Learning 5 - The first Stage chosen 6 - Matters to be discussed 7 - - CHAPTER 3—— - - Mistake of neglecting Circumstance 8 - Consideration of Circumstance 9 - The Realm of Circumstance 10 - Authority affected by Circumstance 11 - Use of previous writers 12 - Right Reason the best Authority 13 - Truth no Respecter of Persons 14 - - CHAPTER 4—— - - The Ideal and the Possible 15 - What Parents want 16 - At what age should schooling begin? 17 - Circumstances limit choice 18 - Against forcing young wits 19 - Powers of mind and body 20 - Father must decide Care of the body 21 - Parents’ duty in training the body 22 - Meet schoolroom stillness by regulated exercise 23 - Parents must consult with Schoolmaster 24 - - CHAPTER 5—— - - Discerning of ingenerate abilities 25 - Measure of ripeness in soul or body 26 - Three Powers: Perception, Memory, Judgment 27 - Morals the care of Parents and Teachers 28 - Instruction before Grammar Age. Reading 29 - Reading English before Latin 30 - Rote for Youth: Reason for Years. English 31 - Writing invented before Reading 32 - Skill in Writing: its value for the child 33 - Write English hand first. Drawing 34 - Value of Drawing. Painting? 35 - Music 36 - Music good for mind and body 37 - Objections to Music answered 38 - For child reading, writing, drawing, music 39 - - CHAPTER 6—— - - Training needed for both body and mind 40 - Bodily exercise needed by student 41 - Exercise and health 42 - What is health and sickness? 43 - Dangers to health of the body 44 - Use of exercise The Student 45 - Parents’ and Masters’ parts 46 - Parts of the body and their train 47 - Heart, liver, brain, &c. 48 - Exercises for the various parts 49 - - CHAPTER 7—— - - Four Points to be treated of 50 - - CHAPTER 8—— - - Exercise athletical 51 - Exercise martial 52 - Exercise for health 53 - - CHAPTER 9—— - - The particular exercises chosen 54 - Defence of the choice 55 - - CHAPTER 10—— - - Loud speaking 55 - Good effects of loud speaking 56 - Cautions in loud speaking 57 - Recitations 58 - - CHAPTER 11—— - - Music and health 59 - Music and health 60 - - CHAPTER 12—— - - Reading aloud 60 - Reading aloud approved by Ancients 61 - Soft Reading 62 - - CHAPTER 13—— - - Talking 62 - - CHAPTER 14—— - - Laughing. Weeping 63 - Laughing and weeping as exercises 64 - Weeping no Exercise 66 - Keep the Young in awe 67 - - CHAPTER 15—— - - Soundness of Wind 68 - Use of holding the Breath 69 - Effects of holding the Breath 70 - Cautions 71 - - CHAPTER 16—— - - Defence of Dancing 72 - Dancing: its use and misuse 73 - Kinds and causes of Dancing 74 - Ancient and modern Dancing 75 - - CHAPTER 17—— - - Kinds of Wrestling 76 - Cautions to Wrestlers 77 - - CHAPTER 18—— - - Kinds of Fencing. The Ancients 78 - Counsels for Fencing 79 - - CHAPTER 19—— - - Tops ancient and modern 80 - Use both Hands alike. Plato quoted 81 - - CHAPTER 20—— - - Walking commonest and best for health 82 - Kinds of Walking 83 - Kinds of Walking and their effects 84 - Walking up and down hill, &c. 86 - Choice of place: by the sea, &c. 87 - Times of Walking 88 - - CHAPTER 21—— - - Running, its importance 89 - Vehement Running unhealthy 90 - Moderate Running. Running backwards, &c. 91 - - CHAPTER 22—— - - Of Leaping 92 - Kinds of Leaping. Spartan women 93 - Leaping. Skipping 94 - - CHAPTER 23—— - - Of Swimming 94 - Swimming: where best 95 - Swimming in salt water 96 - - CHAPTER 24—— - - Riding, ancient and modern 97 - Trotting: Ambling: Posting 98 - - CHAPTER 25—— - - Hunting combines all exercises 99 - Hunting on horseback and on foot 100 - - CHAPTER 26—— - - Shooting practised in Islands 101 - Archery _v._ Hunting. Ascham 102 - Prince Arthur’s Knights 103 - - CHAPTER 27—— - - Ball games ancient and modern. Handball 104 - Handball and Football 105 - Football and Armball 106 - Why some classic games are left out 107 - - CHAPTER 28—— - - Rules must vary in practice 108 - - CHAPTER 29—— - - Galen’s triple division 109 - - CHAPTER 30—— - - Diseases are of three kinds 110 - When exercise helps in disease 111 - Exercises for the weak and old 112 - Exercise according to state of the body 113 - - CHAPTER 31—— - - Place for exercise 114 - Pure air 115 - - CHAPTER 32—— - - Time of exercise 115 - Times according to Hippocrates, &c. 116 - Time for exercise and meals 117 - Morning best 118 - - CHAPTER 33—— - - Limits in exercise 118 - Limits. Strong and weak. Old and young 119 - Time of year. Condition of the body 120 - Kind of life 121 - - CHAPTER 34—— - - Rubbing the body 122 - Practice of the Ancients 123 - - CHAPTER 35—— - - Same trainer for body and mind 124 - The Divine and the Physician 125 - Against specialising 126 - Trainer to magnify his office 127 - Praise of health. Trainer’s knowledge 128 - Physician the Trainer’s Friend 129 - Importance of Groundwork 130 - Discretion in applying Knowledge 131 - Art general; Discretion particular 132 - - CHAPTER 36—— - - Boys and girls. Boys first 133 - Train tests wit. Is school for all? 134 - Danger from too many learned 135 - This danger universally admitted 136 - Evils from too few learned. Choice 137 - Sorting of wits. Dangers from misplacement 138 - Reading and writing for all. Rich and poor scholars 139 - Middle sort best for learning 140 - School not for all. Choosing 141 - - CHAPTER 37—— - - All parents would have children learned 142 - The Country must decide 143 - Necessity a good restraint 144 - Number of scholars kept down by law 145 - Private opinion must yield to public 146 - The poor and the rich 147 - Fewer bookmen needed since Reformation 148 - A learned paucity. Choice 149 - Right choice in a monarchy 150 - Ideal monarchy scholar 151 - His patience with masters and comrades 152 - Less clear cases. Master first chooser 153 - Against early choice. Some dullards kept 154 - Schoolmaster and parent 155 - The same. Colleges not almshouses 156 - Evils from bad elections 157 - Catchers in Colleges 158 - College factions warned 159 - Influence of the great misused by the little 160 - Abuse of patronage 161 - Bursuries. Degrees gained by favour 162 - Daws as peacocks 163 - Evils ensuing. Livings 164 - Preferment to livings 165 - Professions overcrowded 166 - - CHAPTER 38—— - - Teaching of girls 166 - Four reasons. First, English custom 167 - Second, Our duty 168 - Physical education of girls 169 - Third, Girls’ natural towardness 170 - Fourth, Good results accruing 171 - Plutarch, &c., about women 172 - Panegyric of Queen Elizabeth 173 - Limits. Learning allowed 174 - Choice, as with boys 175 - Studies for girls. Reading 176 - Writing. Music. Housewifery 177 - Learning suited to station 178 - How much? 179 - Professions denied. Drawing allowed 180 - Languages, &c. To what age? 181 - Where? and by whom? 182 - - CHAPTER 39—— - - Need of train in women and in gentlemen 183 - Public training best for gentlemen. Private 184 - Private education and public 185 - Disadvantages of private training 186 - The same 187 - The same 188 - Why prefer private to public? 189 - Public school with a private tutor 190 - Public schools and private 191 - Studies of a gentleman 192 - Gentlemen. The new rich 193 - The new rich 194 - Noblesse oblige 195 - What makes the gentleman 196 - Nobility and gentry 197 - “As they be true gentlemen” 198 - Virtues not tied to the person 199 - Noble and gentle 200 - Learning useful to noblemen 201 - A wise counsellor 202 - The Divine 203 - The lawyer and the physician 204 - Apes 205 - What is needed for the gentleman 206 - The same 207 - Travelling beyond sea 208 - Travel not necessary 209 - Against foreign travel 210 - The same 211 - Women do not travel. Queen Elizabeth 212 - Socrates. Plato on travel 213 - Plato’s traveller 214 - His treatment on return 215 - Plato’s reception of foreigners 216 - Doubts about travel 217 - Gentlemen and the professions 218 - Gentlemen’s advantages 219 - Must not be smatterers. Princes 220 - Training of a Prince. Elizabeth 221 - - CHAPTER 40—— - - Three stages of school education 222 - School building: 1, superior; 2, primary 223 - 3, Secondary. Buildings and hours 224 - Boarding schools, pro and con 225 - Grammar schools in suburbs 226 - Master’s pay dependent on diligence 227 - Changing schools. Master’s pay 228 - Moving schools out of towns 229 - School buildings. Times 230 - Hours best for study and play 231 - - CHAPTER 41—— - - Same trainer for mind and body 232 - Elementary master most important 233 - Pay elementary master highest 234 - Grammar master and his pay 235 - Good masters stopt by bad pay 236 - Teacher’s training. University reform 237 - A college for tongues 238 - A college for mathematics? 239 - Tongues too much thought of. Ascham 240 - Sir J. Cheeke on Cambridge mathematics 241 - Talking Latin. Mathematics 242 - College for Philosophy 243 - Study of words. Necessity of mathematics 244 - Philo and Aristotle 245 - Mathematics studied by Ancients 246 - Mathematics and Philosophy 247 - Law Reform. Training College 248 - Use of the seven colleges 249 - Sorting by age. Uniting of colleges 250 - University Readers 251 - University Reform. Readerships 252 - The same 253 - Learned Professors needed 254 - Admission of teachers 255 - - CHAPTER 42—— - - Against forcing 256 - Ills from haste 257 - Degrees taken too young 258 - Over-hasting. Vives 259 - Value of time 260 - Limit of elementary course 261 - - CHAPTER 43—— - - Schoolmasters’ troubles. Melanchthon 262 - Want of uniformity 263 - Proposal of common scheme 264 - Able and ordinary teachers 265 - Gains from uniformity 266 - Changing schools. The common Grammar 267 - Too many school books 268 - Choice of books. Chrestomathies 269 - The same. No poetic fury 270 - Profit from uniformity 271 - Mulcaster will write himself 272 - Printed rules of hours, punishments, &c. 273 - Parents and punishments 274 - Monitors. The rod needed 275 - The rod 276 - Socrates. Plato. Xenophon 277 - Coat story in Cyropædeia 278 - Tarif of stripes 279 - Great offences. Master’s age 280 - Master’s calling 281 - - CHAPTER 44—— - - Confer with parents 281 - Conference with neighbours 282 - Teachers and neighbours 283 - Teachers and parents. Xenophon 284 - Conference of teachers 285 - The same. Certainty in direction 286 - Certainty at school and at home 287 - Certainty at home and at Church 288 - Advantage from certainty. Constancy 289 - Discretion in change 290 - Summing up 291 - - CHAPTER 45—— - - Plan of this book 292 - Author’s intention 293 - Reason of his prolixity 294 - His choice of subject 295 - Advantage of ideal 296 - Why girls’ training is treated of 297 - Wishes 298 - -[Illustration: Decoration] - - - - -[Illustration: Decorative border] - - - POSITIONS CONCERNING - - THE - - TRAINING VP OF CHILDREN. - - -FIRST CHAPTER. - -THE ENTRIE TO THE POSITIONS, - -CONTEINING THE OCCASION OF THIS PRESENT DISCOURSE, AND THE CAUSES WHY -IT WAS PENNED IN ENGLISH. - - -Whosoever shall consider with any iudgement the maner of training vp -children, which we vse generally within this Realme cannot but wish, -that the thing were bettered, as I my selfe do: though I do not thinke -it good here to displaie the particular defectes, bycause I am in -hope to see them healed, without any so sharp a rehersall, (“for the -error being once graunted and well knowen straight way craueth helpe -without aggrauation, and that way in helping must needes be most -gracious, which the partie helped confesseth least greiuouse.”) If I -should discouer all those inconueniences, wherby parentes and maisters, -teachers and learners, do but enterchaunge displeasures, if I should -rip vp those difficulties, wherby the traine it selfe, and bringing vp -of children is maruellously empeached, I might reuiue great gaules, -and euen therby worse remedie the greifes. And though I remedied them -yet the partie pacient might beare in minde, how churlishly he was -cured, and though he payed well for the healing, yet be ill apayd -for the handling. Wherefore in helping thinges, that be amisse I do -take that to be the aduisedest way, which saueth the man, and sowreth -not the meane. If without quoting the quarrelles, I set down that -right, whervnto I am led, vpon reasonable grounds, that it is both the -best, and most within compasse, the wrong by comparison is furthwith -bewraied, and the chek giuen without anie chiding. - -[Sidenote: The occasion of this discourse.] - -I haue taught in publike without interrupting my course, now two and -twentie yeares, and haue alwaie had a very great charge vnder my hand, -which how I haue discharged, they can best iudge of me, which will -iudge without me. During which time both by that, which I haue seene -in teaching so long, and by that which I haue tryed, in training vp -so many, I do well perceiue, vpon such lettes, as both my selfe am -subiect vnto, and other teachers no lesse then I, that neither I haue -don so much as I might, neither any of them so much as they could. -Which lettes me thinke I haue both learned, what they be, and withall -conceiued the meane, how to get them remoued. Wherby both I and all -other maie do much more good, then either I or anie other heretofore -haue don. Wherin as I meane to deale for the common good, so must I -appeal to the common curtesie, that my good will maie be well thought -of, though my good hope do not hit right. For I do but that, which is -set free to all, to vtter in publike a priuate conceit, and to claime -kindnes of all, for good will ment vnto all: as I my selfe am ready -both freindly and fauorably, to esteme of others, who shall enterprise -the like, requiring euery one, which shall vse my trauell, either as a -reader, to peruse, or as a reaper to profit, that he will think well -of me, which may cause him allow: or if he do not, that yet he will be -sorie for me, that so good a meaning had so meane an issue. - -[Sidenote: Why it is penned in English.] - -I do write in my naturall English toungue, bycause though I make the -learned my iudges, which vnderstand Latin, yet I meane good to the -vnlearned, which vnderstand but English. And better it is for the -learned to forbeare Latin, which they neede not then for the vnlearned -to haue it, which they know not. By the English both shall see, what I -say, by Latin but the one, which were some wrong, where both haue great -interest, and the vnlearned the greater, bycause the vnlearned haue -not any but only such English helpes, the learned can fetch theirs from -the same fountaines, whence I fetch mine. My meaning is principally -to helpe mine owne countrie, whose language will helpe me, to be -vnderstood of them, whom I would perswade: to get some thankes of them, -for my good will to do well: to purchace pardon of them, if my good -will do not well. The parentes and freindes with whom I haue to deale, -be mostwhat no latinistes: and if they were, yet we vnderstand that -tongue best, whervnto we are first borne, as our first impression is -alwaie in English, before we do deliuer it in Latin. And in perswading -a knowen good by an vnknowen waie, are we not to cal vnto vs, all the -helpes that we can, to be thoroughly vnderstood? He that vnderstands no -Latin can vnderstand English, and he that vnderstands Latin very well, -can vnderstand English farre better, if he will confesse the trueth, -though he thinke he haue the habite and can Latin it exceading well. -When mine argument shall require Latin, as it will eare long, I will -not then spare it, in the degree, that I haue it, but till it do, I -will serue my countrie that waie, which I do surely thinke will proue -most intelligible vnto her. For though the argument, which is dedicate -to learning, and must therfore of force vse the termes of learning: -which be mysteries to the multitude, maie seeme to offer some darkness -and difficultie in that point: yet it is to be construed, that the -thing it selfe must be presented in her owne colours, which the learned -can discry, at the first blush, as of their acquaintance, who must be -spoken to in their owne kinde: as the vnlearned must be content to -enquire, bycause we straine our termes to haue them intitled. And yet, -in all my drift, for all my faire promise, I dare warrant my countrie -no more, then probabilitie doth me, which if it deceiue me, yet I -haue it to leane vnto, and perhaps of such pith, as might easely haue -beguiled a wiser man then me. But till I proue beguiled, I will dwell -in hope, that I am not, to deliuer my minde with the better courage, -and therby to shew that I thinke my selfe right. For the greatest -enemy, that can be to any wel meaning conceit is, to mistrust his own -power, and to dispaire of his good speede where happy fortune makes -euident shew. - - - - -CHAPTER 2. - -WHERFORE THESE POSITIONS SERVE, WHAT THEY BE, AND HOW NECESSARIE IT WAS -TO BEGIN AT THEM. - - -My purpose is to helpe the hole trade of teaching, euen from the very -first foundation: that is, not only the Grammarian, and what shall -follow afterward, but also the Elementarie, which is the verie infantes -train, from his first entrie, vntill he be thought fit to passe thence -to the Grammar schoole. My labour then beginning so low, am I not to -follow the president of such writers, as in the like argumentes, haue -vsed the like methode? The maner of proceding which the best learned -authors do vse, in those argumentes, which both for the matter be of -most credit, and for the maner of best accompt, kepeth alwaie such a -currant, as they at the first laie downe certaine groundes, wherin -both they and their readers, whether scholers onely, or iudges alone, -do resolutely agree. Which consent enureth to this effect, that they -maie therby either directly passe thorough to their ende without -empeachment: or else if any difficulty do arise in the way, they -may easely compound it, by retiring themselues to those primitiue -groundes. The Mathematicall, which is counted the best maister of sound -methode, of whome all other sciences do borrow their order, and way -in teaching well, eare he passe to any either probleme or theoreme, -setts downe certaine definitions, certaine demaundes, certaine -naturall and necessarie confessions, which being agreed on, betwen -him and his learner, he proceedeth on to the greatest conclusions in -his hole profession, as those which be acquainted with _Euclide_ and -his friendes, do verie wel know. Wil the naturall philosopher medle -with his maine subject, before he haue handled his first principles, -matter, forme, priuation, motion, time, place, infinitie, vacuitie, and -such other, whervnto _Aristotle_ hath dedicated eight whole bookes? -What shall I neede to take more paines in rehersall of any other -writer, whether Lawyer, Physician, or any else, which entreateth of -his peculiar argument learnedly, to prooue that I am first to plant -by positions, seeing the verie diuine himselfe, marcheth on of this -foote and groundeth his religion vpon principles of beleefe? I professe -my selfe to be a scholer, wherby I do know this methode, which the -learned do kepe, and I deale with an argument, which must needes at the -first be verie nicely entertained, till proofe giue it credit, what -countenaunce soeuer hope maie seeme to lend it, in the meane while. I -maie therefore seeme to deale against mine owne knowledge, if I do not -fortifie myselfe with such helpes, as vpon probable reason, maie first -purchace their owne standing, and being themselues staid in place of -liking maie helpe vp all the reste. - -I am specially to further two degrees in learning, first the -Elementarie which stretcheth from the time that the child is to be -set to do any thing, till he be remoued to his Grammar: then the -Grammarian, while the child doth continew, in the schoole of language, -and learned tounges, till he be remoued for his ripenes, to some -Vniuersitie: which two pointes be both of great moment. - -For the Elementarie: Bycause sufficiency in the child, before he passe -thence, helpes the hole course of the after studie, and insufficiencie -skipping from thence to soone, makes a very weake sequele. For as -sufficient time there, without to much hast, to post from thence to -timely, draweth on the residew of the schoole degrees, in their best -beseeming time, and in the ende sendeth abroade sufficient men for -the seruice of their countrie: so to hedlong hast scouring thence to -swiftly at the first, (for all that it seemeth so petie a thing,) in -perpetuall infirmity of matter, procureth also to much childishnes in -yeares to be then in place, when iudgement with skill, and ripenes -with gray-haires should carie the contenaunce. And is not this pointe -then to be well proyned, where hast is such a foe, and ripenes such a -freind? Where pushing forward at the first before maturitie bid on, -will still force that, which followeth till at the last it marre all? - -For the Grammarian: As it is a thing not vnseemely for me to deale in, -being my selfe a teacher, so is it verie profitable for my countrie to -heare of, which in great varietie of teaching doth seeme to call for -some vniforme waie. And to haue her youth well directed in the tounges, -which are the waies to wisdome, the lodges of learning, the harbours of -humanitie, the deliuerers of diuinitie, the treasuries of all store, -to furnish out all knowledge in the cunning, and all iudgement in the -wise, can it be but well taken, if it be well perfourmed? or can it but -deserue some freindly excuse, yea though good will want good successe? -If occasion fitly offered by the waie, cause me attempt any further -thing then either of these two, though I may seeme to be beside my -schoole, yet my trust is that I shal not seeme to be beside my selfe. - -Now then dealing with these matters which appertaine to men, and must -be allowed of men, if they deserue allowance, or wil be reiected by -them if they seeme not to be sound, whether haue I neede to procede -with consent or no? For what if some shall thinke their penny good -siluer, and will not admit mine offer? neither receiue teaching at the -hand of so meane a controwler? what if some other graunt, that there -is some thing amisse in deede, but that my deuise is no meane to amend -it? what if disdaine do worke me discredit, and why should he take vpon -him? A petie companion, I confesse, but till some better do deale, why -may not my petinesse fullwell take place? And if the ware which I do -bring, proue marchandable, why may I not make shew, and offer it to -sale? Such instances and obiections wilbe offered, with whom seeing I -am like to encounter, why ought I not at the first to resolue those, -which will relent at the voice of reason? and so entreat the other, -which make more deintie, to be drawen on, as my deutie being discharged -towardes the thing, by argumentes, towardes them, by curtesie, if there -be any strayning afterwardes themselues may be in fault? - -But bycause I must applie my positions to some one ground, I haue -chosen the Elementarie, and him rather then the Grammarian: for that -the Elementarie is the verie lowest and first to be dealt with, and the -circunstances being well applyed vnto him, may with very small ado, be -transported afterward to the Grammarian or anie other else. And vnder -the title of the particular circunstance, (though it seeme peculiarly -to appertaine to the Elementarie, by waie of mine example, which I -do applie vnto him primitiuely) yet I do trauell commonly with the -generall considerations in all persons which use the same circunstance, -in anie degree of learning, as the places themselues hereafter will -declare. Which I do both to ende these positiue arguments at once, and -to make the precept also somewhat more pleasant to the reader, hauing -the entertainement of some forreine, but no vnfit discourse. - -The positions therefore which I do meane, be these and such other. At -what time the child is to be set to schoole. What he is to learne when -he is at schoole. Whether all be to be set to schoole. Whether exercise -be to be vsed as a principle in trayning. Whether young maidens be to -be set to learne. How to traine vp young gentlemen. How to procure -some vniformitie in teaching. Of curtesie and correction. Of priuate -and publike education. Of choise of wittes, of places, of times, of -teachers, of schoole orders. Of restrayning to many bookish people, -and many other like argumentes, which the nature of such discourses -useth to hale in by the waie. Wherin I require my countreymens consent, -to thinke as I do, and will do mine endeauour to procure it, as I -can, before I deale with the particular præceptes, and schooling of -children. Which while I do, as I follow the præsident of the best -writers, for the methode, which I chuse, so for the matter it selfe I -will vse no other argument, then both nature and reason, custome and -experience, and plaine shew of euident profit shall recommend to my -countrie without either manifest appearaunce, or secrete suspicion of -a fantasticall deuise: considering it were an argument of verie small -witte knowing fantasticallnes to disgrace the man, and impossibilitie -to displace the meane: in so necessarie a thing as I pretend this to -be, to entermingle either fantasticall matter, for all men to laugh -at, or impossible meane, for as many to muse at. If earnest desier to -haue some thing bettered, do cause me wishe the amendement, I hope that -will not be accounted fantasticall, vnless it be to such, as do thinke -themselues in health when they are deadly sicke, and feeling no paine, -bycause of extreme weaknes, do hold their freindes halfe foolish, which -wishe them to thinke vpon alteration of life. - - - - -CHAPTER 3. - - OF WHAT FORCE CIRCUNSTANCE IS IN MATTERS OF ACTION, AND HOW WARILY - AUTHORITIES BE TO BE VSED, WHERE THE CONTEMPLATIUE REASON RECEIUES THE - CHECK OF THE ACTIUE CIRCUNSTANCE, IF THEY BE NOT WELL APPLYED. OF THE - ALLEADGING OF AUTHORS. - - -Some well meaning man, when he will perswade his countrie to this or -that thing, either by penne or speache, if he find any good writers -authoritie, which fauoureth his opinion, he presumeth streight waie -therby both his owne perswasion to be sufficiently armed, and his -countries execution to be strongly warranted. Which his assuraunce -is sometime chekt by wisdome, sometime by experience: By wisdome, -which forseeth, that the circunstance of the countrie will not admit -that, which he would perswade: by experience, which giuing way at -the first to some probability, is in the end borne back by vnfitting -circunstance. So that in those cases, where authorities perswade, and -circunstances controwle, such as vse writers for their credit, must -feare circunstance for her chek. Bycause the misse in circunstance -makes the authour no authour, where his reason is altered, and the -alledger no alledger, where discretion wanteth. Seeing therefore my -selfe deale with these two pointes of authoritie and circunstance, both -to confirme mine owne opinion the surer, and to confute the contrarie -sounder, where difference in opinion shall offer to assaile me, I -thought it good in the verie entrie to say somwhat of both, considering -their agreement doth promise successe, and their disagreement doth -threaten defeat. - -I do see many very toward wittes, of reasonable good reading, and of -excellent good vtterance, both forreine abroad, and freindes at home -marueilously ouershoot themselues by ouerruling the circunstance, and -ouerstraining authoritie. For vpon some affiaunce in their owne wittes, -that they see all circunstances, and some small assurance, that the -authours which they reade, do soothe all that they say: they will push -out in publike certaine resolute opinions, before either their wittes -be settled, or their reading ripe: which is then to be thought wisely -ripe, when after the benefit of many yeares, after much reading of the -most and best writers, after sound digesting of that which they haue -red, and applying it all to some certaine ende: time hath fined their -iudgement, and by precise obseruing and comparing, both what others -haue said, and what themselues haue seene, hath made them maister the -circunstance. Which mastering of the circunstance, is the only rule, -that wisemen liue by, the only meane, that wisedome is come by, the -only ods between folie and witte. The marking wherof is of so great -a force, as by it eche countrie discouereth the travellour, when he -seeketh to enforce his forreine conclusions, and clingeth to that -countryman, which hath bettered her still, by biding still at home. It -discrieth the young student, which is rauished with the obiect, eare -he can discern it, and honoreth the wise learned, whose vnderstanding -is so staied, as he may be a leader. The consideration of circunstance -is so strong in all attemptes, where man is the subiect, as it maketh -of all nothing, and of nothing all. The skill to iudge of it is so -lingring, and so late, bycause man is the gatherer, and so long eare he -learne it, as it seemes to be reserued, till he be almost spent. It is -not enough to rule the world, to alleadge authorities, but to raunge -authorities, which be not aboue the world, by the rule of the world, is -the wisemans line. - -I am to deale with training, must I entreat my countrey to be content -with this, bycause such a one commendes it? or to force her to -that, bycause such a state likes it? The shew of right deceiues us, -and the likenes of vnlike things doth lead vs, where it listeth. -Differences and ods discouer errors, similitude and likenes lead -euen wise men awrie. The great philosopher _Aristotle_[1] in fining -of reason, maketh the abilities to discerne these two pointes, where -thinges like be vnlike, and where the vnlike be like, two of his -principall instrumentes to trie out the trueth. Which skill to discern -so narrowly, as it is not in all, so where it is, there is great -discretion, there will nothing be brought from authoritie to practise, -but that circunstance will praise, and yet hardly winne. For though -circunstance in our countrie and others do seeme verie like, nay rather -almost one, yet if our countrie do admit, where any ods appeareth, -though it offer the relenting, when it comes to proufe, she auentureth -her selfe, and we which perswade. haue great cause to thanke her, that -she will harken vnto vs, as she also will thanke vs, if she praise at -the parting. Wherfore seeing the ground is so slipperie to deale by -authoritie, and therfore to approue it, bycause such a one sayth it -till iudgement haue subsigned, and circunstance sealed, I thought it -good, as I said before, to speake somwhat therof, that I may therby -stay my selfe the better, marching by them, and thorough them: and also -remoue some scrupulouse opinion, that I vse them not strangely, when I -vse them so, as they wishe themselues to be vsed. - -But for the better vnderstanding, with what warynes authoritie is to -be vsed, may it please you to consider, that there be two sortes of -authours wherwith we deale in our studie: wherof the one regardeth -the matter only, and by ineuitable argument enforceth the conclusion. -In this kinde be the Mathematicall sciences, and all such naturall -philosophie, as proceedeth by necessitie of a demonstrable subiect. The -other ioyneth the circunstance with the matter, as Morall, and politike -Philosophie, as the Professions, as Poetes, as histories do, when they -enforce not the necessitie of their conclusion, by necessitie of the -matter, though by the fourme of their argument, which concludeth of -force, in matters of least force. The argumentes of those Artes and -Professions, which be in this second kinde, do depende vpon apparence -in probable coniecture, and be creatures to circunstance, wherin as man -is the mainest subiecte, so the respectes had to man haue the raine in -their hand. - -Hence commeth it that lawes in seuerall landes do differ so much, that -Phisicke in seuerall subiectes is so seuerall in cure, that Diuinitie -in ceremonies admitteth change, where the circunstance is obserued, and -yet the truth not tainted. - -Hence it cometh that in diuersitie of states, there be diuersities of -staie, whereby men gouerne, bycause circunstance commaundeth. Whervnto, -he that affirmes, must still haue an eye, bycause it sheweth, what is -seemely and conuenient, not in great states alone, but also in the -meanest thinges of all: bycause it moderateth both what soeuer men do: -and in what soeuer respect they do. In the first kinde of authours and -authorities, the truth of the matter maintaines it selfe, without he -said or he did: bycause it is true by nature, which staied it, not by -authour which said it. And being so setled, it ministreth of it selfe -no matter to debate, or at the least verie little. For in pointes of -necessitie, naturally inferred, the difference of opinion is no proufe -at all, that the matter is debatable, but it is a sufficient argument -of an insufficient writer, if he penne his opinion, or of an vngrounded -learner, if his error be in speeche, which harpeth still about some -outward accident, and neuer perceth the inward substance. So that in -such conclusions there is but one currant, what forceth the matter, -and not what sayeth the man: what commandes the immutable truth, and -not what commendes the changeable circunstance. All the controuersie -is in the second kinde, where circunstance is prescription, wherin the -writers credite oftimes authoriseth the thing, and the truth of the -thing doth make the man an authour: wherin vnles he take verie good -heede, which is the alleadger, he may do his writer exceeding great -iniurie, by bringing him to the barre, and forcing that vpon him, which -he neuer dreamed on, and harme himselfe to, who mistaking his ground, -misplaceth his building, and hazardeth his credit. - -Hence commeth it, that so many fantasticall deuises do trouble the -world, while euerie man being desirous to breede somwhat worthy of -commendacion either for shew of learning, or for shield of opinion, -bringeth in the poore writers, and enioyneth them speach, where in deed -they be mute: and if they could speake, they would aske the alledger -why he did so abuse them. A generall and a verie hard case in these -our dayes, when the most erronious opinions be fathered vpon the most -honest writers, which meant nothing lesse, then that which is threpte -vpon them. In matter of Pollicy this man wrote thus, and was verie well -thought of, an other in some schoole pointes gaue his censure in this -sorte, and became of account. Transport the circunstance the allowance -is misliked, the alleadger laughed at: and yet the worthinesse of the -writer not empayred at all, when he is rightly weyed, bycause he was -forced: In this kinde of argument wherin I presently deale, it is no -proufe, bycause _Plato_ praiseth it, bycause _Aristotle_ alloweth it, -bycause _Cicero_ commendes it, bycause _Quintilian_ is acquainted with -it, or any other else, in any argument else, that therfore it is for vs -to vse. What if our countrey honour it in them, and yet for all that -may not vse it her selfe, bycause circunstance is her check? - -Nay what if the writers authoritie be alledged without consideration of -their owne circunstance? who then offereth his countrey the greatest -wrong? is it not he which wringeth the writer, and wreasteth his -meaning? And yet such alledgers there be, which passe it ouer smoothly, -till they be espyed, where then their owne weaknes appeareth, the -writers worthinesse is euident, and his wrong reuenged, by discouering -the wreaster. Wherfore he that will deale with writers so, as to deriue -their conclusions to the vse of his countrey, must be verie well -aduised, and diligently marke, that their meaning, and his applying be -both of one ground, and also how much of their opinion his countrey -will admit, which, as she will not be forced by idle supposalles, so -pronounceth she him to be but a fleeter, who so euer shall offer to -force her that waye. If the matter be well pikt, and properly applyed, -she embraceth it forthwith, and giues it the growing. Whether I shall -perfourme so much my selfe, as I require in others, I dare not warrant, -but I will do my best, to vse my authour well, and to obserue the -circunstance, and not once to profer any thing to my countrey, which -shall not haue all those foundations, that I promised before, so much -as I can, _Nature_ to lead it, _reason_ to back it, _custome_ to -commend it, _experience_ to allow it, and _profit_ to preferre it. - -[Sidenote: For alledging of Authours.] - -But here by the waye, I must aduertise my reader thus much, that I -thinke a student ought rather to inuest himselfe in the habite of his -writer, then to stand much vpon his title, and authoritie, in proofe or -disproofe, seeing who knoweth not, that all our studies be generally -detters to the first deuise, and fairest deliuerie? Therfore to auoide -length therby, I will neither vse authoritie, nor example, seeing -matter is the maine, and not the mans name, sauing onely where one mans -deposition vpholdes or ouerthrowes: and the ground of the example is -so excellent in that kinde, as it were to much vnkindenesse, not to -let the person be knowen, where the fact is so famous. I will reste -vpon reason the best, where I finde it, the next where that failes, and -coniecture is probable, to proue such thinges, as reason must paterne. -If the triall be in proofe, and experience must guide it, I will binde -vpon proofe, and let triall be the tuche. - -For with the alledging of authours, either to shew, what I haue read -or to tuche common concordes, where any thing is to much, and nothing -is enough, I meane not at all to buisie my selfe. Bycause we heape but -vp witnesses, which be nothing needeful, in such cases, as be nothing -doubtfull, when we vse many gaie names all agreeing in one, and none -saying but so: wheras the naturall vse of testimonies is, to proue -where doubt is, not to cloye, where all is cleare. In such cases for -want of sound iudgement, a catalogue of names, and a multitude of -sentences, which say but that is soothed, and no man denyes, are forced -to the stage, to seeme to arme the alleadger, which fighteth without -foe, and flyeth without feare. - -In pointes of learning, which be wonne from quarrell, or resolute -groundes, which be without quarrell, and neede no assurer, I referre my -dealing to the iudgement of those, which can trace me, where I tread -and shall finde my truth, without the authours name, whom they will -confesse to be well alleadged, when I saye, as he sayeth, and proue -as he proueth, either by habite got by reading, or by likenesse in -iudgement, though I neuer red. - -If controuersie arise, and be worth the recounting the matter shall not -sleepe: if it hange of the man, and without him be lame, the man shall -not slyp: but otherwise, no. Those that be learned know that witnesses, -and wise mens names be verie good ware, where the question is, whether -such a thing be done, and they be said to know it, and that _Rhetorick_ -takes testimonies for a principall proofe, and very neare the harte, as -_Logick_ placeth them in the utmost of her argumentes, being themselues -of small pith, though their stuffe be worth praise, and both bind and -loose, where reason beares the swaie, and probabilitie is to purpose. -I do honour good writers but without superstition, nothing addicte to -titles. But for so much as _Reason_ doth honour them, they must be -content to staie without them selues, and vse all meanes to preferre -her to presence, as their ladie and mistresse, whose authoritie and -credit procures them admission, when they come from her. It is not so, -bycause a writer said so, but bycause the truth is so, and he said the -truth, the truth giues him title, and that is it, which must passe, -strong enough of it selfe, and oftimes weakened in the hearers opinion, -though not in it selfe, by naming the writer: which commonly proues -so when the hearer is wedded vnto names, and sworn to authoritie, not -so much eying the thing which is vttered, as the persons title by -whom it is vttered. If truth did depend vpon the person, she would -oftimes be brought into a miserable plighte, and looke rufully vpon it, -being constrained to serue fancie, and to alter vpon will, wheras she -is still one, and should be bent vnto, neither will her selfe bend, -howsoeuer opinatiue people do perswade them selues. - -This the learned and wise know, whose curtesie I craue as I wish them -well: for whose helpe and health, I vndertooke this paine, whose -wisedom I appeal to, if either, diffidence do wrangle, or ignoraunce -do quarrel. As for the vnlearned, I must needes ouertreat them, not to -stand with me in pointes, where they cannot iudge themselues, if not -for mine owne, yet for their sakes, which beleue me themselues, and -will giue their word for me. In such pointes, as be intelligible to -both, I must praie them both to waie me well, and euer to haue before -them, that my will wisheth well, howsoeuer I perfourme, wherin will -deserues well, and weaknes prayeth excuse. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] 1. Topic. de 4. instrumentis Dial. - - - - -CHAPTER 4. - - WHAT TIME WEERE BEST FOR THE CHILD TO BEGIN TO LEARNE. WHAT MATTERS - SOME OF THE BEST WRITERS HANDLE, EARE THEY DETERMINE THIS QUESTION. - OF LETTES AND LIBERTIE WHERVNTO THE PARENTES ARE SUBIECT IN SETTING - THEIR CHILDREN TO SCHOOLE. OF THE DIFFERENCE OF WITTES AND BODIES - IN CHILDREN. THAT EXERCISE MUST BE IOYNED WITH THE BOOKE, AS THE - SCHOOLING OF THE BODIE. - - -The first question that of any necessitie commeth in place, seemeth to -be at what yeares children be to be put to schoole: for neither would -they be differed to long for leasing of their time, nor hastened on to -soone, for hindering of their health. The rule therfore must be giuen -according to the strength of their bodies, and the quicknes of their -wittes ioyntly. - -[Sidenote: The auncient antecedents.] - -Such of the auncient writers, both Greek and Latin, as either picture -vs out the platfourmes of the best framed common weales: or do lend -vs the looking on of some such a paragon as in some particular kinde, -they deuise to be peerelesse, before they call it in question, when -their youth shall begin to learne, they do fetch the ground of their -traine exceeding farre of. As, what regard is to be had to the infante, -while he is yet vnder his nurse. Where they moile themselues sore, with -the maners and conditions of the nurse, with the fines or rudenes of -her speeche: with the comelynes of her person and fauour of her face. -And in controuersie about milkes, sometime they preferre the mother, -if her health, her complexion, her kinde of life, will best fit for -her owne: sometime they yeeld: but with great choice to the forreine -nurse: if any iust circunstance do discharge the mother, whom nature -vnletted seemes to charge most. Againe they examine what companie -is to be choosen for him, when he doth begin first to crepe abroad, -wherby that good may begin betimes, which must continew longe, and is -greatly furthered by choice of companie, that pikked and choice play -fellowes may succede after a fine and well fitted nursery. Againe, they -debate in good sadnes, what an exquisite traine is to be deuised for -him, when he is to go to schoole, either priuate, or publike, though -they still preferre the publike as most beseeming him, which must liue -among many and neuer be recluse. And such other considerations they -fall into, which do well beseeme the bringing vp of such a one, as -they did but wishe for: and we may not hope for: but by no meanes can -be applyed to our youth, and our education, wherin we wishe for no -more, then we hope for to haue. Nay they go further, as whether may -not wishers? and appoint the parentes of this so perfect a child, to -be so wise and so well learned, as is in verie deede most consonant -with their platte, but to farre surmonting the modele of my positions. -Wherfore leauing those meanes, which they do but deuise, to bring vp -those people, which they do but patterne, I meane to proceede from such -principles, as our parentes do build on, and as our children do rise -by, to that mediocritie, which furnisheth out this world, and not to -that excellencie, which is fashioned for an other. And yet the pretence -of these so fine pictures, by pointing out so absolute a president, -is, to let vs behold thereby, both wherin the best consisteth: what -colours it is best knowen by: what a state it keepeth: and also by -what ready meane, we may best approache neare it, bycause dispaire -to obtaine the verie best it selfe, discourageth all hope. For that -missinge any one of these so fined circunstances, as our frailtie -will faile either in all, or in most, then we marre the whole moulde. -Howbeit we are much bounde to the excellent wittes of those diuine -writers, who by their singular knowledge, approaching neare to the -truest, and best, could most truly, and best discern, what constitution -they were of: and being of a good ciuill inclination, thought it their -parte, to communicate that with their posteritie, which they from so -nighe, had so narrowly decifred, as auailable to others, for this onely -cause, if there ensewed no more of it, that in despaire of hitting -the highest, yet by seeing where it lodged, with verie great praise, -they might draw neare vnto it. For as it is but for paragons to mount -quite aboue all, so is it worthy praise to rest in some degree, which -declareth a pearcher, though abilitie restraine will, that it cannot -aspire whervnto it would. - -But to returne from this so exquisite, to our ordinarie traine, I -perswade my selfe, that all my countreymen wishe themselues as wise, -and as well learned, as those absolute parentes are surmised to be, -though they be content with so much of both, or rather with so litle, -as God doth allot them: and that they will haue their children nursed -as well as they can, without question where, or quarrelling by whom: so -as they may haue that well brought vp by nurture, which they loue so -well, bequeathed them by nature. And that till the infant can gouerne -himselfe, they will seeke to saue it from all such perilles, as may -seeme to harme it any kinde of way, or by companie or by occasion: -and that with such warinesse, as ordinarie circunspection may, or can -worke, in considerate and careful parentes. And finally that for his -well schooling, they that cannot, will wish it, they that can, will -haue it, with small charge if they may, if they may not with some -coste, and very carefully commend the silly poore boy at his first -entry, to his maisters charge, not omitting euen how much his mother -makes of him, if she come not her selfe and do her owne commendacions. -So that for these antecedents, as they in precisenes do passe vs, so we -in possibility go farre beyond them. - -For our hope is at ankar, and rides in assuraunce, their wishe -wandereth still, not like to win the rode. These and such like -circunstances they handle formally as in an absolute picture, I tuche -but by the waye, as being quite of an other perswasion, nothing giuen -to the vnpossible, where possibilitie must take place, though the -vnpossible _Idea_, offer great force to fancie. Wherfore I will now -take my leaue of them, and retourne to my question, when children be to -be set to learning. A thing in reason very worthy to be wayed, and in -perfourmaunce, very like to proue good, both for health of the bodie, -and helpe of the minde, and so much the rather to be well entreated, -by cause it is the very first principle, which enterteneth our traine. -My countrey parentes then, being so naturall to their children, both -for care before schoole, and for choice in schooling, I will commend -to their charge, all that which is to be considered in their first -infancie, and tendrest spring, before they be thought fit, to be set to -learning, which they will diligently looke to, I am very well assured. -Bycause euery thing drawes liking, while it is pretie and young, and -specially our owne which hath nature to sollicite, and needeth no -exhorting, to haue it well cherished, where there is no daunger, but in -to much dalying, neither yet any feare, but in to fond cokkering. - -[Sidenote: Lettes.] - -But in very good earnest, when shall our boye be set to schoole? In all -considerations, wherin vpon the resolution, something must be executed, -and done, this thing is necessarily to be first enquired, whether all, -or most, or any of all the circunstances, which be incident to the -execution, be in, or without the parties power, which is to execute, so -as he may either proceede at his owne libertie, if nothing withstand -him, or may not proceede, if he be thwarted by circunstance. For -otherwise the liberty to passe on, or the restraint, to staie, being -not agreed vpon, he that directs by rule may be chekt by arrest. And -where he biddes on thus, circunstance maye replie, Ifayth sir no. -Wherfore I leaue those parentes to their owne discretion, in whom will -seekes libertie, to do as she would, and circunstance commandes her, -to do as she may. The parent would haue his child begin to learne at -such a time: circunstance sayes, no. He would haue him learne with -such a man: some cause contrarieth. In such a place, in such a sorte: -his power is to poore, to compasse that he coueteth. Be not all these -lettes, and what so euer is so laid, to stop will of his will, where -neither counsell can giue precept, nor the parent can execute, being -so strongly ouercharged? It is euen like, as if one should saye, -the freeman and the bond, be not both in one case. Preceptes be for -freemen, which maie do as ye bid them, but circunstance bindes, and -wilbe obeyed. Wherfore I must once for all, warne those parentes, which -may not do as they would, vpon these same lettes which I haue recited, -or any other like, that they take their oportunitie, when so euer it -is offered, bycause occasion is verie bald behinde, and seldome comes -the better. And seeing circunstance is their bridle, when they feele -the raine loose, course it on a maine, and take the benefit of time, -the oportunitie of place, the commoditie of the teacher, the equitie -of the maner, and what so euer condition else, wherin the freedom of -circunstance doth seeme to befreind them. For sauing with such a note -as this is, I cannot direct them, which can giue no counsell, but where -_necessitie_ is in ward and _libertie_ keepes the keyes. - -[Sidenote: Libertie.] - -But if the parent want nothing necessary, for his childes bringing -vp, neither a place, both conuenient for receit, and commodious for -distaunce, wherin to haue him taught: nor a teacher, sufficient for -cunning, and considerate, for either curtesie, or correction, who can -traine him vp well: nor fit companions, as so fit a place, and so good -a maister may picke out of choice, which will throng vnto him: And if -the child also himselfe, haue a witte apte to conceiue, what shalbe put -vnto him: and a body able to beare the trauell, which belonges vnto -learning: me thinke it were then best, that he began to be doing, when -he maie well perceiue, without trauelling his braine, thorough the -hardnes of the thing, and neede not be toiled to the wearines of his -bodie, thorough the wise handling of his aduised maister. For being in -the schoole, he may do somwhat very well, though not very much, wheras -roming about, he might hap to do ill, and that very much. - -[Sidenote: Variety of wittes.] - -At what yeares I cannot say, bycause ripenes in children, is not tyed -to one time, no more then all corne is ripe for one reaping, though -mostwhat about one. Some be hastinges and will on, some be hardinges, -and drawe backe: some be willing when their parentes will: some but -willing, when they will them selues, as either will to do well, vpon -cherishing wisely, or pleasure to play still, vpon cokkering fondly, -hath possessed their mindes. - -But he that deserueth to be a parent, must dispose himselfe to be also -a iudge, in all these cases: and who is so ill freinded, as he hath -not one, with whom to conferre, to learne by aduise, the towardnes -and time of his young sonnes schooling, if he be not able to looke -into it himselfe? They that limitte the beginning to learne by some -certaine yeares, haue an eye to that knowledge, which it were pitie -were loste, say they, and may easely be gayned in those young yeares. -I agree with them, that it were great pitie, to lease anything, that -neede not be loste, without great negligence, and may be well gotten, -with very small diligence, not endammaging the child. But more pitie -it were, for so petie a gaine, to forgoe a greater, to winne an houre -in the morning, and lease the whole daie after: as those people most -commonly do, which starte out of their beds to early, before they be -well awaked: or knowe what it is a clocke: and be drousie when they are -vp, for want of their sleepe. - -If the childe haue a weake bodie, though neuer so strong a witte, let -him grow on the longer, till the strength of his bodie, do aunswere -to his witte. For experience hath taught me, and calleth reason to -record, that a sharp young witte hastened on to wounder at, for the -quiknesse of his edge, hath therby most commonly bene hastened to his -graue, thorough the weaknesse of body: to the greife of the freindes, -whose delite is cut of, and some wite of their witte, for ouerhasting -their child: Nay, what if it hath pleased God to lend him longer life? -he neuer sinketh deepe, but fleeteth still aboue, with some quicknesse -of conceit, continuing that wonder, which he wanne in his childhood: -neuer burdened with much to ballase his head: but still aunswering at -reboundes, the fairest crop of so hasty an haruest. Sometime his witte -will grow worse, the wonder will vanishe, the bodie will proue feeble, -and soone after perishe. - -But now if he liue, with all these infirmities, of decaying witte, -decreasing wonder, puling bodie, he liues with small comfort, in such -a world of weaknesse, which vsually commeth of to much moisture, the -corrupter of such carcasses, the most vile, and violent massacrer, of -the most, and best studentes, generally for want of trauell, sauing -onely to their braine, which the more it is occupyed, the sorer it -stilleth, and the sorer it stilleth, the sooner it killeth, the moe the -more pitie. Wherfore I could wishe the wittier child, the lesse vpon -the spurre, and either the longer kept from learning, for turning his -edge, as a to sharpe knife: or the sklenderer kept at it, for feare -of surfait, in one hungring to haue it. Yet must not this quickling -be suffered to do nothing at all, for feare he grow reasty, if that -nothing be dumpishe, and heauie: or passe beyond reclaime, if it be -dissolute, and wanton. - -The meane conceiuer, in some strength of bodie, is the best continuer, -and as he serues all places best, in his height of learning, so in all -respectes, ye may venture on his schooling, when it shall please you, -with but ordinarie regard. - -A dull witte in a strong body, if ye like to haue it learne, as by -learning ye finde it: so till some degree, it may well learne, for -necessarie seruice in the rest of his life: and may be hastened on -boldly. For the bodie can beare labour, it is so well boaned, and the -witte will not cloye, it so hardly receiueth. The sharpenesse of witte, -the maister will sound by memorie, and number: the strength of the -bodie, the mother will marke, by complaint, and cause. - -A weake witte and as weake a bodie, is much to be moaned, for the -great infirmity, and can hardly be helpt, bycause nature is to weake: -and therefore it must be thought on, as in a case of despaire, againe -against hope: if any thing be goten, a greife to the freindes, which -cannot amend it: small ioye to him selfe, which cannot auoide it. - -A strong witte, in as strong a bodie, is worthy the wishing, of the -parentes to bring foorth, of the teacher to bring vp. For as it is a -thing of it selfe not ordinarie, so where it lighteth, it giues vs the -gaze, and bides all beginninges, but that which is to soone, bycause -God hath prouided that strength in nature, wherby he entendes no -exception in nurture, for that which is in nature. Such spirites there -be, and such bodies they haue, if they will, and may so keepe them, -with orderly regard, which is extreme hard vnto them. For that oftimes -they will not do so, but distemper their bodies with disordinate -doinges, when pleasures haue possessed them, and rashenesse is their -ruler. Oftimes they maie not, thorough varietie and weight of important -affaires, which commaundeth them too farre in some kinde of calling. -But where so euer they light, or what so euer waye they take, they -shewe what they be, and alwaye proue either the verie best, or the most -beastly. For there can scantly be any meane in those constitutions, -which are so notably framed, and so rarely endued. And therefore those -parentes which haue such children must take great heede of them, as the -tippes of euill, if they chuse that waye, or the toppes of good, if -they minde that is best. For the middle and most moderate wittes, which -commonly supplie eche corner in eche countrey, and serue most assaies, -some ordinary meane will serue to order them: but where extraordinarie -pointes begin to appeare, there common order is not commonly enough. - -This is my opinion concerning the time, when the child shall begin to -learne: which I do restraine to the strength of witte and hardnes of -body: the one for to receiue learning, the other not to refuse labour: -and therfore I conclude thus that the parent himselfe ought in reason -to be more then halfe a iudge of the entrie to schooling, as being best -acquainted with the particular circunstance of his owne child. Yet I do -not allow him to be an absolute iudge, without some counsell, vnlesse -he be a very rare father, and well able to be both a rule to himselfe, -and a paterne to others. Bycause mostwhere men be most blinded: -where they should see best, I meane in their owne: such a tyrant is -affection, when she hath wonne the field, vnder the conducte of nature, -and so imperious is nature, when she is disposed to make affection her -deputie. - -[Sidenote: Exercises.] - -But now for so much as in setting our child to schoole, we consider -the strength of his bodie, no lesse then we do the quicknesse of his -witte, it should seeme that our traine ought to be double, and to be -applyed to both the partes, that the body may as well be preserued in -his best, as the minde instructed in that, which is his best, that -the one may still be able to aunswere the other well, in all their -common executions. As for the training vp of the minde, the waye is -well beaten, bycause it is generally entreated on in euery booke, and -beareth the honour and title of learning. - -But for the bettering of the body, is there not any meane to maintaine -it in health, and cheifly in the student, whose trade treads it -downe? Yes surely, A very naturall and a heathful course there is to -be kept in exercise, wherby all the naturall functions of the body -be excellently furthered, and the body made fit for all his best -functions. And therfore parentes and maisters ought to take such a -waie, euen from the beginning, as the childes diet, neither stuffe the -bodye, nor choke the conceit, which it lightly doeth, when it is to -much crammed. That his garmentes which oftimes burden the bodie with -weight, sometimes weaken it with warmth, neither faint it with heat, -nor freese it with cold. That the exercise of the body still accompanie -and assist the exercise of the minde, to make a dry, strong, hard, -and therfore a long lasting body: and by the fauour therof to haue an -actiue, sharp, wise and therwith all a well learned soule. If long -life be the childes blessing for honoring his parentes, why should -not the parentes then, which looke for that honour, all that in them -lyeth, forsee in youth that their children may haue some hope of that -benefit, to ensue in their age, which cannot take effect, vnlesse the -thing be begon in their youth? Which if it be not by times looked -vnto, they afterwardes become vncapable of long life, and so not to -enioye the reward of their honour, for any thing that their parentes -helpe to it, though God will be true, and perfourme that he promiseth, -how so euer men hault in doing of their duetie. And yet tempting is -pernicious, where the meane to hit right, is laid so manifest: and the -childes honour to his parentes beginnes at obedience in his infancie, -which they ought to reward, with good qualities for honour, and may -worke them like waxe, bycause they do obey. This negligence of the -parentes for not doing that, which in power they might, and in duetie -they ought, giues contempt in the children some colour of iustice, to -make their requitall with dishonour in their age, were it not that -the Christian religion doth forbid reuenge: which in presidentes of -prophanisme we finde allowed, where both curtesie to such parentes, as -failed in education of their children is countercharged by lawe: and -dissolute parentes by entreating ill, are well entertained of their -neglected children: the vnfortunate children much moaned for their -chaunce, that they came to so ill an ende: and the vndiscrete parentes -more rated for their charge, which they looked so ill to, wherby -themselues did seeme to haue forced such an ende. - -The minde wilbe stirring, bycause it stirres the body, and some good -meane will make it to furnish very well, so the choice be well made, -wherin: the order well laid, wherby: and both well kept, wherwith: it -shalbe thought best trained. The body which lodgeth a restlesse minde -by his owne reste is betrayed to the common murtherers of a multitude -of scholers, which be vnholesome and superfluous humors, needelesse and -noysom excrementes, ill to feele within, good to send abroad. - -Neither is it enough to saye, that children wilbe stirring alwaie of -themselues, and that therefore they neede not any so great a care, for -exercising their bodies. For if by causing them learne so and sitting -still in schooles, we did not force them from their ingenerate heat, -and naturall stirring, to an vnnaturall stilnesse, then their owne -stirring without restraint, might seeme to serue their tourne, without -more adoe. But stilnesse more then ordinarie, must haue stirring more -then ordinarie: and the still breding of ill humours, which stuffe -vp the body for want of stirring, must be so handled, as it want no -stilling to send them away. Wherfore as stilnesse hath her direction -by order in schooles, so must stirring be directed by well appointed -exercise. And as quiet sitting helpes ill humors to breede, and burden -the bodie: so must much stirring make a waie to discharge the one, and -to disburden the other. Both which helpes, as I most earnestly require -at the parent, and maisters hand: so I meane my selfe to handle them -both, to the helping of both. - -In the meane while, for the entring time thus much. The witte must -be first wayed, how it can conceiue, and then the bodie considered, -how it can beare labour: and the consorte of their strength aduisedly -maintained. They haue both their peculiar functions, which by -mediocrities are cherished, by extremities perished, hast doing most -harme, euen to the most, and lingring not but some, sometimes to the -best. And yet haste is most harmefull, where so euer, it setts foote, -as we that teache alwaie finde, and they that learne, sometimes feele. -For the poore children when they perceiue their owne weaknesse, whereof -most commonly they maye thanke haste, they both faint, and feare, and -very hardly get forward: and we that teach do meet with to much toile, -when poore young babes be committed to our charge, before they be ripe. -Whom if we beat we do the children wrong in those tender yeares to -plant any hatred, when loue should take roote, and learning grow by -liking. - -And yet oftimes seueritie is to fowre, while the maister beateth the -parentes folly, and the childes infirmitie, with his owne furie. -All which extremities some litle discretion would easely remoue, by -conference before, to forecast what would follow, and by following good -counsell, when it is giuen before. Which will then proue so, when the -parent will do nothing in placing or displacing of his childe, without -former aduise, and communicating with the maister: and the maister -likewise without respecting his owne gaine, will plainely and simply -shew the parent or freind, what vpon good consideration he thinketh to -be best. Wherein there wilbe no error if the parent be wise, and the -maister be honest. - - - - -CHAPTER 5. - - WHAT THINGES THEY BE, WHERIN CHILDREN ARE TO BE TRAINED, EARE THEY - PASSE TO THE GRAMMAR. THAT PARENTES, AND MAISTERS OUGHT TO EXAMINE THE - NATURALL ABILITIES IN THEIR CHILDREN, WHERBY THEY BECOME EITHER FIT, - OR VNFIT, TO THIS, OR THAT KINDE OF LIFE. THE THREE NATURALL POWERS - IN CHILDREN, WITTE TO CONCEIUE BY, MEMORIE TO RETAINE BY, DISCRETION - TO DISCERNE BY. THAT THE TRAINING VP TO GOOD MANNERS, AND NURTURE, - DOTH NOT BELONG TO THE TEACHER ALONE, THOUGH MOST TO HIM, NEXT AFTER - THE PARENT, WHOSE CHARGE THAT IS MOST, BYCAUSE HIS COMMAUNDEMENT - IS GREATEST, OUER HIS OWNE CHILD, AND BEYOND APPEALE. OF READING, - WRITING, DRAWING, MUSICK BY VOICE, AND INSTRUMENT: AND THAT THEY BE - THE PRINCIPALL PRINCIPLES, TO TRAINE VP THE MINDE IN. A GENERALL - AUNSWERE TO ALL OBIECTIONS, WHICH ARISE AGAINST ANY, OR ALL OF THESE. - -Now that I haue shewed mine opinion concerning the time, when it were -best to set the child to schoole, the next two questions seeme to -be, what he shall learne and howe he shalbe exercised, when he is at -schoole. For seeing he is compound of a soule and a bodie: the soule to -conceiue and comprehend, what is best for itselfe, and the bodie to: -The bodie to waite, and attend the commaundement and necessities of the -soule: he must be so trained, as neither for qualifying of the minde, -nor for enabling of the bodie, there be any such defecte, as iust blame -therfore may be laide vpon them, which in nature be most willing, -and in reason thought most skilfull, to preuente such defaultes. For -there be both in the body, and the soule of man certaine ingenerate -abilities, which the wisedom of parentes, and reason of teachers, -perceiuing in their infancie, and by good direction auancing them -further, during those young yeares, cause them proue in their ripenesse -very good and profitable, both to the parties which haue them, and to -their countries, which vse them. Which naturall abilities, if they be -not perceiued, by whom they should: do condemne all such, either of -ignorance, if they could not iudge, or of negligence, if they would -not seeke, what were in children, by nature emplanted, for nurture to -enlarge. And if they be perceiued, and either missorted in place, or -ill applyed in choice, as in difference of iudgementes, there be many -thinges practised, which were better vnproued, to the losse of good -time, and let of better stuffe, they do bewray that such teachers, and -trainers, be they parentes, be they maisters, either haue no sound -skill, if it come of infirmitie, or but raw heades, if it spring of -fansie. If they know the inclination, and do not further it rightely, -it is impietie to the youth, more then sacrilege to the state, which by -their fault be not suffered to enioy those excellent benefits, which -the most munificent God, by his no niggardishe nature, prouided for -them both. If they found them, and followed them, but not so fully, as -they were to receiue: if for want wherwith, it deserues pardon, if for -want of will, exceeding blame: and cryeth for correction of the state -by them hindred, and small thankes of the parties, no more furthered. - -Wherfore as good parentes, and maisters ought to finde out, by those -naturall principles, whervnto the younglings may best be framed, so -ought they to follow it, vntil it be complete, and not to staie, -without cause beyond staie, before it come to ripenesse, which -ripenesse, while they be in learning, must be measured by their ablenes -to receiue that, which must follow their forebuilding: but when they -are thought sufficiently well learned, and to meddle with the state, -then their ripenesse is to be measured, by vse to themselues, and -seruice to their countrey, in peace, as best and most naturall, in -warre, as worse, and most vnnatural, and yet the ordinarie ende of a -disordered peace. For when the thinges, which be learned do cleaue -so fast in memorie, as neither discontinuaunce can deface them, nor -forgetfulnesse abolishe them: then is abilitie vpon ascent, and when -ascent is in the highest, and the countrey commaundes seruice, then -studie must be left, and the countrey must be serued. - -Seeing therfore in appointing the matter, wherin this traine must be -employed, there is regard to be had first to the soule, as in nature -more absolute, and in value more precious: and then to the bodie, as -the instrument and meane, wherby the soule sheweth what is best to be -done in necessity of fine force, in choice of best shew: I will remitte -the bodie to his owne roome, which is peculiarly in exercises, sauing -where I cannot meane the soule, without mention of the bodie, and in -this place I wil entreat of the soule alone, how it must be qualified. -And yet meane I not to make any anatomie, or resolution of the soule -his partes and properties, a discourse, not belonging to this so low a -purpose, but onely to pick out some natural inclinations in the soule, -which as they seeme to craue helpe of education, and nurture, so by -education, and nurture, they do proue very profitable, both in priuate -and publicke. To the which effect, in the litle young soules, first we -finde, a capacity to perceiue that which is taught them, and to imitate -the foregoer. That witte to learne, as it is led, and to follow as it -is foregone, would be well applyed, by proprietie in matter, first -offered them to learne: by considerate ascent in order, encreasing by -degrees: by wary handling of them, to draw them onward with courage. We -finde also in them, as a quickenes to take, so a fastnesse to retaine: -therfore their memorie would streight waye be furnished, with the verie -best, seeing it is a treasurie: exercised with the most, seeing it is -of receite: neuer suffered to be idle, seeing it spoiles so soone. For -in defaulte of the better, the worse will take chaire, and bid it selfe -welcome: and if idlenesse enter, it will exclude all ernest, and call -in her kinsfolkes, toyes and triffles, easie for remembraunce, heauy -for repentaunce. - -We finde in them further an ability to discern, what is good, and what -is ill, which ought foorthwith to be made acquainted with the best, -by obedience and order, and dissauded from the worse, by misliking -and frowne. These three thinges, witte to take, memorie to keepe, -discretion to discern, and moe if ye seeke, though but braunches to -these, which I chuse for my purpose, shall ye finde pearing out of the -litle young soules: when you may see what is in them, and not they -themselues. Whose abilitie to encrease in time, and infirmitie to -crawle at that time is commended to them, which first begot them, or -best can frame them. Now these naturall towardnesses being once espied, -in what degree they rise, bycause there is ods in children by nature, -as in parentes by purchase, they must be followed with diligence, -encreased by order, encouraged by comfort, till they come to their -proofe. Which proofe trauell in time will perfourme, hast knittes vp to -soone, and vnperfit, slownesse to late, and to weake. - -[Sidenote: The rule of discretion.] - -But for the best waie of their good speede, that witte maie conceiue -and learne well, memorie retaine and hold fast, discretion chuse and -discerne best, the cheife and chariest point is, so to plie them all, -as they may proceede voluntarily, and not with violence, that will may -be a good boye, ready to do well, and lothe to do ill, neuer fearing -the rod, which he will not deserue. For wheresoeuer will in effecting, -doth ioyne with abilitie to conceiue, and memorie to retaine, there -industrie will finde frute, yea in the frowne of fortune. By discretion -to cause them take to that, which is best, and to forsake that, which -is worst, in common dealinges is common to all men, that haue interest -in children, parentes by nature, maisters by charge, neighbours of -curtesie, all men of all humanitie: whom either priuate care by -custome, or publike cure by commaundement of magistrate and lawe, doth -compell in conscience to helpe their well doing, and to fray them from -ill, wheresoeuer they meete them, or when so euer they see them do -that, which is naught. And therfore that duetie to helpe them in this -kinde for their manners, is incident to maisters but among others, -though somwhat more then some others, as to whom it is most seemely, -bycause of their authoritie, and most proper, bycause of their charge, -whom knowledge best enfourmeth to embrew them with the best: and power -best assisteth, to cause them embrace the best: euen perforce at the -first, till acquaintaunce in time breede liking of it selfe. - -But this mannering of them is not for teachers alone, because they -communicate therin, as I haue said already, both with naturall -parentes, to whom that point appertaineth nearest, as of most -authoritie with them, and with all honest persons, which seing a child -doing euill, are bid in conscience, to terrifie and check him as the -quality of the childes offence, and the circunstance of their owne -person doth seeme best to require. - -Wherfore reseruing for the teacher so much as is for his office, to -enstruct the child what is best for him in matter of manners, and -to see to it, so much as in him lyeth: to set good orders in his -gouvernment, to see them alwaye well, and one waye still executed and -perfourmed, I referre the rest to those, whom either any vertuous -consideration of them selues, or any particular duetie, enioyned by -lawe, doth charge with the rest, either by priuate discipline at home, -or by publike ordinaunce abroade, to see youth well brought vp that -waye: to learne to discern that which is well from ill, good from -bad, religious from prophane, honest from dishonest, commendable from -blame worthy, seemely from vnseemely, that they may honour God, serue -their countrey, comfort their freindes, and aide one an other, as -good countreymen are bound to do. But how to handle their conceit in -taking, and their memorie, in holding, bycause that appertaineth to -teachers wholly: (for all that the parentes and freindes, wilbe medlers -somtime, to further their young impes:) I will deale in that, and -shew wherin children ought to be trained, till they be found fit for -Grammer: wherin neuerthelesse, both the matters, which they learne: and -the manners, which they are made to, serue for ground to vertue, and -encrease of discretion. - -As I might verie well be esteemed inconsiderate, if I should force any -farre fet diuises into these my principles, which neither my countrey -knew, nor her custome cared for, so dealing but with those, and resting -content with those, which my countrey hath seuered to her priuate vse, -and her custome is acquainted with of long continuaunce, I maye hope -for consent, where my countrey commendeth, and looke for successe, -where custome leades my hand, and feare no note of noueltie, where -nothing is but auncient. - -[Sidenote: Reading.] - -Amongst these my countreys most familiar principles, _reading_ offereth -herselfe first in the entrie, chosen vpon good ground continued vpon -great proofe, enrowled among the best, and the verie formost of the -best, by her owne effectes, as verie many so verie profitable. For -whether you marke the nature of the thing, while it is in getting, or -the goodnesse therof when it is gotten, it must needs be the first, -and the most frutefull principle, in training of the minde. For the -letter is the first and simplest impression in the trade of teaching, -and nothing before it. The knitting and iointing wherof groweth on -verie infinitely, as it appeareth most plainely by daily spelling, -and continuall reading, till partely by vse, and partely by argument, -the child get the habit, and cunning to read well, which being once -gotten, what a cluster of commodities doth it bring with all? what so -euer any other, for either profit or pleasure, of force or freewill, -hath published to the world, by penne or printe, for any ende, or to -any vse, it is by reading all made to serue vs: in religion to loue -and feare God, in law to obey and please men: in skill to entertaine -knowledge, in will to expell ignorance, to do all in all, as hauing by -it all helpes to do all thinges well. Wherfore I make _reading_, my -first and fairest principle of all other, as being simply the first in -substaunce, and leaning to none, but leading all other, and growing -after so great, as it raungeth ouer all, being somwhat without other, -other nothing without it: and a thing of such moment, as it is vainely -begon, if it be not soundly goten, and being once sound it selfe: -it deliuereth the next maister from manifest toile, and the childe -himselfe from maruellous trouble, from feare where he failes not, from -staggering, where he stops not, with comfort where he knowes, with -courage, where he dare, a securitie to the parent, a safty to eche -partie. I wishe the childe to haue his reading thus perfect, and ready, -in both the English and the Latin tongue verie long before he dreame of -his Grammar. - -[Sidenote: The reading of English first.] - -Of the which two, at whether it were better to begin, by some accident -of late it did seeme somwhat doubtful: but by nature of the tongues, -the verdit is giuen vp. For while our religion was restrained to the -Latin, it was either the onely, or the onelyest principle in learning, -to learne to read Latin: as most appropriate to that effect, which the -Church then esteemed on most. - -But now that we are returned home to our English abce, as most naturall -to our soile, and most propter to our faith, the restraint being -repealed, and we restored to libertie, we are to be directed by nature, -and propertie, to read that first, which we speake first, and to care -for that most, which we euer vse most: bycause we neede it most: and to -begin our first learning there, where we haue most helpes, to learne it -best, by familiaritie of our ordinarie language, by vnderstanding all -usuall argumentes, by continuall company of our owne countreymen, all -about vs speaking English and none vttering any wordes but those, which -we our selues are well acquainted with, both in our learning and living. - -There be two speciall, whether ye will call them rules, or notes, -to be obserued in teaching, wherof the first is: That thinges be so -taught, as that which goeth before, may induce that, which followeth -by naturall consequence of the thing it selfe, not by erronious -missorting of the deceiued chuser, who like vnto an vnskilfull hoste -oftimes misplaceth euen the best of his guestes, by not knowing their -degrees. - -The second is, that those thinges be put vnto children, which being -confessed to be most necessarie, and most proper to be learned in those -yeares, haue lest sense, to their feeling, and most labour, without -fainting. For can any growne man so moile him selfe, without to much -cumber, with either the principles of Grammer, or cunning without -booke, as a child will, the ones memorie being empty, the other being -distracte with diuersitie of thoughtes? _Reason_ directes yeares, and -_roate_ rules in youth, _reason_ calls in sense and feeling of paine, -_roate_ runnes on apase and mindeth nothing else but either play in the -ende, or a litle praise for a great deale of paines. Now praise neuer -wearies, nor paine euer but wearies, and play pleaseth children with -any, yea the greatest iniquitie of circunstance, whether the weather -lowre, or the maister frowne, so he will giue them leaue to go. Though -the Latin tongue be already discharged of all superfluities, exempt -from custome, to chaunge it, and laid vp for knowledge, to cherish it: -and of long time hath bene smoothed both to the eye, and to the eare: -yet in course of teaching it doth not naturally draw on the English, -which yet remaineth in her lees vnrackt and not fined, though it grow -on verie faire. Our spelling is harder, our pronouncing harsher, our -syllabe hath commonly as many letters, as the whole Latin word hath. So -that both consequence, and hardnesse preferre the English. Euen here -must memorie begin her first traine, and store her selfe with such -stuffe, as shall laie the best foundation to religion and obedience, -which beginning in these yeares, will crepe on very strongly and no -lesse soundly: so that the child cannot but proue very good in age, -which was so consideratly entred in his youth. What the thinges shall -be, wherin both reading must trauell, and memorie must make choice, I -will shew in mine Elementarie wherin the whole education before Grammer -shalbe comprised. - -[Sidenote: Writing.] - -Next to reading followeth _writing_, in some reasonable distance after, -bycause it requireth some strength of the hand, which is not so soone -staied nor so stiffe to write, as the tongue is stirring and redy to -read. And though writing in order of traine do succede reading, yet -in nature and time it must needes be elder. For the penne or some -other penlike instrument did carue and counterfeat the letter or some -letterlike deuise first rawly and rudely, neither all at once: then -finely and fully, when all was at once: and therby did let the eye -beholde that in charact, which the voice deliuered to the eare in -sounde, which being so set downe to vtter the power and knitting of the -articulate voice, and afterward obserued to expresse them in deede, -caused writing be much vsed as interpreter to the minde, and reading be -embrased as expounder to the penne, and expressing that in force, which -the penne set downe in fourme. Wherby it must needes follow, that raw -and rude charactes, were the primitiue writing, which being expressed -what they did signifie brought forth reading: and that experience vpon -triall of their vertues made so much of them both, as she recommended -them to profit, to haue them appointed for principles in the training -vp of youth. So that reading being but the expresser of the written -charactes must needes acknowledge and confesse her puniship to writing, -of whom she tooke both her being and her beginning. - -To limite any one cause how writing began, or to runne ouer the -inuentours of thinges to finde out who deuised it first, were to gesse -at some vncertaine, though probable coniecture, without any assuraunce, -to build on, as the thing it selfe is of small importaunce, for any -to tarie on. It is more then likely, wherof so euer the first charact -came, that necessitie caught hold of it, to serue her owne tourne, and -so enlarged it still, till it came to that perfection which we see it -now in. I will neither paint out reading with such ornamentes, as it -needes not, neither praise writing with such argumentes, as it craues -not. For it is praise enough to a good thing to be confessed good, -and what so euer is said more, is doubtfully to ground that, which -is determinatly graunted, and to seeke for defence when the forte is -surrendred. After that reading was reduced into forme, and brought to -her best, she fined her foundresse, and is therfore aboue all praise, -bycause she makes the eye, the paragon sense, by benefit of that -obiect. And writing it selfe hath profited so much, since it hath bene -perfited, as it now proues the proppe to remembraunce, the executour of -most affaires, the deliuerer of secretes, the messager of meaninges, -the enheritance of posteritie, whereby they receiue whatsoeuer is left -them, in lawe to liue by, in letters to learne, in euidence to enioye. -To come by this thing so much commended, so, as it may bring foorth all -her effectes redily, and roundly, these notes must be kept. - -That the maister learne himselfe and teach his scholer a faire -letter and a fast, for plainesse and speede: That the matter of his -example be pithie, and proper, to enrich the memorie with profitable -prouision: and that the learning to write be not left of, vntil it be -verie perfit: bycause writing being ones perfectly goten doth make a -wonderful riddance in the rest of our learning. For the master may be -bould to charge his child with writing of his geare, when he findes -him able, to dispatch that with ease, what so euer is enioyned him. -Neither shall that child euer complaine of difficultie after, which -can read and write perfectly before. For first he hath purchased those -two excellent faire winges, which will cause him towre vp to the top -of all learning, as _Plato_ in the like case of knowledge, termeth -_Arithmetick_ and _Geometrie_[2] his two wings wherwith to flie vp to -heauen, from whence he doth fetch the true direction of his imprisoned -ignorant. Secondly he hath declared eare he came to that cunning, that -his wit would serue him, to proceede on further, as his winges will -helpe him, to flie on faster. For in deede during the time, of writing -and reading, his witte will bewraie it selfe, whether it may venture -further vpon greater learning, or were best to stay at some smaller -skil, vpon defect in nature. But if the child can not do that redily, -which he hath rather looked on, then learned, before he remoue from -his Elementarie, while his maister conceiues quickly, and he perceiues -slowly, there is verie much matter offered vnto passion, wheron to -worke. Which commonly brusteth out into much beating, to the dulling -of the childe, and discouraging of the maister: and bycause of the to -timely onset, to litle is done in to long a time, and the schoole is -made a torture, which as it bringes forth delite in the ende, when -learning is helde fast, so should it passe on verie pleasantly by -the waye, while it is in learning: And generally this I do thinke of -perfiting, and making vp, as children go on: (seing the argument it -selfe doth draw my penne so forcibly forward,) that it must needes be -most perfectly good. For what if oportunitie either to go any further -at all, or at least to go so on, as their freindes did set them in, be -suddenly cut of, either by losse of freindes, or lacke in freindes, -or some other misfortune? were it not good that they had so much -perfectly, as they are practised in? which being vnperfectly had, will -either stand them in very small steede, or in none at all. To write and -read wel which may be iointly gotten is a prety stocke for a poore boye -to begin the world with all. - -[Sidenote: Writing the English hand first.] - -The same reasons which moued me to haue the child read English before -Latin, do moue me also, to wishe him to write English before Latin, as -a thing of more hardnesse, and redier in vse to aunswere all occasions. -Thus farre I do thinke that all my countreymen will ioyne with me, and -allow their children the vse, of their letter and penne. For those that -can write and read may not gainsaie, least I aske of them why they -learned themselues? If they that cannot, do mislike that they haue not, -I will aske of them, why they wishe so oft for them? - -[Sidenote: Drawing.] - -Some controuersie before the thing be consideratly thought on, but -none after, may arise about this next, which is to draw with penne -or pencill, a cosen germain to faire writing, and of the selfe same -charge. For penne and penknife, incke and paper, compasse and ruler, a -deske and a dustboxe will set them both vp, and in these young yeares, -while the finger is flexible, and the hand fit for frame, it will be -fashioned easely. And commonly they that haue any naturall towardnesse -to write well, haue aknacke of drawing to, and declare some euident -conceit in nature bending that waye. And as iudgement by vnderstanding -is a rule to the minde to discern what is honest, seemly, and sutable -in matters of the minde, and such argumentes as fall within compasse -of generall reason exempt from sense: so this qualitie by drawing with -penne or pencill, is an assured rule for the sense to iudge by, of the -proportion and seemelines of all aspectable thinges. - -As he that knoweth best, how to kepe that himselfe, which is comely in -fashion, can also best iudge, when comelinesse of fashion is kept by -any other. And why is it not good to haue euery parte of the body: and -euery power of the soule to be fined to his best? And seing that must -be looked vnto long afore, which must serue vs best alwaye after, why -ought we not to ground that thoroughly in youth, which must requite -vs againe with grace in our age? If I or any else should seeme to -contemne that principle, which brought forth _Apelles_, and that so -knowen a crew of excellent painters, so many in number, so marueilous -in cunning, so many statuaries, so many architectes: nay whose vse all -modelling, all mathematikes, all manuaries do finde and confesse to be -to so notorious and so needefull: both I and that any else might well -be supposed to see very litle, not seing the use of that, which is -laboured for sight, and most delitefull to see. Neither is the deuise -mine, as if it were, repentance hath repulse. For what so euer I do -allow in others, which for the deuise do deserue wel, I deserued not -ill, in mine opinion, if I were my selfe the first deuiser therof. That -great philosopher _Aristotle_ in the eight booke and third chapter of -his Politikes, and not there onely, as not he alone, ioyneth writing -and reading, which he compriseth vnder this worde, γραμματικὴ, with -drawing by penne or pencill, which I translate his γραφικὴ, both the -two of one parentage and petigree, as thinges peculiarly chosen to -bring vp youth, both for quantitie in profit, and for qualitie in vse. -There he sayeth, that as writing and reading do minister much helpe to -trafficque, to householdrie, to learning, and all publicke dealinges: -so drawing by penne or pencill, is verie requisite to make a man able -to iudge, what that is which he byeth of artificers and craftes men, -for substaunce, forme, and fashion, durable and handsome or no: and -such other necessarie seruices, besides the delitefull and pleasant. - -For the setting of colours I do not much stand in, howbeit if any -dexterity that waye do draw the child on, it is an honest mans liuing -and I dare not condemne that famous fellowship: which is so renowned -for handling the pencill. A large field is here offered to praise the -praiseworthy, and to paint them out well, which painted all thinges -so well, as the world still wondereth at the hearing of their workes. -But the praise of painting is no part of my purpose at this time, -but the appointing of it among the training principles, being so -aunciently allowed, so necessarie in so many thinges, so great a ground -to so gallant a misterie, as that profession is, wherof _Apelles_ -was: and last of all, so neare a cosen to the fairest writing, whose -cradlefellow it is. - -_Musicke_ maketh vp the summe, and is deuided into two partes, the -voice and the instrument, wherof the voice resembleth reading: as -yealding that to the eare, which it seeth with the eye: and the -instrument writing, by counterfeting the voice, both the two in this -age best to be begon, while both the voice and the iointe be pliable -to the traine. The voice craueth lesse cost to execute her part, -being content with so much onely, as writing, and drawing did prouide -for their furniture, when they began their houshold. The instrumente -seemeth to be more costly, and claimes both more care in keping, and -more charge in compassing. For the pleasauntnesse of _Musick_ there -is no man that doth doubt, bycause it seemeth in some degree to be a -medicine from heauen, against our sorowes vpon earth. Some men thinke -it to be too too sweete, and that it may be either quite forborne, or -not so much followed. For mine owne parte I dare not dispraise it, -which hath so great defendours, and deserueth so well, and I must -needes allow it, which place it among those, that I do esteeme the -cheife principles, for training vp of youth, not of mine owne head -alone, but by the aduise of all antiquitie, all learned philosophie, -all skilfull training, which make _Musick_ still one of the principles, -when they handle the question, what thinges be best, to bring youth -first vp in. If I had sought occasion of raunging discours which I -still auoide, but where the opening of some point, doth lighten the -thing, and may delite the reader, whom flatte and stearne setting -downe, by waye of _aphorisme_, would soone weary, (though many not of -the meanest would allow of that kinde exceeding well:) I might haue -found out many digressions long agoe, or if I had taken holde of that -which hath bene offered, I haue mette with many such, since I began -first to write: but of all, in all sortes I do finde any, wherin -speeche might so spreede all the sailes, which she hath, and the penne -might vse, all the pencilling, which she can: as in painting out the -praise and ornamentes of _Musick_. - -The matter is so ample, the ground so large, the reasons so many, which -sound to her renowne: the thing it selfe so auncient, and so honorable, -so generall, and so priuate, so in Churches, and so without, so in all -ages, and in all places, both highely preferred, and richely rewarded: -the princesse of delites, and the delite of princes: such a pacifier -in passion, such a maistres to the minde, so excellent in so many, so -esteemed by so many, as euen multitude makes me wonder, and with all to -staie my hand, for feare that I shall not easely get thence, if I enter -once in. I will not therfore digresse: bycause there is better stuffe -in place, and more fit for my purpose, then the praise of _Musick_ is. -The Philosophers, and Physicians, do allow the straining, and recoyling -of the voice in children, yea though they crie, and baule, beside their -singing, and showting: by the waie of exercise to stretche, and kepe -open the hollow passages, and inward pipes of the tender bulke, whereby -_Musick_ will proue a double principle both for the soule, by the name -of learning, and for the body, by the waye of exercise, as hereafter -shall appeare. - -But for the whole matter of _Musick_, this shalbe enough for me to -say at this time, that our countrey doth allow it: that it is verie -comfortable to the wearyed minde: a preparatiue to perswasion: that -he must needes haue a head out of proportion, which cannot perceiue: -or doth not delite in the proportions of number, which speake him so -faire: that it is best learned in childehood, when it can do least -harme, and may best be had: that if the constitution of man both for -bodie and soule, had not some naturall, and nighe affinitie with the -concordances of _Musick_, the force of the one, would not so soone -stirre vp, the cosen motion in the other. It is wonderfull that is -writen, and strange that we see, what is wrought therby in nature of -_Physick_, for the remedying of some desperate diseases. - -[Sidenote: Miscontentment.] - -And yet there groweth some miscontentment with it, though it be neuer -so good, and that not only in personages of whom I make small account, -but in some verie good, honest, and well disposed natures, though to -stearnly bent, which neuerthelesse, for al their stearnnes, wil resigne -ouer their sentence, and alter their opinion, sometimes of themselues -vpon deeper meditation, what the thing in it selfe is, sometime by -inducement, when they fal in with other which are better resolued: -but most cheifly then, when _Musick_ it selfe consideratly applyed, -hath for a while obtained the fauorable vse of their listning eares. -The science it selfe hath naturally a verie forcible strength to trie -and to tuche the inclination of the minde, to this or that affection, -thorough the propertie of number, wheron it consisteth, which made the -_Pythagorian_, and not him alone to plat the soule out so much vpon -number. - -[Sidenote: Aunswere.] - -It is also very pleasant for the harmonie and concent, wherby the -hearer discouers his disposition, and lettes pleasure playe vpon the -bitte, and dalye with the bridle, as delite will not be drowned, nor -driuen to hidebare. For which cause _Musick_ moueth great misliking -to some men that waye, as to great a prouoker to vaine delites, -still laying baite, to draw on pleasure: still opening the minde, to -the entrie of lightnesse. And in matters of religion also, to some -it seemes offensiue, bycause it carieth awaye the eare, with the -sweetnesse of the melodie, and bewitcheth the minde with a _Syrenes_ -sounde, pulling it from that delite, wherin of duetie it ought to -dwell, vnto harmonicall fantasies, and withdrawing it, from the best -meditations, and most vertuous thoughtes to forreine conceites, and -wandring deuises. For one aunswere to all, if abuse of a thing, -which may be well vsed, and had her first being to be well vsed, be -a sufficient condemnation to the thing that is abused, let glotonie -forbid meat, distempering drinke, pride apparell, heresie religion, -adulterie mariage, and why not, what not? Nay which of all our -principles shall stand, if the persons blame, shal blemish the thing? -We read foolish bookes, wherat to laugh, nay wherin we learne that, -which we might and ought forbeare: we write strange thinges, to serue -our owne fansie, if we sway but a litle to any lewde folly: we paint -and draw pictures, not to be set in Churches, but such as priuate -houses hide with curtaines, not to saue the colours, but to couer their -owners, whose lightnesse is discouered, by such lasciuious obiectes. -Shall reading therfore be reft from religion? shall priuate, and -publike affaires, lease the benefit of writing? shall sense forgoe his -forsight, and the beautifier of his obiect? Change thou thy direction, -the thinges will follow thee more swifte to the good, then the other to -the bad, being capable of both, as thinges of vse be, and yet bending -to the better. Mans faulte makes the thing seeme filthie. Applie thou -it to the best, the choice is before thee. It is the ill in thee, -which seemeth to corrupte the good in the thing, which good, though it -be defaced by thy ill, yet shineth it so cleare, as it bewraieth the -naturall beautie, euen thorough the cloude of thy greatest disgracing. -_Musick_ will not harme thee, if thy behauiour be good, and thy conceit -honest, it will not miscary thee, if thy eares can carie it, and sorte -it as it should be. - -Appoint thou it well, it will serue thee to good purpose: if either -thy manners be naught, or thy iudgement corrupt, it is not _Musick_ -alone which thou doest abuse, neither cannest thou auoide that blame, -which is in thy person, by casting it on _Musick_, which thou hast -abused and not she thee. And why should those people, which can vse -it rightly, forgoe their owne good, or haue it with embasing to -pleasure some peuishe, which will not yet be pleased? or seeke to -heale sores, which will festure still, and neuer skinne, though ye -plaster them daily, to your owne displeasure. But am I not to tedious? -This therfore shall suffise now, that children are to be trained vp -in the Elementarie schoole, for the helping forward of the abilities -of the minde, in these fower things, as commaunded vs by choice and -commended by custome. _Reading_, to receiue that which is bequeathed -vs by other, and to serue our memorie with that which is best for vs. -_Writing_ to do the like thereby for others, which other haue done for -vs, by writing those thinges which we daily vse: but most of al to do -most for our selues: _Drawing_ to be a directour to sense, a delite to -sight, and an ornament to his obiectes. _Musick_ by the instrument, -besides the skill which must still encrease, in forme of exercise to -get the vse of our small ioyntes, before they be knitte, to haue them -the nimbler, and to put Musicianes in minde, that they be no brawlers, -least by some swash of a sword, they chaunce to lease a iointe, an -irrecouerable iewell vnaduisedly cast away. _Musick_ by the voice, -besides her cunning also, by the waye of _Phisick_, to sprede the voice -instrumentes within the bodie, while they be yet but young. As both -the kindes of _Musick_ for much profit, and more pleasure, which is -not voide of profit in her continuing kinde. All foure for such vses -as be infinite in number, as they know best, which haue most knowledge -and the parentes must learne, to lead their children to them: and the -children must beleue, to winne their parentes choice, which may be -in all, if they themselues liste, if they liste not, in no more then -they like, their restraining conceite neither bridling, nor abbridging -any other mans entent, which seeketh after more. And though all young -ones be not thus farre trained, yet we may perceiue, that all these be -vsed, in particular proofes, and not to be refused in generall trade, -where all turnes be serued, by setting foor[t]h of all thinges that -be generally in vse, though not generally used. Thus much of these -thinges at this time, which I do meane by Gods grace to handle in their -owne Elementarie, as precisely and yet, as properly, as euer I can. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[2] 7. De Rep. - - - - -CHAPTER 6. - - OF EXERCISES AND TRAINING THE BODY. HOW NECESSARIE A THING EXERCISE - IS. WHAT HEALTH IS, AND HOW IT IS MAINTAINED: WHAT SICKNESSE IS, HOW - IT COMMETH, AND HOW IT IS PREUENTED. WHAT A PARTE EXERCISE PLAYETH IN - THE MAINTENAUNCE OF HEALTH. OF THE STUDENT AND HIS HEALTH. THAT ALL - EXERCISES THOUGH THEY STIRRE SOME ONE PART MOST, YET HELPE THE WHOLE - BODIE. - - -The soule and bodie being coparteners in good and ill, in sweete and -sowre, in mirth and mourning, and hauing generally a common sympathie, -and a mutuall feeling in all passions: how can they be, or rather -why should they be seuered in traine? the one made stronge, and well -qualified, the other left feeble, and a praye to infirmitie? will ye -haue the minde to obtaine those thinges, which be most proper vnto her, -and most profitable vnto you, when they be obtained? Then must ye also -haue a speciall care, that the bodie be well appointed, for feare it -shrink, while ye be either in course to get them, or in case to vse -them. For as the powers of the soule come to no proofe, or to verie -small, if they be not fostered by their naturall traine, but wither -and dye, like corne not reaped, but suffered to rotte by negligence of -the owner, or by contention in chalenge: euen so, nay much more, the -bodie being of it selfe lumpishe and earthy, must needes either dye in -drowsinesse, or liue in loosenesse, if it be not stirred and trained -diligently to the best. And though the soule, as the fountaine of life, -and the quickner of the body, may and will beare it out for some while, -thorough valiauntnesse of courage: yet weaknesse will not be alwayes -dissembled, but in the ende will and must bewraie her owne want, euen -then perauenture, when it were most pittie. Many notable personages -for stomacke and courage, many excellent men for learning and skill, -in most and best professions haue then left their liues, thorough -the plaine weaknesse, of their contemned bodies, when they put their -countries in most apparent and gladsome hope of rare and excellent -effectes, the one of valiantnesse and manhood, the other of knowledge -and skill. Seing therfore there is a good in them both, which by -diligent endeuour may be auaunced to that, for which it was ordained, -and by negligent ouersight, doeth either decaye quite, or proues not -so well, as otherwayes it might, I maye not slightly passe ouer the -bodies good, being both so neare, and so necessarie a neighbour unto -the soule: considering I haue bestowed so much paines already, and must -bestow much more, in the seruice of the soule: nay rather considering -I deale with the bodie but once, and that onely here, wheras I entreat -of the soule, and the furniture therof in what so euer I shall medle -with, in my whole course hereafter. If common sense did not teach vs -the necessitie of this point, and extreme feeblenes did not force men -to confesse, how great feates they could do, and how actiue they would -proue, if their weake limmes and failing ioyntes, would aunswere the -lusty courage, and braue swinge of their fierie and fresh spirites: I -would take paines to perswade them by argumentes, both of proofe in -experience, and of reason in nature, that as it is easie, so it were -needefull to helpe the body by some traine, not left at random to -libertie, but brought in to forme of ordinarie discipline, generally -in all men, bycause all men neede helpe, for necessarie health, and -ready execution of their naturall actions: but particularly for those -men, whose life is in leasure, whose braynes be most busied, and their -wittes most wearied, in which kinde studentes be no one small part, -but the greatest of all, which so vse their mindes as if they cared -not for their bodies, and yet so neede their bodies, as without the -strength and soundnesse wherof, they be good for nothing, but to moane -themselues, and to make other maruell, why they take no more heede, -how to do that long, which they do so well, being a thing within -compasse of their owne care, and knowledge. For who is so grosse, as he -will denie that exercise doth good, and that so great, as is without -comparison, seing olde _Asclepiades_ is by _Galene_ confuted, and -stawled for an asse: as _Erasitratus_ also his dissembling friend? or -who is so sore tied either to studie, or to stocks, as he cannot stirre -himselfe if he will, or ought not if he may? But the matter being -confessed, euen by the most idle, and vnweildy to be healthfull and -good, I shall neede no more reason, to procure assent, and allowaunce -for exercise. My whole trauell therfore must be to finde out, and set -foorth, what shalbe requisite to the perfourmaunce of this point, -concerning the traine and exercising of the body, that it may proue -healthy, and liue long: and be ready to assist, all the actions of the -minde. - -Wherin therfore consisteth the health of the bodie, and how is it to -be maintained vntill such time, as nature shall dismantle, and pull it -downe her selfe? To aunswere this question, and withall to declare, -how great an officer to health exercise is: I will first shew, wherin -health doth consiste, and how diseases do come: then how health is -maintained, and disease auoided: Last of all how great a parte is -appointed for exercise to plaie in the perfourmaunce therof, bycause I -saye, and not I alone, but _Galen_ also that great Physician, neither -_Galen_[3] onely, though sufficient alone, but all that euer liued, -and were cheife of that liuerie, that who so can applie the minde well -with learning, and the bodie with exercise, shall make both a wise -minde, and a healthfull bodie in their best kinde. Wherfore seing I -haue set downe wherin the traine of the minde doth consist, so much as -the Elementarie course doth admit, and must perfourme, and so farre -as these my Positions require at this time, whose profession is not -to tary, though it tuche them: I wil now handle that other part of -exercise, wherwith the bodie is either to be kept in health, or to be -helpt to health: and that not onely in the Elementarie, to whom this -treatise should seeme to aunswere, but also in the generall student -during his whole life: which must alwaye rule himselfe by those -circunstances, which direct the application of exercise, according to -time, age, &c. and shalbe handled herafter. - -[Sidenote: What is health and sicknesse.] - -There be in the bodie of man, the force of foure elementes, fire and -aire, water and earth, and the pith of their primitiue, and principall -qualities, heat and couldnesse, moysture and drynesse, which the -Physicians call the similarie partes, of the similitude and likenesse -that they haue, not the one to the other, but the partes of eche to -their owne whole, bycause euerie least part, or degree of these great -ones, beare the name of the whole, as euerie part or parcell of fier, -is called fier, no lesse then the whole fier, of water, water, of aier, -aier, of earth, earth, and euerie degree of heat, is heat, of cold, -is cold, of moysture, is moysture, of drynesse, is drynesse, though -greater and smaller, lesse and more, be epithetes vnto them, as either -their quantitie, or qualitie doth sprede or close. - -There be also in the same bodie certaine instrumentall partes, -compounded and consisting in substance of the similarie, which the -bodie doth vse in the executing of the naturall functions, and -workinges therof. Now when these similarie partes be so tempered, and -disposed, as no one doth excede any other in proportion to ouerrule, -but all be as one in consent to preserue: and the instrumentall -partes also be so correspondent one to an other, in composition and -greatnesse, in number and measure, as nature thorough the temperature -of the first, may absolutely vse the perfectnesse of the last, to -execute and perfourme without let or stoppe, what appertaineth to the -maintenaunce of her selfe: it is called health, and the contrarie, -disease, both in the whole bodie, and in euery part therof. In -the whole bodie by distemperature of the whole, in some part, by -composition, out of place, and disioynted, by greatnes, being to bigge -or to small: by measure, being misshapen and fashionles: by number, -being to many and needlesse: or to few, and failing. This health -whether it be in the middle degre, wherin all executions be complete -without any sensible let: and no infirmitie appeareth, that the bodie -feeles with any plaine offence: Or if it be in the perfectest degree, -which is so seldom, as neuer any saw, bycause of great frailty, and -brittlenesse in our nature: it neuer continueth in one estate, but -altereth still, and runnes to ruyne, without both speedy and daily, nay -without hourely reparation. - -The causes which alter, and chaunge it so, be somtime from within the -bodie, and were borne with it: sometime from without, and yet not -without daunger. From within, the verie propertie and pithe of our -originall substance, and matter whence we grew, altereth vs first, -which as it beginneth, and groweth in moysture, so it endeth, and -stayeth in drynesse, and in the ende decayeth the bodie with to much -drynesse, which extreame though naturall withering, we call olde age, -which though it come by course, and commaundement of nature, yet -beareth it the name, and title of disease, bycause it decayeth the -bodie, and deliuereth it to death. From within also, the continuall -rebating, and falling awaye of somwhat from the bodie, occasioneth -much chaunge, nay that is most cause of greatest chaunge, and killeth -incontinent by meere defect, if it be not supplyed. - -To these two causes of inward alteration, there aunswere two other -forreine causes, both vnholesome, and perillous, the aire, which -enuironneth vs, and violence, which is offered vs. The former of -the two, decaing our health with to much heat, cold, drynesse, and -moysture of it selfe: or by noysomnesse of the soile, and corruption -in circunstance. The second, by strong hand brusing, or breaking, -wounding or wiping awaie, of some one part of the bodie, or els killing -the whole consort of the bodie with the soule, and taking away life -from it. These foure ouerthrowes of our bodies and health, olde age, -waste, aire, and violence, finde by helpe of nature, and arte, certaine -oppositions, which either diuert them quite, if they maye be auoided, -or kepe them of longer, if they maye be differred, or mittigate their -malice, when it is perceiued. For forreine violence, foresight will -looke to, where casualtie commaundes not, and cannot be foreseene. For -infection by the aire, that it do not corrupte and marre so much as it -would, wisedome will prouide, and defende the bodie from the iniuries, -and wronges therof. That olde age grow not on to fast, circunspectnes -in diet, consideration in clothes, diligence in well doing, wil easely -prouide, both for the minde not to enfect, first it selfe and then the -bodie: and for the bodie not to enforce the minde, by too impotent -desires. That waste weare not, meat takes in chardge, to supplie that -is drye, and decayeth: drinke promiseth to restore moysture, when it -doth diminishe: the breath it selfe, and arteriall pulse, looke to -heating and cooling. And _Physick_ in generall professing foresight to -preuent euills, and offering redresse, when they haue done harme, so -not incurable, doth direct both those and all other meanes. Now in all -these helpes, and most beneficiall aides of our afflicted nature, which -deuiseth all meanes to saue her selfe harmelesse, and deliteth therin, -when she is discharged of infirmities, to much stuffes and stiffles, to -litle straites and pines, both vndoe the naturall. To much meat cloyes, -to litle faintes, both perishe the principall. To much liquour drownes, -to litle dryes, both corrupt the carcasse. Heat burnes, cold chilles, -in excesse both to much, in defect both to litle, and both causes to -decaie. Mediocritie preserueth not onely in these but in whatsoeuer els. - -[Sidenote: Exercise.] - -But now what place hath exercise here? to helpe nature by motion in all -these her workinges, and wayes for health: to encrease and encourage -the naturall heat, that it maye digest quickly and expell strongly: to -fashion and frame all the partes of the bodie to their naturall and -best hauiour: to helpe to rid needelesse, and superfluous humours: -reffuse and reiected excrementes, which nature leaues for naught, when -she hath sufficiently fed, and wisheth rather they were seene abrode, -then felt within. And be not these great benefites? to defend the body -by defeating diseases? to stay the minde, by strengthening of her -meane? to assist nature being both daily, and daungerously, assailed -both within and without? to helpe life to continue long? to force -death, to kepe farre a loufe? - -Now as all constitutions be not of one and the same mould, and as -all partes be not moued alike, with any one thing: so the exercises -must alter, and be appropriate to each: that both the constitution -may be continued in her best kinde, and all the partes preserued to -their best vse, which exercises being compared among themselues one -to an other, be more or lesse, but being applyed to the partie kepe -alwayes in a meane, when they meane to do good. Concerning students, -for whose health my care is greatest, the lesse they eate, the lesse -they neede to voide: and therfore small diet in them, best preuenteth -all superfluities, which they cannot auoide, if their diet be great -and their exercise small. Their exercise must also be very moderate, -and not alter to much, for feare of to great distemperature in that, -which must continue moderate: and with all it should be ordinarie, -that the habit may be holesome, and sudden chaunge giue no cause of -greater inconuenience. Wherfore to auoide distemperature the enemie to -health, and so consequently to life, and to maintaine the naturall -constitution so, as it may serue to the best, wherin her duetie lyeth, -and liue to the longest, that in nature it can, besides the diet, -which must be small, as nature is a pickler, and requires but small -pittaunce: besides clothing which should be thin euen from the first -swadling to harden, and thick the flesh: I do take this traine by -exercise, which I wishe to be ioyned with learning, to be a marueilous -furtherer. - -But for diet to auoide inward daungers, and clothing to auert outward -iniuries, and all such preuentions, as are not proper to teachers, -though in communitie more proper then to any common man: I set them -ouer to parentes, and other well willers, which will see to them, -that they faile not in those thinges: and if they do, will fly to -Physicians, by their helpe to salue that, which themselues may -forsee. For exercises I will deale, which to commend more then they -will commend them selues, when I shall shew both what they be, and -the particular profites of euery one of them, which I chuse from the -rest, were me thinke verie needlesse, and cheifly to me, which seeme -sufficiently to praise them, in that I do place them among principles -of prerogatiue. But as in the soule I did picke out certaine pointes, -whervnto I applyed the training principles: so likewise in the bodie, -may I not also seuer some certaine partes, whervnto my preceptes must -principally be conformed? that shall not neede. For as in the soule -the frute of traine doth better and make complete euen that which I -tuched not, and so consequently the whole soule: so in the bodie, those -exercises which seeme to be appointed for some speciall partes, bycause -they stirre those partes most, do qualifie the whole bodie, and make -it most actiue. Wherefore as there I did promise not to anatomise the -soule, as neither dealing with Diuines nor Philosophers: so do I not -here make profession to shew the anatomie of the bodie, as medling -neither with Physicians nor Surgeans, otherwise then any of them foure -can helpe me in exercise. To the which effect, and ende, I will onely -cull out from whence I can, such speciall notes, as both Philosophers, -and Phisicians do know to be most true, and both the learned, and -vnlearned, will confesse to be for them: and such also, as the training -maisters may easely both helpe, and encrease in their owne triall. For -both reason, and rule, do alwaye commaunde, that the maister be by, -when exercise is vsed, thorough whose ouerlooking the circunstance -is kept, which helpeth to health, and the contrarie shunned, which in -exercise doth harme. In the elder yeares, reason at the elbow must -serue the student, as in these younger, the maisters preference helpes -to direct the child. - -But to ioyne close with our traine. What partes be they in our bodie, -vpon whom exercise is to shew this great effecte? or what be the -powers therof, which must still be stirred, so to say, and establish -the perpetuitie of health, not in themselues alone, but in the whole -bodie, by them? Where ioyntes be to bend, where stringes to tye, where -synewes to stirre, where streatchers to straine, there must needes -be motion: or els stifnesse will follow, and vnweildynesse withall: -where there be conduites to conuey the blood, which warmeth, canales -to carie the spirite, which quickneth, pipes to bestow the aire, which -cooleth, passage to dismisse excrements which easeth, there must needes -be spreding, to kepe the currant large, and eche waie open, for feare -of obstructions, and sudden fainting. Where to much must needes marre, -there must be forcing out, where to litle must nedes lame, there must -be letting in: where thickning threates harme, there thinning fines the -substance: where thinning is to much, there thickning must do much, and -to knit vp all in short, all those offices, whervnto our bodie serueth -naturally, either for inward bestowing of nurriture, and maintenaunce -of life: or for outward motion, and executions of vse, must be -cherished and nusled so, as that they do by nature well, and truely, -they may do by traine, both long, and strongly. I shall not neede to -name the partes, all in one ruk, as of set purpose, which be knowen by -their effectes: and the exercises also themselues will shew for whom -they serue. But for example first in the partes let vs see, whether -we can discern them by their working, and properties, that therby the -exercise may be pickte, which is most proper to helpe such effectes. - -1. Who doth not streight waye conceiue, that the lunges or lightes be -ment, when he heareth of an inward part, which prouideth winde for the -harte, to allay his heat, and to minister some clammy matter vnto it, -whence he may take aire, most fit for his functions, and not at the -sudden be forced to vse any forreine? - -2. Or who doth not by and by see, that the harte is implyed, when he -heareth of an other inward part, which is the spring, and fountaine, of -the vitall spirite and facultie, the seat and sender out of naturall -heat, the occasion and cause of the arteriall pulse, which by one -arterie, and way, receiueth cooling from the lunges, by an other, -sendeth the vitall spirite, the hote, and hurling blood, thorough out -the whole bodie? - -3. Or who is so grosse, as not to gesse at the liuer, when he heareth -of an other inward part, which is the cheife instrument of nurriture, -the workhouse of thicke and grosse blood: that feedeth the life and -soule: when it desireth meat, and drinke, and what is els necessarie: -which conueieth blood thorough the veines to nurrish all partes of the -bodie, with the naturall spirit in it, if there be any, verie darke and -heauie? - -[Sidenote: He can tel what the parte is.] - -4. Nay hath he any braine, which seeth not the braine plainly laid -before him, when he heareth a part of mans bodie named, which breedeth -a sowlish, and life spirite, as most pure, so most precious, and -rather a qualitie then a bodie, and vseth it partly to further the -working of that princely, and principall part of mans soule, wherby he -vnderstandeth and reasoneth: partly to helpe the instrumentes of sense, -and motion, by meane of the sineues, neuer suffering them to lacke -spirite: which is the cheife and capitall cause, why these instrumentes -do their dueties well? And so forth in all the partes aswell without, -as within sight, whose properties when one heareth and finding that -they be helped by such a motion he can forthwith say, that such an -exercise is good for such a part. - -1. Now againe for exercises. Who hearing that moderate running doth -warme the whole body, strengthneth the naturall motions, prouoketh -appetite, helpeth against distilling of humours and catarres, and -driueth them some other waie: - -2. Or that daunsing beside the warmth, driueth awaye numnesse, and -certaine palsies, comforteth the stomacke, being cumbred with weaknes -of digestion, and confluence of raw humours, strengtheneth weake -hippes, fainting legges, freatishing feete: - -3. Or that ryding also is healthfull for the hippes and stomacke: that -it cleareth the instrumentes of all the senses, that it thickneth -thinne shankes: that it stayeth loose bellies: - -4. Or that loud speaking streatcheth the bulke exerciseth the vocalle -instrumentes, practiseth the lungues, openeth the bodie, and all the -passages therof: - -5. Or that loud reading scoureth all the veines, stirreth the spirites -thorought out all the entraulles, encreaseth heat, suttileth the blood, -openeth the arteries, suffereth not superfluous humours to grow grosse -and thicke: who, say I, hearing but of these alone in taste for all, or -of all together by these alone, doth not both see the partes, which are -preserued, the exercise which preserueth, and the matter wherin? - -Wherfore seing exercise is such a thing, that so much enableth the -bodie, whom the soule hath for companion in all exploites, a comfort -being lightsome, a care being lothesom, a courage being healthy, a clog -being heauie, I will, bycause I must, if I meane to do well, plat forth -the whole place of exercising the bodie, at ones for all ages. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[3] 1. De sani. tuen. - - - - -CHAPTER 7. - -THE BRAUNCHING, ORDER, AND METHODE, KEPT IN THIS DISCOURS OF EXERCISES. - - -Bycause the speciall marke wherat I shoote, is to bring the minde -forward to his best, by those meanes which I take to be best, wherin -I must of force continue verie long, as in my principall and cheife -subiecte, and in no place sauing this, entreat of the bodie, but -onely how to apply that to it, which I pitche downe here: I thinke it -good therefore in this place to perfit, and handle at full the whole -title of exercises with all the cicunstances belonging thervnto, so -sufficiently and fully, as my simple skill can aspire vnto: and as the -present occasion of a position or passage vseth to require, leauing -that which I do not medle with, to those that shall professe the thing, -ether for their owne, or for their childrens health, wherin I will kepe -this methode and manner of proceeding. 1. First I wil note somewhat, -generally concerning all exercises. 2. Secondly I will chuse out some -especiall exercises, which vpon good consideration I do take to be -most proper, and propitious to schooles, and scholers. 3. Thirdly, I -will applye the circunstances, required in exercise to euerie of them, -so neare as I can, that there be no error committed in the executing. -For the better the thing is, if it hit right, the more dangerous it -proueth, if it misse of that right. 4. Last of all I will shew the -training maister, how to furnish himselfe thoroughly, in this professed -exercising: bycause he must both applie the minde with learning, and -the bodie with mouing, at diuerse times, refreshing himselfe, with -varietie and chaunge. - -But in handling of these foure pointes, I meane to rippe vp no idle -question: I terme that idle, where health is the ende, and the question -no helpe to it, but cause to discours, and delaye of precept. Such -questions be these: who first found out the arte of exercise called -_Gymnastice_, or whether it belong to the Physician or no: being a -preseruatiue to health: or who first deuised the particular exercises: -or who were most famous for the executing therof, and a number of such -like discoursory argumentes, which learned men hauing leasure at will, -as a schoolemaister hath not, and willing to wade farre, as my selfe -could wish, haue mined out of the bowelles of antiquitie, and entraules -of authoritie, sometimes sadly, and saing in deede much, vpon euident -and apparent testimonies, sometimes simply, and surmising but some such -thing, by very light and slight coniectures: oftimes supported by bare -guesse, at some silly word, or some more naked warrant. Wherfore to the -matter. - - - - -CHAPTER 8. - - OF EXERCISE IN GENERALL AND WHAT IT IS. AND THAT IT IS ATHLETICALL - FOR GAMES, MARTIALL FOR THE FIELDE, PHYSICALL FOR HEALTH, PRÆPARATIUE - BEFORE, POSTPARATIUE AFTER THE STANDING EXERCISE: SOME WITHIN DAORES, - FOR FOULE WHETHER, SOME WITHOUT FOR FAIRE. - - -[Sidenote: The diuision of exercises.] - -All exercises were first deuised, and so in deede serued, either for -games and pastime, for warre and seruice, or for suretie of health -and length of life, though somtime all the three endes did concurre -in one, sometimes they could not. For why might not an healthfull, -and a sound body, both serue in the fielde for a soldiar, and in the -sand for a wrastler? But we seldom reade, that the _athleticall_ -constitution whose ende was gaming, whose exercise was pastime, whose -diet was vnmeasurable for any man to vse, did either deliuer the world -an healthfull body, being strained beyond measure, or a courageous -soldiar, being vnweildy to fight, as one compounded and made of fat and -fog, brawnie and burdenous. - -[Sidenote: Athleticall.] - -The _athleticall_ and gaming exercises, were in generall assemblies, to -winne some wager, to beare awaie the prise, to be wondered at of the -world, or to set foorth the solemnities of their festiuall seruice, -and ceremonies in the honour of their idoles: or in publike spectacle -to adourne and set foorth, the triumphant and victorious shewes, the -sumptuous and costly deuises of their princes and states. Wherin we -reade, that particular men haue shewed such effectes of strength, and -sturring, by the helpe of exercise, and traine, as nature her selfe -could neuer attaine vnto, though she furthered the feat, and got her -selfe the worst, both by empairing of health, and hastning on of death, -thorough straining to much. It is more then marueilous to thinke on, -and yet we finde it of verie good recorde, what and how incredible -weight, both of liuing creatures, and massier mettal, one mans force -hath bene noted to haue borne, by being only vsed to that burthen. -Would any man beleue it, if it were not of good writen credit, that one -_Milo_ so strutted himselfe, so pitcht his feet, so peysed his bodie, -as he remained vnremoueable from his place, being haled at and pulde -by a number of people. _Actiuitie_ hath wrought wonders, _swiftnesse_ -incredible thinges, and what propertie what not? where nature and -ambition were backt with exercise and good will, to do but one thing -well. - -[Sidenote: Martiall.] - -For the vse of warre, and defence, it is more then euident, that -exercise beares the bell: Can one haue a bodie to abide cold, not to -melte with heat, not to starue for hunger, not to dye for thirst, not -to shrinke at any hardnesse, almost beyond nature, and aboue common -reache, if he neuer haue it trained? will nimblenesse of limmes awaie -with all labour, surpasse all difficulties, of neuer so diuers, and -dangerous groundes, pursue enemies to vanquish, reskue freinds to -saue, retire from danger without harme, thrust it selfe into daunger -without daunger, where no traine before made acquaintance with trauell? -Whervpon called the _Romaines_ their whole armie _Exercitus_, but -bycause it consisted of a valiant number of exercised and trained -men? which were not to seeke at a sudden, bycause they had vsed armes -before? how could common weales where the territory was but small, and -the enhabitantes few, haue still deliuered themselues from mightier -assailantes, then they seemed defendantes? or in continuall threates, -of ieleous neighbours, how could they still haue kept their owne, if -that small territorie, had not bene thoroughly employed, and that -petie paucitie gallantly trained? wherby it was able for hardnesse -and sufferance to abide what not? For actiuitie and manhood, to haue -mastered whom not? or at the least had good meanes, not to receiue any -foile, where onely the huger number, and the vntrained multitude, were -to trie the masterie in fielde against them? - -[Sidenote: Physicall.] - -For health it is most manifest that exercise is a mighty great -mistresse, whether it be to confirme that which we haue by nature, or -to procure that which we haue not by nature: or to recouer that by -industrie, and diligence, which we haue almost lost, by misfortune and -negligence. The exercises which do serue to this healthy end, do best -serue for this my purpose, and though an healthfull body be most apt -and actiue, both for gaming to get wagers, and for warring to winne -victories, yet in my exercises, I neither meane to dally with the -gamester, not to fight with the warrier, but to marke which way I may -best saue studentes, who haue most neede of it: being still assailed by -those enemies of health, which waxe more eager and hoat, the more weake -and cold that exercise is. - -[Sidenote: What is exercise?] - -This exercise of ours by forme of definition, is said to be a vehement, -and a voluntarie stirring of ones body, which altereth the breathing, -whose ende is to maintaine health, and to bring the bodie to a verie -good habit. Doth not exercise at this her first entry offer to performe -so much as I did vndertake for her? health of the body, and an healthy -habit of all the limmes: which two effectes, bycause they be good, -who doth not desire them? and being got by exercise, why is it not in -price? and being reducible to order, why should it not be in traine? -They that write of exercise, make three degrees in it, wherof they -call the first a preparatiue, in Greek παρασκευαστικόν, the next -simply by the name of exercise γυμνὰσιον the third a postparatiue, in -Greek ἀποθεραπευτικὸν. The preparatiue serued, not to passe rudely, -and roughly into the maine exercise, without qualifying the bodie by -degrees before, bycause sudden alteration workes ill disposition. The -postparatiue or apotherapeutike followeth the maine exercise, to reduce -the body by gentle degrees, to the same quietnesse in constitution, -wherin it was, before it was so moued. Which two pointes bycause they -rest most in the maisters consideration, which is to ouersee the -traine, I commit them to his care: so to applie his cunning as he shall -see cause in exercising his charge. And yet herein I entend to helpe -him, when I shall handle the circunstances which direct exercises. - -[Sidenote: γυμνασιον.] - -The third degree, which is enclosed betwene these two, is that same -exercise, which I praise so much, and vpon whom the other two waite, -wherof, as writers make to many, and to finely minced distinctions, so -I make account but of one at this time, wherof I do make two braunches, -or spieces, the one to be vsed within dores, and the other abroade, -that whether the weather be faire or fowle, the exercise in some kinde -may neuer faile. - - - - -CHAPTER 9. - -OF THE PARTICULAR EXERCISES, WHY I DO APPOINT SO MANIE, AND HOW TO -IUDGE OF THEM, OR TO DEUISE THE LIKE. - - -I will not here runne thorough all the kindes of exercises that -be named either by _Galene_ or any other writer, wherof many be -discontinued, many be yet in vse, but out of the whole heape I haue -pickt out these for within dores, _lowd speaking, singing, lowd -reading, talking, laughing, weaping, holding the breath, daunsing, -wrastling, fensing, and scourging the Top_. And these for without -dores, _walking, running, leaping, swimming, riding, hunting, shooting, -and playing at the ball_. Wherof though the very most be vsed oftimes, -not in nature of exercises, but either of pleasure, or necessitie, yet -they be all such, as will serue well that waie, and be so made account -of among the best writers, that deale in this kinde: and for that some -of them maye be said to be most proper to men, and farre aboue boyes -plaie: you must remember, that I deale for all studentes, and not for -children alone, to whom it is in choice, besides all these to deuise -other for their good, as circunstance shal lead them. There may also be -reasons, to perswade some men to mislike of, I do not thinke all, but I -suppose some, of these thinges, which I do appoint, as both commendable -and profitable exercises, with whom I will not here striue, but desire -them to iudge of me, without preiudice, and to stay their sentence, -vntill they see in what sorte I allow them. For knowing the cause of -offence, I might seeme very simple, if I should simply allow that, -which is disallowed vpon reason, and not misliked without manifest shew -of probable cause: and so to reserue the thing, as I did not remoue the -blame. They must also thinke that nothing is abused, but that both may -and ought to be well vsed, which well, they must vse, and refuse the -ill: seing where misuse draweth blame, there right vse deserueth praise. - -Therfore I wishe those that be of yeares, and abilitie to guide -themselues to call circunstance to counsell, and consideration to -aduise. For as consideration shapeth the circunstance, so circunstance -is a thing, which maketh all that is done, either to please or -displease: to be sent awaie with a cutting checke: or to be bid tarie, -with a cheary contenaunce. As for the child in whom wisdom wanteth, to -way with discretion, what it is that he doeth, the maister alone must -supplie all wantes, or beare all blames, though it be but a simple -recompence, to blame wante of consideration, when harme is receiued. -Some man may also say, what needes so many, and mislike the multitude. -Of many to chuse some, is vsuall in all choice, and where store is, why -should choice be stinted? he may lessen the number, that alloweth but -of one, and I haue pickt out the likest, to satisfie all in diuersities -of liking, who so shall like any of these, may vse them with me, or -vpon the like ground, may deuise himselfe other. In handling of eche -of these, I will first shew for what partes, to what end, and in what -manner, they be profitable and holesome being moderatly vsed: then for -whom, and with what daunger, they be strained to the contrarie. - - - - -CHAPTER 10. - -OF LOWD SPEAKING. HOW NECESSARIE, AND HOW PROPER AN EXERCISE IT IS FOR -A SCHOLLER. - - -The exercise of the voice which in Latin they name _vociferatio_, in -Greek ἀναφωνησις, as them φωνασκόι which were the training maisters, in -English maye be tearmed lowd speaking, of the height: for though it vse -all the degrees, which be in the voice, yet is it most properly to take -his name, of the lowdest and shrillest, as the most audible in sound, -and therfore fittest to giue the name, as all thinges els receiue -theirs, of some one qualitie of most especiall note. The auncient -_Physicians_ entertaine it among exercises, bycause it stirreth the -bulke, and all those instrumentes, which serue for the deliuerie of -voice, and vtterance of speeche: bycause it aideth, dilateth, and -comforteth the lunges in his windworke, it encreaseth, cleanseth, -strengtheneth, and fineth the naturall heat: it maketh the sound and -soueraigne partes of the bodie strong and pure: and not lightly to -be assailed by any disease: it mendeth the colour, and cheareth the -countenaunce. Now that it hath these properties they do proue by -naturall argumentes. That it practiseth and stirreth the inward partes, -and vocall instrumentes, no man may denie, which will confesse, that -the mouth alone, is the onely port and passage for speeche. That it -encreaseth the naturall heat, the breath it selfe doth most euidently -declare, bycause it is alwaye exceeding warme, when one exerciseth -the voice, it is so thronged and crusshed with taking in and letting -out. That it cleanseth and cleareth, there be two causes to proue: -the one is, bycause it maketh the flesh more fine and thinne, and -smoother to the hand, not onely thorough stretching and straining -the skinne, but by remouing excrementes, which naturally thicken and -make rugged. The other is, for that by mouing the vocall instrumentes -the inward moysture consumeth and wasteth, as it doeth appeare by -that thicke and grosse vapour, which proceedeth out of his mouth that -speaketh alowd, and other congealed excrementes resting of olde in -other passages, which this exercise expelled from the inward partes. -That it both fines and strengthens the naturall heat, hereby it is -more then plaine. For that the inward vesselles and pipes be scoured -thereby, and sundry superfluities expelled both at the nose, and mouth, -which as they darkened, weakned, and thickned the naturall heat, when -they were within the bodie: so being dismissed themselues, they leaue -it pure, fine, and strong, whereby the partes being sound and cleare -more strength groweth on to healthward, and lesse to disease. Hervpon -it falleth out, that this exercise of the voice, must needes be a -singular helpe for them, which haue their inwarde partes troubled with -moysture, and be of cold constitution, as also for such, as be troubled -with weaknesse, or pewkishnesse of stomacke, with vomiting, or bytter -rifting, with hardnesse of digestion, with lothing of their meat, with -feeding that feedes not, with faintnesse, with naughty constitution, -that corrupteth the blood, with dropsies, with painfull fetching their -breath, or but then easely, when they sit vpright, with consumptions, -with any long disease, in the breast or midrife, with apostemes which -are broken within the bulke, with quartane agues, with fleame, and -also for all those, which be on the mending hand, after sicknesse: for -those that are troubled with the scurfe, or Egyptian lepre, called -_Elephantiasis_, or whose bellies be so weake, as they cannot avoide, -but watry and thin excrementes, for the hikup, for the voice, and her -instrumentes, whether naturally resolued, or casually empaired. - -Now as this exercise aduisedly, and orderly vsed, is verie good for -those effectes in these partes, so rashly and rudely ventured vpon, it -is not without daunger of doing harme, and cheifly to those which neuer -vsed it before: it filleth the head and makes it heauie, it dulleth -the instrumentes of the senses, which are in the head. It hurtes the -voice, and breakes the smaller veines, and is verie vnwholesome for -such, as are subiect to the falling sicknesse, bycause it shaketh -the troubled partes too sore: it is daungerous when one is troubled -with ill, and corrupt humours, or when the stomacke is cumbred, with -great and euident crudities, and rawnes, bycause thorough much chafing -of the breath, and the breath instrumentes, it disperpleth, and -scattereth corrupt humours, thorough out the whole bodie. And as the -gentle exercising of the voice, who oft enterlacing of graue soundes, -is wholesome, so to much shrilnesse straynes the head, causeth the -temples pante, the braines to beate, the eyes to swell, the eares to -tingle. Further it is verie vnwholesom after meat, bycause the breath -being chafed partly by reason of late eating, partly by lowdnesse -of the voice as it passeth thorough, gawlleth the throte, and so -corrupteth the voice. It is also enemie to repletion, to wearinesse, -to sensualitie: for that in those people, which are subiect to those -infirmities, the great and forcible straining of the voice, doth -oftimes cause ruptures and conuulsions, so that the commodities, and -incommodities of the exercise do warne the training maister to vse -it wisely and with great discretion. The vse of it for the motion -is this, that I haue said, but for the helpe of learning, it is to -some other verie good and great purpose, to pronounce without booke, -with that kinde of action which the verie propertie of the subiect -requireth, orations and other declamatory argumentes, either made by -the pronouncer him selfe, or borowed of some other, but cheifly the -hoatest _Philippik_, _Catilinarie_, and _Verrine_ argumentes, and the -rest of that race, either out of many Greeke oratours, or our one and -onely Latin _Tullie_, and whether ye list to prose alone, or to be bold -with Poetes, and vse their meeter. _Cælius Aurelianus_[4] an auncient -_Romane_ Physician, though borne at _Sicca_ in _Aphricke_ speaking of -this exercise vseth these wordes. They did vtter their beginninges -or prohemes with a gentle and a moderate voice, their narrations, -and reasoning discourses with more straining, and louder: their -perorations, and closinges, with a discent, and fall of the voice. And -is not that to my saying? - -The manner of this exercise, which _Antyllus_ a verie olde Physician -doth shew in _Oribasius_[5], that wrate his bookes vnto _Iulian_ the -apostate, whose Physician he was, agreeth also with mine opinion. For -hauing appointed certaine preparatiues for nimbling, and spreding the -vocall powers, he sayth, that such, as exercised the voice, did first -begin lowe, and moderatly, then went on to further strayning, of their -speeche: sometimes drawing it out, with as stayed, and graue soundes, -as was possible, sometimes bringing it backe, to the sharpest and -shrillest, that they could, afterward not tarying long in that shrill -sound, they retired backe againe, slacking the straine of their voice, -till they fell into that low, and moderate tenour, wherwith they first -began. Which wordes do not onely shew, that it was thus vsed, but also -how the voice is to be vsed, in this exercise generally. But vpon -what matter, and argument was all this paines bestowed? Those which -were vnlearned said such things as they could remember, which were to -be spoken aloud, and admitted any change of voice in the vttering, -now harshe and hard, now smoothe and sweete. Those that were bookish -recited either _Iambike_ verses or _Elegies_, or such other numbers, -which with their currant carie the memorie on, but all without booke, -as farre surmounting any kinde of reading. I haue dwelt the longer in -this exercise, bycause it is both the first in rancke, and the best -meane to make good pronouncing of any thing, in any auditorie, and -therfore an exercise not impertinent to scholers. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[4] Libro. 1. Χρονίων, cap. 5. de furore. - -[5] Lib. 6, cap. 8. De sanit. tuen. - - - - -CHAPTER 11. - -OF LOUDE SINGING, AND IN WHAT DEGREE IT COMMETH TO BE ONE OF THE -EXERCISES. - - -It were to much to wishe, that _Musick_ were the most healthy exercise, -as it is the most pleasaunt profession, bycause either to much delite -would drowne men in it alone, or to much cloying would cause it be -quite contemned. Wherfore as it may not diminish other of their due, by -occupying to much roome, so by change after other, and distance in it -selfe, it continueth in her owne credit. For both varietie refresheth, -and distance reneweth, where still the same dulles, and continuance -wearies. As Musick is compounde of number, melodie, and harmonie, it -hath nothing to do with _gymnastick_ and _exercise_, but serueth in -that sense either for delite and pleasure, and exerciseth desire: or -in some respectes concerneth the manering and training vp of youth -in matter of knowledge, as I said before. Whervnto I was induced not -onely by argument, and nature of the thing, but by great authorities -of _Plato_,[6] and _Philo_, of _Aristotle_,[7] and _Galene_,[8] and -whom not? out of all antiquitie, which both allow of the thing in -nature, and admit it in pollicie, into the best common weales, as a -great worker of much good. But for as much as _singing_ vseth the -voice for her meane, and the voice instrumentes for her vtteraunce, -and medleth with all sortes, and degrees in sounde base, meane, and -triple, which in deliuerie do labour, and trauell the pipes, it is -receiued among exercises of health, though it be not so forcible, -nor can pearce so farre, as loude speaking doth, which doth not much -care for any fine concent, so it vtter strongly, and straine within -compasse: wheras Musick to the contrary standes not much vpon straining -or fullnesse of the voice, so it be delicate and fine in concent. And -yet in _Aristotles_[9] opinion, it both exerciseth, and preserueth the -naturall strength bycause it standeth vpon an ordinate, and degreed -motion of the voice. We finde in our owne experience, that it sturreth -the voice, spreadeth the instrumentes therof, and craueth a cleare -passage, as it also lightneth the laborer, and encreaseth his courage, -in carying of burdens. It was vsed in the olde time Physicklike, to -stay mourning and greife, for the losse of deare freindes, or desired -thinges. In curing diseases, which rise vpon some distemperature of the -minde, the temperature of time iudicially applyed, hath bene found both -a straunge and a strong remedie. Alwaye prouided, that whether ye say -loud, or sing loud, ye neither say to long, nor sing to much, for feare -of a worse turne, if any entraill teare, with to much straining, as -some times hath proued to true, for the afflicted partie. But to make -an ende of _Musick_ at this time, though it be neither so strong, nor -so stirring an exercise, yet it hath made a great purchace, that it is -allowed for one, and therby esteemed a double principle, of more value, -where her force is more, in matters of the minde, of very good worth, -though of much lesse worke in the health of the bodie. Which seeing it -is an exercise within dore, it gaineth with the place a good footing -to grow fairer: for whether ye allow it for a cunning exercise, or an -exercised cunning, it exerciseth cunning, and encreaseth by exercise. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[6] Pla. 2, 3, 4, de Repub. Phil. περὶ τῆς εἰς τὰ προπαιδεὺματα συνόδου. - -[7] Aristot. 8, polit. - -[8] Galen. 1. De sanit. tuen. - -[9] 19 part. probl. 38. - - - - -CHAPTER 12. - -OF LOUDE AND SOFT READING. - - -Reading is a thing so familiarly knowne, as there needeth no great -proofe, that it exerciseth the voice, and therwith all the health, -wherof the Physicians admit two kindes, into the raunge of exercises, -which be furtherers to health. The one quicke, cleare, and straining, -the other quiet, caulme, and staing. The cleare and straining kinde -of _reading_, bycause it stirreth the breath, not sleightly nor -superficially, but sheweth what it can do, in the verie fountaine -and depth of all the entrailles, it encreaseth the naturall health, -maketh the blood suttle and fine, purgeth all the veines, openeth all -the arteries, suffereth not superfluous humours to thicken, neither to -congeale and freese to a dreggie residence within any of those places, -which do either receiue and lodge, or distribute and dispose, the meat -and nurriture. Whervpon _Cornelius Celsus_[10] an eloquent Romain -Physician accounteth it one of the finest and fairest exercises. To -proue that it is holesome for the head, what more credible witnesses -neede we, then _Cœlius Aurelianus_[11] a diligent Physician, and -_Annæus Seneca_[12] a deepe Philosopher? _Cœlius_ holdeth this kinde -of _reading_ to be verie soueraine not onely in headaches, but also in -frensies and troubled mindes. _Seneca_ vsed it to stay the rewme, and -distillation from the head, which troubled him sore, as a man being -both of eager conceit, and earnest studie, where by the waye, _Cœlius_ -giueth this note, whether ye meane to reskew the patient, from the -headache, or the frantike from madnesse, by this exercise of _reading_, -that the matter which is read, be pleasaunt and plaine, and nothing -hard to vnderstand, to cause the witte to muse. For that such obiectes -do no lesse trouble the weake braine, then sore shaking or hard iogging -doth the wearied body. Moreouer cleare _reading_ and loude, doth -refreshe not onely the inward partes of the breast, but the stomack -also: and comforteth it in feeblenesse, bycause therby phelgmatike -excrementes, are without paine both thinned and consumed: whervpon it -is held to be verie holesome, to mend a feeble voice, to helpe the -colicke, occasioned by cold humours, and to check some consumptions. -And to that ende the young _Plinie_ writeth, that his vncle did vse -it. When I haue said that it is also good for the drie cowghe, I -neede not say any more good of it here. _Auicen_[13] the Arabian and -princely Physician speaking herof, sayth that in the beginning, this -_reading_ must be soft and caulme, then mount by degrees, and when the -voice seemeth to be in his strength, growing, and long, that then it -is hie time, to staie for that time, nor to straine till ye sticke, -but to leaue with some list, and abilitie to do more. The quiet and -staid kinde of _reading_, sauing that the working is weaker, doth the -best that it can, about all this that is said: and in one pointe it -hath obtained a prerogatiue aboue the loude, that it is admitted and -allowed streight after meat, when the other is licensed and allowed -to depart. The maister may so vse these two exercises of _reading_ -and _speaking_ as besides the health of the bodie, whervnto they are -deputed, they may proue excellent and great deliuerers of cunning, -and well beseeme the schoole: as to much in either doth trouble the -scholer to much, which yet boyes would defend, by the countenaunce of a -commended exercise, were it not, that in boyes exercises, I do require -the maisters presence, who will refourme that exercise against their -will to his owne discretion. Thus much concerning this exercise, wherby -the training maister may perceiue, both what the learned haue thought -of it, and how much the learners are like to gaine by it. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[10] Lib. 1. c. 2. - -[11] Libro 1. Χρονίων, cap. 1. - -[12] Lib. 11. Epist. 97. - -[13] Lib. de remed. - - - - -CHAPTER 13. - -OF MUCH TALKING AND SILENCE. - - -Talking in Latin _Sermo_, as it is accounted an exercise for succouring -some partes, so both for eagernesse, and heat, in the nature of -speeche, though not of passion, it comes farre behinde others, and is -therfore regestred among the meane, and weake exercises. It is thought -verie fit for such, as be drousely giuen: which haue their senses -daunted, either thorough dreaming melancholie, or dulling phleame. For -such kinde of people by talking be cleared, their mindes awaked, their -senses freed from the burden of their bodies. That _talking_ spendes -phleame there is no plainer proofe, then that they which talke much -spit stil, which as it commeth partly from the head, partly from the -stomacke, partly from the chest: so it declareth, that those partes -delite in speeche, and receiue comfort from speeche, which makes roome -for health, where reume kept residence. But as in these cases, it is -counted healthfull: so hath it a force to fill the head, with somwhat -more then dinne, and to make it dumpishe. And therefore in aches, and -distemperatures of the head, clattering is commended to the cloakbag -by Physick. It is also a poyson to the pained eyes: ill for them that -voide blood either at the nose or from the bulke. Whervpon in any -such bleading silence is enioyned. And as silence is a meane both to -stay bleading, and to slake thirst, so talking dryes the toungue and -prouockes thirst, openeth the passage, and promoteth bleading. In -so much as _Pline_[14] writeth, that one _Mecenas Messius_, a noble -Romain, betooke him selfe to voluntarie silence, the space of three -yeares, to staie the casting of blood, which he fell into by reason of -some straine. To be short, as silence remedyeth the cough and hikup: so -talking pulleth downe, and paines the patient, when agues grow vpward, -and be in the encrease. Herevpon I conclude, that talking hath great -meane either to make or marre, not onely for the subiect, wheron the -toungue walketh, but also for the obiect, wherin health resteth. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[14] Lib. 27, cap. 6. - - - - -CHAPTER 14. - -OF LAUGHING, AND WEEPING. AND WHETHER CHILDREN BE TO BE FORCED TOWARD -VERTUE AND LEARNING. - - -If _laughing_ had no more wherfore to be enrouled in the catalogue of -exercises, then _weeping_ hath, they might both be crossed out. And -yet as they be passions, that tende in some pointes, to the purging of -some partes, so some may thinke it, a verie strange conceit, to laugh -for exercise, or to weepe for wantonnesse. For as laugh one may, with -an hartie good will, so weepe none can, but against their wil, to whom -it is allotted in the nature of an exercise, and not quite questuarie, -as to those wailing women, which wepte for the deade, whom they knew -not aliue. There be manie and very easie, and much desired meanes, to -make one laugh though they haue small cause, and lesse deuotion to be -mery at all, but to make one weepe, is stil againe the haire. For ill -newes or matter to weepe for, neither children, nor olde folkes, will -thanke you at all. If you meane to make them weepe for ioye, or crye -for kindenesse, that is an other matter. If the maister should beate -his boye, and bring no cause why, but that he sought to haue him weepe, -so to exercise him to health, and to ridde him of some humours, which -made him to moist, the boye would beshrew him, and thinke his maister -beate him so, to exercise himselfe, though at the verie conceit of his -maisters mad reason, he might brust out in _laughing_ streight after -his stripes, and so become a patrone to the contrary exercise: a great -deale more gracious and more desired in nature, whose enemie greife -is, and _weeping_ also: as a plaine argument of an vnpleasaunt guest. -Howbeit seing they be both set downe, by the name of pettie, and pretie -exercises, let them haue that is giuen them, seeing they are thought to -stirre, and cleare some partes: _laughing_ more and better: _weeping_ -lesse and worse. And therfore the more children laugh for exercise, the -more light some they be, the more they weepe if it be not in ieast, -so much the worse in very good earnest. For I can hardly beleue that -much _laughter_ can auoide a foole, if it be not for exercise, which is -also somwhat rare: or that but a foole can weepe for exercise, which -deserues the bat, to make him weepe in earnest. - -But for _laughing_ in the nature of an exercise and that healthful, -can there be any better argument, to proue that it warmeth, then the -rednesse of the face, and flush of highe colour, when one laugheth -from the hart, and smiles not from the teethe? or that it stirreth -the hart, and the adiacent partes, then the tickling and panting of -those partes themselues? which both beare witnesse, that there is some -quicke heat, that so moueth the blood. Therfore it must needs be good -for them to vse _laughing_, which haue cold heades, and cold chestes, -which are troubled with melancholie, which are light headed by reason -of some cold distemperature of the braine, which thorough sadnesse, and -sorrow, are subiecte to agues, which haue new dined, or supped: which -are troubled with the head ache: for that a cold distemperature being -the occasion of the infirmitie, _laughing_ must needes helpe them, -which moueth much aire in the breast, and sendeth the warmer spirites -outward. This kinde of helpe wil be of much more efficacie, if the -parties which desire it, can suffer themselues to be tickled vnder the -armepittes, for in those partes there is great store of small veines, -and litle arteries, which being tickled so, become warme themselues, -and from thence disperse heat thorough out the whole bodie. But as -moderate _laughing_ is holesome, and maketh no too great chaunge, so to -much is daungerous, and altereth to sore. For besides the immoderate -powring, and pressing out of the spirites: besides to much mouing and -heating, it oftimes causeth extreame resolution and faintnesse, bycause -the vitall strength and naturall heat driue to much outward. Whervpon -they that laugh do sweat so sore, and haue so great a colour, by the -ascending of the blood. And as the naturall heat, and fire it selfe do -still couet vpward, as to their naturall place, so must it needes be, -that the lower roomes lie open, and emptie in their absence, wherby -whether soeuer motion be marred, the naturall heat dyeth, and the -vitall force faileth. Besides this, no man wil denie, but that this -kinde of _laughing_, doth both much offende the head, and the bulke, as -oftimes therewith both the papbones be loosed, and the backe it selfe -perished. Nay what say ye to them that haue dyed _laughing_? where -gladnesse of the minde to much enforcing the bodie, hath bereft it of -life. - -[Sidenote: Weeping.] - -For _weeping_ in the nature of an exercise, there is not much to be -said, but that it is accompanied with crying, sobbing groning and -teares, wherby the head, and other partes are rid of some needlesse -humour: though the disquieting do much more harme, then the purging can -do good, and the humour were a great deale better auoided some other -waye. Wherof some children seeme to be exceeding full, when feare of -beating makes them straine their pipes. _Aristotle_ must beare both -most blame for this exercise, if it displease any, and most praise, -if it profit any, who in the last chapter[15] of the seuenth booke of -his politikes writeth thus of it, and for it. That they do not well -which take order, that children straine not themselues, with crying -and weeping, bycause that is a meane to their growing, in the nature -of an exercise. And that as holding the breath doth make one stronger -to labour: so crying and weeping in children, do worke the same or -the like effectes. And yet me thinke it should be no exercise, by the -verie definition. For if it were vehement, yet is it not voluntarie, -and though it did alter the breath, yet it bettereth not the bodie, -howsoeuer it serue the soule. - -But seeing the _gymnastikes_ haue it, let vs lend it them for their -pleasure, though we like it not for our owne. It is generally banished -by all Physicians as being the mother to manie infirmities, both in -the eyes and other partes: neither if it could be auoided in schooles -were it worthy the looking on: being the heauy signe of torture and -trouble. And though it somtime ease the greiued minde to shedde a few -teares, as some for extreme anguish cannot let fall one, yet children -would be lesse greiued if they might shedde none, as some hold it a -signe of a verie shrewd boye, when he deserues stripes, not to shew -one trikle. Some Physicians thinke by waye of a conserue to the minde, -that it ought to be vsed in schooles sometimes, though not voluntarie, -yet in forme of an exercise to warme shrewd boyes, and to expell the -contagious humours of negligence, and wantonnesse, the two springes of -many streaming euilles: as playing would be daily, at some certaine -houres, then to vse these exercises, when bookes be out of season. - -The greatest patron of weeping that I finde, leauing _Heraclitus_ to -his contemplation of miseries, is a soure centurion in _Xenophon_,[16] -which sat at the table with _Cyrus_ in his pauilion. He commendeth -weeping, wherto he had no great deuotion, to discountenaunce _laughing_ -which he saw allowed, and his reason is: bycause _awe_, _feare_, -_correction_, _punishements_, which commonly haue _weeping_, either -companion, or consequent, be vsed in pollicy, to kepe good orders -in state, and good manners in stay, wheras _laughing_ is neuer, but -vpon some foolish ground. And yet both _laughing_ for exercise may be -for a good obiecte, and occasion to make laughter, may well deserue -praise, when the minde being wearied either about great affaires that -are alreadie past, or about preuenting of some anquish which is to -ensue, doth call _laughing_ to helpe, to ease the one, and to auert -the other. And this kinde of _weeping_, which the soldiar settes out -so, concerneth no exercise, though it commonly follow all vnpleasaunt -exercises, where the partie had rather be idle with pleasure, then so -occupyed to his paine: but it tendeth to the impression, or continuing -of vertue in the minde: which should be so much the worse, bycause that -waye it seemeth vnwilling, where feare is the forcer, and not free -will. Which free will is the principall standard to know vertue by, -which is voluntary, and not violent: as it is not the beast meane, to -bring boyes neither to learning, nor to vertue. - -_Socrates_ in _Plato_[17] thinketh, that an absolute witte in the -best sorted kinde, and aboue all common sorte, for ciuill societie, -ought not to be forced, as in deede what needes he, being such a -paragon? and that free will in such a one so sifted is the right receit -of voluntarie traine. But we neither haue such common weales, as -_Socrates_ sets forth, nor such people to plant in them, as _Socrates_ -had, which he made with a wishe: nor any but subiecte to great -infirmities, though some more, some lesse, by corruption in nature, -which runneth headlong to vnhappinesse, and needeth no beating for not -being nought. And therfore we must content our selues with that which -we haue, and in our countrey which is not so absolute, in our children -which be no _Socraticall_ saintes, in our learning which will not -proue voluntarie, if the child playe voluntarie we must vse correction -and awe, though more in some, then some, bycause in illnesse there be -steps, as in excellencie oddes. Wherof there is no better argument then -that which this verie place offereth, not for the soldiars saying, -which so commendeth awe, bycause his authoritie is to campishe, though -he that brought him in, and platted the best prince were himselfe no -foole: but for mine owne collection. For if one neede not to beat -children to haue them do ill, whervnto they are prone, we must needes -then beat them for not doing wel, where nature is corrupt. Onelesse we -meete with one, that will runne as swift vphill against nature, to do -that which is good, as we all runne downe bancke, with the swinge of -nature, to do that which is ill. Which when I finde, I will honour him, -as I do none, though I do oft beare with some, in whome there appeareth -but some shew of such a one. If vnder doing well, ye comprehend not -learning, ye must needes comprise vertue, and make her meane violence, -against all both heauenly _Diuinitie_, and earthly _Philosophie_, with -whom all vertues be voluntarie, when reason is in ruffe: but not in -children euen for compassing of the best effectes, whom custome and -traine must now and then force foreward, to be ready for reason, when -she maketh her entrie, which requireth some yeares. For howsoeuer -_religion_, _wisdome_, _duetie_, and reasonable _consideration_ do -worke in riper age, sure if awe be absent, in the younger yeares, it -will not be well. And who can tell, what euen he that vnder lawe is -most obsequious and ciuill, would of him selfe proue, if lawe, which -emportes awe, would leaue him at libertie? - -FOOTNOTES: - -[15] 7 Polit. cap. vlt. - -[16] Lib. 2 παιδ. - -[17] 7 De Rep. - - - - -CHAPTER 15. - -OF HOLDING THE BREATH. - - -Though all men can tell, what a singular benefit breathing is, -whervnder the vse of our life is comprehended: yet they can best tell, -which haue it most at commaundement. For as they liue with others, in -societie of common dealinges, so they can execute any thing by the -bodie, farre better then others, whether it be politike in the towne, -or warlike in the fielde. And all exercises haue this ende, most -peculiar and proper, by helping the naturall heat, to digest the good -nurriture, and to auoide the offall, thorough out the whole bodie. -Which what is it els, but to set the breathing at most libertie, being -best discharged of impediment and let? And as the libertie of breathing -maketh the soldiar to abide in fight long, the runner to continue his -race long, the daunser to endure his labour long, and so forth in the -rest, which must either haue breath at their will, or els shrinke in -the midest: so the restraint and binding of the breath, euen where it -is most at will, (for else it could not abide the restraint,) hath his -commoditie, by waye of exercise to assist our health. - -Now in breathing there be three thinges to be considered, the taking -in, the letting out, and the holding in of the breath, wherof euerie -one hath his priuate office to great effect, in the vpholding of -health, and maintaining of life. For when we take in our breath, by -the working of the lungues thorough such passages, as be appointed for -the vse of breathing, we conueigh and fetch in aire into the roomy and -large places of the bulke, to coole the harte and fine the spirites. -When we let out our breath by those same passages, by which we tooke -it in, we discharge the hart of a certaine smoky substance engendred -in it, which is conueyed thence, thorough the same hollow, and roomie -places of the bulke. When we hold and kepe in our breath which is -of iudgement, and not of such neede as the other two, and done vpon -cause to helpe nature therby: we must neither fetch aire inward, nor -sende those smokie excrementes outwarde, bycause the belly and breast -muscles and such fleshy partes as be about the ribbes being violently -and vehemently strained and stretched, do for the time as it were mure -vp, and stop the passage. This keeping in of the breath, by reason -of the straine offered to those partes, and heating of the bowells, -is therfore heeld for one of the vehement exercises, as it is also -a postparatiue, called before apotherapeutike, bycause after maine -stirringes it helpeth to expell those residences, which lynger within -the bodie as being lothe to depart: and furthereth those, that are -in good waye, and make hast to be gone. They that vsed this exercise -by waye of traine to health, did it in two sortes: for either they -strayted onely those muskles, which appertaine to the breast and bulke, -and let those be at libertie which belong to the midrife and belly, -that the excrementes might haue the readier waye downward, being once -forced on: or they strayned both all the partes, and all their muscles -at one time, that the bowelles also which are beneth the midrife might -enioye the benefit of the exercise, and be as ready to discharge, as -the other to driue downe. But for the better and more daungerlesse -performing therof, they were wont to swadle the chest, the ribbes, -and the belly. Bycause the holding of ones breath vnaduisedly and -with to much strayning causeth ruptures and diuers other infirmities -in the interiour vesseles of the bodie. Their meaning was hereby, -sometime to strengthen the inward and naturall heat being encreased -by exercise: sometime to helpe the breathing partes: sometime to -discharge the breast and bellie of needlesse burden. For the breath -being so violently strayted, when it findeth issue forceth his owne -passage, and caryeth with him some finish and thinne excrement, either -driuing it before, if it lye in his waye, or drawing it with him, -if he catch it by the waye. Being of it selfe such a strainer, and -expeller, it is good for to open the pipes, to fine the skinne, to -driue out moysture from vnder the skinne: to warme, to strengthen and -to scoure the spirituall and breathing partes, to make the places of -receit more roomy, to encrease strength in labour, to helpe the eare -in listening, to remoue coldnes or inflations from the entrailles, to -stay the hikup and the cowgh: which commeth of some cold distemperature -in the windepipes, to remedie the colick, the weaknesse of stomacke, -the want or difficultie of breath. So that all those ought to esteeme -of it, which haue their breathing and spirituall partes either cold -or weake, or cloyed with excrementes, or whose bodies can either with -much adoe or with none at all expell and ridde superfluous humours, -or that be cumbred with much gaping and yawning, with resolution or -weaknesse of the tongue, or any vocalle instrument. If it were to be -perceiued by no waye els, verie children let vs see, that holding of -the breath doth stirre and strengthen that power in vs, wherwith we -expell superfluities. For let them staye their breath either laughing -long, or weeping fiercely, or vpon some such other occasion, and they -will either presently or verie shortly after, disburden themselues -one waie or other, by ordure, vrine, or some other matter at the nose -and eares. Now as this exercise is healthful to manie in good order: -so contrariewise to some in disorder it is verie daungerous, bycause -oftimes while the breath is to forcibly stopt, the arteries in the -iawes, and baulles of the eyes swell so, as they will never come in -temper againe. It filleth the head also with a grosse and stuffing -humour, as maie easely be seene by the swelling of the vaines and -arteries in the neck, by the puffing about the eyes, by the rednesse -of the face, and by the strutting of the whole head, all which be -manifest signes of repletion. It is daungerous for those which be -subiect to the falling sicknesse, bycause it encreaseth the disease -by that recourse, which the blood hath vp into the head: as also to -them which spit or cast vp blood, for that both the sound and whole -inward vesseles do burst with stretching, if they be but weake: or -being broken once before, and healed againe, they will then breake -out againe, by reason of heat which is encreased in the hollow of the -breast, and the ouerstraining of the said vesselles withall. Moreouer -such as from their birth haue small entraulles and thinne, or the rim -of their bellie tender and weake: or that be troubled with renting and -ruptures must in no case minde this exercise, bycause it straineth -those partes to sore, and lightly teareth them, as it proueth oftimes -to pitifull true in young children, which by holding their breath to -long, either weeping or otherwise, oftimes breake either the rim of -their belly, or the call of their cods, wherby the bowelles and guttes -falling downward, they become miserably tormented with incurable -ruptures and burstinges: If trumpetters, and those that play vpon winde -instruments were asked the question, whether they feele not the effect -herof somtime, they would shake the head, and so sooth the demaunde, -though they said no more. They do write of _Milo_[18] the _Crotoniate_, -a great champion in those achleticall exercises, that he vsed to binde -his forehead, his breast, and his ribbes with verie strong tapes, -and would neuer let his breath goe, till the vaines were swelled so -full, as they burst the tapes. But this fellow had no fellow in any -of those pastimes. It was he that bare the bull vpon his shoulder in -the _Olympian_ assemblie by vsing to cary him of a litle young calfe. -So great thinges be easely compassed, if they be set in hand with, -when they be but litle, or medled with, by litle and litle. The best -waye to auoide perill in this exercise is to beginne gently, and so to -grow on by degrees, and to leaue be times before extremitie bidde hoe, -and while ye be yet able to do more, neither to force nature to the -furthest. - -FOOTNOTES - -[18] Hier. Mercu. lib. 3, cap. 6. - - - - -CHAPTER 16. - -OF DAUNSING, WHY IT IS BLAMED, AND HOW DELIUERED FROM BLAME. - - -Daunsing of it selfe declareth mine allowance, in that I name it among -the good and healthfull exercises: which I must needes cleare from some -offensiue notes, wherwith it is charged by some sterne people: least -if I do not so, it both continue it selfe in blame still, and draw me -thither also with it, for allowing of a thing, that is disliked, and -by me not deliuered from iust cause of misliking, which by my choice -do seeme to defend it. And yet I meane not here to rippe vp, what -reading hath taught me of it, though it seeme to haue serued for great -vses in olde time, both athleticall for spectacle and shew: militare -for armour and enemie: and Physicall for health and welfare: so many -and so notable writers, make so much and so oftimes mention therof in -all these three kindes. Some dedicate whole volumes to this argument -onely, some enterlace their brauest discourses with the particularities -therof, and those no meane ones. And in deede a man, that neuer red -much, and doth but marke the thing cursorily, would scant beleue, -that it were either of such antiquitie, or of such account, or so -generally entreated of by learned men, all those their writinges stil -sounding to the praise and aduancement therof: howsoeuer in our dayes -either we embase it in opinion: or it selfe hath giuen cause of iust -embasement, by some peoples misvse. Many sortes of it I do reade of, -but most discontinued, or rather quite decayed, that onely is reserued, -which beareth oftimes blame, machance being corrupted by the kinde of -_Musick_, as the olde complaint was: machance bycause it is vsed but -for pleasure and delite onely, and beareth no pretense or stile of -exercise, directly tending to health, which is our peoples moane now in -our dayes. For where honest and profitable reasons be not in the first -front, to commend a thing, but onely pleasaunt and deliteful causes, -which content not precise surueiours, there groweth misliking, the -partie that exerciseth, not pretending the best, which is in the thing, -and the partie that accuseth, marking nothing else but that, which -maye moue offence. The sad and sober commodities, which be reaped -by _daunsing_ in respect of the motion applyed to health be these, -by heating and warming, it driueth awaie stifnes from the ioyntes, -and some palsilike trembling from the legges and thighes, whom it -stirreth most, it is a present remedie to succour the stomacke against -weaknesse of digestion, and rawnesse of humours: it so strengtheneth -and confirmeth aching hippes thinne shankes, feeble feete, as nothing -more: in deliuering the kidneys or bladder from the stone, it is beyond -comparison good: but now such as haue weake braines, swimming heades, -weeping eyes, simple and sory sight, must take heede of it, and haue -an eye to their health, for feare they be disie when they daunce, and -trip in their turning, or rather shrinke downe right when they should -cinquopasse. Such as haue weake kidneys and ouerheated, may displease -them selues, if it please then [them] to daunce, and encrease their -diseases, by encreasing their heat. - -[Sidenote: The blame that daunsing beareth.] - -The _daunsing_ in armour, called by the Greekes πυῤῥιχὴ, as it is of -more motion in exercise, so it worketh more nimblenesse in executing, -when ye deale in the field with your enemies. These be the frutes which -are reaped by _daunsing_ well and orderly vsed, for the benefit of -health, and the contrary displeasures, which are caught by it, thorough -inconsiderate applying of it, by the partie which is not made for it. -The blames which it beareth be these. That it reuelleth out of time, -wherewith Physick is offended: That it serueth delite to much, whereat -good manners repine. For these two faultes there is but one generall -aunswere: that daunsing is healthfull, though the daunsers vse it not -healthfully, as other things of greater countenaunce be verie good, -though the professours do not so, as their professions do enioine them. -For the first in particular, the rule of health condemnes not daunsing, -but the mistyming of it: that it is vsed after meat, when rest is most -holesome: with full stomacke, when digestion should haue all the helpe -of naturall heat: that to please the beholders, such as vse daunsing -do displease them selues. And sure if _daunsing_ be an exercise, as -both all antiquitie doth commend it for, and I my selfe do allow of -it by that name: it would by rule of Physick go before meat, and not -be vsed but long after, as a preparatiue against a new meale: and a -disburdener of superfluities, against a surcharge of new diet: Howbeit -there be in it some more violent measures then some: and in beginning -with the most staydest and most almanlike, and so marching on, till the -springing galliard and quicker measures take place, choice in euerie -one, vpon knowledge of his owne bodie, and his emptinesse or saturitie -maye helpe health, though the custome of eche countrey commaunde not -onely health, though to her harme, but euen the verie science which -professeth the preseruation of health, if desire egge delite, to shew -it selfe in place. Wherevpon the second blame of _daunsing_, doth -especially builde, and take her hold. - -To keepe thinges in order, there is in the soule of man but one, -though a verie honorable meane, which is the direction of reason: to -bring things out of order there be two, the one strongheaded, which -is the commaundement of courage, the other many headed, which is the -enticement of desires. Now _daunsing_ hath properties to serue eche of -these, _exercise_ for health, which _reason_ ratifieth, _armour_ for -agilitie, which _courage_ commendeth, _liking_ for allowance, which -_desire_ doth delite in. But bycause it yeildeth most to delite, and -in most varietie of pleasures, desire ministreth most matter to blame, -_daunsing_ by pleasing desire to much, hath pleased reason to litle, -and when reason obiecteth inconueniences, it turneth the deafe side, -and followeth her owne swinge. For when the tailour hath braued, where -nature hath beawtified: when amiablenesse of person hath procured -agilitie by cunning, what gallant youthes in whom there is any courage, -can abide not to come to shew, hauing such qualities so worthy the -beholding? here will courage shew her selfe, though repentance be -her port, here will desire throng in prease, though it praise not in -parting. All this doth confesse that _daunsing_ is become seruant to -desire, though not _daunsing_ alone: and yet companions in blame be -no dischargers of fault. What then? for the generall, seing thinges -which man vseth, cannot be quite free from misuse, it is halfe a -vertue to winne so much, as there be as litle misuse, as may be: and -to charge the partie that deserues blame, with hinderance of health, -with corruption of manners, with ill losse of good time: which if he -care not for, the precept may passe, though he passe not for it. But -howsoeuer _daunsing_ be or be thought to be, seing it is held for an -exercise, we must thinke there is some great good in it, though we -protecte not the ill, if any come by it. Which good we must seeke to -get, and praie those maisters, which fashion it with _order_ in time, -with _reason_ in gesture, with _proportion_ in number, with _harmonie_ -in _Musick_, to appoint it so, as it may be thought both seemely and -sober, and so best beseeme such persons, as professe sobrietie: and -that with all, it may be so full of nimblenesse and actiuitie, as -it may proue an exercise of health, being vsed in wholesome times, -and not seeking to supplant rest, as the rule of health at this daie -complaineth. And generally of all ages, me thinke it beseemeth children -best, to enable, and nimble their iointes therby, and to stay their -ouermuch deliting therin in further yeares. The very definition of -it declareth, what it was then, when it was right, and what it is -now, when it seemes to be wronge, if right in such thinges be not -creature to vse, and maye change with time, without challenge for the -change. They define _daunsing_ to be a certaine cunning to resemble -the manners, affections, and doinges of men and women, by motions and -gestures of the bodie, artificially deuised in number and proportion. -This was to them a kinde of deliuerie, to vtter their mindes, by -signes and resemblances, of that which came nearest to the thing, and -was most intelligible to the lookers on. But now with vs, there is -nothing left to the dauncer ordinarily, but the bare motion, without -that kinde of hand cunning (for so I terme their χειρονομία) bycause -the skill seemed then to rest most in the vse of the vpper partes, and -gesturing by the hand. The credit of our _daunsing_ now is to represent -the Musick right, and to cause the bodye in his kinde of action to -resemble and counterfet that liuely, which the instrument in his kinde -of composition deliuereth delicately: and with such a grace to vse the -legges and feete, as the olde daunsers vsed their armes and handes. And -as in the olde time both men, wymen and children did vse _daunsing_ to -helpe and preserue their health, to purchace good hauiour and bearing -of their bodies: so in these our dayes, being vsed in time, by order, -and with measure, it will worke the same effectes of health, hauiour -and strength, and may well auoide the opinion of either lewdnesse, or -lightnesse. Thus much for _daunsing_, as the motion is for health, and -the meaning for good. - - - - -CHAPTER 17. - -OF WRASTLING. - - -For wrastling as it is olde and was accounted cunning sometimes, so -now both by Physicians in arte, and by our countreymen in vse, it -seemeth not to be much set by, being contemned by the most, and cared -for but by the meanest. Yet the auncient _Palestra_ a terme knowen to -the learned, and ioined with letters, and Musick, to proue the good -bringing vp of youth as a most certaine argument of abilitie well -qualified, fetcht that name of the Greeke πάλη, which we in English -terme wrastling, and was alwaye of good note, as wrastling it selfe in -games gat victories, in warre tried forces, in health helpt hauiour, -in the bodye wrought strength, and made it better breathed. _Clemens -Alexandrinus_[19] which liued at _Rome_ in _Galenes_ time in the -third booke of his Pædagogue, or training maister, in the title of -exercise, reiecting most kindes of wrastling yet reserueth one, as -verie well beseeming a ciuill trained man, whom both seemelinesse for -grace, and profitablenesse for good health, do seeme to recommende. -Then an exercise it is, and healthfully it may be vsed: if discretion -ouerlooke it, our countrey will allow it. Let vs therefore vse it so, -as _Clement_ of _Alexandria_ commendes it for, and make choice in our -market. Wherfore not to deale with the catching pancraticall kinde -of wrastling, which vsed all kindes of hould, to cast and ouercome -his aduersarie, nor any other of that sort, which continuance hath -reiected, and custome refused, I haue picked out two, which be both -ciuill for vse, and in the vsing vpright without any great stouping, -the one more vehement, the other more remisse. The vehement vpright -wrastling chafeth the outward partes of the bodie most, it warmeth, -strengthneth, and encreaseth the fleshe, though it thinne and drie -withall. It taketh awaie fatnesse, puffes, and swellinges: it makes the -breath firme and strong, the bodie sound and brawnie, it tightes the -sinews, and backes all the naturall operations. If they that wrastle do -breath betwene whiles, it prouoketh sweat, bycause the humours, which -were gathered together by rest, are egde out by exercise. If they go -on still without intermission, it dryeth vp the bodie in such sort as -the sonne doth. It is good for the head ache, it sharpneth the senses, -it is enemie to melancholie, it whetteth the stomacke being troubled -with any cold distemperature. And bycause the attemptes to get vantage -in wrastling be very eager and earnest wherwith the whole bodie is -warmed and set in a heat, it must of force be good for the bellie, -being anoyed and cumbred with any kinde of cold. Now contrarie it is -daungerous to be delt with in agues, as to vehement and conspiring with -the quiuerer, in naturall moysture as to filling, where it spreadeth. -For the necke and iawes perillous whom it harmes by rowgh handling, and -strangleth by much ouerstraining. For the breast and bulke not of the -best, as either bursting some conduit, or stopping some windcourse. -Weake kidneis, and wearie loynes may be but lookers vpon wrastlers. -They that be gawled or byled within, may neither runne nor wrastle, for -eagering the inward, being in way to amendement, or in will to proue -worse. If weake legges become wrastlers, of their owne perill be it, -for they do it without warrant. The remisse kinde of vpright wrastling, -as it is a more gentle exercise, so it breadeth much flesh, and is -therfore verie commodious for such as be vpon the recouerie after -sicknesse, as a kinde of motion, which without any danger, bringeth -strength and stowtnesse. It is freind to the head, bettereth the bulke, -and strengthened the sinewes. Thus much for wrastling, wherin as in all -other exercises, the training maister must be both cunning to iugde of -the thing: and himselfe present to preuent harme, when the exercise is -in hand. - -FOOTNOTES - -[19] παιδαγ. 3. De exercitijs. - - - - -CHAPTER 18. - -OF FENSING, OR THE VSE OF THE WEAPON. - - -The vse of the weapon is allowed for an exercise, and may stand vs at -this daie now liuing, and our posteritie in great stede, as wel as it -did those which went before vs. Who vsed it _warlike_ for valiauntnesse -in armes, and actiuitie in the field, _gamelike_ to winne garlandes and -prices, and to please the people in solemne meetinges: _Physicklike_ -to purchace therby a good hauiour of body and continuance of health. -Herof they made three kindes, one to fight against an aduersarie in -deede, an other against a stake or piller as a counterfet aduersarie, -the third against any thing in imagination, but nothing in sight, -which they called σκιομαχία, a fight against a shadow. All these were -practised either in armes, or vnarmed. The armed fensing is to vehement -for our trade, let them trie it, that entend to be warriers, which -shall finde it their freinde, if they meane to follow the fielde, -where, as in all other thinges vse worketh maisterie. But we scholers -minde peace, as our muses professe that they will not medle, nor haue -to do with _Mars_. All these sortes of fensing were vsed in the olde -time, and none of them is now to be refused, seing the same effectes -remaine, both for the health of our bodies, and the helpe of our -countries. That kinde of fensing or rather that misuse of the weapon, -which the _Romane_ swordplayers vsed, to slash one an other yea euen -till they slew, the people and princes to looking on, and deliting -in the butcherie, I must needes condemne, as an euident argument of -most cruell immanitie, and beyond all barbarous, in cold blood, to be -so bloodie. For their allegation, to harten their people against the -enemie, and not to feare woundes: no not death it selfe in the verie -deadly fight, that caryeth small countenaunce, where the _Athenian_[20] -comes in, which in cokfights and quailefightes, did so harten their -people: bycause those birdes will fight till they fall: without either -embrewing their youth with blood, or acquainting their citisens eyes -with such sanguinarie spectacles. - -A thing complained on in the time when it was vsed, euen by them -which behelde it, as _Plinie_[21] doth note: and by the _Christianes_ -which abhorred it, as _Cypriane_[22] cryeth out of it in moe places -then one. But for the credit and countenaunce of the exercise, that -was then vsed, and is now to be continued, _Plato_,[23] a man whose -authoritie is sacred among Philosophers and studentes, in his dialogue -surnamed _Laches_, where he handleth the argument of fortitude and -valiantnesse, encourageth young men to learne the vse of their weapon: -as being an exercise which needeth not to make curtsie to go with -the very best and brauest in his parish: either for trauelling or -strengthening the bodie, besides the cunning of it selfe. The profites -which health receiues by all these three kindes be these. He that -exerciseth him selfe either against an aduersarie, or against a post -or pillar as deputie to his aduersarie heateth himselfe thoroughly, -maketh way for excrementes, prouoketh sweat, abateth the abundance of -flesh, strengtheneth his armes and shoulders, exerciseth his legges -and feet marueilously. He that fighteth against a stake stirreth the -bodie, plucketh the flesh downe, and straynes the iuyce awaye, a -peculiar freind to the armes and handes: It refresheth the wearied -sense, it setleth the roming humours, it redresseth the fainting and -trembling of the sinewes, it deliuereth the breast from his ordinarie -diseases: it is good for the kidneyes: and the great gutte called -κῶλον, it furthereth such cariage as must be conueighed downward. -The same effects hath the fight against the shadow or the shadowish -nothing, but that it is a litle more valiant to light vpon somwhat then -to fight against nothing. But of all these three, the exercise against -an aduersarie is both most healthfull, and most naturall to aunswere -all assaies: and specially to canuase out a coward, that will neither -defend his freinde, nor offend his foe: the cheife frute that should -follow fensing. This is the opinion of the best writers concerning -fensing, or skill how to handle the weapon: no worse in it selfe, -though it be sometimes not worthily vsed, as it is no lesse profitable, -then hath bene said afore: though it shake and shiuer weake heades, -swimming braynes, and ill kidneys. The mo reasons any man can bring of -him selfe for any of these exercises, the more he fortifieth my choice, -which point them but out slightly. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[20] Solon apud Lucianum in Αναχάρσει. - -[21] Lib. 28, cap. 1, & lib. 36. cap. vlt. - -[22] Epist., Lib. 2. - -[23] Plato in Lachete. - - - - -CHAPTER 19. - -OF THE TOP AND SCOURGE. - - -He that will deny the Top to be an exercise, indifferently capable -of all distinctions in stirring, the verie boyes will beate him, and -scourge him to, if they light on him about lent, when Tops be in time, -as euerie exercise hath his season, both in daie and yeare, after the -constitution of bodies, and quantities in measure. Of this kinde of -Top, that we vse now a dayes, both for young and olde people, to warme -them in cold weather, I finde nothing in writing, bycause hauing no -yron ringes, nor pinnes, it can neither be the Greek κρῖκος nor τρόχος, -though the running about be bold to borrow the last name _trochus_. For -they whirled about, and along, with a marueilous great, though a pretie -noyse, and were pastimes for men euen in the midst of sommer, when our -Tops be bestowed, and laid vp against the spring. It resembleth the -Latin _Turbo_ most, and the Greeke βέμβιξ. The place of _Virgil_ in -the 7. of his _Æneis_, where he compareth _Amata_ the Queene in her -furie to this _Turbo_ which the boyes scourged about the wide haule: -declareth both what _Turbo_ is, and whose play it was, and that it best -resembleth our Top. Of βέμβιξ there was an old Greek _Epigram_, which -maketh it either the like or the same with our Top. - - Οἵδ’ ἄρ ὑπὸ σκυτάλῃσι θοὰς βέμβικας ἔχοντες, - Ἒϛρεφον ἐυρείῃ παῖδες ἐνὶ τριόδῳ. - -Which is to say, that children when they had their whirling gigges -vnder the deuotion of their scourges, caused them to troule about -the broad streates. The harme this exercise may bring must be to the -head and eyes, thorough stouping to much forward, or to the backe and -shoulders by bending to much downwardes, otherwise it warmeth the -bodie, and worketh all the effectes, which those exercises do that -either by mouing the legges or armes most, and with all the whole bodie -in degree, enlarge and stirre the naturall heat either to prouoke -appetite, or to expel superfluities. The more roome the Top hath to -spinne in, the better for the legges and feete, the bigger it is, the -better for the armes and handes. The vprighter one scourgeth, the -better for all partes, whom neither bending doth crushe, nor moysture -corrupt. It were to be wished, that it were whipt with both the handes, -in play to traine both the armes, seing vse makes the difference, and -no infirmitie in nature. As both _Plato_ wishing the same professeth -it to be most true and our experience teacheth vs, both in left handed -people, which vse but the left, and in double right handed which vse -both the handes a like, and beare the name of the right hand as the -more common in vse. But bycause the place of _Plato_ concerning the -left hande is verie pithie to this purpose though I vse not to auouch -much in the Greeke toungue, yet me thinke I maye not ouerpasse it. In -the seuenth booke of his lawes, allowing the indifferent vse of our -feete and legges, he complayneth of to much partialitie vsed towardes -the armes and handes, in these wordes, τάγε περὶ πόδας τε καὶ τὰ κάτω -τῶν μελῶν οὐδὲν διαφέροντα πρὸς τοὺς πόνους φαίνεται. Τὰ δὲ κατὰ χεῖρας -ἀνοίᾳ τροφῶν καὶ μητέρων οἷον χωλοὶ γεγόναμεν ἕκαστοι. τῆς φύσεως γὰρ -ἑκατέρων τῶν μελῶν σχεδὸν ἰσοῤῥοπούσης, αὐτοὶ διὰ τὰ ἤθη διάφορα αὐτὰ -πεποιήκαμεν οὔκ ὀρθῶς χρώμενοι, &c. For the performance of any kinde -of labour there is no difference, sayeth he, in the legges, and lower -partes. But for our armes, thorough ignoraunt nurses and mothers, we -be euery one of vs halfe lamed. For wheras naturally both the armes -be almost of equall strength, thorough our owne default we make the -difference. And so he passeth on still prouing the vnnaturall handling -of the left hande, when it is left weaker then the right hande is. - -These be the exercises which I terme within dores, bycause they may -be practised at home vnder couert, when we cannot go abroad for the -weather: though all may be vsed abroad, if the roome and the weather do -serue abroad. Wherein I take it, that I haue kept _Galenes_[24] rule in -chusing these exercises, and that they be all both pleasant, profitable -and parable, the perfect circunstances of all good and generall -exercises, not to be costly to compasse, nor vnpleasant to loth them, -nor vnprofitable to leaue them. Those that require more libertie of -roome, to raunge at will, or to forrage in the field, be these, which -I noted before, _walking_, _running_, _leaping_, _swimming_, _riding_, -_hunting_, _shooting_, and _playing at the ball_. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[24] Lib. de parua pila. - - - - -CHAPTER 20. - -OF WALKING. - - -Among those exercises which be vsed abroade, what one deserueth to be -set before walking, in the order and place of traine: what one haue -they more neede to know, which minde, the preseruation and continuaunce -of health? what one is there, which is more practised of all men, and -at all times, then walking is? I dare saye that there is none, whether -young or olde, whether man or woman, but accounteth it not onely the -most excellent exercise, but almost alone worthy to beare the name of -an exercise. When the weather suffereth, how emptie are the townes and -streates, how full be the fieldes and meadowes, of all kindes of folke? -which by flocking so abroad, protest themselues to be fauourers of that -they do, and delite in for their health. If ye consider but the vse -of our legges, how necessarie they be for the performaunce of all our -doings, _nature_ her selfe seemeth to haue appointed _walking_, as the -most naturall traine, that can be, to make them discharge their duetie -well. And sure if there be any exercise, which generally can preserue -health, which can remedie weaknesse, which can purchace good hauiour, -considering it is so generall, and neither excludeth person nor age, -certainly that is _walking_. Herevpon Physicians when they entreat -of this argument, vse alwaye to giue it, the place of preferment and -birthright in this kinde. The auncient Princes, and common weales so -highly esteemed of it, as in the places appointed for exercise, whether -within their great buildinges, or without, they seemed to minde no one -thing more: and still prouided walking roomes, to serue for all seasons -and times of the yeare, some couert and close, some vncouert and open, -some secret and hidden. The reason why they thus regarded _walking_, -was great, for as it seemeth to be, so it is in verie deede wholly -consecrate to the vse of health. - -Is it euer red that the athlets or gamesters vsed walking for an -exercise: either in sportes, or in theaters, or in the solemnising of -their sacred ceremonies, whervnto they serued? did either _Plato_[25] -handling this argument, or any good writer else saye that walking -was any waye to traine vp soldiars withall? Onely _Vegetius_[26] -sayeth in his discourse of warfare, that it were good for soldiars to -accustome themselues to walke quickly and proportionately, for their -better breathing: and _Augustus Cesar_, and _Adrian_ the Emperours, -did ordeine by constitution, that soldiars both horsemen and footemen -should monthly be led abroad to walke and that not only in the plaine -fieldes, but in all kindes of soile, to be able by that acquaintaunce -with groundes, to make difficultie at none. So that _walking_ seemeth -to be onely institute both by nature and custome for the vse of health: -and that in the traine of health, no one thing deserueth better place -than it doth: bycause no other thing besides health layth claime vnto -it. - -[Sidenote: The vse of slow walking after exercise.] - -Herof there be two kindes, the one vsed after vehement exercises, the -other, which beareth the name of the exercise itselfe. Concerning the -former of the two, I haue but thus much to saye: bycause the latter is -my peculiar subiect. That it commeth in place, when other exercises -are dismissed, and finished, after purgations ministred by counsell of -Physick, after great vomiting: that it is good to refresh the wearied -minde: to alter and bring in order the spirites: to loose that which is -strayted, to scoure the chest: to make one fetch his breath at ease: to -strengthen the instrumentes of the senses, to confirme the stomacke, -to cleare and fine the bodie: and not to suffer it after trauaile to -melt or decaie, but to purge and cleanse it: and that, which is of most -account, to dissolue and bannish awaye all affections that procure any -feeling of weariesomnes, or disturbaunce to the bodie. - -[Sidenote: The three principall kindes of walking.] - -The second kinde of _walking_ hath three sortes vnder him. Wherof the -first beareth his name of the kinde of motion, how: The second of the -place, where: The thrid of the time, when the walking is vsed. Which -three also haue particular braunches vnder eche of them, as hereafter -shall appeare. - -[Sidenote: Walking which is named after ye time of mouing.] - -_Walkinges_ which take their names of the motion now, be either swift -or slow, vehement or gentle, much or litle, moderate, or sore, long and -outright, or short and turning: now bearing vpon the whole feete, now -vpon the toes, now vpon the heeles. - -[Sidenote: Moderate walking.] - -Of all these diuersities in _walking_ the moderate is most profitable, -which alone of all, that I rekened, hath no point either of to much, or -of to litle, and yet it is both much, and strayning, which be the two -properties of an healthfull walke. It is good for the head, the eyes, -the throte, the chest, when they be out of frame: so the partie spit -not blood. For distilling from the head, for difficultie of breath, -for a moyste and pained stomacke, wherin the nurriture either groweth -bitter or corrupteth: for the iaundise, costifnesse, fleeting of the -meat in the stomacke, stopping of the vrine, ache of the hippes, and -generally for all such, as either neede to prouoke any superfluitie -from the vpper partes downward, or to send that packing, which is -already in waye to depart. Now to the contrarie it is naught for agues, -bycause it encreaseth heat, and so consequently the disease: for the -falling euill, for hauking vp of blood: and in the time when one is -making water. - -[Sidenote: Swift and quick walking.] - -Swift _walking_ doth heat sore and abateth the flesh, whervpon to ease -the colicke, and to take awaie grossenesse, it is accounted a verie -good meane. - -[Sidenote: Slow walking.] - -Slow _walking_ hath the same effectes, that the apotherapeutike hath. -And therfore it is good for sickly weake olde men, and those which -delite in, or neede walking after meate, to setle it better in the -bottome of their stomacke: or that be newly awaked from sleepe, or that -prepare themselues to some greater exercise, or that feele any ache -in any part, or that haue drie bodies. When one hath the head ache it -is good to walke first slowly, and after a while a litle faster, and -stronger, strutting out the legges. Slow _walking_ is also good against -the falling sicknesse: bycause without any shaking to the head, it -fetcheth the humours downward, where it thinneth and disperseth them, -and warmes the whole bodie, without endammaging it. Finally in quartane -agues, when the fit is past, in leprosies, for tetters, ringewormes, -cankars, and to procure easie fetching of ones breath, it is verie -soueraine. - -[Sidenote: Vehement and to sore.] - -Vehement or to sore and to eager _walking_, is best for cold folkes, -and therfore good to driue away trembling or quaking, it encreaseth -puffing and blowing, and yet dissolueth, and disperseth winde. But -it is ill for weake heades and feete, and such as are indaunger of -the gout. For both the gout and the hippe ache do oftimes come of to -much and to sore walking. As to the contrarie gentle walking vpon soft -straw, or grasse, or vpon euen ground is good for any gout or inward -exulceration, before meat, but not after. For wearinesse is their -principall enemie: which heateth and enflameth their iointes to sore: -and thereby causeth them to draw stil more matter from the partes -further of, to feede their continuall fluxe. - -[Sidenote: Much and oft.] - -Much and oft _walking_ is good for them that haue a distempered bulk -or head: that perceiue small nurriture in their lower partes, that in -their exercises neede more vehement stirring. - -[Sidenote: Litle and seldome.} - -Litle _walking_ is good for them, that vse no bathing or washing after -exercise, which must needes walke after meate, to send it downe, to the -bottom of their stomacke, and for those which finde some heauinesse in -their bodies. - -[Sidenote: Long and outright.] - -Long and outright _walking_ is nothing so troublesome as the short, -that maketh many turnes. It is good for the head, and yet it sucketh vp -humours, and dryeth to fast. - -[Sidenote: Long and quicke.] - -Long and quicke _walking_ is goode to staye the hikup or yeaxing. - -Short and soone _turning_ wearyeth sooner: and troubleth the head sorer. - -Circular or _walking_ round about maketh one disie, and hurteth the -eyes. - -In _walking_ to strout the legges, and beare vpon the heeles, is verie -good for an ill head, a moyst bulke, a strayned bellie, and for such of -the lower partes, as prosper not, yea, though the partie feede well: -and generally for all those, in whome superfluities steeme vpward. - -To beare vpon the toes hath bene proued good for ill eyes, and to staye -loose bellies. - -Bearing vpon the whole feete is alwaye incident to some of the other -kindes, and therefore ioyneth with eche of them in effectes. - -[Sidenote: Walking which is named after the place.] - -_Walking_which taketh the name after the place, is either on hilles -and high groundes, or in valleies and lowe groundes: againe the lowe -ground is, either euen, or vneuen: either vnder couert, or abroad: -in the sunne, or in the shade. When one walketh vp against the hill, -the bodie is marueilously wearied, bycause all the sway and poize of -it presseth downe those partes, which are first moued. And for all -that such motions be heauie and slow, yet they cause one sweat sooner -and sorer, and staye the breath more, then the _walking_ downhill -doeth: bycause heauie thinges bearing naturally downward, are forced -vpward against nature. Whervpon heat which beareth the bodie vp, as in -comming downe it trauelleth not of his owne nature, so preasing vpward -it is burthened with the bodie, whereby it both encreaseth it selfe, -prouoketh sweat, and stayeth the breath. This kinde of walke afore -meate is good for the bulke, which hath not his breath at commandement. -_Demosthenes_[27] strengthened his voice by it, pronouncing his -orations alowd, as he walked vp against the hill, whereby he gat the -benefit of breathing, to deliuer his long periodes, without paine to -himselfe, or breach to his sentence. The knees are most toiled in this -kinde of walking, being forced backward contrarie to their nature, and -therfore to their griefe. - -[Sidenote: Walking downhill.] - -_Walking_ downhill draweth superfluity from the head more than the -other doeth: but withall it is enemy to feeble thighes, bycause they -both moue the legges, and support all the whole weight of the bodie -aboue. The change and varietie of the motion causeth that kinde of -walking to be best liked, which is sometime vphill, sometime downhill. - -When ye walke vpon euen or vneuen ground, ye walke either in medowes or -grassie places, or in rowgh and brambly, or in sandie and soft. If ye -walke in a medow, it is without all contradiction most for pleasure, -bycause nothing there anoyeth, nothing offendeth the sense, and the -head is fed both with varietie of sweet odours, and with the moysture -of such humour, as the medow yeeldeth. - -Rough, brambly, and bushy groundes stuffe the head. - -[Sidenote: Walking vpon sande.] - -Sandie, and cheifly if it be any thing deepe, bycause the walking in -it stirreth sore, confirmeth and strengtheneth all the partes of the -bodie: and fetcheth superfluities mightily downward. This was one of -_Augustus Cæsars_ remedies, as _Suetonius_[28] writeth, to helpe his -haulting and weake legges. For to cleare the vpper partes of that which -cloyeth them, there is nothing better then to trauell in deepe sande. - -[Sidenote: Walking in a close gallerie.] - -_Walking_ in a close gallerie is not so good, bycause the ayre there -is not so fresh, free, and open, but pent, close, and grosse: and -therfore stuffeth the bodie, onelesse the gallerie be in the vppermost -buildinges of the house, where neither any vapour from the ground can -come: and the ayre that commeth is pure and cleare. - -The close _walkes_, which were called _cryptoporticus_ were not of -choice but of necessitie, when extremitie of weather would not let them -walke abroad. - -[Sidenote: Walking in an open place.] - -_Walking_ in an open place, and cheifly greene, is much better and more -wholesome, then vnder any couert. First of all for the eyes, bycause a -fine and subtile ayre comming from the greene to the bodie, which is -more penetrable bycause of stirring, scourreth awaye all grosse humours -from the eyes, and so leaueth the sight fine and cleare. Further, -bycause the bodie in walking waxeth hoat, the aire sucketh humours out -of it, and disperseth whatsoeuer is in it more then it can well beare. - -Now in _walking_ abroad there is consideration to be had to the soile. -For _walking_ by the sea side ye thinne and drie vp grosse humours, by -riuers and standing waters ye moyst. Howbeit both these two last be -naught, and specially standing waters. Walking not neare any water, as -it is not so good as the walke by the sea, so it is much better, then -walking neare any other water. Walking in the dew moystes and harmes. - -[Sidenote: It is good to walke where birdes haunt.] - -If ye _walke_ in a place where birdes haunt, it is of great efficacie -to cleare by the breath, and to disburden the bodie so, as if ye did -walke in some higher ground. If there be no winde where ye walke, it -cleareth by breath, it disperseth excrements, it slakes and nippes not, -and is good for colicks that come of a cold cause. If there be winde, -the _Northern_ causeth coughing, hurtes the bulke, and yet confirmes -the strength, soundes the senses, and strengthens the weake stomacke. -The _Southwinde_ filles the head, dulles the instrumentes of sense, yet -it looseth the bellie, and is good to dissolue. The _Westwinde_ passeth -all the rest, both for mildenesse and wholesomnesse. The _Eastwinde_ is -hurtefull and nippes. - -[Sidenote: It is better to walke in the shade then in the sunne.] - -[Sidenote: Daungerous walking vnder dewy trees.] - -[Sidenote: What effecte the faire and cleare aire hath.] - -It is better _walking_ in the shade then in the sunne: as it is naught -for the headache to walke either in the cold or in the heat. And yet -it is beter to walke in the sunne, then to stend in it, and better to -walke fast, then slowly. Of all shades, those be the best which be -vnder walles or in herboures. It is verie daungerous _walking_ neare -vnto dewye trees, for feare of infection by the sappie dew: bycause -dew in generall is not so wholesome, it abateth the flesh, as wymen -that gather it vp with wooll or linnen clothes for some purposes do -continually trye. Now if the dew come of any vnwholesome matter, what -may it proue to? The best _walking_ in shadowes simply is vnder myrtle -and baye trees, or among quicke and sweet smelling herbes, as wilde -basell, penyroyall, thyme, and mynt, which if they be wild and of their -owne growing be better to wholesome the soile, then any that be set by -hande: but if the better cannot be, the meaner must serue. Againe in -this kinde of _walke_ the faire and cleare aire lighteneth, scoureth, -fineth, procureth good breathing, and easie mouing. Darke and cloudie -aire heauyeth, scoureth not by breath, and stuffeth the head. - -[Sidenote: Walking which taketh his name after the time.] - -_Walking_ which is termed after the time, is either in winter or -summer: in the morning or in the euening, before meat or after. The -most of these differencies will appeare then playnest, when the -time for all exercises is generally appointed, in consideration of -circunstance, as shall be declared vnder the title of time. In the -meane while _walking_ whether in the morning or euening, ought still to -go before meat. - -[Sidenote: The good of ye morning walk.] - -The _morning walke_ looseth the belly, dispatcheth sluggishnes, which -comes by sleep, thinneth the spirits, encreaseth heat, and prouoketh -appetite. It is good for moyst constitutions, it nimbleth and quickneth -the head, and all the partes in it. - -[Sidenote: The good and ill of the euening walk.] - -The _euening walke_ is a preparatiue to sleepe, it disperseth -inflations, and yet it is ill for a weake head. Walking after meat is -not good but only for such as are vsed vnto it. Yet euen they maye not -vse it to much. It is good also for them, which otherwise cannot cause -their meat go downe to the bottome of their stomacke. - -And thus much for _walking_, both regarding the manner of the motion, -the place where, and the time when. Which circunstances though they -be many and diuers: yet to purchase the commodities, which walking -is confessed to be very full of, they must needes be cared for: -considering our whole life is so delt with, as if we hastened on death, -against the which, this exercise may be rightly termed an antidote, or -counterreceit. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[25] 3 De Rep. - -[26] Lib. 1, cap. 9 & penul. - -[27] Plut. in Demost. - -[28] In Augusti vita. cap. 80. - - - - -CHAPTER 21. - -OF RUNNING. - - -The manifest seruices which we receiue by our legges and feete, in -_warre_ for glorie, to pursue or saue, in _game_ for pleasure to winne -and weare, in _Physick_ for health to preserue and heale, do giue -parentes to vnderstand, that they do suffer their children to be more -then halfe maymed, if they traine them not vp in their youth to the vse -and exercise therof. To polishe out this point with those effectuall -reasons, which auaunce and set forth nature, when she sayeth in plaine -termes, that she meanes to do good: or with those argumentes, wherwith -the best authors do amplifie such places, when they finde nature so -freindly and forward, (as the anatomistes which suruey the workmanship -of our bodie, and histories, which note the effectes of swiftnesse, -do wonder at nature, and wish exercise to helpe her, for that which -they see) were to me nothing needefull, considering my ende is not -the praise, but the practise of that which is praiseworthy: neither -to tell you, what _Alexander_ the _Macedonian_, nor what _Papyrius_ -the _Romain_ did by swifte foote, nor that _Homere_ gaue _Achilles_ -his epithete of his footmanship, but to tell you that _running_ is an -exercise for health, which if reason cannot winne, wherof euery one -can iudge, sure historie will not, where the authors credit may be -called in question as to much fauoring the partie whom he praiseth, -wherefore I will leaue of all manner of by ornamentes, wherwith such -as be in loue with running do vse, to set it forth, and directly fall -to the seuerall kindes there of which differ one from an other, both -in the mouing it selfe, and also in the manner of the mouing whervpon -the effectes, which follow must needes proue diuers according to that -diuersitie. Running of it selfe is helde by the Physicians generally -to be a swift exercise which needeth neither much strength, nor great -violence, and in what sorte so euer it is vsed, it is ill for agues. - -1. The first kinde of _running_ which beareth his name of the verie -motion vehement swift, and withall outright, hindereth health, rather -then helpeth it: and if it helpe it any waye, it is in that it abateth -the fleshinesse, and corpulence of the body: which if it chaunce to -be moyst, swift running will empty it of humours, and stay it also -quickly. It hath bene found so wholesome in some diseases of the splene -or mylt, as _Ætius_ a learned Physician writeth, that he knew some -which by walking and running onely were deliuered from all greife and -peine there. But it is verie vnwholesome for such as haue ill heades. -Whervpon _Aristotle_[29] in his Problemes, asking the question why -running which is thought to driue all excrementes downward, if it be -vehement and swift should be offensiue to the head, not in men and -wymen alone, but also in beastes, aunswereth thus: that the swift -motion, bycause it strayneth the strength, and stayeth the breath, -heates the head with all, and swelles the veines therein: so that they -draw vnto them forreine meane as cold or heat: and besides that, it -enforceth what so euer is in the breast to ascend vpwarde, whereby -the head cannot chuse but ake, which is the cause, that swift running -is naught for the falling euill. _Galene_[30] thinketh so basely of -this kinde of running, as he termeth it, a thing both an enemie to -health, to great a thinner of the whole bodie, and such a one, as -hath no manner of manly exercise in it. Besides this, it putteth him -which runneth so vehemently in daunger of some great conuulsion, if he -fortune to encounter any violent stop by the way. - -2. The second kinde of _running_ which taketh his name of the gentle -and moderate mouing, warmes the body very well, strengthens the -naturall actions, prouokes appetite, helpes and turnes rewmes, and -catarres, some other waye. And therfore it is commended for a remedie -against the swiming of the head, against the drie cough, if ye holde -your breath withall, against exulcerations in the inner side of the -iawes, and the distortion or writhing of the mouth, which the Greekes -call κυνικὸν σπὰσμα. For though at the first it seeme to prouoke -defluxions and distilling of humours, yet within a small time it -stayeth them: and therfore it is thought to be good for those, which -are pained with the _Ischiatica_, which haue much a do to stirre their -legges at the first, but after that they haue runne a while, they be -so nimble and quicke, as if they had neuer felt any paine in those -partes. It strengtheneth the stomacke mightely, and deliuereth the -bellie from winde, and cold passions: whereby it is thought, and that -not without great cause to be verie good for the colike and dropsie: -it delayeth the swelling of the milt. For the gnawing of the guttes, -and some diseases of the kidneis it is exceeding good, so the kidneies -be not either presently, or haue not bene of late, subiect to some -exulceration. To saye that it is wholesome for the legges and feete, -were to make a doubt, where none can be, considering _running_ is their -proper and peculiar action. This exercise for all that it is such a -freind to health: yet bringes with it some inconueniences: for it is -verie laborious: it cooleth the flesh and furthereth not the feeding. -And as naturally of it selfe, it breadeth no great harme, so if it -meete with an ill head, or a weake bulke, or burning and hoat vrine, -it helpes to draw on diuers diseases. He that hath any rupture in the -twiste, or els where, must forbeare running, as those also, which -haue infected liuers or gauled kidneies. If the chased deare could -speake, he would desire the hunter to giue him leaue to pisse, when he -pursueth him sorest, and that for but so litle respite, he would shew -him a great deale more pastime: but the hunter which knoweth well that -the skalding vrine will not let him runne long, wil not lend him that -leasure: bycause he careth more for the frute of his owne praie, then -the effect of the deares prayer. All the other kindes of _running_ -which follow, take their names of the manner of their mouing, wherof -the first is the long outright running, which if it continue on gently -though long, it warmeth the flesh, and makes it plumpe, and is verie -good, for great feeders, though it make the bodie slow and grosse. -_Running_ streight backward, and withall not hastily, is good for the -head, the eyes, the streatchers, the stomacke and the loynes. _Running_ -round about, thinnes the flesh and streaches it, but cheifly the belly, -and bycause of the quicke motion, it gathereth moysture quickly. And -therefore _Hippocrates_[31] wisheth them to vse it, which dreame of -blacke starres, as the fore warning of some forreine disease. It -troubleth the head and makes it dizie: it marreth both the bulke and -the legges, and therefore would be left. He that runnes vphill straynes -him selfe sore, and doth neither his bulke nor his legges any great -good. He that runnes downhill makes his head giddy, shakes all within -him, and tries the weaknesse, or strength of his hippes. He that -runneth in his clothes sweateth sore, and warmes his flesh more: and -therefore it is good for them, that haue the head ache to runne so: and -those that haue somewhat to do, to fetch their breath. He that runneth -out of his clothes single or naked, sweateth much, which is much more -healthful how litle so euer it be, then much more, with the clothes on. -_Hyppocrates_[32] likes running generally more in winter then sommer. -_Oribasius_[33] in both, yea though sommer be in his prime and cheife -heat. The resolution is, when most sweating is best, which _Artistotle_ -sayeth is in sommer. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[29] 5. para. probl. 9. - -[30] De parua pila. lib. - -[31] Lib. de insomnijs languentium. - -[32] 3. Lib. de Diæta. - -[33] 2. part. proble. 21. 33. 42. - - - - -CHAPTER 22. - -OF LEAPING. - - -_Leaping_ should seeme to be somewhat naturall, and chearfull, bycause -at any pleasant or ioyefull newes, not onely the hart will leape for -ioye, but also the body it selfe will spring liuely, to declare his -consent, with the delited minde, and that not in young folkes alone, -but also in the elder, whom we commonly say that no ground can hold: -so that leaping seemes to stand the body in such a steade for vttering -of ioy, as the tongue serues the minde to deliuer her delite by speche -with laughter. The cattell and brute beastes bewraie their contentment, -and well liking, by the selfe same meanes, leaping and galloping of -them selues in their pasture when they be lustily disposed and in good -health. Though in training of the bodie by waye of exercise, there be -not so much regard had to the mirth of the minde, as to the motion of -the bodie: and yet being an exercise it may not be vnpleasant. In which -kinde it is noted to be vehement, wherein both strength is vsed to make -the body spring, and swiftnesse to make it nimble: being naturally an -interrupted race, as running is a continued leape. It serued the olde -world in _game_ for brauerie, and shew of actiuitie: in _warfare_ to -skip ouer diches and hard passages, in _Physicke_ for an exercise of -health, whereby it became more stately and imperiall, bycause the first -famous Romain Emperor _Augustus Cæsar_,[34] being troubled with the -_Ischiatica_ and stone in his bladder, and also hauing some weaknesse -in his left legge and feet, vsed this running leape, or leaping race to -helpe himselfe thereby. There be diuers kindes of leaping wherof I will -tuch the most likely. - -1. _Leaping_ and springing without intermission is good to encrease the -naturall heat, to helpe digestion, to dispatche raw humours, though -afterward it anoie the head and brest, bycause it shaketh the head -verie vehemently: and by reason of much bending and so pressing the -backe, it oftimes breaketh some canall in the breast or lungues. 2. To -_leape_ running is good for such diseases of the head, as haue troubled -it long. It helpeth the bulke, bycause it vseth no violent bending, -nor pressing of the bodie, it fetcheth downe such needeles fumes, as -otherwise would haue ben aspiring vpward: it chearisheth weake legges: -which prosper not by nurriture, thorough some trembling and benummed -flesh. 3. _Leaping_ as we do commonly call it and vse it, doth driue -idle superfluities downward thoroghly, but bycause it shaketh the bulke -to sore, both by to violent mouing and to forcible strayning, it is -not good for it: though it shew a verie deliuer and an actiue bodie: -both to stirre and to do anything else. It driueth also the stone from -the kidneies into the bladder: yet it hurteth the knees by reason of -violent and continuall bending them. The _Lacedemonian_ wymen, whose -picture _Callimachus_ the painter, for his foolish curiosity named -κακοχειρότεχνος, as _Plinie_[35] reporteth, vsed to leape so, as their -heeles did hitte their hippes, which manner of leaping doth both purge -and drie. But me thinke I here some gentlewymen saye, fye vpon them -_Rigs_. Not so. The lawes and custome of their countrey did allow, -nay did commaunde them to runne, to leape, to wrastle, and to do all -such exercises, both as well, as men, and also with men. Their reason -was. They did thinke the childe lame of the one side, whose mother -was delicate, daintie, tender, neuer stirring, neuer exercising, not -withstanding, the father were neuer so naturally strong, neuer so -artificially trained. And to preuent that infirmitie in their owne -youth, they exercised their wymen also, no lesse then their men. As -_Plato_[36] wisheth his people in his common weale, which he patterneth -for the best. _Skipping_ againe the banck, as it helpeth the hippes, -so it hurteth the breast: and the same downhill cleareth the head from -superfluities, which it fetcheth downward: It strengtheneth the legges, -but it shaketh the bowelles to sore, which is very dangerous, for -ruptures anywhere: for the crooked swelling veines in the legge: for -all gouttes: for all those, in whom the humours vpon any small occasion -will fall downe to the feete: and cause them to swell.[37] Further in -cases where it were good to let blood or to purge, if either yeares or -some other impediment wil admit neither, to auoide superfluous humours, -_leaping_ will supply the roome. As it is verie ill for those which -pisse blood: or be in a flixe: or haue weake or ouerheated kidneies: -or that haue at that time, or not long before had, some gaule or -exulceration in the kidneies. And yet though the kidneies be sound, -eaping will sometime loose a veine. Eche kinde of _leaping_ is better -accomplished by holding of some weight in the hand for steddinesse, -then with the hand emptie and without his ballace. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[34] Suetonius in Augusto cap. 83. - -[35] 34. Lib. cap. 8. - -[36] 4. de Rep. - -[37] Gal. 6. epi. commen. 3. aph. 2. - - - - -CHAPTER 23. - -OF SWIMMING. - - -In the old time, when they would point at a fellow, in whom there was -nothing to be made account of, they were wont to saye, he neither -knoweth letter on the booke, nor yet how to _swimme_: wherby it -appeareth that _swimming_, was both in great vse, and of great price in -those daies, which either first brought forth that byword or afterward -maintained it, seing he was helde for no bodie that could not, or -but for a dastard which would not learne the sleight to _swimme_. The -traine came bycause it was then best to learne, when the iointes were -most pliable, and yet strong withall. The ende was either to saue -themselues in fightes by sea, or in flightes by lande, where they were -to passe riuers, or to assaile enemies by water, or for other such -seruices: as what if _Leander_ say it serues for loue, and bring both -_Hero_ to witnesse, which was partaker of the euill, and _Musæus_ the -Poete, which described their misfortune? Which considerations may -recommende _swimming_ to vs also: who may stand in neede of it, vpon -the same causes, and in the like euentes that they did. But bycause -it is so necessarie, it would not be vncurteously entertained, and -therefore regard must be had in what water ye swimme, for if ye swimme -in springes which are naturally hoat, it is stuffing, and yet good -for the palsie, so he that swimmeth do vse bladders, to ease him -selfe withall: and lighten his labour. To _swimme_ in marsh waters, -and pooles, infecteth both the head and all the residue of the bodie, -bycause rotten, and corrupt vapours, enter the pores of the bodie, -together with the moysture. It is reasonable good _swimming_ in lakes -and standing meres, which the larger they be and the clearer, the more -commodious and wholesome to swimme in. But no kinde of fresh water is -so good to swimme in, as the running riuer is, chiefly for them, which -be in health, to whom besides many other commodities, it serueth for -a preparative to sleepe. Yet it is not good abiding long in any fresh -water, for feare of perishing the sinues both with cold and moysture, -whose issues be the crampe, and the swimmers daunger. But nothing at -all, be it neuer so good for health, be it neuer so defensible to saue, -can be gotten without perill in prouing. And why should _swimming_ -dreame of securitie, and neuer thinke to drowne? Doth it not deale with -water, where there is no warrant, but wisedome to forsee? pointe the -place, pointe the fight, pointe the daunger and a pointe for daunger: -but where you cannot appointe the particularitie, ye cannot warrant the -perill. _Cocles_,[38] scaped, it was in a small riuer, and reskue at -hand. _Scœna_ the centurion scaped, he was neare both shippe and shoar. -Nay _Cæsar_[39] himselfe saued him selfe from drowning, and helde his -lettres vp drie in the one hand. A signe of courage and cunning as that -man had enough; but his shippes were at hand, and it is not writen, -that either he swamme alone, or any long waye. But of all daungers to -drowne, there is least in the sea, where the swimming is best: for -the salt water as it is thicker then the fresh, so it beareth vp the -bodie better, that it may fleet with lesse labour. The _swimming_ in -salt water is very good to remoue the headache, to open the stuffed -nosethrilles, and therby to helpe the smelling. It is a good remedie -for dropsies, scabbes, and scurfes, small pockes, leprosies, falling -awaye of either legge, or any other parte: for such as prosper not -so, as they would, though they eate as they wishe, for ill stomackes, -liuers, miltes, and corrupt constitutions. Yet all _swimming_ must -needes be ill for the head, considering the continuall exhalation, -which ascendeth still from the water into the head. _Swimming_ in -hoat waters softeneth that which is hardened, warmeth that which is -cooled, nimbleth the iointes which are benummed, thinneth the skinne, -which is thickned, and yet it troubleth the head, weakneth the bodie, -disperseth humours, but dissolueth them not. _Swimming_ in cold water -doth strengthen the naturall heat, bycause it beates it in: it maketh -verie good and quick digestion: it breaketh superfluous humours, it -warmeth the inward partes, yet long tarying in it hurtes the sineues, -and takes awaye the hearing. Thus much concerning _swimming_, which can -neither do children harme in learning, if the maister be wise, nor the -common weale but good, being once learned, if either priuate daunger or -publike attempt do bid them auenture. For he that oweth a life to his -countrey, if he die on lande, he doeth his duetie, and if he drowne in -water, his duetie is not drowned. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[38] Liuius. C. Cæs. - -[39] Appian. - - - - -CHAPTER 24. - -OF RIDING. - - -If any wilbe so wilful as to denie _Riding_ to be an exercise and that -a great one, and fittest also for greatest personages, set him either -vpon a trotting iade to iounce him thoroughly or vpon a lame hakney -to make him exercise his feete, when his courser failes him. In all -times, in all countries, among all degrees of people, it hath euer -bene taken, for a great, a worthy, and a gentlemanly exercise. Though -_Aristophanes_ his testimonie, were naught against honest _Socrates_, -yet it is good to proue, that riding was a gentlemanly traine, euen -among the principles of education in Athens. And _Virgile_ in the -legacie sent to _Latinus_, describeth the same traine in the Romain -children, which, sayeth he, exercised themselues on horsebacke before -the towne. And _Horace_ accuseth the young gentleman in his time as not -able to hange on a horse. But to deale with stories, either Greeke, or -Latin, for the Romain or other nations exercise in riding in a matter -of such store, were more then needeles. The _Romains_ had their whole -citie diuided into partialities, by reason of the foure factions of -those exercising horsemen. Who of the foure colours, which they vsed, -Russet, White, Greene, and Blew, were named _Russati_, _Albati_, -_Prasini_, _Veneti_.[40] For the warres how great a traine riding is, -I would no countrey had tried, nor had cause to complaine, nor the -subdued people to be sorofull, though the conquerour do vant himselfe, -of his valiantnesse on horsebacke. For health it must needes be of -some great moment, or els why do the Physicians seeme to make so much -of it? They saye that generally it encreaseth naturall heat, and that -it purgeth superfluities, as that to the contrarie it is naught for -any sicke bodie, or that hath taken Physicke hard before, or that is -troubled with infection or inflammation of the kidneies. They vse to -deuide it into fiue kindes, _Slow_, _quicke_, _trotting_, _ambling_, -and _posting_. - -1. Of _Slow riding_ they write that it wearieth the grines very sore, -that it hurteth the buttokes, and legges, by hanging downe to long, -and yet it heateth not much: that it hindreth getting of children, and -breadeth aches and lamenesse. - -2. Of _quicke riding_ they saye, that of all exercises it shaketh the -bodie most, and that yet it is good for the head ache, comming of a -cold cause: for the falling euill, for deafnesse, for the stomack, for -yeaxing or hikup, for clearing and quickning the instrumentes of sense: -for dropsies: for thickning of thinne shankes: which was found true -in _Germanicus Cæsar_[41] nephew to _Tiberius_ the Emperour, which -so helped his spindle shankes. Againe quick riding is naught for the -bulke: for a weake bladder, which must forebeare all exercises, when it -hath any exulceration: for the _Ischiatica_, bycause the hippes are to -much heated and weakned, by the vehementnesse of the motion. Whervpon -the humours, which are styrred rest there: and either breede new or -augment olde aches. - -Of _trotting_, it is said euen as we see, that it shaketh the bodie -to violently, that it causeth and encreaseth marueilous aches, that -it offendes the head, the necke, the shoulders, the hippes, and -disquieteth all the entrailes beyond all measure. And though it may -somewhat helpe the digestion of meate, and raw humours, loose the -belly, prouoke vrine, driue the stone or grauell from the kidneyes -downward, yet it is better forborne for greater euilles, then borne -with for some sorie small good. - -_Ambling_ as it exerciseth least, so it anoyeth least, and yet looseth -it the bellie. - -As for _posting_, though it come last in reading, it will be first in -riding, though for making such hast, it harme eche part of the bodie, -and specially the bulke, the lungues, the bowells generally, the -kidneyes: as what doth it not allway anoy, and oftimes either breake -or put out of ioynte by falles or straynes? It warmes and paires the -body to sore, and therfore abateth grossenes, though a grosse man be -ill either to ride post himselfe, or for a iade to beare. It infecteth -the head, it dulleth the senses, and especially the sight: euen til it -make his eyes that posteth to run with water, not to remember the death -of his friendes, but to thinke how sore his saddle shakes him, and the -ayer bites him. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[40] Gal. 7. meth. Pli. epist. 9. lib. 6. Martial. lib. 11. Iuuenal. - -[41] Suetonius. - - - - -CHAPTER 25. - -OF HUNTING. - - -_Hvnting_ is a copious argument, for a poeticall humour to discours of, -whether in verse, with _Homer_, or in prose, with _Heliodorus_. _Dian_ -would be alleged, as so auoyding _Cupide_. _Hippolytus_, would be vsed -in commendation of continence, and what would not poetrie bring in to -auaunce it, whose musicke being solitarie and woddishe, must needes -be, nay is very well acquainted with the chace. If poets should faint, -the _Persians_ would fight, both for riding and hunting: so that if -patrocinie were in question, we neede not to enquire, they would offer -them selues, from all countries, and of all languages. But we need not -either for praise, or for prose, to vse forraine aduocats. For hunting -hath alway caried a great credit, both for exercising the bodie, -and deliting the mynde, as it semes to be verie naturall, because -it seeketh to maister, and to take beastes, and byrdes, which are -naturally appointed for mans vse, and therefore though they be taken -and killed, there is no wrong done them. The courteous _Xenophon_[42] -as delited himselfe therein, and all the auncient writers, as -subscribing to a truth, commend it marueilously, and chiefly, for a -proper elementarie to warlike vses, and _Mars_ his schoole, whether for -valiauntnes or for pollicy, because the resemblaunces of the chiefe -warlike executions do fall out in hunting, as the qualitie or courage -of the game offereth cause, either to vse force and manhoode, or to -flie to deuise and sutteltie. - -The _Romain Emperours_ did exhibit publike hunting vnto the whole -people in way of pastime and pleasure. The _Physicians_ make much of -it: as being an exercise, which containeth vnder it most of the other -stirring exercises, for they that hunt, walke, runne, leape, shout, -hallow, ride, and what may they not do, hauing the whole country for -roome, and the whole day for time, to do in what they list? And though -_Galene_[43] do restraine it to men of great abilitie, as if hunting -were not for euery man to vse, which is one of the markes, whereby to -know the best exercises, that they be parable, and purchaceable euen to -meane purses: yet we see it in common to most, where restraint by law -doth not forbid it. Neither is the charge in respect of the exercise, -but in respect of the game, whereon the exercise is employed. To hunt -a hare, and course a hart, to chase a bucke, and chase a bore is not -all one, neither for prouision, nor for perill though the exercise haue -small oddes, which being compounded of those exercises that I named, -must nedes haue the same effectes, that those exercises haue besides -his owne. To warme the bodie very well, to disperse superfluites, -to abate flesh, to lessen ouerflowing moysture, to make one sleepe -soundly, to digest meat, and raw humors, to quicken both the sight and -the hearing, to keepe of old age, and finally to make the body most -healthfull, and the health most lasting. - -_Rases_[44] a notable Arabicke Physician, writeth that in a great -plague there remained almost none aliue in a certaine towne, saue -hunters only, which escaped by reason of their preseruing exercise. And -_Mitbridates_ that famous king vsed hunting so much for his healthes -sake, as in seuen yeares space, it is written that he neuer came within -house, neither in citie nor countrie. And yet hunting is not good for -the head, when it is vsed with vehemence, as no other vehement exercise -is. - -There be but two kindes of _Hunting_ to my purpose, the one on -horsebacke, the other one foote. - -1. They that _Hunt_ on horsebake, for so much as they sometime gallop, -sometime ride fast, sometime hallow, sometime be stil, and varie so in -most actions, seeme to trauel euery part of their body, and therefore -it is thought, that thereby the brest, the stomacke, the entrailes, -the backe and legges be strengthened: but it is ill for them, which -are troubled with any paine in their head, and daungerous for feare of -breaking some veine in the breast: for the stone in the kidneyes, for -those that be of hoate constitution of body: for weake bellicawles, -and for feare of ruptures, because such thinges fall out oftentimes in -hunting on horsebacke: not without losse sometime of life. - -2. _Hunting_ on foote, hath all the commodities, and incommodities to, -that hunting on horsebacke hath, sauing the daunger whereunto it is not -so much subiecte. And yet the trauell of the bodie is more, the body -hoater, the legges and feete more strengthened, the appetite to meat -more, to make children lesse. Neither of then is good but for strong -and healthful bodies, neither can hunting be but harmefull vnto them, -which vse it vnaduisedly, without consideration how they runne, by -way of pleasure and ordinarie exercise, or at the suddaine of a head, -for by tarying abroade all day, and feeding so vncertainely, and so -vnseasonably, there come sundrie inconueniences. - -But of all _Hunting_ that is still best, wherein we exercise our -selues and our owne bodies most, not our hauks of howndes, because -exercises be meanes to make men healthfull, and other thinges be -meanes to bring that meane about. Such a kinde of hunting was it which -_Chiron_, _Machaan_, _Podalyrius_, _Æsculapius_, the parentes and -patrones of physike did vse, whose delite thererin, is our warrant in -choyce, bycause they being so great physicians, as physicke went then -in _Platoes_ opinion, did trie that in their owne persons, which they -deliuered to posteritie for the same vse. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[42] Lib de venat. 1. παιδ. - -[43] De par pila lib. - -[44] 3 Commen. 13 tract. cap. 3. - - - - -CHAPTER 26. - -OF SHOOTING. - - -The physicians seeme to commend shooting for the vse of health -sufficiently, in that they make _Apollo_ and _Æsculapius_ the -presidentes and protectors of _Archerie_, which both be the greatest -gods, and chiefest patrones of ther owne profession. And that it is -a thing to be beloued, and liked, what argument is there that can be -alleadged of comparable force to that of _Cupide_ himselfe, which in -the matter of loue, doth bend with his bow, and enamour with his arrow? -But in sadnes to say enough of this exercise in few wordes, which no -wordes can praise enough for the commodities which it bringeth to the -health of the body: as it hath bene vsed by diuers nations, in diuerse -sortes, both on horsebacke and on foote, both for peace and warre, -for healthfull exercise and pleasant pastime: so none either now doth -vse it, or heretofore hath vsed it, more to health, and bettering of -the body then our owne countrimen do. As if it were a thing somewhat -naturall to _Ilandes_, bycause they of _Crete_ and _Cyprus_ in olde -stories, they of the _Indian_ Ilandes in new stories are noted also for -neare _Shooting_, strong _Darting_, and streight _Slinging_, whereof -the _Balear Ilandes_ seeme to take their name. Nay by all auncient -monumentes _Shooting_ should seeme to be both the eldest, and the -vsuallest defence in fighting a farre of, which though it haue now, and -tofore, haue had great place in the fielde for warfare: yet hath it -a great deale better place in our fields for wellfare: and therefore -the more, because it consisteth both of the best exercises, and the -best effectes of the best exercises. For he that shooteth in the -free and open fields may chuse, whether betweene his markes he will -runne or walke, daunce or leape, hallow or sing or do somewhat els, -which belongeth to the other, either vehement or gentle exercises. -And whereas _hunting_ on foote is so much praised, what mouing of the -body hath the foote _hunter_ in hilles and dales, which the rouing -_Archer_ hath not in varietie of growndes? Is his naturall heate -more stirred then the _Archers_ is? Is his appetite better then the -_Archers_ is though the prouerbe helpe the hungrie _hunter_? Nay in -both these the _Archer_ hath the vantage. For both his howers be much -better to eate, and all his mouing is more at his choice: because -the _hunter_ must follow his game of necessitie, the _Archer_ neede -not but at his owne leasure. For his pastime will tarystil, till he -come to it, the hunters game is glad to get from him. In fine what -good is there in any particular exercise, either to helpe natural -heat, or to cleare the body, or to prouoke appetite, or to fine the -senses, or to strengthen the sinewes, or to better all partes, which -is not altogither in this one exercise? Onely regard to vse it in a -meane doth warrant the _archer_ from daunger to himselfe: and an eye -to looke about, doth defende the passager from perill by him. I could -here speake much, if it were not to much, to say euen so much in -such a thing, being so faire a pastime, so pleasant to al people, so -profitable to most, so familiar to our country, so euery where in eye, -so knowne a defence, such a meane to offende, as there is no man but -knoweth it to be a preseruatiue to health, and therefore well to be -numbred among the trayning exercises. And chiefly as it is vsed in this -Iland, wherein the rouing must nedes be the best and most healthful, -both for varieties of motion in diuersities of soile, and by vsing all -_archery_, in exercising one kinde. For in rouing, you may vse either -the butte, or the pricke by the way for your marke, as your pleasure -shalbe. This exercise do I like best generally of any rownde stirring -without the dores, vpon the causes before alleadged, which if I did -not, that worthy man our late and learned countrieman maister _Askam_ -would be halfe angrie with me, though he were of a milde disposition, -who both for trayning the _Archer_ to his bow, and the scholler to his -booke, hath shewed him selfe a cunning _Archer_, and a skilfull maister. - -In the middest of so many earnest matters, I may be allowed to -entermingle one, which hath a relice of mirth, for in praysing of -_Archerie_, as a principall exercise, to the preseruing of health, -how can I but prayse them, who professe it throughly, and maintaine -it nobly, the friendly and franke fellowship of prince _Arthurs_ -knightes in and about the citie of _London_, which of late yeares haue -so reuiued the exercise, so countenaunced the artificers, so enflamed -emulation, as in themselues for friendly meting, in workemen for good -gayning, in companies for earnest comparing, it is almost growne to an -orderly discipline, to cherishe louing society, to enrich labouring -pouertie, to maintaine honest actiuity, which their so encouraging the -vnder trauellours, and so encreasing the healthfull traine, if I had -sacred to silence, would not my good friend in the citie maister _Hewgh -Offly_, and the same my noble fellow in that order Syr _Launcelot_, -at our next meeting, haue giuen me a sowre nodde, being the chiefe -furtherer of the fact, which I commend, and the famosest knight, of the -fellowship, which I am of? Nay would not euen prince _Arthur_ himselfe -maister _Thomas Smith_, and the whole table, of those wel known -knights, and most actiue _Archers_ haue layd in their chaleng against -their fellow knight, if speaking of their pastime, I should haue spared -their names? whereunto I am easily led, bycause the exercise deseruing -such praise, they that loue so praiseworthie a thing neither can of -them selues, neither ought at my hand to be hudled vp in silence. - - - - -CHAPTER 27. - -OF THE BALL. - - -The play at the _Ball_ seemeth compound, bycause it may be vsed, both -within dores, and without. Wherof good writers haue deliuered vs thus -much: that in the olde time there were diuers kindes of _balles_ and -diuers kindes of exercise therwith, according to the diuers vse of -the _ball_ either small or great: both amongst the _Romaines_ and -_Greekes_, whose names I vse so much, bycause they were best acquainted -both with the thinges, and with the right vse therof. _Galene_ in his -first booke of maintaining health, speaking of the _Germains_, who -vsed then to dippe their new borne children into extreme cold water -ouer head and eares, to trie their courage and to harden their skinne, -sayeth that he wrate those lessons of health and exercise, no more to -the _Dutch_ and such rude people as we also were then, then to beares, -boares and lyons: but to _Greekes_ and such people, as though barbarous -in nature, yet by traine and learning, were become greekish as we now -are, and the _Romains_ then were. So that our examples be fetcht from -these two nations, which either vsed the thinges most, and handled them -best: or else enriched their owne tongues with all that was best, and -when they had so done set them ouer vnto vs. But of all their exercises -with the _Ball_, we haue not any so farre as I can gesse, by their -notes, though we retaine the name: and yet our playing with the _Ball_ -worketh the same effectes, which theirs did, as it appeareth by their -descriptions. Wherfore seeing they be so farre different from ours, and -almost worne out of knowledge euen to curious coniectures, which seeke -to sift them out, I will neither trouble my selfe with studying to set -downe their names: nor my reader with reading to gesse what they were, -and how they were vsed. - -Three kindes shall content me, which our time knoweth, wherein all the -properties of their _balles_, and all the effectes of their exercises, -be most euidently seene. The _hand ball_, the _footeball_, the -_armeball_. - -1. The litle _hand ball_ whether it be of some softer stuffe, and vsed -by the hand alone, or of some harder, and vsed with the rackette, -whether by tennice play with an other, or against a wall alone, to -exercise the bodie with both the handes, in euerie kinde of motion, -that concerneth any, or all the other exercises, is generally noted, -to be one of the best exercises and the greatest preseruations of -health. In so much as _Galene_ bestoweth an whole treatise vpon the vse -and praise of it, wherein he compareth it with other exercises, and -preferreth it before all, for parabilitie, to be all mens game: for -profitablenesse, to do all men good: for pleasauntnesse, to quicke all -mens spirites, and in short knits vp the some of his conclusion thus. -That the vse of the litle _ball_ doth plant in the minde _courage_, -in the bodie _health_, in all the limmes a trim and wel proportionate -_constitution_: so it be moderately and aduisedly executed. Playing at -the _ball_ in generall is a strong exercise, and maketh the bodie very -nimble, and strengtheneth all the vitall actions. The litle _handball_ -is counted to be a swift exercise, without violence, and therefore the -rakketters in tennyse play, if they vse it in that kinde, which is -thought to be most healthfull, must shew them selues nymble without -strayning, and yet it falleth out most conmonly contrarie, while desire -to wynne some wager makes the winners loose a benefit, which they wish -for more, and would gladly get to better their health by. This playing -abateth grossenes and corpulence, as al other of the same sort do: -it maketh the flesh sownd and soft, it is very good for the armes, -the greene and growing ribbes, the back, and by reason the legges are -mightely stirred ther by, it is a great furtherer to strength, it -quickneth the eyes by looking now hither, now thither, now vp, now -downe, it helpeth the ridgebone, by stowping, bending and coursing -about: it is verie good for bellies and stomakes, that be troubled with -winde or any paine which proceedeth from colde. Now to the contrary -it is not good for ill and bleare eyes raw stomakes, vndigested meat, -which haue more neede of rest then stirring, and for such as will -soone be turnesicke, which the oft turning about of the head and eyes -cannot but cause. The playing at tennyse is more coastly and strayning -to aunswere an aduersary, but the playing against the wall is as -healthfull, and the more ready, bycause it needeth no aduersary, and -yet practiseth euery kinde of motion, euery ioynt of the body, and -all without danger. Children vse this ball diuersly, and euery way -healthfully, in regard of the exercise: if accidentarie faultes fall -out among children, in the vse of the play, the parties must beare the -blame, and not the play. - -The second kinde I make the _Footeball_ play, which could not -possibly haue growne to this greatnes, that it is now at, nor haue -bene so much vsed, as it is in all places, if it had not had great -helpes, both to health and strength, and to me the abuse of it is a -sufficient argument, that it hath a right vse: which being reuoked to -his primatiue will both helpe, strength, and comfort nature: though -as it is now conmonly vsed, with thronging of a rude multitude, with -bursting of shinnes, and breaking of legges, it be neither ciuil, -neither worthy the name of any traine to health. Wherin any man may -euidently see the use of the trayning maister. For if one stand by, -which can iudge of the play, and is iudge ouer the parties, and hath -authoritie to commaunde in the place, all those inconueniences haue -bene, I know, and wilbe I am sure very lightly redressed, nay they wil -neuer entermedle in the matter, neither shall there be complaint, where -there is no cause. Some smaller number with such ouerlooking, sorted -into sides and standings, not meeting with their bodies so boisterously -to trie their strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so -barbarously, and vsing to walke after, may vse _footeball_ for as much -good to the body, by the chiefe vse of the legges, as the _Armeball_, -for the same, by the vse of the armes. And being so vsed, the -_Footeball_ strengtheneth and brawneth the whole body, and by prouoking -superfluities downeward, it dischargeth the head, and vpper partes, it -is good for the bowells, and to driue downe the stone and grauell from -both the bladder and kidneies. It helped weake hammes, by much mouing, -beginning at a meane, and simple shankes by thickening of the flesh no -lesse then riding doth. Yet rash running and to much force oftentimes -breaketh some inward conduit, and bringeth ruptures. - -3. The third kind I call the _Armeball_ which was inuented in the -kingdom of _Naples_, not many yeares agoe, and answereth most of the -olde games, with the great ball, which is executed with the armes -most, as the other was with the feete, and be both very great helpers -vnto health. The arme in this is fensed with a wooden brace, as the -shin in the other with some other thing for meeting with a shrew. The -_armeball_ encreaseth the naturall heate, maketh way for superfluities, -causeth sound sleepe, digesteth meate wel, and dispatcheth raw humors, -though it stuffe the head, as all vehement exercises do. It exerciseth -the armes and backe chiefly, and next to them the legges, and therfore -it must needs be good for such, as desire to haue those partes strong -and perfit, to digest their meate at will, to distribute profitable -iuice to the whole body, and to auoide needelesse matter, as well by -sweate, as by any other kinde of secret euacuation. And yet it is very -ill for a naughtie backe, for hoat kidneyes, for sharp vrine, and -generally for any that is troubled with infirmities and diseases in -those parts which are strained with stirring. - -Thus much concerning the particular exercises, which I haue pickt out -from the rest, as most reducible to our time and countrie, wherein I -haue not followed the ordinarie diuision, which the training maisters -and Physicians do vse, but I deuised such a one, as I tooke to be -fittest for myne owne purpose regarding our soyle and our seasons. -Neither haue I rekened vp the other _antique_ exercises, but haue let -them rest with their friends and fauorers, which be long ago at rest. -For the tumbling _Cybistike_, the thumping _Pugillate_, the buffeting -_Cestus_, the wrastling _Pancrace_, the quayting _Discus_, the barlike -_Halteres_, the swinging _Petawre_, and such old memorandums, they -are to auncient and to farre worne from the vse of our youth: the -considering whereof may rather stirre coniecture, then stai assurance, -what they were, when they were. And of these which I haue named, many -be farre beyond boyes plaie, for whom alone I do not deale, but for all -studentes in generall, neither yet do I exclude either any age, or any -person, if I may profit any else beside studentes and scholers. Neither -do I tie the trayne to these exercises alone, but alway to some though -not alway to one kinde. The cause and consideration must leade all, -which may bring forth the like, and why not the better vpon due and wel -obserued circunstance? For though the general cause do direct much, yet -the particular circunstance directeth more, being it self enformed in -the generall iudgement. The most of these notes, which I haue alleaged, -were giuen in _Italie_, _Greece_ & _Spaine_, and that climate farre -distant, and much differing from our degree. Wherefore our traine vpon -consideration of the degrees in soyle, in temperature, in constitution, -and such like, must appropriate it selfe where the difference is -apparent. Therefore both to vse these exercises which I haue named, to -the best, and to deuise other by comparison and circumstance, as cause -shal offer, I will runne thorough those particularities, which either -make by right, or marre by wrong applying, both all that I haue said, -or that can be deuised in this kinde, to preserue health. - - - - -CHAPTER 28. - -OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES WHICH ARE TO BE CONSIDERED IN EXERCISE. - - -There be six circumstances, which leade and direct all exercises, and -are carefully to be considered of, by the trayning maister. For either -the missing or mistaking of any one of them, may do harme to more -then one, and the vsing of them with circumspection and warynes, doth -procure that good to health, which this whole discourse hitherto hath -promised. - -The sixe circumstances be these, the _nature_ of the exercise which -ye entend to vse: the _person_ and _body_ which is to be exercised, -the _place_ wherin, the _time_ when, the _quantitie_ how much, the -_maner_ how, whereof I do meane to giue some particular aduertisements -so as I do finde the learned physicianes, and wise health maisters -to haue handled them in their writings, yet by the way least any man -either dispaire of the good, and therefore spare the prouing, because -the forme of exercise doth seeme so intricate, and there with all to -much: or if he be entred in triall, and thinke he shall faile, if -he misse in some litle, bycause the charge is giuen so precisely, -to keepe al that is enioyned: I wish him not to thinke either the -errour vnpardonable, to regard, or the thing vnauailable to health, -if either all, or any one of these circumstances be not absolutely -hyt. For as a perfit healthfull body is not to be found by enquirie, -which is not to be hoped for in nature, bycause in so continuall a -chaunge such a perfitnes cannot chaunce, our bodyes being subiect to -so many imperfections: so is it no wonder for men to do what they may, -and to wish for the best, though still beyond their reach. If any -can come neare them, he breakes no right of vse, though he misse the -rule of art, which alwaye enioyneth in the precisest sort, but yet -resteth content with that which falleth within compasse of ordynarie -circumstance. The reason is, _art_ weyeth the matter abstracte, -and free from circumstaunce, and therefore hauing the whole obiect -at commaundemet, she may set downe her precept, according to that -perfitnes, which she doth conceiue: but the execution being chekt with -a number of accidentarie occurrences, which _art_ cannot comprehend, as -being to infinite to collect, must haue one eye to her precept, and an -other to hir power, and aske consideration counsell, how to performe -that with a number of lettes, and thwartings which, art did prescribe, -either without any, or at the lest, with not so many. - - - - -CHAPTER 29. - -THE NATURE AND QUALITIE OF THE EXERCISE. - - -The _nature_ of the exercise which we vse, either to recouer health and -strength, if they be feebled: or to preserue them, that they feeble -not, as it is verie forcible to worke this healthfull effect: so it -deserueth verie circumspect consideration, in applying and fitting it -to the effect: that the exercise in his degree of motion may aunswere -the partie in his kinde of constitution: least by iarring that way too -farre, they fall into a greater discord. _Galene_[45] examining the -thinges, which do please the displeased infantes, findes out that all -their naturall vnquietnesse is appeased by three natural meanes, which -the nurse vseth, the _pappe_ to feede, the _voice_ to still, the _arme_ -to moue. Whervpon he concludeth that _meat_ to nourish, _Musicke_ to -delite, _motion_ to exercise be most naturall, which being so, then -for the preseruation of nature, she must needes haue her owne motion, -which agreeth best with her owne disposition. For as some exercises go -before the maine to prepare the bodie, and some follow to retourne it -by degrees into his former state and temper: so some be verie vehement, -strong, and strainable: other verie gentle, curteous, and remisse: -which must haue echone their application, according vnto the qualitie, -and state of the bodie, wherunto they are to be applyed. They be also -as far distinct and different, as particular circunstance can worke -alteration in any respect, as their particular titles before did shew -in their particular braunching and diuision. And yet therein they -swarue not from the generalitie of Physicke, which leaning vpon some -vnfallible groundes, yet lighteth still vpon some fallible euentes, -which make the whole profession to seeme coniecturall, though in the -best and surest kinde of coniecture, if the professour haue studied -to sufficiencie and obserued so long, till discretion haue saide, the -thing is thus. I will not therfore spend any more labour, about a -matter of so great confusion, but as they shall fall out, so will I -apply them, that by their proper vse, their propertie maye appeare. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[45] 1. Sanit. tuen. - - - - -CHAPTER 30. - -OF THE BODIES WHICH ARE TO BE EXERCISED. - - -In the bodie which is to take good of exercise, there be three pointes -to be considered: 1. for either it is _sickly_ hauing his operations -tainted and weake: 2. or it is _healthy_ and without any extraordinarie -and sensible taint: 3. or it is _valetudinarie_, neither pure sicke nor -perfit whole. - -To speake first of the weake and sickish bodie, it is to be noted, as -hath bene already in parte marked before, that sicknesse assaileth vs -three wayes: By distemperature, when either the whole bodie, or some -parte therof is anoyed with vnproportionate heat, cold, drynesse, or -moysture: or by misfashioning, when either the whole bodie, or some -parte therof, wanteth his due forme, his iumpe quantitie, his iust -number, his naturall seat: or by diuision, when any part of the bodie -being naturally vnited vpon some weaknesse is dissolued and sundred. -And as diseases come by one, or all these three wayes, so health doth -defend it selfe by the contrarie, good temperature, good forme, good -vniting of partes. It is graunted by the best though contraried by some -of the soryest Physicians, that sicke bodies may be put to exercise: -so it be well considered before, what kinde of weaknesse the body -is in: and what kinde of helpe may be hoped for by the exercise. As -for example in sicknesse which commeth by distemperature: if a bodie -be distempered with to much heat, it may not be put to any great or -earnest exercise, for ouer heating. If it be to drie and withered, it -must forbeare much exercise for feare of ouerdrying. If it be to hoat -and dry both, or to hoat and to moyste both, it must quite abandon -exercise, as in the first kinde enflaming, in the second choking. If -it be cold and drie it must either neuer be exercised or verie gently. -If it be cold or moyst, then exercise can do it no harme. If it be -cold and moyst, it maye boldly abide exercise: which variety commeth -vpon the effectes, that are wrought by exercises, either in augmenting -heat, and stirring humours, or auoiding superfluities. Whervpon the -generall conclusion is: that no distempered bodie may vse, any great or -vehement exercise though some there be, which may venture vp on some -meane and gentle kinde of stirring, whether the infirmitie concerne the -whole bodie, or be so in some parte, as it shake not the whole. If the -infirmitie in _fashion_ be casuall and come by late misfortune, (for in -this kinde naturall weaknesse is euer excepted) exercise maye do good, -bycause it will make that streight, which was croked, that smooth, -which was rugged, lay that which was swollen, raise that which was -layd, emptie that which was full, fill that which was emptie, open that -which was close and shut: and so forth, still working the contrarie to -the defect, and thereby the amendment. If the faulte be in _quantitie_, -great and swift exercises will abate, and pull downe the flesh, small -and slow will fat and thicken it. If the fault be in _number_, exercise -helpeth, as vehement mouing driueth the stone and grauell from the -straite passages of the kidneyes to the broader, and from thence downe -into the bladder. If the fault be in _seat_, no exercise is good, -bycause till the part be restored to his place and site, there is no -mouing to be vsed, nor yet long after, for feare of displacing it -againe. If the fault come by _disvnion_, _exulration_, or _gaule_, -the disvniting of the nobler partes, as the braine, the stomacke, -the liuer, and such other, specially if it be ioyned with any ague -excludeth all exercises. The baser partes refuse not meane stirring, -as the skinne being deuided and disvnited with scabbes, which come of -salt and sharp humours, by motion is freed and deliuered of them. This -consideration is to be had in the exercising of sicke bodies, whether -the sicknesse come by distemperature of humours, by deformitie in -composition, or by disvnion of partes. - -[Sidenote: Valetudinarie.] - -Concerning _valetudinarie_ bodies, which be neither alwaye sicke, nor -euer whole, and such as be vpon recouerie after sicknesse, and aged -men, whom yeares make weake and sickish, thus I read: that exercise -is verie necessarie for the two first, to strengthen their limmes, -to dispatche superfluities, to stirre heat, to restore the bodie to -his best habite, alwaye prouided that the exercise rise from some -mediocritie and slownes by degrees to that height, which the parties -may well abide. For to earnest and rash exercise will empaire their -health more. Olde men, as by want of naturall heat, they grow full of -superfluities, so they must haue some pleasant and gentle kinde of -exercise, both to stirre the heat, and to ridde awaye those needlesse -necessities, which of force inferre sicknes, if they be not enforced -awaye. And as they be naturally drie, so they must vse no exercise, -which dryeth to much. Wherein these foure circunstances are to be -considered, 1. First their strength, which being not great, requireth -but quiet and gentle exercises. For though _Prodicus_ the warie -Philosopher in _Plato_, _Antiochus_ the healthy Physician in _Galene_, -_Spurina_ the considerate counsellour in _Plinie_, could do straunge -thinges in their olde age, by good forsight in their former yeares, yet -they be no generall presidentes. 2. Secondly the forme of their bodies. -For as good constitutions, can do that meanly and pretily well in -their olde age, which they did strongly and stowtly in their youth, so -the weake and misfashioned are vnfit for exercise. For loude speaking -will hurt to narrow bulkes, and any walking fainteth weake legges, and -so forth in all imperfections of the like sorte. 3. Thirdly how they -haue bene vsed: bycause they will better awaie with their acquainted -exercises, then with other, wherunto they haue neuer bene vsed, the -vehemencie and courage of their yong dayes onely excepted. 4. Fourthly -what infirmities they be subiect vnto, as if their heades will soone be -giddy, or their eyes sore, or if they be in daunger of sudden falling, -then they must auoide all exercises which be offensiue to the head. And -this rule is generally to be obserued in all bodies, that the partes -pacient maye not be pressed to sore. - -[Sidenote: Healthy bodyes.] - -As for healthy and strong bodies, they are to be esteemed not by -absolute perfitnesse in measure and rule, which will not be found, but -by performing all naturall functions, without any greife or painfull -let: wherof in some places there is good plentie. For as generally in -so many wayes to weaknesse, our bodies neuer continuyng any one minute -in the same state, perfit health in the absolutest degree is not to -be hoped for: so in the second degree of perfection, where no sensible -let is, no felt feeblenesse, but all ordinaries excellent, though no -excellent extraordinarie, there be many bodies to be found healthfull, -lustie, and lasting verie long: as the soile wherin they brede and be -is of healthfulnesse, and wholesomnesse. Such a praise doth _Galene_ -giue to his owne, and _Hipocrates_[46] his country: Nay that is -the common proofe, where small diet, and much labour accompanieth -necessitie in state and good constitution in body. Now these -healthfull bodyes, as they dayly feede, and digest well, so to auoide -superfluities, which come thereby, bycause no meat is so meete with the -body, as it turneth all into nurriture, they must of necessitie pray -ayde of exercise, which must be neither to violent, nor to immoderate, -but sutable to their constitution, as in the priuate description the -particular exercise bewrayeth it selfe, and generally the generall -reason suffiseth such a trayner, as can vse the consideration of -circumstance wisely. In exercising of healthy bodies, there be fiue -speciall thinges to be obserued. 1. The first is how they haue bene -vsed, for looke wherewith they haue bene most acquainted, and therein, -or in the like they will best continew, and with most ease. 2. The -second is what age they be of, for old men must haue gentle exercises, -children somewhat more stirring, yong men more then they, and yet but -in a meane, bycause they are subiect to more harme by violence then -either children or old men, for that hauing strong and drie bodyes, -thicke and stiffe flesh, fast cleauing to the bone, and the skinne -stretched accordingly, they are in great daunger of strong conuulsions, -and diuers ruptures, both of flesh and veines, through extremities of -exercise. 3. The third is the state of their body, because fat and -grosse men, may abyde much more exercise, then leane may and so in -other. 4. The fourth is their kinde of liuing, for he that eateth much, -and sleepeth much, must either exercise much or liue but a while. And -to the contrary, the spare feeder or great waker, needeth not any such -kinde of physicke. 5. The fift is the temperature of their bodyes, for -small exercise satisfieth drie or hoat bodyes, in any degree of eager -heat. Againe colde bodyes may away with both vehement and very much, -for moyst bodyes to auoide superfluities, exercise and labour is very -good, so the bodies be not hoat withall, the humor very much and very -soone turned into vapour, and that also neare to the lungues for feare -of choking after much stirring. Hoat and dry admit no exercise, hoat -and moyste, cold and dry admit some litle. But of all constitutions -none is more helpt by exercise then the colde and moyst: because heat -and clearing, the two effectes of exercise haue their owne subiect -whereon to worke, which must be weyed in complexions, and states of the -body. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[46] 2. De tu. vali. - - - - -CHAPTER 31. - -OF THE EXERCISING PLACES. - - -That the place, wherein any thing is done, is of great force to the -well or ill performing therof, and specially in natural executions, -there can be no better profe, then that we se, not onely plantes and -trees, not onely brute beastes and cattell, but also euen the bodies -and myndes of men to be altered and chaunged, with the varietie and -alteration of the place and soyle, so that for the better exercising -of the bodies to the preseruing or recouering of health, it is verie -materiall to limit some certainety concerning the place. Wherin not to -dwell long at this time, bycause in the common place both for learning -and exercising togither, I shall haue occasion to say more of this -matter: these foure qualities are to be obserued in the place. 1. First -the place where ye exercise, must haue his ground flowred so, as it -be not offensiue to the body, as in wrastling not hard to fall on, in -daunsing soft, and not slipperie. How angrie would a boie be to be -driuen to scourge his _top_ in sand, grauell, or deepe rushes? and so -forth in the rest: as is most fit for the body exercised, with lest -daunger and best dispatch. 2. The second, that the place be either free -from any wind at all, or if be not possible to auoide some, that it be -not subiect to any sharpe and byting winde: which may do the body some -wrong, being open, and therefore ready to receiue forreine harme by the -ayer. 3. Thirdly that the place be open, and not close nor couered, -to haue the best and purest ayre at will, whereby the body becommeth -more quicke and liuely, and after voyding noysom superfluities, may -proue lightsome by the very ayer and soyle. 4. Fourthly that there be -no contagious nor noysome stenche neare the place of exercise, for -feare of infecting that by new corruption, which was lately cleared -by healthful motion. Generally if the place connot be so fit and -fauourable to exercise, as wish would it were, yet wisedom may win thus -much, that he may be as well appointed, to preuent the ill of euery -both season and circumstance, as possibility can commonly performe. -When great conquests had made states almost, nay in deede to wealthie, -and libertie of soyle giuen them place to chuse, they builded to this -end meruelous and sumptuous monuments, which time and warres haue -wasted, but we which must doe as we may, must be content with that, -which our power can compasse, and if the worst fall, thinke that he -which placed vs in the world, hath appointed the world for vs for an -exercising place, not onely for the body against infections, but also -for the mynde against affections, which being herselfe well trayned, -doth make the bodie yeelde to the bent of her choice. - - - - -CHAPTER 32. - -OF THE EXERCISING TIME. - - -_Time_ is deuided into _accidentarie_ and _naturall_, and _naturall_ -againe into _generall_ and _particular_. The _naturall time_ -generally construed is ment by the spring, the summer, the haruest -and the wynter: particularly by the howers of the day and night. The -_accidentarie time_ chaungeth his name still, sometime faire, sometime -foule, sometime hoat, sometime colde and so forth. Of this _accidentary -time_ this rule is giuen, that in exercise we chuse, as neare as we -can, faire weather, cleare and lightsome to confirme the spirites, -which naturally reioice in light and are refreshed thereby: not -cloudy, darke and thicke, wherein grosse humours make the bodie dull -and heauie: againe when there is either no great, or no verie noysome -winde to pearce the open pored body, nor to much forreine heat to -enflame the naturall: nor to much cold to stiffen it to sore. - -For the _naturall_ time generally taken, _Aristotle_[47] would haue the -bodie most exercised in sommer, bycause the naturall heat being then -least, and the bodie therefore most burdened with superfluities, then -exercise most helpes: both to encrease the inward heat, and to send out -those outward dettes. _Hippocrates_[48] againe giuing three principall -rules to be kept in exercise, to auoide wearinesse, to walke in the -morning, maketh this the third to vse both more and longer exercise -in the winter and cold weather, and most of his fauourites hold that -opinion. The reason is, bycause in sommer the heat of the time dryeth -the bodie enough, so that it needeth no exercise to wither it to much, -where the aire it selfe doth drie it enough. _Galene_[49] a man of -great authoritie in his profession, pronounceth thus in generall, that -as temperate bodies are to be exercised in a temperate season which -he countes to be spring: so cold bodies are in hoat weather: hoat in -cold, moyst in drie, drie in moyst: meaning thereby that whensoeuer the -bodie seemeth to yeeld towardes any distemperature, then the contrarie -both time and place must be fled to for succour. Of these opinions -iudgement is to chuse, which it best liketh. Me thinke vpon diuers -considerations, they maye all stand well without any repugnance, seing -neither _Hippocrates_ nor _Galene_, deny exercise in sommer simply, and -_Aristotle_ doth shew what it worketh in sommer. - -For the _naturall time_ particularly taken, thus much is said, that it -is vnwholesome to exercise after meat, bycause it hindereth digestion -by dispersing the heat, which should be assembled wholly to further and -helpe digestion. And yet both _Aristotle_ and _Auicene_, allow some -gentle walking after meat, to cause it so much the sooner setle downe -in the stomacke, specially if one meane to sleepe shortly after. But -for exercise before meate, that is excedingly and generally commended, -bycause it maketh the naturall heat strong against digesting time, -and driuing away vnprofitable humours, disperseth the better and -more wholesome, thorough out the whole bodie, whereas after meate it -filleth it with rawnesse, and want of digestion: bycause mouing marres -concoction, and lets the boyling of the stomacke. Now in this place -there be three thinges to be considered. - -1. First that none venture vpon any exercise, before the bodie be -purged naturally, by the nose, the mouth, the belly, the bladder, -bycause the contrarie disperseth that into the bodie, which should -be dismissed and sent awaie: nor before the ouernightes diet be -thoroughly digested, for feare of to much superfluitie, besides crudity -and cholere. Belching and vrine be argmentes of perfit or vnperfit -digestion. The whiter vrine the worse and weaker digestion, the -yealower, the better. - -2. The second consideration is, that no exercise be medled withall the -stomacke being verie emptie, and wearie hungrie, least rauening cause -ouerreaching, and _Hippocrates_[50] condemne you, for linking labour -with hunger, a thing by him in his _aphorismes_ forbid. - -The third consideration is not to eate streight after the exercise, -before the bodie be reasonably setled. Yet corpulent carcases, which -labour to be lightened of their cariage, be allowed their vittail, -though they be puffing hoat. The cause why this distance betwene mouing -and meate is enioyned, is this, for that the bodie is still a clearing, -while it is yet hoat: and the excrementes be but fleeting: so that -neither the partie can yet be hungrie, nor the heat entend digestion. -Whervpon they counsell him that is yet hoat after exercise, neither -to washe himselfe in cold water: nor to drinke wine, nor cold water. -Bycause washing will hurt the open body, wine will streight way steeme -vp into the head, cold water will offend the belly and lyver, yea -sometime gaule the sinewes, nay sometime call for death. - -[Sidenote: Houres.] - -What _houres_ of the daie were best for exercise, the auncient -_Physicians_ for their soile, in their time, and to their reason, -appointed it thus. In the spring about noone, for the temperatenesse of -the aire: in sommer in the _morning_, to preuent the heat of the daie: -in haruest and winter towardes night: bycause the _morninges_ be cold, -the dayes short, and to be employed otherwise: and the meat before that -time will lightly be well digested. But now in our time, the diet being -so farre altered, and neuer a circumstance the same, no time is fitter -for exercise then the _Muses_ not to wonder and muse at it, that we -be so boulde with our and their common friend, I meane the _morning_, -seeing we seeke to haue learning and health ioyned together. Which -falling both most fit in the _morning_, doth lend vs an argument to -proue that they were ill sundred, whom the samenes of time so vniteth -together. In the _morning_ the bodie is light, being deliuered of -excrementes, strong after sleepe, free from common lettes and without -any perill of indigestion, all which fall out quite contrarie in the -_euening_. If any writer allow any other houre after meate, it is in -some extremitie of sicknesse, not in respect of exercise: as when the -weather is most lowring, and children most heauie and dumpish, why is -not then the fittest time to play, by chearing the minde, to lighthen -the bodie? - -FOOTNOTES: - -[47] 2. Part. proble. 21. 33. 42. - -[48] 3. De diæta. - -[49] 2. De tuen. vali. - -[50] 2. Aph. 16. - - - - -CHAPTER 33. - -OF THE QUANTITIE THAT IS TO BE KEPT IN EXERCISE. - - -All they which vse exercises vse them either not so much as they -should, and that doeth small good, or more then they should, and that -doeth much harme, or so as they should, and that doeth much good. -Wherupon he that hath skill to crie ho, when he is at the height of -his exercise, wherwith nature feeleth her selfe to be best content, -knoweth best wherein the best measure consisteth. But how may one -know the verie pitche in exercise, and when it were best for one to -crie ho? principally by these two generall limittes. 1. Wherof the -first is, when a _vapour_ mingled with sweat is sensibly perceiued to -proceede from the bodie: when the _vaines_ begin to swell, and the -_breathing_ to alter. For wheras the ende of exercise is to strengthen -the bodie, and to encrease the naturall heat, whereby the wholesome -iuyce is digested, and distributed to the nurriture of the other -partes: and vnprofitable residences discharged: if the exercise come -not to these degrees of _sweat_, _swelling_, and _breathing_, it is to -weake to worke those effectes, which it doth vndertake. 2. The second -generall limit is, to continue the _exercise_ so long, as the _face_ -and bodie shall haue a fresh colour, the _motion_ shalbe quicke and in -proportion, and no _wearynesse_ worth the speaking shalbe felt. For if -the _colour_ begin to faint, or the bodie to be gaunt, or _wearynesse_ -to wring, or the _motion_ to shrinke, or the sweat to alter in -_qualitie_ from hoat to cold, in _quantitie_ from more to lesse, which -should naturally encrease with the exercise, then crie ho, for feare -of thinning the bodye to much, of consuming the good and ill iuyces -together, of weakning the naturall heat, of destroying in steade of -strengthning: bycause these be euident shewes, that the bodie wasteth, -cooleth and dryeth more then it should. - -Now as these be generall staies not to proceede further, but to rest -when we are well: so there be other more particuler, wherein there is -regard to be had, to the _strength_ or _weakenes_ of the partie, to the -_age_, to the _time_ of the yeare, to the _temperature_ of the body, -to the _kinde_ of life. For in all these measure is a mery meane, and -immoderatenes a remeadilesse harme. - -They that be of good _strength_ may continue longer in exercise, -then any other, without some great occasion to the contrary: though -they faint, and feele some litle _lassitude_ and _wearines_, bycause -they will quickly recouer themselues. Those that be but _weake_ must -exercise but a while, bycause any small taint in them, is long and hard -to be recouered, and therefore their limit is to be warme, and to be -ware of sweating. - -2. As touching the difference in age. Olde men, yea though they vse the -same exercises, wherewith they were acquainted when they were yong, yet -must leaue ear they either sweat or begin to be wearie, bycause they -are drye and wythered. Men of middle _age_ must of necessitie keepe the -meane lymit, bycause too much offendes them, to litle doth them litle -good, both hinder the state of their bodies. _Youth_ from seuen till -one and twenty, will abyde much exercising, very well: wherefore they -are allowed without daunger to be hoat and chafe, to puffe and blow, -to sweat, to be wearie also to some degree of _lassitude_: for being -full of excrementes by reason of ther reacheles diet, they finde great -ease in labour and sweat: and being strong withall, a litle _wearines_ -makes them litle worse. And yet there must be great eye had to them, -that they keepe within compasse, and so much the more, the lesse they -be aboue seuen yeare old. For too much exercise in those yeares marres -their growing, and alters the constitution of their bodies to the worse. - -3. For the _time_ of the yeare. In _Winter_ the exercise may be great, -till the body be hotte: but yet sweat not, lest the cold do harme. In -the _Spring_ more euen till it sweat, in the _Haruest_ lesse, in the -_Sommer_ least: because the ayre which enuironeth the body, doth then -of it selfe so wearie and weaken it, as it needeth neither sweating, -nor heating, nor wearying with exercise, wherein _Hippocrates_ and his -_Phisicke_ will preuaile against _Aristotle_ and his _Philosophie_. - -4. For the temperature of the body: _Moyst_ bodies may abide much -exercise, by much stirring to drie vp much moisture, so that they may -sweat, and yet they must take heede of wearynes. Dry _bodies_ may -very ill away with any exercise, and if with any, it must be such as -will neither cause heat nor sweat. Could _bodies_ may moue till they -be throughly warme. Hoat _bodies_ must be deintily dealt withall. For -_heat_, _sweat_, and great chaunge of their breathing be enemies to -their complexion. Hoat and dry for feare of encreasing their qualities -to much must be content with either no exercise at all, or with verie -litle. Cold and dry may abyde stirring in respect of their coldnes, -till they be warme: but for feare of ouerdrying they must not venture -vpon sweat. Hoat and moyst must vse moderate exercise, bycause to litle -dyminisheth not their superfluous moysture: to much melteth to fast, -and warmth to much. Whereupon daungerous flixes ensue: so that they -must needes auoid great alteration of breath, and to much warmeth. Cold -and moyst may exercise them selues till they blow, till they be hoat, -and till they sweat. To be short, of any constitution this may best -abide exercise, to emptie it of needlesse humors, to stirre the natural -heat, and to procure perfit digestion. _Sicke-men_ may not dreame of -any definite _quantitie_ in their exercises, bycause according to the -variety of their infirmities, both their exercises, and the quantities -thereof must be proportionally applyed: so that there can be no -certaine rule set for them. - -Such as be newly recouered from sicknes, or that be on the mending -hand, bycause their strength is feeble, their heat weake, their lymes -dried vp, must content themselues with small and competent exercise, -for feare of no small inconuenience. Their limit therefore must be to -stirre, but not to change breath, to warme, but not to heat, to labour, -but not to be wearie: yet as their health growes, their exercise may -encrease. - -5. For the kinde of life. Such as liue moderately and with great -continencie, though they be not full of superfluities, and therefore -neede not exercise much: yet they must not abandon it quite, least -their bodies for want therof, becomming vnweildie, lease both the -benefit of naturall heat, and good constitution, and auoid not such -residence, as of force breedes in them, and in the ende will cause -some sicknes crepe on, which comes without warning, bycause _Iupiter_, -as both _Hesiode_ sayeth, and _Plutarch_ subscribeth, hath cut her -tongue out, least she tell, when she comes, for that he would haue -her come stealing, eare she be perceiued, as _Galene_ also maketh -the litle vnperceiued, or for the smallnesse contemned to be mother -to all illes both of bodie and soule. _Incontinence_ breedes much -matter for exercise: and therefore requireth much, cheifly to procure -sound sleepe, the captaine cause of good digestion. Such as haue not -vsed exercises before, and be nouices in the trade, must first be -purged, then by _meane_ and _moderate_ ascents, day by day be well -applyed, till they come to that degree, wherein those are, which haue -bene acquainted therewith before. But in all those _degrees_ and -_mediocrities_, _immoderate_ exercise must alway be eschewed, as a -very capitall enemie to health causing _children_ not to prosper nor -grow: _lustie men_ to fall into vnequall distemperatures, and oftimes -agues: _oldmen_ to become dry and ouerwearied. To conclude who is it, -to whom it doth not some harme, and from whom it keepeth not some great -good. These be the tokens, whereby immoderate exercises be discerned, -if ye feele your ioyntes to be very hoat: if you perceiue your body -to be drie and vnequall: if in your trauell you feele some pricking -in your flesh, as if it were of some angrie push: if after sweating -your colour become pale: if you finde your selfe faint and wearie -more than ordinary, which wearines, fayntnesse and pricking, occupy -the credit of a great circumstance in physicke, of _Galene_,[51] and -greeke physicianes called κόπος of the _latines_ and our _Linacer -lassitudines_, and come vpon dissolution and thinning of grosse -humours, being to many at that time to cleare the body of, and pricking -as they passe like some angrie bile within the body, whereby the -body is both forced to make an end of exercise, and withall is verie -wearysome, and stif oftymes after. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[51] 4. De tuenda sanita. - - - - -CHAPTER 34. - -OF THE MANNER OF EXERCISING. - - -_Galene_ in the second booke of his preseruatiue to health knitteth vp -three great thinges in verie few wordes, that who so can handle the -exercises in due _maner_, with the _apotherapeutike_, or gouerning the -body after exercise, and his _frictions_ to rubbe it and chafe it as -it should be, is an absolute trayner in his kinde. Wherein we may see -the vse of _chafing_, and rubbing the body both to be verie auncient, -and very healthfull, to warme the outward partes, to open the passages -for superfluitie, and to make one actiue and chearie to deale with any -thing afterward. It hath his place euery day at tymes, euery yeare -in seasons, altering vpon circumstance, but still both needefull and -healthfull, and clearith where it chafeth. For the _apotherapeutike_ -much hath bene saide already: wherefore this place must serue -peculiarly for the _maner_ of exercising. - -They of old time to whom these rules were first giuen hauing all -thinges at their will, and sparing for no cost, neither straited for -want of time, which they disposed as they listed, and to whom the -traine bycause of their libertie and leasure was properly bequeathed, -did vse many circumstances both ear they entred into their exercise, -and when they were in it, and also after that they had ended it, ear -they went to meat. Which their curious course, I will briefly runne -through, onely to let them see it, which can do no more but see it, -bycause the circumstances of our time will skant suffer any to assay -it. After that they felt their former meat fully digested, and had at -leysure performed what belonged to the purging of their bodies, they -disrobed themselues, and were chafed with a gentle kinde of rubber, -till that the freshnes of their colour, and agilytie of their ioyntes -seemed to call for exercise. Then were they oynted with sweete oyle -so neatly and with such cunning, as it might sooke into their bodies, -and search euerie ioynt. That being done if they ment to wrastle, they -threw dust vpon the oyntment: if not, they went to the exercise, which -they had most fansie vnto, which being ended they rested a while, then -with certaine scrapers called _Strigiles_, they had all their filth -scrapte of their bodies: afterward they were chafed and rubbed againe, -then oynted also againe, either in the _Sunne_ or by the _fire_. Then -to the _bath_, last of all apparelling themselues they fell to their -meat. And this was not one or two, nor men of might alone, but euery -one and of euery sort, nay, shall I say it? euen of euery sex. A long -and laboriouse trauell, and an argument of much ease, and to much adoe -in that, which should be more common. - -But in these our dayes, considering we neither haue such places wherin, -nor the persons by whose helpe, nor the leasure by whose sufferance we -maye entend so delicate a tendring of our selues, and yet for all that -may not neglect so great a misterie for our owne health, as exercise -is, though we cannot reatch to the olde, which perhaps we neede not, -smaller prouision and simpler fourniture, will serue our turne, and -worke the same effectes, nay may fortune better by helpe of some -circunstance peculiar to our selues. Therefore for our _maner_ and -_order_ of exercise, these few and easie considerations may seeme to -be sufficient: To _cleare_ our bodies from superfluities echewaye, to -_combe_ our heades, to _wash_ our handes and face, to _apparell_ our -selues for the purpose, to _begin_ our exercise first slowly, and so -grow on quicker, to _rebate_ softly, and by gentle degrees, to _change_ -our sweatie clothes, to _walke_ a litle after, last of all our bodies -being setled, to _go_ to our meate. This is that which I promised to -note concerning the six circunstances of exercise. - - - - -CHAPTER 35. - -AN ADUERTISEMENT TO THE TRAINING MAISTER. WHY BOTH THE TEACHING OF THE -MINDE, AND THE TRAINING OF THE BODIE BE ASSIGNED TO THE SAME MAISTER. -THE INCONUENIENCES WHICH ENSUE, WHERE THE BODIE AND SOULE BE MADE -PARTICULAR SUBIECTES TO SEVERALL PROFESSIONS. THAT WHO SO WILL EXECUTE -ANYTHING WELL, MUST OF FORCE BE FULLY RESOLUED OF THE EXCELLENCY OF HIS -OWNE SUBIECT. OUT OF WHAT KINDE OF WRITERS THE EXERCISING MAISTER MAY -STORE HIMSELFE WITH CUNNING. THAT THE FIRST GROUNDES WOULD BE LAID BY -THE CUNNINGEST WORKEMAN. THAT PRIUATE DISCRETION IN ANY EXECUTOR IS OF -MORE EFFICACIE THEN HIS SKILL. - - -I haue already spoken of the parties, which are to be exercised, and -what they are to obserue: nowe must I saye somwhat of him, and to him, -which is to direct the exercise, and how he may procure sufficient -knowledge, wherby to do it exceeding well. And yet the trainers person -is but a parcell of that person, whom I do charge with the whole. For -I do assigne both the framing of the minde, and the training of the -bodie to one mans charge, whose sufficiencie may verie well satisfie -both, being so neare companions in linke, and not to be vncoupled -in learning. The causes why I medle in this place with the training -maister, or rather the training parte of the common maister, be these: -first I did promise in my methode of exercises so to do: secondly -the late discours of exercise will somwhat lighten this matter, and -whatsoeuer shall be said here, may easely be reuiued there, where I -deale with the generall maister. Beside this, exercise being so great -a braunche of education as the sole traine of the whole bodie, maye -well commaunde such a particular labour, though in deede I seuer not -the persons, where I ioine the properties. For in appointing seuerall -executions, where the knowledge is vnited, and the successe followeth -by the continuall comparing of the partes, how they both maye, or how -they both do best procede in their best way, how can that man iudge -wel of the soule, whose trauell consisteth in the bodie alone? or how -shall he perceiue what is the bodies best, which hauing the soule -onely committed to his care, posteth ouer the bodie as to an other -mans reckening? In these cases both _fantsie_ workes _affection_, -and _affection_ ouer-weyneth, either best liking where it fantsieth -most, or most following, where it affecteth best, as it doth appeare -in _Diuines_, who punish the bodie, to haue the soule better, and in -_Physicians_, who looke a side at the soule, bycause the bodie is -there best. Where by the way I obserue, the different effectes which -these two subiectes, being seuered in charge, do offer vnto their -professours. For the health of the soule is the _Diuines_ best, both -for his honest delite, that it doth so well, and for his best ease, -that himselfe faires so well. For an honest, vertuous, godly and -well disposed soule, doth highly esteeme and honorably thinke of the -professour of diuinitie, and teacher of his religion, bycause vertuous -dealinges, godly meditations, heauently thoughtes, which the one -importeth, be the others portion, and the best food, to a well affected -minde: Whervpon in such a healthy disposition of a well both informed -and reformed soule, the _Diuine_ can neither lacke honor for his -person, nor substance for his purse. - -Now to the contrarie the health of the bodie, which is the _Physicians_ -subiect, is generally his worst, though it be the ende of his -profession, which though he be glad of his owne good nature, as he is -a man, or of his good conscience, as he is a Christian, that the bodie -doth wel, yet his chymny doth not smoke where no pacient smartes. For -the healthfull bodie commonly careth not for the _Physician_, it is -neede that makes him sought. And as the _Philosopher_ sayeth, if all -men were freindes, then iustice should not neede, bycause no wrong -would be offered: so if all bodies were whole that no distemperature -enforced: or if the _Diuine_ were well and duetifully heard, that no -intemperance distempered, _Physick_ should haue small place: Now the -contrary dealinges, bycause the diuine is not heard, and distemperature -not auoided, do enforce _Physick_, for the healing parte of it, as -the mother of the professours gaine: where as the preseruing part -neither will be kept by the one, neither enricheth the other. In -these two professions we do generally see what the seuering of such -neare neighbours doth bring to passe, like two tenantes in one house -belonging to seuerall lordes. And yet the affections of the one so tuch -the other, as they cause sometimes, both the _Diuine_ to thinke of -the body, for the better support of the soule: and the _Physician_ to -thinke of the soule to helpe him in his cure with comfort and courage. -The seuering of those two, sometime shew vs verie pitifull conclusions, -when the _Diuine_ diliuers the desperate sicke soule, ouer to the -secular magistrate, and a forcible death by waye of punishement: and -the _Physician_ deliuereth the desperate sicke bodie to the _Diuines_ -care, and a forced ende by extremitie of disease. I dare not saye that -these professions might ioyne in one person, and yet _Galene_[52] -examining the force which a good or ill soule hath to imprint the -like affections in the bodie, would not haue the _Physician_ to tarie -for the _Phylosopher_ but to play the parte himselfe. Where to much -distraction is, and subalterne professions be made seuerall heads, -there the professions make the most of their subiectes, and the -subiectes receiue least good, though they parte from most. And seuerall -professing makes the seuerall trades to swell beyond proportion, euerie -one seeking to make the most of his owne, nay rather vanting his owne, -as simply the highest, though it creepe very low. And therefore in -this my traine I couch both the partes vnder one maister’s care. For -while the bodie is committed to one, and the soul commended to an -other, it falleth out most times, that the poore bodie is miserably -neglected, while nothing is cared for but onely the soule, as it -proueth true in very zealous _Diuines_: and that the soule it selfe is -but sillyly looked to, while the bodie is in price, and to much borne -with, as is generally seene: and that in this conflicte the diligent -scholer in great strength of soule, beares mostwhat about him, but a -feeble, weake, and a sickish bodie. Wherefore to haue the care equally -distributed which is due to both the partes, I make him but one, which -dealeth with both. For I finde no such difficultie, but that either for -the cunning he may compasse it: or for the trauell he maye beare it, -hauing all circunstances free by succession in houres. Moreouer as the -temperature of the soule smelleth of the temperature of the bodie, so -the soule being well affected, will draw on the bodie to her bent. For -will a modest and a moderate soule but cause the body obey the rule -of her temperance? or if the soule it selfe be reclaymed from follie, -doth it not constraine the bodie forth with to follow? So that it were -to much to sunder them in charge, whose dispositions be so ioyned, and -the skill of such facilitie, as may easely be attained, and so much the -sooner, bycause it is the preseruing parte, which requireth most care -in the partie, and but small in the trainer, as the healinge part of -Physicke requireth most cunning in the professour, and some obedience -in the patient. - -I do make great account of the parties skill, that is to execute -matters which besides diligence require skill: for if he be skilfull -himselfe, it almost needes not to giue precept. If he be not, it -altogither bootes not. If he be skillfull he will execute well, bycause -he can helpe the thing, which he must execute if particular occurrence -pray aide at the sudden: if he want skill he will lightly mangle that, -which is wel set downe, if he be a medler. Wherefore seing I wish the -executors cunning, and yet must be content to take him as I finde him: -I will do my best both to instruct infirmitie, and to content cunning. -I must therefore haue him to thinke, that there be two properties which -he must take to be of most efficacie to make a cunning executor. The -one is to be rauished with the excellencie and worthynes of the thing -which he is to execute. The other is, if he may very easily attaine -vnto some singuler knowledge in so noble a subiect, which both concur -in this present execution. - -[Sidenote: The liking of the executors subiect.] - -1. For graunting the soule simply the preheminence both in substance -of being, and in traine to be bettered, can there be any other single -subiect, (which I say in respect of a communitie directed by diuine and -humaine law, that is compound, and the principall subiect of any mans -dealing,) can there be any single subiect I say of greater nobilitie, -and more worthy to be in loue with, either by the partie, that is to -finde it, or by him that is to frame it, then healthfullnes of body? -which so toucheth the soule as it shakes it withall, if it selfe be not -sownd? - -What a treasure health is, they that haue it do finde, though they -feele it not till it faile, when want bewrayes what a iewell they haue -lost, and their cost discouers how they mynde the recouerie. The ende -of our being here is to serue God and our country, in obedience to -persons, and perfourmance of duties: If that may be done with health -of bodie, it is effectual and pithie: if not, then with sorow we must -shift the soner, and let other succede, with no more assurance of life, -then we had made vs, without this healthfull misterie: in perpetuall -change to let the world see, that multitude doth supply with number the -defect of a great deale better, but to sone decaying paucity. - -To liue and that long of whom is it not longed for, as Gods blessing if -he know God: as the benefit of nature, if he be but a naturall man. - -The state of our bodie, when we are in good health, so liuely and -lusty, so comfortable and cleare, so quicke and chearie, in part and in -hole, doth it not paint vs, and point vs the valew of so preciouse a -iewell, as health is to be esteemed? - -The pitifull grones, the lamentable shrikes, the lothsome lookes, the -image of death, nay of a pyning death, yea in hope of recouery: the -rufull heauines, the wringing handes, the wayling friendes, all blacke -before blacke, when health is in despaire, do they not crie and tell -vs, what a goodly thing health is, themselues being so griesy? - -So many monuments left by learned men, so much sumptuousnes of the -mightiest princes, so many inuentions of the noblest wittes bestowed -vpon exercises to maintaine this diamond, are they not sufficient to -enflame the executour, being a partaker him selfe, and a distributer to -others, that the subiect wherein he dealeth is both massie, most worth, -and most meruelous? let him thinke it to be so, bycause he seeth it is -so, and vpon that presumption proceede to his so healthfull, and so -honorable an execution. In whom his owne iudgement is of speciall force -to further his good speede. For being well resolued in the excellencie -of his owne subiect he will both himselfe execute the better, and -perswade other sooner to embrace that with zeale, which he professeth -with iudgement. If you will haue me weepe for you, saith the _Poet_, -then weepe you first: he shall hardly perswade an other to like of -that, which is his owne choice, who shall himselfe not seeme to set by -it, where himselfe hath set his choise. - -[Sidenote: How to become a skillfull exercising maister.] - -2. The knowledge wherewith, and how to deale therein is so much the -easier, bycause it is so generall, and so many wayes to be wonne. I -will not seeme to raise vp the memorie which can neuer dye, giuen to -this traine by all both old and new histories: which prayse those -vertues and valiances, which they found, but had neuer had matter -to praise, nor vertues to finde, if exercises had not made the -personages praiseworthy, whereby they did such thinges, and of so great -admiration, as had bene vnpossible to any not so trained as they were. -What _Philosopher_ describeth the fairest forme of the worthiest -common weale, either by patterne of one person, as allowing that -state best, where one steares all: or by some greater multitude, as -preferring that gouernment, where many make much stirre: but he doth -alwaye, when he dealeth with the youth, and first trayning of that -state, not onely make mention, but a most speciall matter of exercise -for health? - -Who is it in any language that handleth the _Padagogicall_ argument, -how to bring vp youth, but he is arrested there, where exercise is -enfraunchised? As for the _Physicians_, it is a principall parcell -of their fairest patrimonie, bycause it is naturally subiect, and so -learnedly proued to be by _Galene_ in his booke intitled _Thrasybulus_, -to that parte of their profession which seeketh to preserue health, -and not to tarie till it come to ruine, with their gaine to repare -it, though it still remaine ruinous and rotten, which is so repared. -Therefore whensoeuer the maintenance of health, is the inscription -of the booke, this title of exercise hath some euidence to shew. -Further in the discours of _Exercises_ we finde eche where the names -of diet, of _waking_, of _sleeping_, of _mouing_, of _resting_, of -_distemperature_, of _temperature_, of _humours_, of _elementes_, of -_places_, of _times_, of _partes_ of the _bodie_, of the _vses_ therof, -of _frictions_ and _chafings_, of _lassitude_ and _wearinesse_, and a -number such, which when the training maister meeteth with among the -_Physicians_, or naturall _Philosophers_, what els say they vnto him, -but that where ye finde vs before the dore, ye may be bold to come -in? As for naturall _Philosophy_ the ground mistresse to _Physik_ it -must needes be the foundation to this whole traine. Hence the causes -be set, which proue eche thing either good or bad, either noysome or -needefull to health. All naturall _problemataries_, _dipnosophistes_, -_symposiakes_, _antiquaries_, _warmaisters_, and such as deale with any -particular occurence of exercise, if ye appose them well: you shall -finde them yours freindes. This terme _Gymnastice_, which emplyeth in -name, and professeth in deede the arte of exercise, is the verie seat, -wheron the trainer must builde. And therefore all either whole bookes, -or particular discourses in any writer by the waie, concerning this -argument, do will him to rest there. In which kinde, for the professed -argument of the whole booke, I know not any comparable to _Hieronymus -Mercurialis_, a verie learned _Italian Physician_ now in our time, -which hath taken great paines to sift out of all writers, what so euer -concerneth the whole _Gymnasticall_ and exercising argument, whose -aduice in this question I haue my selfe much vsed, where he did fit my -purpose. - -By these reasons I do see, and by some proofe I haue found, that the -waye to be skilfull in the preseruatiue part of _Physick_, and so -consequently in exercises, as the greatest member therof, is very -ready and direct, bycause it is so plaine, so large, and with all so -pleasant: as it is also most honorable, bycause it seekes to saue vs -from that, which desireth our spoile. And therefore this execution -requireth a liberall courage, where the gaine is not great, but the -disposition much praised. The repairers get the pence, the preseruers -reason faire. And as the effect commendes the knowledge: so being of it -selfe thus necessarie for all, a student may with great credit trauell -in the cunning, if it were for no more but to helpe his owne health, -and vpon better affection, or some gainfull offer to empart it with -other. For to helpe himselfe he is bound in _nature_, and will do it -in deede: to do good to all if he may, he is bound by _dutie_, and so -sure he ought. But to helpe as many as he may, and himselfe to, what -_nature_ can but loue? what _dutie_ can but like? chiefly where the -thing which he must do, may be done with ease, and the good which he -shall do, shall gaine him praise, besides the surplus of profit. Some -will say perhaps to traine vp children, what needes so much cunning: -or in so petie a matter what needes so much labour? Though I entreat -of it here, where it first beginnes, yet it stretcheth vnto all, both -ages and persons: neither is the matter so meane, which is the readiest -meane to so great a good, but if it were meane, the meanest matter -requireth not the meanest maister, to haue it well done: and the first -groundworke would be layd by the best workeman. For who can better -teach to reade, then he which for skill can commaund the language? -And what had more neede to be exactly done then that principle, which -either marreth the whole sequele, with insufficiencie, or maketh all -sound, being it selfe well layd? The thing you will graunt to be of -such efficacie, such an excutor you despaire of: such a man may be had, -nay a number of such may be had, if recompence be prouided to answere -such sufficiencie. The common not opinion but error is, he hath cunning -enough for such a small trifle. It is not that small which he hath that -can do the thing well, but your skill is small, to thinke that any -small skill, can do anything well. He must know a great deale more -then he doth, which must do that well, which he doth: bycause _store_ -is the deliuerer of the best effectes, _neede_ which sheweth all at -once, is but a sorie steward, and must put in band, that he hath some -credit, though verie smal substance. - -For the skill of the trayner I take it to be verie euident, both -whence it may be had, and how plentiful a store house he hath for his -prouision. Thence he may haue the generall groundes, and causes of his -cunning. - -[Sidenote: Discretion in the trayner.] - -3. But there is a third thing yet besides these two, which is proper to -his owne person, which if he haue not, his cunning is worth nought. For -though he see and embrace the worthines of his subiect, though he haue -gathered in his whole haruest from out of all writers, yet if he want -_discretion_ how to apply it according vnto that, which is most fit to -the verie meanest not bowghes and braunches, but euen the twigges and -sprigges of the petiest circumstances, he is no skillfull trayner: but -so much the more daungerous, the more helpe of learning he hath, which -will bolden him to much. Therefore of these two other pointes, the one -being throughly resolued on, the other perfitly obtained, and all the -contemplatiue reasons well vnderstoode, he must bend his wittes to wey -the particularities, whereby both the generall conclusions be brought -to be profitable, and his owne iudgement to be thought discrete. The -want of this is the cause of such a number of discoursers, which swarm -ech where, and both like their owne choice, and can say pretily well -to the generall position, which is not denyed to any toward youthe, -but they shew themselues altogither lame in the particular applying, -which is a thing that attendeth onely vpon experience and yeares. The -hauing of it will prouide vs notable store of excellent executours, to -all their profites, vpon whom they shall execute. _Aristotle_ the great -_philosopher_ in all his _morall_ discourses tieth all those vertues -which make mens maners praiseworthie, and be subiect to circumstances, -to the rule of foresight and _discretion_, whose commendation he -placeth in skill of speciallities to direct mens doinges. Therefore -it is no dishonour to the trayner, to be reclaymed vnto _discretion_, -which hath all those so many and so manerly vertues to attend vpon -her traine. Is not death commendable, and ascribed to valiancie, when -it is voluntary for the common good, by reason of the circumstance? -and the sauing of life is it not basely thought of, when it had bene -better spent, considering the circumstance? Which circumstance is the -line to liue by, the guide to all our doinges, the tuchestone to try a -contemplatiue creature from an actiue courage. - -In the course of training, a thousand difficulties not possible to be -forseene by the generall direction, will offer themselues, and appose -the maister, and at the sudden must be salued. What will the trainer -do? runne to his booke? nay to his braines. He must remember his rule, -that indiuisibles and circunstances be beyond the reach of _arte_: and -are committed to the _Artificer_ whose _discretion_ must helpe, where -_arte_ is to weake: though she giue him great light, by fitting this to -that, when he hath found wherfore. _Arte_ setteth downe the exercise -and all the knowen circunstances. The person bringes with it some -difficultie in execution, where is the succour? _Arte_ will not relent, -she can not make curtsie, her knees be groune stiffe, and her iointes -fast knit, and yet curtsie there must be. The _Artificer_ must make it, -and assist his ladie, which if she had not had a man to be her meane, -she herselfe would haue done all, and trusting to man whom she hath -made her meane, why should she be deceyued, and her clyentes be abused, -where she commendes them of trust? Children that come to schoole dwel -not in one house, not in the same streate, nay not in the same towne, -they cannot lightly come at one houre, they be not of one age, nor fit -for one exercise, and yet they must haue some. The _arte_ knoweth my -child no more then my neighbours, but the trainer must, and stay those -vncertainties vpon the arrest of _discretion_: being enstructed afore -hand in the generall skill though bound but of voluntarie: as the like -cause shall lead the like case. - -The rule is, no noysome sauour neare the newly exercised: how shall -the poore boye do, that is to go home thorough stinking streates, and -filthy lanes. - -The rule is, change apparell after sweat: what if he haue none other? -or not there where he sweateth? Here must the trainers _discretion_ -shew it selfe, either to chuse exercises that be not subiect to any -such extremities, or to vse them with the fewest. But I am to long, -neither neede I to doubt of mens discretion, though I say thus much of -it, which many haue and moe wishe for, I shall haue occasion to supplie -the rest in the generall teacher. - -Thus haue I runne thorough the whole argument of exercises, and -shewed not onely what I thinke of them in generall, but also what be -the cheife particulars, and the circunstances belonging thereunto: -and according to my promise I haue delt with the training maister, -and ouertreated him to thinke honorably of his profession, to gather -knowledge, where it is abundantly to be got: and last of all to -ioine _discretion_ as a third companion to his owne admiration and -sufficiency. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[52] 1. De san. tu. - - - - -CHAPTER 36. - - THAT BOTH YOUNG BOYES, AND YOUNG MAIDENS ARE TO BE PUT TO LEARNE. - WHETHER ALL BOYES BE TO BE SET TO SCHOOLE. THAT TO MANY LEARNED BE - TO BURDENOUS: TO FEW TO BARE: WITTES WELL SORTED CIUILL, MISSORTED - SEDITIOUS. THAT ALL MAY LEARNE TO WRITE AND READ WITHOUT DAUNGER. THE - GOOD OF CHOICE, AND ILL OF CONFUSION. THE CHILDREN WHICH ARE SET TO - LEARNE, HAUING EITHER RICHE OR POORE FREINDES: WHAT ORDER AND CHOICE - IS TO BE VSED IN ADMITTING EITHER OF THEM TO LEARNE. OF THE TIME TO - CHUSE. - - -Now that the thinges be appointed, wherwith the minde must be first -furnished, to make it learned, and the bodie best exercised, to keepe -it healthfull, we are next to consider of those persons, which are to -be instructed in this furniture, and to be preserued by this exercise: -which I take to be children of both sortes, _male_ and _female_, young -_boyes_ and young _maidens_, which though I admit here generally, -without difference of sex, yet I restraine particularly vpon difference -in cause, as herafter shall appeare. But young _maidens_ must giue me -leaue to speake of _boyes_ first: bycause naturally the _male_ is more -worthy, and politikely he is more employed, and therfore that side -claimeth this learned education, as first framed for their vse, and -most properly belonging to their kinde: though of curtsie and kindnesse -they be content to lend their _female_ in youth, the vse of their -traine in part, vpon whom in age they bestow both themselues, and all -the frute of their whole traine. - -It might seeme sufficient for the determining of this case to say onely -thus much: that they must needes be _boyes_ which are to be trayned -in this sorte, as I haue declared, bycause the bringing vp of young -_maidens_ in any kynd of learning, is but an accessory by the waye. -But for so much as there be many considerations in the persons, both -of _boyes_ and _maidens_ worthy the deciding, I meane to entreat of -them both somwhat largely: and as neare as I can, to resolue both my -selfe and my reader in some pointes of controuersie and necessitie, -or rather in some pointes of apparent necessities, being out of all -controuersie. For the _male_ side, that doubt is long ago out of doubt, -that they be to be set to schoole, to qualifie themselues, to learne -how to be religious and louing, how to gouerne and obey, how to fore -cast and preuent, how to defende and assaile, and in short, how to -performe that excellently by labour, wherunto they are borne but rudely -by nature. For the very excellency of executions and effectes where -by we do so great things, as we vonder at our selues in all histories -and recordes of time, (which be but stages for people to gase on, and -one to maruell at an others doings) testifieth and confirmeth that it -were great pitie, that such towardnesse should be drowned in vs for -lacke of education, which neuer comes to proofe, but where education is -the meane. That we can proue learned, the effect doth shew, but that -not vnlesse we learne, the defect declares. That our bodies can do -great thinges, healthfull strength is witnesse to it selfe: but where -weaknesse is, what doinges there be, verie want will pronounce. But now -in the way of this so commended a traine, there be two great doubtes -which crosse me. 1. The first is, whether all children be to be set to -schoole, without restraint to diminish the number. 2. The second is, -how to worke restraint, if it be thought needefull. Touching the first -question, whether all children be to be set to schoole or no, without -repressing the infinitie of multitude, it is a matter of great weight, -and not only in knowledge to be resolued vpon, but also in deede so to -be executed, as the resolution shall probably giue sentence. For the -bodie of a common weale in proportion is like vnto a naturall bodie. In -a naturall bodie, if any one parte be to great, or to small, besides -the eye sore it is mother to some euill by the verie misfourming, -wherupon great distemperature must needes follow in time, and disquiet -the whole bodie. And in a bodie politike if the like proportion be not -kept in all partes, the like disturbance will crepe thorough out all -partes. Some by to much will seeke to bite to sore, some by to litle -will be trode on to much: as both will distemper: which if it fortune -not to kill in the ende, yet it will disquiet where it greiues, and -hast forward the ende. But though the pestering of number do ouerlaie -the most professions and partes of any common weale, and harme there -where it doth so ouercharge, yet I will not medle with any, but this -of learning and the learner, which I haue chosen to be my peculiar -subiect. Wherof I saye thus, that to many learned be to burdenous, that -to few be to bare, that wittes well sorted be most ciuill, that the -same misplaced be most vnquiet and seditious. - -[Sidenote: To many learned.] - -1. To many burdens any state to farre: for want of prouision. For the -rowmes which are to be supplyed by learning being within number, if -they that are to supply them, grow on beyound number how can yt be but -too great a burden for any state to beare? To haue so many gaping for -preferment, as no goulfe hath stoore enough to suffise, and to let -them rome helpeles, whom nothing else can helpe, how can it be but -that such shifters must needes shake the verie strongest piller in -that state where they liue, and loyter without liuing? which needeles -superfluitie fleeting without seat, what ill can it but breede? A -dangerous residence it is at hoome, still seeking shiftes to liue as -they may, though with enemitie to order, which neede cannot see. A -perilous searcher it is abroode, to seeke to fish in a troubled water, -if any cause promote their quarrell, bycause the cleare is not for -them, which they haue sounded allready. Sure _neede_ is an imperious -mistres to force conclusions, whether shee build vpon _fantsie_ -and _desire_, which is a _maniheaded neede_, euen before _neede_, -and mostwhat without _neede_: or vpon meere _lacke_ and _want_ in -deede, which though it haue but one head, yet that one is exceeding -strong, importunate, and furiouse. And shee hath at hand to salue -her mischiefes, a ready and an ordinarie excuse, wherewith she will -seeme to craue pardon for all that is done by needy men, as there vnto -enforced by her ineuitable violence. A violent remedy, which doth not -heale infections, but will alleage cause, where to haue mischiefes -excused and foregiuen. - -Wherfore if these mens misdemeanour come of their owne ill, which -prouision cannot preuent, bycause in best prouision ill will be ill, -so farre as it dare shew, where wealth workes wantonnes, it deserues -correction and punishment. If it come of necessitie, for want of -foresight in publike gouernment, to helpe the common, from common -blame, and to prouide for the priuate: it would be amended and not -suffered to runne, till the harme being receiued and felt, cause the -question be moued, whether such a mischiefe proceede from priuate -insolence, or publike negligence. For as the priuate is to pay, if it -do not performe, when the publike hath prouided: so the publike must -pardon, if for insufficient foresight, the priuate proue dissolute, -and lend the state a blow. But for my number I neede not to dwell -any longer in to many, for troubling all with to many wordes, seeing -all wise men see, and all learned men say, that it is most necessary -to disburden a common weale of vnnecessary number, and multitude in -generall, which in some countries they compassed by brothelry, and -common stewes, to let the yong spring: in some by exposition and spoile -of enfantes, both contrary to nature, and countermaunded by religion: -but according to their pollicie and commaunded by their countries. In -particular disposing of them that liued, they cast their account, and -as the proportion of their states did suffer: so did they allote them -with choice, and constrained them to obey. If such regard for multitude -be to be had in any one braunche of the common weale, it is most -needefull in schollers. For they professe learning, that is to say the -soule of a state: and it is to perilous to haue the soule of a state -to be troubled with their soules, that is necessary _learning_ with -vnnecessary _learners_, or the publike body with their priuate, which -is the common _wealth_ with their priuate want. For in all proportion, -to much is to bad, and to much out of all proportion, and to haue to -much euen of the soule, is not the soundest, where her offices be -appointed and lymited in certaine. _Superfluitie_ and _residence_ bring -sickenes to the body, and must not to much then infect the soule sore, -being in a _sympathie_ with the body? Scholers by reason of their -conceit which learning inflameth, as no meane authority saith,[53] -become to imperiall to rest upon a litle: and by their kinde of life -which is allway idle they proue to disdainefull to deale with labour, -vnlesse neede make them trot, or the _Turkish captiuitie_ catch them, -the greatest foe that can fall vpon idle people, where labour is looked -for, and they not vsed to it. _Contentment_ in _aspiring_, which is -hard to such wittes, and _patience_ in _paines_ which they neuer -learned, be the two cognisances, whereby to discerne a ciuill wit, and -fit to enioye the benefit of his countrie. Now of all ouerflush in -number, is not that most dangerous, which in conceit is loftie, and in -life loytering, as the vnbestowed scoller by profession is? - -[Sidenote: To few learned.] - -To few be to bare and naked: bycause necessities must be supplyed, -and that by the fittest. For whereas the defect of the fit enforceth -supplement of the lookers on, though not the most likely, but -whosoeuer they be, without further respect, then that they stand by, -bycause neede bides no choyce where there is no _pluralitie_, and yet -biddes _pluralitie_ make choyce: there the vnsufficient seruice of -necessarie seruices breedes much miscontentment, and more shaking to -any state. And that chiefly in such pointes, as the state embraseth, -and the feeble minister doth nothing but deface. So that the defeat -of the generall purpose must be most imputed to the bare defect of -insufficient persons. For as to many bringes surfettes, so to few -breedes consumptions. - -[Sidenote: Wittes well sorted.] - -3. Wittes well sorted be most ciuill: This I say bycause to auoyd -excessiue number, choice is one principall helpe: for in admitting to -vses onely such as be fit, and seeme to be made for them, pares of the -vnfit, and lesseneth the number, which yet would be lookt vnto, euen at -the verie first. For euen he that is thought most vnfit, and is so in -deede, yet will grieue at repulse, vnles ye repell him by preuention, -ear he come to the sense and judgement to discerne what a heauie thing -a flat repulse is. Which _miscontentment_ if it range in a number, -cannot be without daunger to the common body. As to the contrarie such -wittes as be placed where the place needes them more then they the -place, do performe with sufficiencie, and proceede with _contentment_ -of the state that enstawled them. The chiefe signes of _ciuilitie_ be -_quietnesse_, _concord_, _agrement_, _fellowship_ and _friendship_, -which _likenesse_ doth lincke, _vnliknesse_, vndoeth: _fitnesse_ maketh -fast, _vnfitnesse_ doth loose: _proprietie_ beares vp, _improprietie_ -pulleth downe: _right matching_ makes, _mismatching_ marres. How then -can ciuill societie be preserued, where wittes of vnfit humours for -seruice, are in places of seruice, by appointment, either vnaduisedly -made, or aduisedly marred. Is there any picture so ill fauoured, being -compound of incompatible natures, as an execution is, being committed -to a contrarie constitution? If fire be to enflame, and cause thinges -burne, where water should coole, and be meane to quench, is the place -not in danger? If that wit fall to preach, which were fitter for the -plough, and he to clime a pulpit, which is made to scale a walle, -is not a good _carter_ ill lost, and a good _souldier_ ill placed? -If he will needes lawe it, which careth for no lawe, and professe -_iustice_ that professeth no _right_, hath not _right_ an ill _caruer_, -and _iustice_ a worse _maister_? If he will deale with _physicke_ -whose braines can not beare the infinite circumstances which belong -thereunto, whether to maintaine health, or to restore it: doth he any -thing else, but seeke to hasten death, for helping the disease? to make -way to murther, in steede of amendement? to be a _butchars prentice_ -for a _maister_ in _physike_? And so is it in all kindes of life, in -all trades of liuing, where fitnes and right placing of wittes doth -worke agreement and ease, vnfitnes and misplacing haue the contrarie -companions, disagreement and disease. - -[Sidenote: Wittes misplaced.] - -4. Againe wittes misplaced most vnquiet and seditious: as any thing -else strayned against nature: light thinges prease vpward, and will -ye force _Fire_ downe? Heauie thinges beare downeward: and will ye -haue _Leade_ to leape vp? An imperiall witte for want of education -and abilitie, being placed in a meane calling will trouble the whole -companie, if he haue not his will, as winde in the stomacke: and if -he haue his will, then shall ye see what his naturall did shoote at. -He that beareth a tankarde by meanesse of degree, and was borne for a -cokhorse by sharpenes of witte, will keepe a canuase at the Conduites, -tyll he be Maister of his companie. Such a stirring thing it is to -haue wittes misplaced, and their degrees mislotted by the iniquitie of -_Fortune_, which the equitie of _nature_ did seeme to meane vnto them. - -_Plato_ in his wished common weale, and his defining of naturall -dignities, appointeth his degrees and honors, where _nature_ deserueth -by _abilitie_ and _worth_, not where _fortune_ freindeth by _byrth_ and -_boldnes_, though where both do ioyne _singularitie_ in _nature_, and -successe in _fortune_, there be some rare iewell. Hereupon I conclude, -that as it necessary to preuent to great a number for the _quantitie_ -thereof: so it is more then necessarie, to prouide in the necessarie -number for the _qualitie_ thereof, wherein _restraint_ it selfe will -do much good for the one, and _choice_ in restraint will do more for -the other. Sure all children may not be set to schole, nay not though -priuate circumstance say yea. And therefore scholes may not be set vp -for all, though great good will finde neuer so many founders, both -for the place wherein to learne, and for the number also which is for -to learne: that the state may be serued with sufficiencie enough, and -not be pestered with more than enough. And yet by the way for writing -and reading so they rested there, what if euerie one had them, for -_religion_ sake, and their necessarie _affaires_? Besides that in the -long time of their whole youth, if they minded no more, these two -were easely learned, at their leasure times by extraordinary meanes, -if the ordinarie be daintie and no schoole nigh. Euerie parish hath -a minister, if none else in the parish, which can helpe writing and -reading. - -[Sidenote: Of riche and poore children.] - -Some doubt may rise here betwene the _riche_ and _poore_, whether all -_riche_ and none _poore_, or but some in both maye and ought to be set -to learning. For all in both that is decided alreadie, No: bycause the -whole question concerneth these two kindes, as the whole common weale -standeth vpon these two kindes. If all _riche_ be excluded, _abilitie_ -will snuffe, if all _poore_ be restrained, then will _towardnesse_ -repine. If _abilitie_ set out some _riche_, by priuate purses for -priuate preferment: _towardnesse_ will commende some _poore_ to -publike prouision for publike seruice: so that if neither publike in -the _poore_, nor priuate in the _riche_ do marre their owne market, -me thinke that were best, nay that will be best, being ruled by their -wittes to conceiue learning, and their disposition to proue vertuous. -But how may the publike in the _poore_, and the priuate in the _riche_, -make their owne market in the education of those whom they preferre -to learning? I will tell ye how. The _riche_ not to haue to much, the -_poore_ not to lacke to much, the one by ouerplus breadeth a loose and -dissolute braine: the other by vnder minus a base and seruile conceit. -For he that neuer needeth by supplie of freindes, neuer strayneth -his wittes to be freind to himselfe, but commonly proues retchelesse -till the blacke oxe tread vpon his toes, and neede make him trie what -mettle he is made of. And he that still needeth for want of freindes -being still in pinche holdes that for his heauen, which riddes him -from neede, and serues that Saint, which serues his turne best, euen -_Neptune_ in shipwrackie. Wherby he maketh the right of his iudgement -become bond for wealth: and the sight of his witte blinde for desire, -such slauerie workes want, vnlesse Gods grace proue the staye, which is -no line to common direction, though it be our onely hope, by waye of -refuge. Now then if the wealthy parentes of their priuate patrimonie, -and publike patrones of their supererogatorie wealth, will but driue to -a meane in both these two mains, neither shall wealth make the one to -wanton, nor want make the other to seruile: neither the one to leape to -fast, for feare he loose some time, nor the other to hast to fast, for -feare he misse some liuing. Sure to prouide for poore scholers but a -poore patche of a leane liuing, or but some meane halfe, is more then -halfe a maime, the desire to supplie that which wanteth, distracting -the studie more by many partes, then that petie helpe, which they haue -can possibly further it: bycause the charge to maintaine a scholer -is great, the time to proue well learned, long, and when ripenesse -is ready, there would be staye to chuse and time to take aduice, -where neede turnes the deafe eare. The paterne of to prodigall wealth -oftimes causeth the toward student to ouershoote himselfe by corrupt -imitation, as brauerie and libertie be great allurers, where studie and -staye pretend restraint. And therfore neither must to much be butte to -allurementes, nor to litle a burden: to iudgement the one the meane to -lewdnesse the other a maime to libertie. The midle sorte of parentes -which neither welter in to much wealth, nor wrastle with to much want, -seemeth fitteth of all, if the childrens capacitie be aunswerable to -their parentes state and qualitie: which must be the leuell for the -fattest to fall downe to, and the leanest to leape up to, to bring -forth that student, which must serue his countrey best. _Religion_ and -_learning_ will frame them in iudgement, when _wealth_ and _abilitie_ -haue set them once on foote. - -[Sidenote: The choosing time.] - -For the choice of wittes definitely, till they come to the time, or -verie neare to it, when they are themselues naturally and for ripenesse -of yeares to chuse their owne kinde of life, how so euer circunstance -free, or binde their choice, I cannot say much, though I do see what -other haue said in that behalfe. A quicke witte will take soone, a -staid memorie will hold fast, a dull head may proue somwhat, a meane -witte offers faire, _praise_ bewrayeth some courage, _awe_ some, in -eche kinde there is likelyhood, and yet error in eche. For as there -be faire blossomes, so there be nipping frostes. And till the daunger -of reuolt be past, the quicke must be helde in hope, the dull without -dispaire, the meane the meetest, if the sequele do aunswere. I can -limit no one thing, though I see great shewes, where there is such -vncertaine motion, both in soule and body, as there is in children. The -maisters _discretion_ in time and vpon triall, may see and say much, -and in a number there will some leaders appeare of themselues, as some -speciall deare in the whole heard. Where great appearance is, there one -may prophecie, and yet the lying spirite may sit in his lippes. For God -hath reserued, his calling and discouering houres, as all other future -euentes to his owne peculiar and priuate knowledge: probabilities be -our guides, and our coniectures be great, though not without exception. -What kinde of witte I like best for my countrey, as most proper to -be the instrument for learning, it shall appeare herafter. But for -the first question of the two, it seemeth to me verie plaine that all -children be not to be set to schoole, but onely such as for naturall -wittes, and sufficient maintenance, either of their naturall parentes, -or ciuill patrones, shall be honestly and wel supported in their study, -till the common weale minding to vse their seruice, appoint their -prouision, not in hast for _neede_, but at leasure with _choice_. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[53] S. Paul. - - - - -CHAPTER 37. - - THE MEANES TO RESTRAINE THE OUERFLOWING MULTITUDE OF SCHOLERS. THE - CAUSE WHY EUERIE ONE DESIRETH TO HAUE HIS CHILDE LEARNED, AND YET - MUST YELDE OUER HIS OWNE DESIRE TO THE DISPOSITION OF HIS COUNTRIE. - THAT NECESSITIE AND CHOYCE BE THE BEST RESTRAYNERS. THAT NECESSITIE - RESTRAYNETH BY LACKE AND LAWE. WHY IT MAY BE ADMITTED, THAT ALL - MAY WRITE AND READ THAT CAN, BUT NO FURTHER. WHAT IS TO BE THOUGHT - OF THE SPEAKING AND VNDERSTANDING OF LATINE, AND IN WHAT DEGREE OF - LEARNING THAT IS. THAT CONSIDERING OUR TIME AND THE STATE OF RELIGION - IN OUR TIME, LAWE MUST NEEDES HELPE THIS RESTRAINT: WITH THE ANSWERE - TO SUCH OBIECTIONS AS ARE MADE TO THE CONTRARY. THAT IN CHOICE OF - WITTES, WHICH MUST DEALE WITH LEARNING, THAT WIT IS FITTEST FOR OUR - STATE, WHICH AUNSWERETH BEST THE MONARCHIE, AND HOW SUCH A WIT IS TO - BE KNOWNE. THAT CHOICE IS TO HELPE IN SCHOLING, IN ADMISSION INTO - COLLEDGES, IN PROCEEDING TO DEGREES, IN PREFERRING TO LIUINGES, WHERE - THE RIGHT AND WRONG OF ALL THE FOURE POINTES BE HANDLED AT FULL. - - -In the last title we haue concluded, that there must be a _restraint_, -and that all may not passe on to learning which throng thitherward, -bycause of the inconueniences, which may ensue, by want of preferment -for such a multitude, and by defeating other trades of their necessarie -trauellours. Our next labour therefore must be, how to handle this -_restraint_, that the tide ouerflow not the common, with to great a -spring of bookish people, if ye crie come who will, or ring out all in. -Euerie one desireth to haue his childe learned: the reason is, for that -how hardly soeuer either _fortune_ frowne, or _casualtie_ chastice, -yet _learning_ hath some strength to shore vp the person, bycause it -is incorporate in the person, till the soule dislodge, neither lyeth -it so open for mischaunce to mangle, in any degree, as forren and -fortunes _patrimonie_ doth. But though euerie parent be thus affected -toward his owne child, as nature leades him to wish his owne best, yet -for all that euerie parent must beare in memorie that he is more bound -to his country, then to his child, as his child must renounce him in -countermatch with his countrie. And that country which claymeth this -prerogatiue of the father aboue the child, and of the child aboue the -father, as it maintained the father eare he was a father, and will -maintaine the child, when he is without a father: so generally it -prouideth for all, as it doth require a dutie aboue all. And therefore -parentes in disposing of their children may vpon good warrant surrender -their interest to the generall consideration of their common countrie, -and thinke that it is not best to haue their children bookish, -notwithstanding their owne desire, be it neuer so earnestly bent: if -their countrie say either they shall serue in this trade, without the -booke: or if shee say I may not allow any more booke men without my to -much trouble. I pray thee good parent haue pacience, and appoint some -other course for thy childe, there be many good meanes to liue by, -besides the booke, and I wilbe thy childes friend, if thou wilt fit in -some order for me. This verie consideration of the countrie, vttered -with so milde a speach, spoken by her that is able to performe it, may -moue the reasonable parent, to yealde to her desire as best, as she can -tell the headstrong in plaine termes, that he shall yeelde perforce, -if he will not by entreatie, for priuate affection though supported -by reason of strength whatsoeuer, must either voluntarily bend, or -forcibly breake, when the common good yeeldeth to the contrary side. - -Seeing therefore the disposition of wittes according to the proportion -of ech state is resigned ouer to the countrie: and she sayth all may -not be set to schole, bycause ech trade must be furnished, to performe -all duties belonging to all parts: it falleth out in this case of -_restraint_ which bridles desire, that two speciall groundes are to -be considered, which strip away excessiue number, _necessitie_ and -_choice_, the one perforce, the other by your leaue. - -[Sidenote: Necessity.] - -As for _necessitie_, when the parent is ouer charged with defect in -circumstance, though desire carie him on, it then restraineth most, -and lesseneth this number when desire would encrease it, and straines -to the contrary. You would haue your childe learned, but your purse -will not streatch, your remedy is pacience, deuise some other way, -wherein your abilitie will serue. You are not able to spare him from -your elbow, for your neede, and learning must haue leysure, a scholers -booke must be his onely busines, without forreine lettes, you may be -bold of your owne, let booking alone, for such as can entend it, from -being called away by domesticall affaires, and necessarie busines, for -the scholers name will not be a cypherlike subiect, as he is termed of -leasure, so must he haue it. And that they cannot spare their children -so, must forebeare their scholing, by the olde _Persian_[54] ordinance, -bycause leasure is the foregoer to liberall profession: _necessitie_ -compelleth and bastardeth the conceit, a venom to learning, whom -freedom should direct. You haue no schole neare you, and you cannot -pay for teaching further of, let your owne trade content you: keepe -your childe at home. Your childe is weake tymbred, let scholing alone, -make play his physician and health his midle end. Which way soeuer -_neede_ driues you perforce, that way must ye trot, if he will not -amble, and bid Will thinke that well. He that gouerneth all seeth -what is your best, your selfe may be misseled either by _ignorance_ -in _choice_, or _affection_ in blood. In these and the like cases -_lacke_ is the leader, which way soeuer she straineth. Whereby if the -restrained childe cannot get the skil to write and read: I lament that -lacke, bycause I haue allowed him somuch before, vpon some reasonable -perswasion euen for necessary dealings. For these two pointes concerne -euery man neare, bycause they submit themselues to euerie mans seruice: -yea in his basest busines and secretest affaires. I dare not venture -to allow so many the lattine tongue nor any other language, vnlesse -it be in cases, where their trades be knowne, and those toungues be -founde to be necessarie for them. For all the feare is, though it be -more then feare, where it still falleth out so, least hauing such -benefits of schole, they will not be content with the state which -is for them, but bycause they haue some petie smake of their booke, -they will thinke any state be it neuer so high to be low ynough for -them. Which petie bookemen do not consider, that both clounes in the -countrie, and artificers in townes be allowed lattine in well gouerned -states, which yet rest in their calling, without _pride_ or _ambition_, -for that small knowledge, whereby they be better able to furnish out -their trades, without further aspiring. Neither measure they the -meaner qualities, as the thinges be in nature, but as themselues be -in conceit: neither can they consider that at this daye it is not the -toungue, but the treasure of learning and knowledge, which is laid vp -in the toungue whereunto they neuer came, which giueth the toungue -credit, and the speaker authoritie. For want of this right iudgement -there ensueth in them a miscontentment of minde, not liking their -owne state, and a cumbersome conceit, still aspiring higher, that -disquieteth the whole state. Wherefore _necessitie_ is a good meane to -preuent this in many, which would if they could, now may not, bycause -they cannot. - -[Sidenote: Lawe.] - -The second point of _necessitie_ I do assigne to _lawe_ and -_ordinaunce_ vpon consideration to cut of this flocking multitude, -which will needes to schoole. Whereupon two great goods must needes -ensue. _Contentment_ of minde in the partie restrained, when he shall -perceiue publike prouision to be the checke to his fantsie: and timely -_preuenting_, eare conceit take roote, and thinke it selfe wronged. -Bycause it is much better to nip misorder in the verie ground, that it -may not take hold, then when it is growen vp, then to hacke it downe. -He that neuer conceiued great thinges maye be helde there with ease, -but being once entred in the waye to mount, and then throwne backward, -he will be in some greife and seeke how to returne gaule, whence he -receiued greife, if he chaunce to proue peuish, as repulse in great -hope is a perillous grater. Yet in both these cases of necessarie -_restraint_, I could wish prouision were had to some singular wittes, -found worthy the auauncement: either by priuate patronage, or publike: -and yet againe if they passe on, and bewtifie some other trade: that -also is verie good, seeing they serue their countrey, whersoeuer they -be loated, and in those also whom libertie of circunstance doth set to -schoole _pouertie_ will appeare, and _towardnesse_ call for helpe: and -yet the number will neuerthelesse proue still with the most. - -[Sidenote: Two obiections against restraint by lawe.] - -1. It is no obiection to alleadge against such a lawful restraint, the -abilitie of good wittes, and great learning in men, that either now -be, or heretofore haue bene, which we might haue lackt if so strait -a _lawe_ had bene then: 2. or that it were pitie by seueritie of an -vnkinde _lawe_ to hynder that excellencie, which God commonly giues -to the poorer sort. To the first I aunswere, besides that, which euen -_lawe_ to that ende will aunswere for it selfe. As in time to come we -know not, who shall serue the state, if the _lawe_ be made straite, -and yet we know well, that he which defendes states will prouide -sufficient persons, by whom they shalbe serued: so in time past or -present, if these were not, or those had not bene, whom we now see or -of whom we haue heard, God would haue raised vp other, whose benefites -in seruing gouernmentes may not be restrained to any degree of men, as -they be men, but to the appointment of a ciuill societie, which hath -direction ouer men: as a thing which God doth most cherish, both in -respect of this Church which is of number, and in regard of societie -it selfe, which is the naturall ende of mans being here, and not to -liue alone. And I warrant you whensoeuer such an orderly _restraint_ -shalbe put in practise that there wilbe as good foresight had to haue -necessarie functions serued, as there will be regard to draine away -the vnnecessarie ouerflow. A thing not new faingled, but euer in vse, -where the common weales, had an eye to distribute their multitude to -the best and easiest proportion of their owne state: which otherwise -improportionate would breade an _aposteme_. And therefore if the -generall iudgement appoint it so, it is best to yeelde. And priuate -opinion in politike cases will proue an errour, if the generall liking -contrarie it flat. I do not now meane, where the generall is blinded by -common errour, but where priuate conceit can take no exception, sauing -that, which he bredeth from out of his owne braine. If the state of my -countrey take order, that my child shall not go to schoole, sure I will -obay, and prouide some other course, though I like learning exceeding -well, and be verie farre in loue with it, besides the affection to -my child, bycause the squaring with the generall, is to farre out of -square for any particular. And I pray you may it not be, that for want -of such an ordinance we mist better wittes, then those were, or are, -which we either had or haue, though we thinke very well of both the -sortes, whether now liuing with vs, or tofore parted from vs? And doth -not _negligence_ for want of looking to, ouerthrow as gaie and gallant -heades, as _diligence_ by doing euen her verie best, hath euer brought -to light? Aduised and considerate planting is like enough to receiue -verie good encrease and euentes in such cases, by authoritie and -testimonie of two the greatest oratours in both the best tongues, be -but foolish maisters, and febler argumentes. - -As for pytying the poore, it is no pitie, not to wish a begger to -become a prince, though ye allow him a pennie, and pitie his needefull -want. Is he poore? prouide for him, that he may liue by trade, but -let him not loyter. Is he wittie? why? be artificers fooles? and -do not all trades occupie wit? sometimes to much, and thereby both -straine their owne heades to the worse, and proue to suttle for a -great deale their betters. Is he verie likely to proue singuler in -learning? I do not reiect him, for whom I prouide a publike helpe in -common patronage. But he doth not well to oppose his owne particular, -against the publike good, let his countrie thinke of him enough, and -not he of him selfe to much. If _nobilitie_ and _gentlemen_ would fall -to diligence, and recouer the execution of learning, where were this -obiection? The greatest assurers of it affirme, that learning was wont -to be proper to _nobilitie_, and that through their negligence it is -left for a pray to the meaner sort, and a bootie to corruption, where -the professours neede offereth wrongfull violence to the liberalitie -of the thing. Do they not therein confesse, where the right of the -thing lyeth and themselues to be vsurpers, if they should enter vpon -their owne, whose the interest is, and whom in so many discourses of -nobilitie, they themselues blame so much for their so great negligence? -They must needes here yeelde without law to their owne confession. But -we see God hath shewed himselfe meruelous munificent and beneficiall -this way to the poorer sort. I grant, yet that proues not, but that -he bestowed as great giftes of them which shewed not. And that as -_diligence_ in the one did shew that they had, to the glorie of the -giuer, and their owne praise: so _negligence_ in the other, did -suppresse that they had to their owne shame, who neither honoured the -giuer, nor honested themselues, nor profited their countrie. So that -here not the _gift_, but the _shew_ is brought in allegation. And why -not the greater _talent_ hid seeing it is no noueltie? But the other -shew. Nomore then that they haue. And the other shew not. No argument -that they haue not. Take order then, that they shew, which haue and -hide, and then make comparisons. Be great giftes tied to the meane, -or banished from the mighty? be there not as good wittes in wealth, -though oftimes choked with _dissolutenes_ and _negligence_, as there be -in pouertie appearing thorough _paines_ and _diligence_? Nay be there -not as vntoward _poorelinges_, as there be wanton _wealthlinges_? I -know yes, and when vntowardnes and an ill inclynation hittes in a base -condition, it proues more vile. So that this thing turnes about to my -other conclusion, that neither pouertie is to be pitied more then the -countrey, if pitie must needes take place: neither riches more to be -esteemed then the common weale, if wealth must needes be wayed: but -that the value in wittes must be heelde of most worth, which hath her -hauen already appointed, where to harbour her selfe, in maintenaunce -to studie, either by priuate helpe, if the parents be wealthy, or by -publike ayde, if pouertie praie for it. - -Certainly there is great reason (if euen the terme, great, be not to -small, when the thing is more then needfull, and the time to preuent -it, is almost runne to farre) why order should be taken, to restraine -the number, that will needes to the booke. For while the Church was an -harbour for all men to ride in, which knew any letter, there needed -no _restraint_, the liuinges there were infinite and capable of that -number, the more drew that waye, and found reliefe that way, the -better for that state, which encroached still on, and by clasping all -persons, would haue graspid all liuinges. The _state_ is now altered, -that _book-maintenance_ maimed, the _preferment_ that waye hath turned -a new leafe. And will ye let the _fry_ encrease, where the _feeding_ -failes? Will ye haue the _multitude_ waxe, where the _maintenance_ -waines? Sure I conceiue of it thus, that there is as great difference -in ground, betwene the suffring all to booke it in these dayes, and the -like libertie to the same number, in the ruffe of the papacy amongst -vs: as there is betwene the two religions, the one expelled and the -other retained, in the grounds of their kinde. The expelled religion -was supported by multitude, and the moe had interest, the moe stood -for it: the retained must pitch the defence of her truth, in some -paucity of choice: seeing the liuinges are shred, which should serue -the great number. So that our time, of necessitie must restraine: if -not: what you breede and feede not, the aduersarie part will allure -by liuing, and arme by corrupting, against their vnwise countrey, -which either bestowed them not at first, or despised them at last. -Where your thankes shalbe lost, which brought vp, and forsooke their -desert shall sinke deepe, which fed the forsaken. And is it not meere -folly by _sufferance_ to encrease your enemies force, which you might -by _ordinance_ supplant at ease? it is the booke, which bredes vs -enemies, and causeth corruption to creepe, where cunning neuer came. -The enemy state cared not so much for many well learned, as for the -multitude though vnlearned, which backt much bould ignorance, with a -gaie surface of some small learning: our state then must reiect the -multitude, and rempare with the cunning. Our owne time is our surest -touch, and our owne trouble our rightest triall, if wisedome in time -do not preuent it, folly in triall will surely repent. It is to no -purpose to alledge, when people see, that there is no preferment to -be had for all learners, that then the number will decay, and abate -of it selfe without any _lawe_: onelesse ye can worke so, as no moe -may hope, though but one can hit: or els, if ye can appoint vs, how -long the controuersie for _religion_ is like to endure. For while -hope is indifferent, eche one will croud: and while _religion_ is -in brake, eche one vnder hand, will furnish where he fauoreth. The -aduersarie of our religion, as in deede he needed none, so dreamed -he not of any defense, while he was rockt in ease, and his state -vnassailed by any _miscontentment_: but now that he is skirmished with -so much, and so sore gauled, he is driuen to studie, and seeketh by -new coined distinctions to recouer, that credite and reputation which -he lost by intruding: wherin as he dealeth more cunningly with the -person of his aduersarie, so he bewrayeth still the great auantage, -which his aduersaries cause hath wonne ouer his. For in disputing, -good _Logicians_ know that it is an euident shift, to auoide manifest -foile, when the disputer in dispaire of his cause is forced to bend -against his aduersaries person. And therefore prouision must be, to -defend by a learned _paucitie_, where the _flocking number_ by reason -of ingenerate wantes, will proue but a scare crow, and by apparent -defection doth encrease the embush, which lyeth still in waite to -intercept our possession. Thus much of _Necessitie_, which stayeth the -multitude of learners either by _defect_ in _circunstance_, or by _law_ -in _ordinance_, when the parties be letted, either by _lack_ that they -can not, or by _law_ that they may not, lay claime to the booke. - -[Sidenote: Choice.] - -Now are we come to a larger compasse, where libertie giues leaue to -learne if he can, where forraine circumstances be free, and no let for -any to be learned but either his wit, if he be dull, or his will, if he -be stubborne. In this kinde, _choise_ is a great prince, which by great -reason and good aduice, abridgeth that which is to much, and culs owt -the best. Which choice, as it begins at the entrie of the elementarie -schole, so it proceedeth on, till the last preferment be bestowed, -which either the state hath in store for any person, or any person -can derserue, for seruice in the state. And therefore as it keepeth -in an ordinate course, so it may full well be orderly handled, and by -conuenient degrees. - -[Sidenote: What wit is fittest for learning in a monarchie.] - -But bycause the _choice_ is to be made by the wit, and the wit is to be -applied to the frame and state of the countrie, where it continueth: -I will first seeke out, what kinde of wit is euen from the infantcie -to be thought most fit, to serue for this state in the learned kinde. -Which if it be to stirring, troubleth, if it be well staied, setleth -the countrie where it lyueth, so farre as it dealeth. And yet oftymes -that wit maketh least show at the first, to be so plyable, which at -the last doth best agree with the pollicy. And therefore it is then -to be taken, when it beginnes first to shew, that it will proue such: -wherefore precise reiecting of any wit, which is in way to go onward, -before due ripenes, as it is harmefull to the partie reiected, so it -bewraieth some rashnes in him that reiecteth: bycause the varietie -is exceeding great, though the coniectures be as great, and the most -likelyhood must needes leade, where certaintie is denied. But to the -wittes: wherein as lacke and law do guide necessitie so the qualitie of -the witte, conformable to the state directeth _choice_. - -There be three kindes of gouernment most noted among all writers, 1. -whereof the first is called a _monarchie_, bycause one prince beareth -the sway, by whose circumspection the common good is shielded, and the -common harme shouldred: 2. the second an _oligarchie_: where some few -beare all the swinge: 3. the third a _democratie_, where euery one -of the people hath his interest in the direction, and his voice in -elections. Now all these three be best maintained by those kindes of -wit, which are most proper for that kinde of gouernment, wherein they -liue. But bycause the gouernment of our countrie is a _monarchie_: I -will in _choise_ seeke out that kinde of wit, which best agreeth with -the _monarchie_, neither will I touch the other two, vnles I fortune -to trip vpon them by chaunce. And for as much as I haue made the yong -child my first subiect, I will continue therein still: bycause that -which beginneth to shew it selfe neare vpon infancie, will so commonly -continue, though alteration creepe in sometime. But lightly these -wittes alter not, bycause the tokens be so fast and firme in nature, -and tend to so certaine and so resolute a iudgement. - -[Sidenote: A wit for learning in a monarchie.] - -The child therefore is like to proue in further yeares, the fittest -subiect for learning in a _monarchie_, which in his tender age sheweth -himselfe obedient to scholeorders, and either will not lightly offend, -or if he do, will take his punishment gently: without either much -repyning, or great stomaking. In behauiour towardes his companions he -is gentle and curteous, not wrangling, not quarelling, not complaining, -but will put to his helping hand, and vse all perswasions, rather -then to haue either his maister disquieted, or his fellowes punished. -And therefore he either receiueth like curtesie againe of his -scholefellowes: or who so sheweth him any discurtesie must abyde both -chalenge and combate with all the rest. - -If he haue any excellent towardnes by nature, as commonly such wittes -haue, whereby he passeth the residue in learning, it will shew it selfe -so orderly, and with such modestie, as it shall soone appeare, to haue -no loftines of minde, no aspiring ambition, no odiouse comparisons -ioyned withall. - -At home he will be so obsequious to parentes, so curteous among -seruauntes, so dutiefull toward all, with whom he hath to deale: as -there will be contention, who may praise him most behinde his backe, -who may cherish him most before his face: with prayer that he may go -on, with feare of too hastie death, in so od a towardnes of wit and -demeanour. These thinges will not lightly make any euident shew, til -the childe be either in the _grammar schole_, by orderly ascent, and -not by two forewardly hast, or vpon his passage from the perfited -_elementarie_, bycause his yeares by that time, and his contynuaunce -vnder gouernment, will somwhat discouer his inclination. Before that -time we pardon many thinges, and vse pointes of ambition and courage, -to enflame the litle ones onward, which we cut of afterward, for making -them to malapart, as in their apparell frise is successour to silke. -When of them selues without any either great feare, or much hartening, -they begin to make some muster and shew of their learning to this more -then that, then is coniecture on foote to finde, what they willbe most -likely to proue. - -But now to examine these signes more nearely and narowly, which I -noted to be in the child that is like to proue so fit a subiect for -a _monarchie_, in matters of learning: Is not obedience the best -sacrifice, that he can offer vp to his prince and gouernour, being -directed and ruled by his countrie lawes? And in the principles of -gouernment, is not his maister his _monarchie_? and the scholelawes -his countrey lawes? wherunto if he submit himselfe both orderly in -_perfourmance_, and patiently in _penaunce_, doth he not shew a -mynde already armed, not to start from his dutie? and so much the -more, bycause his obedience to his maister is more voluntarie, then -that to his prince, which is meere necessarie. For in perswasions of -children, which the parentes will give eare to: in desire to chaunge, -where their wills be chekt: in multitude of teachers, who thriue by -such chaunges: all meanes be good, where there is such plentie, to -offer such parentes as be tikelish, and such scholers as be shifting, -remouing from maisters and renouncing of obedience. The child hath many -shadowes to shift in vpon any pretence, and as many baites, to winne -his parentes beleefe, and specially if he stand in feare of beating. -Whereas neither he, ne yet his parentes, can forsake their prince, -vpon any colour without forfaiting more then a quarters scholehire. -And therfore in so many meanes to change, and some perhaps offered, -bycause who will not very willingly deale with such a witte, where his -trauell will make shew, that child which notwithstanding all these -entisementes, will continue both on, and one, and digest dyscurtesies, -though his mayster sometyme chaunce to proue churlish, is the peculiar -and proper witte, which I commende for obedience, and that is like to -proue both honestly learned, and earnestly beloued. 2. In his owne -demeanour towardes his fellowes and freindes, and all sortes of people -generally, either at home, or abroade, either in schoole, or elsewhere -and in their loue and liking of him againe, doth he not shew forth an -euident sociabilitie and liklyhood, that he will be very well to be -liued withall? and proue a very curteous man, which is so louing, and -so beloued while he is yet a boye? 3. In letting nature shew her owne -excellencie without vnsweetning it with his owne sawcinesse doth he not -argue that he hath stuffe towards preferment, without any sparke of -ambition to moue further flame? or to prease to fast forwarde? which -shall neuer neede: bycause all men that know him, will either willingly -helpe to preferre him, if their voice be in it: or will reioyce at his -preferment, if they be but beholders. For who will not be glad to see -vertue, which he loueth, auaunced to rewarde? or what can enuie do, -in so plausible a case, but set forth the partie, by declaring his -desert, in that she is there? There be many consequentes, which hange -vpon these, as neither vertue nor vice be single where they be, but are -alwaie accompanied with the whoule troupe of the like retinue. And one -conuenience graunted draweth on a number of the like kinde, as well as -one inconuenience draweth on his like traine. - -But these be the maine as I conceiue at the first blush: obedience -to superiours and superioritie, freindlynesse and fellowship toward -companions, and equalles: substance to deserue well and winne it, -desire to auoide ill and flie it. What duetie either towardes God or -man, either in publike or priuate societie, in any either hie or low -kinde of life is there, whervnto God hath not seemed in nature to haue -framed and fashioned this so toward a youth? and therefore to haue -appointed him for the vse of learning to be ruled by his betters, and -to rule his inferiours, nothing offensiue nor vnpleasant to any? Many -such wittes there be, and at them must choice first begin. And as those -be the best, and first to be chosen, in whom there is so rare metall, -so the second or third after these be vnworthy the refusall, in whom -the same qualities do appeare, though not in the same, but in some -meaner degree. For wheras great ill is oft in place, and proues the -generall foe to that which would be better, there meane good, if it may -haue place, will be generall freind to preferre the better: as euen -this second mediocritie, if it may be had, as choice will finde it out, -will proue verie freindly to set forward all good. Now these properties -and signes appeare in some, verie soone, in some verie late, yea -oftimes when they are least looked for: as either iudgement in yeares, -or experience in dealinges do frame the parties. - -The plat for the _monarchicall_ learner being alwaye reseant in the -chusers head, concerning the propertie of his witte: and appearance -towardes proofe: the rest is to be bestowed vpon the consideration of -learning, and towardnesse in children generally (wherof these wittes be -still both the first and best frutes) where to stay, or how farre to -proceede in the ascent of learning. Whether he be riche or poore, that -makes no matter, and is already decided, whether he be quicke or slow, -therein is somwhat, and requireth good regard. - -[Sidenote: Schoole choice.] - -Wherfore when sufficient abilitie in circunstances bids open the -schoole dore, the admission and continuaunce be generall, till vpon -some proofe the maister, whom I make the first chuser of the finest, -and the first clipper of the refuse, begin to finde and be able to -discerne, where abilitie is to go on forward, and where naturall -weaknesse biddes remoue by times. For if negligence worke weaknesse, -that is an other disease, and requires an other medecine, to heale it -withall. Now when the maister hath spied the strength or infirmitie in -nature, as by lightsomnesse or heauinesse in learning, by easinesse or -hardnesse in retaining, by comparing of contrarie or the like wittes, -he shall easely sound both, then as his delite wilbe to haue the -toward continue, so must his desire be, how to procure the diuerting -and remouing of the duller and lesse toward, to some other course, -more agreeing with their naturall, then learning is: wherin they are -like to go forward verie litle, though their fortune be to go to -schoole very long: but here two considerations are to be had: neither -to soone to seeke their diuerting, till some good ripenesse in time, -though with some great paines to the teacher in the meane time, wish -them to be weined from booking: neither yet before their bodies be of -strength to abide the paines of some more laborious prenticeship. For -it may so proue, that those wittes, which at the first were found to -be exceeding hard and blunt, may soften, and proue sharp in time and -shew a finer edge, though that be not to be made a generall caution, -to cover dullardes with all. For the naturall dulnesse will disclose -it selfe generally in all pointes, that concerne memorie and conceit: -that dulnesse which will once breake out sharp, will shew it selfe -by glaunces, as a clowdy day vseth, which will proue faire, when all -shrews haue dined. Wherefore peremptorie iudgement to soone, may proue -perillous to some: and againe he that is fit for nothing else, for -the tendernesse of his bodie, may abide in the schoole a litle while -longer, where though he do but litle good, yet he may be sure to take -litle harme. - -Moreouer if the parentes abilitie be such, as he may, and his desire -such, as he will maintaine his child at schoole, till he grow to -some yeares, though he grow to small learning, the maister must haue -pacience, and measure his paines by the parentes purse, where he knowes -there is plentie, and not by the childes profit, which he seeth will -be small. Wherein yet he must impart his opinion continually with the -parent both for his duetie sake, and for auoiding of displeasure. But -in the meaner sorte the case altereth, for that as a good witte in a -poore child, deserues direct punishment, if by negligence he for slow -the obtaining of learning, which is the patrimonie to wittie pouertie: -so a dull witte in that degree would not be dalyed with all to long, -but be furthered to some trade, which is the fairest portion to the -slow witted poore. Now bycause the maister to whose iudgement I commend -the choice, is no absolute potentate in our common weale, to dispose of -wittes, and to sorte mens children, as he liketh best, but in nature -of a counsellour, to ioine with the parent, if he will be aduised: -therfore to haue this thing perfectly accomplished, I wish the parentes -and maisters to be freindly acquainted, and domestically familiar. And -though some parentes neede no counsell, as some maisters can giue but -litle, yet the wise parent will heare, and can iudge: and the skilfull -maister can iudge, and should be heard. Where neither of these be, -neither skill in the teacher to tell it, nor will in the parente to -heare it, and lesse affection to follow it, the poore child is wrung to -the worse in the meane while, and the parent receiues small comfort in -conclusion. - -This course for the maister to keepe in iudging of his scholer, and -the parent to follow in bestowing of his child, according to his wit, -continueth so long as the child shalbe either vnder maistership in -schole, or tutorship in colledge. During the which time, a great number -may be verie wisely and fitly bestowed, vnlearned trades sufficiently -appointed, the proceding in letters reserued to them, to whom for -wit and iudgement they seeme naturally vowed: and finally the whole -common weale in euery braunch well furnished with number, and the -number it selfe discharged of to much. Bycause this tyme vnder the -maisters gouerment, is the time wherin youth is to be bestowed by -forraine direction: for afterward in a more daungerous age, and a -more ieoperdouse time, they grow on to their owne choice, and these -vnfitnesses in nature, or frailtes in maners, being not foreseene to, -may cause the friendes forthinke it, and the parties sore rue it. And -though the maister shall not allway haue his counsell followed in -this case, yet if he do signifie his opinion to the parent, his dutie -is discharged, and that which I require is orderly performed. For if -the parent shew himselfe vnwilling to be directed that way, which the -maister shall allow, vpon great ground, and be blynded by affection, -measuring his childes wit to learning, by his doing of some errand, -or by telling of some tale, or by marking of some pretie toy, as such -argumentes there be vsed, which yet be no argumentes of a towarde -learner, but of a no foolish obseruer: in this case though the maister -to his owne gaine draw on vnder his hand a desparate wit, the fault is -his that would not see, if he that saw did honestly tell it. Whereby -it still proueth true, that parentes and maisters should be familiarly -lynked in amitie, and contynual conference, for their common care, and -that the one should haue a good affiance of iudgement in the thing, -and of goodwill towards himselfe, reposed in the other. Which will -proue so, when the maister is chosen with iudgement, and continued -with conference, and not bycause my neighbours children go to schole -with you, you shall haue myne to. A common commendation among common -coursiters, which post about still to suruey all scholes, and neuer -staie in one: and reape as much learning, as the rowling stone doth -gather mosse. - -But concerning scholes, and such particularities, as belong thereunto -I will then deale, when I shall take in hand the peculiar argumentes, -of schooles and schooling, both for the elementarie and the grammarian. -Wherein we are no lesse troubled with number and confusion in our petie -kingdomes, then the verie common weale is molested with the same in -greater yeares, and larger scope. - -But bycause it were not orderly delt, to rip the faultes, and not to -heale them, I wil post all these pointes ouer to their owne treatises, -in my particuler discourses hereafter, where I will presently helpe, -whatsoeuer I shall blame. The other meanes wherby choice lesseneth -number, be admissions into colleges, prefermentes to degrees, -aduauncement vnto liuings, wherein the common weale receiueth the -greater blow, the nearer these thinges be to publike execution, and -therefore the playner dealing to preuent mischiefe before it infect, is -the more praiseworthy. - -[Sidenote: Admission into colleges.] - -As concerning _colleges_ I do not thinke the liuinges in them to be -peculiar, or of purpose ment to the poorer sort onely, whose want that -small helpe could neuer suffice, though there be some prerogatiue -reserued vnto them, in consideration of some great towardnes, which -might otherwise be trod down, and that way is held vp: but that they be -simply preferments for learning, and auauncementes to vertue, as wel in -the wealthy for reward of wel doing, as in the poorer for necessarie -support. And therefore as I giue _admission_ scope to chuse of both -the sortes, so I do restraine it to honest and ciuill towardnes. For -if fauour and friendship not for these furnitures, but for priuate -respectes, carie away elections though with some enterlarding of -towardnes and learning, and some few to giue countenaunce to some -equitie of choice, and theerby to maintaine the credit of such places, -surely the scholers and heades which deuised the sleight, and conceiued -they were not seene, shall repent without recouerie, and finde -themselues bound, and their colleges bowelled, when they shal fele -themselues ouerruled by their owne deuise: bycause such as come in so, -will communicate the like with others, and neuer care for the common, -which were helpt by the priuate. For where fauour bringes in almost -in despite of order, there must fauour be returned with meruelous -disorder, and yet I do not mislike fauour, which helpeth desert, -which otherwise might be foiled, if fauour friended not. But when -the ground wherupon fauour buildes is not so commendable, _founders_ -be discouraged, common _prouision_ supplanted, _learning_ set ouer -to _loytering_, _brauerie_ made enheritour to _bookes_. Stirringe -wittes haue their will for the time, and repentance at leasure. The -fault hereof commeth from scholers themselues, which first make way -to sinister meanes, and afterward blame, the verie meane which they -vsed themselues. For finding some ease at first in working their owne -will, either more cunningly to hide some indirect dealing, or more -subtilly to supplant some contrary faction: or in deede desiring rather -by commaundement to force, and so to seeme somebodie, then of dutie -to entreat, and so seeme abiect to honestie: they stumble at the last -vpon the blocke of bondage, being bridled of their owne will, euen when -they are in ruffe, by the selfe same meanes, which brought them vnto -it, and thought so to staule them, as themselues would commaund where -they caused the speed. These fellowes be like to _Horaces_ horse, which -to ouercome the stag, vsed man for his meane once, and his maister -alway: neither refusing the saddle on his ridg, to be rid on, nether -the bit in his mouth, to be bridled by. A braue victory so dearely -bought, to the victours bondage, and perpetuall slauerie. Whereas if -learning and those conditions which I did lymit to a ciuill wit in -this state, were the end in elections, the vnfit should be set ouer to -some other course, in conuenient time: the fittest should be chosen, -the founders mynde fulfilled: some periurie for non perfourmaunce -of statutes auoided: new _patrones_ procured, _religion_ auaunced, -good studentes encouraged, and fauour vpon extreame and importunate -sute disfranchised: which neuer will oppose it selfe to so honest -considerations, so constantly kept: neither euer doth intrude, without -some such sollicitours, as should be sorie for it, and vse no meane -to haue it, which oftimes vse this meane, to do il by warrant, as if -they were forced to that, which in deede they ment before, and sought -fauour but for a shadow to hide their deuise. Now if you that are to -chuse, yeeld so much to your selues, and your owne conceit to bring -your deuises to passe, though ye wring by the waie, and your state in -the ende, why should you not in good truth relent, and giue place your -selues being in places, to your betters and bidders, which gaiue you -the roome, and yet would haue left all to you, if you would haue left -any place to reason: or haue bene led by right, as ye leaned all to -the wronge? you had your will by them, and why not they haue theirs -of you? requitall among equalles is of common curtesie, recompence in -inequalities is enforced of necessitie. - -If any metall be to massie, and way downe the ballance, or if any -metallish meane, where money will scale, do enter that fort, where is -small resistance, that is solde, which ought not, the enheritaunce of -vertue: that is bought, which should not, the liuelihood of learning: -that is betrayed, which neither should for feare, nor ought for -freindship, the treasure of the state, and prouision of the countrey. -And if there be neede, which enforceth such dealing, yet deale, where -it is due, and let neede be remedyed, with her owne prouision, not -by vnhonest intrusion. I do not blame any one, bycause my selfe know -none, and I thinke well of most, bycause I know some sincere. But -some thing there is that feedeth the generall complaint, and some -contentious factions there be, that bring catchers into colleges. For -both these two inconueniences, worse then mischeifes as our common law -termeth them, I haue nothing to say more then to renue the memorie -of two accidentes, which happened to the _Romain_ common weale, and -may be vnderstood by scholers that will marke and applie them. 1. The -first is, that in _Tullie_,[55] when _Pontius_ the _Samnite_ wished -that he either had not bene borne vntill, or but then borne, when the -_Romaines_ would haue receiued giftes and rewardes, Why? what if? I -would not haue suffred them to haue reigned one day longer, by selling -their libertie, they should haue become bond. The fellow said much, and -that state felt more, when they fell to fingering. - -[Sidenote: The main rot of the Romaine empire.] - -2. The second is this, not noted in any one, but obserued by all, that -marke and write of the declining and ruine of the _Romain Empire_. -The principall cause among many, to raze that state, which did rise -in the blood of other nations and fell in their owne, was, when their -generalls vsed the helpe of forreine and barbarous fellowes, late -foes, new freindes, to ouerthrow the contrarie factions in their -ciuill warres, both before and in their Emperours time, and let them -both smell and taste of the _Romish_ wealth and fatnesse of _Italie_. -Wherwith the horesons being rauished, euer as they went home sent more -of their countreymen to serue in seditious or necessarie defenses: till -at the last their whole nations ouerflew that flourishing towne, and -that fertile countrey. Wherby that great abundance, that vnspeakeable -wealth, those inestimable riches, which the whether conquering or -rauening _Romaines_ had gathered together in so many hundred yeares, -from so many seuerall countries, in a verie small time, became a bootie -to that barbarous offall of all kinde of people, which neuer had any, -till they became lordes, both of the _Romain_ substance and the soile -of _Italie_. A glasse for those to gase on, which will rather stirre -to fall, then be still to stand. If ye shew a child an apple, he will -crye for it, but if you make a mightier then your selfe priuie to your -pleasures, if he be desirous to haue, and speede not, he will make you -crye for it. - -But now as fauour founded not vpon desert, but vpon some fetch, is foe -to all choice, enforcing for the fauorite, so free admissions into -colledges, by but mildely and honestly replying: vpon fauour may helpe -it in sufficiency, and lighten the booke of some needlesse burthen, -which hurtes not onely in the admission, but also by sending abroade -such broad dealers, which corrupt where they go, and poison more -incurably, bycause of their meane, which is mothered vpon learning, -which the cunninger it is, the craftyer meane it is: and of the more -credit it is, the more conueiance it hath to corrupt with good colour, -though it be to bad, when it is bewrayed. If hope were cut of to -speede by disorder, such wittes would streight waye sorte themselues -to order, as they be not the most blockheades, which offer violence to -order: wherin I must needes say somwhat in plaine truth, and plausible -to. - -[Sidenote: The abusing of great personages.] - -Those great personages, which be so tempted by the importunity of such -petie companions, as seeke them for protection, to force good and -godly statutes, are litle bound to them. For what do they? Their owne -obscuritie comes in no daunger, as being but vnderlinges, neither much -seene, nor whit cared for, though they cause the mischeife: but they -force good, and well giuen dispositions, excellent and noble natures, -by false and coloured informations, to serue their owne turnes, and -to beguile their great freindes: they bring them in hatred of all -those, which builde vpon the good zeale of vertuous founders. Which -thing reacheth so farre, and to so many, as either the possibilitie to -enioye their benefit doth, or the praise of their doing, to procure -the like: or the protection of posteritie, which cannot but lament -the great misuse, and foull ouerthrow of their ancestours good and -most godly meaning. They cast all men in feare of them to be likewise -forced in their best interest, as a principle to tyrannie, and make -them to be odious to all, whom they would seeme to honour aboue all. -The worst kinde of _caterpillours_, in _countenaunce_ fine and neate, -in _speeche_ delicate and diuine, in _pretence_ holy and heauenly, in -_meaning_ verie furies, and diuells: to themselues scraping howsoeuer -they couer: to nobilitie and countenaunce, whatsoeuer shew they make, -the verie seminarie of most daungerous dishonour, and therfore worthy -to be thrust out, bycause they thirst so much. For if loue and honour -be the treasures of nobility, the contrarie meane howsoeuer it be -coloured deserues coudgelling out, when it croutcheth most. It is -no dishonour to nobilitie, not to haue their will, but it is their -greatest disgrace to yielde to that, by vnreasonable desire, which they -ought not to will, and so make a diuorse betwene honestie and honour, -which is vnseemely, seeing honestie, how basely soeuer some ruffians -regard it, is the verie mother to honour of greatest moment, and in -the best kinde. That such honorable natures yeelde to such importunate -promoters, halfe against their will, bycause otherwise they cannot be -rid of them: their owne and honorable contentment doth oftimes proue, -when they haue bene aunswered truely and duetifully, by such either -companies, or particulars, as haue preferred plaine trueth, before -painted colours, whereby noble dispositions do well declare to the -world, how vnwilling they be to force order by fauour, if they be -enfourmed of the truth: which will alway proue the enfourmers warrant, -and foile such fetchers, when it comes to the hearing. And as the -learned _Quintilian_ sayth, that in a grammarian it is a vertue not -to seeme to know all: so sayth pollicy that in the verie highest, it -is not good to do all, that authoritie and interest in the extremitie -of right maie do, with some warrant to it selfe, though with small -liking, where it goeth. Mine antecedent is of mine owne profession, -which beareth blame of to much boldnesse, and hath bene thought to -presumptuous for knowledg, as _Rhemmius Palæmon_ one of our coate, -was wont to brag, that learning began to liue, and should die with -him: My consequent concerneth my countrey, and good will to nobilitie, -which as in degree can do most, so were it great pitie that it should -be vsed, but to worke the best. My chalenge is to those infamous -meanes, which dishonour their honorable patrones, defeat honest men of -best education, disturbe the state euen while they liue, poison the -posteritie by their president, euen when they are dead. - -Now if _choice_ had taken place in the beginning, such impudent wittes -had wonne no place, and noble patrones had shaked of such sutes. For -as deepe waters do seeme not to runne bycause of their stillnesse: so -true vertue and honest learning will tary their calling, and not stirre -to soone, to set forth their stuffe, though they be the deepest and -most worthy the place. I must craue pardon: a well affected maister -speaketh for all poore and toward scholers, well nusled in learning, -well giuen in liuing, and ill thwarted in liuinges, by such visardes -of counterfect countenaunces, which one may more then halfe gesse, -what they will receiue, when none seeth but the offerer: which dare -themselues offer such dishonorable requestes to those personages, at -whose countenaunces, they ought in conscience to tremble, if that -impudencie, which first hath reiected God secretly, and all goodnesse -openly, had not tyrannised them to much, so vilely to abuse, where -they ought to honour. The consideration of the good, the canuasing for -the ill, hath caryed me from colledges, though not from colleginers, -where for necessarie roomes there must be boursares, and why not of -the learned sorte? Which the more towarde they be, the more trusty -they will proue, and cheifly to that colledge, which auaunced them for -value. Neuer wonder if he do sacrifice to the purse, which was admitted -either for it, or by it. And yet there is some wrong, to fill priuate -purses for entring, and to punish the common, when they be entred. If -they could vse it so, as to still it from those, which strayned it from -them, when they were to enter, the cunning were great, and the deceit -not amisse, where craft is allowed to deceiue the deceiuer. But the -common wrings, for the priuate wrong, and there the iniury is. - -[Sidenote: Preferment to degrees.] - -2. Preferment to degrees in schole may, nay in deede ought to be a -mightier stripper of insufficiencie, bycause that way, the whole -countrie is made either a lamentable spoile to bould ignorance, or -a laudable soyle to sober knowledge. When a scholer is allowed by -authoritie of the vniuersitie, to professe that qualitie, whereof -he beares the title, and is sent abroad with the warrant of his -commencement, and want of his cunning, who made either fauour and -friendship, either countenaunce or canuase, or some other sleight the -meane to enstawle him, what must our common countrie then say, when -she heareth the bragge of the vniuersities title sound in her eares, -and findes not the benefit of the vniuersitie learning to serue her in -neede? Shee must needes thinke that the vnlearned and ignorant creature -is free from blame, bycause he sought to countenaunce himselfe, as -the customarie led him: but she must needes thinke her selfe not -onely not bound to the vniuersitie, but shamefully abused, nay most -vnnaturally offered to the spoile of ignorance and insufficiencie by -the vniuersitie, to whom committing her sight shee is dealt with so -blindly, in whom reposing her trust, she is betrayed so vntruely. For -what is it to say in common collection, when the vniuersitie preferreth -any, to degree: but as if she should protest thus much. Before God and -my countrie, to whom I owe my selfe and my seruice, whereof the one -I cannot deceiue, the other I ought not, I do knowe this man, whom -I now prefer to this degree, in this facultie, in the sufficiencie -of abilitie, which his title pretendeth, not perfunctorilie taken -knowledge of, but thoroughly examined by me, to be well able to -execute in the common weale of my countrie, that qualitie in art and -profession, which his degree endoweth him with: and that my countrie -may rest vpon my credit in securitie for his sufficiencie: and betrust -her selfe vnto him vpon my warrant, which I do seale with the publike -acknowledging of him to be such a one, as his title emporteth, being -consideratly and aduisedly bestowed vpon him by me, as I will answere -almightie God in iudgement, and my countrie in my conscience and -vpon my credit. Now what if he be not such a one? where then is your -aduisednesse? where then is your credit? where then is then your -conscience? nay where then is your God, whom ye called to witnesse? -What if the vniuersitie knew before, that he neither was such a one, -neither like euer to proue any such? let him that weyeth this, if it be -to light, reiect it as counterfect. Let the earnest professours of the -truest religion in the vniuersities at this day call their consciences -to counsell, and redresse the defect, for their owne credit, and -the good of their countrie. If it shall please the vniuersities, to -preferre these considerations of countrie and conscience, before any -priuate persuasion (which if it were roundly repelled a while, would -neuer be so impudent, as so to intrude it selfe) the matter were -ended, and despaire that way would leaue rowme to learning: and send -such fellowes to those faculties, which were fitter for them: and not -suffer them vnder the titles of learning, to supplant the learned, and -forstaull away their liuinges: to the discouraging of the right student -in deede, and the defeating of the state. For if ye rip the cause why -they seeke to set foorth then selues, with such forraine feathers, -being vnlikely to looke on, in their owne coloures, if the eye might -behold that which the minde conceiueth, ye shall finde that their -desire to gaine vnder honorable titles, is the verie grounde whereupon -they goe: which they seeke by indirect wayes, bycause they feele them -selues to be of no direct worth. But what fooles be good scholers in -deede, to lende such dawes their dignities, vnder that borrowed habit, -to rob them of preheminence, and to seeme to be _eagles_, where they -be but _bussardes_? Nay do they not discredit the vniuersitie more? -as if they there were either so simple, as they could not descrie a -_calfe_, or so easie to be entreated, as when they had discried it, -they would sweare by perswasion, that the _calfe_ were a _camell?_ good -my maisters make not all priestes that stand vpon the bridge as the -_Poope_ passeth. For then the cobler as one consecrated, bycause his -person was in compasse, and his showes with in hearing, will sure be a -priest, and set nothing by his naule, and as good as you and as fit for -a benefice, as those that came to take orders in deede, and deserued -them in doing. Looke to it betimes and lende not your garmentes to set -forth _bastardt_ and bold suters, for feare your selues be excluded, -when ye entend to sue, both your labour and your loue being lost, -through your owne follie. - -To seeme is not so much in weight as to be, but in paines it is much -more. To counterfeat vertue, and to auoide spying, requireth a long -labour, and daily new deuises: to be vertuouse in deede, and learned -in deede, craues labour at the first, and lendes leysure in the end, -borne out by it selfe, neuer needing any vele. And therefore great -warines must be vsed to discerne and shake of the counterfeat smaller -consideration will soone finde, and sooner content sufficient stuffe. -Let deepe dissembling and dubling _hypocrisie_ leape the ladder, and -honest _learning_ be beholder the while. In these pointes to haue -worthinesse preferred, and to haue choice to seeke, and saue it, if -a teacher deale thus earnestly, as methinke I do now, he may deserue -pardon as I hope I shall haue, considering his end, to him selfe ward -is delite, to his charge is their profit: to his countrie is sound -stuffe sent from him. And can he be but grieued to see the effect so -disorderly defeated, wherunto with infinite toile, with inconparable -care, with incredible paines, he did so orderly proceed? I take it -very tollerable for any, that hath charge of number and multitude to -be carefull for their good, not only in priuate gouernment, but also -in publike protection, so farre, as either the honestie of the cause, -or the dutie to magistrate, will maintaine his attempt. As truely in -learning and learned executions, me thinke it concerneth all men to be -very carefull, bycause the thing tucheth themselues so neare in age, -and theirs so much in youth. - -[Sidenote: Auauncement to liuinges.] - -3. For the third part which consisteth in _auauncement_ to liuinges, as -it is commonly handled by the highest in state, and eldest in yeares, -which haue best skill to iudge, and least neede to be misled: so it -needes least precept: bycause the misse there is mostwhat without -amendes, being made by great warrant: and the hitting right is the -blessed _fortune_ of ech kinde of state, when value is in place, whence -there is no appeale but pleasure in the perfit: pitie in imperfection: -the common good either carried to ruine by intrusion of insufficiencie, -or strongly supported by sufficient staie. _Repulse_ here is a -miserable stripp, that insufficiencie should be suffered to growe vp so -high, and not be hewed downe before. And some great iniurie is offered -to the bestowers of prefermentes, that they are made obiectes to the -danger of insufficient boldnes, which ought to be cut of by sufficient -modestie, who pretendeth the claime to be her owne of dutie, and to -whom the patrones, would rediliest yeild, if they could discerne and -were not abused by the worthy themselues, which lend the vnworthy the -worth of their countenance to deceiue the disposers, and to beguile -their owne selues. But blind bayard, if he haue any burden that is -worth the taking downe, and bestowing somwhere else, wilbe farre bolder -then a better horse, and so farre from shame, as he will not shrinke -to offer himselfe to the richest sadle, being in deede no better then -a blinde iade and seeking to occupie the stawle where _Bucephalus_ the -braue horse of duety ought to stand. And in this case of preferrement, -store is lightely the greatest enemie to the best choice, bycause in -number no condition wilbe offered, which will not be admitted, though -some do refuse. The preuenting of all or most of these inconueniences, -I do take to be in the right sorting of wittes at the first, when -learning shall be left to them alone, whom nature doth allow by euident -signes, and such sent awaye to some other trades, as are made to that -ende. Wherby the sorters are to haue thankes in the ende of both the -parties, which finding themselues fitted in the best kinde of their -naturall calling, must of necessitie honour them, which vsed such -foresight in their first bestowing. - -Thus much haue I marked in clipping of, of that multitude which -oppresseth learning with too too many, as too too many wheresoeuer they -be, ouercharge the soile in all professions. For the matter wheron to -liue iustly and truly being within compasse, and the men which must -liue vpon it, being still without ende, must not desire of maintenaunce -specially if it be ioyned with a porte, wring a number to the wall, to -get wheron to liue? I neede pinch no particular wherethe generall is -so sore gauled. Marke but those professions and occupations, which be -most cloyed vp with number, whether they be bookish or not, and waye -the poorer sort, wheron at the last the pinching doth light, though -it passe many handes before, if to great a multitude making to great a -state do not proue a shrew, then am I deceyued: so that it were good -there were stripping vsed, and that be time in yonger yeares. For -youth being let go forward vpon hope, and chekt with dispaire while -it rometh without purueyaunce, makes marueilous a doe before it will -die. And if no miserable shift will serue at home, verie defection to -the foe, and common enemie will send them abrode, to seeke for that, -which in such a case they are sure to finde. Wherefore as countenaunce -in the ouerflowing number, which findeth place in a state doth infect -extremely, by seeking out vnlawfull and corrosiue maintenaunce: so -roming in the vnbestowed offaull, which findes no place in a state, -doth festure fellonly, by seeking to shake it, with most rebellious -enterprises. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[54] Xenop. 1. κυρ παιδ. - -[55] Offic. 2. - - - - -CHAPTER 38. - - THAT YOUNG MAIDENS ARE TO BE SET TO LEARNING, WHICH IS PROUED, BY - THE CUSTOME OF OUR COUNTREY, BY OUR DUETIE TOWARDES THEM, BY THEIR - NATURALL ABILITIES, AND BY THE WORTHY EFFECTES OF SUCH AS HAUE BENE - WELL TRAINED. THE ENDE WHERVNTO THEIR EDUCATION SERUETH WHICH IS THE - CAUSE WHY AND HOW MUCH THEY LEARNE. WHICH OF THEM ARE TO LEARNE, WHEN - THEY ARE TO BEGIN TO LEARNE. WHAT AND HOW MUCH THEY MAY LEARNE. OF - WHOM AND WHERE THEY OUGHT TO BE TAUGHT. - - -When I did appoint the persons, which were to receiue the benefit of -education: I did not exclude young _maidens_, and therefore seeing I -made them one braunche of my diuision, I must of force say somwhat more -of them. A thing perhaps which some will thinke might wel enough haue -bene past ouer with silence, as not belonging to my purpose, which -professe the education of boyes, and the generall traine in that kinde. -But seeing I begin so low as the first _Elementarie_, wherin we see -that young _maidens_ be ordinarily trained, how could I seeme not to -see them, being so apparently taught? - -[Sidenote: The proofes why they are to learne.] - -And to proue that they are to be trained, I finde foure speciall -reasons, wherof any one, much more all may perswade any their most -aduersarie, much more me, which am for them toothe and naile. 1. The -first is the _maner_ and _custome_ of my countrey, which allowing them -to learne, wil be lothe to be contraried by any of her countreymen. -2. The second is the _duetie_, which we owe vnto them, whereby we are -charged in conscience, not to leaue them lame, in that which is for -them. 3. The third is their owne _towardnesse_, which God by nature -would neuer haue giuen them to remaine idle, or to small purpose. 4. -The fourth is the excellent _effectes_ in that sex, when they haue -had the helpe of good bringing vp: which commendeth the cause of such -excellencie, and wisheth vs to cherishe that tree, whose frute is both -so pleasaunt in taste, and so profitable in triall. What can be said -more? our _countrey_ doth allow it, our _duetie_ doth enforce it, their -_aptnesse_ calls for it, their _excellencie_ commandes it: and dare -priuate _conceit_, once seeme to withstand where so great, and so rare -circunstances do so earnestly commende. - -[Sidenote: The custome of our countrey.] - -But for the better vnderstanding of these foure reasons, I will examine -euerie of them, somwhat nearer, as inducers to the truth, ear I deale -with the traine. For the first: If I should seeme to enforce any -noueltie, I might seeme ridiculous, and neuer se that thing take place, -which I tender so much: but considering, the _custome_ of my countrie -hath deliuered me of that care, which hath made the _maidens_ traine -her owne approued trauell, what absurditie am I in, to say that is -true, which my countrie dare auow, and daily doth trie? I set not yong -_maidens_ to publike grammer scholes, a thing not vsed in my countrie, -I send them not to the vniuersities, hauing no president thereof in -my countrie, I allow them learning with distinction in degrees, with -difference of their calling, with respect to their endes, wherefore -they learne, wherein my countrie confirmeth my opinion. We see yong -_maidens_ be taught to read and write, and can do both with praise: we -heare them sing and playe: and both passing well, we know that they -learne the best, and finest of our learned languages, to the admiration -of all men. For the daiely spoken tongues and of best reputation in our -time, who so shall denie that they may not compare euen with our kinde -in the best degree, they will claime no other combate, then to talke -with him in that verie tongue, who shall seeke to taunt them for it. -These things our country doth stand to, these qualities their parentes -procure them, as either opportunitie of circunstance will serue, or -their owne power wil extend vnto, or their daughters towardnesse doth -offer hope, to be preferred by, for singularitie of endowment, either -in marriage, or some other meane. Nay do we not see in our countrey, -some of that sex so excellently well trained, and so rarely qualified, -either for the toungues themselues, or for the matter in the toungues: -as they may be opposed by way of comparison, if not preferred as beyond -comparison, euen to the best _Romaines_ or _Greekish paragonnes_ be -they neuer so much praised: to the _Germaine_ or _French_ gentlewymen, -by late writers so wel liked: to the _Italian_ ladies who dare write -themselues, and deserue fame for so doing? whose excellencie is so -geason, as they be rather wonders to gaze at, then presidentes to -follow. And is that to be called in question, which we both dayly see -in many, and wonder at in some? I dare be bould therefore to admit -yong _maidens_ to learne, seeing my countrie giues me leaue, and her -_custome_ standes for me. - -[Sidenote: Duetie.] - -For the second point. The duetie which we owe them doth straitly -commaund vs to see them well brought vp. For what be young _maidens_ in -respect of our sex? Are they not the seminary of our succession? the -naturall frye, from whence we are to chuse our naturall, next, and most -necessarie freindes? The very selfe same creatures, which were made -for our comfort, the onely good to garnish our alonenesse, the nearest -companions in our weale or wo? the peculiar and priuiest partakers in -all our fortunes? borne for vs to life, bound to vs till death? And can -we in conscience but carefully thinke of them, which are so many wayes -linked vnto vs? Is it either nothing, or but some small thing, to haue -our childrens mothers well furnished in minde, well strengthened in -bodie? which desire by them to maintaine our succession? or is it not -their good to be so well garnished, which good being defeated in them -by our indiligence, of whom they are to haue it, doth it not charge vs -with breache of duetie, bycause they haue it not? They are committed -and commended vnto vs, as pupilles vnto tutours, as bodies vnto heades, -nay as bodies vnto soules: so that if we tender not their education -duetifully, they maye vrge that against vs, if at any time either by -their owne right, or by our default, they winne the vpper roome and -make vs stand bare head, or be bolder with vs to. - -They that write of the vse of our bodies, do greatly blame such -parentes, as suffer not their children to vse the left hand, as well -as the right, bycause therby they weaken their strength and the vse of -their limmes: and can we be without blame, who seeke not to strengthen -that, which was once taken from vs, and yet taryeth with vs, as a part -of vs still: knowing it to be the weaker? Or is there any better meane -to strengthen their minde, then that knowledge of God, of religion, of -ciuil, of domesticall dueties, which we haue by our traine, and ought -not to denie them, being comprised in bookes, and is to be compassed in -youth? - -That some exercise of bodie ought to be vsed, some ordinarie stirring -ought to be enioyned, some prouision for priuate and peculiar trainers -ought to be made: not onely the ladies of _Lacedæmon_ will sweare, but -all the world will sooth, if they do but wey, that it is to much to -weaken our owne selues by not strengthning their side. That cunning -poet for iudgement in matter, and great philosopher for secrecie in -nature, our well knowen _Virgill_, saw in a goodly horse that was -offered vnto _Augustus Cæsar_ an infirmitie vnperceaued by either -looker on or any of his stable, which came as he said by some weaknes -in the damme, and was confessed to be true. _Galene_ and the whole -familie of Physicians ripping vp our infirmities, which be not to be -auoided, placeth the seminarie and originall, engraffed in nature, as -our greatest and nearest foes. And therfore to be preuented by the -parentes, thorough considerate traine, the best and fairest meane, to -better weake nature: so that of _duety_ they are to be cared for. And -what care in _duetie_ is greater, then this in traine? - -[Sidenote: Naturall Towardnesse.] - -3. Their _naturall towardnesse_ which was my third reason doth most -manifestly call vpon vs, to see them well brought vp. If nature haue -giuen them abilities to proue excellent in their kinde, and yet thereby -in no point to let their most laudable dueties in mariage and matche, -but rather to bewtifie them, with most singular ornamentes, are not -we to be condemned of extreme vnnaturallnes, if we gay not that by -discipline, which is giuen them by _nature_? That naturally they are -so richly endowed, all _Philosophie_ is full, no _Diuinitie_ denyes, -_Plato_[56] and his _Academikes_ say, that all vertues be indifferent, -nay all one in man and woman: sauing that they be more strong and more -durable in men, weaker and more variable in wymen. _Xeno_ and his -_Stoikes_ though they esteeme the ods betwene man and woman naturally -to be as great as the difference, betwene an heauenly and an earthly -creature, which _Plato_ did not, making them both of one mould, yet -they graunt them equalitie and samenesse in vertue, though they deliuer -the strength and constancie ouer vnto men, as properly belonging vnto -that side. _Aristotle_ and his _Peripatetikes_ confessing them both -to be of one kinde, though to different vses in _nature_, according -to those differences in _condition_, appointeth them differences in -_vertue_, and yet wherin they agree: alloateth them the same. When they -haue concluded thus of their naturall abilities, and so absolutely -entitled them vnto all vertues, they rest not there, but proceede on -further to their education in this sorte. That as naturally euery one -hath some good assigned him, whervnto he is to aspire, and not to cease -vntill he haue obtained it, onlesse he will by his owne negligence -reiect that benefit, which the munificence of _nature_ hath liberally -bestowed on him: so there is a certaine meane, wherby to winne that -perfitly, which _nature_ of her selfe doth wish vs franckly. This meane -they call _education_, whereby the naturall inclinations be gently -caryed on, if they will curteously follow, or otherwise be hastened, -if they must needes be forced, vntill they ariue at that same best, -which _nature_ bendeth vnto with full saile, in those fairer, which -follow the traine willingly, in those meaner, which must be bet vnto -it. And yet euen there where it is sorest laboured, it worketh some -effecte vnworthy of repentaunce, and is better forced on in youth, then -forgon in age: rather in children with feare, then not in men with -greife. Now as the inclinations be common to both the kindes, so they -deuide the meane of education indifferently betwene both. Which being -thus, as both the truth tells the ignorant, and reading shewes the -learned, we do wel then perceaue by _naturall men_, and _Philosophicall -reasons_, that young _maidens_ deserue the traine: bycause they haue -that treasure, which belongeth vnto it, bestowed on them by _nature_, -to be bettered in them by _nurture_. Neither doth _religion_ contrarie -religious _nature_. For the _Lorde_ of _nature_, which created -that motion to continue the consequence of all liuing creatures, -by succession to the like, by education to the best, appointing -either kinde the limittes of their duetie, and requiring of either -the perfourmaunce therof, alloweth all such ordinarie and orderly -meanes, as by his direction in his word may bring them both from his -appointment to their perfourmaunce, from the first starting place, -to the outmost gole: that is vnto that good, which he hath assigned -them, by such wayes, as he hath willed them: so that both by _nature_ -the most obedient seruant, and by the _Lorde_ of _nature_ our most -bountifull _God_, we haue it in commandement not onely to traine vp our -owne sex, but also our female, seeing he hath to require an account for -naturall talentes of both the parties, vs for directing them: them for -perfourmance of our direction. - -[Sidenote: Excellent effectes.] - -4. The excellent effectes of those women, which haue bene verie well -trained, do well declare, that they deserue the best training: which -reason was my last in order, but not my least in force, to proue their -more then common excellencie. This is a point of such galancie, if -my purpose were to praise them, as it is but to giue precept, how -to make them praiseworthie, as I might soner weary my selfe with -reckening vp of writers, and calling worthie wymen to be witnesses in -their owne cause then worthely to expresse their weight and worth, -bycause I beleeue that to be most true, which is cronicled of them. I -will not medle with any moe writers to whom wymen are most bound, for -best speaking of them, and most spreading of their vertues, then with -one onely man a single witnes in person, but aboue all singularitie -in profe: the learned and honest _Plutarch_, whose name emporteth a -princis treasure, whose writings witnes an vnwearied trauel, whose -plaine truth was neuer tainted. Would he so learned, so honest, so -true, so sterne, haue become such a trumpet for their fame, to triumph -by, so haue gratified that sex, whom he stood not in awe of: so haue -beutified their doings, whom he might not haue medled with, so haue -auaunced their honour, to hasard his owne sex, by setting them so hie, -if he had not resolutely knowne the truth of his subiect? he durst -be so bould with his owne Emperour the good _Traian_, to fore his -scholer, in his epistle to him before his booke of gouerning the comon -weale, as to say and call his booke to witnes thereof, that if he went -to gouerne, and ouerthrew the state, he did it not by the authoritie of -_Plutarch_, as disauowing his scholer, if he departed from his lessons. -And would that courage haue bene forced to frame a false argument? or -is so great a truth not to haue so great a credit? howsouer some of the -lighter heades haue lewdly belyed them, or vainly accused them: yet -the verie best and grauest writers thinke worthely of them, and make -report of them with honour. _Ariosto_ and _Boccacio_ will beloth to be -tearmed light, being so great doctours in their diuinitie, yet they be -somwhat ouer heauie to wymen, without any great weight as in generall -the _Italian_ writers be, which in the middest of their louing leuities -still glaunce at their lightnes, and that so beyound all manhoode, as -they feele their owne fault, and dispaire of reconcilement, though -they crie still for pardon. As those men know well, which will rather -meruell, that I haue red those bookes, then mistrust my report, which -they know to be true. In all good and generally authorised histories, -and in many particuler discourses, it is most euident, that not onely -priuate and particular wymen, being very well trained, but also great -princesses and gallant troupes of the same sex haue shewed fourth in -them selues meruelous effectes of vertue and valure. And good reason -why. For where naturally they haue to shew, if education procure -shew, is it a thing to be wondered at? Or is their singularitie lesse -in nature, bycause wymen be lesse accustomed to shew it, and not so -commonly employed, as we men be? Yet whensoeuer they be, by their -dealinges they shew vs that they haue no dead flesh nor any base -mettle. Well, I will knit vp this conclusion and burne day light no -longer, to proue that carefully, which all men may see clearely, and -ther aduersaries grieue at, bycause it confutes their follie, which -vpon some priuate errour of their owne, to seeme fautles in wordes, -where they be faithles in deedes, blame silly wymen as being the onely -cause why they went awrie. - -That yong _maidens_ can learne, nature doth giue them, and that -they haue learned, our experience doth teach vs, with what care to -themselues, them selues can best witnes, with what comfort to vs, what -forraine example can more assure the world, then our diamond at home? -our most deare soueraine lady and princesse, by nature a woman, by -vertue a worthy, not one of the nyne, but the tenth aboue the nyne, -to perfit in her person that absolute number, which is no fitter -to comprehend all absolutnes in Arithmetike, then she is knowne to -containe al perfections in nature, all degrees in valure, and to become -a president: to those nyne worthy men, as _Apollo_[57] is accounted -to the nyne famouse wymen, she to vertues and vertuous men, he to -muses, and learned wymen: thereby to proue _Plutarches_ conclusion -true, that oppositions of vertues by way of comparison is their chiefe -commendation. Is _Anacreon_ a good poet, what say you to _Sappho_? -Is _Bacis_ a good prophet, what say you to _Sibill_? was _Sesostris_ -a famouse prince, what say you to _Semiramis_? was _Seruius_ a noble -king, what say you to _Tanaquill_? was _Brutus_ a stowt man, what say -you to _Porcia_? Thus reasoneth _Plutarch_,[58] and so do I, is it -honorable for _Apollo_ a man to haue the presidencie ouer nyne wymen, -the resemblers of learning? then more honorable it is for our most -worthy _Princesse_ to haue the presidencie ouer nyne men, the paragons -of vertue: and yet to be so familiarly acquainted with the nyne -_muses_, as they are in strife who may loue her best, for being best -learned? for whose excellent knowledge and learning, we haue most cause -to reioyce, who tast of the frute: and posteritie to praise, which -shall maintaine her memorie: though I wish their memorie abridged, to -haue our tast enlarged: our prouing lengthened, to haue their praising -shortened: to be glad that we haue her, not to greue, that we had her: -as that omnipotent god, which gaue her vnto vs, when we had more neede -of such a prince, then shee of such a people, will preserue her for -vs, I do nothing dout, that we both may serue him, she as our carefull -soueraine, to set forth his glory, we as her faithfull subiectes, to -submit our selues to it. - -If no storie did tell it, if no state did allow it, if no example -did confirme it, that yong _maidens_ deserue the trayning, this our -owne myrour, the maiestie of her sex, doth proue it in her owne -person, and commendes it to our reason. We haue besides her highnes -as vndershining starres, many singuler ladies and gentlewymen, so -skilfull in all cunning, of the most laudable, and loueworthy qualities -of learning, as they may well be alleadged for a president to prayse, -not for a pattern to proue like by: though hope haue a head, and nature -be no nigard, if education do her dutie, and will seeke to resemble -euen where presidentes be passing, both hope to attaine to, and -possibilitie to seeme to. Wherefore by these profes, I take it to be -very clear, that I am not farre ouershot, in admitting them to traine -being so traineable by nature, and so notable by effectes. - -[Sidenote: The ende of learning in yong maides.] - -But now hauing graunted them the benefit and society of our education, -we must assigne the end, wherfore their traine shall serue, whereby -we may apply it the better. Our owne traine is without restraint for -either matter or maner, bycause our employment is so generall in all -thinges: theirs is within limit, and so must their traine be. If a yong -_maiden_ be to be trained in respect of mariage, obedience to her head, -and the qualities which looke that way, must needes be her best way: -if in regard of necessitie to learne how to liue, artificiall traine -must furnish out her trade: if in respect of ornament to beawtifie -her birth, and to honour her place, rareties in that kinde and seemly -for that kinde do best beseeme such: if for gouernment, not denyed -them by God, and deuised them by men, the greatnes of their calling -doth call for great giftes, and generall excellencies for generall -occurrences. Wherefore hauing these different endes alwayes in eye, -we may point them their traine in different degrees. But some _Timon_ -will say, what should wymen do with learning? Such a churlish carper -will neuer picke out the best, but be alway ready to blame the worst. -If all men vsed all pointes of learning well, we had some reason to -alleadge against wymen, but seeing misuse is common to both the kinds, -why blame we their infirmitie, whence we free not our selues? Some -wymen abuse writing to that end, some reading to this, some all that -they learne any waye, to some other ill some waye. And I praie you -what do we? I do not excuse ill: but barre them from accusing, which -be as bad themselues: vnlesse they will first condemne themselues, -and so proceede in their plea with more discretion after a repentant -discouerie. But they will not deale thus, they will rather retire for -shame and proue to be nonsuite, then confesse themselues faulty and -blush for their blaming. Wherfore as the communitie of vertues, argueth -the communitie of vices naturally in both: so let vs in that point -enterchaunge forgiuenesse, and in hope of the vertues direct to the -best, not for feare of the vices, make an open gap for them. Wherefore -in directing of that traine, which I do assigne vnto young maidens, -I will follow this methode, and shew which of them be to learne, and -when, what and how much, where and of whom. - -[Sidenote: Which and when.] - -As concerning those which are to be trained, and when they are to -begin their traine, this is my opinion. The same restraint in cases -of necessitie, where they conueniently cannot, and the same freedom -in cases of libertie, when they commodiously may, being reserued to -parentes in their daughters, which I allowed them in their sonnes, -and the same regard to the weaknesse and strength of their witts -and bodies, the same care for their womanly exercises, for helpe of -their health, and strength of their limmes, being remitted to their -considerations, which I assigned them in their sonnes, I do thinke the -same time fit for both, not determinable by yeares, but by ripenesse -of witte to conceiue without tiring, and strength of bodie to trauell -without wearying. For though the girles seeme commonly to haue a -quicker ripening in witte, then boyes haue, for all that seeming, -yet it is not so. Their naturall weaknesse which cannot holde long, -deliuers very soone, and yet there be as prating boyes, as there be -pratling wenches. Besides, their braines be not so much charged, -neither with weight nor with multitude of matters, as boyes heades -be, and therefore like empty caske they make the greater noise. As -those men which seeme to be very quicke witted by some sudden pretie -aunswere, or some sharp replie, be not alwaye most burthened, neither -with lettes, nor learning, but out of small store, they offer vs still -the floore, and holde most of the mother. Which sharpnesse of witte -though it be within them, as it bewraeth it selfe: yet it might dwell -within them a great while, without bewraying of it selfe, if studie -kept them still, or great doinges did dull them: as slight dealinges -and imperious, do commonly maintaine that kinde of courage. Boyes haue -it alwaye, but oftimes hide it, bycause their stuffe admitteth time: -wenches haue it alwaye, and alwaye bewray it, bycause their timber -abides no tarying. And seeing it is in both, it deserues care in both, -neither to timely to stirre them, nor let them loyter to long. As for -bodies the _maidens_ be more weake, most commonly euen by nature, as -of a moonish influence, and all our whole kinde is weake of the mother -side, which when she was first made, euen then weakned the mans side. -Therefore great regard must be had to them, no lesse, nay rather more -then to boyes in that time. For in proces of time, if they be of worth -themselues, they may so matche, as the parent may take more pleasure -in his sonnes by law, then in his heires by nature. They are to be the -principall pillers in the vpholding of housholdes, and so they are -likely to proue, if they proue well in training. The dearest comfort -that man can haue, if they encline to good: the nearest corrosiue if -they tread awry. And therfore charilie to be cared for, bearing a -iewell of such worth, in a vessel of such weaknesse. Thus much for -there persons whom I turne ouer to the parentes abilitie for charge: to -their owne capacitie for conceit: in eche degree some, from the lowest -in menaltie, to the highest in mistriship. - -The time hath tied it selfe to strength in both parts, for the bodie to -trauell, for the soule to conceiue. The exercises pray in no case to be -forgot as a preseruatiue to the body, and a conserue for the soule. - -[Sidenote: What.] - -For the matter what they shall learne, thus I thinke, following the -custome of my countrie, which in that that is vsuall doth lead me on -boldly, and in that also which is most rare, doth shew me my path, to -be already troden. So that I shall not neede to erre, if I marke but -my guide wel. Where rare excellencies in some wymen, do but shew vs -some one or two parentes good successe, in their daughters learning, -there is neither president to be fetcht, nor precept to be framed. For -preceptes be to conduct the common, but these singularities be aboue -the common, presidentes be for hope, those pictures passe beyond al -hope. And yet they serue for profe to proceede by in way of argument, -that wymen can learne if they will, and may learne what they list, -when they bend their wittes to it. To learne to read is very common, -where conuenientnes doth serue, and _writing_ is not refused, where -oportunitie will yeild it. - -[Sidenote: Reading.] - -_Reading_ if for nothing else it were, as for many thinges -else it is, is verie needefull for religion, to read that which they -must know, and ought to performe, if they haue not whom to heare, -in that matter which they read: or if their memorie be not stedfast, -by reading to reuiue it. If they heare first and after read of the -selfe same argument, reading confirmes their memorie. Here I may not -omit many and great contentmentes, many and sound comfortes, many and -manifoulde delites, which those wymen that haue skill and time to -reade, without hindering their houswifery, do continually receiue by -reading of some comfortable and wise discourses, penned either in forme -of historie, or for direction to liue by. - -[Sidenote: Writing.] - -As for _writing_, though it be discommended for some priuate cariages, -wherein we men also, no lesse then wymen, beare oftentimes blame, if -that were a sufficient exception why we should not learne to write, it -hath his commoditie where it filleth in match, and helpes to enrich the -goodmans mercerie. Many good occasions are oftentimes offered, where -it were better for them to haue the vse of their pen, for the good -that comes by it, then to wish they had it, when the default is felt: -and for feare of euill, which cannot be auoided in some, to auert that -good, which may be commodious to many. - -[Sidenote: Musike.] - -_Musicke_ is much vsed, where it is to be had, to the parentes delite, -while the daughters be yong, more then to their owne, which commonly -proueth true, when the yong wenches become yong wiues. For then lightly -forgetting _Musicke_ when they learne to be mothers, they giue it in -manifest euidence, that in their learning of it, they did more seeke to -please their parentes, then to pleasure themselues. But howsoeuer it -is, seeing the thing is not reiected, if with the learning of it once, -it may be retained still (as by order it may) it is ill let go, which -is got with great paines, and bought with some cost. The learninge -to sing and plaie by the booke, a matter soone had, when _Musike_ is -first minded, which still preserue the cunning, though discontinuance -disturbe. And seeing it is but litle which they learne, and the time -as litle wherein they learne, bycause they haste still on toward -husbandes, it were expedient, that they learned perfitly, and that -with the losse of their pennie, they lost not their pennieworth also, -besides the losse of their time, which is the greatest losse of all. I -medle not with _nedles_, nor yet with _houswiferie_, though I thinke -it, and know it, to be a principall commendation in a woman: to be able -to gouerne and direct her houshold, to looke to her house and familie, -to prouide and keepe necessaries, though the goodman pay, to know the -force of her kitchen, for sicknes and health, in her selfe and her -charge: bycause I deale onely with such thinges as be incident to their -learning. Which seeing the custome of my country doth permit, I may not -mislike, nay I may wish it with warrant, the thing being good and well -beseeming their sex. This is the most so farre as I remember, which -they commonly vse in youth, and participate with vs in. If any parent -do priuately traine vp his children of either sex in any other priuate -fantsie of his owne, I cannot commend it, bycause I do not know it, and -if it fortune to die within his priuate walles, I cannot giue it life -by publike rehearsall. The common and most knowne is that, which I haue -saide. - -[Sidenote: How much.] - -The next pointe _how much_, is a question of more enquirie, and -therefore requireth aduised handling. To appoint besides these thinges, -which are already spoken of, how much further any _maide_ maye proceede -in matter of learning and traine, is a matter of some moment, and -concerneth no meane ones. And yet some petie lowlinges, do sometimes -seeke to resemble, where they haue small reason, and will needes seeme -like, where their petieship cannot light, vsing shew for a shadow, -where they haue no fitter shift. And therfore in so doing, they passe -beyond the boundes both of their birth, and their best beseeming. Which -then discouereth a verie meere follie, when a meane parent traineth -vp his daughter hie in those properties, which I shall streight waye -speake of, and she matcheth lowe, but within her owne compasse. For in -such a case those ouerraught qualities for the toyousnesse therof being -misplaced in her, do cause the young woman rather to be toyed withall, -as by them giuing signe of some idle conceit otherwise, then to be -thought verie well of, as one wisely brought vp. There is a comlynesse -in eche kinde, and a decentnesse in degree, which is best obserued, -when eche one prouides according to his power, without ouerreaching. If -some odde property do worke preferrement beyond proportion, it commonly -stayes there, and who so shootes at the like, in hope to hit, may -sooner misse: bycause the wayes to misse be so many, and to hit is but -one, and wounders which be but onse seene, be no examples to resemble. -Euery _maide_ maye not hope to speede, as she would wishe, bycause -some one hath sped better then she could wishe. - -Where the question is _how much_ a woman ought to learne, the aunswere -may be, so much as shall be needefull. If that also come in doubt, -the returne may be, either so much as her parentes conceiue of her in -hope, if her parentage be meane, or prouide for her in state, if her -birth beare a saile. For if the parentes be of calling, and in great -account, and the daughters capable of some singular qualities, many -commendable effects may be wrought therby, and the young maidens being -well trained are verie soone commended to right honorable matches, -whom they may well beseeme, and aunswere much better, their qualities -in state hauing good correspondence, with their matches of state, and -their wisedoms also putting to helping hand, for the procuring of their -common good. Not here to note, what frute the common weale may reape, -by such witts so worthily aduaunced, besides their owne priuate. If the -parentes be meane, and the _maidens_ in their training shew forth at -the verie first some singular rarenesse like to ensue, if they florish -but their naturall, there hope maye grow great, that some great matche -may as well like of a young maiden excellently qualified, as most do -delite in brute or brutish thinges for some straunge qualitie, either -in nature to embrase, or in art to maruell. And yet this hope may -faile. For neither haue great personages alwaye that iudgement, nor -young _maidens_ alwaye that fortune, though the _maidens_ remaine the -gainers, for they haue the qualities to comfort their mediocrity, and -those great ones want iudgement to set forth their nobilitie. - -This _how much_ consisteth either in perfiting of those forenamed -foure, _reading_ well, _writing_ faire, _singing_ sweete, _playing_ -fine, beyond all cry and aboue all comparison, that pure excellencie -in things but ordinarie may cause extraordinarie liking: or else in -skill of languages annexed to these foure, that moe good giftes may -worke more wounder. “For meane is a maime where excellencie is the -maruell.” To hope for hie mariages, is good meat, but not for mowers, -to haue leasure to take delite in these gentlewomanly qualities, is -no worke for who will: Nay to be a paragon among princes, to vse such -singularities, for the singular good of the general state, and the -wonder of her person, were a wish in dispaire, were not true proofe -the iust warrant, that such a thing may be wished, bycause in our -time we haue found it, euen then, when we did wish it most, and in the -ende more maruellous, then at first we durst haue wished. The euentes -in these wymen which we see in our dayes, to haue bene brought vp in -learning, do rule this conclusion. That such personages as be borne to -be princes, or matches to great peeres, or to furnish out such traines, -for some peculiar ornamentes to their place and calling, are to receiue -this kinde of education in the highest degree, that is conuenient -for their kinde. But princely _maidens_ aboue all: bycause occasion -of their height standes in neede of such giftes, both to honour -themselues, and to discharge the duetie, which the countries, conmitted -to their hands, do daily call for, and besides what matche is more -honorable, then when desert for rare qualities, doth ioine it selfe, -with highnesse in degree? I feare no workmanship in wymen to giue them -_Geometrie_ and her sister sciencies: to make them _Mathematicalls_, -though I meane them _Musicke_: nor yet barres to plead at, to leaue -them the lawes: nor vrinalls to looke on, to lend them some Physicke, -though the skil of herbes haue bene the studie of nobilitie, by the -_Persian_ storie, and much commended in wymen: nor pulpittes to preach -in, to vtter their _Diuinitie_: though by learning of some language, -they can talke of the lining: and for direction of their life, they -must be afforded some, though not as preachers and leaders: yet as -honest perfourmers, and vertuous liuers. _Philosophie_ would furnish -their generall discourses, if their leasure could entend it: but the -knowledge of some toungues, either of substaunce in respect of deeper -learning, or account for the present time may verie well be wisht them: -and those faculties also, which do belong to the furniture of speache, -may be verie well allowed them, bycause toungues be most proper, -where they do naturally arme. If I should allow them the _pencill_ -to draw, as the penne to write, and thereby entitle them to all my -Elementarie principles, I might haue reason for me. For it neither -requireth any great labour to fraye young maidens from it, and it would -helpe their nedle, to beautifie their workes: and it is maintainable -by very good examples euen of their owne kinde. _Timarete_[59] the -vertuous, daughter to _Mycon_: _Irene_ the curteous, daughter to -_Cratinus_: _Aristarete_ the absolute, daughter to _Nearchus_: _Lala_ -the eloquent, and euer maide of _Cyzicus_: _Martia_ the couragious, -daughter to _Varro_ the best learned and most loued of any _Romain_, -and many mo besides, did so vse the _pencill_, as their fame therefore -is so much the fairer, bycause the fact in that sex is so seldome and -rare. - -And is not a young gentlewoman, thinke you, thoroughly furnished, which -can reade plainly and distinctly, write faire and swiftly, sing cleare -and sweetely, play wel and finely, vnderstand and speake the learned -languages, and those toungues also which the time most embraseth, with -some _Logicall_ helpe to chop, and some _Rhetoricke_ to braue. Besides -the matter which is gathered, while these toungues be either learned, -or lookt on, as wordes must haue seates, no lesse then rayment bodies. -Were it any argument of an vnfurnished maiden, besides these qualities -to draw cleane in good proportion, and with good symmetrie? Now if she -be an honest woman, and a good housewife to, were she not worth the -wishing, and worthy the shryning? and yet such there be, and such we -know. Or is it likely that her children shalbe eare a whit the worse -brought vp, if she be a _Lælia_, an _Hortensia_, or a _Cornelia_, which -were so endued and noted for so doing? It is written of _Eurydice_ the -_Epirote_[60] that after she began to haue children, she sought to haue -learning, to bring then vp skilfully, whom she brought forth naturally. -Which thing she perfourmed in deede, a most carefull mother, and a -most skilfull mistresse. For which her well doing, she hath wonne the -reward, to be enrowled among the most rare matrones. - -[Sidenote: Where and when.] - -Now there is nothing left to ende this treatise of young _maidens_, -but where and vnder whom, they are to learne, which question will be -sufficiently resolued, vpon consideration of the time how long they -are to learne, which time is commonly till they be about thirtene or -fouretene yeares old, wherein as the matter, which they must deale -with all, cannot be very much in so litle time, so the perfitting -thereof requireth much trauel, though their time be so litle, and -there would be some shew afterward, wherein their trayning did auaile -them. They that may continue some long time at learning, thorough the -state and abilitie of their parentes haue also their time and place -sutably appointed, by the foresight of their parentes. So that the time -resting in priuate forecast, I can not reduce it to generall precept, -but onely thus farre, that in perfitnes it may shew, how well it was -employed. - -[Sidenote: The places.] - -The places wherein they learne be either _publike_, if they go forth to -the _Elementarie_ schole, or _priuate_ if they be taught at home. The -teacher either of their owne sex or of ours. - -For _publike_ places, bycause in that kinde there is no publike -prouision, but such as the professours of their training do make of -them selues, I can say little, but leaue them to that and to their -parentes circumspection, which both in their being abroad, during their -minority, and in bringing them vp at home after their minoritie, I know -will be very diligent to haue all thinges well. For their teachers, -their owne sex were fittest in some respectes, but ours frame them -best, and with good regard to some circumstances will bring them vp -excellently well, specially if their parentes be either of learning -to iudge, or of authoritie to commaund, or of both, to do both, as -experience hath taught vs in those, which haue proued so well. The -greater borne Ladyes and gentlewymen, as they are to enioy the benefit -of this education most, so they haue best meanes to prosecute it best, -being neither restrained in wealth, but to haue the best teachers, and -greatest helpes: neither abbridged in time, but to ply all at full. And -thus I take my leaue of yong maidens and gentlewymen, to whom I wish as -well, as I haue saide well of them. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[56] Proclus vpon Platoes common weale, and Theodorus Asinæus vpon the -question, whether men and wymen haue all vertues common. - -[57] Philo Iudæus in his discours of the ten commaundementes rips out -the perfitnes of that number. - -[58] Plutarch in his booke of wymens vertues. - -[59] Plin. lib. 35. cap. 11. - -[60] Plut. περὶ παιδ. ἀγωγ. - - - - -CHAPTER 39. - - OF THE TRANING VP OF YONG GENTLEMEN. OF PRIUATE AND PUBLIKE EDUCATION, - WITH THEIR GENERALL GOODS AND ILLES. THAT THERE IS NO BETTER WAY FOR - GENTLEMEN TO BE TRAINED BY IN ANY RESPECT THEN THE COMMON IS BEING - WELL APPOINTED. OF RICH-MENS CHILDREN WHICH BE NO GENTLEMEN. OF - NOBILITIE IN GENERALL. OF GENTLEMANLIE EXERCISES. WHAT IT IS TO BE A - NOBLEMAN, OR A GENTLEMAN. THAT INFIRMITIES IN NOBLE HOUSES BE NOT TO - BE TRIUMPHED OUER. THE CAUSES AND GROUNDES OF NOBILITIE. WHY SO MANY - DESIRE TO BE GENTLEMEN. THAT GENTLEMEN OUGHT TO PROFESSE LEARNING AND - LIBERALL SCIENCES FOR MANY GOOD AND HONORABLE EFFECTES. OF TRAUELLING - INTO FORRAINE COUNTRIES: WITH ALL THE BRAUNCHES ALLOWANCE AND - DISALLOWANCE THEREOF: AND THAT IT WERE TO BE WISHED, THAT GENTLEMEN - WOULD PROFESSE, TO MAKE SCIENCES LIBERALL IN VSE, WHICH ARE LIBERALL - IN NAME. OF THE TRAYNING VP OF A YONG PRINCE. - - -In the last title I did declare at large, how yong maidens in ech -degree were to be auaunced in learning, which me thought was verie -incident to my purpose, bycause they be counter-braunches to vs in the -kinde of mortall and reasonable creatures, and also for that in eche -degree of life, they be still our mates, and sometime our mistresses, -through the benefit of law, and honorablenes of birth. Now considering -they ioyne allway with vs in number and nearenes, and sometime exceede -vs in dignitie and calling: as they communicate with vs in all -qualities, and all honours euen vp to the scepter, so why ought they -not in any wise but be made communicantes with vs in education and -traine, to performe that part well, which they are to play, for either -equalitie with vs, or soueraintie aboue vs? Here now ensueth another -title of meruelous importaunce, for the kinde of people, whereof I am -to entreat: bycause their state is still in the superlatiue, and the -greatest executions be theirs by degree, though sometime they leese -them by their owne default, and set them ouer to such, as nature -maketh noble by ingenerate vertues. I meane the trayning vp of yong -_gentlemen_ in euery degree and to what so euer ascent, bycause euen -the crowne and kingdome is their height, though it come to the female, -when their side faileth. For _gentlemen_ will commonly be exempt from -the common, as in title, so also in traine, refrayning the publike, -though they hold of the male, and preferring the priuate, to be liker -to maidens, whose education is most priuate, bycause of their kinde, -and therefore not misliked: whereas yong gentlemen should be publike, -bycause of their vse. And for not being such, they beare some blame, as -therein contrarying both all the best ordered common weales, and all -the most excellent and the learnedest writers, which bring vp euen the -best princes allway with great company. - -But seeing they wilbe priuate, and I take vpon me not to leap ouer -any, which light within my compasse, and chiefly yong gentlemen, whose -ordinarie greatnes is to gouerne our state, and to be publike pillers -for the prince to leane on, and the people to staie by: their priuate -choice commaundes me a priuate consideration, which in yong gentlewymen -needed not any handling, bycause it beseemeth them to be taught in -priuate: in _gentlemen_ it needeth, the case being doubtfull, whether -priuate trayning be their best or no. And though this argument succede -yong maidens in order of methode, I hope yong gentlemen will not be -offended neither with me for the placing, seeing the other sex is in -possesssion of prerogatiue, nor with them for being so placed, which -haue wone the best place. - -[Sidenote: Of priuate education.] - -[Sidenote: Priuate.] - -[Sidenote: Education.] - -This question for the bringing vp of yong gentlemen offereth the -deciding of an other ordinarie controuersie, betwene _publike_ -education and _priuate_, which verie name in nature is enemy to -publike, as inclosure is to common, and swelling to much ouerlayeth -the common, not onely in _education_, where it both corrupteth by -planting a to priuate habit, and is corrupted it selfe by a degenerate -forme, but also in most thinges else. Yet do I not deny both personall -properties and priuate realities, which law doth allow in priuate -possessions, euen there, where friendship makes thinges to be most -common by participation. I will therefore speake a litle of this -_priuate_ traine, before I passe to the _education_ of _gentlemen_. -What doe these two wordes import, _priuate education_? _Priuate_ is -that, which hath respect in all circumstances to some one of choice: as -_publike_ in all circumstances regardeth euery one alike. _Education_ -is the bringing vp of one, not to liue alone, but amongest others, -(bycause companie is our naturall cognisaunce) whereby he shall be best -able to execute those doings in life, which the state of his calling -shall employ him vnto, whether _publike_ abrode, or _priuate_ at home, -according vnto the direction of his countrie, whereunto he is borne, -and oweth his whole seruice. All the functions here be publike and -regard euery one, euen where the thinges do seeme to be most priuate, -bycause the maine direction remaineth in the publike, and the priuate -must be squared, as it will best ioyne with that: and yet we restraine -_education_ to _priuate_, all whose circumstaunces be singular to one. -As if he that were brought vp alone, should also euer liue alone, as -if one should say, I will haue you to deale with all, but neuer to see -all: your end shalbe _publike_, your meane shalbe _priuate_, that is -to say, such a meane as hath no minde to bring you to that end, which -you seeme to pretend: Bycause naturally _priuate_ is sworne enemy to -_publike_ in all euentes, as it doth appeare when _priuate_ gaine -vndoeth the common, though _publike_ still pretend friendship to all -that is _priuate_ in distributiue effects, as it is plainely seene -when the _publike_ care doth helpe ech _priuate_, and by cherishing -the singuler maintaineth the generall, whereas the priuate letteth the -publike drowne, so it selfe may flete aboue. For in deed they march -mostwhat from seuerall groundes to seuerall issues by most seuerall -and least sutable meanes, the one in nature a rowmy _pallace_ full -of most varietie to content the minde, the other a close _prison_, -tedious to be tied to, where the sense is shackled: the one in her -kinde, a _libertie_, a broade _feild_, an open _aire_, the other in the -contrarie kinde, a _pinfold_, a _cage_, a _cloister_: Neither do I take -these tearmes to make a fit diuision, where the end is still _common_ -and the abuse _priuate_. For how can _education_ be _priuate_? it -abuseth the name as it abuseth the thing. If they will say _education_ -is either good or ill, and vse the naturall name, then methinke the -disembling which is shadowed in the tearme _priuate_ would soone -appeare: though there can be no worse name then _priuate_, sauing where -the publike doth appoint it, which in education it will not, thereby to -foster her owne foe: though in possessions it do, to haue subsidies to -sustaine, and paiements to maintaine her great common charge. - -And though in communities of kinde which naturally is deuided into -spieces, _nature_ engraffe _priuate_ differences for distinction sake, -as _reason_ in man to part him from a beast, yet that difference -remaineth one still, bycause there is none better: which countenaunce -of best cannot here be pretended, bycause in _education priuate_ is the -worst. This _priuate_ renting in sunder of persons, for a pretended -best _education_, which must passe on togither after _education_ is -verie daungerous in all daies, for many priuate pushes, while euery -parent can serue his owne humour, be it neuer so distempered: by the -secrecie of his owne house, not to be discouered: by the choyce of his -teacher, which will be ready to follow, if he forgoe not in folley: by -the obedience of his child, which must learne as he is led, or else be -beaten for not learning: which must obey as he is bid, or else lease -his parent blessing. In _publicke_ schooles this swaruing in affection -from the _publicke_ choice in no case can be. The master is in eye, -what he saith is in eare: the doctrine is examined: the childe is not -alone, and there must he learne that which is laid vnto him in the -hearing of all and censure of all. Whatsoeuer inconueniences do grow -in _common_ schooles, (as where the dealers be men, how can there be -but maimes?) yet the _priuate_ is much worse, and hatcheth moe odde -ills. Naturally it is not built vpon vnitie, brad by disunion, to seeme -to see more then the common man doth, to seeme to preuent that by -_priuate_ wit, which the common doth incurre by vnaduised follie: to -seeme to gaine more in secrecie, then the common giues in ciuilitie. -By cloistering from the common it will seeme to keepe a countenaunce -farre aboue the common, euen from the first cradle. Wherby it becomes -the _puffer_ vp to _pride_ in the recluse, and the _direction_ to -_disdaine_, by dreaming still of bettership: the enemie to vnitie, -betwene the vnequall: the ouerwayning of ones selfe, not compared with -others, the disiointing of agreement, where the higher contemneth his -inferiour with skorne, and the lower doth stomacke his superiour with -spite: the one gathering snuffe, the other grudge. - -This kinde of traine which soweth the corne of dissension by -difference, where the haruest of consent is the harbour of common -loue, the indissoluble chaine of countriemens comfort, may very well -be bettered, and much better be forborne, bycause by the way it -tempereth still the poyson of a creeping spite. And certainly the -nature of the thing doth tend this way, though chaunging bytimes to -better choice, or the common check, which will not be controwled, do -many and often times interrupt the course. And though the child in -proces proue better, and shew himselfe curteous, contrarie to my note, -and the verie nature of priuate education, thanke naturall goodnesse -or experience seene abroad, not the kinde of education, which in her -owne sternnesse alloweth no such curtesie, though the childe see it -in his parentes, and finde it in his bookes. And somtimes also it -maketh him to shepish bashfull, when he comes to the light: as being -vnacquainted with resort: though generally he be somwhat to childish -bold, by noting nothing, but that which he breedes of himselfe in his -solitarie traine, where he is best himselfe, and hath none to controwle -him, no not his maister himselfe, but vnder confession, how so euer the -title of maister do pretend authoritie and the name of scholer, make -shew of obedience in priuate cloistring. I neede not saie all, but in -this short manner, I seeke to giue occasion for them to see all, which -desire to sift more, both for the matter of their learning, and the -manner of their liuing. - -Do ye know what it is for one to be acquainted with all children in -his childhood, which must liue with them being men in his manhood? Is -the common bringing vp being well appointed good for the common man, -and not for him of more height? and doth not that deserue to be liked -on in priuate, which is thoroughly tryed being showed forth in common, -and sifted by the seeing? which without any great alteration, for the -matter of traine will be very well content to be pent vp within priuate -dores, though it mislike the cloistring, in priuating the person. Sure -that common which is well cast, must needes helpe the priuate, as one -of her partes and feede one child very well being a generall mother -to all: but priuate be it neuer so well cast in the sternnesse of his -kinde, still drawes from the publike. I count not that priuate which -is executed at home for a publike vse, in respect of the place, for so -all doinges be priuate, but that which will be at home, as better so. -And why? for the priuate parties good. But it should seeme generally -that the question is not so much for the manner of education, nor for -the matter, wherin, but for the place where, as if that, which is good -for all in common, should not be good for some but in priuate. I must -speake it vnder pardon. The effect commendes the common: for that the -common education in the middest of common mediocritie bringeth vp such -wittes to such excellencie, as serue in all degrees, yea euen next to -the hyest, wheras priuate education in the middest of most wealth, -if it maintaine it selfe with any more then bare mediocritie both of -learning and iudgement, when it is at the hyest, let him that hath -shewed more, giue charge to the chalenge. And yet some one young mans -odnesse, though it be odde in deed, ouerthroweth not the question. And -oftimes the report of that odnesse which we see not in effect, but -heare of in speeche, falles out very lame, if the reporters iudgement -be aduisedly considered, though for the authoritie and countenaunce -of the man, skill giue place to boldnesse, and silence to ciuilitie: -which otherwise would replie against it. There is no comparison betwene -the two kindes, set affection apart. If the priuate pupill chaunce to -come to speake, it falleth out mostwhat dreamingly, bycause priuitie -in traine is a punishment to the tongue: and in teaching of a language -to exclude companions of speeche, is to seeke to quenche thrist, and -yet to close the mouth so, as no moysture can get in. If he come to -write, it is leane, and nothing but skinne, and commonly bewrayes great -paines in the maister, which brought forth euen so much, being quite -reft of all helping circunstance, to ease his great labour, by his -pupilles conference, with more companie. Which is but a small benefit -to the child, that might haue had much more if his course had bene -chaunged. He can but vtter that, which he heares, and he heares none -but one, which one though he know all, yet can vtter but litle, bycause -what one auditorie is two or three boyes for a learned man to prouoke -him to vtteraunce? If he trauelled to vtter, and one of iudgement -should stand behinde a couert to heare him, methinke he should heare -a straunge orator straining his pipes, to perswade straunge people, -and the boye if he were alone, fast a sleepe, or if he had a fellow, -playing vnder the bourd, with his hand or feete, hauing one eye vpon -his talking maister, and the other eye on his playing mate. If the -nyne _Muses_ and _Apollo_ their president were painted vpon the wall, -he might talke to them with out either laughing or lowring, they would -serue him for places of memorie, or for hieroglyphicall partitions. If -he that is taught alone misse, as he must often, hauing either none, -or verie small companie to helpe his memorie, which multitude serues -for in common scholes, where the hearing of many confirmes the sitter -by, shall he runne to his maister? if he do that boldly, it will breede -contempt in the ende: if he do it with feare, it will dull him for not -daring. And though it be verie good for the child, not to be afrayd -to aske counsell of his maister in that, where he doubteth, yet if -he finde easie entertainment he will doubt still, rather then do his -diligence, not to haue cause to doubt. If the priuate scholer proue -cunninger afterward, then I conceiue he can be by priuate education, -there was some forreine helpe which auaunced him abroad, it was not his -traine within being tyed to the stake, which offereth that violence to -my assertion. - -[Sidenote: Why is priuate teaching so much vsed?] - -But what leades the priuate, and why is it so much vsed? There must -needes be some reason, which alieneth the particular parente from the -publike discipline, which I do graunt to very great ones, bycause the -further they rise from the multitude in number, and aboue them in -degree, the more priuate they grow as in person, so in traine: and the -prince himselfe being one and singular must needes embrace the priuate -discipline, wherin he sheweth great valure in his person, if by priuate -meanes, he mount aboue the publike. And yet if euen the greatest, could -haue his traine so cast, as he might haue the companie of a good choice -number, wherein to see all differences of wittes, how to discerne of -all, which must deale with all, were it any sacrilege? - -But for the gentleman generally, which flyeth not so high, but -fluttereth some litle aboue the ordinarie common, why doth he make his -choice rather to be like them aboue, which still grow priuater, then to -like of them below, which can grow no lower, and yet be supporters, to -stay vp the whole, and liker to himselfe, then he is to the highest? -To haue his child learne better maners, and more vertuous conditions? -As bad at home as abroad, and brought into schooles, not bred there. -To auoide confusion and multitude? His child shall marke more, and -so proue the wiser: the multitude of examples being the meanes to -discretion. Nay in a number, though he finde some lewd, whom to flie, -he shall spie many toward, whom to follow: and withall in schooles he -shall perceaue that vice is punished, and vertue praised, which where -it is not, there is daunger to good manners, but not in schooles, where -it is very diligently obserued, bycause in publike view, necessitie -is the spurre. To keepe him in health by biding at home for feare of -infection abroad? Death is within dores, and dainties at home haue -destroyed more children then daunger abroad. Doth affection worke stay, -and can ye not parte from your childes presence? That is to fond. And -any cause else admittes controwlement, sauing onely state in princes -children, and princelike personages, which are to farre aboue the -common: by reason of great circunstance. And yet their circunstance -were better, if they saw the common, ouer whom they command, and with -due circumspectnesse could auoid all daungers, whervnto the greatest -be commonly subiect, by great desires, not in themselues to haue, but -in others that hope, which make the greatnesse of their gaine their -colour against iustice, where they iniurie most. It is enough that is -ment, though I say no more: besides that by a _Persian_ principle, the -seldome seing in princes, workes admiration the more, when they are to -be seene. - -[Sidenote: Send your priuate M. with your child to the common -schoole.] - -Vse common scholes to the best, ioyne a tutor to your childe, let -_Quintilian_ be your guide, all thinges will be well done, where -such care is at hand, and that is much better done, which is done -before witnes to encourage the childe. _Comparisons_ inspire vertues, -_hearing_ spreads learning: one is none and if he do something at home, -what would he do with company? It is neuer settled, that wanteth an -aduersarie, to quicken the spirites, to stirre courage, to finde out -affections. - -For the maisters valew, which is content to be cloistered, I will say -nothing, entertainement makes digressions euen to that, which we like -not. But if it would please the priuate parent, to send his sonne with -his priuate maister to a common schoole, that might do all parties -very much good. For the schole being well ordered, and appointed for -matter and maner to learne, where number is pretended to cumber the -maister, and to mince his labour so, as ech one can haue but some -litle, though his voice be like the _Sunne_, which at one time with one -light shineth vpon all: yet the priuate scholer, by the helpe of his -priuate maister in the common place hath his full applying, and the -whole _Sunne_, if no lesse will content him. The common maister thereby -will be carefull to haue the best: the priuate teacher willbe curiouse -to come but to the very best: wherby both the priuate and publike -scholers shall be sure to receiue the best. And if the publike maister -be chosen accordingly, as allowance will allure euen the principall -best, priuate cunning will not disdaine to be one degree beneth, where -he knoweth himselfe bettered. And thereby disagreement betwene the -two teachers will be quite excluded which onely might be the meane to -marre both my meaning and _Qintilianes_ counsell. Sure my resolution -is, which if it winne no liking abroade may returne againe homeward, -and be wellcome to his maister, that that which must be continued -and exercised in publike, the residue of ones life, were best to be -learned in publike, from the beginning of ones life. And if ye will -needes be priuate, make your priuate publike, and drawe as many to your -priuate maister, for your priuate sonnes sake, seeing you are able to -prouide rowme, bycause that will proue to be best for your child, as -shalbe able to keepe some forme of our multitude, that he may haue one -companie before him to follow and learne of, an other beneth to teach -and vaunt ouer, the third of his owne standing, with whom to striue for -praise of forwardnes. Whereby it falleth out still, that that priuate -is best, which consisteth of some chosen number for a priuate ende: and -that multitude best, where choice restraines number, for the publike -seruice: for in deede the common scholes be as much ouercharged with -too many, as any priuate is with to few. Which how it may either be -helpt, or in that confusion be better handled, I will hereafter in my -priuate executions declare, seeing I haue noted the defect. - -To knit vp this question therefore of priuate and publike _education_, -I do take publike to be simply the better: as being more vpon the -stage, where faultes be more seene, and so sooner amended, as being -the best meane both for vertue and learning, which follow in such -sort, as they be first planted. What _vertue_ is private? _wisedome_ -to forsee, what is good for a desert? _courage_ to defend, where there -is no assailant? _temperance_ to be modest, where none is to chaleng? -_Iustice_ to do right, where none is to demaunde it? what _learning_ is -for alonnesse? did it not come from collection in publike dealinges, -and can it shew her force in priuate affaires, which seeme affraid of -the publike? Compare the best in both the kinds, there the ods wil -appeare. If ye compare a priuate scholer, of a very fine capacity, and -worthy the open field, so well trayned by a diligent and a discreat -maister as that traine will yeald: with a blockhead brought vp under a -publike teacher, not of the best sort, or if in comparison ye march a -toward priuate teacher with a weake publike maister, ye say somwhat to -the persons but smallie to the thing, which in _equalitie_ shewes the -difference, in _inequalitie_ deceiues the doubter, and then most, when -to augment his owne liking, he wil make the conference odde, to seeme -to auaunce errour, where the truth is against him. And to saye all in -one, the publike pestring with any reasonable consideration, though -it be not the best, yet in good sooth, it farre exceedeth the priuate -alonenesse, though sometime a diligent priuate teacher shew some great -effect of his maine endeuour. - -[Sidenote: That the circunstance is one in gentlemen and common mens -children.] - -But to the education of _gentlemen_ and _gentlemanly_ fellowes. What -time shal I appoint them to begin to learne? Their witts be as the -common, their bodies oftimes worse. The same circunstance, the same -consideration for time must direct all degrees. What thing shall they -learne? I know none other, neither can I appoint better, then that -which I did appoint for all. The common and priuate concurre herin. -Neither shall the priuate scholer go any faster on, nay perhaps not so -fast, for all the helpe of his whole maister, then our boyes shall, -with the bare helpe, that is in number and multitude, euery boye being -either a maister for his fellow to learne by, or an example to set him -on, to better him if he be negligent, to be like him, if he be diligent. - -Onely this, young _gentlemen_ must haue some choice of peculiar matter, -still appropriat vnto them, bycause they be to gouerne vnder their -prince in principall places: those vertues and vertuous lessons must be -still layd before them, which do appertaine to gouernement, to direct -others well, and belong to obedience, to guide themselues wisely. For -being in good place, and hauing good to leese, it will proue their ill, -by vndiscrete attemptes to become prayes to distresse. And yet for -all this, the generall matter of duetie being commonly taught, eche -one may applie the generall to his owne priuate, without drawing any -priuate argument into a schoole, for the priuitie not to be communicate -but with those of the same calling: considering the property of -that argument falleth as oft to the good of the common, whom vertue -auaunceth, as the _gentlemens_ credit, whom negligence abaseth. What -exercises shall they haue? The verie same. What maisters? The same -What circunstance else? All one and the same: but that for their place -and time, their choice makes them priuate, though nothing the better -for want of good fellowship. And if they proue so well trained, as the -generall plat for all infancie doth promise, and so well exercised, -as the thing is well ment them, they shall haue no cause, much to -complaine of the publike, nor any matter at all why to couet to be -priuate. For it is no meane stuffe, which is prouided euen for the -meanest to be stored with. - -These thinges gentlemen haue, and are much bound to God for them, which -may make them proue excellent, if they vse them well: _great abilitie_ -to go thorough withall, where the poorer must giue ouer, eare he come -to the ende: _great leasure_ to vse libertie, where the meaner must -labour: _all oportunities_ at will, where the common is restrained: so -that singularitie in them if it be missed, discommendes them, bycause -they haue such meanes and yet misse: if it hit in the meaner, it makes -their account more, bycause their meane was small, but their diligence -exceeding. Whereby negligence in gentlemen is euer more blamed, bycause -of great helpes, which helpe nothing: diligence in the meaner is alway -more praised, bycause of great wantes, which hinder nothing: and those -prefermentes, which by degree are due vnto gentlemen, thorough their -negligence being by them forsaken, are bestowed vpon the meaner, whose -diligent endeuour made meane to enioy them. - -[Sidenote: Riche men no gentlemen.] - -1. As for _riche_ men which being no _gentlemen_, but growing to wealth -by what meanes soeuer, will counterfeat _gentlemen_ in the education -of their children, as if money made equalitie, and the purse were -the preferrer, and no further regard: which contemne the common from -whence they came, which cloister vp their youth, as boding further -state: they be in the same case for _abilitie_, though farre behinde -for _gentilitie_. But as they came from the common, so they might with -more commendacion, continue their children in that kinde, which brought -vp the parentes and made them so wealthy, and not to impatronise -themselues vnto a degree to farre beyond the dounghill. For of all the -meanes to make a gentleman, it is the most vile, to be made for money. -Bycause all other meanes beare some signe of vertue, this onely meane -is to bad a meane, either to matche with great birth, or to mate great -worth. For the most parte it is miserably scraped to the murthering -of many a poore magot, while liuely cheese is lusty cheare, to spare -expenses, that _Iacke_ maye be a gentleman. If sparing were the worst, -though in the worst degree, that were not the worst, nay it hath shew -of witte: The rest which I tuch not, be so shamefull and so knowen -to be such, and deserue so great hatred as nothing more. Besides the -insolencie of the people, triumphing ouer them in their cuppes, by -whom they buy their drinke: which shiftes be shamefull to the world, -and hatefull to heauen: and too too filthy to be honored vpon earth -with either armes by harold, or honour by any. He that will reade but -_Aristophanes_ his blinde _Plutus_ the God of richesse, and marke the -old fellowes fashions shall see his humour naturally, as that poete was -not the worst resembler though he were not the best man. - -For to become a _gentleman_ is to beare the cognisance of vertue, -wherto honour is companion: the vilest diuises be the readiest meanes -to become most wealthy, and ought not to looke honour in the face, -bycause it ioynes not with iustice, which greate wealth by the Greeke -verse, οὐδεὶς ἐπλοὐτησε ταχέως, δίκαιος ὤν, is noted to refuse, and -commonly dare not name the meane right, whereby it groweth great. And -though witte be pretended to haue made their way, it is not denied but -that witte may serue euen to the worst effectes, and to wring many a -thousand to make one a gentleman. It is not witte, that carieth the -praise, but the matter, wheron, and the manner how it is, or hath -bene ill or well employed. Witte bestowed vpon the common good with -wise demeanour, deserueth well: the same holy giuen to fill a priuate -purse, by any meane, so it be secrete: by any misdemeanour, so it be -not seene: deserueth no prais for that which is seen, but is to be -suspected, for that which is not seene. These people by their generall -trades, will make thousandes poore: and for giuing one penie to any one -poore of those many thousandes will be counted charitable. They will -giue a scholer some petie poore exhibition to seeme to be religious, -and vnder a sclender veale of counterfeat liberalitie, hide the -spoile of the ransaked pouertie. And though they do not professe the -impouershing of purpose, yet their kinde of dealing doth pierce as it -passeth: and a thousand pound gaines bowelles twentie thousand persons. -Of these kinde of folkes I entend not to speake, bycause their state -is both casuall, and belongeth to the common: and their gentilitie -bastardise: and yet while I frame a gentleman, if any of them take the -benefit of my aduice, gentle men must beare with me, if my precepts be -vsurped on, where their state is intruded on. - -My purpose is to employ my paines vpon such as are _gentlemen_ in -deede, and in right iudgement of their vnbewitched countrie do serue -in best place: neither will I rip vp what some write of nobilitie in -generall, whether by birth or by discent: nor what other write of true -nobilitie, as disclayming in that which vertue auaunceth not: nor -what other write of learned nobilitie, as accounting that simply the -best, where vertue and learning do beawtifie the subiect. One might -talke beyond enough, and write beyond measure, that would examine what -such a one saith of nobilitie in greeke, such a one in latin, such in -other seuerall toungues, bycause the argument is so large, the vse of -nobilitie streaching so farre, and so braue a subiect cannot chuse but -minister passing braue discourses. There be so many vertues to commend -it, all the brymmer in sight the clearer their subiect is: so many -vices to assaile it whose disfiguring is foulest, where it falleth in -the face, and must needes be sene. - -All these offered occasions, to enlarge and amplyfie this so honorable -an argument, I meane to forbeare, and giue onely this note vnto yong -gentlemen: That if their calling had not bene of very great worth in -deede, as it is of most shew in place, it could neuer haue wone so many -learned workes, it could neuer haue perced so many excellent wittes, -to reioyce with it in good, to mourn with it in ill, and to make the -meditation of nobilitie, to be matter for them to maruell. And that -therfore it doth stand _nobilitie_ vpon, to maintaine that glorie in -their families with prayse, which learned men in so many languages, do -charge them with in precept. My friend to be carefull, that I keepe -all well, and my selfe to be carelesse and consume all ill? an honest -friend and an honorable care. But what am I? my auncetours to auaunce -my howse to honour, my selfe to spoile it, and bring it to decaye? -The auauncement vertuous, the aduauncer commendable. But what am I? a -_gentleman_ in birth and nothing else but brauerie. A sory shew which -shameth, where it shapeth. It is value that giues name and note to -_nobilitie_, it is vertue must endow it, or vice will vndoe it. The -more high the more heynouse, if it fortune to faile: the more bruted -the more brutish if it fatall vnder fame. Which seeing it is so, as I -wish the race well, so I wish their traine were good, and if it were -possible euen better then the common, but that cannot be. For the -common well appointed is simply the best, and euen fittest, for them, -bycause they may haue it full, where the meaner haue it maimed. Their -sufficiencie is so able to wyn it with perfection, for leasure at will, -for labour at ease, for want the least, for wealth the most, in all -thinges absolute, in nothing vnperfit, if they faile not themselues. - -But bycause I meane briefly to runne through this title of nobilitie, -which concerneth the worthiest part of our state and country, -whatsoeuer cauelling the enemies of _nobility_ pretend, whose good -education must be applied according vnto their degrees and endes, to -the commoditie and honour of our state and countrie: Before that I do -meddle with their traine, and shew what is most for them, and best -liked in them, I will examine those pointes which by good education -be best got, and being once got do beawtifie them most, which two -considerations be not impertinent to my purpose, bycause I tender their -education, to haue them proue best. - -[Sidenote: The method of the discourse that followeth.] - -My first note in nature of methode must needes be, what it is to be a -_gentleman_, or a _nobleman_, and what force the tearmes of _nobilitie_ -or _gentrie_ do infer to be in the persons, to whom they are proper. -Then what be the groundes and causes of _gentrie_ and _nobilitie_: both -the efficient which make them, and the finall why they serue, wherein -the rightnes of their being consisteth, and why there is such thronging -of all people that way. - -[Sidenote: Gentlemanly exercise.] - -But ear I begine to deale with any of these pointes, once for all I -must recommend vnto them exercise of the bodie, and chiefly such as -besides their health shall best serue their calling, and place in their -countrie. Whereof I haue saide, methinke, sufficiently before. And -as those qualities, which I haue set out for the generall traine in -their perfection being best compassed by them, may verie well beseeme -a gentlemanly minde: so may the exercises without all exception: -either to make an healthfull bodie, seeing our mould is all one: or -to prepare them for seruice, wherein their vse is more. Is it not -for a _gentleman_ to vse the chase and hunt? doth their place reproue -them if they haue skill to daunce? Is the skill in sitting of an horse -no honour at home, no helpe abroad? Is the vse of their weapon with -choice, for their calling, any blemish vnto them? For all these and -what else beside, there is furniture for them, if they do but looke -backe: and the rather for them, bycause in deede those great exercises -be most proper to such persons, and not for the meaner. Wherefore I -remit them to that place. - -[Sidenote: What is it to be a nobleman or a gentleman?] - -What is it to be a _nobleman_ or a _gentleman_? and what force do those -termes of _nobilitie_ and _gentilitie_ infer to be in those persons, -whereunto they are proper? All the people which be in our countrie be -either _gentlemen_ or of the _commonalty_. The common is deuided into -_marchauntes_ and _manuaries_ generally, what partition soeuer is the -subdiuident. _Marchandize_ containeth vnder it all those which liue -any way by buying or selling: _Manuarie_ those whose handyworke is -their ware, and labour their liuing. Their distinction is by wealth: -for some of them be called rich men, which haue enough and more, some -poore men, which haue no more then enough: some beggers which haue -lesse then enough: There be also three kindes in _gentilitie_, the -_gentlemen_, which be the _creame_ of the common: the _noblemen_, -which be the _flowre_ of _gentilitie_, and the _prince_ which is -the _primate_ and _pearle_ of _nobilitie_. Their difference is in -_authoritie_, the _prince_ most, the _nobleman_ next, the _gentleman_ -vnder both. And as in the baser degree, the _begger_ is beneth all -for want of both abilitie to do with, and vertue to deserue with: so -the _prince_ being opposite to him, as the meere best, to the pure -worst, is of most abilitie to do good, and of most vertue to deserue -best. The limiting of either sort to their owne lystes, will bewray -either an vsurping intruder vpon superioritie, or a base degenerat to -inferioritie, either being rauished with the others dealinges, and -neither deseruing the degree that he is in. To be vertuous or vicious -to be rich or poore, be no peculiar badges to either sort, but common -to both, for both a gentleman, and a common man may be vertuous or -vicious, both of them may be either rich or poore: landed or vnlanded, -which is either the hauing or wanting of the most statarie substance: -Examples neede not in familiar knowledge. And as the gentleman in -any degree must haue forreine abilitie for the better executing of -his lawfull authoritie: so there be some vertues which seeme to be -wedded properly to that side: As great wisedom in great affaires: great -valiancy in great attemptes: great iustice in great executions and -all thinges excellent, in a great and excellent degree of people. The -same vertues but in a meaner degree in respect of the subiect, whereon -they be employed: in respect of the persons, which are to employ: in -respect of circumstance, wherefore they are employed: and all thinges -meaner be reserued for the common: of whom I will speake no more now, -bycause this title is not for them, though they become the keepers of -vertues and learning, when nobilitie becomes degenerate. Hereby it is -euident that the tearme of nobilitie amongst vs, is restrained to one -order, which I named the flowre of gentilitie: and that the gentlemen -be in degree next vnto them. Whereof where either beginneth, none can -dout, which can call him a nobleman that is aboue a knight. So that -whosoeuer shall vse the tearme of gentilitie, speaking of the whole -order opposite to the common, doth vse the ground whence all the rest -doth spring, bycause a gentleman in nature of his degree is before a -nobleman, though not in the height: as nobilitie employeth the flowre -of the gentlemen, which name is taken of the primacie and excellencie -of the oddes, and where it is vsed in discourse it comprehendeth all -aboue the common. When the _Romaine_ speaketh of the gentleman in -generall, nobilitie is his terme, being in that state opposite to the -common, wherein they acknowledged no prince, when that opposition -was made. For _generosus_ which is our common tearme signifieth the -inward valure, not the outward note, and reacheth to any actiue -liuing creature though without reason, wherein there doth appeare any -praisworthy valiance or courage in that kinde more then ordinarie, as -in _Alexanders_ horse and _Porus_ his dog. Therefore whether I vse the -terme of nobilitie hereafter or of gentilitie, the matter is all one, -both the names signifying the whole order, though not one of ground, -_nobilitie_ being the flower and _gentilitie_ the roote. The account -wherof how great it is, we may verie well perceaue by that opinion, -which the nobilitie it selfe hath vsually of it. For _truth_ being the -priuate protest of a gentleman, _honour_ of a noble man, _fayth_ of -a Prince, yet generally they do all ioine in this. _As they be true -gentlemen._ Such a reputacion hath the name reserued euen from his -originall. - -Now then nobilitie emplying the outward note of inward value, and -gentilitie signifying the inward value of the outward note, it is verie -easie to determine, what it is to be a _nobleman_, in excellencie of -vertue shewed, and what it is to be a _gentleman_ to haue excellent -vertue to shew. Whereby it appeareth that vertue is the ground to -that whole race, by whether name so euer ye call it, _wisedome_ in -_pollicie_, _valiance_ in _execution_, _iustice_ in _deciding_, -_modestie_ in _demeanour_. There shall not neede any allegations of -the contraries, to grace out these vertues, which be well content -with their owne gaines and desire not to glister by comparison with -vices, though different colours in contarietie do commend, and thinges -contrarie be knowne in the same moment. For if true nobilitie haue -vertue for her ground, he that knoweth vice, can tell what it bringes -forth. Whether _nobilitie_ come by discent or desert it maketh no -matter, he that giueth the first fame to his familie, or he that -deserueth such honour, or he that enlargeth his parentage by noble -meanes, is the man whom I meane. He that continueth it in discent from -his auncestrie by desert in his owne person hath much to thanke God -for, and doth well deserue double honour among men, as bearing the true -coate of right and best nobilitie, where desert for vertue is quartered -with discent in blood, seeing aunciencie of linage, and deriuation of -nobilitie is in such credit among vs and alwaye hath bene. - -[Sidenote: Of infirmities in nobility by discent.] - -And as it is most honorable in deede thus to aunswere auncestry in -all laudable vertues, and noble qualities of a well affected minde: -so the defect in sufficiencie where some of a noble succession haue -not the same successe in pointes of praise and worthinesse, either -naturally by simplenesse, or casually, by fortune: though it be to be -moaned in respect of their place, yet it is to be excused in respect -of the person. Bycause the person is, as his parentes begate him, who -had not at commaundement the discent of their vertues, which made them -noble, as they had the begetting of a child to enherite their landes. -For if they had, their nobilitie had continued on the nobler side. -But vertues and worthinesse be not tyed to the person, they be Gods -meere and voluntarie giftes to bestow there, wheras he entendes that -nobilitie shall either rise or continue, and not to bestow, where he -meanes to abase, and bring a linage lowe. Wherefore to blame such -wantes, and raile vpon nobilitie as to much degenerate, is to intrude -vpon prouidence. Where we cannot make our selves, and may clearly see, -that he which maketh, hath some misterie in hande, where he setts such -markes. - -To exhort young men to those qualities, which do make noble and -gentlemen, is to haue them so excellently qualified, as they maye -honest their countrey, and honour themselues. To encourage noble young -gentlemen to maintaine the honour of their houses, is to wish them to -apply such vertues, as both make base houses bigge in any degree, and -tofore did make their families renowmed in theirs. If abilitie will -attaine, and idlenesse do neglecte, the ignominie is theirs: if want -of abilitie appeare to be so great, as no endeuour can preuaile, God -hath set his seale and men must cease to muse, where the infirmitie -is euident, and thinke that euery beginning is to haue an ende. -Hereby I take it to be very plaine both what the termes of noble and -gentle do meane, and what they infer to be in those parties to whom -they are proper. For as _gentility_ argueth a courteous, ciuill, well -disposed, sociable constitution of minde in a superior degree: so doth -_nobilitie_ import all these, and much more in an higher estate nothing -bastarded by great authoritie. And do not these singularities deserue -helpe by good and vertuous education? - -[Sidenote: The causes and rgoundes of nobilitie.] - -What be the groundes and causes of _nobilitie_, both the _efficient_ -which make it, and the _finall_ for whom it serues? Concerning the -_efficient_. Though the chiefe and soueraigne Prince, of whom for his -education I will saye somwhat herafter, be the best and fairest blossom -of _nobilitie_, yet I will not medle any further with the meane to -attaine vnto the dignitie of the crowne, then that it is either come -by, by conquest, which in meaner people is called purchace, and hangeth -altogether of the conquerours disposition: or else by discent, which -in other conueyances continueth the same name, and in that highnesse -continueth the same lawes, or altereth with consent. Neither will -I speake of such, as the Prince vpon some priuate affection doth -extraordinarily prefer. _Alexander_ may auaunce _Hephestio_ for great -good liking, _Assuerus Hester_, for great good loue, _Ptolome Galetes_ -for secret vertue.[61] And vpon whom soeuer the Prince doth bestow -any extraordinarie preferment, it is to be thought that there is in -them some great singularity, wherewith their princes, which can iudge -be so extraordinarily moued. Neither will I say any more then I haue -said of _nobilitie_ by discent, which enioyeth the benefite of the -predecessours vertue, if it haue no priuate stuffe: but if it haue, it -doth double and treble the honour and praise of auncestrie. - -But concerning other causes, that come by authoritie, which make -noble and gentlemen vnder their Prince, who be therefore auaunced by -their Prince, bycause they do assist him in necessarie functions of -his gouernment, they be either single or compound, and depend either -holy of learning: or but only for the groundes of their execution. -Excellent _wisedome_ which is the meane to auaunce graue and -politike counsellors, is but a single cause of preferment: likewise -_valiancie_ of _courage_ which is the meane to make a noble and a -warrious captaine is but a single cause of auauncement: but where -_wisedome_ for counsell, doth coucurre with _valiancie_ of _courage_ -in the same man, the cause is compound and the deserte doubled. The -meanes of preferment, which depend vpon learning for the ground of -their execution be either _Martiall_ for warre and defence abroad, -or _politike_, for peace and tranquilitie at home. For the man of -warre will seeme to hange most of his owne courage and experience, -which without any learning or reading at all hath oftimes brought -forth excellent leaders, but with those helpes to, most rare and -famous generalles, as the reason is great, why he should proue an -excellent man that waye with the assistance of learning which without -all learning could attaine vnto so much, _Sylla_[62] the cruell in -deede, though surnamed the fortunate of such, as he fauored, was a -noble generall without any learning. But _Cæsar_ which wondered at him -for it, as a thing scant possible to do any great matter without good -learning, himselfe with the helpe of learning, did farre exceede him. - -Such as vse the penne most in helping for their parte, the direction -of publike gouemment, or execute offices of either necessarie seruice -for the state, or iusticiarie, for the common peace and quietnesse, -without profession of further learning, though they haue their cheife -instrument of credit from the booke, yet they are not meere dettours -to the booke, bycause priuate _industrie_ considerate _experience_, -and stayed _aduisement_ seeme to chalendge some interest, in their -praiseworthie dealing. The other which depend wholly vpon learning be -most incident to my purpose, and best beseeme the place, where the -question is, how gentlemen must be trained to haue them learned. - -[Sidenote: A politike counsellour.] - -The highest degree whervnto learned valure doth prefer, is a wise -_counsellour_, whose learning is learned pollicie: not as pollicie -is commonly restrayned, and opposed to plainnesse, but as we terme -it in learning and philosophie, the generall skill to iudge either -of all, or of most thinges rightly, and to marshall them to their -places, and strait them by circunstance, as shall best beseeme the -present gouernment, with least disturbance, and most contentment to -the setled state, of what sorte soeuer the thinges be, diuine or -humaine, publike or priuate, professions of minde, or occupations of -hande. This man for religion is a _Diuine_, and well able to iudge of -the generalities, and application of _Diuinitie_, for gouernement, -a _lawyer_, as one that first setts _lawes_, and knowes best how to -haue them kept: generally for all thinges, he is simply the soundest, -whether he be choosen of the Ecclesiasticall or Temporall, out of -whatsoeuer degree, or whatsoeuer profession: so able as I say, and so -sufficient in all pointes. And though the particular professour know -more then he in euery particular, which his leasure will not suffer -him to runne thorough, like the particular student: yet of himselfe he -will enquire so consideratly, and so methodically of the particuler -professour, as he will enter into the very depth of the knowledge, -which the other hath, and when he hath done so, handle it better, and -more for the common good, then the priuate professour can, for all his -cunning in all his particuler: Nay he will direct him in the vse, which -enformed him in the skill. Of all them that depend wholy vpon learning, -I take this kinde of man worthyest to be preferred, and most worthily -preferred for his learned iudgement, the first and chiefe naturally in -_diuinitie_ among _diuines_ though he do not preach: in _law_ among -_lawyers_ though he do not pleade: and so throughout in all other -thinges that require any publike direction. - -[Sidenote: The diuine.] - -2. Of the secondary and particuler professions, the worthynes of the -subiect, and the authoritie of the argument preferreth the _diuines_. -For they dealing carefully with the charge of soules, the principall -part of our composition, and the fairest matter that is dealt in, -beside the soule of a ciuill societie, which is compounded of infinite -particular soules: and being the miniters and trumpettes of the -allmightie God, auancing vertue, and suppressing vice, denouncing death -and pronouncing life, which be both most sure, and that euerlastingly -to ensue according to demeanour: do well deserue to be honoured of -men, with the simple benefit of their temporall estimation, as what -they can do, where they cannot do enough. For what reward for vertue -is an olyue braunch, though it signifie the rewarders good will, -confessing the thing to be farre aboue any mortall reward? which -estimation yet is not to be desired of them, though it be deserued by -them. For humilitie of minde in auauncing the _diuine_ draweth him -still backeward, as officious thankefullnes in the profited hearer -doth worthely and well push him still on forward. And as the temporall -braunche of the common weale being so many in number hath distinction -in degrees, for the better methode in gouernment, which function doth -honour the executours: so likewise with proportionate estimation for -the parties executours, the church consisting of many, and hauing -charge ouer all hath her distinction in dignities and degrees to stay -that state the better, which would soone be shaken, if there were no -such stay: the argument of religion being vsed mostwhat contemplatiue, -and in nature of opinion, and therefore a verie large field to bring -forth matter of controuersies, specially in yong men, whose naturall -is not staied, though their resolution seeme to be, and their zeale -carie them on, to the profit of their hearer, their owne commendation, -and the honour of him, whose messengers they are. Howbeit in the -middle of all these contradictions, the particular execution to -beleeue this, and to do that, according to ones calling, which is but -one in all, to beleeue truely, and to do honestly, by that same one, -doth check the diuersities of all difference in saying. Which great -difference in saying, and diuersities in opinion, the church may most -thanke the _Grecian_ for, who ioyning with religion after diuorce with -philosophie, was as bold to be factious in the one, as he had bene in -the other, and could not rest in one, still deuided into numbers, as it -still appeareth in the ecclesiasticall historie where factious heresies -assaile the firme catholike. Neither doth this difference in publike -degrees empaire that opinion, that all be but ministers, and in that -point equal any more, then that both the prince and the plowman be one, -in respect of their humanitie, and first creation. And yet the prince -is a thought aboue him for all he be his brother in respect of old -_Adam_. The matter of both these two, the wise _counsellour_, and the -graue _diuines_ honour is best proued to be in the worthynes of their -owne persons, which is the true ensigne of right _nobilitie_, bycause -both their places and lyuinges, in respect of their degree depart and -die with them (though their honorable memorie remaine after) and be not -transported to their heires, as the inheritaunce of blood, but to their -successours, as the reward of vertue. If it so chaunce that the same -person for worthynes be successour both in place, and patrimonie, it is -most honorable to himselfe, and most comfortable to his friendes, and -reioyced at of all men. - -[Sidenote: The lawyer.] - -3. The peace, and quietnes of ciuill societie, by composing and taking -vp of quarrelles, and by directing iustice, makes the _lawyer_ next, -whose publike honour dyeth also with him: and declareth the substaunce -of his worthines, though his priuate name remaine, and his children -enioy the benefit of his getting. As why may not the _diuines_ to, -enioy that, which their parentes haue honestly saued, if they haue any -surplus, whereon to saue, for necessarie reliefe of their necessarie -charge in succession? Which among the Iewes was of such countenaunce, -as _Iosephus_, vaunteth himselfe of his nobilitie that way. And. But it -were to large a roming place, to runne ouer the port that the churchmen -haue kept, not among christians and Iewes onely. - -[Sidenote: The Physician.] - -4. The _Physician_ is next, and his circumstaunce like, and so furth in -learning, where the preferment dying with the partie, and transposed to -other, not by line in nature but by choice in valure, is the euidentest -argument, that those thinges be most worthiely tearmed the best matter -of honour, which die with the partie, and yet make him liue through -honorable remembraunce, though he haue no successour but the common -weale, which is generally surest, bycause priuate succession in blood -is oftimes some blemish. And yet succession in state, is not allway so -steddie, but that the old house may haue a very odde maister. These do -I take to be the truest, and most worthy causes of nobilitie, lymited -not by wealth, but by worth, which accompany the party, and expire with -his breath. For sure that which one leaueth behinde him besides an -honorable remembraunce of his owne worthynes, cannot noble him while -he hath it, nor his, when he leaues it, bycause it bettereth not the -owner, but oftimes makes him worse, though it be a necessary stay for -that person which is of good worthynes to shew his worth the better. -Therefore when wealth is made the way to _gentilitie_: or if it be -exceeding great, the gap to _nobilitie_, it is like to some vniuersitie -men, which for fauour or feasting lend their schole degrees to doltes -to intercept those liuinges by borrowed titles which them selues should -haue for learning, and might haue without let, if they hindered not -them selues. But both gentlemen and scholers be well enough serued, for -ouershooting them selues so farre: _nobilitie_ being empaired in note, -though encreased in number by such intruders, and learning empouerished -in purses, though replenished in putfurthes by such interceptours. - -[Sidenote: Why so many desire to be gentlemen.] - -Yet it is no meruell if the base couet his best, as his perfection -in nature, and his honour in opinion: no more then that the _asse_ -doth desire the _lions_ skin, to be thought though but a while, very -terrible to behold. But counterfeat mettall for all his best shew will -neuer be so naturall, as that is, which it doth counterfeat: neither -will naturall mettalles euer enterchaunge natures, though the finest be -seuered, and the _Alcumist_ do his best: And for all the _lions_ skin, -sure the _asse_ is an _asse_ as his owne eares will bewray him, if ye -fortune to see them: or your eares will discerne him, if you fortune -to hear him: he will bray so like a beast. I can say no better, though -this may seeme bitter, where I see _nobilitie_ betraid to donghillrie, -and learning to doultrie. You _gentlemen_ must beare with me, for I -wish you your owne: you scholers must pardon me, I pity your abuse. -Your _apes_ do you harme, and scratch you by the face, for all the -friendship they finde, which if they found not, they might tarie _apes_ -still. Their suttletie supplantes you, and your simplenes lettes them -see, what fellowes you are. Call vertue to aide, and put slauerie in -pinfold, let learning leade you, and send loselles to labour, more fit -for the shouell, then to shuffle vp your cardes. Thus much for the -causes which make _nobilitie_, whose leader is learning, and honour is -vertue, not to vse more discourse to proue by particular, where the -matter is so plaine, as either vertue will admit praise, or historie -bring proofe. - -For the finall cause it is most euident, that if some sufficiencie -this way be the meane to _nobilitie_, the effect of such sufficiencie -doth crowne the man, and accomplish the matter. But wherefore is all -this? to shew how necessarie a thing it is to haue yong gentlemen well -brought vp. For if these causes do make the meane man noble, what will -they do in him, whose honour is augmented with perpetuall encrease, if -with his _nobilitie_ in blood he do ioyne in match the worthines of -his owne person? Wherefore the necessitie of the traine appearing to -be so great, I will handle that as well as I can in generall precept, -for this present place, as hauing to deale with such personages, whose -_wisedom_ is their weight, _learning_ their line, _iustice_ their -balance, _armour_ their honour, and all _vertues_ in all kindes their -best furniture in all executions, and their greatest ornamentes in the -eies of all men, all this tending directly to the common good. - -[Sidenote: The gentlemens train.] - -As concerning the traine it selfe, wherof I said somwhat before, I -know none better then the common well appointed, which the common -man doth learne for necessitie at first, and auauncement after: the -greater personage ought to learne for his credit, and honour, besides -necessarie vses. For which be gentlemanly qualities, if these be not, -to _reade_, to _write_, to _draw_, to _sing_, to _play_, to haue -_language_, to haue _learning_, to haue _health_, and _actiuitie_, nay -euen to professe _Diuinitie_, _Lawe_, _Physicke_, and any trade else -commendable for cunning? Which as gentlemen maye get with most leasure, -and best furniture, so maye they execute them without any corruption, -where they neede not to craue. And be not sciences liberall in terme, -that waye to be recouered from illiberalitie in trade, and can those -great liuinges be better employed, then in sparing the pillage of -the poore people? which are to sore gleaned: by the needie and neuer -contented professours? which making their ende as to do good, and -their entent but to gaine, do pluk the poore shrewdly, while they -couet that they haue not, by a meane that they should not. Bicause -though the professours neede do seeke such a supplie, yet the thing -which they professe protesteth the contrarie: and prayes for ability -in the professour to deale franckely himselfe in the freedome of his -cunning, and not to straine her for neede. Doth _Diuinitie_ teache to -scrape, or _Lawe_ to scratche, or any other _learning_, whose epithet -is liberall? _Diuines_ do vse it, _lawyers_ do vse it, _learned men_ -do vse it. But their profession is free and liberall, though the -execution be seruile and corrupt, and cryeth for helpe of _nobilitie_ -to raunsome it from necessity, which hath emprisoned it so, by the -negligence of _nobilitie_ who thinke any thing farre more seemly to -bestow their time and wealth on, then professions of learning. But if -it would please toward young gentlemen to be so wel affected towards -their naturall countrey, or to suffer her to ouertreat them so farre, -as to shoulder out corruption, by professing themselues, who neede not -to be couetous for want of any thing, which haue all thinges at will, -how blessed were our state, nay how fortunate were euen the gentlemen -them selues? They may spare number enough that way, besides such -furniture, as they do affoord vnto the court, to all _martiall_ and -_militare_ affaires to all _iusticiarie_ functions by reason of their -multitude, which groweth on dayly to farre and to fast, and lessen the -middle commoner to much: whose bignes is the best meane, if _Aristotle_ -say true, as his reason seemes great, for peace and quietnes in any -publicke estate, to desire the rich gentlemen, which haue most, and -the poore meany, which haue least, to holde their handes, and put vp -their weapons, when they would be seditious, as the two extremities in -a publicke body. If the couragious gentlemen took them selues to armes, -and mynded more exercise: if the quieter tooke bookes, and fell vnto -learning, calling home to them againe by their laudable diligence all -those faculties, which they haue so long deliuered ouer for prayes to -the poorer, thorough their to great negligence, were not the returne to -be receiued with sacrifice? and would not the other aswell prouide for -them selues by other trades, wherwith to liue? Whereby the honestie of -that subiect, wherein they should trauell, would in the meane while, -deliuer the honest gentlemen from such faultes, as they be now subiect -vnto, while intending so good, they auoided so euill. This were better -than brauerie, and more triumphant then trauelling, to remaine at home -with their prince, not to rome abroad with the pilgrime, to see farre -in other countries, and be starke blinde in their owne. - -[Sidenote: Trauelling beyond sea.] - -For what is it to trauell, seeing that word hath so sodainly crossed -me? I will not here make any _Epitome_ of other mens trauell, which -haue set downe whole treaties against this trauelling in diuerse -languages: neither will I amplyfie the thing with any earnest -aggrauations, which though they may be true, and so may somewhat taint -the vnaduised trauellour, yet they be not worthy the rehearsall here. -For what reason carieth it, to finde fault with the forraine, and to -foster the fault at home? or for particular misdemener, to condemne -some whole nations? or for some error in some few to wish a general -restraint? and by to sharp blaming to bitterly to eager not the meanest -wittes: as commonly dawes be not most desirous to trauell. It is -lightly the quintessence which will be a ranging. Silence in thinges -peraduenture blameworthy, and friendly entertainement where there is no -sting, by curtesie wil call, and by liking will winne such dispositions -sooner to come to the lure where we would wish to haue them, then -any either launsing, their woundes by to bytter speches, or aliening -their hartes by too much harping on one firing: chieflie considering -that trauell and going abroad for knowledge in learning, and skill in -language haue for their protection much antiquitie, long time, and -great number, though still chekt as either needeles or harmfull: and -oftimes countermaunded, not onely by priuate mens argumentes, but by -publike constitutions, of the best common weales, which were very -vnwilling to haue their people to wander. - -But what is this trauelling? I meane it not in marchauntes, whom -necessitie for their owne trade, and oftentimes neede for our vse, -enforceth to trauell, and tarie long from home. Neither yet in -souldiers, whom peace at home sendes abroad for skill, in forraine -warres to learne how to fend at home, when peace is displeased: which -yet both haue their owne, and ouergreat inconueniences, to the wringing -of their countrie. For marchauntes by forcing their naturall soile -beyond her proportion to some gainefull commoditie verie vtterable -abroade, do breede gaules at home, and by bringing in also beyond -proportion to serue pleasure and feede fantsie, proue great vndoers to -a great number, which can neither temper their tast, nor restraine the -fashion. - -The souldier likewise, which is trained in hoat blood abroad will -hardly be but troublesome in cold blood at home: vnlesse he be such -a one as followed the warres for conscience to his countrie, and of -iudgement to learne skil, and not vpon bare courage, or hardines of -nature, or sinisterly to supply some other want. I meane not any of -these, ne yet such trauellers as _Solon_, to preuent a mischiefe in -mutabilitie of his countrie mens mindes, whom he had tyed to his lawes, -not reuocable till his returne, when acquaintance for that time had -wone allowance for euer: neither as _Pythagoras_, or _Plato_ were, -who sought cunning where it was, to bring it where it was not. For -_Platoes_ iourney into _Sicile_ proceeded not of his minde to trauell, -but vp on hope to do some good on _Dionisius_ the tyrant, who did send -for him by _Diones_ meane. We neede not to trauell in their kinde for -learning. We haue in that kind thankes be to God for the pen and print, -as much at this day as any countrie needes to haue: nay euen as full if -we will follow it well, as any antiquitie it selfe euer had. And yong -gentlemen with that wealth, or their parentes in that wealth, might -procure, and maintaine so excellent maisters and ioine vnto them so -choise companions, and furnish them out with such libraries, being able -to beare the charge, as they might learne all the best farre better at -home in their standing studies, then they euer shall in their stirring -residence, yea though the desire of learning were the cause of their -trauell. Which rule serueth euen in the meaner personages, which loue -to looke abroade, and alleadge learning for their shew, which might be -better had at home, with their good diligence, and confirmeth it selfe -by sufficient persons, which neuer crossed the sea. Let them fauour -their owne fantsies neuer so much, and defende that stoutly, which they -haue begone youthfully: yet the thing will proue in the end as I haue -said. And if there be defect, we should deuise, as those philosopher -trauellours did, to helpe it here at hoome in our owne countrie, that -we be not allway borrowers, where it is but of wantonnesse, bycause -we are vnwilling to straine out our owne, which of it selfe is able -enough to breede, and needeth no more helpes then the generall studie, -if it be studied in deede, and not be dalyed with for shew, as I wish -it were not, and not I alone. Here lyeth a padde to be pitied though -not to be published, they that may amend the thing are in conscience -to thinke of it. But what is trauell, as it is to be constrewed in -this place, where it interrupteth traine, and bringes it in question, -whether yong gentlemen, while they vse trauelling, do vse that, which -is best both for their countrie, and themselues. What is it to trauell? -It is to see countries abroad, to marke their singularities, to learne -their languages, to returne from thence better able to serue their owne -countrie here with much fourniture, as they prouided, and such wisedom, -as they gathered by obseruing things there. - -Sure a good countenaunce to helpe trauelling withall, and to hide -her skars, which in some may proue so in deede. But those some be -not any generall patternes: in whom, some excellencie in nature, and -vertuousnesse in disposition doth turne that to profit and good, which -the thing of it selfe doth assure to be dangerous: bycause it may proue -to be both perillous and pernicious in those and to those, which for -heat are impetuous, for yeares to foreward, for wealth to rachelesse: -and proceeding from them may be contagious to others, as cankers will -creepe, and the ill taches of euery countrey do more easely allure, -and obteine quicker cariage to enlarge them selues, then the good and -vertuous do. But while they trauell thus, as sure me thinke I see, it -is but of some errour caryed with the streame, which enwraps them so -(onelesse some miscontentment at home in busie and displeased humours, -vse the colour of language and learning, to absent themselues the -better from that, against the which they haue conceyued some stomacke) -what might they haue gained at home in the meane while? sounder -learning, the same language, besides the loue and liking of their owne -countrey soile which breed them, and beares them: by familiaritie, and -continuance at home encreased, by discontinuance, and strangenesse -mightely empared: while enamouring and liking of forreine warres doth -cause lothing, and misliking of that they finde at home. Whereby our -countrey receiueth a great blow, thorough alienation of their fantsies, -by whom she should be gouerned, which will rather deale in nothing, -then not force in the forreine. - -What is the very naturall end, of being borne a countryman of such a -countrey? To serue and saue the countrey. What? with forreine fashions? -they wil not fit. For euery countrey setts downe her owne due by her -owne lawes, and ordinaunces appropriate to her selfe, and her priuate -circunstance vpon information giuen by continuers at home, and carefull -countreymen. - -The verie diuision of lawes, into naturall, nationall, and ciuill -emport a distinction in applying, though the reason runne thorough, and -continue generally one. That which is very excellent good abroad, and -were to be wished in our countrey vpon circunstance which either will -not admit it, or not but so troublesomly, as will not quite the coast, -nor agree with the state is and must be forborne here, though it leaue -a miscontentment in the trauellours heade, who likes the thing most, -and thinkes light of the circunstance, which he sayth will yelde to it, -though experience say no: and in some but petie toyes do shew him, how -leaning to the forreine hath misfashioned our owne home. I do not deny -but trauelling is good, if it hap to hit right, but I think the same -trauel, with minde to do good, as it alwaye pretendeth, might helpe -much more, being bestowed well at home. He that rometh abroade hath no -such line to lead him, as the taryer at home hath, onlesse his conceit, -yeares, and experience be of better stay, then theirs is, which be -causes of this question, and bring trauelling in doubt. For the ground -of his vyage being priuate, though taken to the best, is vnfreindly to -our common. It is like to an idle, lasie, young _gentlewoman_, which -hath a very faire heire of her owne, and for idlenesse, bycause she wil -not looke to it, combe it, picke it, wash it, makes it a cluster of -knottes, and a feltryd borough for white footed beastes: and therfore -must needes haue an vnnaturall perug, to set forth her fauour, where -her owne had been best, if it had bene best applied. Is not he worse -then mad, that hath an excellent piece of ground, made for fertilitie, -and suffereth it to be ouergrowen with wedes, while he wandreth -abroade, and beholdes with delite, the good housbandes and housbandrie -in other men and other soiles? The president of a copie makes a child -resemble wel, and a certaine pitch to deale within a mans owne countrey -in such a kinde of life, to his and her auauncement, is the surest and -soundest direction to any young gentleman: first to learne by, and then -to liue by: and to leuell all that waye without any forreine longing. - -If he take pleasure in trauelling, and no care in expending, both the -expense will bring repentaunce, when reason shall reclame, if euer she -do, (as in some desperate cases, fantsie is froward, and wil bide no -fronting:) and the pleasure bringes some greife, when the gentleman -which in youth so much pleased himselfe, in his age shall not be able -to pleasure his countrey, whom he cared for so litle, while he so -counted of the forreine. Forreine matters fit vs not, and though our -backes, yet not our braines, if we be not sicke there. Forreine thinges -be for vs in some cases, but we were better to call home one forreine -maister to vs, then they should cause vs to be forreine scholers, to -such a forraging maister, as a whole forreine countrey is, to learne so -by trauelling, and not by teaching. - -Our _ladies_ at home can do all this, and that with commendacion -of the verie trauelled gentlemen: bycause it is not that, which -they haue seene, that makes them of worth, but that which they haue -brought home in language and learning, which they do finde here at -their retourne. Our _ladie mistresse_, whom I must needes remember, -when excellencies will haue hearing, a _woman_, a _gentlewoman_, a -_ladye_, a _Princesse_, in the middest of many other businesses, in -that infirmitie of sexe, and sundrie impedimentes to a free minde, -such as learning requireth, can do all these things to the wonder of -all hearers, which I say young _gentlemen_ may learne better at home, -as her _Maiestie_ did, and compare themselues with the best, when they -haue learned so much, as her _Maiestie_ hath by domesticall discipline. -It may be said that her _Maiestie_ is not to be vsed for a president, -which of a princely courage would not be ouerthrowne with any -difficulty in learning that, which might auaunce her person beyond all -praise, and profit her state beyond expectation. But yet withall it may -be said, why may not young gentlemen, which can alledge no let to the -contrarie, obtaine so much with more libertie, which her highnesse gat -with so litle? It is wealth at will which egges them on to wander, and -it is the same, which causeth them continue in the same humour, though -they heare it misliked. If they went abroad as _Embassadours_, that -their Princes authoritie might make their entrie to great knowledge in -greatest dealinges: or if they were excellent knowen learned men, that -all cunning would crepe to them, and honour them with intelligence, and -notes of importance: or if they went in the traine of the one, or in -the tuition of the other, where authoritie and awe might enforce their -benefit, and saue them from harme, I would not mislike it, to breede -vp such fellowes, as might follow them in seruice: but for any of the -particular endes, which be better had at home, I cast of comparisons. -Good, plaine, and well meaning young _gentlemen_ in purse strong, in -yeares weake, to trauell at a venture in places of danger to bodie, -to life, to liuing, though our owne countrey be also subiect to all -the same perills, but not so farre from succour, and reskue. Driue me -to such a traunse, as I know not what to saye. Commende them I cannot -bycause of my countrey: offend them I dare not, bycause of them selues, -which may by discretion in themselues, and wisedome of their freindes -prouide well for themselues, as I do confesse, though I feare nothing -so much, as the ouerliking of forreine, and so consequently some -vnderliking at home, which will neuer let them staye. Olde lawes in -some countries enacted the contrarie, and sillie _Socrates_ in _Plato_ -being offered to be helpt out of prison, as vniustely condemned by -the furie of the people, and persuasion of his vnfreindes: would not -go out of his countrey to saue his owne life, as resolued to die by -commandment of that lawe, thorough whose prouision he had liued at home -so long. Diuisions for religion, and quarrells of state may worke that -which is not well for generall quiet, by being hartned abroade with the -sight, and hearing of that, which some could be content to see, and -heare at home. - -_Plato_[63] in his twelfth booke of lawes, seemeth to rule the case of -trauelling, which moueth this controuersie. Where he alloweth both the -sending out of his countrymen, into forreine landes, and the receiuing -of forreine people into his countrey. For to medle neither with -forreine actions, nor forreine agentes might sauour of disdaine, and to -suffer good home orders to be corrupted by our forreine trauellers, or -their forreine trafficquers might smell of small discretion. Wherfore -both to build vpon discretion to preuent harme at home, and to banish -disdaine to be thought well on abroad: he taketh this order both for -such as shall trauell abroad into forreine countries from his, and for -such as shall repare, from forreine countries vnto his. For his owne -trauellers he enacteth first. That none vnder fourtie yeares in any -case trauell abroad. Then restraining still all priuate occasions, -for the which he will not dispense with his lawe, neither graunt any -trauelling at all: he alloweth the state in publike to send abroad, -embassadours, messagers, obseruers, for so I turne _Plato_ his θεωροὺς. - -Such as are sent abroad to warre for the countrie, though foorth of the -countrie, he holdes for no trauellers, as being still of, and in the -state: the cause of their absence continuing their presence, and the -place of their abyding, not altering the nature of their being. And -the like rekening he maketh of those solemne embassadors, which they -sent to communicate in sacrifice with their neighbours, at _Delphi_, -to _Apollo_, in _Olympus_, to _Iupiter_, at _Nemea_ to _Hercules_, in -_Isthmos_ to _Neptune_: where he appointed the pacificque, and friendly -Embassages to be furnished out of the most, the best, and brauest -citisens, which with their port, their presence, their magnificence, -might honest, and honour their countrie most: as to the contrary he -requireth in his martiall lieuetenant, which in the camp, and fielde -shall represent the state of his country, credit, estimation, honour, -purchased before by vertue and valure. His obseruer, whom he alloweth -to go abroad to see fashions: he will haue not to be aboue threescore, -nor vnder fiftie yeares old, and such a one, as shall be of good credit -in his countrie, for great dealinges, both in warre and peace. For the -occasion of his trauell pretending to see the manners of men abroad, to -marke what is well and them that are good, which be most times there, -where the place is least likely: and not to be marred by that which is -ill, and them that are naught, which be there oftest, where good orders -be rifest: to correct his countrie lawes by the better forreine: or to -confirme them by the worse: how can he iudge of any of these thinges, -which hath not dealt in great affaires, and shewed himselfe there to -be a man of iudgement? or how is he able to auoide the euill, and -cleaue to the good, whom yeares haue not stayed and giuen reason the -raine, to bridle all desires, that might turne him awry? Such a man, of -such a credit, of so many yeares, but no man yonger doth _Plato_ send -abroad, to learne in forreine countries, and to see forreine fashions, -so many of those ten yeares betwene fiftie and sixtie, as shall please -him selfe best. But what must this trauellour do at his returne? There -is a counsell appointed of the grauest diuines for religion, of ten -iustices for law, of the new and old ouerseers for education, whereof -ech one taketh with him one younger man, aboue thirtie and vnder -fourtie. This counsell hath commission to deale in matters of lawe, -either to make new, or to mend the olde: to consider of education and -learning, what is good and quickneth, what is ill and darckeneth. And -what the elder men determine that the yonger must execute. If any of -these young men behaue himselfe not well, the elder that brought him -into the parlament, beareth blame of the whole house: those that behaue -themselues well, are made honorable presidentes to their countrey to -behold: as they are most dishonored if they proue worse then other. -Where by the waye I note these three thinges. 1. First the care they -had to education, and learning euen in their cheife parlament. 2. -Secondly the reason they had to traine, and vse young men in their -parlament. 3. Thirdly their three speciall pointes of gouernement, -according to the three kindes of persons, which were present in the -parlament, _religion_, _lawe_, _education_. How to traine before -_lawe_, how to rule by _lawe_, how to temper both traine, and _lawe_ by -_diuinitie_, and _religion_. - -Before this counsell, the obseruer presenteth himselfe at his returning -home, and there declareth, what he hath either learned of them abroad, -or deuised by their doinges, for the helpe of his countrey lawes, of -his countrey education, of his countries prouision. And if he seemed -neither better nor worse, neither cunninger, nor ignoranter, at his -returne home, then he was at his departure from home: he was commended -for his good will, and no more was said to him. If he seemed better and -more skilfull, he was not only honored by the present parlament, while -he liued, but by the whole countrey after his death. If he seemed to -returne worse, he was commaunded to vse companie, neither with young, -nor olde, as one like to corrupt vnder colour of wisedom. And if he -obayed that order, he might liue still, howbeit but a priuate life. -If he did not obay, he was put to death. As he was also if he vere -found to be busie headed, and innouating any thing after the forreine -concerning either _lawe_, _liuing_, or _education_. Beholde the -patterne of a trauellour, rewarded for his well, punished for his ill: -neither ill requited, where he meant but well. - -Then for reparers from forreine countries into his, whom he will haue -well entertained in any case, he appointeth foure kindes. 1. The -first wherof be _merchantes_, whose mercates, hauens, and lodging, he -assigneth to be without the citie but very neare to it: and certain -officers to see, that they innouate nothing in the state, that they do, -and receaue right, that they haue all thinges necessarie, but without -ouerplus. - -2. The second kinde of straungers he appointeth to be such as arriue -for _religion_, for _philosophie_, for _learning_ sake, whom he willeth -the _Diuines_, and church _treasurers_, to entertaine, to lodge, to -care for, as the presidentes of true hospitalitie for straungers. That -when they shall haue taryed some conuenient time, when they shall -haue seene, and heard, what they will desire to see or heare: they -may depart without either doing, or suffering any iniurie or wrong. -And that during their abode for any plea vnder fiftie drammes, the -_Diuines_ shalbe iudges betwene them, and the other partie: if it be -aboue that summe, that then the maior of the citie shall determine the -matter. - -3. The third sorte were _Embassadours_, sent from forreine Princes, and -states, vpon publike affaires. Their entertainment he commendeth to the -common purse, their lodging to some generall, some coronell, or some -captaine onely. The care of them was committed to the hie _treasurer_, -and their host, where they lodged. - -4. The fourth kinde was such _obseruers_ from some other place, -as his countrey did send abroad before, aboue fiftie yeares old, -pretending a desire to see some good thing among them, or to saye -some good thing vnto them. This kinde of man he excludeth from none, -as being comparable with the best, bycause of his person so aduisedly -choosen. Who so was wise, wealthy, learned, valiant might entertaine, -and entreat him. When he minded to depart after he had seene, and -obserued all thinges at full, he was sent away honorablely, with great -presentes, and rewardes. Thus thinketh _Plato_ both of comers in, and -goers out of one countrey into another. But you will say this was a -deuise of _Plato_ in his lawes, as other be in his common weale. Yet it -is a wisemans deuise, that findes the harme, and would auoide it, and -in this our case is well worthy the weying. But as _Plato_ neede not -to blush for the deuise, which is grounded vpon incorruption, whervnto -we say that trauelling is a foe: so if such a lawe were in very deede, -politikly planted in any common weale, as it is naturally engraffed in -any honest witte: there would be exception notwithstanding against it. -In all this _Platonicall_ prouision, we may easely obserue, that his -cheife care is by trauelling, either to amend the countrey, or not to -marre it: and that the forreine vsually is a steppemother to a strange -countrey. Therefore as young gentlemen maye trauell, both for their -pleasure, to see forreine countries, and for their profit, to returne -wise home: so their owne countrey desires them, to minde that profit -in deede, and not to marre it with to much pleasure, which is the -cause why that all ages haue misliked _trauelling_, as the occasion of -corruption in most, and thinke it better forborne for hindring of so -many, then to be allowed, for the good of some few, which is hasarded -at the first, and vncertaine to proue well. The reason of all this is, -both for the forreine euill, which may corrupt, and for the very good, -which will not fit, be it neuer so fit their, from whence it is fetcht. - -But to my purpose, and the training at home for home. I remit this -trauelling abroad to their consideration, which vse it, which I dare -not quite mislike, bycause I see very many honest people, which haue -trauelled, and the argument of misliking receiueth instance, that the -thing may be well vsed, euen bycause some do misuse it, whervnto all -other indifferences else be also subiect. Nay I dare scant but thinke -well of it, bycause my Prince doth allow it, thorough whose licence -their trauelling is warranted. I say but thus much generally though -some traueller do some good to his countrey, euen by the frute of his -trauell, and most in best places: that yet the statarie countrieman -doth a great deale more. The reason why is this. The continuall -residenciarie at home hath his eye still bent vpon some one thing: -where he meanes to light, and makes the direct and naturall meane vnto -it: which though the trauellers do alledge to be their minde to, yet -their meane is not so fit, as that is, which ordinarily, and orderly -is made for the thing. Neither is this allegation generall. For we see -the course which the most do vse after their returne, to bewraie a -passage for pleasure, rather then any sound, and aduised enterprise. -And therefore I do wish the domesticall traine to be well trauelled to -better vs with our owne, and that we did not so much trie how forraine -effects do make vs out of fashion, though they feede our fantsies, and -that it would please well disposed yong gentlemen to sort them selues -betimes to some kinde of learning to make them in deede liberall, their -abilitie being throughly fensed against feare of corruption, to serue -their country honorably that way which doth so honour them. - -For as all will be lawyers, or in houses of law, and court, to some -priuate end: so what if some of choice became both diuines, and -physicianes, and so furth in other learned sciences, as I said before? -If there be any gentleman in our countrie so qualified at this daie -in any kind of learning, is he not therefore praysed, esteemed, and -honoured of all others, and aboue all others of his calling, and -somewhat higher to which are: not comparably qualyfied? Whence I -gather this argument: That the worthynes of the thing is confessed -by the honour giuen vnto it, and that such as desire honour ought to -seeke for such worthinesse, as enforceth the assured confession of the -best deserued honour. And I pray you be not these faculties for their -subiect to be reuerenced, as they are? and for their effectes to be -esteemed of speciall account? which haue bene allway the very groundes -of the best, and most beneficiall nobilitie? I do not hold _Tamerlane_, -or any barbarous, and bloody inuasions to be meanes to true nobilitie, -which come for scourges: but such as be pacifike most, and warlike -but vpon defense, if the country be assailed: or to offend, if reueng -be to be made, and former wrong to be awraked. Neither take I wealth -to be any worthy cause to renowme the owner, vnlesse it be both got -by laudable meanes, and likewise be employed vpon commendable workes: -neither any qualitie or gift, which beawtifieth the body vnlesse vertue -do commende it, as seruiceable to good vse, neither yet any endewement -of the minde, but onely such as keepe residence in reason, hauing -authoritie in hand, and direction to rule, by the philosophers termed -το ἡγεμονικὸν.[64] Wherein those qualities do claime a tenure, which I -haue assigned as foundations to honour, and notes of nobilitie, worthy -the esteeming, and of inestimable worth. Who dare abase diuinitie for -the thing it selfe; or who is so impudent, as not to confesse that -profession honorable which hath God himselfe to father, and friend, our -most louing, and mercifull maker: the deuill himselfe to enemie and -foe, our most suttle, and despitefull marrer, the doctrine of life, the -daunter of death? Some scruple there is now, which was not sometime -when the allurement was larger, the liuing fatter, and the countenaunce -greater: but the matter is now better, though the man be brought both -to more basenes in opinion, and barenesse in prouision, and will honour -a good gentleman, which will seeke honour by it, and ought so to do. -The time was when the great _Cesar_,[65] at his going furth from his -house in his sute for the great pontificate sayd to his mother, that -she should either see her sonne at his returne the great bishop, or -else no body. Such a step was that state to his whole preferment after. -_Isocrates_[66] in his oration, where he frameth a prince, ioyneth -priesthood with the prince, as two thinges of like care, requiring like -sufficiencie in persons, like skill in well handling, which two sayth -he, euery one thinkes, he can cunningly weild, but hardly anie one can -handle them well. - -If gentlemen wil not trauel and professe _physicke_, let them feele the -price of ignorance, and punish their carcasses besides the consumption -of their cofers, as all learning being refused by them hath no other -way to reueng her selfe, then only to leaue them to ignorance, which -will still attend to flatter and fawne there where small stuffing is, -and that which is most miserable, bycause themselues see it not, will -cause them selues to be their owne _Gnatoes_, a most vnproper part, -to be seene vpon a stage, when the same person plaieth _Thraso_, and -answereth himselfe, as if he were two. Were it not most honorable for -them to see these effectes in their owne persons? _singuler knowledge_ -where studie is for knowledge and knowledge for no neede? _liberall -execution_, where desire to do good, and good for gramercie be the true -ends of most honour? where the promises from heauen, the princes vpon -earth, the perpetuall prayer, and neuer dying prayse of the profited -people will remember, and requite that honorable labour, so honestly -employed, that fortunate reuenew so blessedly bestowed, not for priuate -pleasure, but for common profit? - -Albeit there is one note here necessarily to be obserued in yong -_gentlemen_ that it were a great deale better that they had no learning -at all and knew their owne ignorance, then any litle smattering, -vnperfit in his kinde, and fleeting in their heades. For their knowne -ignorance doth but harme them selues, where other that be cunning -may supply their rowmes: but their vnripe learning though pretie in -the degree, and very like to haue proued good, if it had taryed the -pulling, and hung the full haruest, doth keepe such a rumbling in -their heades, as it will not suffer them to rest, such a wonder it is -to see the quickesiluer. For the greatnes of their place emboldeneth -the rash vnripenes of their studie, in what degree so euer it be, -whether in not digesting that which they haue read, or in not reading -sufficiently, or in chusing of absurdities to seeme to be able to -defende where their state makes them spared, and meaner mens regard -doth procure them reuerence, though their rashnes be seene, or in not -resting vpon any one thing, but desultorie ouer all. A matter that -may seeme to be somewhat in scholes, euen amongst good scholers: and -very much in that state, where least learning is conmonly best liked, -though best learning be most aduanced, when it ioynes with birth in -sowndnes, and admiration. As the contrary troubleth all the world, -with most peruerse opinions, beginning at the insufficient, though -stout _gentleman_, and so marching forward still among such, as make -more account of the person whence the ground comes, then of the reason -which the thing carieth. Wherefore to conclude, I wish yong _gentlemen_ -to be better then the common in the best kinde of learning, as their -meane to come to it, is euery way better. I wish them in exercise, and -the frutes thereof to be their defendours, bycause they are able to -beare out the charge, wherevnder the common of necessitie must shrinke: -That both those wayes they may helpe their countrie in all needes, and -themselues, to all honour. - -[Sidenote: The Princes traine.] - -The _prince_ and _soueraigne_ being the tippe of _nobilitie_: and -growing in person most priuate for traine, though in office most -publike for rule, doth claime of me that priuate note, which I promised -before. The greatest _prince_ in that he is a childe, is, as other -children be, for soule sometimes fine, sometimes grosse: for body, -sometimes strong, sometimes weake: of mould sometime faire, sometime -meane: so that for the time to beginne to learne, and the matter which -to learne, and all other circumstances, wherein he communicateth with -his subiectes, he is no lesse subiect, then his subiectes be. For -exercise to health, the same: to honour, much aboue: as he is best able -to beare it, where coast is the burden, and honour the ease. We must -take him as God sendes him, bycause we cannot chuse, as we could wish: -as he must make the best of his people, though his people be not the -best. Our dutie is to obey him, and to pray for him: his care will be -to rule ouer vs, and to prouide for vs, the most in safetie the least -in perill. Which seeing we finde it proue true in the female, why -should we mistrust to find it in the male? If the prince his naturall -constitution be but feeble, and weake, yet good traine as it helpeth -forwardnes, so it strengthneth infirmitie: and is some restraint euen -to the worst giuen, if it be well applyed, and against the libertie of -high calling oppose the infamie of ill doing. Which made euen _Nero_ -stay the fiue first yeares of his gouernment, and to seeme incomparable -good. When the yong princes elementarie is past, and greater reading -comes on, such matter must be pikt, as may plant humilitie in such -height, and sufficiencie in such neede, that curtesie be the meane -to winne, as abilitie to wonder. Continuall dealing with forraine -_Embassadours_, and conferring at home with his owne counsellours -require both tongues to speake with, and stuffe to speake of. - -And wheras he gouerneth his state by his two armes, the -_Ecclesiasticke_, to keepe, and cleare religion, which is the maine -piller to voluntarie obedience: and the _Politike_, to preserue, and -maintaine the ciuill gouernment, which doth bridle will, and enforceth -contentment: if he lacke knowledge to handle both his armes, or want -good aduice to assist them in their dealing, is he not more then lame? -and doth not the helpe hereof consist in learning? Martiall skill is -needfull: But it would be to defend, bycause a sturring _Prince_ still -redye to assaile, is a plague to his people, and a punishment to him -selfe, and in his most gaine, doth but get that, which either he or his -must one daye loose againe, if the losse rest there, and pull not more -with it. But religious skill is farre more massiue: bycause religion as -it is most necessarie for all, so to a _Prince_ it is more then most -of all, who fearing no man, as aboue mans reache, and commanding ouer -all as vnder his commission, if he feare not God his verie next both -auditour, and iudge, in whose hand is his hart? and what a feare must -men be in for feare of most ill, when the _Prince_ feares not him, who -can do him most good? Almighty God be thanked, who hath at this day -lent vs such a _Princesse_, as in deede feareth him, that we neede -not feare her which deseruing to be loued desires not to be feared. I -wish this education to be liked of the _Prince_, to pull the people -onward, by example that they like of, though they cannot aspire to: -as I pray God long preserue her, whose good education doth teach vs, -what education can do, wherby neither this lande shal euer repent, that -education of it selfe did so much good in her: and I haue good cause to -reioice that this my labour concerning education comes abroad in her -time. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[61] Plutarch. Alexand. Hester lib. Ælianus ποικίλ. 2. - -[62] Plut. Sylla. Cæsar. - -[63] Plato 12 de leg. - -[64] Philo. - -[65] Plut. in Cæs. - -[66] Ad Nicoclem. - - - - -CHAPTER 40. - -OF THE GENERALL PLACE, AND TIME OF EDUCATION. PUBLIKE PLACES, -ELEMENTARIE, GRAMMATICALL, COLLEGIATE. OF BOURDING OF CHILDREN ABROAD -FROM THEIR PARENTES HOUSES, AND WHETHER THAT BE BEST. THE VSE AND -COMMODITIE OF A LARGE, AND WELL SITUATE TRAINING PLACE. OBSERUATIONS TO -BE KEPT IN THE GENERALL TIME. - - -These two circunstances for the generall place, and the generall time, -concerne both the exercise of the bodie, and the training of the minde -iointly, bycause they both are to be put in execution in the same -place, and at the same time, though not at the same howres. For the -particular times, and places I will deale in myne other treatises, -where I will accomodate the particular circumstance to the particular -argument. Priuate places, where euery parent hath his children taught -within his doares, haue but small interest in this place: bycause -such a parent, as he may take or leaue of the generall traine, what -it shall please him, his owne liking being the measure to leade him: -so for exercise, or any other thing he is the appointer of his owne -circumstance, and his house is his castle. - -[Sidenote: Diuision of publike places. Collegiat.] - -Publike places be either elementarie, grammaticall, or collegiate. For -the collegiate places, whether they be in the vniuersities, or without, -they be lightly well situate, and for both the traines resonably well -builded, specially such as haue a cloysture or galerie for exercise in -foule weather, and the open fieldes at hand for the faire. If there be -any fault in that kinde, it may be set downe, in hope sooner to haue it -amended in new erections, when such founders shalbe found: then to be -redressed in those which be erected already: bicause these buildinges -be restrained to the soile, where on they stand. Yet wish for the -better may take place, when the want is found, though the effect do -follow a long while after, if it euer do at all. - -[Sidenote: Elementarie.] - -The elementarie places, admit no great counsell, bycause such as enter -the yong ones, do prouide the rowmes of them selues, and the litle -people be not as yet capable of any great exercise: so that there is no -more to be said herein but this, that the Elementarie teachers prouide -their rowmes as large as they may, and that the parentes domesticall -care supply: where the maisters prouision is not sufficient. For as -the collegiate yeares must direct themselues most, bycause they are -after a certaine degree set ouer to their owne gouernment: so the -elementarie, bycause of their weakenes and youth must be ioyntly helpt -betwene the maister and the parent, this point for the petie ones being -altogither priuate, and vpon priuate charge, as the other collegiate is -altogither publicke and vpon publicke erection though alway proceeding -from some priuat meane. But if any well disposed wealthie man for the -honour that he beareth to the murthered infantes, (as all our erections -haue some respect that way,) would beginne some building euen for the -litle yong ons, which were no encrease to schooles, but an helpe to -the elementarie degree, all they would pray for him, and he himselfe -should be much bound to the memorie of the yong infantes, which put him -in remembraunce of so vertuous an act. And rich men which haue much -more then necessary enough, though none of them thinke he haue simply -enough, would be stirred forward by all good and earnest people, which -fauour the publicke weale, whose foundation is laid in these petie -infantes, to spend the supererogation of their wealth that waie, where -it will do most good to other, and least harme to themselues. - -[Sidenote: Grammaticall.] - -3. The places where the toungues be taught, by order and art of -grammer, require more obseruation, bycause the yeares that be or at -the least ought to be emploied that way be fittest, both for the -fashioning of the body, and for framing of the minde: most subiect -to the maisters direction, and consist of a compound care, publicke -erection, which prouideth them places wherein to learne: and priuate -maintenaunce which furnisheth out the rest. The scholers either come -daily from their fathers houses to schoole, or be bourded at their -charges somewhere verie nigh to the schoole. - -[Sidenote: Of boarding abroad.] - -Where there riseth a question whether it be better for the childe to -boord abroad with his maister, or some where else: or to come from home -daily to schoole. If the place where the parentes dwell, be neare to -the schoole, that the nighnes of his maisters house can be no great -vantage: or but so farre of, as the very walke may be for the boyes -health: and the parent himselfe be carefull and wise withall, to be -as good a furtherer in the training, as he is a father to the being -of his owne chield: certainely the parentes house is much better, if -for nothing else, yet bycause the parent may more easily at all times -entend the goodnes of his owne, being but one or few, then the maister -can, at such extraordinarie times as the bourding with him, doth seeme -to begge his diligence, being both tired before, and distracted among -many. Further, all the considerations which do perswade men rather to -haue their children taught at home, then among the multitude abroad, -for the bettering of their behauiour, do speake for their bourding -at home, if the parentes will consider the thing well: Bycause the -parent may both see to the entertainement of his childe, when he is -from schoole, and withall examine, what good he doth at schoole. For -vndoubtedly the maisters be wearied with trauelling all the day, so -that the priuate helpe within their houses, can be but litle, without -both ouertyring the maister, and shortening his life, and the dulling -of the childe, if he still pore vpon his booke. Times of recreation -must be had, and are as requisite to doe thinges well any long time, -as studying is necessarie to do any thing well at any time. For can -any man but thinke it a great deale more, then a sufficient time for -the maister to teach, and the scholer to learne dayly from six in the -morning till eleuen, and from one in the afternoone till well nigh -six at night, if these houres be well applied? nay if they were a -great deale fewer? And may not the residew be well enough bestowed -vpon solace and recreation in some chaunge to the more pleasant for -either partie? In the maisters house, I graunt children may keepe -schoolehowers better, and be lesse subiect to loytering and trewantrie. -The maisters care in his generall teaching may eye them nearer, -bycause they be in his so neare tuition, and in place of his owne -children, being committed vnto his priuate care by their owne parentes -and friendes, he may more easily dispence with their howers, if they -fortune to minde many elementarie pointes at one time: and sooner -finde out their inclination, then in the generall multitude. And if -any particular preferment be incident to his house, without the common -wearying both of the scholer and maister, some thing may be done. There -be also many priuate considerations, which some parentes follow in the -displacing of their children from their owne houses, which I remit to -their thoughtes, as I reserue some to myne owne. If the maister do -entend onely such scholers as he bourdeth, and haue both in himselfe -abilitie to performe, what is needefull for the best traine: and haue -such a conuenient number as will rise to some hight in the traine, -I know none better, so the place where he dwelleth, and teacheth do -answere in conuenientnes, and situation and some circumstances, else. -But while he careth to haue his bourders learne, sure some slow paying -parentes will keepe him leane, if he looke not well to it, and his -gaine will go backeward, besides the continuall miscontentmentes. At -home spoiles, soilthes, twentie things, are nothing in the parentes -homely eye, which selfe same be death abroad, where the parent hath -another eye: and yet the things misliked not auoidable euen at home. -But what if sickenes, nay what if death come in deede, then all things -be constrewed to the worst, as if death did not know where the parent -dwells. And though the maister doe that which the ciuill law requireth -in deposing, and vse not onely so much diligence to preserue, but much -more then in his owne, yet all that is nothing. Wherefore as parentes -must beware of boording out for their owne good: so maisters must be -warie of admitting any for their owne harme. And sure to set downe -my resolution, me thinke it enough for the maister to take vpon him -the traine alone, being so great both for exercise and learning, as I -wish him well considered, that can do both well. If parentes dwell not -neare the schoole, let some neighbours be hostes, which may and will -entend it, and deliuer the maister of the parentes care, whom euen -they will fauour more, if they find profit by his schooling. They be -distinct offices, to be a parent and a maister, and the difficulties -in training do eager sore enough, though the same man be troubled with -no more. Boording, that is the vndertaking of both a fathers and a -maisters charge requireth many circumstances of conuenientnes in place, -of prouision for necessities, of trustie and diligent seruauntes, and -a number moe: besides indifferencie in the parent to be armed against -accidentes, where there is no euident default, and to content truely -where there is great desert: as the maister is to giue a great account -of two seuerall cures, a personage for his teaching, and a vicarage -for his boording. The maisters charge is great of it selfe, but this -composition of a duble office is a meruelous matter. If the maister -minde his boorders eitheer only or most, where his charge is ouer -moe, where then is his dutie? if not, what gaine haue those boorders, -by their maisters priuate? If he teach but boorders let him looke to -himselfe, for his charge will proue chargeable moe wayes then one: and -those that be best able to put forth to boord, are alway most strait in -making all audittes, and to amplifie offences before they be proued, -without eitheir conference or contentment. I wish parentes therefore -to be warie, ear they set ouer their owne person for more then the -training: and the maisters to be as warie for feare of had I wist. But -to the grammer schooles. As the elementaries of force must be neare -vnto their parentes bycause of their youth, and therefore are not to be -denied the middle of cities and townes: so I could wish that grammer -schooles were planted in the skirtes and suburbes of townes, neare to -the fieldes, where partely by enclosure of some priuate ground, for -the closer exercises both in couert and open: partely for the benefit -of the open fieldes for exercises of more raunge, there might not be -much want of roome, if there were any at all. To haue a faire schoole -house aboue with freedome of aire for the toungues, and an other -beneath for other pointes of learning, and perfiting or continuyng the -Elementarie entrances, which will hardly be kept, if they be posted -ouer to priuate practising at home: to haue the maister and his familie -though of some good number conueniently well lodged: to haue a pretie -close adioyning to the schoole walled round about, and one quarter if -no more couered aboue cloisture like, for the childrens exercise in -the rainie weather, as it will require a good minde and no mean purse: -so it needs neither the conference of a countrey, as _Lacedemon_ did -in _Athenæus_, and _Plato_, as _Athens_ did in _Pausanius_, _Suidas_ -and _Philostratus_, as _Corinth_ did in _Diogenes Laertius_: nor yet -the reuenue of a Romain Emperour, whose buildinges in this kinde, were -most sumptuous and magnificent, as _Adrian_ the Emperours _Athenæum_, -_Hermæum_ and _Panathænaicum_ at _Tibur_, and _Neroes Thermæ_ at -_Rome_, which in one building furnished out both learning and exercise -as it appeareth by the descriptions of their places called _Gymnasia_, -_xysta_, and _Palæstræ_. - -There is wealth enough in priuate possession, if there were will enough -to publike education. And yet we haue no great cause to complaine for -number of schooles and founders. For during the time of her _Maiesties_ -most fortunate raigne already, there hath bene mo schooles erected, -then all the rest be, that were before her time in the whole Realme. -My meaning is not to haue so many, but better appointed both for the -maisters entertainment, and the commoditie of the places. Small helpe -will make most of our roomes serue, and small studie with great good -will and honest salarie to maintaine a sufficient man, will make -our teachers able both to enstructe well and to exercise better. -The places of learning and exercise, ought to be ioint tenementes, -and neare neigbours capable of number, which must be limited by the -neede of the countrey, where the schoole standeth, and the maisters -maintenaunce, which way it must rise. For if it rise by the number, -better for him few and choice, so they consider his paines accordingly. -And sure experience hath taught me, that where the maister is left -to the vncertaintie of his stipende to encrease or decrease with his -diligence, that there he will do best, and the children profit most, -allway prouided that he deale with no more, then he can bring vp vnder -himselfe, and hasard not his owne credit, nor his childrens profit vpon -any absolute vnderteacher. Whose vse is not, as we now practise it -in schooles, where indeede vshers be maisters of them selues, but to -assist the maister in the easier pointes of his charge, which ought to -haue all vnder his owne teaching, for the cheife pointes, and the same -vnder the vshers, for more vsuall and easie, as in the teaching of the -Latin toungue, I will declare more at large. Where the very practise -wil confirme my wordes, and proue them to be true. - -Againe, it is halfe a wonder euer to bring forth a good scholer in -the hart of a great towne: where there be chaunge of schooles, and -many straunge circunstances to procure chaunge, as it shall please the -child. Who notwithstanding he haue his will followed in the chaunge, -yet seldome winneth very much by the chaunge: though the second maister -oftimes make shew of the formers ground worke, which is made but light -of, bycause it kepeth lowe. - -If the maisters stipend do rise by foundacion, and standing payment, -yet the place may not be ouercharged with number: nor the maister -with care to prouide things needfull any other wayes then onely by -his trade. For what reason is it to haue a mans whole labour, and to -allow him liuing stant [scant?] sufficient for a quarter? or what -pollicie is it, to haue him that should teache well, to be enforced for -neede, to meddle with some trade, quite different from the schoole. In -this pointe the _Pope_, and Canon lawe weare merueilous freindly to -maisters, and helped them still with some Ecclesiasticall maintenaunce, -as it appeareth in _Gregories_ Decretales, the fifth title of the -fifth booke, _De Magistris_. And the Glose ripping further then the -text, is yet more freindly. And our owne countrey also, in benefit of -priuiledge, by the common lawe at this day, doth not frowne vpon vs, -and for certaine immunities, letteth vs enioye that benefit, which the -_Canonist_ meant vs. And the good Emperour _Frederick_ did further by -his freindly and favourable constitution, which he caused to be placed -in the fourth booke of _Iustinians_ new Codex, the thirtenth title, -_Ne filius, pro patre_, where the Glosse, making an anatomie of the -Emperours meaning, and desirous to do vs good, helpeth vs particularly -and properly to. - -Among many causes which make schooles so vnsufficiently appointed, I -know not any, nay is there any? that so weakneth the profession as the -very nakednesse of allowance doth. The good that commeth from and by -schooles is great and infinite: the qualities required in the teacher -many and resolute: the charges which his freindes haue bene at in his -bringing vp much and heauy: and in the way of preferment, will ye wish -any of any worth to set downe his staffe at some petie portion, which -euen they that praise it, would not be content to haue their owne sit -downe with, though the founder follow his president, and the time -haue bene, when with the Church helpe some litle would haue serued? -but the case now is quite altered. In these our dayes eche man will -enhaunce in his owne, without reason or remorse: but in professions of -greatest neede and most account, they will yeelde no more allowance, -then the auncient rent, where all thinges be improued. Yet oftimes they -meete with bookmen in some kinds, which wil bite them coursdly. But -those bookmen be neither Elementarie teachers, nor yet Grammarians. -Our calling creepes low and hath paine for companion, stil thrust to -the wall, though still confessed good: Our comfort perforce is in the -generall conclusion, that those thinges be good thinges, which want -no praising,[67] though they go a cold, for want of happing. For our -schoole places, which I do know, the most are either commodiously -situate already, or being in the hart of townes might easely be chopt -for some field situation, farre from disturbaunce, and neare to all -necessaries. It were no small part of a great and good erection, euen -to translate roumes to more conuenient places, either by exchaunge or -by new purchace: and I do thinke that licences to that ende, will be -more easely graunted then to build moe schooles. The inconueniences -which I my selfe haue felt that waye, both for mine owne, and for my -scholers health, and the checking of that, which of long I haue wished -for: I meane some traine in exercise, do cause me so much to commend -field roome. Though I my selfe be not the worst appointed within a -citie for roome, thorough the great good will towardes the furtherance -of learning, and the great cost, in the purchasing, and apparelling the -roome to that vse, done by the worshipfull companie of the _marchaunt -tailours_ in London. In whose schoole I haue bene both the first, and -onely maister sence the erection, and their haue continued now twenty -yeares. - -If ye consider, what is to be done in these roomes which I require, -ye shall better iudge what roomes will serue. In the schoole the -tongues be taught, and the Elementarie traine continued at times -thervnto appointed, for those, two roomes will serue. An vpper, -with some conuenient discharging the place from noysome ayre, which -the verie children cause: and from to great noise if the place be -vawted vnder, or enclosed with other building: and an other beneath -likewise appointed, to serue for what else is to be done. They that -will haue their children learne all that I haue assigned them vpon -good warrant of the best writers, and most commendable custome, if -their capacities be according, may haue their turne serued so: and -those that will not, need not, but the opportunity of the place, and -the commoditie of such trainers, wherof a smal time wil bring forth a -great meany, will draw many on, and procure good exhibitours to haue -the thing go forward. I could wish we had fewer schooles, so they were -more sufficient, and that vpon consideration of the most conuenient -seates for the countries, and shires, there were many put together to -make some few good. _Insufficiencie_ by distraction dismembers, and -weakens: _sufficiencie_ by vniting strengthens, and doth much good. To -conclude I wishe the roome commodious for situacion, which in training -vp of youth hath bene an old care, as it appeareth by _Xenophon_ in -the schooling of _Cyrus_ and the _Persian_ order: large to holde, and -conuenient to holde handsomely. For as _reading_ and thinges of that -motion do require small elbow roome: so _writing_, and her appendentes -may not be straited. _Musicke_ will cumber if it be confounded. Where -_writing_ wilbe allowed, there _drawing_ will not be driuen out. But -exercise must haue scope. And such kinde of roomes, if the multitude be -not to bigge, or the waye to schoole not to farre for the infant, with -some litle distinctions, and parting of places, will serue conueniently -both for the _Elementarie_, and the _Grammarian_, and so much the -better. - -[Sidenote: The time.] - -For the time there is but litle to be said at this time: bycause in -the Elementarie and so onward, I meane by the grace of God to apply -all circunstances so neare, and so precisely to schoole vses, as the -maister shalbe able streight way to execute: if he do but follow that -which shalbe set before him, for _matter_ wherin: for _manner_ how: -for _time_ when to do eche thing best. For the generall exercising -time. These two groundes of _Hippocrates_, must be still kept in -remembraunce, to vse no exercise when ye be very hungrie: neither yet -to eate before ye haue vsed some exercise. - -For the generall learning times: to begin, the strength of body, -and conceit of minde were made the generall meanes: to continue, -perfectnesse, and vse were appointed the limittes: for the midle houres -this I thinke, that it were not good, to go to your booke streight -after ye rise, but to giue some time to the clearing of your body. As -also studie after meate, and fast before ye sleepe beareth great blame -for great harmes to health, and to much shortning of life. From seuen -of the cloke, though ye rise sooner, (as the _lambe_ and the _larke_ -be the prouerbiale leaders, when to rise and when to go to bead) -till tenne before noone, and from two till almost fiue in the after -noone, be the best and fittest houres, and enough for children wherin -to learne. The morening houres will best serue for the memorie and -conceiuing: the after noone for repetitions, and stuffe for memorie to -worke on. The reasons be the freenesse, or fulnesse of the head. The -other times before meat be for exercises, as hath bene fully handled -heretofore. The houres before learning, and after meate, are to be -bestowed, vpon either neating of the bodie, or solacing of the minde, -without to much motion: wherin as I said before the greatest part, and -the best to be plaid consisteth vsually in the trainers discretion, -to apply thinges according to the circunstances of person, place, -and time. To conclude we must be content with those places, which be -already founded, and vse those houres which be already pointed to the -best that we can, and yet prepare our selues towardes the better, -when soeuer it shall please God to send them. And by perswasion some -maisters maye well enough bring wise parentes to yeelde vnto this note, -and to giue it the triall. In the meane time some excellent man hauing -the commoditie of a well situate house, and being able to commaund his -owne circunstance, neither depending of other mens helpe, wherof he -cannot iudge, and so that way leasing some authoritie in direction, may -put many excellent conclusions in triall. - - - - -CHAPTER 41. - - OF TEACHERS AND TRAINERS IN GENERALL, AND THAT THEY BE EITHER - ELEMENTARIE, GRAMMATICALL, OR ACADEMICALL. OF THE ELEMENTARIE TEACHERS - ABILITIE, AND ENTERTAIMENT. OF THE GRAMMER MAISTERS ABILITIE, AND HIS - ENTERTAIMENT. A MEANE TO HAUE BOTH EXCELLENT TEACHERS, AND CUNNING - PROFESSORS IN ALL KINDES OF LEARNING, BY THE DIUISION OF COLLEGES - ACCORDING TO PROFESSIONS: BY SORTING LIKE YEARES INTO THE SAME ROUMES: - BY BETTERING THE STUDENTES ALLOWANCE AND LIUING: BY PROUIDING AND - MAINTAINING NOTABLE WELL LEARNED READERS. THAT FOR BRINGING LEARNING - FORWARD IN HIS RIGHT AND BEST COURSE, THERE WOULD BE SEUEN ORDINARIE - ASCENDING COLLEGES FOR TOUNGUES, FOR MATHEMATIKES, FOR PHILOSOPHIE, - FOR TEACHERS, FOR PHYSICIANS, FOR LAWYERS, FOR DIUINES, AND THAT - THE GENERALL STUDIE OF LAWE WOULD BE BUT ONE STUDIE: EUERY OF THESE - POINTES WITH HIS PARTICULAR PROOFES, SUFFICIENT FOR A POSITION. OF THE - ADMISSION OF TEACHERS. - -Althovgh I deuided the traine of education into two partes, the one -for learning to enrich the minde: the other for exercise to enable the -body: yet I reserued the execution of both to one and the same maister: -bycause neither the knowledge of both is so excessiue great, but it may -easely be come by: neither the execution so troublesome, but that one -man may see to it: neither do the subiectes by nature receiue partition -seeing the soule and body ioyne so freindly in lincke, and the one -must needes serue the others turne: and he that seeth the necessitie -of both, can best discerne what is best for both. As concerning -the trainers abilitie, whereby he is made sufficient to medle with -exercises, I haue already in my conceit sufficiently enstructed him, -both for the exercises themselues, and for the manner of handling -them according to the rules and considerations of _Physick_ and -_Gymnastick_, besides some aduertisements giuen peculiarly to his owne -person: wherin I dwelt the longer, and delt the larger, bycause I ment -not to medle with that argument any more then once, and for that point -so to satisfie the trainer, wheresoeuer he dwelt, or of what abilitie -soeuer he were, as if he listed he might rest vpon my rules being -painfully gathered from the best in that kinde. If he were desierous to -make further search, and had oportunity of time, and store of bookes: -I gaue him some light where to bestow his studie. - -[Sidenote: Teachers.] - -[Sidenote: Elementarie.] - -[Sidenote: Grammaticall.] - -[Sidenote: Academicall.] - -Now am I to deale with the teaching maister, or rather that propertie -in the common maister, which concerneth teaching, which is either -_Elementarie_ and dealeth with the first principles: or _Gramaticall_ -and entreth to the toungues: or _Academicall_, and becomes a reader, or -tutour to youth in the vniuersity. - -[Sidenote: Academicall.] - -For the _tutour_ bycause he is in the vniuersitie, where his daily -conuersation among a number of studentes, and the opinion of learning, -which the vniuersitie hath of him: wil direct choice and assure desire: -I haue nothing to saye, but leaue the parentes to those helpes, which -the place doth promise. - -[Sidenote: Elementarie.] - -2. For the _Elementarie_ bycause good scholers will not abase -themselues to it, it is left to the meanest, and therfore to the worst. -For that the first grounding would be handled by the best, and his -reward would be greatest, bycause both his paines and his iudgement -should be with the greatest. And it would easily allure sufficient men -to come downe so lowe, if they might perceaue that reward would rise -vp. No man of iudgement will contrarie this pointe, neither can any -ignorant be blamed for the contrarie: the one seeth the thing to be but -low in order, the other knoweth the ground to be great in laying, not -onely for the matter which the child doth learne: which is very small -in shew, though great for proces: but also for the manner of handling -his witte, to harten him for afterward, which is of great moment. - -[Sidenote: Of the Elementary teachers entertainment.] - -But to say somwhat concerning the teachers reward, which is the -encouragement to good teaching, what reason is it, though still -pretended, and sometimes perfourmed, to encrease wages, as the child -waxeth in learning? Is it to cause the maister to take more paines, -and vpon such promise, to set his pupille more forward? Nay surely -that cannot be. The present payment would set that more forward, then -the hope in promise, bycause in such varietie and inconstancie of -the parentes mindes, what assurance is there, that the child shall -continue with the same maister: that he maye receiue greater allowance -with lesse paines, which tooke greater paines, with lesse allowance? -Besides this if the reward were good, he would hast to gaine more, -which new and fresh repare of scholers would bring, vpon report of the -furthering his olde, and his diligent trauell. What reason caryeth -it, when the labour is lesse, then to enlarge the allowance? the -latter maister to reape the benefit of the formers labour, bycause -the child makes more shew with him? why? It is the foundacion well -and soundly laid, which makes all the vpper building muster, with -countenaunce and continuaunce. If I were to strike the stroke, as I am -but to giue counsell, the first paines truely taken, should in good -truth be most liberally recompensed: and lesse allowed still vpward, -as the paines diminish, and the ease encreaseth. Wherat no maister -hath cause to repine, so he maye haue his children well grounded in -the _Elementarie_. Whose imperfection at this day doth marueilously -trouble both maisters and scholers, so that we can hardly do any good, -nay scantly tell how to place the too too raw boyes in any certaine -forme, with hope to go forward orderly, the ground worke of their -entrie being so rotten vnderneth. Which weaknes if the vpper maister do -redresse, when the child commeth vnder his hand, he cannot but deserue -triple wages, both for his owne making, and for mending that, which the -_Elementarie_ either marred with ignoraunce, or made not for haste, -which is both the commonest, and the corruptest kinde of marring in my -opinion. For the next maisters wages, I do conceiue, that the number -in ripenesse vnder him, will requite the _Elementarie_ allowance, be -it neuer so great. For the first maister can deale but with a few, the -next with moe, and so still vpward, as reason groweth on, and receiues -without forcing. For the inequalitie of children, it were good a whole -companie remoued still togither, and that there were no admission into -schooles, but foure times in the yeare quarterly, that the children -of foresight might be matched, and not hurled hand ouer head into -one forme as now we are forced, not by substaunce, but by similitude -and coniecture at the sudden, which thing the conference betwene the -maisters in a resolued plat will helpe wonderfully well forward, when -the one saith this haue I taught, and this can the child do: the other -knoweth this ye should teach, and this your childe should do. Thus much -for the _elementarie_ maister, that he be sufficiently appointed in -himselfe for abilitie, and sufficiently prouided for, by parentes for -maintenaunce. Now whether one man, or moe shalbe able to perfourme all -the _elementarie_ pointes, at diuers houres, or of force there must -be more teachers, that shalbe handled in the _elementarie_ it selfe -hereafter. Once fore all good entertainement by way of reward, will -make very able men to leane this way, and one course of training will -breed, a meruelous number of sufficient trainers, whose insufficiencie -may now be obiected, that such cannot presently be had, though in short -time they may. And if there must be moe executours, entertainement will -worke that to, and conuenientnes of rowme will bring all togither. - -[Sidenote: Grammer maisters.] - -[Sidenote: The Grammer maisters entertainement -and his sufficiencie.] - -3. My greatest trauell must be about the _grammer_ maister, as ech -parent ought to be verie circumspect for his owne priuate that way. -For he is to deale with those yeares, whereupon all the residew do -build their likelyhoode to proue well or ill. Wherein by reason of the -naturall agilitie of the soule and body, being both vnsettled, there is -most stirre, and least stay: he perfiteth the _Elementarie_ in course -of learning: he offereth hope or despaire of perfection to the _tutour_ -and vniuersitie, in their proceeding further. For whom in consideration -of sufficient abilitie, and faithfull trauell I must still pray for -good entertainement, which will always procure most able persons. For -it is a great daunting to the best able man, and a great cutting of -his diligent paynes, when he shall finde his whole dayes trauell not -able to furnish him of necessarie prouision: to do good with the best, -and to gaine with the basest, nay much lesse than the lowest, who may -entend to shift, when he must entend his charge: and enrich himselfe, -nay hardly feede himselfe, with a pure, and poore conscience. But ye -will perhaps say what shall this man be able to performe, for whom you -are so carefull, to haue him so well entertained? to whose charge the -youth of our country is to be committed? If there were no more said, -euen this last point were enough to craue enough, for that charge is -great: and if he do discharge it well, he must be well able to do -it, and ought to be very well requited for doing it so well. Besides -his maners and behauiour, which require testimonie and assurance: -besides his skill in exercising and trayning of the body, he must be -able to teach the three learned toungues, the _latin_, the _greeke_, -the _hebrew_, if the place require so much, if not, so much as is -required. Wherin assuredly a mediocritie in knowledge, will proue to -meane, to emplant, that in another which he hath in himselfe. For he -that meaneth to plant but some litle well: must himselfe farre exceede -any degree of mediocrite. He must be able to vnderstand his writer, -to maister false printes, vnskilfull dictionaries, simple coniectures -of some smattering writers concerning the matter of his traine, and -be so appointed ear he begine to teach, as he may execute readyly, -and not make his owne imperfection, to be a torture to his scooler, -and a schooling to him selfe. For it is an ill ground to grow vp from -ignoraunce by teaching, in that place, where no ignorance of matter -at least should be, at the very first: though time and experience -do polish out the maner. He must haue the knowledge of all the best -grammers, to giue notes by the way still, though he burden not the -childes memorie of course, with any more then shalbe set downe. There -are required in him besides these, and further pointes of learning to, -as I will note hereafter, _hardnes_ to take paines: _constancie_ to -continew and not to shrinke from his trade: _discretion_ to iudge of -circumstances: _lightsomnes_ to delite in the successe of his labour: -_hartines_ to encourage a toward youth: _regard_ to thinke ech childe -an _Alexander_: _courteous lowlines_ in himselfe, as if he were the -meanest thoug he were knowne to be the best. For the verie least thing -in learning, will not be well done, but onely by him, which knoweth the -most, and doth that which he doth with pleasure and ease, by reason of -his former store. These qualities deserue much, and in our scooles they -be not generally found, bycause the rewardes for labour there be so -base and simple, yet the most neare is best in choice, and many there -be which would come neare, if entertainement were answerable. Let the -parentes, and founders prouide for the one: and certainely they shall -finde no default in the other. - -[Sidenote: A meane to haue excellent teachers and professours -generally.] - -[Sidenote: The foure particular meanes.] - -There were a way in the nature of a seminarie for excellent maisters -in my conceit, if reward were abroad, and such an order might be -had within the vniuersitie: which I must touch with licence and for -touching craue pardon, if it be not well thought of, as I know it will -seeme straunge at the first, bycause of some difficultie in perfourming -the deuise. And yet there had neuer bene any alteration to the better, -if the name of alteration had bene the obiect to repulse. This my note -but by the way, though it presently parhapes doe make some men muse, -yet hereafter vpon better consideration, it may proue verie familiar -to some good fantasies, and be exceeding well liked of, both by my -maisters of the vniuersities them selues, and by their maisters abroad. -Whereby not onely schoolemaisters, but all other professours also -shalbe made excellently able to performe that in the common weale which -she looketh for at their handes, when they come from the vniuersitie. -But by the way I protest simply, that I do not tender this wish, as -hauing any great cause to mislike the currant, which the vniuersities -be now in: but graunting thinges there to be well done already, I offer -no discourtesie in wishing that good to be a great deale better. My -conceit resteth in these foure pointes: 1. what if the colleges were -deuided by professions and faculties? 2. what if they of the like -yeares, and the like profession, were all bestowed in one house? 3. -what if the liuings by vniting were made better, and the colleges not -so many: though farre greater? 4. what if in euery house there were -great pensions, and allowances for continuall and most learned readers: -which would end their liues there? what harme could our countrie -receiue thereby? nay, what good were not in great forwardnes to be -done, if this thing were done? And may not the state of the realme do -this by authoritie, which gaue authoritie to founders to do the other, -with reseruation of prerogatiue to alter vpon cause? or is not this -question as worthy the debating to mend the vniuersities, and to plant -sownd learning: as to deuise the taking away landes from colleges, and -put the studentes to pension, bycause they cannot vse them without -iarring among themselues? Were there any way better to cut away all the -misliking, wherewith the vniuersities be now charged, and to bring in a -new face of thinges both rarer and fayrer? - -In the first erection of schooles and colleges, _priuat zeale_ enflamed -good founders: in altering to the better, _publicke consideration_ -may cause a commoner good, and yet keepe the good founders meaning, -who would very gladly embrace any auauncement to the better in any -their buildinges. The nature of _time_ is vpon sting of necessitie, -to enfourme what were best: and the dutie of _pollicie_ is, aduisedly -to consider how to bring that about which time doth aduertise. And -if time do his dutie to tell, can _pollicie_ auoide blame in sparing -to trie? And why should not _publike consideration_ be as carefull to -thinke of altering to fortifie the state now, as _priuat zeale_ was -hoat then to strengthen that which was then in liking? - -But I will open these foure interrogations better, that the -considerations which leade me, may winne others vnto me, or at the -least let them see, that it is no meere noueltie which moueth me thus -farre. - -[Sidenote: Of the diuision of colleges.] - -[Sidenote: The college of toungues.] - -Touching the _diuision_ of _colleges_ by professions and faculties, I -alleege no president from other nations, though I could do diuerse, -begining euen at _Lycæum_, _Stoa_, _Academia_, themselues, and so -downeward, and in other nations east and southeast ascending vpwarde, -where studentes cloystured them selues together, as their choice in -learning lay: but priuate examples in their applying to our country may -be controuled by generall exception. If there were one college, where -nothing should be professed, but languages onely, (as there be some -people which will proceede no further) to serue the realme abroad, and -studies in the vniuersitie, in that point excellently and absolutelie, -were it not conuenient? nay were it not most profitable? That being the -ende of their profession, and nothing dealt withall there but that, -would not sufficiencie be discried by witnes of a number? and would -not dayly conference and continuall applying in the same thing procure -sufficiencie? Wheras now euery one dealing with euery thing confusedly -none can assuredly say, thus much can such a one do in any one thing, -but either vpon coniecture which oftentimes deceiueth euen him that -affirmes: or else vpon curtesie which as oft beguiles euen him that -beleueth. These reasons hold not in this point for toungues onely: but -in all other distributions, where the like matter and the like men be -likewise to be matched. For where all _exercises_, all _conferences_, -all both priuate and publike, _colloquies_, be of the same argument, -bycause the soile bringeth foorth no other stuffe, there must needes -follow great perfection. When toungues, and learning be so seuered, it -will soone appeare, what ods there is betwene one that can but speake, -and him that can do more, whereas now some few finish wordes, will -beare away the glorie from knowledge without consideration, that the -gate is without the towne as dismantling bewraies, though it be the -entrie into it. - -[Sidenote: The colledge for the mathematikes.] - -If an other colledge were for the _Mathematicall_ sciences, I dare -say it were good, I will not say it were best, for that some good -wittes, and in some thinges not vnseene, not knowing the force of these -faculties bycause they neuer thought them worthey their studie as -being without preferment, and within contempt, do vse to abase them, -and to mocke at _mathematicall_ heades, bycause in deede the studie -thereof requireth attentiuenes, and such a minde, as will not be soone -caried to any publike shew, before his full ripenes, but will rest in -solitarie contemplation, till he finde himselfe flidge. Now this their -meditation if they be studentes in deede: or the shadow of meditation, -if they be but counterfettes, do these men plaie with all, and mocke -such mathematicall heades, to solace themselues with. - -Wherein they haue some reason to mocke at mathematicall heades, as -they do tearme them, though they should haue greater reason, why to -cherish, and make much of the mathematicall sciences, if they will not -discredit _Socrates_ his authoritie, and wisedome in _Plato_,[68] which -in the same booke auaunceth these sciences aboue the moone, whence -some learned men fetch his opinion, and force his iudgement, as the -wisest maister against such as allow of correction in schooles: which -they would seeme to banishe, till their owne rod beat them. The very -end of that booke is the course that is to be kept in learning in the -perfitest kinde, which beginneth at the mathematikes, and it dealeth -more with the necessitie of them, then with the whole argument besides: -as it is no noueltie to heare that _Plato_ esteemed of them, who forbad -any to enter his _Academie_, which was not a _Geometrician_, whereunder -he contained the other, but specially her sister _Arithmetike_. - -For the men which professe these sciences, and giue cause to their -discountenaunce, they be either meere ignorant, and maintaine their -credit with the vse of some tearmes, propositions, and particularities -which be in ordinarie courses that way, and neuer came nigh the -kernell: or hauing some knowledge in them in deede, rather employe -their time, and knowledge aboute the degenerate, and sophisticall -partes of them, applyed by vaine heades to meere collusions though -they promise great consequences: then to the true vse, and auauncement -of art. Howbeit in the meane time, though the one disgrace them with -contempt, and the other make them contemptible, by both their leaues -I do thinke thus of them: but what a poore thing is my thought? yet -some thing it is where it shalbe beleeued. In time all learning may -be brought into one toungue, and that naturall to the inhabitant, so -that schooling for toungues, may proue nedeles, as once they were not -needed: but it can neuer fall out, that artes and sciences in their -right nature, shalbe but most necessarie for any common weale, that -is not giuen ouer vnto to to much barbarousnes. We do attribute to much -to toungues, which do minde them more then we do matter chiefly in a -monarchie: and esteeme it more honorable to speake finely, then to -reason wisely: where wordes be but praised for the time, and wisedom -winnes at length. For while the _Athenian_, and _Romaine_ popular -gouernementes, did yeald so much vnto eloquence, as one mans perswasion -might make the whole assembly to sway with him, it was no meruell if -the thing were in price, which commaunded: if wordes were of weight, -which did rauish: if force of sentence were in credit, which ruled the -fantsie, and bridled the hearer. Then was the toungue imperiall bycause -it dealt with the people: now must it obey, bycause it deales with a -prince, and be seruaunt vnto learned matter, acknowledging it to be -her liege, and mistresse. All those great obseruations of eloquence, -are either halfe drowned, for want of a democratie: or halfe douted of -for discredit of diuinitie: which following the substance of matter, -commendeth vnto vs the like in all studies. - -For the credit of these _mathematicall_ sciences, I must needes vse -one authoritie of great, and well deserued countenaunce among vs, -and so much the rather, bycause his iudgement is so often, and so -plausibly vouched by the curteouse maister _Askam_ in his booke, which -I wish he had not himselfe, neither any other for him entitled the -_scoolemaister_, bycause myselfe dealing in that argument must needes -sometime dissent to farre from him, with some hasard of myne owne -credit, seeing his is hallowed. The worthy, and well learned gentleman -_Sir Iohn Cheeke_[69] in the middest of all his great learning, his -rare eloquence, his sownd iudgement, his graue modestie, feared the -blame of a _mathematicall_ head so litle in himselfe, and thought the -profession to be so farre from any such taint, being soundly and sadly -studied by others, as he bewraid his great affection towards them -most euidently in this his doing. Being himselfe prouost of the kings -colledge in _Cambridge_, in the time of his most honored prince, and -his best hoped pupill, the good _king Edward_, brother to our gracious -soueraine _Queene Elizabeth_, he sent downe from the court one maister -_Bukley_ somtime fellow of the saide colledge, and very well studyed -in the _mathematicalls_ to reade _Arithmeticke_, and _Geometrie_ to -the youth of the colledge: and for the better encouraging of them -to that studie gaue them a number of _Euclides_ of his owne coast. -Maister _Bukley_ had drawne the rules of _Arithmeticke_ into verses, -and gaue the copies abroad to his hearers. My selfe am to honour the -memorie of that learned knight, being partaker my selfe of his liberall -distribution of those _Euclides_, with whom he ioyned _Xenophon_, -which booke he wished, and caused to be red in the same house, and -gaue them to the studentes, to encourage them aswell to the greeke -toungue, as he did to the _mathematikes_. He did I take it as much for -the studentes in S. _Iohns_ colledge, whose pupill he had once bene, -as he did for vs of the kinges colledge whose prouost he then was. -Can he then mislike the _mathematicall_ sciences, which will seeme -to honour Syr _Iohn Cheeke_, and reuerence his iudgement? can he but -thinke the opinion to proceede from wisedom, which counteth _Socrates_ -the wisest maister? Nay how dare he take vpon him to be a maister, -not of art, but of artes (for so is the name,) which hath not studyed -them, ear he proceeded? Are not the proceeders to reade in any of those -sciences publickely, by the vice chauncelours appointment, after they -haue commenced? and do they not promise, and professe the things, when -they seeke to procure the titles? And with what face dare ignorance -open her mouth, or but vtter some sounde of words, where she hath -professed the weight of matter? So that the very vniuersity her selfe -doth highly esteeme of them if she could entreat her people to esteeme -of their mothers iudgement. These sciences bewray them selues in many -professions and trades which beare not the titles of learning, whereby -it is well seene, that they are no prating, but profitable grounds: -not gay to the shew, but good to be shewed, and such meanes of vse, as -the vse of our life were quite maimed without them. Then gather I, if -bare experience, and ordinarie imitation do cause so great thinges to -be done by the meere shadow, and roat of these sciences, what would -iudiciall cunning do, being ioyned with so well affected experience? -Neither is it any obiection of account to say what should marchauntes, -carpentars, masons, shippmaisters, maryners, deuisours, architectes, -and a number such do with latin, and learning? do they not well enough -without, to serue the turne in our countrie? If they do well with out -might they not do better with? And why may not an English carpentar, -and his companions speake that toungue to helpe their countrie the -more, being gotten in youth, eare they can be set to other labour, -which the _Romaine_ artificer did naturally vse, seing it is more -commendable in ours, where labour is the conquerour, then in the Romain -where nature was commendour? As if none should haue Latin but those -which were for further degrees in learning. - -The tounges be helpes indifferent to all trades as well as to learning. -Neither is the speaking of Latin any necessarie argument of deeper -learning, as the Mathematicall sciences be the olde rudimentes of -young children, and the certaine directours to all those artificers, -which without them go by roate, and with them might shew cunning. I -maye not at this time prosecute this position, as to fremd for this -place: but after my Elementarie and toungue schoole, I meane to search -it to the very bottom, with the whole profession of those faculties, -if God send me life, and health. 1. For the while this shall suffise -that these sciences, which we terme the Mathematicalles in their -effectual nature, do worke still some good thing, sensible euen to -the simple, by number, figure, sound, or motion: 2. In the manner of -their teaching they do plant in the minde of the learner, an habite -inexpungable by bare probabilities, and not to be brought to beleeue -vpon light coniectures, in any other knowledge, being still drawne on -by vnfallible demonstrations: 3. In their similitudinarie applications, -they let one see by them in sense the like affection in contemplatiue, -and intelligible thinges, and be the surest groundes to retourne vnto -in replies and instances, either vpon defect in memorie, or in checke -of aduersarie, contrarie to the common similitudes. For when ye compare -the common weale to a ship, and the people to the passagers, the -application being vnder saile, maye be out of sight, when ye seeke for -your proofe. But in these sciences the similitudinarie teaching is so -certain in applying, and so confirmed by effectes: as there is nothing -so farre from sense, and so secret in vnderstanding, but it will make -it palpable. They be taken from the sense, and trauell the thought, -but they resolue the minde. And though such as vnderstand them not, do -mislike them, which yet is no reason in them, nor any disgrace to the -thing misliked by them, seeing ignoraunce misliketh: yet those that -vnderstand them, may boldly mislike the mislikers, and oppose the whole -auncient Philosophie, and all well appointed common weales against such -mockmathematicalles, without whose helpe they could not liue, nor haue -houses to hide their heades, though they thanke not their founders. - -[Sidenote: The colledge for Philosophie.] - -3. If _Philosophie_ with her three kindes had the third colledge, were -it thinke you vnproper? Then the naturall might afterward proceede -to _Physick_, whom she fitteth: the Politicke to _Lawe_, whom she -groundeth: the morall to _Diuinitie_, whom she helpeth in discourse. -Which three professions, _Diuinitie_, _Lawe_, _Physick_ should euery -one be endowed with their particular colledges, and liuinges. 4. To -haue the _Physician_ thus learned, it were nothing to much, considering -his absolutenesse is learning, and his ignoraunce butcherie, if -he do but marke his owne maister _Galene_[70] in his booke of the -best profession. 5. For the _Diuine_ to tarie time, and to haue the -handmaiden sciences to attend vpon their mistres profession, were it -any hindrance to his credit, where discretion the daughter of time is -his fairest conusance, and if he come without her, what sternesse so -euer he pretend in countenance, we will measure the man, though we -marke his sayinges? 6. The _Lawyers_ best note in the best iudgementes -is contentment, not to couet to much, and for that desire not to striue -to gaine to much: not beyond the extremitie of lawe, but farre on this -side the extremitie of right. And can digesting time be but commodious -in this case, and contempt of toyes eare he enter into them, be but -mother to contentment? Time to bread sufficiencie, and sufficiencie -to bring sound iudgement, cut of all matter of blame, and leaue all -matter to praise. But in this distribution where is _Logicke_ and -_Rethoricke_, some will saye? Where is _Grammer_ then will I saye? -A directour to language. And so _Logicke_, for her demonstratiue -part, plaieth the _Grammer_ to the _Mathematicalles_, and naturall -_Philosophie_: for her probabilitie to morall, and politike, and such -other as depend not vpon necessitie of matter. _Rhetoricke_ for puritie -without passion doth ioyne with the writer in any kinde, for perswasion -with passion, with the speaker in all kindes, and yet both the speaker -dealeth sometime quietly, and the plaine writer waxeth very hoate. - -[Sidenote: The necessitie of the college for toungues.] - -1. Of these colledges, that which is for _toungues_ is so necessary -as scant any thing more. For the toungues being receites for matter, -without the perfect vnderstanding of them, what hope is there to -vnderstand matter? and seeing wordes be names of thinges applyed and -giuen according to their properties, how can thinges be properly -vnderstood by vs, which vse the ministrie and seruice of wordes to -know them by, onelesse the force of speeche be thoroughly knowen? And -do you not thinke that euery profession hath neede to haue a title of -the signification of wordes, as well as the ciuill lawyer? I do see in -writers, and I do heare in speakers great defectes in the mistaking of -meaninges: and euident errours thorough insufficiencie herin. And as -_toungues_ cannot be better perfitted, then streight after their entrie -by the grammer schoole: so they must be more perfitted, then they can -be there. And what if some will neuer proceede any further, but rest in -those pleasaunt kinde of writers, which delite most in gaing of their -language as poetes, histories, discourses, and such, as will be counted -generall men? - -[Sidenote: The necessitie of the Mathematicall colledge.] - -2. As for the _Mathematicalles_, they had the place before the toungues -were taught, which though they be now some necessarie helpes, bycause -we vse forreine language for conueaunce of knowledge: yet they push -vs one degree further of from knowledge. That the _Mathematicalles_ -had the place, and were proposed still to children, he that hath -read any thing in Philosophie cannot be ignorant. _Plato_ is full of -it, and termeth them commonly the _childrens entrance_, but cheifly -in the seuenth booke of his common weale. So is his scholer though -long after his death _Philo_ the _Iewe_ (whom euen his countrieman -_Iosephus_, a man somewhat parciall in praising other, yet calleth a -singular man for eloquence and wisedome, speaking of his embassage -to _Caius_ the Emperour) but specially in that treatise, which he -maketh of the foretraine, for so I turne _Platoes_ προπαιδεία, and -_Philoes_ προπαίδευμα.[71] There he deuiseth, as he is a perpetuall -allegoriser, _Sara_ to be the _image_ of _Diuinitie_, and _Agar_ the -figure of all other handmaiden sciences, wherein he wisheth a young -man to deale very long, or he venture vpon _Sara_, which will not -be fertil but in late, and ripe yeares. He construeth both in that -place, and in _Moses_ his life also, those wordes of the bringing vp -of _Moses_ in all the doctrine of the _Ægyptians_, to be meant in the -_Mathematicalles_, which was the traine of that time, and the brood of -that soile, or there about. And to saye the trueth let any man marke -the course of all auncient learning, and he shall finde, that it could -not be possibly otherwise, but that the _Mathematicall_ was their -rudiment, though no historie, no describer of common weale, no setter -forth of Philosophers life, no Philosopher himselfe had tolde it vs? -Is not _Aristotles_ first booke of all in course of his teaching, his -_Organum_, which conteineth his whole _Logicke_? and in his proofes for -the piking out of his _syllogismes_ doth he not bewraie, wherin he was -brought vp? I vse _Aristotle_ alone for example, bycause our studentes -be best acquainted with him: whom yet they cannot vnderstand without -these helpes, as one _Brauardine_ espied well, though not he alone, -who tooke the paines to gather out of _Euclide_ two bookes purposely -for the vnderstanding of _Aristotle_. Can his bookes of Demonstration, -the _Analytica prosteriora_ be vnderstood without this helpe? His -whole treatise of Motion wheresoeuer, commonly fetcht from the verie -forme of the thing moued: His confutation of others by the nature of -Motion, and site: His _Mathematicall_ discriptions in many places: -His naturall _Theoremes_ echwhere can they be conceiued, much lesse -vnderstood by any ignorant in this pointe? Wherin _Aristotle_ sheweth -vs his owne education, to whom he commendeth the like, if we like of -him, whose liking will not fall, though fooles oftimes shake it. It -were to infinite to vse proofes in so generall, and so knowne a case, -which the whole antiquitie still allowed of, and the famous _Athenian_ -common weale vsed euen then, when she had the great brood of the most -excellent persons, for her ordinary traine to her youth as _Socrates_ -still alledgeth in _Plato_: or rather _Plato_ fathering the speach -vpon _Socrates_ sayth so himselfe. _Aristippus_ after his shipwrake -found releise thorough that train, and encoraged his companions vpon -sight of Geometricall figures in the sande. He that will iudge of these -sciences in generall, what degree they haue in the course of learning, -and wherin they be profitable to all other studies whatsoever, let -him read but either _Proclus_ his foure bookes vpon _Euclides_ first -in Greeke, or bycause the greeke is ill, and corruptly printed: _Io. -Barocius_, a young gentleman of _Venice_ which hath turned them into -Latin, and corrected the copie. Though many haue delt in the argument -they be but secondarie to _Proclus_. For he handleth euery question -that either makes for them, or against them cheifly in his first booke. -It were to much for me to stand vpon enumeration of testimonies in this -place, that the auncient schoole did begin at the _Mathematicall_ after -the first _Elementarie_, while they minded sound learning in deede, and -sequestred their thoughtes from other dealinges in the world. He that -marketh but the ordinary metaphores in the eloquentest Greeke writers -of that time, whence we prescribe, shall easily bewray, where in the -auncient discipline trauelled. To alledge the _Romain_ for learning is -to alledge nothing, whose cunning _Virgile_[72] describeth to lye in -gouernement, and conquests, remitting other faculties to other people. -For till the forreine learning in latter yeares, was translated into -their toungue, of themselues they had litle. _Rhetoricke_, _poetrie_, -_historie_, _ciuill lawe_, and some petie treatises of _Philosophie_, -and _Physicke_ were the _Romaines_ learning. Some one, or two as -_Gallus_, and _Figulus_ were noted for the _Mathematicalles_, as -many yeares after them _Iulius Firmicus_, and some architecture -_Mathematicke_ in _Vitruuius_. But their owne stories can tell, what an -afterdeale in the wynning of _Syracusæ_ _Archimedes_ by those faculties -put _Marcellus_ their generall vnto, which yet was as carefull to -haue saued _Archimedes_, if the rashnesse of a rude soldiar had not -preuented his proclamation: as _Demetrius_ πολιορκητής was to saue -_Protogenes_ at _Rhodes_. After the state was brought to a monarchie, -the Greekes ouerlaid their learning, as it appeareth, from _Dionysius_ -of _Halycarnassus_, and _Strabo_, which were in _Augustus Cæsars_ -time, downe still in a number of most notable Grecians, which serued -that state continually both for training vp their young Emperours, -and for all other kinde of learning: so that the authoritie of the -_Mathematicall_ must be fetcht from the Grekes, though they themselues -borrowed the matter of other nations, and were founders onely to -language, methode, and those faculties, which serue for the direction -of language. - -[Sidenote: The necessitie of the colledge for Philosophie.] - -3. For _Philosophie_ to haue the third place it will be easily -obtained, though there be some pretended doubt in the order of the -partes for the training. We vse to set young ones to the morall and -politike first and reason against _Aristotles_ conclusion, that a young -stripling is a fit hearer of morall _Philosophie_. But _Aristotle_ -himselfe being well brought vp in the _Mathematicalles_ placeth -naturall _Philosophie_ next vnto them, as very intelligible vnto -very young heades, by reason of their necessarie consequence, and -_Theoreticall_ consideration. Wheras the other partes being subiect to -particular circunstance in life are to be reserued for elder yeares. -For not onely the _Philosophicall_ resolution, but also the very -religious was in the best, and eldest time to cause youth abide long in -study, and to forbeare publike shew, till it were very late. To make -_Logicke_, and _Rhetoricke_ serue to those vses, and in those places, -where I appointed them, was no absurdity. For _Rhetoricke_, there will -be small contradiction, though declamations, and such exercises seeme -to make some further claime. _Pythagoras_ his fiue yeares silence, -hath a meaning that ye heare sufficiently, eare ye speake boldly. And -_Socrates_ that great maister in _Plato_ calleth _Logicke_ the ridge, -or toppe of the _Mathematicalles_, as then to succeede, when they -were gotten: and good reason, why, bycause their methode in teaching, -and order in prouing did bring forth _Logicke_. As he that will make -_Plato_ the example to _Aristotles_ preceptes shall easily perceaue. - -[Sidenote: The necessitie of three colledges peculiar for Diuinitie, -Law, Physicke.] - -3, 4, 5. For _Diuinitie_, _Lawe_, and _Physicke_ to haue their owne -colledges, for their full exercises, and better learning, then now thus -to haue their studentes scattered, it is a thing that implyeth no great -repugnaunce with any reason, and is not without president. As for the -_Lawe_, if the whole studie were made one and whatsoeuer appertaineth -to that profession, for either Ecclesiasticall, or Temporall vse were -reduced into one body, had our countrey any cause to complaine? or -but great cause to be very glad? wheras now three seuerall professions -in lawe, bewraye a three headed state, one _English_ and _French_, an -other, Romish Imperiall, the third Romish ecclesiasticall, where meere -_English_ were simply our best. I shall not neede to say any more -herein, but onely giue occasion to those which can iudge, and helpe it, -to thinke of the position: the distraction of temporall, ciuill, and -Canon lawe being in many pointes very offensiue to our countrey. - -6. Some difficultie there will be to winne a colledge for such as shall -afterward passe to teach in schooles. - -[Sidenote: The seuenth colledge for training maisters, and the -necessitie therof.] - -7. There is no diuerting to any profession till the student depart from -the colledge of _Philosophie_, thence he that will go to _Diuinitie_, -to _Lawe_, to _Physicke_, may, yet with great choise, to haue the -fittest according to the subiect. He that will to the schoole is then -to diuert. In whom I require so much learning to do so much good, as -none of the other three, (honour alway reserued to the worthinesse of -the subiect which they professe,) can chalenge to himselfe more: either -for paines which is great: or for profit which is sure: or for helpe -to the professions: which haue their passage so much the pleasaunter, -the forwarder studentes be sent vnto them, and the better subiects be -made to obay them: as the scholing traine is the trak to obedience. -And why should not these men haue both this sufficiencie in learning, -and such roome to rest in, thence to be chosen and set forth for the -common seruice? be either children, or schooles so small a portion of -our multitude? or is the framing of young mindes, and the training -of their bodies so meane a point of cunning? be schoolemaisters in -this Realme such a paucitie, as they are not euen in good sadnesse to -be soundly thought on? If the chancell haue a minister, the belfray -hath a maister: and where youth is, as it is eachwhere, there must -be trainers, or there will be worse. He that will not allow of this -carefull prouision for such a seminarie of maisters, is most vnworthy -either to haue had a good maister him selfe, or herafter to haue a good -one for his. Why should not teachers be well prouided for, to continue -their whole life in the schoole, as _Diuines_, _Lawyers_, _Physicians_ -do in their seuerall professions? Thereby iudgement, cunning, and -discretion will grow in them: and maisters would proue olde men, and -such as _Xenophon_ setteth ouer children in the schooling of _Cyrus_. -Wheras now, the schoole being vsed but for a shift, afterward to passe -thence to the other professions, though it send out very sufficient -men to them, it selfe remaineth too too naked, considering the -necessitie of the thing. I conclude therfore that this trade requireth -a particular college, for these foure causes. 1. First for the subiect -being the meane to make or mar the whole frye of our state. 2. Secondly -for the number, whether of them that are to learne, or of them that -are to teache. 3. Thirdly for the necessitie of the profession which -maye not be spared. 4. Fourthly for the matter of their studie which is -comparable to the greatest professions, for language, for iudgement, -for skil how to traine, for varietie in all pointes of learning, wherin -the framing of the minde, and the exercising of the bodie craueth -exquisite consideration, beside the staidnes of the person. - -1. These seuen colledges being so set vp, and bearing the names of -the thinges which they professe, for _Toungues_, for _Mathematickes_, -for _Philosophie_, for _Traine_, for _Physicke_, for _Lawe_, for -_Diuinitie_ were there any great absurditie committed either in the -thing if it were so, or in me for wishing it so? If it had bene thus -appointed at the first, as he might, if the whole building had bene -made at once, which is scant possible where thinges grow by degrees, -and buildinges by patches: it would haue bene liked very well, and the -Vniuersities in their commencementes, and publike actes would haue -commended their pollicy, and wisedome, which first did appoint it. And -maye not that be now toucht without blame, which if it had bene then -done, had deserued great honour, and when soeuer it shall be done will -deserue euerlasting memorie? and maye now be well done, seeing we haue -all thinges needful for the well doing redie: And why should it seeme -straunge to wish such an alteration, seeing greater chaunges haue -bene both wished, and wrought within this our time? Sad, and lingring -thoughts, which measure common weales as buildinges grounded vpon some -rocke of marble, finde many, and sober difficulties: resolute mindes -make no bones: there is stuffe enough, the places be ready, the landes -be neither to be begd, ne yet to be purchased, they be got, and giuen -already: they maye be easily brought into order, seeing our time is the -time of reformation. Before my wish be condemned, I desire my reader -to consider it well, and marke if it maye take place, and whether it -maye not with great facilitie. - -[Sidenote: The second meane, to sorte like yeares into ye same -roomes.] - -2. For sorting like yeares into one roome, which was my second -interrogatorie, it is no new deuice, nor mine: All good common weales -not fained by fantsie, but being in deede such haue vsed it both for -likenes of education in like yeares, and for trying out where most -excellencie lodged, to bestow prefermentes vpon apparent desert, -besides that it is most fit, and emulation to the better doth best -beseeme like yeares. The greeke poet saith, that God draweth allway the -like to the like, and therefore men may well follow the president. - -[Sidenote: The third meane to better the studentes maintenaunce.] - -3. For vniting of colledges, enlarging of the vnited, and bettering -studentes liuinges, I dare say none of them wilbe against me, which -for a better liuing will chaung his colledge. Neither will he thinke -it any great losse to leaue his old poore place, for a fatter rowme, -which for such a one will abandon the vniuersitie and all. Sure the -liuings in colledges be now to to leane, and of necessitie force good -wittes to fly ear they be well feathered. More sufficiencie of liuing -will yeald more conuenient time and furniture to studie, which two be -the onely meanes to procure more sufficiencie in learning, more ripenes -in iudgement, more stay in maners. The necessitie of studentes may -thus be supplyed of their owne, and they not forced by accepting of -exhibition at some handes to admit some bondage vnder hand. Restraint -will ridde needelesse number: sufficient liuinges will maintaine, and -make the nedefull number sufficiently well learned. I neede not staie -any longer here. For methinke all those good studentes ioyne with me -in this fourme of the vniuersitie, whom want, and barenes of liuing -will not suffer to tarie long enough there, and better it were for our -countrie to haue some smaller meane well trayned, and sufficiently -prouided, then a loose number, and an vnlearned multitude. And there -were two questions more worthy the resolution, then all _Iohannes -Picus_ the erle of _Mirandula_ his nine hundred propounded at _Rome_: -the one whether it were agreable to the nature of learning, being -liberall in condition to be _elemosinarie_ in maintenaunce: the other -whether it were for a common weale to haue the conceit bound to -respectes, bycause of priuate exhibition, which ought to direct simply, -without respect, sauing to the state alone. For sure where learning -growes vp by props, it leaseth her propertie: where the stocke of it -selfe will beare vp the bowes, there it must be best, if choice be made -leader, and fit wittes bestowed on bookes. My three forraine pointes -for the furtheraunce of learning be, _choice_ for wittes, _time_ for -furniture, _maintenaunce_ for direction: what shalbe peculiar to the -partie, himselfe must tender, as therein being detter to _God_, and his -countrie. _Diligence_ to apply his wit, _continuaunce_ to store his -time, _discretion_ to set furth his maintenaunce, are required at his -handes. - -[Sidenote: The fourth meane for readers.] - -4. For _readers_ of yeares, of sufficiencie, of continuance, methinke I -durst enter into some combat that it were beyonde all crie profitable, -and necessarie, to haue whom to follow, and of whom to learne how to -direct our studies, for _yeares_ auncient fathers: for _sufficiencie_ -most able to enstruct: for _continuance_ cunning to discerne persons, -and circumstaunces: for _aduise_ skillfull to rule rash heades, which -runne on to fast, being armed with some priuate opinion of their owne -petie learning. What was _Plato_ to the _Academikes_? _Aristotle_ -to the _Peripatetikes_? _Xeno_ to the _Stoiks_? _Epicure_ to the -_Epicurians_? _Aristippus_ to the _Anicerian_ and _Cyrenaike_? and -other such fathers to the famulies of their professions, but _readers_? -It is a meruell to thinke on, how longe those fellowes continued in -their profession as _Diogenes Laertius_ doth note. It should seeme that -_Plato_ taught aboue fiftie yeares, reckening the time that he left -_Speusippus_ his deputie during his trauell into _Ægypt_ and that way: -whereby both himselfe proued an excellent maister, and his hearers -proued most excellent scholers. They that haue bene acquainted with -cunning _readers_ any where will subscribe to this I know. - -Priuate studie tied to one booke led by one braine: not alway the best -(as what counsellour is commonly worse to ones selfe, then himselfe?) -so proceeding as the first impression leads, be it what it can be, -cannot compare for iudiciall learning with the benefit of hearing -one, nay of repeating to one vpon interrogatories after reading, to -trie his iudgement, his keeping, and remembrance: which one hath red, -and digested all the best bookes, or at the least all the best bookes -in that kinde, whereof he maketh profession: which hath a iudgement -settled and resolute by the helpe of all those good braines: which -hath dealte with thousandes of the pregnantest wittes, whom experience -hath taught stay, whom the common weale by sufferance commendes as -sufficient. He that is not acquainted with such an excellent reader or -teacher (for both the names import one thing) and that with repetition, -but pleaseth himselfe with his owne priuate studie, as he taketh more -paines vndoutedly, so getteth he lesse gaine I dare assure him, hauing -in one lecture the benefit of his _readers_ vniuersall studie, and that -so fitted to his hand, as he may streight way vse it, without further -thinking on: wheras when he hath beaten his owne braines priuatly about -a litle, for want of time to digest, being to forward to put foorth, -he vttereth that which he must either amend vpon better aduice, or -quite reuoke when he findes he is ouer shot. Wherfore such _readers_, -or rather such _nurses_ to studie must needes be maintained with great -allowance, to make their heauen there, where ye meane to vse them. -Whose seruice, for the benefit that comes from them will saue their -whole hier in very bookes, which the student shall not so much neede, -when his _reader_ is his librarie: neither must they be soules, as we -tearme them, though of great reading, neither is it enough to haue read -much, but they must be of great gouernment withall, which are to bring -vp such a frie of gouerners. And therefore that great sufficiencie doth -still call for great recompence to be tyed to a stake for it all ones -life time. - -[Sidenote: That this wish is most profitable to the vniuersitie, and -hurthfull no not to any particular.] - -But now I pray you by this wish of mine be the vniuersities in common -sence any whit endammaged? if they were, so the harme were but some -litle, and the good exceeding great, the dammage might be consumed by -the greatnes of the good. I finde not any harme offered them, they -lease no landes studentes be not put to pensions, they that be thought -fit, finde better and fuller maintenaunce, better meane is made to -proue learned, by such excellent _readers_, which the cunninger they -be, the more affable they be, and thereby the fitter to satisfie any -studentes dout in that which they professe. And where yong men may -staie vntill they be singular, and haue good meanes to make them -singular, is not the thing to be wished, and he that wisheth it, not to -be thought to wish the _vniuersitie_ harme, where it is vniuersally -holpen? If this transposing of houses to this vse were commaunded -by authoritie, and by some helpe of wealthy patrones for the common -good sake, were happily accomplished, the _vniuersitie_ should lease -nothing, though they breake vp for a time, and the studentes gaue -place, to masons, and carpenters, nay though the whole reuenew of all -the colledges were for that time bestowed vpon the alteration. And yet -all that trouble should not neede, if the first were first begune, and -so particularly in order, neither should any student now well placed -complaine of the chaunge if he would set himselfe to any certaine -profession. This is but my conceit which the effect will confirme, and -wise considerations will finde, that it carieth a good ground: besides -that it is all ready in verie neare possibilitie, without any great -charge, and with verie great good, as also certainetie, and greatnes of -annuitie would streight way raise vp _readers_, and afterward continew -them. How good, and how easie a thing this were, the attempt by so many -particular _readers_ would shew, which being themselues excellently -well learned in those argumentes, that I do appoint to colledges, and -professing them in conuenient houses of their owne, would vndoutedly -drawe as many into their priuate hostelles, as there be now studentes -in publicke colledges. All this my wish offereth greater difficulty, -in the maner, how to worke it: then dout of profit, in the thing, if -we had it. Howbeit harder thinges haue bene easily accomplished, but -any more profitable was neuer compassed: neither doth it repent me to -wish that, which I would reioyce to see. If the hindring lie in cost, -it is somwhat, and yet but small, considering what is ready: if in good -will: that is all, and yet but ill, considering what it hindereth. -For no learning is so well got, where her helping meanes be seuered, -as where all be vnited, which those colledges would cause: a thing -neither of nouelty, as of an old ground and elswhere practised: neither -iniuriouse, to any offering profit to all. I do finde my selfe so armed -in the point, as if there were any hope in the thing to be effected, I -could answeare any obiection of difficultie, which might arise against -it, either from without the _vniuersitie_, or from within, eitther for -any communitie, or for any priuate, that it would be best for all, -neither any breach of good now well laied, nor any hindraunce to any, -which findes himselfe at ease, as the present is now appointed. But -will ye haue euerie one rise through all these degrees of learning, -ear he become a professour? yea surely I. but who moueth the question? -either he that cannot iudge, who is therefore to be pardoned: or he -that would be doing, who is therefore to be blamed: or he that doth -not way it, which would be desired to do: or he whom neede hasteneth, -whose case is to be pitied. And yet of all these foure, only he, that -desireth to shew him selfe ripe in his owne, though raw in other mens -opinion, will contrarie the conclusion: for ignoraunce, will yeeld -vpon better instruction: iust consideration, wil relent after waing: -good wittes oppressed with want, and yet waing the truth, will wish -for more wealth to tarie their full time, and the cariage of their -cunning: but the hastie heades, to whom any delaie is present death, -which will be doing, eare they can do well, but in their owne conceites -they will stand against it, and scrape all defences, though while they -do scrape, they descrie them selues to be extreme ignorant. For if -sufficiencie be the onely meane to perfit the professour, and to profit -the publike, insufficiencie ouerthrowes both. And as he that meaneth to -turne before, may lymit his ascent: so he that will be perfit in the -end and last profession ought at the least to haue the contemplatiue -knowledge of all that goeth before, though he practise but at pleasure. -The generall gaine thereby is this, that while the studentes youth is -wedded to honest, and learned meditation, the heat of that stirring -age is cooled which might harme in publicke, and set all on fire: -ripe iudgement is got, to stay, not to stirre: and all ambitiouse -passions meruellously daunted through resolutenes of iudgement. It is -no reason, where see ye the like? but it is a great reason, the like -is worth seeing, and who so comes neare, is still better liked, then -he that dowteth of it. The want of triall, is some shift for a time, -but the triall that hath bene, may lead vs to the like, and procure -good allowance. And sure till the yong professours be made to tarie -longer, and studie sounder, neither shall learning haue credit, nor our -countrie be but sicke. It is not my complaint, though I ioyne with the -complainantes. If ye meane to take learning before you, you will neuer -moue the question. It is not he that hath, and knoweth, which moueth -the question, but he that knoweth not and should. - -What should a _diuine_ do with the _mathematikes_? why was _Moses_ -trained in all the _Ægyptians_ learning? Nay in one reason for all, why -will ye condemne in _diuinitie_, or execute in _lawe_, the sciences -which ye know not, but finde the name condemned? and I pray you with -what warrant? what if that be not the name? or what if the thing be not -such? a condemnation without euidence where the iudge presumeth, and -knoweth not the skill, which he saith is naught. The _Physician_ should -haue all, and if he haue not, he is most to be blamed, bycause the -parentes of his profession durst not professe without them, and make -them vnder meanes. To be short I wish they had them, which mislike that -they haue not, and giue ignorance the raigne. For if they had them, we -should heare no speach, but praise and proufe, admiration and honour. - -But to turne to my byace againe which was the mother, and matter to my -wish, this colledge for teachers, might prooue an excellent nurserie -for good schoolemaisters, and vpon good testimonie being knowne to so -many before, which would vpon their owne knowledge assure him, whom -they would send abroad. In the meane time till this come to passe, the -best that we can haue, is best worthy the hauing, and if we prouide -well for good teachers, that prouision will prouide vs good teachers. - -[Sidenote: The admission of teachers.] - -There remaineth now one consideration in the admitting not of these, -whom I admit without any exception, for all sufficiencie in religion, -in learning, in discretion, in behauiour: but of such as we daily vse, -and must vse, till circumstances be bettered, which are in compasse -of many exceptions. The admitter or chuser considering what the place -requireth, must exact that cunning, which the place calleth for: the -partie himselfe must bring testimonie of his owne behauiour, if he -be altogither vnknowen: and the admission would be lymited to such a -schoole in such a degree of learning, as he is found to be fit for. -For many vpon admission and licence to teach in generall, ouerreach to -farre, and marre to much, being vnsufficient at randon, though seruing -well for certaine by way of restraint. Thus much for the trainer, which -I know will better my patterne if preferment better him: with whom I -shall haue occasion to deale againe in my grammer schoole: where I will -note vnto him what my opinion is in the particularities of teaching. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[67] Probitas laudatur et alget. - -[68] Plato 7, de rep. - -[69] Sir Iohn Cheeke. - -[70] Gal. περὶ ἀρίστης αἱρέσεως. - -[71] Philo. περὶ τῆς εἰς τὰ προπαιδεύματα συνόδου. - -[72] 6 Æneid. - - - - -CHAPTER 42. - - HOW LONG THE CHILDE IS TO CONTINUE IN THE ELEMENTARIE EAR HE PASSE TO - THE TOUNGUES, AND GRAMMER. THE INCURABLE INFIRMITIES WHICH POSTING - HAST WORKETH IN THE WHOLE COURSE OF STUDIE. HOW NECESSARIE A THING - SUFFICIENT TIME IS FOR A SCHOLER. - - -Hastie preasing onward is the greatest enemie, which any thing can -haue whose best is to ripe at leasure. For if ripenes be the vertue, -before it is greene, after it is rotten: and yet the excesse is the -lesse harme: bycause it may ioyne, and be compounded with the vertue, -and be called rotten ripe: and at the least be cast away, without any -more losse, then of the thing it selfe, as it appeareth in frutes. -The defect to plucke before ripenes, breedes ill in the partie which -tasteth therof, and causeth the thing after a bite or two to be cast -away to: vnlesse it be in longing wymen, whose distemperate delite vpon -a cause not common, doth giue vs to iudge, that too timely taking, -is but for some disordered humours. This plucking before ripenes in -my position tendeth to this ende. I haue appointed in my elementarie -traine, _reading_, _writing_, _drawing_, _singing_, _playing_: now -if either all these be vnperfitly gotten, where all be attempted, or -some, where some: when the childe is remoued to the grammer schoole, -what an error is committed? The thinges being not perfit, to serue the -consequence, either die quite if they be not seuearly called on: or -come forward with paine, where the furtherance is in feare. How many -small infantes haue we set to _grammer_, which can scarecely reade? -how many to learne _latin_, which neuer wrate letter? And yet though -some litle one could doe much better then all his fellowes, it were -no harme for him to be captaine a good while in his _elementarie_ -schoole, rather then to be a meane souldier in a captaine schoole. The -displeasoures be beyond all proportion pernicious, beyond all multitude -many, which this posting pulles after it. And if moning could amend -them, I would not onely mone them, that they be so many, but also -mourne for them, that they be so helpeles. It is a world to see the -weakenes of children, and the fondnes of friendes in that behalfe. It -is to much, that may be vnderstood, where so much is said: the fault -is generall, and the onely cause, which both makes children loth to -learne, and the maisters seeme to be tormenters in their teaching. For -the maister hasting on to the effect of his profession, and the scholer -drawing backe, as not able to beare the burden: there riseth a conflict -in the maister, with passion, if it conquere him: against passion if -he conquere it. If the maister be verie sharp witted in deliuering, -and the boy slowheaded in receiuing, then the passion will lightly -conquer. Which it cannot doe, where wisedome and consideration in the -maister be armed aforehand with pacience, or where experience, and -wearines of extremitie haue wrought a calmenes. And as in the maister -passion breedes heat, so in the childe infirmitie breedes feare, and -so much the more, if he finde his maister somwhat to fierce. Whereupon -neither the one nor the other can do much good at all, and all through -this hastie imperfection being the matter of heat in the one, and of -feare in the other. Whereof if the boy were not in daunger how peart -would he be, and what a pleasure would the maister take in such a -perfit perteling? but when the childe is so weake, as both he himselfe -feeles it in his learning, and the maister findes it in his teaching, -tell the parent so he will not beleeue it. So blynde is affection in -the parent which cannot see: and in stoore of teachers, he shall finde -some which will vndertake, and condemne the misliker. Whereby chaunge -feedes his humour for the time, and repentance his follie long after, -when the default proues vncurable, and the first maister is admitted -among the prophetes. Such a thing it is to preuent illes in time, and -when warning is giuen not to mocke the intelligence, nor to blame the -watchman. - -If the imperfections which come more of haste then of ignoraunce from -the Elementary schoole would take vp their _Inne_ there, and raunge -no further, the moane were not so much, bycause there were some meane -to redresse: but now as one billow driueth on an other: so hast -beginning there makes the other successions in learning trowle on too -too headlong. Be young children set to soone to their _Grammer_ onely? -be none sent to the _Vniuersitie_, which when they come thence from -yeares after, might well with good gaine returne to the _Grammer_ -schoole againe? I will not saye that they were not ready when they -went, but peraduenture they were not ready, and forgat that they were -so. Do not some good honest wittes in the middest of their studie -finde the festering of haste, and wishe though in vaine that they had -bene more aduised in their passage? and if they recouer that which -they misse and wish for, do they not finde the learned conclusion -trew: that such thinges be extreme painful to setled memories, which -were very pleasaunt passages to the youngest boyes? He that beginnes -his _Grammer_ in any language, when he is a _Graduate_, may perhaps -wish for some way without _Grammer_, and couet a _Compendium_. The -_Vniuersities_ can best iudge of the infirmities in our _Grammer_ -schooles, when they finde the want in those yonglinges, whom they haue -from vs, but not sent by vs: we our selues see them, but we cannot -salue them. Priuate affection ouerrules all reason: straungenesse -betwene the parent and maister cuttes of conference in the remouing: -and in some places multitude of schooles marres the whole market: where -store is the sore, and oportunitie to alter an allurement to the worse. -So that by degrees the _Elementarie_ feebleth the _Grammarian_: and the -_Grammarian_ transporteth his weaknesse from his schoolemaister to his -_Vniuersitie tutour_. Such a matter it is to stay hast at the first, -which distempereth till the last. I would not haue the _Vniuersities_, -but to thinke freindly of me, bycause though I finde fault, I seeke it -not: neither blase I it with discredit to them, but wish it healed with -the profit of my countrey, as I well know the most, and best of them -there do. - -Doth not want of sufficient time (I meane not for taking degrees, -bycause that time may be complete from the proceeders first ariuall -into the _Vniuersitie_) but for want of age and yeares: and therwithall -for the want of that, which yeares do bring, oftimes send abroad -youthes, whose degrees deserue place, but their depth deserues none? -That prentice is to hastely out of his yeares, which being at one and -twentie free from his maister, is eare foure and twentie free from -his thrift both reft of goodnesse, and left goodlesse. If men abroad -had not a sensible iudgement in yeares, that young ware cannot be but -greene, how sprooting faire so euer it doth shew: youth might deceiue -them with titles, as it deceiues it selfe with opinions. _Yeares_ -without _stuffe_ maye beguile before _triall_: _yeares_ with _stuffe_ -will abide the _stampe_: _Stuffe_ without _yeares_ is wounderous for a -while, but it is subiecte to quicke withering, and to fade of wonder. -Neither _stuffe_ nor _yeares_, is extreme pitifull, and the very -ground of my complaint, bycause neither few yeares can prouide great -_stuffe_, yea to the best witte: nor many yeares to any witte, without -great studie, which is a death there, where the defecte is great. How -fortuneth it then, that either freindes be so foolish, or studentes so -vnstayed, to haste so with so much waste? The causes be: _impacience_, -which can abide no tarying, where a restlesse conceit is full frawght: -_libertie_, to liue as he listeth, bycause he listeth not to liue -as he should: _brauerie_, to seeme to be some body, and to cary a -countenaunce: _hope_ of preferment, to desire dignities before abilitie -to discharge. In the meane while: the _common weale_ becomes priuate: -the _generall_ weapeth, while the _particular_ winneth: and yet the -winning is no soundnesse, but shew. What notable men haue dealt with, -and against the forestaulling of sound time in professions? Among many -if onely _Viues_ the learned _Spaniard_, were called to be witnesse, -he would craue pardon for his owne person, as not able to come for the -goute, but he would substitute for his deputie his whole twentie bookes -of disciplines, wherin he entreateth, how they come to spoile, and how -they may be recouered. Lacke of time not onely in his opinion, but also -in whose not? bringes lacke of learning, which is a sore lacke, where -it ought not to be lacking. The cankar that consumeth all, and causeth -all this euill is haste, an _vnaduised, rashe, hedlong counsellour_, -and then most pernicious when it hath either some apparence in reason -that the child is ripe: or the hartning of some maister, which either -is disposed to follow where he seeth replying past cure: or that cannot -discern colours, bycause he is that in his degree, which the childe is -in his: both vnripe: the one to teach, the other to remoue. - -But what if hope of exhibition make an Vniuersitie man straine? and -either perswade abilitie, or promise to supplie, where abilitie wantes? -Nay what if exhibitours of some litle, seeke recompence to soone, and -halfe force some poore scholer to toile with imperfection? - -When the vnripe boye findeth any such meane to go to the Vniuersitie, -the maister shall neuer know, till he be booted, if he do know then: -for feare of stopping his iourney by contrarie counsell: that is by -reason to stay him, which runnes to his owne harme. - -_Time_ of it selfe, as it is the noblest circunstance wherwith we haue -to deale: so it hath a bredth in it selfe capeable of to much, to -litle, and enough. - -To much _time_ is seldome found fault with iustly, though some time -pretended, bycause it is seldome taryed for in this kinde wherwith I -deale. - -To litle _time_ is that wheron I complaine, and so much the more -harmefull, bycause hast to attaine vnto the desired ende makes it seeme -no fault till the blow be giuen. - -_Time_ enough is that meane which perfiteth all, the _Elementarie_ -in his kinde, the _Grammarian_ in his, the _Graduate_ in his, and so -profiteth the _common weale_ by perfiting all: the _prerogatiue_ to -thought: the _mother_ to truth: the _tuchestone_ to ripenesse: the -_enemy_ to errour: mans only stay, and helpe to aduice. - -For the Grammarians _time_, though it be not within this argument, -as many other thinges which the affinitie drew in, yet thus much may -I say. That his perfitnesse hath a pitche, and his yeares yeilde his -good, as it shall appeare in his owne place, whose time must needes -be limited, bycause he is so placed after the _Elementarie_, and -before the _Uniuersitie_, as the well appointing of his _time_ shall -disapoint neither of them. For the _times_, and yeares of studie -before degrees in the Vniuersitie, _Plato_ himselfe in his exquisite -_republike_ cannot, nor doth not appoint them better then they be -there already, if the _Grammar_, and _Elementarie_ haste marred not, -and made them that come to soone seeke also to proceede to soone, yet -euen so fulfilling statutes, which appoint the continuing yeares, -though smallie for their benefit, which are not appointed in yeares, -and lesse then not appointed in substaunce. The distances betwene -degrees orderly employed, and the midle learninges being caryed before -them, as it is imported by their stiles: might worke in the most very -reasonable knowledge, for methode and ground in habite, though not for -particulars, which be alwayes endlesse, still without art, though most -within experience, for their most needfull number. Now if that helpe -of readers, which I wished for, were put in execution, me thinke, the -world should see, a marueilous number of excellent professours in euery -degree. I am to long in talking of to litle: but the times hanging -one vpon another haue led me thus onward: wherfore it is now time -for me to determine that time, which I do take to be enough for the -_Elementarie_. When the child can read so readily, and roundly, as the -length of his lesson shal nothing trouble him for his reading: when he -can write so faire and so fast, as no kinde of exercise shalbe tedious -vnto him for the writing: when his penne or pencill shall delite him -with bragge: when his _Musicke_ both for voice, and hand is so farre -forward, as a litle voluntarie will both maintaine, and encrease it: -all which thinges the second maister must haue an eye vnto: then hath -the _Elementarie_ had time enough. If the parent account not of all, -yet perfitnesse in his choice must be his cheife account. The childes -ordinarie exercises, will continue his writing, and reading, himselfe -will alwaye be drawing, bycause it deliteth his eye, and busieth not -his braine. But for _Musicke_, the maister and the parentes delite must -further it. For that in those yeares, children be Musicall rather for -other then for them selues. Once in, this is a certaine ground, and -most infallible, that in tarying long, and perfiting well, there is no -losse of time, specially seeing those qualities euen alone, be a pretie -furniture of houshold if they be well gotten. The hasting on to fast -to see the frute too soone, when circunstances perswade tarying, is to -winne an houre in the morning, and to lease the day after. Thus much -concerning the _Elementarie_ time, determinable not by yeares, but by -sufficiencie. If yeares could be limittes to knowledge, as they be very -good leaders, the rule were more certaine: but where witte goeth not by -yeares, nor learning without, sufficiencie is the surest bounder, to -set out, wherin enough is. Howbeit in the _Elementarie_, and so forth I -will limit the time somwhat nearer, with all the considerations, both -for varietie of the matters which are to be learned, and the men which -are to teach, and such thinges as seeme not so proper to be set downe -here. - - - - -CHAPTER 43. - - HOW TO CUT OF MOST INCONUENIENCES WHERWITH SCHOOLES AND SCHOLERS, - MAISTERS AND PARENTES BE IN OUR SCHOOLING NOW MOST TROUBLED. WHEROF - THERE BE TWO MEEANES, VNIFORMITIE IN TEACHING AND PUBLISHING OF - SCHOOLE ORDERS. THAT VNIFORMITIE IN TEACHING HATH FOR COMPANIONS - DISPATCH IS LEARNING, AND SPARING OF EXPENSES. OF THE ABBRIDGING OF - THE NUMBER OF BOOKES. OF CURTESIE AND CORRECTION. OF SCHOOLE FAULTES. - OF FRIENDLINESSE BETWENE PARENTES AND MAISTERS. - - -A great learned man[73] in our dayes thought so much of the troublesome -and toilsome life, which we teachers lead, as he wrate a pretie booke -of the miseries of maisters. We are to thanke him for his good will: -but when any kinde of life be it high, be it low, is not troubled with -his proportion to our portion, we will yeild to misery. Our life is -very painfull in deede, and what if beyond comparison painfull? Much a -do we haue, and what if none more? Yet sure many as much, though they -deale not with so many, and moe more miserable, bycause they better -not so many. But I will neither rip vp those thinges, which seeme most -restlesse in vs, though the argument offer spreding: neither will -I medle with any other trade, no lesse troublesome then teaching, -by comparing to seeme to lessen: bycause comparisons in miseries be -vncomfortable to both, though some ease to either. To what purpose -should I shew, why the maister blames this, the parent that, the -child nothing more then the rod, though he will not but deserue it? -Such a disease we haue to repine at the paine, and not to waye the -offence, which deserueth the paine. Why beat ye him sayeth one? Why -offendeth he sayeth none? so harde a thing it is to finde defense for -right, so easie a thing it is to finde qualifying for wrong. Therefore -to omit these vnpleasant rippinges, I will deale with the remedies -how to cut of the most of those, which he calles miseries, I terme -_inconueniences_, wherwith the trade of teaching at this day seemeth to -haue a great conflict. Which counsell though it be first laid for the -youngest scholers, yet may it well be translated further, and beseeme -both the biggest, and best, in any learned course. - -These remedies I take to be two: 1. The one _vniformitie_ in -_teaching_, which draweth after it, _dispatch_ in _learning_, and -_sparing_ of _expenses_ about to great a number of bookes. - -2. The other is _publike schoole lawes_, set downe, and seen, which -bring with them for companions _agreement_ of parentes and teachers, -_continuance_ of scholers, _conference_ to amend, _comfort_ to -freindes, and _commoditie_ to the common countrey. - -[Sidenote: Vniformitie in teaching.] - -For _vniformitie_ in _teaching_ how many gaules that will heale, -wherwith schooles be now greiued, it will then best appeare, when it -shalbe shewed, what good it will worke, and how necessarie a thing it -is, to haue all schooles reduced vnto it. That there is to much variety -in teaching, and therfore to much ill teaching (bycause in the midst -of many bypathes, there is but one right waye) he were senseles, that -sees not: if he either haue taught, or haue bene taught himselfe. -Which whence it springeth, diuersities of iudgement bewraie, that -men haue gotten by better or worse training vp in youth: by lesse or -more trauell in studie: by longer or shorter continuance at their -booke: by liking or misliking some trade in teaching: by accommodating -themselues to the parentes choice: and many wayes moe, which either -brede varietie, or else be bred by varietie. But of all varieties -there is none vayner, then when ignoraunce sweares that that is an -_aphorisme_, the contrarie wherof sound knowledge hath set downe for a -sure _oracle_. Now in this confusion of varieties what hinderance hath -_youth_? what discredite receiue _schooles_? what inequalities be the -_Vniuersities_ molested with? what toile is it to _Tutours_? how small -riddaunce to _readers_? when diuersities of groundworke do hinder their -building, and the scholers weakenesse discrieth his maister? And yet -oftimes the weake maister bringes vp a strong scholer, by some accident -not ordinarie, and the cunninger man by some ordinarie let makes small -shew of his great labour. Do not the learners also themselues commonly -when they come to yeares and misse that commoditie, which ther maisters -could not giue them, being very weake themselues, then blame their -fortune and feele the want of foresight? For if varietie had bene -wipte awaye by vniformitie, euen the weakest maister might haue done -very well if he had had but a meane head to follow direction being set -downe to his hand. - -This pointe is so plaine as many of the best learned, and of the best -teachers also oftimes complaine of it, and wish the redresse, though -they still draw backe, and spare their owne pains for any thing they -publish: perhaps not hauing the oportunitie and leasure which so great -an enterprise craueth: perhaps being induced by hope that some other -will start vp, and publish the amendment. Whereby all the youth of this -whole Realme shall seeme to haue bene brought vp in one schoole, and -vnder one maister, both for the matter and manner of traine, though -they differ in their owne inuention which is priuate and seuerall to -euery one by nature, though generall and one to euery one by art. -Which thing must needes turne to the profit of the _learner_, whose -_straying_ shalbe straited, that he cannot go amisse: to the ease of -the _teacher_ whose _labour_ shalbe lightened, by the easinesse of -his curraunt: to the honour of the _countrey_, which thereby shall -haue great store of sufficient stuffe: and the immortall _renown_ -of that carefull _Prince_ which procured such a good. Which benefit -say I must proceede from some _vniforme_ kinde of teaching set downe -by authoritie, that one waye to supplie all wantes, and no one to -disdaine, where obedience is enioyned. And wheras _difference_ in -iudgement worketh _varietie_: _consent_ in knowledge will plant -_vniformitie_. Which consent, as it must be enforced by authoritie, so -must it proceede from some likenesse of abilitie in teachers, namely in -that thing wherof they are teachers: though both in executing the same, -and for some other qualities they may differ much. - -Now the onely waye to worke this likenesse or rather samenesse in -abilitie, where otherwise the oddes is so odde, were to set downe in -some certain plat, the best that may seeme to be, if that which is best -in deede may not be had, as why not? both what and how to teach, with -all the particular circunstances, so farre forth as they ordinarily do -fall within common compasse, and may best be seeme the best ordered -schooles, which both the meane teacher may wel attaine vnto, and the -cunning maister may rest content with, and so they both in that pointe -proue equall, while the meaner mounting vpword with fethers made for -him, and the cunninger comming downward at the shew of the lure, -they both meete in the middle waye, and flying forward like freindes, -pay their price with their pastime, and mend their faire with their -praye, no dishonour offered him, whom mo qualities do commend: and a -great helpe to him that cannot swimme without. In whom diligence borne -vp, will worke no lesse wonder, nay may fortune more, then greater -learning in the other, whom either ouer weyning may make insolent, or -loytering negligent. And sure as I may be deceiued herein, so haue I -some reason very fauourable to my seeming, that it were more fitting -for the common profit, to prouide a certaine direction to helpe the -meane teacher, which will continue in the trade without either any or -very late changing of his course, and so a long time do much good, then -to leaue it at random to the libertie of the more learned, who commonly -vse teaching, but to shift with for a time, and be but pilgrimes in the -profession, still minding to remoue to some other kinde of life either -of more ease, which allureth soone, or of more gaine, which enforceth -sore. So that in the meane time the scholers cannot profit much, while -the maisters deale like straungers, which entending one day to returne -to their countrey, as nature calleth homeward, though profit bid tary, -cannot haue that zealous care, which the naturall countrieman, and -continuall trauellour of nature hath, and of duetie sheweth. And though -conscience cause some odde honest man to worke well, and discharge his -duetie in that rowling residence: yet neither be priuiledges generall, -nor lawes leuelled after some few, and that foolish fellow was -fretished for cold, which followed the fond _swallow_, that flew out to -timely, and to farre before her fellowes. An order must be generall to -the liking of the better, who should alwaye wishe it, and the leading -of the weaker, who shall alway neede it. - -If when this order for matter and manner of teaching shalbe set downe, -the executor proue negligent, and prolong the effect, or else quite -defeat it, by ill handling of that, which was well ment, the surueiors -and patrones of schooles, must ouerlooke such teachers, of themselues -if they can, if not they may call for the assistaunce of _learning_, -which for cunning can, and of curtesie will seeke to further such a -thing. Our preceptes be generall, the particular must perfourme, and -amend his owne accident. I haue but sleightly noted the surface of -_vniformitie_ in teaching, and the disioynting of skill by misordered -varietie, and yet who is so blinde as he may not thereby discerne, -that the one strips away the euilles, which the other bringes in, and -thereby cuttes of many encumbraunces from schooles? - -[Sidenote: Dispatch in learning.] - -Now _vniformitie_ in _teaching_ once obtained, doth not _dispatch_ in -_learning_ incontinently follow? which consisteth in choice of the best -and fittest authours at the first, and continuaunce in the same: in the -best exercises and most proper to the childes ascent in learning: and -generally in the maisters orderly proceeding, and methode in teaching: -whereby the child shall not learne any thing, which he must or ought to -forget, vpon his maisters better aduise: nor leaue any needefull thing -vnlearned till his maister grow to better aduise. The maister himselfe -shall not neede to chaunge his course, as he chaungeth his skill, now -coursing on to fast by to much rashnes: now retiring to late by to -louse repentaunce: finally neither the maister nor the scholer shall -busie themselues to long about a litle, and neuer the better, nor hast -to fast on, and neuer a whit the further. The best course being hit -on at the first, as appointment may procure it, one thing helpeth an -other forward naturally, without forcing: that which is first taught -maketh way for that which must follow next, and continuall vse will -let nothing be forgot, which is once well got, and the rising vp by -degrees in learning will succede in proportion, with out losse of time -or let of labour, either by lingring to long, or by posting to fast, -which cannot now possibly be brought about, while thinges be left to -the teachers discretion, whereof, as the most be not alway the best, -so euen the verie best cannot alway hit those thinges, which in deede -are best, while the _customarie education_ is helde for a sanctuarie: -_alteration_ to the better is esteemed an heresie: _allowance_ is -measured by priuate liking: _vnthankefulnes_ is made harbour to desert: -and the very _bookes_ which we vse be not appropriate to our vse. I -touch no mo stoppes then may easily be remoued, if _authoritie_ take -the matter in hand. Priuate lettes must haue priuate lessons, and -personall circumstance shall haue rowme to pleade in, at an other time. - -These enormities then shew them selues, when children do chaunge both -schooles and maisters: where alteration hindereth beyond all crie, the -new maister either thinking it some discredit to himselfe to beginne -where the old left, or misliking the choice which the former hath made, -or in deede by dispraysing him to seeke to grace himselfe: or the -order of his schoole not admitting the succession, as in deede they -be all diuerse. Sometimes the boy being vngrounded, by his maisters -ignorance if he could not, by his negligence if he did not the thing -which he could, will not bende to be bettered, but must keepe the -same countenaunce which he himselfe conceiueth of himselfe. And this -commonly falles out so, when the parentes be peuish, and thinke their -childe disgraced if he be once set backward (for so the tearme is) -whereas in verie deede he is bidde but to looke backe, to see that -which he neuer saw, and ought to haue seene verie substantially. Which -disorder proceeding from the parentes ouerruleth vs all, causing great -weakenes, and much mismatching in the fourmes of our schooles: so that -we either cannot, or may not finde fault euen to amend it, whereas -the order being one, and planted by authoritie, though the childe -vse to chaunge often, yet his profiting is soone perceiued: and the -parentes also wilbe well contented, when they suspect no partialitie -by priuate passion, and see indifferencie in publicke prouision. Such -be the frutes which _varietie_ bringes foorth, _perillous_ in great -affaires, still gathering strength by traine in those petie principles: -wheras to the contrarie _vniformitie_ is full of contentment. Nothing -continueth one in our schooles but the common grammar set furth by -authoritie, which confirmeth mine opinion both by pollicie in the first -setting out, and by profit in the long continuing, wherein we all agree -perforce as in a case of higher countenaunce, and already ruled. Which -booke whether it may stand still with some amendement, or of necessitie -must be cast some other way, for better method, it shall then be seene -when comparisons come in season, that the alteration may shew, whether -there were cause to chaunge, or some iniurie offered to chaunge without -cause. For both that booke, and all the like, which serue for direction -and method must be fashioned to the matter which they seeme to direct -by rule and precept, being not of themselues, but made to serue others. -This we haue by it, that _vniformitie_ out of al controuersie is best, -but whether it selfe be best, that is yet in controuersie. - -[Sidenote: Sparing of expenses.] - -For _sparing_ of _expenses_, the second commoditie which _vniformitie_ -bringes with her, this is my opinion: while it is left to the teachers -libertie to make his owne choice, both for the booke which he will -teach and the order how, betweene the varietie of iudgementes, and -inequalitie of learning in teachers, which by order must be made one, -by consent neuer will, the parentes purses are pretily pulled, and -poore men verie sore pinched both with chaunge of bookes, the maister -oft repealing his former choice: and also with number, while euery -booke is commended to the buyer, which either maketh a faire shew -to be profitable: or otherwise is sollicited to the sale, as in our -dayes necessitie must sell, where such an ouerflush of bookes growes -chargeable to the printer. For the old periode is returned, that -_Iuuenall_ found in his time, learned and vnlearned must needes write, -he is marde that comes lag. Nay ordinarily some few leaues be occupied -in the best chosen, and biggest booke, besides the oft leasing and -much spoiling of them sachels and all, to their gaines it may be said -that sell them, though to the parentes losse that buy them, and those -of the meaner sort, whose children maintaine schooles most, and swarme -thickest in all places and professions, which thing might be farre -better vsed, if the best onely were bought, and with the losse of his -bookes the childe lost no more. All which inconueniences may easily be -remeadied, and with small adoe. For whatsoeuer is needeful to be vsed -in schooles, may be verie well comprised in a small compasse, and haue -all his helpes with him being gathered into some one pretie volume -compounded of the marrow of many: neither will the charge be great, the -ware being small, and our profession is not to perfit, but to enter. -Neither yet hereby is any iniurie done to good writers, whose bookes -may verie well tarie for the ripenes of the reader, and that place -which is dew to them, in the ordinarie ascent of learning and studie, -being no intruders into rowmes to meane for them, and content to take -that place whereunto they are marshalled by their value, and degree: -to their praise which made them, when the student can iudge: to the -studentes profit, when he can vnderstand: and the fast retaining of -them, when order maintanes memorie. - -In our _grammer_ schooles we professe the toungues nay rather the -entraunce of toungues. Euerie profession that is penned in any toungue -ministreth to her student those wordes that be proper to her owne -subiecte. Which wordes be then best gotten when they follow the -matter, as they will do most willingly in the peculiar studie of the -same profession. If a _grammarian_ therefore be entred to _write_, -_speake_, and _vnderstande_ pretily in some well chosen argument best -to follow for aptnes ech way, though he neither know all, nor most -wordes in any toungue, which is reserued to further studie: yet our -schooles be discharged of their dewtie, in doing but so much. They -that assigne _grammer_ maisters wherein to trauell, appoint them -_histories_, and _poetes_, though they make some choice of men, and -some distinction of matter in regard of vertuous maners and purenes of -stile. In our schooles what time will serue vs to runne ouer all these? -nay to deale but with some few of them throughly? how then? Is not some -litle well pickt, and printed alone the praise of our profession and -the parentes ease? And be not the maine bookes to be consigned ouer to -the right place in their owne calling? Some vaines be rapt, and will -needes proue _poetes_, leaue them the art of _poetrie_, and the whole -bookes and argumentes of _poetes_. Some will commend to memorie, and -posteritie such actes and monumentes, as be worthy the remembrance: Let -them haue the rules, whereby the penning of _histories_ is directed to -write thereby with order: and the matter of _histories_ to furnish out -their stile. If men of more studie and greater learning haue leysure -and list to reade, they may vse _histories_ for pleasure, as being -but an after meates studie: neither tyring the braine, nor tediouse -any way: as they be not generally to build on for iudgement: bycause -ignorance of their circumstances make some difficultie in applying, -and great daunger in prouing. They may also runne ouer _poetes_, when -they are disposed to laugh, and to behold what brauery _enthousiasme_ -inspireth. For when the _poetes_ write sadly and soberly, without -counterfeating though they write in verse, yet they be no _poetes_ -in that kinde of their writing: but where they couer a truth with a -fabulous veele, and resemble with alteration. We are therefore to -cull out some of the best, and fittest for our introductorie, and to -send away the rest to their owne place, in the peculiar professions, -and that not in _poetes_ and _histories_ alone, but also in all other -bookes whatsoeuer, which be at this day admitted into our schooles. The -_poetes_ wordes be verie good, and most significant, as it appeareth by -_Platoes_ whole penning, whose eloquence is thought fit for sainctes, -if any heauenly creature had a longing to speake _greeke_. And in -the latin they haue the same grace, in his iudgement, which best -vnderstoode what wordes were best, as being himselfe the best, and -eloquentest oratour, speaking of them in that booke,[74] wherein he -both sheweth his eloquence most, and vseth the personages of the most -eloquent _oratours_, to deliuer his minde. The quantitie of _syllabes_ -is to be learned of them, to auoide mistiming, as the wise writer -_Horace_ pointeth the poet therfore first to frame the tender mouth of -the yong learner. - -Moreouer some verie excellent places most eloquently, and forcibly -penned for the polishing of good manners, and inducement vnto vertue -may be pickt out of some of them, and none more then _Horace_. We may -therefore either vse them, with that choice: or helpe the pointe our -selues if we thinke it good, and can pen a verse that may deserue -remembraunce. Suche an helpe did _Apollinarius_ offer vnto his -time, as _Sozomenus_, and _Socrates_ the scholer, report in their -ecclesiasticall histories. For _Iulian_ the renegate spiting at the -great learning of _Basil_, _Gregorie_, _Apollinarie_, and many moe -which liued in that time, which time was such a breeder of learned -men, as in _Christian_ matters and _religion_ we reade none like, by -decree excluded the _christian_ mens Children from the vse of prophane -learning wherin the christian diuines were so cunning as they stopt -both his, and his fauorites mouthes with their owne learning, they -passed them all so farre. Then _Apollinarius_ conueighed into verses of -all sortes, after the imitation of all the best prophane poetes diuine -and holy argumentes gathered out of scripture whereby he met with -_Iulians_ edict, and furnished out his owne profession, with matter and -argument of their owne. Now in misliking of profane arguments some such -helpe may be had and appropriate to our youth. But there must be heede -taken, that we plant not any poeticall furie in the childes habit. For -that rapt inclination is to ranging of it selfe, though it be not helpt -forward, where it is, and would not in any case be forced where it is -not. For other writers, _number_ and _choice_ of wordes, _smoothnes_ -and _proprietie_ of composition with the _honestie_ of the argument -must be most regarded. _Quintilianes_ rule is very true and the verie -best, and alway to be obserued, in chusing of writers for children to -learne, to picke out such as will feede the wit with fairest stuffe, -and fine the toungue with neatest speach. So that neither slight, and -vnproper matters, though eloquentlie set foorth, neither weightie and -wise being rudely deliuered be to be offered to children, but where the -honestie and familiaritie of the argument is honored and apparelled -with the finesse and fitnes of speach. Which thing if it be lookt vnto -in planting _vniformitie_, and pointing out fit bookes, besides many -and infinite commodities which will grow thereby to the whole realme, -assuredly the multitude of many needelesse volumes, will be diminished -and cut of. So that _vniformitie_ in schooling may seeme very -profitable seeing it will supplant so great defectes, as the likelyhood -giues, and plant the redresse, which in nature it importeth: besides -that which the common weale doth gaine by acquainting yong wittes euen -from their cradeles, both to embrace and apply orderly _vniformes_, -which in thinges subiect to sense is delitefull to behold: in -comprehensions of the minde is comfortable to thinke on: in executions -and effectes is the staie whereon we stand, and the steddiest recourse -to correct errors by. I am led by these reasons and many the like, to -thinke that either nothing in deede, or very litle in shew, can iustly -be alleaged to the contrary but that such an order must needes be verie -profitable, to giue schooles a purgation to voide them of some great -inconueniences: as I take the thing also to be verie compassable, if -authoritie shall like of it, without which an opinion is but shewed, -and dieth without effect. - -I entend my selfe by the grace of God to bestow some paines therein, -if I may perceaue any hope to encourage my trauell. If any other will -deale I am ready to staie, and behold his successe: if none other will, -then must I be borne with, which in so necessarie a case do offer -to my countrie all my duetifull seruice. Wherein if any vpon some -repining humor shall seeme to stomacke me, bycause being one perhaps -meaner then he is himselfe, I do thus boldly auaunce my doinges to the -stage, and view of my countrie: yet still he step foorth and shew vs -his cunning he hath no wrong offred him, if another do speake while he -wilbe silent. And whosoeuer shall deale in generall argumentes, must -be content to put vp those generall pinches, which repining people do -vse then most, when they are best vsed, and esteeme it some benefit, -when doing well he heareth ill: and thinke that he hath gotten a great -victorie if he please the best, and profit the most, as he may profit -all and yet displease many: either through _ignorance_ bycause they -cannot discerne: or through _willfulnes_ being wedded to preiudice: or -ells through _disdaine_ bycause it spiteth some, to see other aboue -spite. A disease proper to basest dispositions, and of meanest desert, -to pinch the heele where they pricke at the head. - -But such as meane to do well, how souer their power perfourme, so -the height of their argument ouertop not their power to farre, and -discouer great want of discretion in meddling with a matter to much -surmounting their abilitie, they may comfort and encourage themselues -with that meaning, if their doing do answere it in any resonable -proportion, and thinke it a thing, (as it is in deede) naturally, and -daily accompanying all potentates either in person, or propertie, and -therefore no disgrace to any meaner creature to wrastle with repyning -and sowre spirites euen verie then, when they worke them most good, -which are readyest to repine. If the doinges be massiue they will beare -a knocke: if they be but slender, and will streight way bruse, beware -the warranting. As in this my labour I dare warrant nothing, but the -warines of good will, which euen ill wil shall see: if it haue any -sight to see that is right, as commonly that way it is starke blinde, -and so much the more incurablely, bycause the blindnes comes either of -vnwillingnes to see, or of an infected sight, that will misconsture and -depraue the obiect. I craue the gentle and friendly construction of -such as be learned, or that loue learning, and yet I neede not craue -it, bycause learning that is sound in deede and needes no bolstering, -and all her louers and fauorers, be verie liberall of friendly -construction, and nothing partiall to speake the best, euen where it -is not craued. I must pray, if prayer will procure it, the gentle and -curteouse toleration of such, as shall mislike. For as I will not -willingly do that, which may deserue misliking: so if I once know -wherein, I will satisfie thoroughly. And therefore in one word, I must -pray my louing countriemen, and friendly readers, this to thinke of me, -that either I shall hit, as my hope is, and then they shall enioy it: -or if I misse, I will amend, and my selfe shall not repent it. - -[Sidenote: Schoole orders publicke.] - -2. The second remedie to helpe schoole _inconueniences_ was to set -downe the schoole _ordinaunces_ betwene the maister, and his scholers -in a publicke place, where they may easily be seene and red: and to -leaue as litle vncertaine or vntoucht, which the parent ought to know, -and whereupon misliking may arise, as is possible. For if at the first -entry the parent condiscend, to those orders, which he seeth, so that -he cannot afterward plead eitheir ignorance, or disallowing, he is not -to take offence, if his childe be forced vnto them when he will not -follow, according to that fourme, which he himselfe did confirme by -his owne consent. And yet when all is done the glosse will wring the -text. Wherefore the _maner_ of teaching, the ascent in fourmes, the -_times_ of admission, the _preuention_ to haue fourmes equall, the -_bookes_ for learning, and all those thinges, which be incident vnto -that _vniformitie_, wherof I spake, being already knowen to be ratified -by authoritie, as I trust it shalbe: or if not, yet the same order in -the same degrees being set downe, which the maister priuately according -to his owne skill entendes to kepe: it shalbe very good to take away -matter of iarre betwene the parentes and the maister, in the same table -publickly to be seene, and shewed to the parentes, when they bring -their child first to schoole, besides all that, which I haue generally -touched to set downe also in plaine and flat termes, 1. what _houres_ -he will kepe, bycause there is great consideration in that, what to -haue fixed and perpetuall, and wherein to giue place to particular -occasions, as there be very many, why all children cannot kepe all -_houres_, though the schoole _houres_ must still be certaine: and -discretion must be the determiner. 2. Againe what _occasions_ he will -vse to let them go to play, which be now very many, and very needefull, -while ordinarie exercises be not as ordinarily admitted, as ordinarie -schooling, is ordinarily allowed: 3. and such other thinges as the -schoole shall seeme necessarily to require. For a certaintie resolueth, -and preuentes douting. - -[Sidenote: Of curtesie and correction.] - -But he must cheifly touch what _punishment_ he will vse, and how much, -for euery kinde of fault that shall seeme punishable by the _rod_. -For the _rod_ may no more be spared in schooles, then the _sworde_ -may in the _Princes_ hand. By the _rod_ I meane _correction_, and -_awe_: if that sceptre be thought to fearfull for boyes, which our -time deuised not, but receiued it from auncientie, I will not striue -with any man for it, so he leaue vs some meane which in a multitude -may worke obedience. For the priuate, what soeuer parentes say, my -ladie _birchely_ will be a gest at home, or else parentes shall not -haue their willes. And if in men great misses deserue and receiue -great punishment, sure children may not escape in some qualitie of -punishment, which in quantitie of vnhappinesse will match some men. -And if parentes were as carefull to examine the causes of beating, as -they are nothing curious to be offended without cause for beating, -themselues might gaine a great deale more to their childrens good: and -their children lease nothing, by their parentes assurance. But commonly -in such cases rashnesse hath her recompence, the errour being then -spied, when the harme is incurable, and repentance without redresse. -Terme it as ye list, beate not you saye for learning but for lewdnesse. -Sure to beate him for learning which is willing enough to learne, when -his witte will not serue, were more then frantike: and vnder the name -of not learning to hide and shrowd all faultes and offenses, were more -then foolish: and what would that childe be without beating, which -with it can hardly be reclaimed? in whom onely lewdnesse is the let, -and capacitie is at will? The ende of our schooles is learning: if it -faile by negligence, punish negligence: if by other voluntarie default, -punish the default. Spare learning: so that still the refuge must be -to the maisters discretion: both for manners, and for learning, whom -I would wish to set downe as much in certaintie as he can, at the -beginning, and to leaue as litle as he may to the childes report, who -will alway leane and sway to much to his owne side, and beare away the -bell, euen against the best maister, cheifly if his mother be either -his counsellour, or his attourney: or the father vnconstant, and -without iudgement. - -The maister therfore must haue in his table a _catalogue_ of schoole -faultes, beginning at the commandementes, for _swearing_, for -_disobedience_, for _lying_, for _false_ witnesse, for picking, and -so thorough out: then to the meaner heresies, _trewantry_, _absence_, -_tardies_, and so forth. Such a thing _Xenophon_[75] seemes to meane -in rekening vp the faultes, which the _Persian_ vsed to punish, though -he limit not the penaltie, what, nor how much. Which in all these -I wish our maister to set downe with the number of stripes also, -immutable though not many. Wherin the maister is to take good heed, -that the fault may be confessed, if it may be, without force, and the -boye conuicted by verdit of his fellowes, and that very euidently. -For otherwise children will wrangle amaine, and affection at home -hath credulitie beyond crye, which makes the boy dare, what reason -dare not. If any of their fellowes be appointed monitours, (as such -helpes of Lieutenauncie must be had, where the maister cannot alwaye -be present himselfe) and take them napping, they wil pretend spite, or -some priuate displeasure in most manifest knauerie. And if ye correcte, -as your Lieutenant must haue credit, if you meane to keepe state, that -must go home to proue beating without cause. If the maister differre -execution, that delaie will enstruct them to deuise some starting hole, -and that also if it be not heard in schoole wilbe heard at home. - -To tell tales out of schoole, is now as commonly vsed to the worst, -as in the old world it was high treason to do it at all. There be as -many prety _stratagemes_ and deuises, which boyes will vse to saue -themselues, and as pleasaunt to heare as any _apopthegme_ in either -_Plutarch_, _Ælianus_, or _Erasmus_. The maister therefore must be very -circumspecte, and leaue no shew, or countenaunce of impunitie deserued, -where desert biddes pay. It were some losse of time in learning, -to spend any in beating, if it did not seeme a gaine that soundeth -towardes good, and seekes amendement of manners. It is passing hard, -to reclaime a boye, in whom long impunitie hath graffed a carelesse -securitie, or rather some deepe insolencie: and yet freindes will -haue it so, and beating may not be for discouraging the boye, though -repentaunce be in rearward. It is also not good after any correction -to let children grate somwhat to long of their late greife, for feare -of to greate stomaking, onlesse the parentes be wise and stedfast, -with whom if a cunning, and a discrete maister ioyne, that childe is -most fortunate which hath such parentes, and that scholer most happie -which hath light on such a maister. “But certainly it is most true, -let plausibilitie in speach vse all her excusing and blanching colours -that she can, that the round maister, which can vse the rod discretely, -though he displease some, which thinke all punishment vndiscrete, if -it tuch their owne, doth perfourme his duetie best, and still shall -bring vp the best scholers: As no maister of any stuffe shall do but -well, where the parentes like that at home, which the maister doth at -schoole: and if they do mislike any thing, will rather impart their -greife and displeasure with the maister priuately, to amend it, then -moane their child openly, to marre that way more then they shall make -any way. The same faultes must be faultes at home, which be faultes -at schoole, and receiue the like reward in both the places, to worke -the childes good by both meanes, correction as the cause shall offer, -commendacion as neede shall require.” - -They that write most for gentlenesse in traine reserue place for the -rod, and we that vse the terme of seueritie recommend curtesie to the -maisters discretion. Here is the oddes: they will seeme to be curteous -in termes, and yet the force of the matter makes them confesse the -neede of the rod: we vse sharp termes, and yet yeilde to curtesie more, -then euen the verie patrones of curtesie do, for all their curifauour. - -Wherin we haue more reason to harp on the harder stringe for the -trueth of the matter, then they to touch but the softer, so to please -the person: seeing they conspire with vs in the last conclusion, that -both correction and curtesie be referred to discretion. Curtesie goeth -before, and ought to guide the discourse, when reason is obeyed which -is very seldome: but the corruptnesse in nature, the penalties in lawe, -courage to enflame, desire to entice, and so many euilles assailing one -good do enforce me to build my discourse vpon feare, and leaue curtesie -to consideration: as the bare one reason of reason obeyed, a thing -still wished, but seldome wel willed, doth cause some curteous conceit, -not much acquainted with the kinde of gouernment, vpon some plausible -liking, to make curtesie the outside, and keepe canuase for the lyning: -but euer still for the last staffe to make discretion the refuge. -Wherin we agree, though I priuately chide him, and saye why dissemble -ye? Vnder hand he aunswereth me, I lend the world some wordes, but I -will witnesse with you, I do not speake against discrete correction, -but against hastinesse, and crueltie. Sir I know none, that will either -set correction or curtesie at to much libertie, but with distinction, -vpon whom they be both to be exercised: neither yet any, that will -praise cruelty: and all those, that write of this argument, whether -Philosophers or others allow of punishment, though they differ in the -kinde. - -And it is said in the best common weale,[76] not that no punishment is -to be vsed, but that such an excellent naturall witte, as is made out -of the finest mould would not be enforced, bycause in deede it needes -not: neither will I offer feare, where I finde such a one: neither -but in such a common weale shall I finde such a one. And yet in our -corrupt states we light sometime vpon one, that were worthy to be a -dweller in a farre better. And I will rather venture vpon the note of -a sharp maister to make a boye learne that, which may afterward do him -seruice, yea though he be vnwilling for the time, and very negligent: -then that he shall lacke the thing, which maye do him seruice, when age -commeth on, bycause I would not make him learne, for the vaine shadow -of a curteous maister. It is slauish sayeth _Socrates_ to be bet. It -is slauish then to deserue beating sayeth the same _Socrates_. If -_Socrates_ his free nature be not found, sure _Socrates_ his slauish -courage must be cudgelled, euen by _Socrates_ his owne confession. -For neither is punishment denied for slaues, neither curtesie for -free natures. This by the waye, neither _Socrates_ nor _Plato_ be so -directly carefull in that place, for a good maister in this kinde, as -the place required, though they point the learner. And in deed where -they had _Censores_ to ouersee the generall traine, both for one -age and other, there needed no great precept this waye. If parentes -might not do this, neither children attempt that, then were maisters -disburdened: If all thinges were set in stay by publike prouision, -priuate care were then mightily discharged. But _Socrates_ findes a -good scholer which in naturall relation inferreth a good maister. And -yet _Philippe_ of _Macedonie_, had a thousand considerations in his -person, moe then that he was _Alexanders_ father, and it is not enough -to name the man, onelesse ye do note the cause why with all, and in -what respect ye name him. A wise maister, which must be a speciall -caueat in prouision, wil helpe all, either by preuenting that faultes -be not committed, or by well vsing, when soeuer they fall out, and -without exception must haue both correction and curtesie, committed -vnto him beyond any appeal. _Xenophon_[77] maketh _Cyrus_ be beaten of -his maister, euen where he makes him the paterne of the best Prince, as -_Tullie_ sayeth[78] and mindes not the trueth of the storie, but the -perfitnesse of his deuise, being him selfe very milde as it appeareth -still in his _iourney_ from _Assyria_ after the death of _Cyrus_ the -younger.[79] For a _soule_ there could not be one lesse _seruile_ then -he, which was pictured out beyond exception: for _impunitie_, there -could not be more hope, then in a Prince enheritour, and that is more, -set forth for a _paterne_ to Princes. And yet this Princes child in -the absolutenesse of deuise, was beaten by his deuise, which could -not deuise any good traine exempt from beating beinge yet the second -ornament of _Socrates_ his schoole. - -The case was thus, and a matter of the _Persian_ learning. A long boye -had a short coate, and a short boye had a long one: The long boye -tooke awaye the short boyes coate, and gaue him his: both were fit: -But yet there arose a question about it. _Cyrus_ was made iudge, as -iustice was the _Persian_ grammer. He gaue sentence, that either should -haue that which fitted him. His maister bette him for his sentence: -bycause the question was not of fitnesse, but of right, wherein eche -should haue his owne. His not learning, and errour by ignorance, was -the fault, wherfore he was punished. And who soeuer shall marke the -thing well, shall finde, that not learning, where there is witte to -learne, buildeth vpon _idlenesse_, vnwilling to take paines, vpon -_presumption_ that he shall carie it awaye free, and in the ende, vpon -_contempt_ of them, from whom he learned to contemne, where he should -haue reuerenced. Slight considerations make no artificiall anatomies, -and therfore wil smart, bycause they spie not the subtilities of -creeping diseases. It is easie for negligence in scholers, to pretend -crueltie in maisters, where fauour beyond rime, lendes credit beyond -reason. But in such choice of maisters where crueltie maye easily be -auoided, nay in such helpe by Magistrate, where it may be suppressed: -and in such wealth of parentes which may change where they like not, -if I should here a young gentleman say he was driuen from schoole, he -should not driue me from mine opinion, but that there was follie in -the parentes, and he had his will to much followed, if his parentes -had the training of him, or that his gardian gaue to much to his owne -gaine, and to litle to his wardes good, if he were not himselfe some -hard head besides, and set light by learning, as a bootie but for -beggers. For gentlenesse and curtesie towarde children, I do thinke -it more needefull then beating, and euer to be wished, bycause it -implyeth a good nature in the child, which is any parentes comfort, any -maisters delite. And is the _nurse_ to liberall wittes, the maisters -_encouragement_, the childes _ease_, the parentes _contentment_, -the _bannishment_ of bondage, the _triumph_ ouer torture, and an -_allurement_ to many good attemptes in all kinde of schooles. - -But where be these wittes, which will not deserue, and that very much? -and where much deseruing is, who is so shamles as to deny correction, -which by example doth good, and helpes not the partie offender alone. -Giue me meane dispositions to deserue, they shall neuer complaine -of much beating: but of none I dare not say, bycause insolent -rechelessenes will grow on in the very best, and best giuen natures, -where impunitie profers pardon, eare the fault be committed. My selfe -haue had thousandes vnder my hand, whom I neuer bet, neither they euer -much needed: but if the rod had not bene in sight, and assured them -of punishment if they had swarued to much, they would haue deserued: -And yet I found that I had done better in the next to the best, to -haue vsed more correction, and lesse curtesie, after carelessenesse -had goten head. Wherfore I must needes say, that in any multitude the -rod must needes rule: and in the least paucitie it must be seene, how -soeuer it sound. Neither needeth a good boye to be afraid, seeing his -fellow offender beaten, any more then an honest man, though he stand by -the gallowes, at the execution of a fellon. This point for punishment -must the maister set downe roundly, and so as he meaneth in deede to -deale, bycause the pretence is generally, not so much for beating, as -for to sore beating, which being in sight, the conclusion is soone -made, and he that will preuent that sore, may see that set downe, -which is thought sufficient. Whervnto if the parent submit himselfe in -consent, and his childe in obedience the bargain is thorough, if not -there is no harme done. - -If the schoole rest vpon the maister alone, thus must he do if he -meane to do well, and to continue freindship where he meanes to do -good. If it be some free foundacion, the founders must ioyne with the -maister, if they meane that the frute of their cost shalbe commodious -to their cuntrey. Leaue nothing to had I wist where ye may aunswere ye -wist it. When any extraordinary fault breaketh out, as _Solon_ said of -parricide, that he thought there was none such in nature, conference -with the parent, and euident proofe before punishment, will satisfie -all parties. And euer the maister must haue a fatherly affection, -euen to the vnhappyest boye, and thinke the schoole to be a place of -amendment, and therfore subiect to misses. - -[Sidenote: The maistres yeares and alonenesse.] - -For the maisters yeares, I leaue that to the admitters, as I do -his alonenesse. Sufficiency of liuing wil make marriage most fit, -where affection to their owne, worketh fatherlynesse to others: and -insufficiencie of liuing will make a sole man remoue sooner, bycause -his cariage is small. Most yeares should be most fit to gouerne, both -for constantnesse to be an ancker for leuitie to ride at, which is -naturally in youth: and for discretion and learning, which yeares -should bring with them. But bycause there be errours I leaue this to -discretion. The admitters to schooles haue a great charge, and ought -to proue as curious as the very best Godfathers, whose charge yet is -farre greater, then the account of it is made, among common persons. -These thinges do I take to be very necessarie meanes, to helpe many -displeasures wherwith schooling is anoyed, and to plant pleasure in -their place. And yet when all is done the poore teacher must be subiect -to as much, as the sunne is, to shine ouer all, and yet see much more -then he can amend: as the diuine is, which for all his preaching, -cannot haue his auditorie perfit: as the Prince is, who neither for -reward nor penalty can haue generall obedience. The teachers life is -painfull, and therfore would be pityed: it is euidently profitable, and -therfore would be cherished: it wrastles with vnthankfullnesse aboue -all measure, and therefore would be comforted, with all encouragement. -One displeased parent will do more harme vpon a head, if he take -a pyrre at some toy, neuer conferring with any, but with his owne -cholere: then a thousand of the thankfullest will euer do good, though -it be neuer so well deserued. Such small recompence hath so great -paines, the very acquaintance dying when the childe departes, though -with confessed deserte, and manifest profit: Such extreme dealing will -furie enforce, where there is no fault, but that conceit surmiseth, -vnwilling to examine the truth of the cause, and lother to reclame, as -vnwilling to be seene so ouershot by affection. This very point wherby -parentes hurte themselues in deede, and hinder their owne, though they -discourage teachers, would be looked vnto by some publike ordinaunce, -that both the maisters might be driuen to do well, if the fault rest -in them: and the parentes to deale well, if the blame rest there: -considering the publike is harmed, where the priuate is vncharmed, to -ende it in meter as my president is. - -But in the beginning of this argument I did protest against _Philip -Melanchthons_ miseries, and therefore I will go no further, seeing what -calling is it, which hath not his cumbat against such discurtesies? The -prouerbe were vntrue, if man should not be as well a wolfe to man, as -he is tearmed a God and did not more harme, in vnkyndenesse, then good -in curtesie: so maruelosly fraught with ill and good both, as _Plinie_, -cannot iudge whether nature be to a man, a better mother, or a bitterer -stepdame. But patience must comfort where extremitie discourageth: and -a resolute minde is a rempare to it selfe, vpon whom as _Horace_ saith, -though the whole world should fall, it might well crush him perforce, -but not quash him for feare. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[73] P. Melancthon. - -[74] De oratore. - -[75] 1. παιδί. - -[76] 7 De rep. Plato. - -[77] 1. παιδ. - -[78] Ad Quintum Frat. - -[79] Ανάβασις. - - - - -CHAPTER 44. - - THAT CONFERENCE BETWENE THOSE WHICH HAUE INTEREST IN CHILDREN: - CERTAINETIE OF DIRECTION IN PLACES WHERE CHILDREN VSE MOST: AND - CONSTANCIE IN WELL KEEPING THAT, WHICH IS CERTAINELY APPOINTED, BE THE - MOST PROFITABLE CIRCUMSTANCES BOTH FOR VERTUOUS MANERING AND CUNNING - SCHOOLING. - - -Of all the meanes which pollicie and consideration haue deuised to -further the good training vp of children, either to haue them well -learned, or vertueously manered, I see none conparable to these three -pointes: _conference_ betwene those persons, which haue interest -in children, to see them well brought vp: _certainetie_ in those -thinges, wherein children are to trauell, for their good bringing vp: -_constancie_ in perfourming that, which by _conference_ betweene the -persons is set _certaine_ in the thinges: that there be either no -change at all after a sound limitation: or at least verie litle, saue -where discretion in execution, is to yeald vnto circumstaunce. Therfore -I entend to vtter some part of mine opinion concerning these three -things, _conference_ to breede the best: _certainetie_ to plant the -best: _constancie_ to continue the best: and first of _conference_. -Which I find to be of foure cooplementes: _parentes_ and _neighbours_: -_teachers_ and _neighbours_: _parentes_ and _teachers_: _teachers_ and -_teachers_: whereof euerie one offereth much matter for the furthering -of both learning and good maners in children. Vnder the name of -_neighbours_ I comprehend all forraine persons, whom either commendable -dewtie by countrie lawe: or honest care of common curtesie doth giue -charge vnto, to helpe the bettering of children, and to fraie them from -euill. - -[Sidenote: Conference betwene parentes and neighbours.] - -1. Now if parentes in pointes of counsell vse to conferre with such, -they may learne by some others experience: how to deale in their -owne. And as this point is naturally prouided to assist infirmitie, -which craues helpe of others, where it standes in dout: so there is a -naturall iniunction wherby all men are charged to bestow their good and -faithfull counsell, where it is required, doing thereby great good to -the parties, and no harme to themselues, vnlesse it be to be rekened a -harme, to gaine the opinion of wisedom, the estimation of honestie, and -the note of humanitie, and a well giuen disposition. This consideration -resteth most in the partie mouer, which is to receiue aduise, when -himselfe shall require it. The next is an euident signe of an excellent -inclination, which of it selfe will doe good, euen bycause the thing -is good, though he be not conferred with. For if such persons will -conferre with parentes, when they spy any thing that is not well in -their children is it not honorable in them to deale so honestly? is it -not wisdome in parentes to constrew it most friendly? is it not happie -for those children which haue such carefull forraine helpers abroad, -such considerate naturall hearers at home? A simple meaning in both -the parties, the _neighbour_ to tell friendly, the _parent_ to take -kindely, and to excute wisely will do maruelous much good. And what is -this else but to loue thy neighbour as thy selfe, when thou mindest -his childe good, as thou doest thine owne? And what is it else but to -thinke of thy neighbour, as thou wouldest be thought on thy selfe, -when thou beleeuest him in thine, as thou wouldest be beleeued in -his? A true president of naturall _humanitie_, a religious patterne -of honest _neighbourhoode_, which in no other thing can declare more -good will, in no other thing can do one more good, then in respect -to his children, whether ye consider the childrens persons, or the -thing which is wished them. For in deede what be children in respect -of their persons? be they not the effectes of Gods perfourmaunce in -blessing? of his commaundement in encrease? be they not the assurance -of a state which shall continew by succession, and not dy in one brood? -be they not the parentes naturall purtracte? their comfort in hope, -their care in prouision? for whom they get all, for whom they feare -nought? And can he which desireth the good of this so great a blessing -from heauen, so great a staie for the countrie, so great a comfort to -parentes, deuise how to pleasure them more in any other thing? for to -wish children to be honest, vertuous, and well learned, is to wish that -to proue perfitly good, which standeth in a mammering, to proue good -or bad. And can this so great a good wish but proceede from a passing -honest disposition, and most worthy the embrasing? Nay most happy is -that state, where youth hath such a staie, in such libertie as it is, -not to helpe vnlesse one list. Hereupon I conclude that _conference_ -betwene _parentes_ and others, whether by way of asking counsell, or by -aduertisemente to check faultes, is very profitable for the weale of -the litle ones. - -[Sidenote: Conference betwene teachers and neighbours.] - -2. This _conference_ may fall betwene the _neighbour_ and the -_teacher_. Wherein the _teacher_ must be verie warie bycause he hath -to deale with the informer for credit: with his scholer for amendment: -with the parent for liking. When the parent dealeth with his owne -childe, either of his owne knowledge, or by credited report, his -doome is death or life, the childe hath no appeale, but either must -amend, or feele the like smart. At the _teachers_ dealing, vpon any -aduertisement, there may and wilbe taken many pretie exceptions. Why -did you beleeue? why should he medle? why dealt you in this sort? And -whatsoeuer quarell miscontentment can deuise, being incensed with -furie: or some extreme heat, as angrie nature is an eager monster. And -in deede some ouerthwart conceit may moue the complainant, whatsoeuer -the pretence be. Againe some wise man, may light vpon so conuenient a -maister, as he may proue a better meane to redresse, then the parent -will be, in whom blinde nature will neither see the childes fault, nor -the friendes faith. But how soeuer it be, the maister must be warie, -where his commission is not absolute. But in the wise handling of this -ciuill _conference_ the childe shall gaine much towardes his well -doing, when wheresoeuer he shall be, or whatsoeuer he shall do, he -shall both finde it true, and feele it so, that either his parent or -his maister, or both together see him, if any other bodie see him. - -[Sidenote: Conference betwene parentes and teachers.] - -3. The next _conference_ is betweene _parentes_ and _maisters_, whereof -though I haue saide much, yet can I neuer say to much, the point is so -needefull: bycause their friendly and faithfull communicating workes -perpetuall obedience in the childe, contempt of euill, and desire to do -well: seeing both they trauell to make one good. There is nothing so -great an enemie to this so great a good as credulitie is in parentes, -not able to withstand the childes eloquence, when shed of teares, -and some childish passion do plead against punishment for assured -misdemeanour. But though for the time such parentes seeme to wynne, -bycause they haue their will: yet in the conclusion, they want their -will, when they wish it were not so. Before change either of place, to -proceede onward to further learning: or of maisters when the old is -misliked, and a new sought for, then this _conference_ is a meruelous -helpe. For in change of place, it growndes vpon knowledge, and growes -by aduice: in change of maisters, it is mistresse to warines not to -lease by the change. For can the new maister vnderstand and iudge of -the childes fault in so small a time, as the old maister may amend it -if he be conferred with? You are offended with the former maister, -haue ye conferred with him? haue ye opened vnto him your owne griefe, -your childes defect, his owne default? are ye resolued that the fault -is in the maister? may not your sonne forge? or may he not halt, to -procure alteration vpon some priuate peuishnes? _Cyrus_ as _Zenophon_ -writeth[80] surprised the king of _Armenia_ being tributarie to the -_Medians_ but minding to reuolt, when the _Assyrians_ armie should -enter into _Media_. And yet though he found him in manifest blame, -he left him his state, as the best steward for the _Medians_ vse, -considering the partie pardoned is bound by defect, he that shall be -chosen, will thanke his owne merit, not the chusers munificence. Such -consideration had _Cyrus_, and such _conference_ with him, whom he knew -to be a foe, before he surprised him, and yet found the frute of his -considerate _conference_ and his determination vpon his _conference_, -to be exceding good and gainefull for himselfe after, and his friendes -for the time. A number of ills be auoided, and a number of goodes -obtained by this same _conference_ betwene _parentes_ and _maisters_. -If the _maister_ be wise and aduisedly chosen though he chaunce -to misse, he knowes to amend: if he neither be such a one, nor so -considerately chosen, yet _conference_ will discouer him, and shew hope -her listes, and what she may trust to. But not to dwel any longer in -this point, wherein elsewhere I haue not bene parciall, I must needes -say thus much of it at once for all, that no one meane either publike -or priuate makes so much for the good bringing vp of children, as this -_conference_ doth. - -[Sidenote: Conference betwene teachers.] - -4. The last _conference_ I appoint to be betwene those of the same -professions, whereby the generall traine is generally furthered. For -whersoeuer any subiect is to be dealt in by many, is not the dealers -_conference_ the meane to perfit dealing? and to haue that subiect -absolutely well done, which it selfe is subiect to so many doers? Is -either the patient any worse if the _Physitians_ conferre, or their -facultie baser by their being togither? is not the case still clearer, -where there is _conference_ in law? is not the church the purer were -_conference_ is in proufe? and doth not the contrarie in all do much -harme in all? And do ye thinke _that_ conference among teachers would -not do much good in the traine? or is the thing either for moment -so meane, or for number so naked, as it may not seeme worthy to be -considered vpon? Or can there any one, or but some few, be he or they -neuer so cunning, discerne so exactly, as a number can in common -_conference_? do not common companies which professe no learning, both -allow it, and proue it, and finde it to be profitable? where it is vsed -among teachers for the common good, it profiteth generally by sending -abroad some common direction. In places where many schooles be within -small compasse, it is very needefull to worke present good, and to -helpe one another, where all may haue enough to bestow their labour on. - -But this _conference_, and that not in _teachers_ alone must be builded -vpon the _honest care_ of the _publike good_, without _respect_ of -_priuate gaine_: without _sting_ of _emulation_: without _gaule_ -of _disdaine_: which be and haue bene great enemies to conference: -great hinderers to good schooling: nay extreame miners in cases aboue -schooling, and yet for the footing of that, which must after proue -fairest, good schooling is no small onset. I neede not to rip vp -the position to them, that be learned, which know what a mischiefe -the misse of _conference_ is, where it ought to be of force, and is -shouldered out by distempered fantsie. He that can iudge, knoweth the -force of this argument, which followeth: “where many illes seeke to -chooke one good, which themselues were displaced, if that good tooke -place: that good must needes be a great one, and worthy the wishing, -that it may procure passage.” Of _conference_ I must needes say -this, that it is the cognisance of humanitie, and that of the best -humanitie, being vsed for the best causes that concerne humanitie, -and all humaine societie. I dare enter no deeper in this so great -a good: but certainely in matters of learning there would be more -_conference_, euen of verie conscience. And if that honest desire -might bring downe great hart, the honorable effect would bring vp -great good, in all trades beyond crie, in our traine beyond credit. In -matters of engrosing, and _monopoleis_, in matters of forestauling and -intercepting there is dealing by _conference_ among the dealers, which -we all crie out of, bycause it makes vs crie, in our purses. And yet we -are slow to trie that in the good, which proues so strong in the ill, -and was first pointed for good. I vse no authorities to proue in these -cases, where reason her selfe is in place, and standeth not in neede of -alleaging of names, bycause she may well spare her owne retinew, where -her hoste himselfe doth tender his owne seruice. - -[Sidenote: Certaintie.] - -2. The next point after _conference_ is the chiefe and best offspring -of all wise _conferences_, _certainetie_ in direction, which in all -thinges commendes it selfe, but in bringing vp of children it doth -surpasse commendation, both for their manners and their learning. -This same so much praised _certainetie_ concerneth the limiting of -thinges, what to do and what to learne, how to do and how to learne, -where, when, and so furth to do that, which fineth the behauiour, -and to learne that which aduanceth knowledge. For children being of -themselues meere ignorant must haue _certainetie_ to direct them: -and trainers being not dailie to deuise, are at once to set downe -certaine, both what themselues will require at the childrens hand for -the generall order: and what the children must looke for at their -handes for generall perfourmance. This _certainetie_ must specially be -set sure, and no lesse soundly kept, in _schooles_ for _learning_, in -priuate _houses_ for _behauiour_, in _churches_ for _religion_, bycause -those three places, be the greatest aboades, that children haue. - -[Sidenote: Certainetie in schooles.] - -1. Concerning _certainetie_ in schoole pointes, and the benefit -thereof, I haue delt verie largely in the last title: so that I shall -not neede to vse any more spreading in that point, sauing onely that -I do continue in the same opinion: as the thing it selfe continueth -in it selfe most assurance of best successe, when the childe knoweth -his _certainetie_ in all limitable circumstances, whether he be at -schoole himselfe to prouide that must be done: or if he be not there, -yet to know in abscence, what is done there of course. So that where -ignorance of orders cannot be pretended, there good orders must needes -be obserued, which ordenarily bringe foorth a well ordered effect. -The best and most heauenly thinges be both most certaine, and most -constantly certaine, and the wisest men the certainest to builde on, in -the middest of our vncertaineties. So that _certainetie_ must needes -be a great leuell, which procureth such liking in those thinges where -it lighteth. In _schooling_ it assureth the parentes, what is promised -there, and how like to be perfourmed, by sight of the method and orders -set downe: it directeth the children as by a troden path, how to come -thither, as their iourney lieth: it disburdeneth the maisters heade, -when that is in writing, which he was in waying, and when experience by -oft trying hath made the habit able to march on of it selfe without any -renewing: whereunto mutabilitie is euerie day endaungered. - -[Sidenote: Certainetie in priuate houses.] - -2. The second point of _certainetie_ entereth into families and priuate -_houses_, which in part I then touched, when I wished the parentes so -to deale at _home_, as there might be a _conformitie_ betwene _schoole_ -and _home_. This point will preuent two great inconueniences euen at -the first, besides the generale sequele of good discipline at home. For -neither shall schooles haue cause to complaine of priuate corruption -from home, that it infecteth them, when nothing is at home done or -seene, but that which is seemely: neither shall the schooles lightly -send any misdemeanour home, when the childe is assured to be sharpely -chekt, for his ill doing, if it appeare within doares. This is that -point which all writers that deale with the _œconomie_ of householdes, -and pollicie of states do so much respect, bycause the fine blossomes -of well trained families, do assure vs of the swetest flowres in -training vp of states, for that the buddes of priuate discipline be -the beauties of pollicie. I shall not neede to say, what a good state -that familie is in, where all thinges be most certainely set, and most -constantly kept, which do belong to the good example of the _heades_, -the good following of the _feete_, the good discipline of the whole -_house_. Though some not so resolute wittes, or gredier humours will -neither harken to this rule, neither keepe it in their owne, bycause -the distemperature is both blinde, and deafe, where the minde is -distempered, and violently giuen ouer either to extreame desire of -gaine, or to some other infirmitie which cannot stoup to staid order: -yet those _families_ which keepe it, finde the profitablenesse of it. -There children so well ordered by _certaineties_ at _home_: when to -rise: when to go to bed: when and how to pray euening and morning: when -and how to visit their parentes ear they goe to bed, after they rise, -ear they go abroad, when they returne home, at tables about meat, at -meeting in dutie with officious and decent speches of course, well -framed, and deulie called for, cannot but proue verie orderly and good. -He that in his infancie is thus brought vp, will make his owne proufe -his fairest president, and what housholde knoweth not this is extreame -farre of from any good president. Obedience towardes the prince and -lawes is assuredly grounded, when priuate houses be so well ordered: -small preaching will serue there, where priuate training settes thinges -so forward. Being therefore so great a good, it is much to be thought -on, and more to be called for. - -[Sidenote: Certaintie in Churches.] - -3. Now can _certaintie_ being so great a bewtifier both to publik -_schooles_, and priuate houses, be but very necessary to enter the -Church with children vpon _holydaies_? to haue all the young ones of -the Parish, by order of the Parish set in some one place of the Church? -with some good ouer looking, that they be all there, and none suffred -to raunge abroad about the streates, vpon any pretence? that they may -be in eye of parentes and parishioners? that they may be attentiue to -the Diuine seruice, and be time learne to reuerence that, wherby they -must after liue? I do but set downe the consideration, which they will -execute, who shall allow of it, and deuise it best, vpon sight of the -circunstance. How other men will thinke herof I know not, but sure -methinke, both publikly and priuately, that _certaintie_ in _direction_ -where it may be well compassed, is a merueilous profitable kinde of -regiment, and best beseeming children, about whose bettering my trauell -is employed. In the very executing it sheweth present pleasure, and -afterward many singular profites: and is in very deede the right -meane to direct in _vncertainties_, as a stayed yearde to measure -flexible stuff. _Bladders_ and _bullrushes_ helpe _swimming_: the -_nurses_ hand the _infantes going_: the _teachers line_ the _scholers -writing_, the _Musicians tune_, his _learners timing_: what to do? -by following _certaintie_ at first to direct _libertie_ at last. And -he that is acquainted with _certaintie_ of _discipline_ in his young -yeares will thinke himselfe in exile, if he finde it not in age, and -by plaine comparisons, will reclaime misorders, which he likes not, -to such orders as he sees not. Who so markes and moanes the varietie -in _schooling_, the disorder in _families_, the dissolutenesse in -_Church_, will thinke I saye somwhat. - -[Sidenote: Constancie.] - -3. The third part of my diuision was _constancie_. For what auaileth -it to _conferre_ about the best, and to set it in _certaine_, where -_mutabilitie_ of mindes vpon euery infirmitie either of iudgement, or -other circunstance, is seeking to retire, and to leaue that rouling, -which was so well rewled. In this point of _constancie_ there be but -two considerations to be had, the one of knowledge in the thing, -the other of discretion in the vse. For he that is resolued in the -goodnesse and pith of the thing, will neuer reuolt, but like a valiant -general building vpon his owne knowledge, is certaine to conquere, -what difficultie so euer would seeme to dasle his eyes, or to dash -his conceit. It is weake _ignorance_ that yeildes still, as being -neuer well setled: it is _pusillanimitie_ that faintes still, not -belieuing where he sees not. Assured _knowledge_ will resemble the -great _Emperour_ of all, which is still the same and neuer changeth, -which set a lawe, that yet remaines in force euen from the first, -among all his best and most obedient thinges. The _sunnes_ course -is _certaine_, and _constantly_ kept. The _moone_ hath her mouing -without _alteration_, and that so _certaine_, as how many yeares be -their eclypses foretold? A good thing such as wise _conference_ is -most like to bring forth, would be _certainly_ knowen, and being -so knowen would be _constantly_ kept. The fairest _bud_ will bring -forth no frute, if it fall in the prime, but being well fostered by -seasonable weather, it will surely proue well. The greatest thinges -haue a feeble footing, though their perfitnesse be strong, but if -their meane be not _constant_, that first feeblenesse will neuer -recouer that last strength. I medle not with change of states, nor -yet with any braunches, whose particular change, quite altereth the -surface, of any best setled state, but with the training of children, -and the change therin: which being once certaine would in no case be -altered before the state it selfe vpon some generall change do command -alteration, whervnto all our schooling must be still applyed, to plant -that in young ones, which must please in old ones. As now our teaching -consisteth in toungues, if some other thing one daye seeme fitter for -the state, that fitter must be fitted, and fetcht in with procession. -But yet in changes this rule would be kept, to alter by degrees, and -not to rush downe at once. Howbeit the nature of men is such, as they -will sooner gather a number of illes at once to corrupt: then pare any -one ill by litle and litle with minde to amend. - -Concerning _discretion_: there is a circunstance to be obserued in -thinges, which is committed alwaye to the executours person, and hath -respect to his iudgement, which I call no change, bycause in the first -setting downe that was also setled, as a most certaine point to rule -accidentarie _vncertainties_, which be no changes, bycause they were -foreseene. Such a supplie hath iustice in positiue lawes by equitie in -consideration, as a good chauncellour to soften to hard constructions. -That is one reason why the _monarchie_ is helde for the best kinde of -gouernment, bycause the rigour and seueritie of lawe, is qualified -by the princesse mercie, without breche of lawe, which left that -prerogatiue to the princesse person. The conspiracie which _Brutus_ his -owne children made against their father for the returne of _Tarquinius_ -euen that cruell Prince, leanes vpon this ground, as _Dionysius_ of -_Halicarnassus_, _Liuie_, and others do note. So that _discretion_ -to alter vpon cause in some vncertaine circunstance, nay to alter -circunstance vpon some certaine cause, is no enemie to _certaintie_. -When thinges are growen to extremities then change proues needefull to -reduce againe to the principle. For at the first planting, euery thing -is either perfitest, as in the matter of creation: or the best ground -for perfitnesse to build on, as in truth of religion: though posteritie -for a time vpon cause may encrease, but to much putting to burdeneth -to much, and in the ende procures most violent shaking of, both in -religious and politike vsurpations. - -But this argument is to high for a schoole position, wherefore I -will knit vp in few wordes: that as _conference_ is most needefull, -so _certaintie_ is most sure, and _constancie_ the best keeper: that -it is no change, which _discretion_ vseth in doing but her duetie: -but that altereth the maine. Which in matters engraffed in generall -conceites would worke alteration by slow degrees, if foresight might -rule: but in extremities of palpable abuse it hurleth downe headlong, -yea though he smart for the time whom the change doth most helpe. But -in our schoole pointes the case falleth lighter, where whatsoeuer -matter shalbe offered to the first education, _conference_ will helpe -it, _certaintie_ will staye it, _constancie_ will assure it. Thus much -concerning the generall positions wherin if I haue either not handled, -or not sufficiently handled any particular point, it is reserued to the -particular treatise hereafter, where it will be bestowed a great deale -better, considering the present execution must follow the particular. - -FOOTNOTES - -[80] παιδ. 3. - - - - -CHAPTER 45. - - THE PERORATION, WHERIN THE SUMME OF THE WHOLE BOOKE IS RECAPITULATED - AND PROOFES VSED, THAT THIS ENTERPRISE WAS FIRST TO BE BEGON BY - POSITIONS, AND THAT THESE BE THE MOST PROPER TO THIS PURPOSE. A - REQUEST CONCERNING THE WELL TAKING OF THAT WHICH IS SO WELL MENT. - - -Thvs bold haue I bene, with you (my good and curteous countriemen) -and troubled your time with a number of wordes of what force I know -not, to what ende I know. For my ende is, to shew mine opinion how -the great varietie in teaching, which is now generally vsed, maye be -reduced to some vniformnesse, and the cause why I haue vsed so long a -preface, as this whole booke, is, for that such as deale in the like -arguments, do likewise determine before, what they thinke concerning -such generall accidentes, which are to be rid out of the waye at once, -and not alwaye to be left running about to trouble the house, when more -important matters shall come to handling. Wherin I haue vttered my -conceit, liking well of that which we haue, though oftimes I wishe for -that which we haue not, as much better in mine opinion, then that which -we haue, and so much the rather to be wished, bycause the way to winne -it is of it selfe so plaine and ready. I haue vttered my sentence for -these pointes thus, wherin if my cunning haue deceiued me, my good will -must warrant me: and I haue vttered it in plaine wordes, which kinde -of vtterance in this teaching kinde, as it is best to be vnderstood, -so it letteth euery one see, that if I haue missed, they may wel moane -me, which meaning all so much good haue vnhappily missed in so good a -purpose. Vpon the stearnesse of resolute and reasonable perswasions, -I might haue set downe my Positions aphorismelike, and left both the -commenting, and the commending of them to triall and time: but neither -deserue I so much credit, as that my bare word may stand for a warrant: -neither thought I it good with precisenesse to aliene, where I might -winne with discourse. Whervpon I haue writen in euery one of those -argumentes enough I thinke for any reader, whom reason will content: -to much I feare for so euident a matter, as these Positions be, not -assailable, I suppose, by any substantiall contradiction. For I haue -grounded them vpon reading, and some reasonable experience: I haue -applied them to the vse, and custome of my countrey, no where enforcing -her to any forreine, or straunge deuise. Moreouer I haue conferred -them with common sense wherin long teaching hath not left me quite -senselesse. And besides these, some reason doth lead me very probable -to my selfe, in mine owne collection, what to others I know not, to -whom I haue deliuered it, but I must rest vpon their iudgement. Hereof -I am certaine that my countrey is already very well acquainted with -them, bycause I did but marke where vpon particular neede, she her -selfe hath made her owne choice, and by embrasing much to satisfie her -owne vse, hath recommended the residue vnto my care, to be brought by -direction vnder some fourme of statarie discipline. Now then can I but -thinke that my countreymen will ioyne with me in consent, with whom my -countrey doth communicate such fauour? Seeing her fauour is for their -furtheraunce, and my labour is to bring them to that, which she doth -most allow. - -[Sidenote: The examining of all the contentes of this booke.] - -And what conclusion haue I set downe wherin they maye not very well -agree with me, either for the first impression which set me on worke, -or for the proofe, which confirmeth the impression? My first meaning -was to procure a generall good, so farre as my abilitie would reach, I -do not saye that such a conceit, deserueth no discourtesie for the very -motion, how soeuer the effect do aunswere in rate: but this I may well -thinke, that my countreymen ought of common courtesie to countenaunce -an affection so well quallified, till the euent either shrine it with -praise, or shoulder it with repulse. I do not herein take vpon me -dictatorlike to pronounce peremptorily, but in waye of counsell, as -one of that robe, to shew that, which long teaching hath taught me to -saye, by reading somwhat, and obseruing more. And I must pray my good -countrymen so to construe my meaning, for being these many yeares by -some my freindes prouoked to publish something, and neuer hitherto -daring to venture vpon the print, I might seeme to haue let the raine -of all modesty runne to lowse, if at my first onset I should seeme like -a _Cæsar_ to offerre to make lawes. Howbeit in very deede my yeares -growing downward, and some mine obseruations seeming to some folkes to -craue some vtteraunce, vpon shew to do some good: I thought rather to -hasard my selfe in hope of some mens fauour, then to burie my conceit -with most mens wonder. But before I do passe to mine Elementarie, -which I meane to publish next after this booke, I must for mine owne -contentation examine what I haue done in this, to see whether I haue -hit right, or writen any thing that may call repentaunce. 1. Was I not -to cut this course, and to begin at Positions? 2. And are not these the -cheife and onely groundes in this argument? 3. And in speking of these -haue I in any point passed beyond my best beseeming? 1. For the first. -Whether I ought to begin at Positions, or no, that is not in doubte now -I hope, bycause I made that pointe very plaine in the beginning of my -booke: but whether I haue done well to dwell so long in them, that maye -seeme to deserue some excuse, if I mislike it my selfe: or els some -cause, to satisfie other. - -If I had had to do with either _Romain_, or _Grecian_, in their owne -language, where these thinges be familiarly knowen, I would not haue -taryed in them any long while, but dealing with my countrymen in my -countrey toungue, in an argument not so familiar to my countrey, and -yet desiring to become familiar vnto her: I thought it good rather to -saye more then enough, to leaue some chippinges: then by saying to -litle, to cause a new cruste, where none should be: and to referre -the rest of my suppressed meaning to my learneddest reader, to whose -vse as I needed not to write, so in deede I do not, though I wish him -well, and pray the like againe. They that frame happy men, absolute -oratours, perfit wisedome, paragonne Princes, faultelesse states, as -they haue their subiect at commaundement, which they breede in the -commentarie of their owne braines: so their circunstances being without -errour, where their maine is without match, neede very few wordes, as -being in daunger of very few faultes. But I deale with a subiect, which -is subiect to all vncertainties: with circunstances, which are chekt -with many obiections, lying open, to much disturbance, cauilled at by -euery occasion: where one sillie errour, is of strength enough, to -ouerthrow a mans whole labour. I thought it good therefore to declare -at large, what my meaning was, to satisfie therby euen the meanest -vnderstandinges, that waye to procure mine opinion the freer passage, -when it should passe by none, which vnderstood it not. I could not -but begin with them, bycause herafter I shall haue so many occasions -to make mention of them, to directe the traine by them, to referre my -selfe vnto them, which if they had not bene handled here, they might -and would haue troubled me there. Besides this, I would gladly (if -I could obtaine so much at their handes) that all my countrymen did -thinke, as I do in these same pointes, that by their consent my good -speede might go on, with the readier and rounder currant, so that I -cannot conceiue, but that I was both to begin my treatise at Positions, -as the primitiue in such discourses, and to dwell long in them, to -satisfie my most readers. - -2. Now whether these be the cheife groundes in preparatiue to that, -which I entend to deale in, I thinke there is none, but may very easily -iudge. For what is it whervnto my trauell to come hath promised her -endeuour? to helpe children to be well taught for learning: to tell -their maisters, how to exercise them for health: to aide the common -course of studie in what I can for the common good. And what accidentes -belong vnto such an argument, if these which I haue quoated out do not? -Must there not be a time to begin, to continue, to ende the course of -schoole learning? Then time must needes come in consideration. Must -there not be somthing, wherin this time must be bestowed, both to haue -the minde learned, and the body healthfull? Then the matter of traine, -and the kinde of exercises could not haue bene passed ouer. Must there -not be some vpon whom these thinges are to be imployed in these times, -of both the sexes, and of all degrees? Then the generall schooling -of all young ones, and the particular training of young maidens, and -bringing vp of young gentlemen must needes haue their handling. Could -these thinges be done with out conuenient place? cunning teachers? and -good schoole orders? I thinke no. And therefore I picked these out, as -the onely circunstances, that were proper to mine argument, and that -were to be handled eare I entred my argument, if I had neuer seene any -writer before vse the same choice. - -3. But how haue I delt in them. For the time to begin I haue measured -it by strenght of body and minde that may well awaye with the trauell -in learning without emparing of the good of either parte. For the -continuing time in euery degree of studie, I haue limited it by -sufficiencie and perfitnesse of habit, before the student remoue. For -the ending time, the bounder of it is abilitie to serue the common -countrey, and the priuate student in euery particular calling. In this -distinction and sorting of time, I thinke I haue so dealt, as no reason -will gainsaye me. 2. For pointing so many thinges to be learned in -the Elementarie schoole, as I do it vpon good warrant, so is no man -iniuried by it, and euery man may be helpt by it. For though neither -all men deale with all, nor all men can obtaine all, it is no reason -but that those which will and may, shall know what is best to get: and -that those which neither will nor can, yet maye see, what they maye and -ought to get, if circunstances serue. For the traine is to be framed -after the height, which freedome in circunstance maye well attaine -vnto. A poore mans purse will not stretch so farre: must abilitie -therfore be to much restrained? Some mans time will not dispense with -all: must therfore the libertie of leasure be forced to the fetter? -Some parente makes light of that, which some other esteemeth greatly: -must he therefore be disapointed of his liking, which alloweth to serue -his humour, which misliketh? Some maime in some circunstance may be -some particular let: must therefore parciality in not pointing the best -proue the generall losse. - -The best being set downe, without euident dispaire to come by it, or -manifest noueltie to disgrace it, why should it not be sought for by -them, which are willing to haue it, and know the meanes how? It is no -noueltie for some to towre aboue the clowdes though other in the same -flight do but flutter about the ground, and yet with commendation. For -where the whole is good, and partible by degrees, euerie ascent hath -his praise, though the prerogatiue be his that mounteth highest. And -therefore my plat is to satisfie those which will medle with the most, -and yet so left at libertie, as it may serue euen them, which seeke but -for the least. 3. For the choice of wittes and restraint of number, not -to pesture learning with to great a multitude, no wisedome will blame -me. 4. For the helpe and health of body, that the doinges of the soule -may be both strong and long, to ioine ordinarie exercise in forme of -traine, who so shall mislike, I will match him with melancholie, with -fleame, with reumes, with catarres, and all needelesse residences, -to see how they will musle him. The limitation of certaineties in -maisters for their securitie, and parentes for their assurance, if it -be well wayed; is worth the wishing. 5. For the places and personall -circumstances, who so will cauill, neither deserues such a place to -be trained in, nor such a maister to be trained by, nor such parentes -to prouide him such a traine. 6. For the good bringing vp of yong -gentlemen, he that taketh no care, is more then a foole considering -their place and seruice in our countrie: and so of all the rest. 7. But -did any man thinke that I would not mention my dealing in trayning vp -of yong maidens, whether that be to be admitted in such sort as I haue -appointed it? That is such a bulwarke for me, as who so shall seeme to -pinche me for dealing liberally with them, had neede to arme himselfe -against them. For they will translate the crime, and becomming parties -themselues discharge me from daunger for vsing them so curteously. Is -that point in suspition of any noueltie or fantasticallnes to haue -wymen learned? Then is _nature_ fantasticall for giuing them abilitie -to learne: _custome_ for putting them to it: _pollicie_ for placing -them where to vse it: in all ages in all degrees, in all countries, -both at home and abroad. Innouation it is not, for I reade it, I see -it, I finde it, it is not my deuise. I put the case, that it were one -of my wishes, that wymen might learne, if they did not. Assuredly the -proufe that wee see, the profit that we feele, the comfort that we -haue, the care that we haue not, the happines we enioy, the mishap we -auoide, the religion we liue by and like, the superstition we fly from -and hate, the clemencie we finde, the cruelitie we feare, by the meere -benefit of our learned princesse, whom God hath so rarely endewed and -endowed, giue me leaue to wish that sexe most successe in learning, and -her maiesties person all successe in liuing: all the residew, all the -best, and her highnes alone all aboue the best: as wish can aspire, -where nothing else can come. In generall I do not remember any thing, -that I haue dealt in, but it may be very well digested by any stomake, -if it be not to farre distempered. - -My wishes perhaps may seeme sometimes to be nouelties. Nouelties -perhappes, as all amendementes be to the thing that needeth redresse, -but not fantasticall, as hauing their seat in the cloudes. If no man -did euer wish, then were I alone. If my wish were vnpossible though it -made shew of very great profit, impossibilitie in deede, would desire -profit in wish to be content with repulse: but where the thing is both -profitable, and possible to, why should not profitable possibilitie -haue rowme, if wishing may procure it? I wish commodious situation and -rowmh in places for learning and exercise. Our countrie hath it not -echwhere, nay scant any where as yet. Euen by wishing that it had, I -graunt that it hath not: but I would not haue wished it, if the meane -had bene hard: and the motion naturally goeth before the effect. I wish -that the colledges in the vniuersities were deuided by professions: I -wish graue and learned readers: I wish repetition to the same readers, -yea euen for the best graduate, that is yet an hearer. I wish neither -heresie nor harme, ne yet any thing, but that may very well be wrought, -and deserues endlesse wishing till it be brought to an ende. I wish -restraint to stop ouerflush, and such other things whereto I dare -stand, and assuredly beleeue, that I wish my countrie very great good, -as I hope many wilbe partakers with me in wish, to be partakers of the -good. But some wil say what neede you to medle with so much, or so -high matters your selfe creeping so low? Syr, I did professe in the -beginning vnder ech title to deale in the generall argument, for all my -professing the elementarie example. And by the way I do thinke, that -I may deserue some more equitie in construction, bycause I do entend -to my great paines to helpe my wish forward, and to trauell for the -helping, and healthing of all studentes. Wherfore I conclude thus, -that seeing my dealing in those positions was occasioned of so good a -ground, and hath so passed through them, as I hope it may abide the -tuch. I must craue of my good and curteouse countriemen to laie vp -allouance in hope, and misliking in pardon, till the euent dischardge -both, and make me bound to all, and some benefited by me. - - - - - _FINIS._ - - HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, - ST. MARTIN’S LANE, LONDON. - - - - -[Illustration: Decorative border] - - -APPENDIX. - -RICHARD MULCASTER.[81] - - -The birthplace of Richard Mulcaster seems to have been the old border -tower of Brackenhill Castle, on the river Line. The exact date of his -birth is uncertain, but it was probably 1530 or 1531. The Mulcasters -had for centuries been an important family on the Border. Among the -old Exchequer Records in the Tower is a letter from Sir Robert de -Clifford, King’s Captain of the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, -and Lancashire, to the Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer, desiring -them to excuse Sir William Molcastre, Sir Thomas de Felton, Robert de -Molcastre, and Richard de Molcastre from appearing in the Court of -Exchequer according to their summons, by reason of their attendance -on him in defence of the Marches; dated at Lochmaben Castle, 4th -July, 1299. The Sir William Mulcaster here spoken of was for five -years in succession High Sheriff of Cumberland, and was much engaged -in the war with Scotland. An old pedigree of the Mulcasters drawn -up in Queen Elizabeth’s time says that Sir William Mulcaster in the -reign of “Edward Longshanks entayled his landes at Torpenham, Bolton, -Bolton-Yetten, and Blennerhasset on his eldest son, Robert Mulcaster, -whom he marryed to Eufemia, sister to Raphe Nevil, Erle of Westmerland, -and Erle Marshal of England. He entayled his landes at Brackenhill and -Solport on his second sonne, Richard Mulcaster.” The elder branch, -however, did not thrive. In the next generation “Sir Robert Mulcaster -became ane Unthrift, and for smale summes of present money in hand did -alien his landes in parcels to his Unkel the Erle of Westmerland, who -knowing the title to be weake by reson of the entayle did straytway -selle the said landes. Sir Robert presently after the sayle died.” But -the Richard Mulcasters have flourished on and on through the centuries, -and these particulars were communicated to me by the last Richard -Mulcaster, who lived to see this reprint of his ancestor’s book. - -In the fifteen hundreds, St. Bees was a noted place for instruction, -and Bishop Grindal and Archbishop Sandys were brought up there. But -the Mulcaster of the first half of the century sent his sons Richard -and James to be “frappit” by the mighty Udal at Eton. The _vates -sacer_ of Udal is Tusser, without whose help he could hardly have been -remembered. As it is, his name inevitably calls up the lines—— - - “From Paul’s I went, To Eton sent, - To learn straightways The Latin phrase, - When fifty-three Stripes given to me, - At once I had, - For fault but small, Or none at all; - It came to pass, That beat I was, - See, Udall, see! The mercy of thee - To me poor lad.” - - (_From Tusser’s Metrical Autobiography, printed - with his “Points of Husbandry,”_ 1573.) - -In 1548 (according to A. Wood) Richard Mulcaster gained his election -from Eton to King’s, Cambridge; but for reasons unknown he did not -take a Cambridge degree, but migrated to Oxford, where in 1555 he was -elected Student of Christ Church, and the year following was “licensed -to proceed in Arts.” Here he became distinguished by his knowledge of -Eastern literature, and “that great English Rabbi, Hugh Broughton,” a -contemporary, speaks of him as one of the best Hebrew scholars of the -age. But the University had been preyed upon by “Reformers,” and many -students had to beg for their living. So Mulcaster went to London and -became a schoolmaster in 1558. Three years later the Merchant Taylors’ -Company opened their new school at Lawrence Pountney Hill (between -“Caning,” now Cannon, Street and the River), and made Mulcaster their -first Master. - -Thus we find Mulcaster’s reign at Merchant Taylors’ began three years -before the birth of Shakespeare, Mulcaster himself being about thirty -years old. But his monarchy was by no means absolute, and he was not -always happy in his relations with the Company. The Merchants probably -thought of him as one of their servants, and he, as “by ancient -parentage and linnial discent an Esquier borne” (so he describes -himself in his wife’s epitaph), thought himself a better man than they. -Certainly many of his successors, though unable to lay stress on their -parentage, would have grumbled at the terms imposed upon him. - -The instructions to the Master are in many ways interesting. He was -told that he was to teach the children not only good literature, but -also good manners; he was to resign his post whenever ordered to do so -by the Governors, but might not depart without giving the Governors -a year’s notice; and he was never to be absent from the school more -than twenty working days in the year. The number of boys is limited to -250, and these are to be taught by the High Master and two or three -Ushers. “The children shall come to the school in the morning at 7 of -the clock both winter and summer, and tarry there until 11, and return -again at 1 of the clock, and depart at 5.” “Let not the school master, -head usher, nor the under ushers, nor any of them, permit nor license -their scholars to have remedy nor leave to play except only once a -week when there falleth no holiday. And these remedies to be had upon -no other day but only upon Tuesdays in the afternoon or Thursdays in -the forenoon. Nor let the scholars use no cock-fighting, tennis-play, -nor riding about of victoring [_sic_] nor disputing abroad, which is -but foolish babbling and loss of time.” (“History of Merchant Taylors’ -School,” by H. B. Wilson, 1812, i, 17.) - -The Company agreed to pay to Mulcaster £40——_i.e._, £10 each for the -High Master and the ushers; but Mr. Hills, the Master of the Company, -undertook to double Mulcaster’s £10 out of his own purse. Some years -afterwards Mr. Hills had heavy expenses with one of his children, and -was obliged to discontinue his grant to Mulcaster; which led to a -serious disagreement. But there seem to have been “difficulties” about -other matters as well. In the very middle of his twenty-six years’ -mastership (26th November, 1574) we find the following significant -entry in the Minutes of the Court:——“Mr. Richard Moncaster convented -at this Courte to be admonished of suche his contempt of the good -orders made for the government of the Grammar Schole founded by the -Worshipful company in St Lawrence Pountney’s parisshe where he is now -Scholemaister; And also of suche his injurious and quarrellinge Speache -as he used to the Visitors of the said Schole at the last callinge -thereof, refused to here his fformer doings in that behalf recyted, -willinge the said M^[r.] Warden and assistants to procede against him -angrily or otherwise as they listed, so as he mighte have a copie of -their decree.” (H. B. Wilson’s “Hist, of M. T. Sch.,” p. 56.) However, -the “Esquier borne” found it prudent to yield. In the following month -(14th Dec., 1574) it is recorded that Mr. Richard Muncaster confessed -before the Court that he had spoken “merely of choller,” and promised -obedience for the future. Four years later he was in high favour with -the Company, for at the Court holden 29th April, 1579, an order was -passed by which the Company undertook, in consideration of Mulcaster’s -“painful services for near 20 years,” to provide for his wife if she -survived him. But this was the only recognition his “painful services” -received. After Hills’s grant of £10 a year had ceased, Mulcaster -applied to the Company for a larger salary than he had received from -them; but this very reasonable request was refused. Mulcaster then -urged that he had been giving additional stipend to the senior Usher, -and he made a claim for the amount he had lost by the stoppage of -Hills’s subsidy. In reply to this the Court voted that he “might seeke -his remedie.” He then petitioned humbly, but without avail, and in high -dudgeon he resigned his post in 1586, either quoting or inventing the -expression, _Servus fidelis perpetuus asinus_.[82] In the appointment -of his successor (Wilkinson) he had no influence, and the dispute -between Mulcaster and the Company was carried on, the Company making -a counter claim against him for £50, and offering to waive this claim -only on receiving from Mulcaster a receipt in full. The quarrel was -never made up, and years afterwards when Mulcaster had left St. Paul’s -he applied to the Merchant Taylors’ Company for a gratuity and was -refused. - -So at about the age of fifty-five, Mulcaster found himself out of -office. Five years before this he had published his “Positions” (1581), -and the year after, the “First Part of the Elementarie.” Why the Second -Part never appeared we cannot tell. Perhaps in this country publishing -books about education was then, as now, an expensive occupation, and -Mulcaster having lost half his income could publish no longer.[83] - -Ten years later he became High Master of St. Paul’s School. In 1598 -Elizabeth made him Rector of Stanford Rivers, in Essex, but as he -was High Master of St. Paul’s for twelve years, he must have been -non-resident at his living till 1608. Then at all events he took up his -abode at Stanford Rivers, where his wife died in 1609. It seems strange -that Mulcaster should have remained at the head of a great school till -he was about seventy-seven years old, but there is no reasonable doubt -of it; and that he lived to a great age is proved by his wife’s epitaph -in which he records that they had been married fifty years. He himself -died in 1611, only five years before Shakespeare, who was his junior by -more than thirty years.[84] - -Though Mulcaster himself has been well-nigh forgotten, he had -relations, friendly or otherwise, with some of his contemporaries who -are in no danger of being forgotten——Queen Elizabeth, Shakespeare, Sir -Philip Sydney, and Edmund Spenser. - -Elizabeth, as we have seen, gave Mulcaster a living. This was not -till near the end of her reign, but he seems to have been long in her -favour. This book, the “Positions,” was dedicated to her, and the tone -of the letter in which Mulcaster addresses his Sovereign is not that -of a stranger, but rather of an old acquaintance, who is sure of a -friendly reception. In the fifteen hundreds a very common entertainment -was the performance of plays by boys. In the Queen’s book of household -expenses we find: “18th Mch. 1573-4. To Mr. Richard Mouncaster for -2 plays presented before her on Candlemas-day, and Shrove Tuesday -last, 20 marks: and further for his charges 20 marks.” Again: “11th -Mch. 1575-6. To Richard Mouncaster for presenting a play before her -on Shrove Sunday last, 10 pounds.” This performance seems to have -been continued for many years. In the _Liber Famelicus_ of Sir James -Whitelocke (Camden Society’s Publications, No. LXX), Sir James tells -of his bringing up at Merchant Taylors’. He was born in 1570 and was -elected from the School to be a probationer of St. John’s College, -Oxford, in June, 1588. He says: “I was brought up at School under Mr. -Mulcaster in the famous school of the Merchant Taylors in London, where -I continued until I was well instructed in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin -tongues. His care was also to increase my skill in music, in which I -was brought up by daily exercise in it, as in singing and playing upon -instruments: and yearly he presented some plays to the Court, in which -his scholars were [the] only actors, and I one among them; and by that -means [he] taught them good behaviour and audacity” (p. 12). - -It has been suggested to me by Mr. Lupton that Shakespeare may have -had Mulcaster in his mind when he put Holofernes the schoolmaster -in _Love’s Labour’s Lost_. There was, as we know, rivalry between -Shakespeare and the boy actors, and when Armado says (Act V, sc. 2), “I -protest the schoolmaster is exceeding fantastical; too too vain, too -too vain,” he uses a common expression of Mulcaster’s. - -That Shakespeare had a contempt for the schoolmasters or “pedants” -of his time is tolerably clear, and he must have seen in Mulcaster -a typical schoolmaster and also a rival of his in producing court -entertainments. Holofernes is both a “pedant” and a court entertainer, -but in other respects he does not answer to Mulcaster, for he is a -parish schoolmaster and teaches both boys and girls. However, as -Mulcaster was a favourite at court, Shakespeare, if really thinking of -him, may have had reasons for not making the resemblance too striking. - -In _Hamlet_ (Act II, sc. 2) there is a very remarkable dialogue which -shows the rivalry that then (_i.e._, about 1603) existed between “the -tragedians of the City” and “the boys.” There is, too, a very beautiful -epitaph by Ben Jonson on a boy who had become famous for playing the -part of an old man. Mulcaster no doubt had had a great share in keeping -the playing of boy actors in fashion; but he probably had nothing to do -with “the children of Powles” whose acting was stopped by edict from -about 1589 to 1600, and then started again with increased popularity -(see J. P. Collier, “Annals of the Stage,” edition of 1879, vol. i, pp. -271 ff), or with “the children of the Revels” who acted at Blackfriars -Theatre, and are probably the “aiery of children” talked of by -Rosenkrantz. - -To return to Elizabeth, it seems that Mulcaster took part in preparing -the pageant at Kenilworth in 1575. I have not read the accounts by -George Gascoigne and Robert Laneham or Langham to which Collier refers -(“Annals of Stage,” i, 225), but the late Mr. Mulcaster gives some -Latin verses preserved by Gascoigne which were, as he says, “devised -by Master R. Muncaster.” The “Middlesex Minstrel” also recited King -“Ryence’s challenge to King Arthur.” Of this Bishop Percy says: “It was -sung before Queen Elizabeth at the grand entertainment at Kenelworth -Castle in 1575, and was probably composed for that occasion” (Percy’s -“Relics,” Wheatley’s edition, 1877, vol. iii, p. 24). If so, it may -have been Mulcaster’s as well as the Latin verses, though for my part I -doubt his writing so simply. - -On Elizabeth’s death in 1603, Mulcaster published “Nænia consolans in -mortem Serenissimæ Reginæ Elizabethæ,” in which he seems quite consoled -by the accession of James. - -Mulcaster was a correspondent of Sir Philip Sydney’s, and he wrote to -him in Latin. This was against his own principles, for perhaps his -best chance of being remembered rests in his vigorous protest against -the use of Latin, and his advice to his learned countrymen to write in -their own language (_cfr._ Masson’s Life of Milton). - -Perhaps Mulcaster’s enthusiasm for English may have influenced one of -his pupils who lived to write imperishable verse in it. The late Mr. -Mulcaster, in his MS. notice of his ancestor, surmised that Spenser may -have been a “Merchant Taylor” and therefore have come under Mulcaster. -The guess was a happy one. Dean Church, in his volume on Spenser -(“English Men of Letters”), tells us how the account books of the -executors of a bountiful citizen, Robert Nowell, have been preserved, -and that at his funeral in 1568 two yards of cloth were given to -selected scholars of the great London Schools. The names of these -scholars are recorded, and at the head of the Merchant Taylors’ list -stands Edmund Spenser. - -It is very remarkable that a schoolmaster noted for his classical -attainments should before the last decade of the fifteen hundreds -have urged the literary use of the mother tongue. It is remarkable, -too, that this man was the master of Edmund Spenser. In these and -some other respects Mulcaster seems to have been more memorable than -Ascham. Yet Ascham is known by all, and Mulcaster is unknown, not only -by ordinary Englishmen, but even, as it would seem, by scholars like -Mr. George Saintsbury, the author of a book on Elizabethan Literature. -In Professor Arber’s invaluable work for the bibliography of our old -books, his “Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers -of London, 1554-1640,” we find in vol. ii, p. 178_b_, the following -curious entry:——“Thomas Chare _sub manu Episcopi Londinii_. Sexto die -Marcii [1581] Receaved of him for his license to printe _positions -whereupon the trayning up of children and so consequentlie the wholle -course of learninge ys grounded_ ... xvj_d_. Provyded alwaies that -yf this booke conteine any thinge prejudiciall or hurtfull to the -booke of maister ASKHAM that was printed by master Daie called the -Scholemayster, That then this lycense shal be voyd.” But Ascham’s widow -needed no protection from the Bishop of London. His posthumous book did -for the English language what Mulcaster tried to do in vain: it showed -how English might be used for clear and even graceful expression. -Mulcaster thought that the English language had then reached its -highest point. In his very curious and interesting allegory of the -progress of language (“Elementarie,” pp. 66 ff.) he says that Art -selects the best age of a language to draw rules from, such as the -age of Demosthenes in Greece, and of Tully in Rome. “Such a period in -the English tongue,” he continues, “I take to be in our days for both -the pen and the speech.” And this language, then at its best, was, -he thought, shown at its best in his own writings. After enumerating -its excellencies he says, “I need no example in any of these, whereof -mine own penning is a general pattern.” This tempts one to exclaim -with Armado, “I protest the schoolmaster is exceeding fantastical; -too too vain, too too vain” (_Love’s Labour’s Lost_, Act V, sc. 2), -and posterity has most emphatically rejected the offered pattern. -Dean Church describes the writers of that time as “usually clumsy -and awkward, sometimes grotesque, often affected, always hopelessly -wanting in the finish, breadth, moderation, and order which alone can -give permanence to writing,” (“Spenser,” p. 3). Some of these epithets -certainly hit Mulcaster hard. I have spent much time on what he calls -his “so careful, I will not say so curious writing” (“Elementarie,” -p. 253), and I perfectly agree with him when he says, “Even some of -reasonable study can hardly understand the couching of my sentence and -the depth of my conceit” (_ib._, p. 235). This, no doubt, explains to -us why Mulcaster has been long forgotten. - -But if he had taken less pains with his “style,” Mulcaster would have -been recognised as a master of his subject. A right conception of -education could not be formed by the worshippers of “learning;” and -the false ideal set up at the Renascence has had a disastrous effect -on European education ever since. But Mulcaster, scholar though he -was, was not in bondage to scholarship. With him education was not -instruction in the classics. How few schoolmasters have asked the -question, “Why is it not good to have every part of the body and every -power of the soul to be fined to his best?” (“Positions,” p. 34.) -The following passage from the “Elementarie” (p. 22) shows how much -he had risen above the ideal of the learned:——“The end of education -and train is to help nature unto her perfection, which is, when all -her abilities be perfected in their habit.... Consideration and -Judgment must wisely mark whereunto Nature is either evidently given -or secretly affectionate, and must frame education consonant thereto.” -And having shown this admirable conception of the end to be attained, -he sets to work to consider what are the powers that need training. -“We have,” he says, “a perceiving by outward sense, to feel, to see, -to smell, to taste all sensible things; which qualities of the outward -being received in by the _common sense_, and examined by _fancy_, are -delivered to _remembrance_ and afterward prove our great and only -grounds unto further knowledge” (“Elementarie,” p. 28). Here we see him -feeling after the foundation of a science of education. He goes still -further when in the “Positions” (p. 27) he tells us of the natural -inclinations in the soul, and of the three things which we shall find -“peering out of the little young souls,” viz.: Wit to take, Memory to -keep, and Discretion to discern. - -Michelet (“Nos Fils,” p. 170) with justice gives credit to Montaigne -for avoiding the great blunder of his time, and basing his scheme of -education, not on what was to be learned, but on the nature of the -learner, “_non l’objet, le savoir, mais le sujet, c’est l’homme_.” This -was indeed a wonderful step in advance, a step which placed Montaigne -before most schoolmasters of that time, perhaps of any succeeding time. -But in Mulcaster we have a schoolmaster who in Montaigne’s own day -seems to have shown similar wisdom. Perhaps admirable results might -have followed had Mulcaster’s mode of expression only been somewhat -less “curious.” - -Looking to human nature as a whole, Montaigne and Mulcaster saw that -“it was not a mind, it was not a body that we have to educate, but a -man, and we cannot divide him.” A writer of the present day who is -supposed to be in the van of modern thinkers has given us his notion -of “Education as a Science.” In some respects the conception of the -Elizabethan writer seems to me more complete and truly scientific. -Mulcaster thinks that the educator should care both for mind and body, -and adapt his “train” to each of them. The treatment of the body -recommended in the “Positions” will surprise some Continental authors, -who seem to think that physical education had hardly been considered -before the appearance of Locke’s “Thoughts.” - -There are several other points where Mulcaster seems to me to show -remarkable wisdom. He does not approve of a very early start in the -learned languages, and is specially strong against the “hastening on” -of a “sharp young wit;” so that one of the earliest English writers on -education warns us against some of the latest English practices (see -“Positions,” pp. 19, 33; also “Elementarie,” xi, pp. 52 ff). - -Another of our head-masters, whose teaching now, alas! comes to us -also recommended by the proverb, _Optimi consiliarii mortui_, Edward -Thring, has testified to the difficulty and to the importance of -instructing the younger classes properly. Mulcaster is so strong on -this point that instead of handing over the younger boys in a crowd -to the least experienced and worst paid master, as the custom still -is, he would have the forms smaller at the bottom than at the top of -the school, and would have the best and best paid teacher for them -(“Positions,” pp. 233 ff.) - -His wisdom appears, too, in his curriculum for the young. What a -blessing for them could he have arranged their studies all over Europe -instead of his contemporary, Sturm! He would have taught them to read -and write their own language, to draw, to sing, and to play some -musical instrument, and he maintains that if instead of beginning -with Latin the child were put through a preliminary course in these -five things, he would learn “the tongue” sooner and do more between -12 and 16 than from 7 to 17 the other way (“Elementarie,” chap. xi). -So school instruction in drawing and singing was recommended by this -old schoolmaster more than 300 years ago. I take up the New England -“Journal of Education,” dated 2nd February, 1888, and I find a -well-known writer, Col. T. W. Higginson, telling us: “I can remember -when the introduction of singing, and later of drawing, into our public -schools was regarded as a finical whim, suitable for girls’ schools -only. _Emollit mores_, each of these practices is found to help school -discipline and refine the taste, so that the whole tone of school life -is elevated.” Thus we are at length adopting Mulcaster’s proposals, and -quoting in their favour what Ovid said 2,000 years ago. - -It is interesting, by the way, to observe that the unfortunate “three -R’s” had not been invented in Mulcaster’s time, and his “Elementarie,” -with its five studies, ignores arithmetic. - -The five studies are intended for those who are to be put to learning, -and those only; but we see that Mulcaster would have had _every one_ -taught to read and write (“Positions,” p. 139). - -We have seen that we are at length introducing drawing and singing, as -Mulcaster advised. In one particular he is still in advance of us. He -would have at the University a college for training teachers. “Is the -framing of young minds,” he asks, “and the training of their bodies so -mean a point of cunning? Be schoolmasters in this realm such a paucity -as they are not even in good sadness to be soundly thought on?... He -that will not allow of this careful provision for such a seminary of -masters is most unworthy either to have had a good master himself or -hereafter to have a good one for his.” (“Positions” p. 248.) - -In another respect Mulcaster showed much good sense, and though perhaps -not in advance of his own generation he was far before the generations -of the two succeeding centuries. I was at a private meeting connected -with the founding of Girton College, when, I remember, the late -Professor Brewer denied that girls in the Elizabethan age were better -educated than in the days that followed. Joseph Payne, who was also -present, expressed a strong opinion that they _were_. If he had had -his copy of the “Positions” with him (his collection of rare books -on education included this work) he might have proved his point by -apposite quotation. This was twenty years ago. Much has been done for -girls’ education since then; and in one respect at least the Victorians -have advanced beyond the Elizabethans, for no English writer can now -say with Mulcaster, “I set not young maidens to public grammar schools, -a thing not used in my country; I send them not to the universities, -having no precedent thereof in my country.” (“Positions,” p. 167.) - -I have now, I think, said enough so show that at least for the history -of education Mulcaster’s books are of great interest and value. -Travellers are always ready to run any risks in exploring the source -of great rivers. When we consider how many millions of the human race -using English as their mother tongue receive instruction in school, it -might seem worth while to spend some little time and trouble in tracing -back the history of that instruction, and seeing what it was in its -earliest days. Such knowledge as is now obtainable must be derived from -a few books, among which Mulcaster’s are almost the first, both in time -and in importance. I know of nothing earlier except Elyot’s “Governor” -and Ascham’s “Schoolmaster.” The next English work on education known -to me is W. Kemp’s “The Education of Children” in 1588, which probably -furthered his wish that the good town of Plymouth might “bring forth -some young imps and buds of learning;” but this is in every way a small -book. The next important book is John Brinsly’s “Ludus Literarius; or, -the Grammar School,” and this was not published till 1612. - -The first edition of the “Positions” was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. -This, which is as far as I have seen the second, I should dedicate to -no contemporary, not even to the Queen herself; but to the coming New -Zealander. The prescient eye of Macaulay sees that Mulcaster’s scheme -of instruction will by that time have been adopted, and our intelligent -descendant will be able to draw. I hope he will know of the old book -in which drawing in schools was first recommended. He will, I feel -certain, take a deep interest in the most important discovery of his -age, the new science of education, and gratitude for this science will -make him think kindly of those quaint old writers, standing almost -together, “foreshortened in the tract of time,” who in the days of -Elizabeth and Victoria made the first crude suggestions and surmises -towards it. - - _16th February, 1888._ R. H.Q. - - - - - HARRISON AND SONS - - PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY - - ST. MARTIN’S LANE. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[81] Almost all we know of Mulcaster is given in “Gentleman’s Magazine” -for 1800——_i.e._, vol. lxx, part i, pp. 419-421, 511, 512; and part ii, -pp. 600 and 604. The writer, “E. H.,” is always said to be Henry Ellis. -Besides this we have H. B. Wilson’s “History of Merchant Taylors’ -School.” It is a pity these writers do not always refer us to their -authorities. I have had much kind assistance from Rev. J. H. Lupton, -the author of “Life of Colet,” &c. I much regret that the late Rev. -Richard Mulcaster, of Anglesea House, Paignton, did not live to see the -use I have made of materials collected by him for an article on his -ancestor, which materials he was good enough to place in my hands. - -[82] Mr. Lupton has pointed out to me a passage in Bishop Pilkington’s -“Works” (Parker Soc.), p. 447: “The servant, he will write on the wall -_Fidelis servus, perpetuus asinus_.” - -[83] In the “Gentleman’s Magazine,” vol. lxx, p. 603, we read of a -second edition of the “Positions” published in 1587, in 4to. W. C. -Hazlitt (“Handbook,” p. 404, ed. 1867) says the “Positions” was -reprinted in 1587 and 1591. - -[84] Our information is very scanty. H. B. Wilson, the historian -of Merchant Taylors’ School, a very painstaking writer, says that -Mulcaster was “Surmaster of St. Paul’s, 1586; Vicar of Cranbrook, in -Kent, 1st April, 1590; Prebendary of Sarum, 29th April, 1594; Rector of -Stanford Rivers, in Essex, 1598; died 15th April, 1611.” Did Mulcaster -go first as “Surmaster” to St. Paul’s? Knight, in his “Life of Colet,” -says Mulcaster “came in upper master in 1596,” which is consistent with -his being “surmaster” previously. But after his reign of twenty-six -years at Merchant Taylors’ he would not be likely to accept any -mastership where he would be a subordinate. Mr. Lupton tells me that in -Gardiner’s “Registers of St. Paul’s School,” Richard Smith is put down -as “surmaster” from 1586 to 1599, when he was pensioned, “being fallen -into decay of his eyesight and impotency;” but a note speaks of these -dates as probable, not certain. From Fuller we should suppose that -Mulcaster left St. Paul’s before he was seventy-seven years old; but it -seems certain that he was “high-master” till 1608. He must therefore -have been for some years non-resident, either in his school or in his -parish. Fuller inaccurately puts him down as a _Westmorland_ worthy; -but as Fuller got information from hearers of Mulcaster the following -passage is valuable:——“In the morning he (Mulcaster) would exactly and -plainly construe and parse the lessons to his scholars; which done, -he slept his hour (custom made him critical to apportion it) in his -desk in the school; but woe be to the scholar that slept the while! -Awaking, he heard them accurately; and Atropos might be persuaded to -pity as soon as he to pardon where he found just fault. The prayers -of cockering mothers prevailed with him as much as the requests of -indulgent fathers, rather increasing than mitigating his severity on -their offending child. In a word he was _plagosus Orbilius_, though it -may truly be said (and safely for one out of his school) that others -have taught as much learning with fewer lashes. Yet his sharpness was -the better endured because unpartial, and many excellent scholars were -bred under him; whereof Bishop Andrews was the most remarkable. Then -quitting that place (St. Paul’s School) he was presented to the rich -parsonage of Stanford Rivers, in Essex. I have heard from those who -have heard him preach, that his sermons were not excellent; which to -me seems no wonder, partly because there is a different discipline in -teaching Children and Men; partly because such who make divinity (not -the choice of their youth but) the refuge of their age seldom attain -to eminency therein.” (Fuller’s “Worthies,” edited by John Nichols (2 -vols., 1811), vol. ii, p. 431.) - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Positions, by Richard Mulcaster - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSITIONS *** - -***** This file should be named 62025-0.txt or 62025-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/0/2/62025/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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- padding-left: 3em; - } - -.poetry .indent2 {text-indent: -2em;} -.poetry .indent8 {text-indent: 1em;} -.poetry .indent10 {text-indent: 2em;} -.poetry .indent14 {text-indent: 6em;} - - -@media handheld { - .poetry { - display: block; - margin-left: 1em; - } - - img.drop-cap - { - display: none; - } - - p.drop-cap:first-letter - { - color: inherit; - visibility: visible; - margin-left: 0; - - } - -p.drop-capt { - text-indent: 1em; -} -p.drop-capt:first-letter -{ - float: none; - margin: 0; - font-size: 100%; -} -} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ - -.transnote { - background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; - } - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Positions, by Richard Mulcaster - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Positions - -Author: Richard Mulcaster - -Contributor: Robert Hebert Quick - -Release Date: June 11, 2020 [EBook #62025] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSITIONS *** - - - - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote"> - <h3>Transcriber’s Notes</h3> - -<p>No attempt has been made to rationalise the spelling within the -text.</p> - -<p>Sidenotes, in italics and embedded in the text in the original, have -been placed at the beginning of the relevant paragraphs and indicated -thus: <span class="sidenote"> sidenote</span> </p> - -<p>The Latin poem that follows the Dedication contains several words -ending in q with an acute accent. These are shown thus [que]. </p> - -<p>The cover was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public -domain. </p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<h1> -<big>POSITIONS:</big></h1> - -<p class="center"><span class="xs">BY</span></p> - -<p class="center space-below"><big>RICHARD MULCASTER</big>,<br /> -First Headmaster of Merchant Taylors’ School (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1561-1586);</p> - - -<p class="center"><small>WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING SOME ACCOUNT -OF HIS LIFE AND WRITINGS,</small></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="xs">BY</span></p> - -<p class="center">ROBERT HEBERT QUICK,<br /> - -<span class="xs">Author of “<i>Essays on Educational Reformers</i>”; First University Lecturer at -Cambridge on the History of Education (<span class="smcap lowercase">A.D.</span> 1879).</span></p> - - -<p class="center space-above"><small>LONDON:</small><br /> -LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.,<br /> -<small>AND NEW YORK: 15, EAST 16<sup>th</sup> STREET.<br /> -1888.</small></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="xs"><i>All rights reserved.</i></span> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p class="center space-below"> -<span class="xl">POSITIONS</span><br /> -<big>WHEREIN THOSE</big><br /> -PRIMITIVE CIRCVMSTANCES<br /> -<span class="p9">BE EXAMINED, WHICH ARE</span><br /> -<small>NECESSARIE FOR THE TRAINING</small><br /> -<span class="xs">vp of Children, either for skill in their<br /> -booke, or health in their bodie.</span> -</p> - - - -<p class="hang space-above"><span class="smcap">WRITTEN <small>by</small> RICHARD MVLCASTER, <small>master of the -schoole erected in London anno. 1561, in the parish -of Sainct Laurence Povvntneie, by the vvorshipfull -companie of the merchaunt tailers of the said citie.</small></span></p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<p class="center space-above"><span class="xs"> -Imprinted at London by Thomas Vautrollier, dvvelling in the blacke Friers -by Ludgate, 1581.</span></p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="xs">Reprinted for Henry Barnard and R. H. Quick by<br /> -Harrison and Sons, Printers in Ordinary to Her Majesty,<br /> -St. Martin’s Lane, London, 1887.</span> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p> - -<h2 class="invisible">To the most vertvovs Ladie</h2> -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_p001a.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - -<p class="center"> -<i><span class="xl">TO THE MOST VERTVOVS</span><br /> -<big>LADIE, HIS MOST DEARE, AND<br /> -soueraine princesse, Elizabeth by the<br /> -grace of God Queene of England,<br /> -Fraunce, and Ireland, defendresse<br /> -of the faith &c.</big></i> -</p></div> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/m.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">My</span> booke by the very argument, -most excellent princesse, pretendeth -a common good, bycause it -concerneth the generall traine -and bringing vp of youth, both -to enrich their minds with learning, -and to enable their bodies with health: and it -craues the fauour of some speciall countenaunce -farre aboue the common, or else it can not possiblie -procure free passage. For what a simple credit is -myne, to perswade so great a matter? or what -force is there in common patronage, to commaunde -conceites? I am therefore driuen vpon these so -violent considerations, to presume so farre, as to -present it, being my first trauell, that euer durst<span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span> -venture vpon the print, vnto your maiesties most -sacred handes. For in neede of countenaunce, -where best abilitie is most assurance, and knowne -vertue the fairest warrant, who is more sufficient -then your excellencie is, either for cunning to -commend, or for credit to commaunde? And what -reason is there more likely to procure the fauour -of your maiesties most gracious countenaunce, -either to commende the worke, or to commaunde -it waie, then the honest pretence of a generall -good, wherein you cannot be deceiued? For of -your accustomed care you will circumspectlie consider, -and by your singular iudgement, you can -skillfully discerne, whether there be any appearance, -that my booke shall performe so great a good, as -it pretendeth to do, before you either praise it, or -procure it passage. In deede it is an argument -which craueth consideration, bycause it is the -leader to a further consequence: and all your -maiesties time is so busily employed, about many -and maine affaires of your estate, as I may seeme -verie iniurious to the common weale, besides some -wrong offered to your owne person, to desire your -Maiestie at this time to reade any part therof, -much lesse the whole, the booke it selfe being -very long, and your Maiesties leasure being very -litle.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p> - -<p>And yet if it maye please your most excellent -Maiestie of some extraordinarie grace towardes a -most obsequious subiect in way of encoraging his -both toilsome and troublesome labour, to take but -some taste of any one title, of smallest encumbraunce, -by the very inscription, the paw of a -Lion may bewraie the hole body in me by the -prouerbe, in your highnesse by the propertie, as -who can best iudge, what the Lion is. For the -rest, which neither your Maiesties time can tarie -on, neither my boldnesse dare desire that you -should: other mens report, which shall haue time -to read, and will lend an officious countrieman -some parte of their leysure, will proue a referendarie, -and certifie your highnesse how they finde -me appointed. I haue entitled the booke <span class="smcap">Positions</span>, -bycause entending to go on further, for the -auauncement of learning I thought it good at the -first to put downe certaine groundes very needefull -for my purpose, for that they be the common circunstances, -that belong to teaching and are to be -resolued on, eare we begin to teach. Wherin I -craue consent of my countrey, to ioyne with me -in conceit, if my reasons proue likely, that therby -I may direct my whole currant in the rest, a great -deale the better. -Now if it maye stand with your<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span> -Maiesties most gracious good will to bestow vpon -me the fauourable smile of your good liking, to -countenance me in this course, which as it pretendeth -the publike commoditie, so it threateneth -me with extreme paines, all my paine will proue -pleasant vnto me, and that good which shall come -thereby to the common weale shall be most iustly -ascribed to your Maiesties especial goodnesse, -which encoraged my labour, and commended it -to my countrey. Which both encoragement to -my selfe, and commendacion to my countrey, I do -nothing doubt but to obtaine at your Maiesties -most gracious handes, whether of your good nature, -which hath alwaye furthered honest attemptes: or -of your Princely conceit, which is thoroughly bent -to the bettering of your state, considering my -trauell doth tend that way. For the very ende -of my whole labour (if my small power can attaine -to that, which a great good will towards this my -cuntrey hath deepely conceiued) is to helpe to -bring the generall teaching in your Maiesties -dominions, to some one good and profitable vniformitie -which now in the middest of great varietie -doth either hinder much, or profit litle, or at the -least nothing so much, as it were like to do, if it -were reduced to one certaine fourme. The effecting<span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span> -wherof pretendeth great honour to your -Maiesties person, besides the profit, which your -whole realme is to reape therby. That noble -Prince king <span class="smcap">Henry</span> the eight, your Maiesties most -renowned father vouchesafed to bring all Grammers -into one fourme, the multitude therof being some -impediment to schoole learning in his happie time, -and thereby both purchased himselfe great honour, -and procured his subiectes a marueilous ease. -Now if it shall please your Maiestie by that Royall -example which otherwise you so rarely exceede, -to further not onely the helping of that booke to -a refining: but also the reducing of all other -schoole bookes to some better choice: and all -manner of teaching, to some redier fourme: can -so great a good but sound to your Maiesties most -endlesse renowne, whose least part gaue such cause -of honour, to that famous King, your Maiesties -father? By these few wordes your highnesse -conceiueth my full meaning I am well assured, -neither do I doubt, but that as you are well able -to discerne it, so you will very depelie consider -it, and see this so great a common good thoroughly -set on foote. I know your Maiesties pacience to -be exceeding great in verie petie arguments, if not -I should haue bene afraid, to haue troubled you<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span> -with so many wordes, and yet least tediousnesse -do soure euen a sweete and sound matter, I will -be no bolder. God blesse your Maiestie, and -send you a long, and an healthfull life, to his -greatest glorie, and your Maiesties most lasting -honour.</p> - -<p class="right"> -Your Maiesties most humble and<br /> -<span class="gap4r">obedient subiect</span></p> - -<p class="right"><i>Richard Mulcaster</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">ix</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_pix.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="AVTHOR_IPSE_AD"><i>AVTHOR IPSE AD -librum suum.</i></h2></div> - - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Insita naturæ nostræ sitis illa iuuandi</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Ignauum vitæ desidis odit iter.</div> - <div class="verse">Parca cibi, saturata fame, deuota labori,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Prodiga nocturni luminis vrget opus.</div> - <div class="verse">Quod, simul ac lucis patiens fore viderit, edit</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Inde licet multo plena timore gemat.</div> - <div class="verse">Pœnitet emissam per mille pericula prolem,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Quæ poterat patriæ tuta latere domi.</div> - <div class="verse2">Iudicium[que] timens alieni pallida iuris</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Omine spem lædit deteriore suam.</div> - <div class="verse">Sed sine sole nequit viui, prodire necesse est,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Cura[que] quod peperit publica, iura vocant.</div> - <div class="verse">Fortunæ credenda salus, quam prouida virtus</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Quam patris æterni dextera magna regit.</div> - <div class="verse">Sic sua Neptuno committit vela furenti</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Spem solam in medijs docta phaselus aquis.</div> - <div class="verse">Sic mihi spes maior, cui res cum gente Deorum,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Quæ certo dubijs numine rebus adest.</div> - <div class="verse">Perge igitur, sorti[que] tuæ te crede, parentis</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Tessera parue liber prima future tui.</div> - <div class="verse">Et quia, quà perges, hominum liberrima de te</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Iudicia in medijs experiere vijs,</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">x</span> - <div class="verse">Quidnam quis[que] notet, quidnam desideret in te,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Quo possim in reliquis cautior esse, refer.</div> - <div class="verse">Interea veniam supplex vtrique precare,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Nam meus error erat, qui tuus error erit.</div> - <div class="verse">Qui neutrius erit, cum, quis sit, sensero, quippe</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Nullum in correcto crimine crimen erit.</div> - <div class="verse">Ergo tuæ partes, quæ sint errata, referre:</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Emendare, mei cura laboris erit.</div> - <div class="verse">Nam[que] rei nouitas nulli tentata priorum</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Hac ipsa, qua tu progrediere, via,</div> - <div class="verse">Vtri[que] errores multos, lapsus[que]; minatur,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Quos cum resciero, num superesse sinam?</div> - <div class="verse">Cui tam chara mei lectoris amica voluntas,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Vt deleta illi displicitura velim.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="right"><big><i>R. M.</i></big></p> - -<div class="figcenter_spaced"> -<img src="images/i_px.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">xi</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_pxi.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_ARGVMEMTES_HANDLED">THE ARGVMEMTES HANDLED<br /> - -<small>IN EVERY PARTICVLAR TITLE</small>.</h2> -</div> - -<div class="small"> -<p class="center"><a href="#FIRST_CHAPTER">Cap. 1.</a></p> - -<p>The entrie to the Positions, conteining the occasion of this present discourse, -and the causes why it was penned in English. (<a href="#Page_1">P. 1.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_2">Cap. 2.</a></p> - -<p>Wherfore these Positions serue, what they be, and how necessarie it was to -begin at them. (<a href="#Page_4">P. 4.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_3">Cap. 3.</a></p> - -<p>Of what force circunstance is in matters of action, and how warily authorities -be to be vsed, where the contemplatiue reason receiues the check of the actiue -circunstance, if they be not well applyed. Of the alledging of authours. (<a href="#Page_8">P. 8.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_4">Cap. 4.</a></p> - -<p>What time were best for the childe to begin to learne. What matters some -of the best writers handle eare they determine this question. Of letes and -libertie, whervnto the parentes are subiect in setting their children to schoole. -Of the difference of wittes and bodies in children. That exercise must be -ioyned with the booke, as the schooling of the bodie. (<a href="#Page_14">P. 14.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_5">Cap. 5.</a></p> - -<p>What thinges they be, wherein children are to be trained, eare they passe to -the Grammar. That parentes, and maisters ought to examine the naturall -abilities in children, whereby they become either fit, or vnfit, to this, or that -kinde of life. The three naturall powers in children, Witte to conceiue by, -Memorie to retaine by, Discretion to discerne by. That the training vp to -good manners, and nurture, doth not belong to the teacher alone, though most -to him, next after the parent, whose charge that is most, bycause his commaundement -is greatest, ouer his owne childe, and beyond appeale. Of -Reading, Writing, Drawing, Musicke by voice, and instrument: and that they -be the principall principles, to traine vp the minde in. A generall aunswere -to all obiections, which arise against any, or all of these. (<a href="#Page_25">P. 25.</a>) -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">xii</span></p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_6">Cap. 6.</a></p> - -<p>Of exercises and training the body. How necessarie a thing exercise is. -What health is, and how it is maintained: what sicknesse is, how it commeth, -and how it is preuented. What a parte exercise playeth in the maintenaunce -of health. Of the student and his health. That all exercises though they -stirre some one parte most, yet helpe the whole bodie. (<a href="#Page_40">P. 40.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_7">Cap. 7.</a></p> - -<p>The braunching, order, and methode, kept in this discourse of exercises. -(<a href="#Page_49">P. 49.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_8">Cap. 8.</a></p> - -<p>Of exercise in generall, and what it is. And that it is Athleticall for games, -Martiall for the fielde, Physicall for health, preparatiue before, postparatiue -after the standing exercise: some within dores, for foule whether, some without -for faire. (<a href="#Page_51">P. 51.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_9">Cap. 9.</a></p> - -<p>Of the particular exercises. Why I do appoint so manie, and how to iudge -of them, or to deuise the like. (<a href="#Page_54">P. 54.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_10">Cap. 10.</a></p> - -<p>Of lowd speaking. How necessarie, and how proper an exercise it is for a -scholer. (<a href="#Page_55">P. 55.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_11">Cap. 11.</a></p> - -<p>Of lowd singing, and in what degree it commeth to be one of the exercises. -(<a href="#Page_59">P. 59.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_12">Cap. 12.</a></p> - -<p>Of lowde, and soft reading. (<a href="#Page_60">P. 60.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_13">Cap. 13.</a></p> - -<p>Of much talking and silence. (<a href="#Page_62">P. 62.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_14">Cap. 14.</a></p> - -<p>Of laughing, and weeping. And whether children be to be forced toward -vertue and learning. (<a href="#Page_63">P. 63.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_15">Cap. 15.</a></p> - -<p>Of holding the breath. (<a href="#Page_68">P. 68.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_16">Cap. 16.</a></p> - -<p>Of daunsing, why it is blamed, and how deliuered from blame. (<a href="#Page_72">P. 72.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_17">Cap. 17.</a></p> - -<p>Of wrastling. (<a href="#Page_76">P. 76.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_18">Cap. 18.</a></p> - -<p>Of fensing, or the vse of the weapon. (<a href="#Page_78">P. 78.</a>) -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">xiii</span></p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_19">Cap. 19.</a></p> - -<p>Of the Top, and scourge. (<a href="#Page_80">P. 80.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_20">Cap. 20.</a></p> - -<p>Of walking. (<a href="#Page_82">P. 82.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_21">Cap. 21.</a></p> - -<p>Of running. (<a href="#Page_89">P. 89.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_22">Cap. 22.</a></p> - -<p>Of leaping. (<a href="#Page_92">P. 92.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_23">Cap. 23.</a></p> - -<p>Of swimming. (<a href="#Page_94">P. 94.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_24">Cap. 24.</a></p> - -<p>Of riding. (<a href="#Page_96">P. 96.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_25">Cap. 25.</a></p> - -<p>Of hunting. (<a href="#Page_98">P. 98.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_26">Cap. 26.</a></p> - -<p>Of shooting. (<a href="#Page_101">P. 101.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_27">Cap. 27.</a></p> - -<p>Of the ball. (<a href="#Page_103">P. 103.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_28">Cap. 28.</a></p> - -<p>Of the circumstances, which are to be considered in exercise. (<a href="#Page_108">P. 108.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_29">Cap. 29.</a></p> - -<p>The nature and qualitie of the exercise. (<a href="#Page_109">P. 109.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_30">Cap. 30.</a></p> - -<p>Of the bodies which are to be exercised. (<a href="#Page_110">P. 110.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_31">Cap. 31.</a></p> - -<p>Of the exercising places. (<a href="#Page_114">P. 114.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_32">Cap. 32.</a></p> - -<p>Of the exercising time. (<a href="#Page_115">P. 115.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_33">Cap. 33.</a></p> - -<p>Of the quantitie that is to be kept in exercise. (<a href="#Page_118">P. 118.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_34">Cap. 34.</a></p> - -<p>Of the manner of exercising. (<a href="#Page_122">P. 122.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_35">Cap. 35.</a></p> - -<p>An aduertisement to the training master. Why both the teaching of the -minde and the training of the bodie be assigned to the same master. The -inconueniences which ensue, where the bodie and the soule be made particular -subiectes to seuerall professions. That who so will execute any thing well, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">xiv</span>must of force be fully resolued, in the excellencie of his owne subiect. Out of -what kinde of writers the exercising maister maie store himselfe with cunning. -That the first groundes would be laide by the cunningest workeman. That -priuate discretion in any executour is of more efficacie, then his skill. (<a href="#Page_124">P. 124.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_36">Cap. 36.</a></p> - -<p>That both yong boyes, and yong maidens are to be put to learne. Whether -all boyes be to be set to schoole. That to many learned be burdenous: to -few to bare: wittes well sorted ciuill: missorted seditious. That all may -learne to write and reade without daunger. The good of choice, the ill of -confusion. The children which are set to learne hauing either rich or poore -freindes, what order and choice is to be vsed in admitting either of them to -learne. Of the time to chuse. (P. <a href="#Page_133">133.</a>)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_37">Cap. 37.</a></p> - -<p>The meanes to restraine the ouerflowing multitude of scholers. The cause -why euery one desireth, to haue his childe learned, and yet must yeilde ouer -his owne desire to the disposition of his countrie. That necessitie and choice -be the best restrainers. That necessitie restraineth by lacke and law. Why -it may be admitted that all may learne to writ and reade that can, but no -further. What is to be thought of the speaking and vnderstanding of latine, -and in what degree of learning that is. That considering our time, and the -state of religion in our time law must needes helpe this restraint, with the -aunswere to such obiections as are made to the contrarie. That in choice of -wittes, which must deale with learning, that wit is fittest for our state which -aunswereth best the monarchie, and how such a wit is to be knowne. That -choice is to helpe in schooling, in admission into colledges, in proceding to -degrees, in preferring to liuings, where the right and wrong of all the foure -pointes be handled at full. (P. <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_38">Cap. 38.</a></p> - -<p>That yong maindens are to be set to learning, which is proued by the -custome of our countrie, by our duetie towardes them, by their naturall -abilitie, and by the worthie effectes of such, as haue bene well trained. The -ende whereunto their education serueth, which is the cause why and how -much they learne. Which of them are to learne. When they are to beginne -to learne: What and how much they may learne. Of whom and where they -ought to be taught. (P. <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_39">Cap. 39.</a></p> - -<p>Of the training vp of yong gentlemen. Of priuate and publike education, -with their generall goodes and illes. That there is no better way for gentlemen -to be trained by in any respect, then the common is, being well appointed. -Of rich mens children, which be no gentlemen. Of nobilitie in generall. Of -gentlemanly exercises. What it is to be a nobleman or a gentleman. That -infirmities in noble houses be not to be triumphed ouer. The causes and -groundes of nobilitie. Why so many desire to be gentlemen. That gentlemen -ought to professe learning, and liberall sciences for many good and honorable -effectes. Of trauelin into forraine contries, with all the braunches, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">xv</span>allowance and disallowance thereof: and that it were to be wished that gentlemen -would professe, to make sciences liberall in vse, which are liberall in name. -Of the training vp of a yong prince. (P. <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_40">Cap. 40.</a></p> - -<p>Of the generall place and time of education. Publike places elementarie, -grammaticall, collegiat. Of bourding of children abroad from their parentes -howses: and whether that be the best. The vse and commoditie of a large -and well situate training place. Observations to be kept in the generall time. -(P. <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_41">Cap. 41.</a></p> - -<p>Of teachers and trainers in generall: and that they be either Elementarie, -Grammatticall, or Academicall. Of the elementarie teachers abilitie and -entertainement: of the grammer maisters abilitie and his entertainement. A -meane to haue both excellent teachers and cunning professours in all kindes of -learning: by the diuision of colledges according to professions: by sorting -like yeares into the same rowmes: by bettering the studentes allowance and -liuing: by prouiding and maintaining notable well learned readers. That for -bringing learning forward in her right and best course, there would be seuen -ordinarie ascending colledges for tounges, for mathematikes, for philosophie, -for teachers, for physicians, for lawyers, for diuines. And that the generall -studie of law, would be but one studie. Euery of these pointes with his particular -proufes sufficient for a position. Of the admission of teachers. (P. <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_42">Cap. 42.</a></p> - -<p>How long the childe is to continew in the elementarie, eare he passe to the -toungues and grammer. The incurable infirmities which posting haste maketh -in the whole course of studie. How necessarie a thing sufficient time is for a -scholer. (P. <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_43">Cap. 43.</a></p> - -<p>How to cut of most inconueniences wherewith schooles and scholers, -masters and parentes be in our schooling now most troubled: whereof there -be too meanes, vniformitie in teaching and publishing of schoole orders. -That vniformitie in teaching hath for companions dispatch in learning and -sparing of expenses. Of the abbridging of the number of bookes. Of curtesie -and correction. Of schoole faultes. Of friendlines betwene parentes and -maisters. (P. <a href="#Page_262">262</a>.)</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_44">Cap. 44.</a></p> - -<p>That conference betwene those which haue interest in children: Certaintie -of direction in places where children vse most: and Constancie in well -keeping that, which is certainely appointed, be the most profitable circunstances -both for vertuous mannering and cunning schooling. (P. <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.) -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">xvi</span></p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#CHAPTER_45">Cap. 45.</a></p> - -<p>The peroration, wherein the summe of the whole booke is recapitulated and -proofes vsed, that this enterprise was first to be begon by Positions, and that -these be the most proper to this purpose. A request concerning the well -taking of that which is so well meant. (P. <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.)</p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<div class="center small"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#FIRST_CHAPTER">Chapter 1</a></span>——</td> - <td align="right"><small>PAGE</small></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td> </td> - <td align="left">Author aims at improving Schools</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Why he writes in English</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_2">Chapter 2</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Settling first Principles</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The three Stages of Learning</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The first Stage chosen</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Matters to be discussed</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_3">Chapter 3</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Mistake of neglecting Circumstance</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Consideration of Circumstance</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The Realm of Circumstance</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Authority affected by Circumstance</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Use of previous writers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Right Reason the best Authority</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Truth no Respecter of Persons</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_4">Chapter 4</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The Ideal and the Possible</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">What Parents want</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">At what age should schooling begin?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Circumstances limit choice</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Against forcing young wits</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Powers of mind and body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Father must decide Care of the body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Parents’ duty in training the body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Meet schoolroom stillness by regulated exercise</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Parents must consult with Schoolmaster</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_5">Chapter 5</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Discerning of ingenerate abilities</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Measure of ripeness in soul or body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Three Powers: Perception, Memory, Judgment</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Morals the care of Parents and Teachers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Instruction before Grammar Age. Reading</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Reading English before Latin</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Rote for Youth: Reason for Years. English</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Writing invented before Reading</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Skill in Writing: its value for the child</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Write English hand first. Drawing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Value of Drawing. Painting?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Music</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Music good for mind and body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Objections to Music answered</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_38">38</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">For child reading, writing, drawing, music</td> - <td align="right">39 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvii">xvii</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_6">Chapter 6</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Training needed for both body and mind</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Bodily exercise needed by student</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Exercise and health</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">What is health and sickness?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Dangers to health of the body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Use of exercise The Student</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Parents’ and Masters’ parts</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Parts of the body and their train</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Heart, liver, brain, &c.</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Exercises for the various parts</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_7">Chapter 7</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Four Points to be treated of</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_8">Chapter 8</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Exercise athletical</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Exercise martial</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Exercise for health</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_9">Chapter 9</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The particular exercises chosen</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Defence of the choice</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_10">Chapter 10</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Loud speaking</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Good effects of loud speaking</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Cautions in loud speaking</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Recitations</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_11">Chapter 11</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Music and health</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Music and health</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_12">Chapter 12</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Reading aloud</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Reading aloud approved by Ancients</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Soft Reading</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_13">Chapter 13</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Talking</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_14">Chapter 14</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Laughing. Weeping</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Laughing and weeping as exercises</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Weeping no Exercise</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Keep the Young in awe</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_15">Chapter 15</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Soundness of Wind</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Use of holding the Breath</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Effects of holding the Breath</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Cautions</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_16">Chapter 16</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Defence of Dancing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Dancing: its use and misuse</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Kinds and causes of Dancing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Ancient and modern Dancing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_17">Chapter 17</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Kinds of Wrestling</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Cautions to Wrestlers</td> - <td align="right">77 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xviii">xviii</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_18">Chapter 18</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Kinds of Fencing. The Ancients</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_78">78</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Counsels for Fencing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_19">Chapter 19</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Tops ancient and modern</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Use both Hands alike. Plato quoted</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_20">Chapter 20</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Walking commonest and best for health</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Kinds of Walking</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Kinds of Walking and their effects</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Walking up and down hill, &c.</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Choice of place: by the sea, &c.</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Times of Walking</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_21">Chapter 21</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Running, its importance</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Vehement Running unhealthy</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Moderate Running. Running backwards, &c.</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_22">Chapter 22</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Of Leaping</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Kinds of Leaping. Spartan women</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Leaping. Skipping</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_23">Chapter 23</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Of Swimming</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Swimming: where best</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Swimming in salt water</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_96">96</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_24">Chapter 24</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Riding, ancient and modern</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Trotting: Ambling: Posting</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_25">Chapter 25</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Hunting combines all exercises</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Hunting on horseback and on foot</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_26">Chapter 26</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Shooting practised in Islands</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Archery <i>v.</i> Hunting. Ascham</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Prince Arthur’s Knights</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_27">Chapter 27</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Ball games ancient and modern. Handball</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Handball and Football</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Football and Armball</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Why some classic games are left out</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_28">Chapter 28</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Rules must vary in practice</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_29">Chapter 29</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Galen’s triple division</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_30">Chapter 30</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Diseases are of three kinds</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">When exercise helps in disease</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Exercises for the weak and old</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Exercise according to state of the body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_31">Chapter 31</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Place for exercise</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Pure air</td> - <td align="right">115 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xix">xix</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_32">Chapter 32</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Time of exercise</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Times according to Hippocrates, &c.</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Time for exercise and meals</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Morning best</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_33">Chapter 33</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Limits in exercise</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Limits. Strong and weak. Old and young</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Time of year. Condition of the body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Kind of life</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_34">Chapter 34</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Rubbing the body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Practice of the Ancients</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_35">Chapter 35</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Same trainer for body and mind</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The Divine and the Physician</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Against specialising</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Trainer to magnify his office</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Praise of health. Trainer’s knowledge</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Physician the Trainer’s Friend</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Importance of Groundwork</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Discretion in applying Knowledge</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Art general; Discretion particular</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_36">Chapter 36</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Boys and girls. Boys first</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Train tests wit. Is school for all?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Danger from too many learned</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">This danger universally admitted</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Evils from too few learned. Choice</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Sorting of wits. Dangers from misplacement</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Reading and writing for all. Rich and poor scholars</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Middle sort best for learning</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">School not for all. Choosing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_37">Chapter 37</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">All parents would have children learned</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The Country must decide</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Necessity a good restraint</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Number of scholars kept down by law</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Private opinion must yield to public</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The poor and the rich</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Fewer bookmen needed since Reformation</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">A learned paucity. Choice</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Right choice in a monarchy</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Ideal monarchy scholar</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">His patience with masters and comrades</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Less clear cases. Master first chooser</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Against early choice. Some dullards kept</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Schoolmaster and parent</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The same. Colleges not almshouses</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Evils from bad elections</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Catchers in Colleges</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">College factions warned</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Influence of the great misused by the little</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Abuse of patronage</td> - <td align="right">161 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xx">xx</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Bursuries. Degrees gained by favour</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Daws as peacocks</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Evils ensuing. Livings</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Preferment to livings</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Professions overcrowded</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_38">Chapter 38</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Teaching of girls</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Four reasons. First, English custom</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Second, Our duty</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Physical education of girls</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Third, Girls’ natural towardness</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Fourth, Good results accruing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Plutarch, &c., about women</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Panegyric of Queen Elizabeth</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Limits. Learning allowed</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Choice, as with boys</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Studies for girls. Reading</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Writing. Music. Housewifery</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Learning suited to station</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">How much?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Professions denied. Drawing allowed</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Languages, &c. To what age?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Where? and by whom?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_39">Chapter 39</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Need of train in women and in gentlemen</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Public training best for gentlemen. Private</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Private education and public</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Disadvantages of private training</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The same</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The same</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Why prefer private to public?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Public school with a private tutor</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Public schools and private</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Studies of a gentleman</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Gentlemen. The new rich</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The new rich</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Noblesse oblige</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">What makes the gentleman</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Nobility and gentry</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">“As they be true gentlemen”</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Virtues not tied to the person</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Noble and gentle</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Learning useful to noblemen</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">A wise counsellor</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The Divine</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The lawyer and the physician</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Apes</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">What is needed for the gentleman</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The same</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Travelling beyond sea</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Travel not necessary</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Against foreign travel</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The same</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Women do not travel. Queen Elizabeth</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Socrates. Plato on travel</td> - <td align="right">213 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxi">xxi</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Plato’s traveller</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">His treatment on return</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Plato’s reception of foreigners</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Doubts about travel</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Gentlemen and the professions</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Gentlemen’s advantages</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Must not be smatterers. Princes</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Training of a Prince. Elizabeth</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_40">Chapter 40</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Three stages of school education</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">School building: 1, superior; 2, primary</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">3, Secondary. Buildings and hours</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Boarding schools, pro and con</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Grammar schools in suburbs</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Master’s pay dependent on diligence</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Changing schools. Master’s pay</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Moving schools out of towns</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">School buildings. Times</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Hours best for study and play</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_41">Chapter 41</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Same trainer for mind and body</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Elementary master most important</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Pay elementary master highest</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Grammar master and his pay</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Good masters stopt by bad pay</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Teacher’s training. University reform</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">A college for tongues</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">A college for mathematics?</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Tongues too much thought of. Ascham</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Sir J. Cheeke on Cambridge mathematics</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Talking Latin. Mathematics</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">College for Philosophy</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Study of words. Necessity of mathematics</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Philo and Aristotle</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Mathematics studied by Ancients</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Mathematics and Philosophy</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Law Reform. Training College</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Use of the seven colleges</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Sorting by age. Uniting of colleges</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">University Readers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">University Reform. Readerships</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The same</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Learned Professors needed</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Admission of teachers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_42">Chapter 42</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Against forcing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Ills from haste</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Degrees taken too young</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Over-hasting. Vives</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Value of time</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Limit of elementary course</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_43">Chapter 43</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Schoolmasters’ troubles. Melanchthon</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Want of uniformity</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Proposal of common scheme</td> - <td align="right">264 -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xxii">xxii</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Able and ordinary teachers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Gains from uniformity</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Changing schools. The common Grammar</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Too many school books</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Choice of books. Chrestomathies</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_269">269</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The same. No poetic fury</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Profit from uniformity</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Mulcaster will write himself</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Printed rules of hours, punishments, &c.</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Parents and punishments</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Monitors. The rod needed</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The rod</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Socrates. Plato. Xenophon</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Coat story in Cyropædeia</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Tarif of stripes</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_279">279</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Great offences. Master’s age</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Master’s calling</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_44">Chapter 44</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Confer with parents</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Conference with neighbours</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_282">282</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Teachers and neighbours</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Teachers and parents. Xenophon</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_284">284</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Conference of teachers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">The same. Certainty in direction</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_286">286</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Certainty at school and at home</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_287">287</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Certainty at home and at Church</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_288">288</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Advantage from certainty. Constancy</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_289">289</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Discretion in change</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Summing up</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left" colspan="2"><span class="smcap"><a href="#CHAPTER_45">Chapter 45</a></span>——</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Plan of this book</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_292">292</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Author’s intention</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Reason of his prolixity</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">His choice of subject</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Advantage of ideal</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Why girls’ training is treated of</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td></td> - <td align="left">Wishes</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_298">298</a></td> -</tr> -</table></div> - - -<div class="figcenter_spaced"> -<img src="images/i_pxxii.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">1</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i_p001a.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<p class="half-title">POSITIONS CONCERNING</p> - -<p class="center"><small>THE</small></p> - -<p class="center"><span class="p11">TRAINING VP OF CHILDREN.</span></p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="FIRST_CHAPTER">FIRST CHAPTER.<br /> - -<small>THE ENTRIE TO THE POSITIONS,</small></h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Conteining the occasion of this present discourse, and -the causes why it was penned in english</span>.</p></div> - - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/w.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap"><span class="smcap">Whosoever</span> shall consider with any -iudgement the maner of training vp -children, which we vse generally within -this Realme cannot but wish, that the -thing were bettered, as I my selfe do: -though I do not thinke it good here to -displaie the particular defectes, bycause -I am in hope to see them healed, without -any so sharp a rehersall, (“for the error being once graunted -and well knowen straight way craueth helpe without aggrauation, -and that way in helping must needes be most -gracious, which the partie helped confesseth least greiuouse.”) -If I should discouer all those inconueniences, wherby -parentes and maisters, teachers and learners, do but enterchaunge -displeasures, if I should rip vp those difficulties, -wherby the traine it selfe, and bringing vp of children is -maruellously empeached, I might reuiue great gaules, and -euen therby worse remedie the greifes. And though I -remedied them yet the partie pacient might beare in minde, -how churlishly he was cured, and though he payed well for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">2</span> -the healing, yet be ill apayd for the handling. Wherefore -in helping thinges, that be amisse I do take that to be the -aduisedest way, which saueth the man, and sowreth not -the meane. If without quoting the quarrelles, I set down -that right, whervnto I am led, vpon reasonable grounds, -that it is both the best, and most within compasse, the -wrong by comparison is furthwith bewraied, and the chek -giuen without anie chiding.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The occasion of this discourse.</div> - -<p>I haue taught in publike without interrupting my course, -now two and twentie yeares, and haue alwaie -had a very great charge vnder my hand, which -how I haue discharged, they can best iudge of -me, which will iudge without me. During which time -both by that, which I haue seene in teaching so long, and -by that which I haue tryed, in training vp so many, I do -well perceiue, vpon such lettes, as both my selfe am subiect -vnto, and other teachers no lesse then I, that neither I -haue don so much as I might, neither any of them so much -as they could. Which lettes me thinke I haue both learned, -what they be, and withall conceiued the meane, how to get -them remoued. Wherby both I and all other maie do -much more good, then either I or anie other heretofore -haue don. Wherin as I meane to deale for the common -good, so must I appeal to the common curtesie, that my -good will maie be well thought of, though my good hope -do not hit right. For I do but that, which is set free to all, -to vtter in publike a priuate conceit, and to claime kindnes -of all, for good will ment vnto all: as I my selfe am ready -both freindly and fauorably, to esteme of others, who shall -enterprise the like, requiring euery one, which shall vse my -trauell, either as a reader, to peruse, or as a reaper to profit, -that he will think well of me, which may cause him allow: -or if he do not, that yet he will be sorie for me, that so -good a meaning had so meane an issue.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Why it is penned in English.</div> - -<p>I do write in my naturall English toungue, bycause -though I make the learned my iudges, which -vnderstand Latin, yet I meane good to the -vnlearned, which vnderstand but English. And -better it is for the learned to forbeare Latin, which they neede -not then for the vnlearned to haue it, which they know not. -By the English both shall see, what I say, by Latin but -the one, which were some wrong, where both haue great -interest, and the vnlearned the greater, bycause the vn<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">3</span>learned -haue not any but only such English helpes, the -learned can fetch theirs from the same fountaines, whence -I fetch mine. My meaning is principally to helpe mine -owne countrie, whose language will helpe me, to be vnderstood -of them, whom I would perswade: to get some -thankes of them, for my good will to do well: to purchace -pardon of them, if my good will do not well. The parentes -and freindes with whom I haue to deale, be mostwhat no -latinistes: and if they were, yet we vnderstand that tongue -best, whervnto we are first borne, as our first impression is -alwaie in English, before we do deliuer it in Latin. And -in perswading a knowen good by an vnknowen waie, are -we not to cal vnto vs, all the helpes that we can, to be -thoroughly vnderstood? He that vnderstands no Latin -can vnderstand English, and he that vnderstands Latin -very well, can vnderstand English farre better, if he will -confesse the trueth, though he thinke he haue the habite -and can Latin it exceading well. When mine argument -shall require Latin, as it will eare long, I will not then -spare it, in the degree, that I haue it, but till it do, I will -serue my countrie that waie, which I do surely thinke will -proue most intelligible vnto her. For though the argument, -which is dedicate to learning, and must therfore of -force vse the termes of learning: which be mysteries to -the multitude, maie seeme to offer some darkness and -difficultie in that point: yet it is to be construed, that the -thing it selfe must be presented in her owne colours, which -the learned can discry, at the first blush, as of their acquaintance, -who must be spoken to in their owne kinde: as the -vnlearned must be content to enquire, bycause we straine -our termes to haue them intitled. And yet, in all my drift, -for all my faire promise, I dare warrant my countrie no -more, then probabilitie doth me, which if it deceiue me, -yet I haue it to leane vnto, and perhaps of such pith, as -might easely haue beguiled a wiser man then me. But till -I proue beguiled, I will dwell in hope, that I am not, to -deliuer my minde with the better courage, and therby to -shew that I thinke my selfe right. For the greatest enemy, -that can be to any wel meaning conceit is, to mistrust his -own power, and to dispaire of his good speede where happy -fortune makes euident shew.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_2">CHAPTER 2.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Wherfore these positions serve, what they be, and how -necessarie it was to begin at them.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">My</span> purpose is to helpe the hole trade of teaching, -euen from the very first foundation: that is, not -only the Grammarian, and what shall follow afterward, -but also the Elementarie, which is the verie infantes -train, from his first entrie, vntill he be thought fit to passe -thence to the Grammar schoole. My labour then beginning -so low, am I not to follow the president of such writers, as -in the like argumentes, haue vsed the like methode? The -maner of proceding which the best learned authors do vse, -in those argumentes, which both for the matter be of most -credit, and for the maner of best accompt, kepeth alwaie -such a currant, as they at the first laie downe certaine -groundes, wherin both they and their readers, whether -scholers onely, or iudges alone, do resolutely agree. Which -consent enureth to this effect, that they maie therby either -directly passe thorough to their ende without empeachment: -or else if any difficulty do arise in the way, they -may easely compound it, by retiring themselues to those -primitiue groundes. The Mathematicall, which is counted -the best maister of sound methode, of whome all other -sciences do borrow their order, and way in teaching well, -eare he passe to any either probleme or theoreme, setts -downe certaine definitions, certaine demaundes, certaine -naturall and necessarie confessions, which being agreed on, -betwen him and his learner, he proceedeth on to the -greatest conclusions in his hole profession, as those which -be acquainted with <i>Euclide</i> and his friendes, do verie wel -know. Wil the naturall philosopher medle with his maine -subject, before he haue handled his first principles, matter, -forme, priuation, motion, time, place, infinitie, vacuitie, and -such other, whervnto <i>Aristotle</i> hath dedicated eight whole -bookes? What shall I neede to take more paines in -rehersall of any other writer, whether Lawyer, Physician, -or any else, which entreateth of his peculiar argument -learnedly, to prooue that I am first to plant by positions, -seeing the verie diuine himselfe, marcheth on of this foote -and groundeth his religion vpon principles of beleefe? I -professe my selfe to be a scholer, wherby I do know this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> -methode, which the learned do kepe, and I deale with an -argument, which must needes at the first be verie nicely -entertained, till proofe giue it credit, what countenaunce -soeuer hope maie seeme to lend it, in the meane while. I -maie therefore seeme to deale against mine owne knowledge, -if I do not fortifie myselfe with such helpes, as vpon -probable reason, maie first purchace their owne standing, -and being themselues staid in place of liking maie helpe -vp all the reste.</p> - -<p>I am specially to further two degrees in learning, first -the Elementarie which stretcheth from the time that the -child is to be set to do any thing, till he be remoued to his -Grammar: then the Grammarian, while the child doth -continew, in the schoole of language, and learned tounges, -till he be remoued for his ripenes, to some Vniuersitie: -which two pointes be both of great moment.</p> - -<p>For the Elementarie: Bycause sufficiency in the child, -before he passe thence, helpes the hole course of the after -studie, and insufficiencie skipping from thence to soone, -makes a very weake sequele. For as sufficient time there, -without to much hast, to post from thence to timely, -draweth on the residew of the schoole degrees, in their best -beseeming time, and in the ende sendeth abroade sufficient -men for the seruice of their countrie: so to hedlong hast -scouring thence to swiftly at the first, (for all that it -seemeth so petie a thing,) in perpetuall infirmity of matter, -procureth also to much childishnes in yeares to be then in -place, when iudgement with skill, and ripenes with gray-haires -should carie the contenaunce. And is not this -pointe then to be well proyned, where hast is such a foe, -and ripenes such a freind? Where pushing forward at the -first before maturitie bid on, will still force that, which -followeth till at the last it marre all?</p> - -<p>For the Grammarian: As it is a thing not vnseemely for -me to deale in, being my selfe a teacher, so is it verie -profitable for my countrie to heare of, which in great -varietie of teaching doth seeme to call for some vniforme -waie. And to haue her youth well directed in the tounges, -which are the waies to wisdome, the lodges of learning, -the harbours of humanitie, the deliuerers of diuinitie, the -treasuries of all store, to furnish out all knowledge in the -cunning, and all iudgement in the wise, can it be but well -taken, if it be well perfourmed? or can it but deserue some<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span> -freindly excuse, yea though good will want good successe? -If occasion fitly offered by the waie, cause me attempt any -further thing then either of these two, though I may seeme -to be beside my schoole, yet my trust is that I shal not -seeme to be beside my selfe.</p> - -<p>Now then dealing with these matters which appertaine -to men, and must be allowed of men, if they deserue -allowance, or wil be reiected by them if they seeme not to -be sound, whether haue I neede to procede with consent -or no? For what if some shall thinke their penny good -siluer, and will not admit mine offer? neither receiue -teaching at the hand of so meane a controwler? what if -some other graunt, that there is some thing amisse in -deede, but that my deuise is no meane to amend it? what -if disdaine do worke me discredit, and why should he take -vpon him? A petie companion, I confesse, but till some -better do deale, why may not my petinesse fullwell take -place? And if the ware which I do bring, proue marchandable, -why may I not make shew, and offer it to -sale? Such instances and obiections wilbe offered, with -whom seeing I am like to encounter, why ought I not at -the first to resolue those, which will relent at the voice -of reason? and so entreat the other, which make more -deintie, to be drawen on, as my deutie being discharged -towardes the thing, by argumentes, towardes them, by -curtesie, if there be any strayning afterwardes themselues -may be in fault?</p> - -<p>But bycause I must applie my positions to some one -ground, I haue chosen the Elementarie, and him rather -then the Grammarian: for that the Elementarie is the -verie lowest and first to be dealt with, and the circunstances -being well applyed vnto him, may with very small ado, be -transported afterward to the Grammarian or anie other -else. And vnder the title of the particular circunstance, -(though it seeme peculiarly to appertaine to the Elementarie, -by waie of mine example, which I do applie vnto -him primitiuely) yet I do trauell commonly with the -generall considerations in all persons which use the -same circunstance, in anie degree of learning, as the places -themselues hereafter will declare. Which I do both to -ende these positiue arguments at once, and to make the -precept also somewhat more pleasant to the reader, hauing -the entertainement of some forreine, but no vnfit discourse.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p> - -<p>The positions therefore which I do meane, be these and -such other. At what time the child is to be set -to schoole. What he is to learne when he is at -schoole. Whether all be to be set to schoole. Whether -exercise be to be vsed as a principle in trayning. Whether -young maidens be to be set to learne. How to traine vp -young gentlemen. How to procure some vniformitie in -teaching. Of curtesie and correction. Of priuate and -publike education. Of choise of wittes, of places, of times, -of teachers, of schoole orders. Of restrayning to many -bookish people, and many other like argumentes, which the -nature of such discourses useth to hale in by the waie. -Wherin I require my countreymens consent, to thinke as I -do, and will do mine endeauour to procure it, as I can, -before I deale with the particular præceptes, and schooling -of children. Which while I do, as I follow the præsident of -the best writers, for the methode, which I chuse, so for the -matter it selfe I will vse no other argument, then both nature -and reason, custome and experience, and plaine shew of -euident profit shall recommend to my countrie without either -manifest appearaunce, or secrete suspicion of a fantasticall -deuise: considering it were an argument of verie small witte -knowing fantasticallnes to disgrace the man, and impossibilitie -to displace the meane: in so necessarie a thing as -I pretend this to be, to entermingle either fantasticall -matter, for all men to laugh at, or impossible meane, for as -many to muse at. If earnest desier to haue some thing -bettered, do cause me wishe the amendement, I hope that -will not be accounted fantasticall, vnless it be to such, as -do thinke themselues in health when they are deadly sicke, -and feeling no paine, bycause of extreme weaknes, do hold -their freindes halfe foolish, which wishe them to thinke vpon -alteration of life.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_3">CHAPTER 3.</h2> - - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of what force circunstance is in matters of action, and how -warily authorities be to be vsed, where the contemplatiue -reason receiues the check of the actiue circunstance, if -they be not well applyed. Of the alleadging of authors.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Some</span> well meaning man, when he will perswade his -countrie to this or that thing, either by penne or -speache, if he find any good writers authoritie, which -fauoureth his opinion, he presumeth streight waie therby -both his owne perswasion to be sufficiently armed, and his -countries execution to be strongly warranted. Which his -assuraunce is sometime chekt by wisdome, sometime by -experience: By wisdome, which forseeth, that the circunstance -of the countrie will not admit that, which he would -perswade: by experience, which giuing way at the first to -some probability, is in the end borne back by vnfitting -circunstance. So that in those cases, where authorities -perswade, and circunstances controwle, such as vse writers -for their credit, must feare circunstance for her chek. -Bycause the misse in circunstance makes the authour no -authour, where his reason is altered, and the alledger no -alledger, where discretion wanteth. Seeing therefore my -selfe deale with these two pointes of authoritie and circunstance, -both to confirme mine owne opinion the surer, and -to confute the contrarie sounder, where difference in opinion -shall offer to assaile me, I thought it good in the verie -entrie to say somwhat of both, considering their agreement -doth promise successe, and their disagreement doth threaten -defeat.</p> - -<p>I do see many very toward wittes, of reasonable good -reading, and of excellent good vtterance, both forreine -abroad, and freindes at home marueilously ouershoot themselues -by ouerruling the circunstance, and ouerstraining -authoritie. For vpon some affiaunce in their owne wittes, -that they see all circunstances, and some small assurance, -that the authours which they reade, do soothe all that -they say: they will push out in publike certaine resolute -opinions, before either their wittes be settled, or their -reading ripe: which is then to be thought wisely ripe, -when after the benefit of many yeares, after much reading -of the most and best writers, after sound digesting of that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> -which they haue red, and applying it all to some certaine -ende: time hath fined their iudgement, and by precise -obseruing and comparing, both what others haue said, and -what themselues haue seene, hath made them maister the -circunstance. Which mastering of the circunstance, is the -only rule, that wisemen liue by, the only meane, that -wisedome is come by, the only ods between folie and witte. -The marking wherof is of so great a force, as by it eche -countrie discouereth the travellour, when he seeketh to -enforce his forreine conclusions, and clingeth to that -countryman, which hath bettered her still, by biding still -at home. It discrieth the young student, which is rauished -with the obiect, eare he can discern it, and honoreth the -wise learned, whose vnderstanding is so staied, as he may -be a leader. The consideration of circunstance is so strong -in all attemptes, where man is the subiect, as it maketh of -all nothing, and of nothing all. The skill to iudge of it is -so lingring, and so late, bycause man is the gatherer, and -so long eare he learne it, as it seemes to be reserued, till he -be almost spent. It is not enough to rule the world, to -alleadge authorities, but to raunge authorities, which be -not aboue the world, by the rule of the world, is the wisemans -line.</p> - -<p>I am to deale with training, must I entreat my countrey -to be content with this, bycause such a one commendes it? -or to force her to that, bycause such a state likes it? The -shew of right deceiues us, and the likenes of vnlike things -doth lead vs, where it listeth. Differences and ods discouer -errors, similitude and likenes lead euen wise men awrie. -The great philosopher <i>Aristotle</i><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> in fining of reason, maketh -the abilities to discerne these two pointes, where thinges -like be vnlike, and where the vnlike be like, two of his -principall instrumentes to trie out the trueth. Which skill -to discern so narrowly, as it is not in all, so where it is, -there is great discretion, there will nothing be brought -from authoritie to practise, but that circunstance will -praise, and yet hardly winne. For though circunstance in -our countrie and others do seeme verie like, nay rather -almost one, yet if our countrie do admit, where any ods -appeareth, though it offer the relenting, when it comes to -proufe, she auentureth her selfe, and we which perswade.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -haue great cause to thanke her, that she will harken vnto -vs, as she also will thanke vs, if she praise at the parting. -Wherfore seeing the ground is so slipperie to deale by -authoritie, and therfore to approue it, bycause such a one -sayth it till iudgement haue subsigned, and circunstance -sealed, I thought it good, as I said before, to speake somwhat -therof, that I may therby stay my selfe the better, -marching by them, and thorough them: and also remoue -some scrupulouse opinion, that I vse them not strangely, -when I vse them so, as they wishe themselues to be vsed.</p> - -<p>But for the better vnderstanding, with what warynes -authoritie is to be vsed, may it please you to consider, that -there be two sortes of authours wherwith we deale in our -studie: wherof the one regardeth the matter only, and by -ineuitable argument enforceth the conclusion. In this -kinde be the Mathematicall sciences, and all such naturall -philosophie, as proceedeth by necessitie of a demonstrable -subiect. The other ioyneth the circunstance with the -matter, as Morall, and politike Philosophie, as the Professions, -as Poetes, as histories do, when they enforce not the -necessitie of their conclusion, by necessitie of the matter, -though by the fourme of their argument, which concludeth -of force, in matters of least force. The argumentes of -those Artes and Professions, which be in this second -kinde, do depende vpon apparence in probable coniecture, -and be creatures to circunstance, wherin as man is the -mainest subiecte, so the respectes had to man haue the -raine in their hand.</p> - -<p>Hence commeth it that lawes in seuerall landes do -differ so much, that Phisicke in seuerall subiectes is so -seuerall in cure, that Diuinitie in ceremonies admitteth -change, where the circunstance is obserued, and yet the -truth not tainted.</p> - -<p>Hence it cometh that in diuersitie of states, there be -diuersities of staie, whereby men gouerne, bycause circunstance -commaundeth. Whervnto, he that affirmes, must -still haue an eye, bycause it sheweth, what is seemely and -conuenient, not in great states alone, but also in the -meanest thinges of all: bycause it moderateth both what -soeuer men do: and in what soeuer respect they do. In -the first kinde of authours and authorities, the truth of -the matter maintaines it selfe, without he said or he did: -bycause it is true by nature, which staied it, not by authour<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -which said it. And being so setled, it ministreth of it selfe -no matter to debate, or at the least verie little. For in -pointes of necessitie, naturally inferred, the difference of -opinion is no proufe at all, that the matter is debatable, -but it is a sufficient argument of an insufficient writer, if he -penne his opinion, or of an vngrounded learner, if his error -be in speeche, which harpeth still about some outward -accident, and neuer perceth the inward substance. So that -in such conclusions there is but one currant, what forceth -the matter, and not what sayeth the man: what commandes -the immutable truth, and not what commendes the changeable -circunstance. All the controuersie is in the second -kinde, where circunstance is prescription, wherin the -writers credite oftimes authoriseth the thing, and the truth -of the thing doth make the man an authour: wherin vnles -he take verie good heede, which is the alleadger, he may do -his writer exceeding great iniurie, by bringing him to the -barre, and forcing that vpon him, which he neuer dreamed -on, and harme himselfe to, who mistaking his ground, -misplaceth his building, and hazardeth his credit.</p> - -<p>Hence commeth it, that so many fantasticall deuises do -trouble the world, while euerie man being desirous to -breede somwhat worthy of commendacion either for shew -of learning, or for shield of opinion, bringeth in the poore -writers, and enioyneth them speach, where in deed they -be mute: and if they could speake, they would aske the -alledger why he did so abuse them. A generall and a -verie hard case in these our dayes, when the most erronious -opinions be fathered vpon the most honest writers, which -meant nothing lesse, then that which is threpte vpon them. -In matter of Pollicy this man wrote thus, and was verie -well thought of, an other in some schoole pointes gaue his -censure in this sorte, and became of account. Transport -the circunstance the allowance is misliked, the alleadger -laughed at: and yet the worthinesse of the writer not -empayred at all, when he is rightly weyed, bycause he was -forced: In this kinde of argument wherin I presently deale, -it is no proufe, bycause <i>Plato</i> praiseth it, bycause <i>Aristotle</i> -alloweth it, bycause <i>Cicero</i> commendes it, bycause <i>Quintilian</i> -is acquainted with it, or any other else, in any argument -else, that therfore it is for vs to vse. What if our countrey -honour it in them, and yet for all that may not vse it her -selfe, bycause circunstance is her check? <span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -Nay what if the writers authoritie be alledged without consideration of -their owne circunstance? who then offereth his countrey -the greatest wrong? is it not he which wringeth the writer, -and wreasteth his meaning? And yet such alledgers there -be, which passe it ouer smoothly, till they be espyed, -where then their owne weaknes appeareth, the writers -worthinesse is euident, and his wrong reuenged, by discouering -the wreaster. Wherfore he that will deale with -writers so, as to deriue their conclusions to the vse of his -countrey, must be verie well aduised, and diligently marke, -that their meaning, and his applying be both of one ground, -and also how much of their opinion his countrey will admit, -which, as she will not be forced by idle supposalles, so -pronounceth she him to be but a fleeter, who so euer shall -offer to force her that waye. If the matter be well pikt, -and properly applyed, she embraceth it forthwith, and -giues it the growing. Whether I shall perfourme so much -my selfe, as I require in others, I dare not warrant, but I -will do my best, to vse my authour well, and to obserue -the circunstance, and not once to profer any thing to my -countrey, which shall not haue all those foundations, that I -promised before, so much as I can, <i>Nature</i> to lead it, <i>reason</i> -to back it, <i>custome</i> to commend it, <i>experience</i> to allow it, -and <i>profit</i> to preferre it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">For alledging of Authours.</div> - -<p>But here by the waye, I must aduertise my reader thus -much, that I thinke a student ought rather to -inuest himselfe in the habite of his writer, then -to stand much vpon his title, and authoritie, in -proofe or disproofe, seeing who knoweth not, that all our -studies be generally detters to the first deuise, and fairest -deliuerie? Therfore to auoide length therby, I will neither -vse authoritie, nor example, seeing matter is the maine, and -not the mans name, sauing onely where one mans deposition -vpholdes or ouerthrowes: and the ground of the -example is so excellent in that kinde, as it were to much -vnkindenesse, not to let the person be knowen, where the -fact is so famous. I will reste vpon reason the best, where -I finde it, the next where that failes, and coniecture is probable, -to proue such thinges, as reason must paterne. If -the triall be in proofe, and experience must guide it, I will -binde vpon proofe, and let triall be the tuche.</p> - -<p>For with the alledging of authours, either to shew, what -I haue read or to tuche common concordes, where any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -thing is to much, and nothing is enough, I meane not at -all to buisie my selfe. Bycause we heape but vp witnesses, -which be nothing needeful, in such cases, as be nothing -doubtfull, when we vse many gaie names all agreeing in -one, and none saying but so: wheras the naturall vse of -testimonies is, to proue where doubt is, not to cloye, where -all is cleare. In such cases for want of sound iudgement, -a catalogue of names, and a multitude of sentences, which -say but that is soothed, and no man denyes, are forced to -the stage, to seeme to arme the alleadger, which fighteth -without foe, and flyeth without feare.</p> - -<p>In pointes of learning, which be wonne from quarrell, or -resolute groundes, which be without quarrell, and neede no -assurer, I referre my dealing to the iudgement of those, -which can trace me, where I tread and shall finde my -truth, without the authours name, whom they will confesse -to be well alleadged, when I saye, as he sayeth, and proue -as he proueth, either by habite got by reading, or by likenesse -in iudgement, though I neuer red.</p> - -<p>If controuersie arise, and be worth the recounting the -matter shall not sleepe: if it hange of the man, and without -him be lame, the man shall not slyp: but otherwise, no. -Those that be learned know that witnesses, and wise mens -names be verie good ware, where the question is, whether -such a thing be done, and they be said to know it, and that -<i>Rhetorick</i> takes testimonies for a principall proofe, and very -neare the harte, as <i>Logick</i> placeth them in the utmost of -her argumentes, being themselues of small pith, though -their stuffe be worth praise, and both bind and loose, where -reason beares the swaie, and probabilitie is to purpose. I -do honour good writers but without superstition, nothing -addicte to titles. But for so much as <i>Reason</i> doth honour -them, they must be content to staie without them selues, -and vse all meanes to preferre her to presence, as their -ladie and mistresse, whose authoritie and credit procures -them admission, when they come from her. It is not so, -bycause a writer said so, but bycause the truth is so, and -he said the truth, the truth giues him title, and that is it, -which must passe, strong enough of it selfe, and oftimes -weakened in the hearers opinion, though not in it selfe, by -naming the writer: which commonly proues so when the -hearer is wedded vnto names, and sworn to authoritie, not -so much eying the thing which is vttered, as the persons<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -title by whom it is vttered. If truth did depend vpon the -person, she would oftimes be brought into a miserable -plighte, and looke rufully vpon it, being constrained to -serue fancie, and to alter vpon will, wheras she is still one, -and should be bent vnto, neither will her selfe bend, howsoeuer -opinatiue people do perswade them selues.</p> - -<p>This the learned and wise know, whose curtesie I craue -as I wish them well: for whose helpe and health, I vndertooke -this paine, whose wisedom I appeal to, if either, -diffidence do wrangle, or ignoraunce do quarrel. As for -the vnlearned, I must needes ouertreat them, not to stand -with me in pointes, where they cannot iudge themselues, if -not for mine owne, yet for their sakes, which beleue me -themselues, and will giue their word for me. In such -pointes, as be intelligible to both, I must praie them both -to waie me well, and euer to haue before them, that my -will wisheth well, howsoeuer I perfourme, wherin will deserues -well, and weaknes prayeth excuse.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_4">CHAPTER 4.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">What time weere best for the child to begin to learne. What -matters some of the best writers handle, eare they determine -this question. Of lettes and libertie whervnto the -parentes are subiect in setting their children to schoole. -Of the difference of wittes and bodies in children. That -exercise must be ioyned with the booke, as the schooling -of the bodie.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> first question that of any necessitie commeth in -place, seemeth to be at what yeares children be to -be put to schoole: for neither would they be -differed to long for leasing of their time, nor hastened on -to soone, for hindering of their health. The rule therfore -must be giuen according to the strength of their bodies, -and the quicknes of their wittes ioyntly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The auncient antecedents.</div> - -<p>Such of the auncient writers, both Greek and Latin, as -either picture vs out the platfourmes of the -best framed common weales: or do lend vs the -looking on of some such a paragon as in some -particular kinde, they deuise to be peerelesse, before they -call it in question, when their youth shall begin to learne, -they do fetch the ground of their traine exceeding farre of. -As, what regard is to be had to the infante, while he is yet -vnder his nurse. Where they moile themselues sore, with -the maners and conditions of the nurse, with the fines or -rudenes of her speeche: with the comelynes of her person -and fauour of her face. And in controuersie about milkes, -sometime they preferre the mother, if her health, her complexion, -her kinde of life, will best fit for her owne: sometime -they yeeld: but with great choice to the forreine -nurse: if any iust circunstance do discharge the mother, -whom nature vnletted seemes to charge most. Againe -they examine what companie is to be choosen for him, -when he doth begin first to crepe abroad, wherby that good -may begin betimes, which must continew longe, and is -greatly furthered by choice of companie, that pikked and -choice play fellowes may succede after a fine and well -fitted nursery. Againe, they debate in good sadnes, what -an exquisite traine is to be deuised for him, when he is to -go to schoole, either priuate, or publike, though they still -preferre the publike as most beseeming him, which must -liue among many and neuer be recluse. And such other -considerations they fall into, which do well beseeme the -bringing vp of such a one, as they did but wishe for: and -we may not hope for: but by no meanes can be applyed -to our youth, and our education, wherin we wishe for no -more, then we hope for to haue. Nay they go further, as -whether may not wishers? and appoint the parentes of this -so perfect a child, to be so wise and so well learned, as is -in verie deede most consonant with their platte, but to -farre surmonting the modele of my positions. Wherfore -leauing those meanes, which they do but deuise, to bring -vp those people, which they do but patterne, I meane to -proceede from such principles, as our parentes do build on, -and as our children do rise by, to that mediocritie, which -furnisheth out this world, and not to that excellencie, which -is fashioned for an other. And yet the pretence of these -so fine pictures, by pointing out so absolute a president, is, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span>to let vs behold thereby, both wherin the best consisteth: -what colours it is best knowen by: what a state it keepeth: -and also by what ready meane, we may best approache -neare it, bycause dispaire to obtaine the verie best it selfe, -discourageth all hope. For that missinge any one of these -so fined circunstances, as our frailtie will faile either in all, -or in most, then we marre the whole moulde. Howbeit we -are much bounde to the excellent wittes of those diuine -writers, who by their singular knowledge, approaching -neare to the truest, and best, could most truly, and best -discern, what constitution they were of: and being of a -good ciuill inclination, thought it their parte, to communicate -that with their posteritie, which they from so nighe, -had so narrowly decifred, as auailable to others, for this -onely cause, if there ensewed no more of it, that in despaire -of hitting the highest, yet by seeing where it lodged, with -verie great praise, they might draw neare vnto it. For as -it is but for paragons to mount quite aboue all, so is it -worthy praise to rest in some degree, which declareth a -pearcher, though abilitie restraine will, that it cannot aspire -whervnto it would.</p> - -<p>But to returne from this so exquisite, to our ordinarie -traine, I perswade my selfe, that all my countreymen wishe -themselues as wise, and as well learned, as those absolute -parentes are surmised to be, though they be content with -so much of both, or rather with so litle, as God doth allot -them: and that they will haue their children nursed as well -as they can, without question where, or quarrelling by -whom: so as they may haue that well brought vp by -nurture, which they loue so well, bequeathed them by -nature. And that till the infant can gouerne himselfe, -they will seeke to saue it from all such perilles, as may -seeme to harme it any kinde of way, or by companie or by -occasion: and that with such warinesse, as ordinarie circunspection -may, or can worke, in considerate and careful -parentes. And finally that for his well schooling, they that -cannot, will wish it, they that can, will haue it, with small -charge if they may, if they may not with some coste, and -very carefully commend the silly poore boy at his first -entry, to his maisters charge, not omitting euen how much -his mother makes of him, if she come not her selfe and do -her owne commendacions. So that for these antecedents, -as they in precisenes do passe vs, so we in possibility go farre beyond them. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> -For our hope is at ankar, and rides -in assuraunce, their wishe wandereth still, not like to win -the rode. These and such like circunstances they handle -formally as in an absolute picture, I tuche but by the -waye, as being quite of an other perswasion, nothing giuen -to the vnpossible, where possibilitie must take place, -though the vnpossible <i>Idea</i>, offer great force to fancie. -Wherfore I will now take my leaue of them, and retourne -to my question, when children be to be set to learning. A -thing in reason very worthy to be wayed, and in perfourmaunce, -very like to proue good, both for health of the -bodie, and helpe of the minde, and so much the rather to -be well entreated, by cause it is the very first principle, -which enterteneth our traine. My countrey parentes then, -being so naturall to their children, both for care before -schoole, and for choice in schooling, I will commend to -their charge, all that which is to be considered in their -first infancie, and tendrest spring, before they be thought -fit, to be set to learning, which they will diligently looke -to, I am very well assured. Bycause euery thing drawes -liking, while it is pretie and young, and specially our owne -which hath nature to sollicite, and needeth no exhorting, -to haue it well cherished, where there is no daunger, but -in to much dalying, neither yet any feare, but in to fond -cokkering.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lettes.</div> - -<p>But in very good earnest, when shall our boye be set to -schoole? In all considerations, wherin vpon -the resolution, something must be executed, -and done, this thing is necessarily to be first enquired, -whether all, or most, or any of all the circunstances, which -be incident to the execution, be in, or without the parties -power, which is to execute, so as he may either proceede -at his owne libertie, if nothing withstand him, or may not -proceede, if he be thwarted by circunstance. For otherwise -the liberty to passe on, or the restraint, to staie, being not -agreed vpon, he that directs by rule may be chekt by arrest. -And where he biddes on thus, circunstance maye replie, -Ifayth sir no. Wherfore I leaue those parentes to their -owne discretion, in whom will seekes libertie, to do as she -would, and circunstance commandes her, to do as she may. -The parent would haue his child begin to learne at such a -time: circunstance sayes, no. He would haue him learne -with such a man: some cause contrarieth. In such a place, -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span>in such a sorte: his power is to poore, to compasse that he -coueteth. Be not all these lettes, and what so euer is so -laid, to stop will of his will, where neither counsell can -giue precept, nor the parent can execute, being so strongly -ouercharged? It is euen like, as if one should saye, the -freeman and the bond, be not both in one case. Preceptes -be for freemen, which maie do as ye bid them, but circunstance -bindes, and wilbe obeyed. Wherfore I must once -for all, warne those parentes, which may not do as they would, -vpon these same lettes which I haue recited, or any other -like, that they take their oportunitie, when so euer it is -offered, bycause occasion is verie bald behinde, and -seldome comes the better. And seeing circunstance is -their bridle, when they feele the raine loose, course it on -a maine, and take the benefit of time, the oportunitie of -place, the commoditie of the teacher, the equitie of the -maner, and what so euer condition else, wherin the freedom -of circunstance doth seeme to befreind them. For sauing -with such a note as this is, I cannot direct them, which -can giue no counsell, but where <i>necessitie</i> is in ward and -<i>libertie</i> keepes the keyes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Libertie.</div> - -<p>But if the parent want nothing necessary, for his childes -bringing vp, neither a place, both conuenient -for receit, and commodious for distaunce, -wherin to haue him taught: nor a teacher, sufficient for -cunning, and considerate, for either curtesie, or correction, -who can traine him vp well: nor fit companions, as so fit -a place, and so good a maister may picke out of choice, -which will throng vnto him: And if the child also himselfe, -haue a witte apte to conceiue, what shalbe put vnto him: -and a body able to beare the trauell, which belonges vnto -learning: me thinke it were then best, that he began to be -doing, when he maie well perceiue, without trauelling his -braine, thorough the hardnes of the thing, and neede not -be toiled to the wearines of his bodie, thorough the wise -handling of his aduised maister. For being in the schoole, -he may do somwhat very well, though not very much, -wheras roming about, he might hap to do ill, and that very -much.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Variety of wittes.</div> - -<p>At what yeares I cannot say, bycause ripenes in children, -is not tyed to one time, no more then all corne -is ripe for one reaping, though mostwhat about -one. Some be hastinges and will on, some be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -hardinges, and drawe backe: some be willing when their -parentes will: some but willing, when they will them selues, -as either will to do well, vpon cherishing wisely, or pleasure -to play still, vpon cokkering fondly, hath possessed their -mindes.</p> - -<p>But he that deserueth to be a parent, must dispose himselfe -to be also a iudge, in all these cases: and who is so -ill freinded, as he hath not one, with whom to conferre, to -learne by aduise, the towardnes and time of his young -sonnes schooling, if he be not able to looke into it himselfe? -They that limitte the beginning to learne by some certaine -yeares, haue an eye to that knowledge, which it were pitie -were loste, say they, and may easely be gayned in those -young yeares. I agree with them, that it were great -pitie, to lease anything, that neede not be loste, without -great negligence, and may be well gotten, with very small -diligence, not endammaging the child. But more pitie it -were, for so petie a gaine, to forgoe a greater, to winne an -houre in the morning, and lease the whole daie after: as -those people most commonly do, which starte out of their -beds to early, before they be well awaked: or knowe what -it is a clocke: and be drousie when they are vp, for want -of their sleepe.</p> - -<p>If the childe haue a weake bodie, though neuer so strong -a witte, let him grow on the longer, till the strength of his -bodie, do aunswere to his witte. For experience hath -taught me, and calleth reason to record, that a sharp -young witte hastened on to wounder at, for the quiknesse -of his edge, hath therby most commonly bene hastened to -his graue, thorough the weaknesse of body: to the greife -of the freindes, whose delite is cut of, and some wite of -their witte, for ouerhasting their child: Nay, what if it hath -pleased God to lend him longer life? he neuer sinketh -deepe, but fleeteth still aboue, with some quicknesse of -conceit, continuing that wonder, which he wanne in his -childhood: neuer burdened with much to ballase his head: -but still aunswering at reboundes, the fairest crop of so -hasty an haruest. Sometime his witte will grow worse, -the wonder will vanishe, the bodie will proue feeble, and -soone after perishe.</p> - -<p>But now if he liue, with all these infirmities, of decaying -witte, decreasing wonder, puling bodie, he liues with small -comfort, in such a world of weaknesse, which vsually com<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span>meth -of to much moisture, the corrupter of such carcasses, -the most vile, and violent massacrer, of the most, and best -studentes, generally for want of trauell, sauing onely to -their braine, which the more it is occupyed, the sorer it -stilleth, and the sorer it stilleth, the sooner it killeth, the -moe the more pitie. Wherfore I could wishe the wittier -child, the lesse vpon the spurre, and either the longer kept -from learning, for turning his edge, as a to sharpe knife: -or the sklenderer kept at it, for feare of surfait, in one -hungring to haue it. Yet must not this quickling be -suffered to do nothing at all, for feare he grow reasty, if -that nothing be dumpishe, and heauie: or passe beyond -reclaime, if it be dissolute, and wanton.</p> - -<p>The meane conceiuer, in some strength of bodie, is the -best continuer, and as he serues all places best, in his -height of learning, so in all respectes, ye may venture on -his schooling, when it shall please you, with but ordinarie -regard.</p> - -<p>A dull witte in a strong body, if ye like to haue it learne, -as by learning ye finde it: so till some degree, it may well -learne, for necessarie seruice in the rest of his life: and -may be hastened on boldly. For the bodie can beare -labour, it is so well boaned, and the witte will not cloye, it -so hardly receiueth. The sharpenesse of witte, the maister -will sound by memorie, and number: the strength of the -bodie, the mother will marke, by complaint, and cause.</p> - -<p>A weake witte and as weake a bodie, is much to be -moaned, for the great infirmity, and can hardly be helpt, -bycause nature is to weake: and therefore it must be -thought on, as in a case of despaire, againe against hope: -if any thing be goten, a greife to the freindes, which -cannot amend it: small ioye to him selfe, which cannot -auoide it.</p> - -<p>A strong witte, in as strong a bodie, is worthy the -wishing, of the parentes to bring foorth, of the teacher to -bring vp. For as it is a thing of it selfe not ordinarie, so -where it lighteth, it giues vs the gaze, and bides all -beginninges, but that which is to soone, bycause God hath -prouided that strength in nature, wherby he entendes no -exception in nurture, for that which is in nature. Such -spirites there be, and such bodies they haue, if they will, -and may so keepe them, with orderly regard, which is -extreme hard vnto them. For that oftimes they will not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -do so, but distemper their bodies with disordinate doinges, -when pleasures haue possessed them, and rashenesse is -their ruler. Oftimes they maie not, thorough varietie and -weight of important affaires, which commaundeth them -too farre in some kinde of calling. But where so euer they -light, or what so euer waye they take, they shewe what -they be, and alwaye proue either the verie best, or the -most beastly. For there can scantly be any meane in -those constitutions, which are so notably framed, and so -rarely endued. And therefore those parentes which haue -such children must take great heede of them, as the tippes -of euill, if they chuse that waye, or the toppes of good, if -they minde that is best. For the middle and most moderate -wittes, which commonly supplie eche corner in eche -countrey, and serue most assaies, some ordinary meane will -serue to order them: but where extraordinarie pointes begin -to appeare, there common order is not commonly enough.</p> - -<p>This is my opinion concerning the time, when the child -shall begin to learne: which I do restraine to the strength -of witte and hardnes of body: the one for to receiue -learning, the other not to refuse labour: and therfore I -conclude thus that the parent himselfe ought in reason to -be more then halfe a iudge of the entrie to schooling, as -being best acquainted with the particular circunstance of -his owne child. Yet I do not allow him to be an absolute -iudge, without some counsell, vnlesse he be a very rare -father, and well able to be both a rule to himselfe, and -a paterne to others. Bycause mostwhere men be most -blinded: where they should see best, I meane in their -owne: such a tyrant is affection, when she hath wonne the -field, vnder the conducte of nature, and so imperious is -nature, when she is disposed to make affection her deputie.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Exercises.</div> - -<p>But now for so much as in setting our child to schoole, -we consider the strength of his bodie, no lesse -then we do the quicknesse of his witte, it -should seeme that our traine ought to be double, and to be -applyed to both the partes, that the body may as well be -preserued in his best, as the minde instructed in that, -which is his best, that the one may still be able to aunswere -the other well, in all their common executions. As for -the training vp of the minde, the waye is well beaten, -bycause it is generally entreated on in euery booke, and -beareth the honour and title of learning.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></p> - -<p>But for the bettering of the body, is there not any meane -to maintaine it in health, and cheifly in the student, whose -trade treads it downe? Yes surely, A very naturall and a -heathful course there is to be kept in exercise, wherby all -the naturall functions of the body be excellently furthered, -and the body made fit for all his best functions. And -therfore parentes and maisters ought to take such a waie, -euen from the beginning, as the childes diet, neither stuffe -the bodye, nor choke the conceit, which it lightly doeth, -when it is to much crammed. That his garmentes which -oftimes burden the bodie with weight, sometimes weaken -it with warmth, neither faint it with heat, nor freese it with -cold. That the exercise of the body still accompanie and -assist the exercise of the minde, to make a dry, strong, -hard, and therfore a long lasting body: and by the fauour -therof to haue an actiue, sharp, wise and therwith all a -well learned soule. If long life be the childes blessing for -honoring his parentes, why should not the parentes then, -which looke for that honour, all that in them lyeth, forsee -in youth that their children may haue some hope of that -benefit, to ensue in their age, which cannot take effect, -vnlesse the thing be begon in their youth? Which if it -be not by times looked vnto, they afterwardes become -vncapable of long life, and so not to enioye the reward of -their honour, for any thing that their parentes helpe to it, -though God will be true, and perfourme that he promiseth, -how so euer men hault in doing of their duetie. And yet -tempting is pernicious, where the meane to hit right, is -laid so manifest: and the childes honour to his parentes -beginnes at obedience in his infancie, which they ought to -reward, with good qualities for honour, and may worke -them like waxe, bycause they do obey. This negligence -of the parentes for not doing that, which in power they -might, and in duetie they ought, giues contempt in the -children some colour of iustice, to make their requitall with -dishonour in their age, were it not that the Christian -religion doth forbid reuenge: which in presidentes of prophanisme -we finde allowed, where both curtesie to such -parentes, as failed in education of their children is countercharged -by lawe: and dissolute parentes by entreating ill, -are well entertained of their neglected children: the vnfortunate -children much moaned for their chaunce, that they -came to so ill an ende: and the vndiscrete parentes more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -rated for their charge, which they looked so ill to, wherby -themselues did seeme to haue forced such an ende.</p> - -<p>The minde wilbe stirring, bycause it stirres the body, -and some good meane will make it to furnish very well, so -the choice be well made, wherin: the order well laid, -wherby: and both well kept, wherwith: it shalbe thought -best trained. The body which lodgeth a restlesse minde -by his owne reste is betrayed to the common murtherers -of a multitude of scholers, which be vnholesome and -superfluous humors, needelesse and noysom excrementes, -ill to feele within, good to send abroad.</p> - -<p>Neither is it enough to saye, that children wilbe stirring -alwaie of themselues, and that therefore they neede not -any so great a care, for exercising their bodies. For if -by causing them learne so and sitting still in schooles, we -did not force them from their ingenerate heat, and naturall -stirring, to an vnnaturall stilnesse, then their owne stirring -without restraint, might seeme to serue their tourne, without -more adoe. But stilnesse more then ordinarie, must haue -stirring more then ordinarie: and the still breding of ill -humours, which stuffe vp the body for want of stirring, -must be so handled, as it want no stilling to send them -away. Wherfore as stilnesse hath her direction by order -in schooles, so must stirring be directed by well appointed -exercise. And as quiet sitting helpes ill humors to breede, -and burden the bodie: so must much stirring make a waie -to discharge the one, and to disburden the other. Both -which helpes, as I most earnestly require at the parent, -and maisters hand: so I meane my selfe to handle them -both, to the helping of both.</p> - -<p>In the meane while, for the entring time thus much. -The witte must be first wayed, how it can conceiue, and -then the bodie considered, how it can beare labour: and -the consorte of their strength aduisedly maintained. They -haue both their peculiar functions, which by mediocrities -are cherished, by extremities perished, hast doing most -harme, euen to the most, and lingring not but some, sometimes -to the best. And yet haste is most harmefull, where -so euer, it setts foote, as we that teache alwaie finde, and -they that learne, sometimes feele. For the poore children -when they perceiue their owne weaknesse, whereof most -commonly they maye thanke haste, they both faint, and -feare, and very hardly get forward: and we that teach<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -do meet with to much toile, when poore young babes be -committed to our charge, before they be ripe. Whom if -we beat we do the children wrong in those tender yeares -to plant any hatred, when loue should take roote, and -learning grow by liking.</p> - -<p>And yet oftimes seueritie is to fowre, while the maister -beateth the parentes folly, and the childes infirmitie, with -his owne furie. All which extremities some litle discretion -would easely remoue, by conference before, to forecast -what would follow, and by following good counsell, when -it is giuen before. Which will then proue so, when the -parent will do nothing in placing or displacing of his -childe, without former aduise, and communicating with the -maister: and the maister likewise without respecting his -owne gaine, will plainely and simply shew the parent or -freind, what vpon good consideration he thinketh to be -best. Wherein there wilbe no error if the parent be wise, -and the maister be honest.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_5">CHAPTER 5.</h2> - - - -<p><span class="smcap">What thinges they be, wherin children are to be trained, -eare they passe to the Grammar. That parentes, and -maisters ought to examine the naturall abilities in their -children, wherby they become either fit, or vnfit, to this, -or that kinde of life. The three naturall powers in -children, Witte to conceiue by, Memorie to retaine by, -Discretion to discerne by. That the training vp to good -manners, and nurture, doth not belong to the teacher -alone, though most to him, next after the parent, whose -charge that is most, bycause his commaundement is greatest, -ouer his owne child, and beyond appeale. Of Reading, -Writing, Drawing, Musick by voice, and instrument: and -that they be the principall principles, to traine vp the -minde in. A generall aunswere to all obiections, which -arise against any, or all of these.</span></p> - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Now</span> that I haue shewed mine opinion concerning -the time, when it were best to set the child to -schoole, the next two questions seeme to be, what -he shall learne and howe he shalbe exercised, when he is -at schoole. For seeing he is compound of a soule and a -bodie: the soule to conceiue and comprehend, what is best -for itselfe, and the bodie to: The bodie to waite, and -attend the commaundement and necessities of the soule: -he must be so trained, as neither for qualifying of the -minde, nor for enabling of the bodie, there be any such -defecte, as iust blame therfore may be laide vpon them, -which in nature be most willing, and in reason thought -most skilfull, to preuente such defaultes. For there be -both in the body, and the soule of man certaine ingenerate -abilities, which the wisedom of parentes, and reason of -teachers, perceiuing in their infancie, and by good direction -auancing them further, during those young yeares, cause -them proue in their ripenesse very good and profitable, -both to the parties which haue them, and to their countries, -which vse them. Which naturall abilities, if they be not -perceiued, by whom they should: do condemne all such, -either of ignorance, if they could not iudge, or of negligence, -if they would not seeke, what were in children, by nature -emplanted, for nurture to enlarge. And if they be perceiued, -and either missorted in place, or ill applyed in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> -choice, as in difference of iudgementes, there be many -thinges practised, which were better vnproued, to the losse -of good time, and let of better stuffe, they do bewray that -such teachers, and trainers, be they parentes, be they -maisters, either haue no sound skill, if it come of infirmitie, -or but raw heades, if it spring of fansie. If they know the -inclination, and do not further it rightely, it is impietie to -the youth, more then sacrilege to the state, which by their -fault be not suffered to enioy those excellent benefits, -which the most munificent God, by his no niggardishe -nature, prouided for them both. If they found them, and -followed them, but not so fully, as they were to receiue: if -for want wherwith, it deserues pardon, if for want of will, -exceeding blame: and cryeth for correction of the state by -them hindred, and small thankes of the parties, no more -furthered.</p> - -<p>Wherfore as good parentes, and maisters ought to finde -out, by those naturall principles, whervnto the younglings -may best be framed, so ought they to follow it, vntil it be -complete, and not to staie, without cause beyond staie, -before it come to ripenesse, which ripenesse, while they be -in learning, must be measured by their ablenes to receiue -that, which must follow their forebuilding: but when they -are thought sufficiently well learned, and to meddle with -the state, then their ripenesse is to be measured, by vse to -themselues, and seruice to their countrey, in peace, as best -and most naturall, in warre, as worse, and most vnnatural, -and yet the ordinarie ende of a disordered peace. For -when the thinges, which be learned do cleaue so fast in -memorie, as neither discontinuaunce can deface them, nor -forgetfulnesse abolishe them: then is abilitie vpon ascent, -and when ascent is in the highest, and the countrey commaundes -seruice, then studie must be left, and the countrey -must be serued.</p> - -<p>Seeing therfore in appointing the matter, wherin this -traine must be employed, there is regard to be had first -to the soule, as in nature more absolute, and in value more -precious: and then to the bodie, as the instrument and -meane, wherby the soule sheweth what is best to be done -in necessity of fine force, in choice of best shew: I will -remitte the bodie to his owne roome, which is peculiarly in -exercises, sauing where I cannot meane the soule, without -mention of the bodie, and in this place I wil entreat of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -soule alone, how it must be qualified. And yet meane I -not to make any anatomie, or resolution of the soule his -partes and properties, a discourse, not belonging to this so -low a purpose, but onely to pick out some natural inclinations -in the soule, which as they seeme to craue helpe of -education, and nurture, so by education, and nurture, they -do proue very profitable, both in priuate and publicke. -To the which effect, in the litle young soules, first we finde, -a capacity to perceiue that which is taught them, and to -imitate the foregoer. That witte to learne, as it is led, and -to follow as it is foregone, would be well applyed, by proprietie -in matter, first offered them to learne: by considerate -ascent in order, encreasing by degrees: by wary handling -of them, to draw them onward with courage. We finde -also in them, as a quickenes to take, so a fastnesse to -retaine: therfore their memorie would streight waye be -furnished, with the verie best, seeing it is a treasurie: -exercised with the most, seeing it is of receite: neuer -suffered to be idle, seeing it spoiles so soone. For in -defaulte of the better, the worse will take chaire, and bid it -selfe welcome: and if idlenesse enter, it will exclude all -ernest, and call in her kinsfolkes, toyes and triffles, easie for -remembraunce, heauy for repentaunce.</p> - -<p>We finde in them further an ability to discern, what is -good, and what is ill, which ought foorthwith to be made -acquainted with the best, by obedience and order, and -dissauded from the worse, by misliking and frowne. -These three thinges, witte to take, memorie to keepe, -discretion to discern, and moe if ye seeke, though but -braunches to these, which I chuse for my purpose, shall ye -finde pearing out of the litle young soules: when you may -see what is in them, and not they themselues. Whose -abilitie to encrease in time, and infirmitie to crawle at that -time is commended to them, which first begot them, or -best can frame them. Now these naturall towardnesses -being once espied, in what degree they rise, bycause there -is ods in children by nature, as in parentes by purchase, -they must be followed with diligence, encreased by order, -encouraged by comfort, till they come to their proofe. -Which proofe trauell in time will perfourme, hast knittes -vp to soone, and vnperfit, slownesse to late, and to weake.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The rule of discretion.</div> - -<p>But for the best waie of their good speede, that witte -maie conceiue and learne well, memorie retaine and hold -fast, discretion chuse and discerne best, the cheife and -chariest point is, so to plie them all, as they may proceede -voluntarily, and not with violence, that will may be a good -boye, ready to do well, and lothe to do ill, neuer fearing -the rod, which he will not deserue. For wheresoeuer will -in effecting, doth ioyne with abilitie to conceiue, and -memorie to retaine, there industrie will finde frute, yea in -the frowne of fortune. By discretion to cause -them take to that, which is best, and to forsake -that, which is worst, in common dealinges is -common to all men, that haue interest in children, parentes -by nature, maisters by charge, neighbours of curtesie, all -men of all humanitie: whom either priuate care by custome, -or publike cure by commaundement of magistrate and lawe, -doth compell in conscience to helpe their well doing, and -to fray them from ill, wheresoeuer they meete them, or -when so euer they see them do that, which is naught. -And therfore that duetie to helpe them in this kinde for -their manners, is incident to maisters but among others, -though somwhat more then some others, as to whom it is -most seemely, bycause of their authoritie, and most proper, -bycause of their charge, whom knowledge best enfourmeth -to embrew them with the best: and power best assisteth, -to cause them embrace the best: euen perforce at the first, -till acquaintaunce in time breede liking of it selfe.</p> - -<p>But this mannering of them is not for teachers alone, -because they communicate therin, as I haue said already, -both with naturall parentes, to whom that point appertaineth -nearest, as of most authoritie with them, and with all honest -persons, which seing a child doing euill, are bid in conscience, -to terrifie and check him as the quality of the childes -offence, and the circunstance of their owne person doth -seeme best to require.</p> - -<p>Wherfore reseruing for the teacher so much as is for his -office, to enstruct the child what is best for him in matter -of manners, and to see to it, so much as in him lyeth: to -set good orders in his gouvernment, to see them alwaye -well, and one waye still executed and perfourmed, I referre -the rest to those, whom either any vertuous consideration -of them selues, or any particular duetie, enioyned by lawe, -doth charge with the rest, either by priuate discipline at -home, or by publike ordinaunce abroade, to see youth well -brought vp that waye: to learne to discern that which is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> -well from ill, good from bad, religious from prophane, -honest from dishonest, commendable from blame worthy, -seemely from vnseemely, that they may honour God, serue -their countrey, comfort their freindes, and aide one an -other, as good countreymen are bound to do. But how to -handle their conceit in taking, and their memorie, in -holding, bycause that appertaineth to teachers wholly: -(for all that the parentes and freindes, wilbe medlers somtime, -to further their young impes:) I will deale in that, -and shew wherin children ought to be trained, till they be -found fit for Grammer: wherin neuerthelesse, both the -matters, which they learne: and the manners, which they -are made to, serue for ground to vertue, and encrease of -discretion.</p> - -<p>As I might verie well be esteemed inconsiderate, if I -should force any farre fet diuises into these my principles, -which neither my countrey knew, nor her custome cared -for, so dealing but with those, and resting content with -those, which my countrey hath seuered to her priuate vse, -and her custome is acquainted with of long continuaunce, -I maye hope for consent, where my countrey commendeth, -and looke for successe, where custome leades my hand, -and feare no note of noueltie, where nothing is but -auncient.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Reading.</div> - -<p>Amongst these my countreys most familiar principles, -<i>reading</i> offereth herselfe first in the entrie, chosen -vpon good ground continued vpon great proofe, -enrowled among the best, and the verie formost of the -best, by her owne effectes, as verie many so verie profitable. -For whether you marke the nature of the thing, while it is -in getting, or the goodnesse therof when it is gotten, it -must needs be the first, and the most frutefull principle, in -training of the minde. For the letter is the first and -simplest impression in the trade of teaching, and nothing -before it. The knitting and iointing wherof groweth on -verie infinitely, as it appeareth most plainely by daily -spelling, and continuall reading, till partely by vse, and -partely by argument, the child get the habit, and cunning -to read well, which being once gotten, what a cluster of -commodities doth it bring with all? what so euer any -other, for either profit or pleasure, of force or freewill, hath -published to the world, by penne or printe, for any ende, -or to any vse, it is by reading all made to serue vs: in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> -religion to loue and feare God, in law to obey and please -men: in skill to entertaine knowledge, in will to expell -ignorance, to do all in all, as hauing by it all helpes to do -all thinges well. Wherfore I make <i>reading</i>, my first and -fairest principle of all other, as being simply the first in -substaunce, and leaning to none, but leading all other, and -growing after so great, as it raungeth ouer all, being -somwhat without other, other nothing without it: and a -thing of such moment, as it is vainely begon, if it be not -soundly goten, and being once sound it selfe: it deliuereth -the next maister from manifest toile, and the childe himselfe -from maruellous trouble, from feare where he failes not, -from staggering, where he stops not, with comfort where he -knowes, with courage, where he dare, a securitie to the -parent, a safty to eche partie. I wishe the childe to haue -his reading thus perfect, and ready, in both the English -and the Latin tongue verie long before he dreame of his -Grammar.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The reading of English first.</div> - -<p>Of the which two, at whether it were better to begin, by -some accident of late it did seeme somwhat -doubtful: but by nature of the tongues, the -verdit is giuen vp. For while our religion -was restrained to the Latin, it was either the onely, or the -onelyest principle in learning, to learne to read Latin: as -most appropriate to that effect, which the Church then -esteemed on most.</p> - -<p>But now that we are returned home to our English abce, -as most naturall to our soile, and most propter to our -faith, the restraint being repealed, and we restored to -libertie, we are to be directed by nature, and propertie, to -read that first, which we speake first, and to care for that -most, which we euer vse most: bycause we neede it most: -and to begin our first learning there, where we haue most -helpes, to learne it best, by familiaritie of our ordinarie -language, by vnderstanding all usuall argumentes, by continuall -company of our owne countreymen, all about vs -speaking English and none vttering any wordes but those, -which we our selues are well acquainted with, both in our -learning and living.</p> - -<p>There be two speciall, whether ye will call them rules, or -notes, to be obserued in teaching, wherof the first is: That -thinges be so taught, as that which goeth before, may induce -that, which followeth by naturall consequence of the thing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> -it selfe, not by erronious missorting of the deceiued chuser, -who like vnto an vnskilfull hoste oftimes misplaceth euen -the best of his guestes, by not knowing their degrees.</p> - -<p>The second is, that those thinges be put vnto children, -which being confessed to be most necessarie, and most -proper to be learned in those yeares, haue lest sense, to -their feeling, and most labour, without fainting. For can -any growne man so moile him selfe, without to much -cumber, with either the principles of Grammer, or cunning -without booke, as a child will, the ones memorie being -empty, the other being distracte with diuersitie of thoughtes? -<i>Reason</i> directes yeares, and <i>roate</i> rules in youth, <i>reason</i> calls -in sense and feeling of paine, <i>roate</i> runnes on apase and -mindeth nothing else but either play in the ende, or a litle -praise for a great deale of paines. Now praise neuer -wearies, nor paine euer but wearies, and play pleaseth -children with any, yea the greatest iniquitie of circunstance, -whether the weather lowre, or the maister frowne, so he -will giue them leaue to go. Though the Latin tongue be -already discharged of all superfluities, exempt from custome, -to chaunge it, and laid vp for knowledge, to cherish it: and -of long time hath bene smoothed both to the eye, and to -the eare: yet in course of teaching it doth not naturally -draw on the English, which yet remaineth in her lees -vnrackt and not fined, though it grow on verie faire. Our -spelling is harder, our pronouncing harsher, our syllabe hath -commonly as many letters, as the whole Latin word hath. -So that both consequence, and hardnesse preferre the -English. Euen here must memorie begin her first traine, -and store her selfe with such stuffe, as shall laie the best -foundation to religion and obedience, which beginning in -these yeares, will crepe on very strongly and no lesse -soundly: so that the child cannot but proue very good in -age, which was so consideratly entred in his youth. What -the thinges shall be, wherin both reading must trauell, and -memorie must make choice, I will shew in mine Elementarie -wherin the whole education before Grammer shalbe -comprised.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Writing.</div> - -<p>Next to reading followeth <i>writing</i>, in some reasonable -distance after, bycause it requireth some strength -of the hand, which is not so soone staied nor so -stiffe to write, as the tongue is stirring and redy to read. -And though writing in order of traine do succede reading,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> -yet in nature and time it must needes be elder. For the -penne or some other penlike instrument did carue and -counterfeat the letter or some letterlike deuise first rawly -and rudely, neither all at once: then finely and fully, when -all was at once: and therby did let the eye beholde that -in charact, which the voice deliuered to the eare in sounde, -which being so set downe to vtter the power and knitting -of the articulate voice, and afterward obserued to expresse -them in deede, caused writing be much vsed as interpreter -to the minde, and reading be embrased as expounder to the -penne, and expressing that in force, which the penne set -downe in fourme. Wherby it must needes follow, that raw -and rude charactes, were the primitiue writing, which being -expressed what they did signifie brought forth reading: -and that experience vpon triall of their vertues made so -much of them both, as she recommended them to profit, to -haue them appointed for principles in the training vp of -youth. So that reading being but the expresser of the -written charactes must needes acknowledge and confesse -her puniship to writing, of whom she tooke both her being -and her beginning.</p> - -<p>To limite any one cause how writing began, or to runne -ouer the inuentours of thinges to finde out who deuised it -first, were to gesse at some vncertaine, though probable -coniecture, without any assuraunce, to build on, as the -thing it selfe is of small importaunce, for any to tarie on. -It is more then likely, wherof so euer the first charact came, -that necessitie caught hold of it, to serue her owne tourne, -and so enlarged it still, till it came to that perfection which -we see it now in. I will neither paint out reading with -such ornamentes, as it needes not, neither praise writing -with such argumentes, as it craues not. For it is praise -enough to a good thing to be confessed good, and what so -euer is said more, is doubtfully to ground that, which is -determinatly graunted, and to seeke for defence when the -forte is surrendred. After that reading was reduced into -forme, and brought to her best, she fined her foundresse, -and is therfore aboue all praise, bycause she makes the -eye, the paragon sense, by benefit of that obiect. And -writing it selfe hath profited so much, since it hath bene -perfited, as it now proues the proppe to remembraunce, -the executour of most affaires, the deliuerer of secretes, -the messager of meaninges, the enheritance of posteritie,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -whereby they receiue whatsoeuer is left them, in lawe to -liue by, in letters to learne, in euidence to enioye. To -come by this thing so much commended, so, as it may -bring foorth all her effectes redily, and roundly, these notes -must be kept.</p> - -<p>That the maister learne himselfe and teach -his scholer a faire letter and a fast, for plainesse and speede: -That the matter of his example be pithie, and proper, to -enrich the memorie with profitable prouision: and that the -learning to write be not left of, vntil it be verie perfit: -bycause writing being ones perfectly goten doth make a -wonderful riddance in the rest of our learning. For the -master may be bould to charge his child with writing of -his geare, when he findes him able, to dispatch that with -ease, what so euer is enioyned him. Neither shall that -child euer complaine of difficultie after, which can read and -write perfectly before. For first he hath purchased those -two excellent faire winges, which will cause him towre vp -to the top of all learning, as <i>Plato</i> in the like case of -knowledge, termeth <i>Arithmetick</i> and <i>Geometrie</i><a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> his two -wings wherwith to flie vp to heauen, from whence he doth -fetch the true direction of his imprisoned ignorant. Secondly -he hath declared eare he came to that cunning, that his wit -would serue him, to proceede on further, as his winges will -helpe him, to flie on faster. For in deede during the time, -of writing and reading, his witte will bewraie it selfe, -whether it may venture further vpon greater learning, or -were best to stay at some smaller skil, vpon defect in -nature. But if the child can not do that redily, which he -hath rather looked on, then learned, before he remoue -from his Elementarie, while his maister conceiues quickly, -and he perceiues slowly, there is verie much matter offered -vnto passion, wheron to worke. Which commonly brusteth -out into much beating, to the dulling of the childe, and -discouraging of the maister: and bycause of the to timely -onset, to litle is done in to long a time, and the schoole is -made a torture, which as it bringes forth delite in the ende, -when learning is helde fast, so should it passe on verie -pleasantly by the waye, while it is in learning: And -generally this I do thinke of perfiting, and making vp, as -children go on: (seing the argument it selfe doth draw my -penne so forcibly forward,) that it must needes be most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span> -perfectly good. For what if oportunitie either to go any -further at all, or at least to go so on, as their freindes did -set them in, be suddenly cut of, either by losse of freindes, -or lacke in freindes, or some other misfortune? were it not -good that they had so much perfectly, as they are practised -in? which being vnperfectly had, will either stand them in -very small steede, or in none at all. To write and read -wel which may be iointly gotten is a prety stocke for a -poore boye to begin the world with all.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Writing the English hand first.</div> - -<p>The same reasons which moued me to haue the child -read English before Latin, do moue me also, to -wishe him to write English before Latin, as a -thing of more hardnesse, and redier in vse to -aunswere all occasions. Thus farre I do thinke that all my -countreymen will ioyne with me, and allow their children -the vse, of their letter and penne. For those that can write -and read may not gainsaie, least I aske of them why they -learned themselues? If they that cannot, do mislike that -they haue not, I will aske of them, why they wishe so oft -for them?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Drawing.</div> - -<p>Some controuersie before the thing be consideratly -thought on, but none after, may arise about this -next, which is to draw with penne or pencill, a -cosen germain to faire writing, and of the selfe same -charge. For penne and penknife, incke and paper, compasse -and ruler, a deske and a dustboxe will set them both -vp, and in these young yeares, while the finger is flexible, -and the hand fit for frame, it will be fashioned easely. -And commonly they that haue any naturall towardnesse -to write well, haue aknacke of drawing to, and declare -some euident conceit in nature bending that waye. And -as iudgement by vnderstanding is a rule to the minde to -discern what is honest, seemly, and sutable in matters of -the minde, and such argumentes as fall within compasse of -generall reason exempt from sense: so this qualitie by -drawing with penne or pencill, is an assured rule for the -sense to iudge by, of the proportion and seemelines of all -aspectable thinges. As he that knoweth best, how to kepe -that himselfe, which is comely in fashion, can also best -iudge, when comelinesse of fashion is kept by any other. -And why is it not good to haue euery parte of the body: -and euery power of the soule to be fined to his best? And -seing that must be looked vnto long afore, which must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> -serue vs best alwaye after, why ought we not to ground -that thoroughly in youth, which must requite vs againe -with grace in our age? If I or any else should seeme to -contemne that principle, which brought forth <i>Apelles</i>, and -that so knowen a crew of excellent painters, so many in -number, so marueilous in cunning, so many statuaries, so -many architectes: nay whose vse all modelling, all mathematikes, -all manuaries do finde and confesse to be to so -notorious and so needefull: both I and that any else might -well be supposed to see very litle, not seing the use of that, -which is laboured for sight, and most delitefull to see. -Neither is the deuise mine, as if it were, repentance hath -repulse. For what so euer I do allow in others, which for -the deuise do deserue wel, I deserued not ill, in mine -opinion, if I were my selfe the first deuiser therof. That -great philosopher <i>Aristotle</i> in the eight booke and third -chapter of his Politikes, and not there onely, as not he -alone, ioyneth writing and reading, which he compriseth -vnder this worde, γραμματικὴ, with drawing by penne or -pencill, which I translate his γραφικὴ, both the two of one -parentage and petigree, as thinges peculiarly chosen to -bring vp youth, both for quantitie in profit, and for qualitie -in vse. There he sayeth, that as writing and reading do -minister much helpe to trafficque, to householdrie, to -learning, and all publicke dealinges: so drawing by penne -or pencill, is verie requisite to make a man able to iudge, -what that is which he byeth of artificers and craftes men, -for substaunce, forme, and fashion, durable and handsome -or no: and such other necessarie seruices, besides the -delitefull and pleasant.</p> - -<p>For the setting of colours I do not much stand in, howbeit -if any dexterity that waye do draw the child on, it is -an honest mans liuing and I dare not condemne that famous -fellowship: which is so renowned for handling the pencill. -A large field is here offered to praise the praiseworthy, and -to paint them out well, which painted all thinges so well, as -the world still wondereth at the hearing of their workes. -But the praise of painting is no part of my purpose at this -time, but the appointing of it among the training principles, -being so aunciently allowed, so necessarie in so many -thinges, so great a ground to so gallant a misterie, as that -profession is, wherof <i>Apelles</i> was: and last of all, so neare -a cosen to the fairest writing, whose cradlefellow it is.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p> - -<p><i>Musicke</i> maketh vp the summe, and is deuided into two -partes, the voice and the instrument, wherof the -voice resembleth reading: as yealding that to -the eare, which it seeth with the eye: and the instrument -writing, by counterfeting the voice, both the two in this age -best to be begon, while both the voice and the iointe be -pliable to the traine. The voice craueth lesse cost to -execute her part, being content with so much onely, as -writing, and drawing did prouide for their furniture, when -they began their houshold. The instrumente seemeth to -be more costly, and claimes both more care in keping, and -more charge in compassing. For the pleasauntnesse of -<i>Musick</i> there is no man that doth doubt, bycause it seemeth -in some degree to be a medicine from heauen, against our -sorowes vpon earth. Some men thinke it to be too too -sweete, and that it may be either quite forborne, or not so -much followed. For mine owne parte I dare not dispraise -it, which hath so great defendours, and deserueth so well, -and I must needes allow it, which place it among those, -that I do esteeme the cheife principles, for training vp of -youth, not of mine owne head alone, but by the aduise of -all antiquitie, all learned philosophie, all skilfull training, -which make <i>Musick</i> still one of the principles, when they -handle the question, what thinges be best, to bring youth -first vp in. If I had sought occasion of raunging discours -which I still auoide, but where the opening of some point, -doth lighten the thing, and may delite the reader, whom -flatte and stearne setting downe, by waye of <i>aphorisme</i>, -would soone weary, (though many not of the meanest would -allow of that kinde exceeding well:) I might haue found -out many digressions long agoe, or if I had taken holde of -that which hath bene offered, I haue mette with many such, -since I began first to write: but of all, in all sortes I do -finde any, wherin speeche might so spreede all the sailes, -which she hath, and the penne might vse, all the pencilling, -which she can: as in painting out the praise and ornamentes -of <i>Musick</i>. The matter is so ample, the ground so large, -the reasons so many, which sound to her renowne: the -thing it selfe so auncient, and so honorable, so generall, and -so priuate, so in Churches, and so without, so in all ages, -and in all places, both highely preferred, and richely -rewarded: the princesse of delites, and the delite of princes: -such a pacifier in passion, such a maistres to the minde, so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> -excellent in so many, so esteemed by so many, as euen -multitude makes me wonder, and with all to staie my hand, -for feare that I shall not easely get thence, if I enter once -in. I will not therfore digresse: bycause there is better -stuffe in place, and more fit for my purpose, then the praise -of <i>Musick</i> is. The Philosophers, and Physicians, do allow -the straining, and recoyling of the voice in children, yea -though they crie, and baule, beside their singing, and -showting: by the waie of exercise to stretche, and kepe -open the hollow passages, and inward pipes of the tender -bulke, whereby <i>Musick</i> will proue a double principle both -for the soule, by the name of learning, and for the body, by -the waye of exercise, as hereafter shall appeare.</p> - -<p>But for the whole matter of <i>Musick</i>, this shalbe enough -for me to say at this time, that our countrey doth allow it: -that it is verie comfortable to the wearyed minde: a preparatiue -to perswasion: that he must needes haue a head -out of proportion, which cannot perceiue: or doth not -delite in the proportions of number, which speake him so -faire: that it is best learned in childehood, when it can do -least harme, and may best be had: that if the constitution -of man both for bodie and soule, had not some naturall, -and nighe affinitie with the concordances of <i>Musick</i>, the -force of the one, would not so soone stirre vp, the cosen -motion in the other. It is wonderfull that is writen, and -strange that we see, what is wrought therby in nature of -<i>Physick</i>, for the remedying of some desperate diseases.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Miscontentment.</div> -<div class="sidenote">Aunswere.</div> - -<p>And yet there groweth some miscontentment with it, -though it be neuer so good, and that not only -in personages of whom I make small account, -but in some verie good, honest, and well disposed natures, -though to stearnly bent, which neuerthelesse, for al their -stearnnes, wil resigne ouer their sentence, and alter their -opinion, sometimes of themselues vpon deeper meditation, -what the thing in it selfe is, sometime by inducement, when -they fal in with other which are better resolued: but most -cheifly then, when <i>Musick</i> it selfe consideratly applyed, -hath for a while obtained the fauorable vse of their listning -eares. The science it selfe hath naturally a verie forcible -strength to trie and to tuche the inclination of the minde, -to this or that affection, thorough the propertie of number, -wheron it consisteth, which made the <i>Pythagorian</i>, and not -him alone to plat the soule out so much vpon number. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> -It is also very pleasant for the harmonie and concent, wherby -the hearer discouers his disposition, and lettes pleasure -playe vpon the bitte, and dalye with the bridle, as delite -will not be drowned, nor driuen to hidebare. For which -cause <i>Musick</i> moueth great misliking to some men that -waye, as to great a prouoker to vaine delites, still laying -baite, to draw on pleasure: still opening the minde, to the -entrie of lightnesse. And in matters of religion also, to -some it seemes offensiue, bycause it carieth awaye the eare, -with the sweetnesse of the melodie, and bewitcheth the -minde with a <i>Syrenes</i> sounde, pulling it from that delite, -wherin of duetie it ought to dwell, vnto harmonicall fantasies, -and withdrawing it, from the best meditations, and most -vertuous thoughtes to forreine conceites, and wandring -deuises. For one aunswere to all, if abuse of a -thing, which may be well vsed, and had her -first being to be well vsed, be a sufficient condemnation to -the thing that is abused, let glotonie forbid meat, distempering -drinke, pride apparell, heresie religion, adulterie -mariage, and why not, what not? Nay which of all our -principles shall stand, if the persons blame, shal blemish -the thing? We read foolish bookes, wherat to laugh, nay -wherin we learne that, which we might and ought forbeare: -we write strange thinges, to serue our owne fansie, if we -sway but a litle to any lewde folly: we paint and draw -pictures, not to be set in Churches, but such as priuate -houses hide with curtaines, not to saue the colours, but to -couer their owners, whose lightnesse is discouered, by such -lasciuious obiectes. Shall reading therfore be reft from -religion? shall priuate, and publike affaires, lease the benefit -of writing? shall sense forgoe his forsight, and the beautifier -of his obiect? Change thou thy direction, the thinges -will follow thee more swifte to the good, then the other to -the bad, being capable of both, as thinges of vse be, and -yet bending to the better. Mans faulte makes the thing -seeme filthie. Applie thou it to the best, the choice is -before thee. It is the ill in thee, which seemeth to corrupte -the good in the thing, which good, though it be defaced by -thy ill, yet shineth it so cleare, as it bewraieth the naturall -beautie, euen thorough the cloude of thy greatest disgracing. -<i>Musick</i> will not harme thee, if thy behauiour be good, and -thy conceit honest, it will not miscary thee, if thy eares can -carie it, and sorte it as it should be. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> -Appoint thou it well, it will serue thee to good purpose: if either thy manners -be naught, or thy iudgement corrupt, it is not <i>Musick</i> alone -which thou doest abuse, neither cannest thou auoide that -blame, which is in thy person, by casting it on <i>Musick</i>, -which thou hast abused and not she thee. And why should -those people, which can vse it rightly, forgoe their owne -good, or haue it with embasing to pleasure some peuishe, -which will not yet be pleased? or seeke to heale sores, -which will festure still, and neuer skinne, though ye plaster -them daily, to your owne displeasure. But am I not to -tedious? This therfore shall suffise now, that children are -to be trained vp in the Elementarie schoole, for the helping -forward of the abilities of the minde, in these fower things, -as commaunded vs by choice and commended by custome. -<i>Reading</i>, to receiue that which is bequeathed vs by other, -and to serue our memorie with that which is best for vs. -<i>Writing</i> to do the like thereby for others, which other -haue done for vs, by writing those thinges which we daily -vse: but most of al to do most for our selues: <i>Drawing</i> -to be a directour to sense, a delite to sight, and an ornament -to his obiectes. <i>Musick</i> by the instrument, besides the -skill which must still encrease, in forme of exercise to get -the vse of our small ioyntes, before they be knitte, to haue -them the nimbler, and to put Musicianes in minde, that -they be no brawlers, least by some swash of a sword, they -chaunce to lease a iointe, an irrecouerable iewell vnaduisedly -cast away. <i>Musick</i> by the voice, besides her cunning also, -by the waye of <i>Phisick</i>, to sprede the voice instrumentes -within the bodie, while they be yet but young. As both -the kindes of <i>Musick</i> for much profit, and more pleasure, -which is not voide of profit in her continuing kinde. All -foure for such vses as be infinite in number, as they know -best, which haue most knowledge and the parentes must -learne, to lead their children to them: and the children -must beleue, to winne their parentes choice, which may be -in all, if they themselues liste, if they liste not, in no more -then they like, their restraining conceite neither bridling, -nor abbridging any other mans entent, which seeketh after -more. And though all young ones be not thus farre -trained, yet we may perceiue, that all these be vsed, in -particular proofes, and not to be refused in generall trade, -where all turnes be serued, by setting foor[t]h of all thinges -that be generally in vse, though not generally used. Thus<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> -much of these thinges at this time, which I do meane by -Gods grace to handle in their owne Elementarie, as precisely -and yet, as properly, as euer I can.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_6">CHAPTER 6.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of exercises and training the body. How necessarie a thing -exercise is. What health is, and how it is maintained: -what sicknesse is, how it commeth, and how it is preuented. -What a parte exercise playeth in the maintenaunce of -health. Of the student and his health. That all -exercises though they stirre some one part most, yet -helpe the whole bodie.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> soule and bodie being coparteners in good and -ill, in sweete and sowre, in mirth and mourning, -and hauing generally a common sympathie, and a -mutuall feeling in all passions: how can they be, or rather -why should they be seuered in traine? the one made -stronge, and well qualified, the other left feeble, and a praye -to infirmitie? will ye haue the minde to obtaine those -thinges, which be most proper vnto her, and most profitable -vnto you, when they be obtained? Then must ye also -haue a speciall care, that the bodie be well appointed, for -feare it shrink, while ye be either in course to get them, or -in case to vse them. For as the powers of the soule come -to no proofe, or to verie small, if they be not fostered by -their naturall traine, but wither and dye, like corne not -reaped, but suffered to rotte by negligence of the owner, or -by contention in chalenge: euen so, nay much more, the -bodie being of it selfe lumpishe and earthy, must needes -either dye in drowsinesse, or liue in loosenesse, if it be not -stirred and trained diligently to the best. And though the -soule, as the fountaine of life, and the quickner of the body, -may and will beare it out for some while, thorough -valiauntnesse of courage: yet weaknesse will not be -alwayes dissembled, but in the ende will and must bewraie -her owne want, euen then perauenture, when it were most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -pittie. Many notable personages for stomacke and courage, -many excellent men for learning and skill, in most and -best professions haue then left their liues, thorough the -plaine weaknesse, of their contemned bodies, when they -put their countries in most apparent and gladsome hope of -rare and excellent effectes, the one of valiantnesse and -manhood, the other of knowledge and skill. Seing therfore -there is a good in them both, which by diligent endeuour -may be auaunced to that, for which it was ordained, and -by negligent ouersight, doeth either decaye quite, or proues -not so well, as otherwayes it might, I maye not slightly -passe ouer the bodies good, being both so neare, and so -necessarie a neighbour unto the soule: considering I haue -bestowed so much paines already, and must bestow much -more, in the seruice of the soule: nay rather considering I -deale with the bodie but once, and that onely here, wheras -I entreat of the soule, and the furniture therof in what so -euer I shall medle with, in my whole course hereafter. If -common sense did not teach vs the necessitie of this point, -and extreme feeblenes did not force men to confesse, how -great feates they could do, and how actiue they would -proue, if their weake limmes and failing ioyntes, would -aunswere the lusty courage, and braue swinge of their fierie -and fresh spirites: I would take paines to perswade them -by argumentes, both of proofe in experience, and of reason -in nature, that as it is easie, so it were needefull to helpe -the body by some traine, not left at random to libertie, but -brought in to forme of ordinarie discipline, generally in all -men, bycause all men neede helpe, for necessarie health, -and ready execution of their naturall actions: but particularly -for those men, whose life is in leasure, whose braynes -be most busied, and their wittes most wearied, in which -kinde studentes be no one small part, but the greatest of -all, which so vse their mindes as if they cared not for their -bodies, and yet so neede their bodies, as without the -strength and soundnesse wherof, they be good for nothing, -but to moane themselues, and to make other maruell, why -they take no more heede, how to do that long, which they -do so well, being a thing within compasse of their owne -care, and knowledge. For who is so grosse, as he will -denie that exercise doth good, and that so great, as is -without comparison, seing olde <i>Asclepiades</i> is by <i>Galene</i> -confuted, and stawled for an asse: as <i>Erasitratus</i> also his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> -dissembling friend? or who is so sore tied either to studie, -or to stocks, as he cannot stirre himselfe if he will, or ought -not if he may? But the matter being confessed, euen by -the most idle, and vnweildy to be healthfull and good, I -shall neede no more reason, to procure assent, and allowaunce -for exercise. My whole trauell therfore must be to -finde out, and set foorth, what shalbe requisite to the perfourmaunce -of this point, concerning the traine and -exercising of the body, that it may proue healthy, and liue -long: and be ready to assist, all the actions of the minde.</p> - -<p>Wherin therfore consisteth the health of the bodie, and -how is it to be maintained vntill such time, as nature shall -dismantle, and pull it downe her selfe? To aunswere this -question, and withall to declare, how great an officer to -health exercise is: I will first shew, wherin health doth -consiste, and how diseases do come: then how health is -maintained, and disease auoided: Last of all how great a -parte is appointed for exercise to plaie in the perfourmaunce -therof, bycause I saye, and not I alone, but <i>Galen</i> also that -great Physician, neither <i>Galen</i><a id="FNanchor_3_3" href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> onely, though sufficient -alone, but all that euer liued, and were cheife of that -liuerie, that who so can applie the minde well with learning, -and the bodie with exercise, shall make both a wise minde, -and a healthfull bodie in their best kinde. Wherfore seing -I haue set downe wherin the traine of the minde doth -consist, so much as the Elementarie course doth admit, -and must perfourme, and so farre as these my Positions -require at this time, whose profession is not to tary, though -it tuche them: I wil now handle that other part of exercise, -wherwith the bodie is either to be kept in health, or to be -helpt to health: and that not onely in the Elementarie, to -whom this treatise should seeme to aunswere, but also in -the generall student during his whole life: which must -alwaye rule himselfe by those circunstances, which direct -the application of exercise, according to time, age, &c. and -shalbe handled herafter.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">What is health and sicknesse.</div> - -<p>There be in the bodie of man, the force of foure -elementes, fire and aire, water and earth, and -the pith of their primitiue, and principall -qualities, heat and couldnesse, moysture and -drynesse, which the Physicians call the similarie partes, of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -the similitude and likenesse that they haue, not the one to -the other, but the partes of eche to their owne whole, -bycause euerie least part, or degree of these great ones, -beare the name of the whole, as euerie part or parcell of -fier, is called fier, no lesse then the whole fier, of water, -water, of aier, aier, of earth, earth, and euerie degree of -heat, is heat, of cold, is cold, of moysture, is moysture, of -drynesse, is drynesse, though greater and smaller, lesse and -more, be epithetes vnto them, as either their quantitie, or -qualitie doth sprede or close.</p> - -<p>There be also in the same bodie certaine instrumentall -partes, compounded and consisting in substance of the -similarie, which the bodie doth vse in the executing of the -naturall functions, and workinges therof. Now when these -similarie partes be so tempered, and disposed, as no one -doth excede any other in proportion to ouerrule, but all be -as one in consent to preserue: and the instrumentall partes -also be so correspondent one to an other, in composition -and greatnesse, in number and measure, as nature thorough -the temperature of the first, may absolutely vse the perfectnesse -of the last, to execute and perfourme without let or -stoppe, what appertaineth to the maintenaunce of her -selfe: it is called health, and the contrarie, disease, both in -the whole bodie, and in euery part therof. In the whole -bodie by distemperature of the whole, in some part, by -composition, out of place, and disioynted, by greatnes, -being to bigge or to small: by measure, being misshapen -and fashionles: by number, being to many and needlesse: -or to few, and failing. This health whether it be in the -middle degre, wherin all executions be complete without -any sensible let: and no infirmitie appeareth, that the -bodie feeles with any plaine offence: Or if it be in the -perfectest degree, which is so seldom, as neuer any saw, -bycause of great frailty, and brittlenesse in our nature: it -neuer continueth in one estate, but altereth still, and runnes -to ruyne, without both speedy and daily, nay without -hourely reparation.</p> - -<p>The causes which alter, and chaunge it so, be somtime -from within the bodie, and were borne with it: sometime -from without, and yet not without daunger. From within, -the verie propertie and pithe of our originall substance, and -matter whence we grew, altereth vs first, which as it -beginneth, and groweth in moysture, so it endeth, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span> -stayeth in drynesse, and in the ende decayeth the bodie -with to much drynesse, which extreame though naturall -withering, we call olde age, which though it come by -course, and commaundement of nature, yet beareth it the -name, and title of disease, bycause it decayeth the bodie, -and deliuereth it to death. From within also, the continuall -rebating, and falling awaye of somwhat from the bodie, -occasioneth much chaunge, nay that is most cause of -greatest chaunge, and killeth incontinent by meere defect, -if it be not supplyed.</p> - -<p>To these two causes of inward alteration, there aunswere -two other forreine causes, both vnholesome, and perillous, -the aire, which enuironneth vs, and violence, which is -offered vs. The former of the two, decaing our health -with to much heat, cold, drynesse, and moysture of it selfe: -or by noysomnesse of the soile, and corruption in circunstance. -The second, by strong hand brusing, or breaking, -wounding or wiping awaie, of some one part of the bodie, -or els killing the whole consort of the bodie with the -soule, and taking away life from it. These foure ouerthrowes -of our bodies and health, olde age, waste, aire, and -violence, finde by helpe of nature, and arte, certaine oppositions, -which either diuert them quite, if they maye be -auoided, or kepe them of longer, if they maye be differred, -or mittigate their malice, when it is perceiued. For forreine -violence, foresight will looke to, where casualtie commaundes -not, and cannot be foreseene. For infection by -the aire, that it do not corrupte and marre so much as it -would, wisedome will prouide, and defende the bodie from -the iniuries, and wronges therof. That olde age grow not -on to fast, circunspectnes in diet, consideration in clothes, -diligence in well doing, wil easely prouide, both for the -minde not to enfect, first it selfe and then the bodie: and -for the bodie not to enforce the minde, by too impotent -desires. That waste weare not, meat takes in chardge, to -supplie that is drye, and decayeth: drinke promiseth to -restore moysture, when it doth diminishe: the breath it -selfe, and arteriall pulse, looke to heating and cooling. -And <i>Physick</i> in generall professing foresight to preuent -euills, and offering redresse, when they haue done harme, -so not incurable, doth direct both those and all other -meanes. Now in all these helpes, and most beneficiall -aides of our afflicted nature, which deuiseth all meanes to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> -saue her selfe harmelesse, and deliteth therin, when she is -discharged of infirmities, to much stuffes and stiffles, to -litle straites and pines, both vndoe the naturall. To much -meat cloyes, to litle faintes, both perishe the principall. -To much liquour drownes, to litle dryes, both corrupt the -carcasse. Heat burnes, cold chilles, in excesse both to -much, in defect both to litle, and both causes to decaie. -Mediocritie preserueth not onely in these but in whatsoeuer -els.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Exercise.</div> - -<p>But now what place hath exercise here? to helpe nature -by motion in all these her workinges, and wayes -for health: to encrease and encourage the -naturall heat, that it maye digest quickly and expell -strongly: to fashion and frame all the partes of the bodie -to their naturall and best hauiour: to helpe to rid needelesse, -and superfluous humours: reffuse and reiected -excrementes, which nature leaues for naught, when she -hath sufficiently fed, and wisheth rather they were seene -abrode, then felt within. And be not these great benefites? -to defend the body by defeating diseases? to stay the -minde, by strengthening of her meane? to assist nature -being both daily, and daungerously, assailed both within -and without? to helpe life to continue long? to force -death, to kepe farre a loufe?</p> - -<p>Now as all constitutions be not of one and the same -mould, and as all partes be not moued alike, with any one -thing: so the exercises must alter, and be appropriate to -each: that both the constitution may be continued in her -best kinde, and all the partes preserued to their best vse, -which exercises being compared among themselues one to -an other, be more or lesse, but being applyed to the partie -kepe alwayes in a meane, when they meane to do good. -Concerning students, for whose health my care is greatest, -the lesse they eate, the lesse they neede to voide: and -therfore small diet in them, best preuenteth all superfluities, -which they cannot auoide, if their diet be great -and their exercise small. Their exercise must also be very -moderate, and not alter to much, for feare of to great -distemperature in that, which must continue moderate: -and with all it should be ordinarie, that the habit may be -holesome, and sudden chaunge giue no cause of greater -inconuenience. Wherfore to auoide distemperature the -enemie to health, and so consequently to life, and to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> -maintaine the naturall constitution so, as it may serue to -the best, wherin her duetie lyeth, and liue to the longest, -that in nature it can, besides the diet, which must be small, -as nature is a pickler, and requires but small pittaunce: -besides clothing which should be thin euen from the first -swadling to harden, and thick the flesh: I do take this -traine by exercise, which I wishe to be ioyned with learning, -to be a marueilous furtherer.</p> - -<p>But for diet to auoide inward daungers, and clothing to -auert outward iniuries, and all such preuentions, as are not -proper to teachers, though in communitie more proper -then to any common man: I set them ouer to parentes, -and other well willers, which will see to them, that they -faile not in those thinges: and if they do, will fly to -Physicians, by their helpe to salue that, which themselues -may forsee. For exercises I will deale, which to commend -more then they will commend them selues, when I shall -shew both what they be, and the particular profites of euery -one of them, which I chuse from the rest, were me thinke -verie needlesse, and cheifly to me, which seeme sufficiently -to praise them, in that I do place them among principles -of prerogatiue. But as in the soule I did picke out certaine -pointes, whervnto I applyed the training principles: so -likewise in the bodie, may I not also seuer some certaine -partes, whervnto my preceptes must principally be conformed? -that shall not neede. For as in the soule the -frute of traine doth better and make complete euen that -which I tuched not, and so consequently the whole soule: -so in the bodie, those exercises which seeme to be appointed -for some speciall partes, bycause they stirre those partes -most, do qualifie the whole bodie, and make it most actiue. -Wherefore as there I did promise not to anatomise the -soule, as neither dealing with Diuines nor Philosophers: so -do I not here make profession to shew the anatomie of the -bodie, as medling neither with Physicians nor Surgeans, -otherwise then any of them foure can helpe me in exercise. -To the which effect, and ende, I will onely cull out from -whence I can, such speciall notes, as both Philosophers, -and Phisicians do know to be most true, and both the -learned, and vnlearned, will confesse to be for them: and -such also, as the training maisters may easely both helpe, -and encrease in their owne triall. For both reason, and -rule, do alwaye commaunde, that the maister be by, when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span> -exercise is vsed, thorough whose ouerlooking the circunstance -is kept, which helpeth to health, and the contrarie -shunned, which in exercise doth harme. In the elder -yeares, reason at the elbow must serue the student, as in -these younger, the maisters preference helpes to direct the -child.</p> - -<p>But to ioyne close with our traine. What partes be -they in our bodie, vpon whom exercise is to shew this -great effecte? or what be the powers therof, which must -still be stirred, so to say, and establish the perpetuitie of -health, not in themselues alone, but in the whole bodie, by -them? Where ioyntes be to bend, where stringes to tye, -where synewes to stirre, where streatchers to straine, there -must needes be motion: or els stifnesse will follow, and -vnweildynesse withall: where there be conduites to conuey -the blood, which warmeth, canales to carie the spirite, -which quickneth, pipes to bestow the aire, which cooleth, -passage to dismisse excrements which easeth, there must -needes be spreding, to kepe the currant large, and eche -waie open, for feare of obstructions, and sudden fainting. -Where to much must needes marre, there must be forcing -out, where to litle must nedes lame, there must be letting -in: where thickning threates harme, there thinning fines -the substance: where thinning is to much, there thickning -must do much, and to knit vp all in short, all those offices, -whervnto our bodie serueth naturally, either for inward -bestowing of nurriture, and maintenaunce of life: or for -outward motion, and executions of vse, must be cherished -and nusled so, as that they do by nature well, and truely, -they may do by traine, both long, and strongly. I shall -not neede to name the partes, all in one ruk, as of set -purpose, which be knowen by their effectes: and the -exercises also themselues will shew for whom they serue. -But for example first in the partes let vs see, whether we -can discern them by their working, and properties, that -therby the exercise may be pickte, which is most proper to -helpe such effectes.</p> - -<p>1. Who doth not streight waye conceiue, that the lunges -or lightes be ment, when he heareth of an inward part, -which prouideth winde for the harte, to allay his heat, and -to minister some clammy matter vnto it, whence he may -take aire, most fit for his functions, and not at the sudden -be forced to vse any forreine?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span></p> - -<p>2. Or who doth not by and by see, that the harte is -implyed, when he heareth of an other inward part, which -is the spring, and fountaine, of the vitall spirite and -facultie, the seat and sender out of naturall heat, the -occasion and cause of the arteriall pulse, which by one -arterie, and way, receiueth cooling from the lunges, by an -other, sendeth the vitall spirite, the hote, and hurling -blood, thorough out the whole bodie?</p> - -<p>3. Or who is so grosse, as not to gesse at the liuer, when -he heareth of an other inward part, which is the cheife -instrument of nurriture, the workhouse of thicke and grosse -blood: that feedeth the life and soule: when it desireth -meat, and drinke, and what is els necessarie: which -conueieth blood thorough the veines to nurrish all partes -of the bodie, with the naturall spirit in it, if there be any, -verie darke and heauie?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">He can tel what the parte is.</div> - -<p>4. Nay hath he any braine, which seeth not the braine -plainly laid before him, when he heareth a part of mans -bodie named, which breedeth a sowlish, and life spirite, as -most pure, so most precious, and rather a qualitie then a -bodie, and vseth it partly to further the working of that -princely, and principall part of mans soule, wherby he -vnderstandeth and reasoneth: partly to helpe the instrumentes -of sense, and motion, by meane of the sineues, -neuer suffering them to lacke spirite: which is the cheife -and capitall cause, why these instrumentes do their dueties -well? And so forth in all the partes aswell -without, as within sight, whose properties when -one heareth and finding that they be helped by -such a motion he can forthwith say, that such an exercise -is good for such a part.</p> - -<p>1. Now againe for exercises. Who hearing that moderate -running doth warme the whole body, strengthneth the naturall -motions, prouoketh appetite, helpeth against distilling -of humours and catarres, and driueth them some other -waie:</p> - -<p>2. Or that daunsing beside the warmth, driueth awaye -numnesse, and certaine palsies, comforteth the stomacke, -being cumbred with weaknes of digestion, and confluence -of raw humours, strengtheneth weake hippes, fainting -legges, freatishing feete:</p> - -<p>3. Or that ryding also is healthfull for the hippes and -stomacke: that it cleareth the instrumentes of all the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span> -senses, that it thickneth thinne shankes: that it stayeth -loose bellies:</p> - -<p>4. Or that loud speaking streatcheth the bulke exerciseth -the vocalle instrumentes, practiseth the lungues, openeth the -bodie, and all the passages therof:</p> - -<p>5. Or that loud reading scoureth all the veines, stirreth -the spirites thorought out all the entraulles, encreaseth -heat, suttileth the blood, openeth the arteries, suffereth not -superfluous humours to grow grosse and thicke: who, say -I, hearing but of these alone in taste for all, or of all -together by these alone, doth not both see the partes, -which are preserued, the exercise which preserueth, and the -matter wherin?</p> - -<p>Wherfore seing exercise is such a thing, that so much -enableth the bodie, whom the soule hath for companion in -all exploites, a comfort being lightsome, a care being -lothesom, a courage being healthy, a clog being heauie, I -will, bycause I must, if I meane to do well, plat forth the -whole place of exercising the bodie, at ones for all ages.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_7">CHAPTER 7.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The braunching, order, and methode, kept in this -discours of exercises.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Bycause</span> the speciall marke wherat I shoote, is to -bring the minde forward to his best, by those -meanes which I take to be best, wherin I must of -force continue verie long, as in my principall and cheife -subiecte, and in no place sauing this, entreat of the bodie, -but onely how to apply that to it, which I pitche downe -here: I thinke it good therefore in this place to perfit, and -handle at full the whole title of exercises with all the cicunstances -belonging thervnto, so sufficiently and fully, as -my simple skill can aspire vnto: and as the present -occasion of a position or passage vseth to require, leauing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -that which I do not medle with, to those that shall professe -the thing, ether for their owne, or for their childrens health, -wherin I will kepe this methode and manner of proceeding. -1. First I wil note somewhat, generally concerning all exercises. -2. Secondly I will chuse out some especiall exercises, -which vpon good consideration I do take to be most proper, -and propitious to schooles, and scholers. 3. Thirdly, I will -applye the circunstances, required in exercise to euerie of -them, so neare as I can, that there be no error committed -in the executing. For the better the thing is, if it hit right, -the more dangerous it proueth, if it misse of that right. -4. Last of all I will shew the training maister, how to furnish -himselfe thoroughly, in this professed exercising: bycause -he must both applie the minde with learning, and the bodie -with mouing, at diuerse times, refreshing himselfe, with -varietie and chaunge.</p> - -<p>But in handling of these foure pointes, I meane to rippe -vp no idle question: I terme that idle, where health is the -ende, and the question no helpe to it, but cause to discours, -and delaye of precept. Such questions be these: who -first found out the arte of exercise called <i>Gymnastice</i>, or -whether it belong to the Physician or no: being a preseruatiue -to health: or who first deuised the particular -exercises: or who were most famous for the executing -therof, and a number of such like discoursory argumentes, -which learned men hauing leasure at will, as a schoolemaister -hath not, and willing to wade farre, as my selfe -could wish, haue mined out of the bowelles of antiquitie, -and entraules of authoritie, sometimes sadly, and saing in -deede much, vpon euident and apparent testimonies, sometimes -simply, and surmising but some such thing, by very -light and slight coniectures: oftimes supported by bare -guesse, at some silly word, or some more naked warrant. -Wherfore to the matter.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_8">CHAPTER 8.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of exercise in generall and what it is. And that it is Athleticall -for games, Martiall for the fielde, Physicall for health, præparatiue -before, postparatiue after the standing exercise: some -within daores, for foule whether, some without for faire.</span></p> - - -<div class="sidenote">The diuision of exercises.</div> - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">All</span> exercises were first deuised, and so in deede -serued, either for games and pastime, -for warre and seruice, or for suretie of -health and length of life, though somtime all -the three endes did concurre in one, sometimes they could -not. For why might not an healthfull, and a sound body, -both serue in the fielde for a soldiar, and in the sand for a -wrastler? But we seldom reade, that the <i>athleticall</i> constitution -whose ende was gaming, whose exercise was -pastime, whose diet was vnmeasurable for any man to vse, -did either deliuer the world an healthfull body, being -strained beyond measure, or a courageous soldiar, being -vnweildy to fight, as one compounded and made of fat and -fog, brawnie and burdenous.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Athleticall.</div> - -<p>The <i>athleticall</i> and gaming exercises, were in generall -assemblies, to winne some wager, to beare awaie -the prise, to be wondered at of the world, or to -set foorth the solemnities of their festiuall seruice, and -ceremonies in the honour of their idoles: or in publike -spectacle to adourne and set foorth, the triumphant and -victorious shewes, the sumptuous and costly deuises of -their princes and states. Wherin we reade, that particular -men haue shewed such effectes of strength, and sturring, by -the helpe of exercise, and traine, as nature her selfe could -neuer attaine vnto, though she furthered the feat, and got -her selfe the worst, both by empairing of health, and -hastning on of death, thorough straining to much. It is -more then marueilous to thinke on, and yet we finde it of -verie good recorde, what and how incredible weight, both -of liuing creatures, and massier mettal, one mans force -hath bene noted to haue borne, by being only vsed to that -burthen. Would any man beleue it, if it were not of good -writen credit, that one <i>Milo</i> so strutted himselfe, so pitcht<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> -his feet, so peysed his bodie, as he remained vnremoueable -from his place, being haled at and pulde by a number of -people. <i>Actiuitie</i> hath wrought wonders, <i>swiftnesse</i> incredible -thinges, and what propertie what not? where nature -and ambition were backt with exercise and good will, to -do but one thing well.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Martiall.</div> - -<p>For the vse of warre, and defence, it is more then -euident, that exercise beares the bell: Can one -haue a bodie to abide cold, not to melte with -heat, not to starue for hunger, not to dye for thirst, not -to shrinke at any hardnesse, almost beyond nature, and -aboue common reache, if he neuer haue it trained? will -nimblenesse of limmes awaie with all labour, surpasse all -difficulties, of neuer so diuers, and dangerous groundes, -pursue enemies to vanquish, reskue freinds to saue, retire -from danger without harme, thrust it selfe into daunger -without daunger, where no traine before made acquaintance -with trauell? Whervpon called the <i>Romaines</i> their whole -armie <i>Exercitus</i>, but bycause it consisted of a valiant -number of exercised and trained men? which were not to -seeke at a sudden, bycause they had vsed armes before? -how could common weales where the territory was but -small, and the enhabitantes few, haue still deliuered themselues -from mightier assailantes, then they seemed defendantes? -or in continuall threates, of ieleous neighbours, -how could they still haue kept their owne, if that small -territorie, had not bene thoroughly employed, and that -petie paucitie gallantly trained? wherby it was able for -hardnesse and sufferance to abide what not? For actiuitie -and manhood, to haue mastered whom not? or at the -least had good meanes, not to receiue any foile, where -onely the huger number, and the vntrained multitude, -were to trie the masterie in fielde against them?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Physicall.</div> - -<p>For health it is most manifest that exercise is a mighty -great mistresse, whether it be to confirme that -which we haue by nature, or to procure that -which we haue not by nature: or to recouer that by -industrie, and diligence, which we haue almost lost, by -misfortune and negligence. The exercises which do serue -to this healthy end, do best serue for this my purpose, and -though an healthfull body be most apt and actiue, both for -gaming to get wagers, and for warring to winne victories, -yet in my exercises, I neither meane to dally with the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -gamester, not to fight with the warrier, but to marke which -way I may best saue studentes, who haue most neede of -it: being still assailed by those enemies of health, which -waxe more eager and hoat, the more weake and cold that -exercise is.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">What is exercise?</div> - -<p>This exercise of ours by forme of definition, is said to be -a vehement, and a voluntarie stirring of ones -body, which altereth the breathing, whose ende -is to maintaine health, and to bring the bodie -to a verie good habit. Doth not exercise at this her first -entry offer to performe so much as I did vndertake for -her? health of the body, and an healthy habit of all the -limmes: which two effectes, bycause they be good, who -doth not desire them? and being got by exercise, why is it -not in price? and being reducible to order, why should it -not be in traine? They that write of exercise, make three -degrees in it, wherof they call the first a preparatiue, in -Greek παρασκευαστικόν, the next simply by the name of -exercise γυμνὰσιον the third a postparatiue, in Greek -ἀποθεραπευτικὸν. The preparatiue serued, not to passe rudely, -and roughly into the maine exercise, without qualifying -the bodie by degrees before, bycause sudden alteration -workes ill disposition. The postparatiue or apotherapeutike -followeth the maine exercise, to reduce the body -by gentle degrees, to the same quietnesse in constitution, -wherin it was, before it was so moued. Which two pointes -bycause they rest most in the maisters consideration, -which is to ouersee the traine, I commit them to his care: -so to applie his cunning as he shall see cause in exercising -his charge. And yet herein I entend to helpe him, when I -shall handle the circunstances which direct exercises.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">γυμνασιον.</div> - -<p>The third degree, which is enclosed betwene these two, -is that same exercise, which I praise so much, -and vpon whom the other two waite, wherof, as -writers make to many, and to finely minced distinctions, so -I make account but of one at this time, wherof I do make -two braunches, or spieces, the one to be vsed within dores, -and the other abroade, that whether the weather be faire -or fowle, the exercise in some kinde may neuer faile.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_9">CHAPTER 9.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the particular exercises, why I do appoint so manie, and -how to iudge of them, or to deuise the like.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">I will</span> not here runne thorough all the kindes of -exercises that be named either by <i>Galene</i> or any -other writer, wherof many be discontinued, many be -yet in vse, but out of the whole heape I haue pickt out -these for within dores, <i>lowd speaking, singing, lowd reading, -talking, laughing, weaping, holding the breath, daunsing, -wrastling, fensing, and scourging the Top</i>. And these for -without dores, <i>walking, running, leaping, swimming, riding, -hunting, shooting, and playing at the ball</i>. Wherof though -the very most be vsed oftimes, not in nature of exercises, -but either of pleasure, or necessitie, yet they be all such, -as will serue well that waie, and be so made account of -among the best writers, that deale in this kinde: and for -that some of them maye be said to be most proper to men, -and farre aboue boyes plaie: you must remember, that I -deale for all studentes, and not for children alone, to whom -it is in choice, besides all these to deuise other for their -good, as circunstance shal lead them. There may also be -reasons, to perswade some men to mislike of, I do not -thinke all, but I suppose some, of these thinges, which I -do appoint, as both commendable and profitable exercises, -with whom I will not here striue, but desire them to iudge -of me, without preiudice, and to stay their sentence, vntill -they see in what sorte I allow them. For knowing the -cause of offence, I might seeme very simple, if I should -simply allow that, which is disallowed vpon reason, and -not misliked without manifest shew of probable cause: and -so to reserue the thing, as I did not remoue the blame. -They must also thinke that nothing is abused, but that -both may and ought to be well vsed, which well, they must -vse, and refuse the ill: seing where misuse draweth blame, -there right vse deserueth praise.</p> - -<p>Therfore I wishe those that be of yeares, and abilitie to -guide themselues to call circunstance to counsell, and consideration -to aduise. For as consideration shapeth the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> -circunstance, so circunstance is a thing, which maketh all -that is done, either to please or displease: to be sent awaie -with a cutting checke: or to be bid tarie, with a cheary -contenaunce. As for the child in whom wisdom wanteth, -to way with discretion, what it is that he doeth, the maister -alone must supplie all wantes, or beare all blames, though -it be but a simple recompence, to blame wante of consideration, -when harme is receiued. Some man may also -say, what needes so many, and mislike the multitude. Of -many to chuse some, is vsuall in all choice, and where -store is, why should choice be stinted? he may lessen the -number, that alloweth but of one, and I haue pickt out the -likest, to satisfie all in diuersities of liking, who so shall -like any of these, may vse them with me, or vpon the like -ground, may deuise himselfe other. In handling of eche of -these, I will first shew for what partes, to what end, and in -what manner, they be profitable and holesome being -moderatly vsed: then for whom, and with what daunger, -they be strained to the contrarie.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_10">CHAPTER 10.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of lowd speaking. How necessarie, and how proper -an exercise it is for a scholler.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> exercise of the voice which in Latin they name -<i>vociferatio</i>, in Greek ἀναφωνησις, as them φωνασκόι -which were the training maisters, in English maye -be tearmed lowd speaking, of the height: for though it vse -all the degrees, which be in the voice, yet is it most -properly to take his name, of the lowdest and shrillest, as -the most audible in sound, and therfore fittest to giue the -name, as all thinges els receiue theirs, of some one qualitie -of most especiall note. The auncient <i>Physicians</i> entertaine -it among exercises, bycause it stirreth the bulke, and all -those instrumentes, which serue for the deliuerie of voice, -and vtterance of speeche: bycause it aideth, dilateth, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> -comforteth the lunges in his windworke, it encreaseth, cleanseth, -strengtheneth, and fineth the naturall heat: it maketh the -sound and soueraigne partes of the bodie strong and pure: -and not lightly to be assailed by any disease: it mendeth -the colour, and cheareth the countenaunce. Now that it -hath these properties they do proue by naturall argumentes. -That it practiseth and stirreth the inward partes, and vocall -instrumentes, no man may denie, which will confesse, that -the mouth alone, is the onely port and passage for speeche. -That it encreaseth the naturall heat, the breath it selfe -doth most euidently declare, bycause it is alwaye exceeding -warme, when one exerciseth the voice, it is so thronged -and crusshed with taking in and letting out. That it -cleanseth and cleareth, there be two causes to proue: the -one is, bycause it maketh the flesh more fine and thinne, -and smoother to the hand, not onely thorough stretching -and straining the skinne, but by remouing excrementes, -which naturally thicken and make rugged. The other is, -for that by mouing the vocall instrumentes the inward -moysture consumeth and wasteth, as it doeth appeare by -that thicke and grosse vapour, which proceedeth out of his -mouth that speaketh alowd, and other congealed excrementes -resting of olde in other passages, which this -exercise expelled from the inward partes. That it both -fines and strengthens the naturall heat, hereby it is more -then plaine. For that the inward vesselles and pipes be -scoured thereby, and sundry superfluities expelled both at -the nose, and mouth, which as they darkened, weakned, -and thickned the naturall heat, when they were within the -bodie: so being dismissed themselues, they leaue it pure, -fine, and strong, whereby the partes being sound and -cleare more strength groweth on to healthward, and lesse -to disease. Hervpon it falleth out, that this exercise of -the voice, must needes be a singular helpe for them, which -haue their inwarde partes troubled with moysture, and be -of cold constitution, as also for such, as be troubled with -weaknesse, or pewkishnesse of stomacke, with vomiting, or -bytter rifting, with hardnesse of digestion, with lothing of -their meat, with feeding that feedes not, with faintnesse, -with naughty constitution, that corrupteth the blood, with -dropsies, with painfull fetching their breath, or but then -easely, when they sit vpright, with consumptions, with any -long disease, in the breast or midrife, with apostemes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> -which are broken within the bulke, with quartane agues, -with fleame, and also for all those, which be on the -mending hand, after sicknesse: for those that are troubled -with the scurfe, or Egyptian lepre, called <i>Elephantiasis</i>, or -whose bellies be so weake, as they cannot avoide, but -watry and thin excrementes, for the hikup, for the voice, -and her instrumentes, whether naturally resolued, or casually -empaired.</p> - -<p>Now as this exercise aduisedly, and orderly vsed, is -verie good for those effectes in these partes, so rashly and -rudely ventured vpon, it is not without daunger of doing -harme, and cheifly to those which neuer vsed it before: it -filleth the head and makes it heauie, it dulleth the -instrumentes of the senses, which are in the head. It -hurtes the voice, and breakes the smaller veines, and is -verie vnwholesome for such, as are subiect to the falling -sicknesse, bycause it shaketh the troubled partes too sore: -it is daungerous when one is troubled with ill, and corrupt -humours, or when the stomacke is cumbred, with great and -euident crudities, and rawnes, bycause thorough much -chafing of the breath, and the breath instrumentes, it disperpleth, -and scattereth corrupt humours, thorough out the -whole bodie. And as the gentle exercising of the voice, -who oft enterlacing of graue soundes, is wholesome, so to -much shrilnesse straynes the head, causeth the temples -pante, the braines to beate, the eyes to swell, the eares to -tingle. Further it is verie vnwholesom after meat, bycause -the breath being chafed partly by reason of late eating, -partly by lowdnesse of the voice as it passeth thorough, -gawlleth the throte, and so corrupteth the voice. It is also -enemie to repletion, to wearinesse, to sensualitie: for that -in those people, which are subiect to those infirmities, the -great and forcible straining of the voice, doth oftimes cause -ruptures and conuulsions, so that the commodities, and -incommodities of the exercise do warne the training -maister to vse it wisely and with great discretion. The -vse of it for the motion is this, that I haue said, but for -the helpe of learning, it is to some other verie good and -great purpose, to pronounce without booke, with that -kinde of action which the verie propertie of the subiect -requireth, orations and other declamatory argumentes, -either made by the pronouncer him selfe, or borowed of -some other, but cheifly the hoatest <i>Philippik</i>, <i>Catilinarie</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span> -and <i>Verrine</i> argumentes, and the rest of that race, either -out of many Greeke oratours, or our one and onely Latin -<i>Tullie</i>, and whether ye list to prose alone, or to be bold with -Poetes, and vse their meeter. <i>Cælius Aurelianus</i><a id="FNanchor_4_4" href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> an auncient -<i>Romane</i> Physician, though borne at <i>Sicca</i> in <i>Aphricke</i> -speaking of this exercise vseth these wordes. They did -vtter their beginninges or prohemes with a gentle and a -moderate voice, their narrations, and reasoning discourses -with more straining, and louder: their perorations, and -closinges, with a discent, and fall of the voice. And is not -that to my saying?</p> - -<p>The manner of this exercise, which <i>Antyllus</i> a verie -olde Physician doth shew in <i>Oribasius</i><a id="FNanchor_5_5" href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">5</a>, that wrate his -bookes vnto <i>Iulian</i> the apostate, whose Physician he was, -agreeth also with mine opinion. For hauing appointed -certaine preparatiues for nimbling, and spreding the vocall -powers, he sayth, that such, as exercised the voice, did first -begin lowe, and moderatly, then went on to further -strayning, of their speeche: sometimes drawing it out, -with as stayed, and graue soundes, as was possible, sometimes -bringing it backe, to the sharpest and shrillest, that -they could, afterward not tarying long in that shrill sound, -they retired backe againe, slacking the straine of their voice, -till they fell into that low, and moderate tenour, wherwith -they first began. Which wordes do not onely shew, that it -was thus vsed, but also how the voice is to be vsed, in this -exercise generally. But vpon what matter, and argument -was all this paines bestowed? Those which were vnlearned -said such things as they could remember, which were to be -spoken aloud, and admitted any change of voice in the -vttering, now harshe and hard, now smoothe and sweete. -Those that were bookish recited either <i>Iambike</i> verses or -<i>Elegies</i>, or such other numbers, which with their currant -carie the memorie on, but all without booke, as farre -surmounting any kinde of reading. I haue dwelt the -longer in this exercise, bycause it is both the first in -rancke, and the best meane to make good pronouncing of -any thing, in any auditorie, and therfore an exercise not -impertinent to scholers.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_11">CHAPTER 11.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of loude singing, and in what degree it commeth -to be one of the exercises.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">It</span> were to much to wishe, that <i>Musick</i> were the most -healthy exercise, as it is the most pleasaunt profession, -bycause either to much delite would drowne -men in it alone, or to much cloying would cause it be -quite contemned. Wherfore as it may not diminish other -of their due, by occupying to much roome, so by change -after other, and distance in it selfe, it continueth in her owne -credit. For both varietie refresheth, and distance reneweth, -where still the same dulles, and continuance wearies. As -Musick is compounde of number, melodie, and harmonie, -it hath nothing to do with <i>gymnastick</i> and <i>exercise</i>, but -serueth in that sense either for delite and pleasure, and -exerciseth desire: or in some respectes concerneth the -manering and training vp of youth in matter of knowledge, -as I said before. Whervnto I was induced not onely by -argument, and nature of the thing, but by great authorities -of <i>Plato</i>,<a id="FNanchor_6_6" href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> and <i>Philo</i>, of <i>Aristotle</i>,<a id="FNanchor_7_7" href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> and <i>Galene</i>,<a id="FNanchor_8_8" href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> and whom -not? out of all antiquitie, which both allow of the thing in -nature, and admit it in pollicie, into the best common -weales, as a great worker of much good. But for as much -as <i>singing</i> vseth the voice for her meane, and the voice -instrumentes for her vtteraunce, and medleth with all sortes, -and degrees in sounde base, meane, and triple, which in -deliuerie do labour, and trauell the pipes, it is receiued -among exercises of health, though it be not so forcible, nor -can pearce so farre, as loude speaking doth, which doth -not much care for any fine concent, so it vtter strongly, -and straine within compasse: wheras Musick to the contrary -standes not much vpon straining or fullnesse of the voice, -so it be delicate and fine in concent. And yet in <i>Aristotles</i><a id="FNanchor_9_9" href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> -opinion, it both exerciseth, and preserueth the naturall -strength bycause it standeth vpon an ordinate, and degreed -motion of the voice. We finde in our owne experience,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> -that it sturreth the voice, spreadeth the instrumentes therof, -and craueth a cleare passage, as it also lightneth the -laborer, and encreaseth his courage, in carying of burdens. -It was vsed in the olde time Physicklike, to stay mourning -and greife, for the losse of deare freindes, or desired -thinges. In curing diseases, which rise vpon some distemperature -of the minde, the temperature of time iudicially -applyed, hath bene found both a straunge and a strong -remedie. Alwaye prouided, that whether ye say loud, or -sing loud, ye neither say to long, nor sing to much, for -feare of a worse turne, if any entraill teare, with to much -straining, as some times hath proued to true, for the -afflicted partie. But to make an ende of <i>Musick</i> at this -time, though it be neither so strong, nor so stirring an -exercise, yet it hath made a great purchace, that it is -allowed for one, and therby esteemed a double principle, of -more value, where her force is more, in matters of the -minde, of very good worth, though of much lesse worke in -the health of the bodie. Which seeing it is an exercise -within dore, it gaineth with the place a good footing to -grow fairer: for whether ye allow it for a cunning exercise, -or an exercised cunning, it exerciseth cunning, and -encreaseth by exercise.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_12">CHAPTER 12.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of loude and soft reading.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Reading</span> is a thing so familiarly knowne, as there -needeth no great proofe, that it exerciseth the -voice, and therwith all the health, wherof the -Physicians admit two kindes, into the raunge of exercises, -which be furtherers to health. The one quicke, cleare, -and straining, the other quiet, caulme, and staing. The -cleare and straining kinde of <i>reading</i>, bycause it stirreth -the breath, not sleightly nor superficially, but sheweth what -it can do, in the verie fountaine and depth of all the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -entrailles, it encreaseth the naturall health, maketh the -blood suttle and fine, purgeth all the veines, openeth all -the arteries, suffereth not superfluous humours to thicken, -neither to congeale and freese to a dreggie residence -within any of those places, which do either receiue and -lodge, or distribute and dispose, the meat and nurriture. -Whervpon <i>Cornelius Celsus</i><a id="FNanchor_10_10" href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> an eloquent Romain Physician -accounteth it one of the finest and fairest exercises. To -proue that it is holesome for the head, what more credible -witnesses neede we, then <i>Cœlius Aurelianus</i><a id="FNanchor_11_11" href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> a diligent -Physician, and <i>Annæus Seneca</i><a id="FNanchor_12_12" href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> a deepe Philosopher? -<i>Cœlius</i> holdeth this kinde of <i>reading</i> to be verie soueraine -not onely in headaches, but also in frensies and troubled -mindes. <i>Seneca</i> vsed it to stay the rewme, and distillation -from the head, which troubled him sore, as a man being -both of eager conceit, and earnest studie, where by the -waye, <i>Cœlius</i> giueth this note, whether ye meane to reskew -the patient, from the headache, or the frantike from -madnesse, by this exercise of <i>reading</i>, that the matter -which is read, be pleasaunt and plaine, and nothing hard -to vnderstand, to cause the witte to muse. For that such -obiectes do no lesse trouble the weake braine, then sore -shaking or hard iogging doth the wearied body. Moreouer -cleare <i>reading</i> and loude, doth refreshe not onely the -inward partes of the breast, but the stomack also: and -comforteth it in feeblenesse, bycause therby phelgmatike -excrementes, are without paine both thinned and consumed: -whervpon it is held to be verie holesome, to mend -a feeble voice, to helpe the colicke, occasioned by cold -humours, and to check some consumptions. And to that -ende the young <i>Plinie</i> writeth, that his vncle did vse it. -When I haue said that it is also good for the drie cowghe, -I neede not say any more good of it here. <i>Auicen</i><a id="FNanchor_13_13" href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> the -Arabian and princely Physician speaking herof, sayth that -in the beginning, this <i>reading</i> must be soft and caulme, -then mount by degrees, and when the voice seemeth to be -in his strength, growing, and long, that then it is hie time, -to staie for that time, nor to straine till ye sticke, but to -leaue with some list, and abilitie to do more. The quiet -and staid kinde of <i>reading</i>, sauing that the working is -weaker, doth the best that it can, about all this that is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span> -said: and in one pointe it hath obtained a prerogatiue -aboue the loude, that it is admitted and allowed streight -after meat, when the other is licensed and allowed to -depart. The maister may so vse these two exercises of -<i>reading</i> and <i>speaking</i> as besides the health of the bodie, -whervnto they are deputed, they may proue excellent and -great deliuerers of cunning, and well beseeme the schoole: -as to much in either doth trouble the scholer to much, -which yet boyes would defend, by the countenaunce of a -commended exercise, were it not, that in boyes exercises, -I do require the maisters presence, who will refourme that -exercise against their will to his owne discretion. Thus -much concerning this exercise, wherby the training maister -may perceiue, both what the learned haue thought of it, -and how much the learners are like to gaine by it.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_13">CHAPTER 13.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of much talking and silence.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Talking</span> in Latin <i>Sermo</i>, as it is accounted an -exercise for succouring some partes, so both for -eagernesse, and heat, in the nature of speeche, -though not of passion, it comes farre behinde others, and -is therfore regestred among the meane, and weake exercises. -It is thought verie fit for such, as be drousely giuen: -which haue their senses daunted, either thorough dreaming -melancholie, or dulling phleame. For such kinde of people -by talking be cleared, their mindes awaked, their senses -freed from the burden of their bodies. That <i>talking</i> -spendes phleame there is no plainer proofe, then that they -which talke much spit stil, which as it commeth partly -from the head, partly from the stomacke, partly from the -chest: so it declareth, that those partes delite in speeche, -and receiue comfort from speeche, which makes roome for -health, where reume kept residence. But as in these -cases, it is counted healthfull: so hath it a force to fill the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span> -head, with somwhat more then dinne, and to make it -dumpishe. And therefore in aches, and distemperatures of -the head, clattering is commended to the cloakbag by -Physick. It is also a poyson to the pained eyes: ill for -them that voide blood either at the nose or from the bulke. -Whervpon in any such bleading silence is enioyned. And -as silence is a meane both to stay bleading, and to slake -thirst, so talking dryes the toungue and prouockes thirst, -openeth the passage, and promoteth bleading. In so -much as <i>Pline</i><a id="FNanchor_14_14" href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> writeth, that one <i>Mecenas Messius</i>, a noble -Romain, betooke him selfe to voluntarie silence, the space -of three yeares, to staie the casting of blood, which he fell -into by reason of some straine. To be short, as silence -remedyeth the cough and hikup: so talking pulleth downe, -and paines the patient, when agues grow vpward, and be -in the encrease. Herevpon I conclude, that talking hath -great meane either to make or marre, not onely for the -subiect, wheron the toungue walketh, but also for the -obiect, wherin health resteth.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_14">CHAPTER 14.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of laughing, and weeping. And whether children be to be -forced toward vertue and learning.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">If</span> <i>laughing</i> had no more wherfore to be enrouled in the -catalogue of exercises, then <i>weeping</i> hath, they -might both be crossed out. And yet as they be -passions, that tende in some pointes, to the purging of -some partes, so some may thinke it, a verie strange -conceit, to laugh for exercise, or to weepe for wantonnesse. -For as laugh one may, with an hartie good will, so weepe -none can, but against their wil, to whom it is allotted in -the nature of an exercise, and not quite questuarie, as to -those wailing women, which wepte for the deade, whom -they knew not aliue. There be manie and very easie, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span> -much desired meanes, to make one laugh though they haue -small cause, and lesse deuotion to be mery at all, but to -make one weepe, is stil againe the haire. For ill newes or -matter to weepe for, neither children, nor olde folkes, will -thanke you at all. If you meane to make them weepe for -ioye, or crye for kindenesse, that is an other matter. If -the maister should beate his boye, and bring no cause why, -but that he sought to haue him weepe, so to exercise him -to health, and to ridde him of some humours, which made -him to moist, the boye would beshrew him, and thinke his -maister beate him so, to exercise himselfe, though at the -verie conceit of his maisters mad reason, he might brust -out in <i>laughing</i> streight after his stripes, and so become a -patrone to the contrary exercise: a great deale more -gracious and more desired in nature, whose enemie greife -is, and <i>weeping</i> also: as a plaine argument of an vnpleasaunt -guest. Howbeit seing they be both set downe, -by the name of pettie, and pretie exercises, let them haue -that is giuen them, seeing they are thought to stirre, and -cleare some partes: <i>laughing</i> more and better: <i>weeping</i> -lesse and worse. And therfore the more children laugh -for exercise, the more light some they be, the more they -weepe if it be not in ieast, so much the worse in very good -earnest. For I can hardly beleue that much <i>laughter</i> can -auoide a foole, if it be not for exercise, which is also somwhat -rare: or that but a foole can weepe for exercise, -which deserues the bat, to make him weepe in earnest.</p> - -<p>But for <i>laughing</i> in the nature of an exercise and that -healthful, can there be any better argument, to proue that -it warmeth, then the rednesse of the face, and flush of highe -colour, when one laugheth from the hart, and smiles not -from the teethe? or that it stirreth the hart, and the -adiacent partes, then the tickling and panting of those -partes themselues? which both beare witnesse, that there -is some quicke heat, that so moueth the blood. Therfore -it must needs be good for them to vse <i>laughing</i>, which -haue cold heades, and cold chestes, which are troubled -with melancholie, which are light headed by reason of -some cold distemperature of the braine, which thorough -sadnesse, and sorrow, are subiecte to agues, which haue -new dined, or supped: which are troubled with the head -ache: for that a cold distemperature being the occasion of -the infirmitie, <i>laughing</i> must needes helpe them, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> -moueth much aire in the breast, and sendeth the warmer -spirites outward. This kinde of helpe wil be of much more -efficacie, if the parties which desire it, can suffer themselues -to be tickled vnder the armepittes, for in those partes there -is great store of small veines, and litle arteries, which being -tickled so, become warme themselues, and from thence -disperse heat thorough out the whole bodie. But as -moderate <i>laughing</i> is holesome, and maketh no too great -chaunge, so to much is daungerous, and altereth to sore. -For besides the immoderate powring, and pressing out of -the spirites: besides to much mouing and heating, it -oftimes causeth extreame resolution and faintnesse, bycause -the vitall strength and naturall heat driue to much outward. -Whervpon they that laugh do sweat so sore, and -haue so great a colour, by the ascending of the blood. -And as the naturall heat, and fire it selfe do still couet -vpward, as to their naturall place, so must it needes be, -that the lower roomes lie open, and emptie in their absence, -wherby whether soeuer motion be marred, the naturall -heat dyeth, and the vitall force faileth. Besides this, no -man wil denie, but that this kinde of <i>laughing</i>, doth both -much offende the head, and the bulke, as oftimes therewith -both the papbones be loosed, and the backe it selfe -perished. Nay what say ye to them that haue dyed -<i>laughing</i>? where gladnesse of the minde to much enforcing -the bodie, hath bereft it of life.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Weeping.</div> - -<p>For <i>weeping</i> in the nature of an exercise, there is not -much to be said, but that it is accompanied with -crying, sobbing groning and teares, wherby the -head, and other partes are rid of some needlesse humour: -though the disquieting do much more harme, then the -purging can do good, and the humour were a great deale -better auoided some other waye. Wherof some children -seeme to be exceeding full, when feare of beating makes -them straine their pipes. <i>Aristotle</i> must beare both most -blame for this exercise, if it displease any, and most praise, -if it profit any, who in the last chapter<a id="FNanchor_15_15" href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> of the seuenth -booke of his politikes writeth thus of it, and for it. That -they do not well which take order, that children straine not -themselues, with crying and weeping, bycause that is a -meane to their growing, in the nature of an exercise.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span> -And that as holding the breath doth make one stronger to -labour: so crying and weeping in children, do worke the -same or the like effectes. And yet me thinke it should -be no exercise, by the verie definition. For if it were -vehement, yet is it not voluntarie, and though it did alter -the breath, yet it bettereth not the bodie, howsoeuer it -serue the soule.</p> - -<p>But seeing the <i>gymnastikes</i> haue it, let vs lend it them -for their pleasure, though we like it not for our owne. It is -generally banished by all Physicians as being the mother -to manie infirmities, both in the eyes and other partes: -neither if it could be auoided in schooles were it worthy -the looking on: being the heauy signe of torture and -trouble. And though it somtime ease the greiued minde -to shedde a few teares, as some for extreme anguish cannot -let fall one, yet children would be lesse greiued if they -might shedde none, as some hold it a signe of a verie -shrewd boye, when he deserues stripes, not to shew one -trikle. Some Physicians thinke by waye of a conserue to -the minde, that it ought to be vsed in schooles sometimes, -though not voluntarie, yet in forme of an exercise to warme -shrewd boyes, and to expell the contagious humours of -negligence, and wantonnesse, the two springes of many -streaming euilles: as playing would be daily, at some -certaine houres, then to vse these exercises, when bookes -be out of season.</p> - -<p>The greatest patron of weeping that I finde, leauing -<i>Heraclitus</i> to his contemplation of miseries, is a soure -centurion in <i>Xenophon</i>,<a id="FNanchor_16_16" href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> which sat at the table with <i>Cyrus</i> -in his pauilion. He commendeth weeping, wherto he had -no great deuotion, to discountenaunce <i>laughing</i> which he -saw allowed, and his reason is: bycause <i>awe</i>, <i>feare</i>, <i>correction</i>, -<i>punishements</i>, which commonly haue <i>weeping</i>, either -companion, or consequent, be vsed in pollicy, to kepe good -orders in state, and good manners in stay, wheras <i>laughing</i> -is neuer, but vpon some foolish ground. And yet both -<i>laughing</i> for exercise may be for a good obiecte, and -occasion to make laughter, may well deserue praise, when -the minde being wearied either about great affaires that -are alreadie past, or about preuenting of some anquish -which is to ensue, doth call <i>laughing</i> to helpe, to ease the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -one, and to auert the other. And this kinde of <i>weeping</i>, -which the soldiar settes out so, concerneth no exercise, -though it commonly follow all vnpleasaunt exercises, where -the partie had rather be idle with pleasure, then so occupyed -to his paine: but it tendeth to the impression, or continuing -of vertue in the minde: which should be so much the -worse, bycause that waye it seemeth vnwilling, where feare -is the forcer, and not free will. Which free will is the -principall standard to know vertue by, which is voluntary, -and not violent: as it is not the beast meane, to bring -boyes neither to learning, nor to vertue.</p> - -<p><i>Socrates</i> in <i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_17_17" href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> thinketh, that an absolute witte in the -best sorted kinde, and aboue all common sorte, for ciuill -societie, ought not to be forced, as in deede what needes -he, being such a paragon? and that free will in such a one -so sifted is the right receit of voluntarie traine. But we -neither haue such common weales, as <i>Socrates</i> sets forth, -nor such people to plant in them, as <i>Socrates</i> had, which he -made with a wishe: nor any but subiecte to great infirmities, -though some more, some lesse, by corruption in -nature, which runneth headlong to vnhappinesse, and -needeth no beating for not being nought. And therfore -we must content our selues with that which we haue, and -in our countrey which is not so absolute, in our children -which be no <i>Socraticall</i> saintes, in our learning which will -not proue voluntarie, if the child playe voluntarie we must -vse correction and awe, though more in some, then some, -bycause in illnesse there be steps, as in excellencie oddes. -Wherof there is no better argument then that which this -verie place offereth, not for the soldiars saying, which so -commendeth awe, bycause his authoritie is to campishe, -though he that brought him in, and platted the best prince -were himselfe no foole: but for mine owne collection. For -if one neede not to beat children to haue them do ill, whervnto -they are prone, we must needes then beat them for -not doing wel, where nature is corrupt. Onelesse we meete -with one, that will runne as swift vphill against nature, to -do that which is good, as we all runne downe bancke, with -the swinge of nature, to do that which is ill. Which when -I finde, I will honour him, as I do none, though I do oft -beare with some, in whome there appeareth but some shew<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> -of such a one. If vnder doing well, ye comprehend not -learning, ye must needes comprise vertue, and make her -meane violence, against all both heauenly <i>Diuinitie</i>, and -earthly <i>Philosophie</i>, with whom all vertues be voluntarie, -when reason is in ruffe: but not in children euen for -compassing of the best effectes, whom custome and traine -must now and then force foreward, to be ready for reason, -when she maketh her entrie, which requireth some yeares. -For howsoeuer <i>religion</i>, <i>wisdome</i>, <i>duetie</i>, and reasonable -<i>consideration</i> do worke in riper age, sure if awe be absent, -in the younger yeares, it will not be well. And who can -tell, what euen he that vnder lawe is most obsequious and -ciuill, would of him selfe proue, if lawe, which emportes -awe, would leaue him at libertie?</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_15">CHAPTER 15.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of holding the breath.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Though</span> all men can tell, what a singular benefit -breathing is, whervnder the vse of our life is comprehended: -yet they can best tell, which haue it -most at commaundement. For as they liue with others, -in societie of common dealinges, so they can execute any -thing by the bodie, farre better then others, whether it be -politike in the towne, or warlike in the fielde. And all -exercises haue this ende, most peculiar and proper, by -helping the naturall heat, to digest the good nurriture, and -to auoide the offall, thorough out the whole bodie. Which -what is it els, but to set the breathing at most libertie, -being best discharged of impediment and let? And as -the libertie of breathing maketh the soldiar to abide in -fight long, the runner to continue his race long, the daunser -to endure his labour long, and so forth in the rest, which -must either haue breath at their will, or els shrinke in the -midest: so the restraint and binding of the breath, euen -where it is most at will, (for else it could not abide the re<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span>straint,) -hath his commoditie, by waye of exercise to assist -our health.</p> - -<p>Now in breathing there be three thinges to be considered, -the taking in, the letting out, and the holding in of -the breath, wherof euerie one hath his priuate office to -great effect, in the vpholding of health, and maintaining of -life. For when we take in our breath, by the working of -the lungues thorough such passages, as be appointed for -the vse of breathing, we conueigh and fetch in aire into the -roomy and large places of the bulke, to coole the harte and -fine the spirites. When we let out our breath by those -same passages, by which we tooke it in, we discharge the -hart of a certaine smoky substance engendred in it, which -is conueyed thence, thorough the same hollow, and roomie -places of the bulke. When we hold and kepe in our breath -which is of iudgement, and not of such neede as the other -two, and done vpon cause to helpe nature therby: we must -neither fetch aire inward, nor sende those smokie excrementes -outwarde, bycause the belly and breast muscles -and such fleshy partes as be about the ribbes being -violently and vehemently strained and stretched, do for the -time as it were mure vp, and stop the passage. This -keeping in of the breath, by reason of the straine offered to -those partes, and heating of the bowells, is therfore heeld -for one of the vehement exercises, as it is also a postparatiue, -called before apotherapeutike, bycause after maine -stirringes it helpeth to expell those residences, which -lynger within the bodie as being lothe to depart: and -furthereth those, that are in good waye, and make hast to -be gone. They that vsed this exercise by waye of traine -to health, did it in two sortes: for either they strayted -onely those muskles, which appertaine to the breast and -bulke, and let those be at libertie which belong to the -midrife and belly, that the excrementes might haue the -readier waye downward, being once forced on: or they -strayned both all the partes, and all their muscles at one -time, that the bowelles also which are beneth the midrife -might enioye the benefit of the exercise, and be as ready to -discharge, as the other to driue downe. But for the better -and more daungerlesse performing therof, they were wont -to swadle the chest, the ribbes, and the belly. Bycause the -holding of ones breath vnaduisedly and with to much -strayning causeth ruptures and diuers other infirmities in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> -the interiour vesseles of the bodie. Their meaning was -hereby, sometime to strengthen the inward and naturall -heat being encreased by exercise: sometime to helpe the -breathing partes: sometime to discharge the breast and -bellie of needlesse burden. For the breath being so -violently strayted, when it findeth issue forceth his owne -passage, and caryeth with him some finish and thinne -excrement, either driuing it before, if it lye in his waye, or -drawing it with him, if he catch it by the waye. Being of -it selfe such a strainer, and expeller, it is good for to open -the pipes, to fine the skinne, to driue out moysture from -vnder the skinne: to warme, to strengthen and to scoure -the spirituall and breathing partes, to make the places of -receit more roomy, to encrease strength in labour, to helpe -the eare in listening, to remoue coldnes or inflations from -the entrailles, to stay the hikup and the cowgh: which -commeth of some cold distemperature in the windepipes, -to remedie the colick, the weaknesse of stomacke, the want -or difficultie of breath. So that all those ought to esteeme -of it, which haue their breathing and spirituall partes -either cold or weake, or cloyed with excrementes, or whose -bodies can either with much adoe or with none at all expell -and ridde superfluous humours, or that be cumbred with -much gaping and yawning, with resolution or weaknesse -of the tongue, or any vocalle instrument. If it were to be -perceiued by no waye els, verie children let vs see, that -holding of the breath doth stirre and strengthen that power -in vs, wherwith we expell superfluities. For let them staye -their breath either laughing long, or weeping fiercely, or -vpon some such other occasion, and they will either -presently or verie shortly after, disburden themselues one -waie or other, by ordure, vrine, or some other matter at the -nose and eares. Now as this exercise is healthful to manie -in good order: so contrariewise to some in disorder it is -verie daungerous, bycause oftimes while the breath is to -forcibly stopt, the arteries in the iawes, and baulles of the -eyes swell so, as they will never come in temper againe. -It filleth the head also with a grosse and stuffing humour, -as maie easely be seene by the swelling of the vaines and -arteries in the neck, by the puffing about the eyes, by the -rednesse of the face, and by the strutting of the whole -head, all which be manifest signes of repletion. It is -daungerous for those which be subiect to the falling sick<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span>nesse, -bycause it encreaseth the disease by that recourse, -which the blood hath vp into the head: as also to them -which spit or cast vp blood, for that both the sound and -whole inward vesseles do burst with stretching, if they be -but weake: or being broken once before, and healed -againe, they will then breake out againe, by reason of heat -which is encreased in the hollow of the breast, and the -ouerstraining of the said vesselles withall. Moreouer such -as from their birth haue small entraulles and thinne, or the -rim of their bellie tender and weake: or that be troubled -with renting and ruptures must in no case minde this -exercise, bycause it straineth those partes to sore, and -lightly teareth them, as it proueth oftimes to pitifull true -in young children, which by holding their breath to long, -either weeping or otherwise, oftimes breake either the rim -of their belly, or the call of their cods, wherby the bowelles -and guttes falling downward, they become miserably -tormented with incurable ruptures and burstinges: If -trumpetters, and those that play vpon winde instruments -were asked the question, whether they feele not the effect -herof somtime, they would shake the head, and so sooth -the demaunde, though they said no more. They do write -of <i>Milo</i><a id="FNanchor_18_18" href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> the <i>Crotoniate</i>, a great champion in those achleticall -exercises, that he vsed to binde his forehead, his breast, and -his ribbes with verie strong tapes, and would neuer let his -breath goe, till the vaines were swelled so full, as they burst -the tapes. But this fellow had no fellow in any of those -pastimes. It was he that bare the bull vpon his shoulder -in the <i>Olympian</i> assemblie by vsing to cary him of a litle -young calfe. So great thinges be easely compassed, if they -be set in hand with, when they be but litle, or medled with, -by litle and litle. The best waye to auoide perill in this -exercise is to beginne gently, and so to grow on by degrees, -and to leaue be times before extremitie bidde hoe, and -while ye be yet able to do more, neither to force nature to -the furthest.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span></p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_16">CHAPTER 16.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of daunsing, why it is blamed, and how deliuered from blame.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Daunsing</span> of it selfe declareth mine allowance, in -that I name it among the good and healthfull -exercises: which I must needes cleare from some -offensiue notes, wherwith it is charged by some sterne -people: least if I do not so, it both continue it selfe in -blame still, and draw me thither also with it, for allowing -of a thing, that is disliked, and by me not deliuered from -iust cause of misliking, which by my choice do seeme to -defend it. And yet I meane not here to rippe vp, what -reading hath taught me of it, though it seeme to haue -serued for great vses in olde time, both athleticall for -spectacle and shew: militare for armour and enemie: and -Physicall for health and welfare: so many and so notable -writers, make so much and so oftimes mention therof in -all these three kindes. Some dedicate whole volumes to -this argument onely, some enterlace their brauest discourses -with the particularities therof, and those no meane ones. -And in deede a man, that neuer red much, and doth but -marke the thing cursorily, would scant beleue, that it were -either of such antiquitie, or of such account, or so generally -entreated of by learned men, all those their writinges stil -sounding to the praise and aduancement therof: howsoeuer -in our dayes either we embase it in opinion: or it selfe -hath giuen cause of iust embasement, by some peoples -misvse. Many sortes of it I do reade of, but most discontinued, -or rather quite decayed, that onely is reserued, -which beareth oftimes blame, machance being corrupted by -the kinde of <i>Musick</i>, as the olde complaint was: machance -bycause it is vsed but for pleasure and delite onely, and -beareth no pretense or stile of exercise, directly tending to -health, which is our peoples moane now in our dayes. -For where honest and profitable reasons be not in the first -front, to commend a thing, but onely pleasaunt and deliteful -causes, which content not precise surueiours, there -groweth misliking, the partie that exerciseth, not pretending -the best, which is in the thing, and the partie that accuseth, -marking nothing else but that, which maye moue offence.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span></p> -<p>The sad and sober commodities, which be reaped by -<i>daunsing</i> in respect of the motion applyed to health be -these, by heating and warming, it driueth awaie stifnes -from the ioyntes, and some palsilike trembling from the -legges and thighes, whom it stirreth most, it is a present -remedie to succour the stomacke against weaknesse of -digestion, and rawnesse of humours: it so strengtheneth -and confirmeth aching hippes thinne shankes, feeble feete, -as nothing more: in deliuering the kidneys or bladder -from the stone, it is beyond comparison good: but now -such as haue weake braines, swimming heades, weeping -eyes, simple and sory sight, must take heede of it, and -haue an eye to their health, for feare they be disie when -they daunce, and trip in their turning, or rather shrinke -downe right when they should cinquopasse. Such as haue -weake kidneys and ouerheated, may displease them selues, -if it please then [them] to daunce, and encrease their -diseases, by encreasing their heat.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The blame that daunsing beareth.</div> - -<p>The <i>daunsing</i> in armour, called by the Greekes πυῤῥιχὴ, -as it is of more motion in exercise, so it worketh more -nimblenesse in executing, when ye deale in the field with -your enemies. These be the frutes which are reaped by -<i>daunsing</i> well and orderly vsed, for the benefit of health, -and the contrary displeasures, which are caught by it, -thorough inconsiderate applying of it, by the partie which -is not made for it. The blames which it beareth -be these. That it reuelleth out of time, wherewith -Physick is offended: That it serueth -delite to much, whereat good manners repine. For these -two faultes there is but one generall aunswere: that -daunsing is healthfull, though the daunsers vse it not -healthfully, as other things of greater countenaunce be verie -good, though the professours do not so, as their professions -do enioine them. For the first in particular, the rule of -health condemnes not daunsing, but the mistyming of it: -that it is vsed after meat, when rest is most holesome: -with full stomacke, when digestion should haue all the -helpe of naturall heat: that to please the beholders, such -as vse daunsing do displease them selues. And sure if -<i>daunsing</i> be an exercise, as both all antiquitie doth commend -it for, and I my selfe do allow of it by that name: it -would by rule of Physick go before meat, and not be vsed -but long after, as a preparatiue against a new meale: and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> -a disburdener of superfluities, against a surcharge of new -diet: Howbeit there be in it some more violent measures -then some: and in beginning with the most staydest and -most almanlike, and so marching on, till the springing -galliard and quicker measures take place, choice in euerie -one, vpon knowledge of his owne bodie, and his emptinesse -or saturitie maye helpe health, though the custome of eche -countrey commaunde not onely health, though to her -harme, but euen the verie science which professeth the -preseruation of health, if desire egge delite, to shew it selfe -in place. Wherevpon the second blame of <i>daunsing</i>, doth -especially builde, and take her hold.</p> - -<p>To keepe thinges in order, there is in the soule of man -but one, though a verie honorable meane, which is the -direction of reason: to bring things out of order there be -two, the one strongheaded, which is the commaundement -of courage, the other many headed, which is the enticement -of desires. Now <i>daunsing</i> hath properties to serue eche of -these, <i>exercise</i> for health, which <i>reason</i> ratifieth, <i>armour</i> for -agilitie, which <i>courage</i> commendeth, <i>liking</i> for allowance, -which <i>desire</i> doth delite in. But bycause it yeildeth most -to delite, and in most varietie of pleasures, desire ministreth -most matter to blame, <i>daunsing</i> by pleasing desire to much, -hath pleased reason to litle, and when reason obiecteth -inconueniences, it turneth the deafe side, and followeth her -owne swinge. For when the tailour hath braued, where -nature hath beawtified: when amiablenesse of person hath -procured agilitie by cunning, what gallant youthes in -whom there is any courage, can abide not to come to shew, -hauing such qualities so worthy the beholding? here will -courage shew her selfe, though repentance be her port, -here will desire throng in prease, though it praise not in -parting. All this doth confesse that <i>daunsing</i> is become -seruant to desire, though not <i>daunsing</i> alone: and yet -companions in blame be no dischargers of fault. What -then? for the generall, seing thinges which man vseth, -cannot be quite free from misuse, it is halfe a vertue to -winne so much, as there be as litle misuse, as may be: and -to charge the partie that deserues blame, with hinderance -of health, with corruption of manners, with ill losse of good -time: which if he care not for, the precept may passe, -though he passe not for it. But howsoeuer <i>daunsing</i> be or -be thought to be, seing it is held for an exercise, we must<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -thinke there is some great good in it, though we protecte -not the ill, if any come by it. Which good we must seeke -to get, and praie those maisters, which fashion it with <i>order</i> -in time, with <i>reason</i> in gesture, with <i>proportion</i> in number, -with <i>harmonie</i> in <i>Musick</i>, to appoint it so, as it may be -thought both seemely and sober, and so best beseeme such -persons, as professe sobrietie: and that with all, it may be -so full of nimblenesse and actiuitie, as it may proue an -exercise of health, being vsed in wholesome times, and not -seeking to supplant rest, as the rule of health at this daie -complaineth. And generally of all ages, me thinke it -beseemeth children best, to enable, and nimble their -iointes therby, and to stay their ouermuch deliting therin -in further yeares. The very definition of it declareth, what -it was then, when it was right, and what it is now, when it -seemes to be wronge, if right in such thinges be not -creature to vse, and maye change with time, without -challenge for the change. They define <i>daunsing</i> to be a -certaine cunning to resemble the manners, affections, and -doinges of men and women, by motions and gestures of -the bodie, artificially deuised in number and proportion. -This was to them a kinde of deliuerie, to vtter their mindes, -by signes and resemblances, of that which came nearest to -the thing, and was most intelligible to the lookers on. But -now with vs, there is nothing left to the dauncer ordinarily, -but the bare motion, without that kinde of hand cunning -(for so I terme their χειρονομία) bycause the skill seemed -then to rest most in the vse of the vpper partes, and -gesturing by the hand. The credit of our <i>daunsing</i> now is -to represent the Musick right, and to cause the bodye in -his kinde of action to resemble and counterfet that liuely, -which the instrument in his kinde of composition deliuereth -delicately: and with such a grace to vse the legges and -feete, as the olde daunsers vsed their armes and handes. -And as in the olde time both men, wymen and children -did vse <i>daunsing</i> to helpe and preserue their health, to -purchace good hauiour and bearing of their bodies: so in -these our dayes, being vsed in time, by order, and with -measure, it will worke the same effectes of health, hauiour -and strength, and may well auoide the opinion of either -lewdnesse, or lightnesse. Thus much for <i>daunsing</i>, as the -motion is for health, and the meaning for good.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_17">CHAPTER 17.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of wrastling.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">For</span> wrastling as it is olde and was accounted cunning -sometimes, so now both by Physicians in arte, and -by our countreymen in vse, it seemeth not to be -much set by, being contemned by the most, and cared for -but by the meanest. Yet the auncient <i>Palestra</i> a terme -knowen to the learned, and ioined with letters, and Musick, -to proue the good bringing vp of youth as a most certaine -argument of abilitie well qualified, fetcht that name of the -Greeke πάλη, which we in English terme wrastling, and was -alwaye of good note, as wrastling it selfe in games gat -victories, in warre tried forces, in health helpt hauiour, in -the bodye wrought strength, and made it better breathed. -<i>Clemens Alexandrinus</i><a id="FNanchor_19_19" href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> which liued at <i>Rome</i> in <i>Galenes</i> -time in the third booke of his Pædagogue, or training -maister, in the title of exercise, reiecting most kindes of -wrastling yet reserueth one, as verie well beseeming a ciuill -trained man, whom both seemelinesse for grace, and -profitablenesse for good health, do seeme to recommende. -Then an exercise it is, and healthfully it may be vsed: if -discretion ouerlooke it, our countrey will allow it. Let vs -therefore vse it so, as <i>Clement</i> of <i>Alexandria</i> commendes it -for, and make choice in our market. Wherfore not to -deale with the catching pancraticall kinde of wrastling, -which vsed all kindes of hould, to cast and ouercome his -aduersarie, nor any other of that sort, which continuance -hath reiected, and custome refused, I haue picked out two, -which be both ciuill for vse, and in the vsing vpright -without any great stouping, the one more vehement, the -other more remisse. The vehement vpright wrastling -chafeth the outward partes of the bodie most, it warmeth, -strengthneth, and encreaseth the fleshe, though it thinne -and drie withall. It taketh awaie fatnesse, puffes, and -swellinges: it makes the breath firme and strong, the -bodie sound and brawnie, it tightes the sinews, and backes -all the naturall operations. If they that wrastle do breath -betwene whiles, it prouoketh sweat, bycause the humours,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -which were gathered together by rest, are egde out by -exercise. If they go on still without intermission, it dryeth -vp the bodie in such sort as the sonne doth. It is good for -the head ache, it sharpneth the senses, it is enemie to -melancholie, it whetteth the stomacke being troubled with -any cold distemperature. And bycause the attemptes to -get vantage in wrastling be very eager and earnest wherwith -the whole bodie is warmed and set in a heat, it must -of force be good for the bellie, being anoyed and cumbred -with any kinde of cold. Now contrarie it is daungerous to -be delt with in agues, as to vehement and conspiring with -the quiuerer, in naturall moysture as to filling, where it -spreadeth. For the necke and iawes perillous whom it -harmes by rowgh handling, and strangleth by much ouerstraining. -For the breast and bulke not of the best, as -either bursting some conduit, or stopping some windcourse. -Weake kidneis, and wearie loynes may be but lookers vpon -wrastlers. They that be gawled or byled within, may -neither runne nor wrastle, for eagering the inward, being in -way to amendement, or in will to proue worse. If weake -legges become wrastlers, of their owne perill be it, for they -do it without warrant. The remisse kinde of vpright -wrastling, as it is a more gentle exercise, so it breadeth -much flesh, and is therfore verie commodious for such as -be vpon the recouerie after sicknesse, as a kinde of motion, -which without any danger, bringeth strength and stowtnesse. -It is freind to the head, bettereth the bulke, and -strengthened the sinewes. Thus much for wrastling, -wherin as in all other exercises, the training maister must -be both cunning to iugde of the thing: and himselfe -present to preuent harme, when the exercise is in hand.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span></p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_18">CHAPTER 18.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of fensing, or the vse of the weapon.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> vse of the weapon is allowed for an exercise, and -may stand vs at this daie now liuing, and our -posteritie in great stede, as wel as it did those -which went before vs. Who vsed it <i>warlike</i> for valiauntnesse -in armes, and actiuitie in the field, <i>gamelike</i> to winne -garlandes and prices, and to please the people in solemne -meetinges: <i>Physicklike</i> to purchace therby a good hauiour -of body and continuance of health. Herof they made -three kindes, one to fight against an aduersarie in deede, -an other against a stake or piller as a counterfet aduersarie, -the third against any thing in imagination, but nothing in -sight, which they called σκιομαχία, a fight against a shadow. -All these were practised either in armes, or vnarmed. The -armed fensing is to vehement for our trade, let them trie -it, that entend to be warriers, which shall finde it their -freinde, if they meane to follow the fielde, where, as in all -other thinges vse worketh maisterie. But we scholers -minde peace, as our muses professe that they will not -medle, nor haue to do with <i>Mars</i>. All these sortes of -fensing were vsed in the olde time, and none of them is -now to be refused, seing the same effectes remaine, both -for the health of our bodies, and the helpe of our countries. -That kinde of fensing or rather that misuse of the weapon, -which the <i>Romane</i> swordplayers vsed, to slash one an other -yea euen till they slew, the people and princes to looking -on, and deliting in the butcherie, I must needes condemne, -as an euident argument of most cruell immanitie, and -beyond all barbarous, in cold blood, to be so bloodie. For -their allegation, to harten their people against the enemie, -and not to feare woundes: no not death it selfe in the -verie deadly fight, that caryeth small countenaunce, where -the <i>Athenian</i><a id="FNanchor_20_20" href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> comes in, which in cokfights and quailefightes, -did so harten their people: bycause those birdes will fight -till they fall: without either embrewing their youth with -blood, or acquainting their citisens eyes with such sanguinarie -spectacles.</p> - -<p>A thing complained on in the time when it was vsed,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span> -euen by them which behelde it, as <i>Plinie</i><a id="FNanchor_21_21" href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> doth note: and -by the <i>Christianes</i> which abhorred it, as <i>Cypriane</i><a id="FNanchor_22_22" href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> cryeth -out of it in moe places then one. But for the credit and -countenaunce of the exercise, that was then vsed, and is -now to be continued, <i>Plato</i>,<a id="FNanchor_23_23" href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> a man whose authoritie is -sacred among Philosophers and studentes, in his dialogue -surnamed <i>Laches</i>, where he handleth the argument of -fortitude and valiantnesse, encourageth young men to -learne the vse of their weapon: as being an exercise which -needeth not to make curtsie to go with the very best and -brauest in his parish: either for trauelling or strengthening -the bodie, besides the cunning of it selfe. The profites -which health receiues by all these three kindes be these. -He that exerciseth him selfe either against an aduersarie, -or against a post or pillar as deputie to his aduersarie -heateth himselfe thoroughly, maketh way for excrementes, -prouoketh sweat, abateth the abundance of flesh, strengtheneth -his armes and shoulders, exerciseth his legges and -feet marueilously. He that fighteth against a stake stirreth -the bodie, plucketh the flesh downe, and straynes the iuyce -awaye, a peculiar freind to the armes and handes: It -refresheth the wearied sense, it setleth the roming humours, -it redresseth the fainting and trembling of the sinewes, it -deliuereth the breast from his ordinarie diseases: it is good -for the kidneyes: and the great gutte called κῶλον, it -furthereth such cariage as must be conueighed downward. -The same effects hath the fight against the shadow or the -shadowish nothing, but that it is a litle more valiant to -light vpon somwhat then to fight against nothing. But of -all these three, the exercise against an aduersarie is both -most healthfull, and most naturall to aunswere all assaies: -and specially to canuase out a coward, that will neither -defend his freinde, nor offend his foe: the cheife frute that -should follow fensing. This is the opinion of the best -writers concerning fensing, or skill how to handle the -weapon: no worse in it selfe, though it be sometimes not -worthily vsed, as it is no lesse profitable, then hath bene -said afore: though it shake and shiuer weake heades, -swimming braynes, and ill kidneys. The mo reasons any -man can bring of him selfe for any of these exercises, the -more he fortifieth my choice, which point them but out -slightly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_19">CHAPTER 19.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the Top and scourge.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">He</span> that will deny the Top to be an exercise, indifferently -capable of all distinctions in stirring, -the verie boyes will beate him, and scourge him -to, if they light on him about lent, when Tops be in time, -as euerie exercise hath his season, both in daie and yeare, -after the constitution of bodies, and quantities in measure. -Of this kinde of Top, that we vse now a dayes, both for -young and olde people, to warme them in cold weather, I -finde nothing in writing, bycause hauing no yron ringes, -nor pinnes, it can neither be the Greek κρῖκος nor τρόχος, -though the running about be bold to borrow the last name -<i>trochus</i>. For they whirled about, and along, with a marueilous -great, though a pretie noyse, and were pastimes -for men euen in the midst of sommer, when our Tops be -bestowed, and laid vp against the spring. It resembleth -the Latin <i>Turbo</i> most, and the Greeke βέμβιξ. The place -of <i>Virgil</i> in the 7. of his <i>Æneis</i>, where he compareth -<i>Amata</i> the Queene in her furie to this <i>Turbo</i> which the -boyes scourged about the wide haule: declareth both what -<i>Turbo</i> is, and whose play it was, and that it best resembleth -our Top. Of βέμβιξ there was an old Greek <i>Epigram</i>, -which maketh it either the like or the same with our Top.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Οἵδ’ ἄρ ὑπὸ σκυτάλῃσι θοὰς βέμβικας ἔχοντες,</div> - <div class="verse indent8">Ἒϛρεφον ἐυρείῃ παῖδες ἐνὶ τριόδῳ.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Which is to say, that children when they had their whirling -gigges vnder the deuotion of their scourges, caused -them to troule about the broad streates. The harme this -exercise may bring must be to the head and eyes, thorough -stouping to much forward, or to the backe and shoulders -by bending to much downwardes, otherwise it warmeth -the bodie, and worketh all the effectes, which those exercises -do that either by mouing the legges or armes most, and -with all the whole bodie in degree, enlarge and stirre the -naturall heat either to prouoke appetite, or to expel superfluities. -The more roome the Top hath to spinne in, the -better for the legges and feete, the bigger it is, the better -for the armes and handes. The vprighter one scourgeth,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> -the better for all partes, whom neither bending doth -crushe, nor moysture corrupt. It were to be wished, that it -were whipt with both the handes, in play to traine both -the armes, seing vse makes the difference, and no infirmitie -in nature. As both <i>Plato</i> wishing the same professeth it -to be most true and our experience teacheth vs, both in -left handed people, which vse but the left, and in double -right handed which vse both the handes a like, and beare -the name of the right hand as the more common in vse. -But bycause the place of <i>Plato</i> concerning the left hande -is verie pithie to this purpose though I vse not to auouch -much in the Greeke toungue, yet me thinke I maye not -ouerpasse it. In the seuenth booke of his lawes, allowing -the indifferent vse of our feete and legges, he complayneth -of to much partialitie vsed towardes the armes and handes, -in these wordes, τάγε περὶ πόδας τε καὶ τὰ κάτω -τῶν μελῶν οὐδὲν διαφέροντα πρὸς τοὺς πόνους -φαίνεται. Τὰ δὲ κατὰ χεῖρας ἀνοίᾳ τροφῶν καὶ μητέρων οἷον -χωλοὶ γεγόναμεν ἕκαστοι. τῆς φύσεως γὰρ ἑκατέρων τῶν -μελῶν σχεδὸν ἰσοῤῥοπούσης, αὐτοὶ διὰ τὰ ἤθη διάφορα αὐτὰ -πεποιήκαμεν οὔκ ὀρθῶς χρώμενοι, &c. For the performance -of any kinde of labour there is no difference, sayeth -he, in the legges, and lower partes. But for our armes, -thorough ignoraunt nurses and mothers, we be euery one -of vs halfe lamed. For wheras naturally both the armes -be almost of equall strength, thorough our owne default we -make the difference. And so he passeth on still prouing -the vnnaturall handling of the left hande, when it is left -weaker then the right hande is.</p> - -<p>These be the exercises which I terme within dores, -bycause they may be practised at home vnder couert, when -we cannot go abroad for the weather: though all may be -vsed abroad, if the roome and the weather do serue abroad. -Wherein I take it, that I haue kept <i>Galenes</i><a id="FNanchor_24_24" href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> rule in chusing -these exercises, and that they be all both pleasant, profitable -and parable, the perfect circunstances of all good and -generall exercises, not to be costly to compasse, nor -vnpleasant to loth them, nor vnprofitable to leaue them. -Those that require more libertie of roome, to raunge at -will, or to forrage in the field, be these, which I noted -before, <i>walking</i>, <i>running</i>, <i>leaping</i>, <i>swimming</i>, <i>riding</i>, <i>hunting</i>, -<i>shooting</i>, and <i>playing at the ball</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_20">CHAPTER 20.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of walking.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Among</span> those exercises which be vsed abroade, what -one deserueth to be set before walking, in the order -and place of traine: what one haue they more -neede to know, which minde, the preseruation and continuaunce -of health? what one is there, which is more -practised of all men, and at all times, then walking is? I -dare saye that there is none, whether young or olde, whether -man or woman, but accounteth it not onely the most excellent -exercise, but almost alone worthy to beare the name -of an exercise. When the weather suffereth, how emptie -are the townes and streates, how full be the fieldes and -meadowes, of all kindes of folke? which by flocking so -abroad, protest themselues to be fauourers of that they do, -and delite in for their health. If ye consider but the vse of -our legges, how necessarie they be for the performaunce of -all our doings, <i>nature</i> her selfe seemeth to haue appointed -<i>walking</i>, as the most naturall traine, that can be, to make -them discharge their duetie well. And sure if there be any -exercise, which generally can preserue health, which can -remedie weaknesse, which can purchace good hauiour, considering -it is so generall, and neither excludeth person nor -age, certainly that is <i>walking</i>. Herevpon Physicians when -they entreat of this argument, vse alwaye to giue it, the -place of preferment and birthright in this kinde. The -auncient Princes, and common weales so highly esteemed -of it, as in the places appointed for exercise, whether within -their great buildinges, or without, they seemed to minde no -one thing more: and still prouided walking roomes, to -serue for all seasons and times of the yeare, some couert -and close, some vncouert and open, some secret and hidden. -The reason why they thus regarded <i>walking</i>, was great, for -as it seemeth to be, so it is in verie deede wholly consecrate -to the vse of health.</p> - -<p>Is it euer red that the athlets or gamesters vsed walking -for an exercise: either in sportes, or in theaters, or in the -solemnising of their sacred ceremonies, whervnto they -serued? did either <i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_25_25" href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">25</a> handling this argument, or any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> -good writer else saye that walking was any waye to traine -vp soldiars withall? Onely <i>Vegetius</i><a id="FNanchor_26_26" href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> sayeth in his discourse -of warfare, that it were good for soldiars to accustome -themselues to walke quickly and proportionately, for their -better breathing: and <i>Augustus Cesar</i>, and <i>Adrian</i> the -Emperours, did ordeine by constitution, that soldiars both -horsemen and footemen should monthly be led abroad to -walke and that not only in the plaine fieldes, but in all -kindes of soile, to be able by that acquaintaunce with -groundes, to make difficultie at none. So that <i>walking</i> -seemeth to be onely institute both by nature and custome -for the vse of health: and that in the traine of health, no -one thing deserueth better place than it doth: bycause no -other thing besides health layth claime vnto it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The vse of slow walking after exercise.</div> - -<p>Herof there be two kindes, the one vsed after vehement -exercises, the other, which beareth the name of -the exercise itselfe. Concerning the former of -the two, I haue but thus much to saye: bycause -the latter is my peculiar subiect. That it commeth in place, -when other exercises are dismissed, and finished, after -purgations ministred by counsell of Physick, after great -vomiting: that it is good to refresh the wearied minde: to -alter and bring in order the spirites: to loose that which is -strayted, to scoure the chest: to make one fetch his breath -at ease: to strengthen the instrumentes of the senses, to -confirme the stomacke, to cleare and fine the bodie: and -not to suffer it after trauaile to melt or decaie, but to purge -and cleanse it: and that, which is of most account, to -dissolue and bannish awaye all affections that procure any -feeling of weariesomnes, or disturbaunce to the bodie.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The three principall kindes of walking.</div> - -<p>The second kinde of <i>walking</i> hath three sortes vnder him. -Wherof the first beareth his name of the kinde -of motion, how: The second of the place, where: -The thrid of the time, when the walking is vsed. -Which three also haue particular braunches vnder eche of -them, as hereafter shall appeare.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Walking which is named after ye time of mouing.</div> - -<p><i>Walkinges</i> which take their names of the -motion now, be either swift or slow, vehement -or gentle, much or litle, moderate, or sore, long -and outright, or short and turning: now bearing -vpon the whole feete, now vpon the toes, now vpon the -heeles.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Moderate walking.</div> - -<p>Of all these diuersities in <i>walking</i> the moderate -is most profitable, which alone of all, that I -rekened, hath no point either of to much, or of -to litle, and yet it is both much, and strayning, which be -the two properties of an healthfull walke. It is good for -the head, the eyes, the throte, the chest, when they be out -of frame: so the partie spit not blood. For distilling -from the head, for difficultie of breath, for a moyste and -pained stomacke, wherin the nurriture either groweth bitter -or corrupteth: for the iaundise, costifnesse, fleeting of the -meat in the stomacke, stopping of the vrine, ache of the -hippes, and generally for all such, as either neede to prouoke -any superfluitie from the vpper partes downward, or to send -that packing, which is already in waye to depart. Now to -the contrarie it is naught for agues, bycause it encreaseth -heat, and so consequently the disease: for the falling euill, -for hauking vp of blood: and in the time when one is -making water.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Swift and quick walking.</div> - -<p>Swift <i>walking</i> doth heat sore and abateth the -flesh, whervpon to ease the colicke, and to take -awaie grossenesse, it is accounted a verie good -meane.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Slow walking.</div> - -<p>Slow <i>walking</i> hath the same effectes, that the -apotherapeutike hath. And therfore it is good -for sickly weake olde men, and those which delite in, or -neede walking after meate, to setle it better in the bottome -of their stomacke: or that be newly awaked from sleepe, or -that prepare themselues to some greater exercise, or that -feele any ache in any part, or that haue drie bodies. When -one hath the head ache it is good to walke first slowly, and -after a while a litle faster, and stronger, strutting out the -legges. Slow <i>walking</i> is also good against the falling sicknesse: -bycause without any shaking to the head, it fetcheth -the humours downward, where it thinneth and disperseth -them, and warmes the whole bodie, without endammaging -it. Finally in quartane agues, when the fit is past, in -leprosies, for tetters, ringewormes, cankars, and to procure -easie fetching of ones breath, it is verie soueraine.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Vehement and to sore.</div> - -<p>Vehement or to sore and to eager <i>walking</i>, is -best for cold folkes, and therfore good to driue -away trembling or quaking, it encreaseth puffing -and blowing, and yet dissolueth, and disperseth winde. -But it is ill for weake heades and feete, and such as are in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span> -daunger of the gout. For both the gout and the hippe -ache do oftimes come of to much and to sore walking. As -to the contrarie gentle walking vpon soft straw, or grasse, -or vpon euen ground is good for any gout or inward exulceration, -before meat, but not after. For wearinesse is their -principall enemie: which heateth and enflameth their iointes -to sore: and thereby causeth them to draw stil more matter -from the partes further of, to feede their continuall fluxe.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Much and oft.</div> - -<p>Much and oft <i>walking</i> is good for them that -haue a distempered bulk or head: that perceiue -small nurriture in their lower partes, that in their exercises -neede more vehement stirring.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Litle and seldome.</div> - -<p>Litle <i>walking</i> is good for them, that vse no -bathing or washing after exercise, which must -needes walke after meate, to send it downe, to -the bottom of their stomacke, and for those which finde -some heauinesse in their bodies.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Long and outright.</div> - -<p>Long and outright <i>walking</i> is nothing so -troublesome as the short, that maketh many -turnes. It is good for the head, and yet it -sucketh vp humours, and dryeth to fast.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Long and quicke.</div> - -<p>Long and quicke <i>walking</i> is goode to staye the hikup -or yeaxing.</p> - -<p>Short and soone <i>turning</i> wearyeth sooner: -and troubleth the head sorer.</p> - -<p>Circular or <i>walking</i> round about maketh one disie, and -hurteth the eyes.</p> - -<p>In <i>walking</i> to strout the legges, and beare vpon the heeles, -is verie good for an ill head, a moyst bulke, a strayned bellie, -and for such of the lower partes, as prosper not, yea, though -the partie feede well: and generally for all those, in whome -superfluities steeme vpward.</p> - -<p>To beare vpon the toes hath bene proued good for ill -eyes, and to staye loose bellies.</p> - -<p>Bearing vpon the whole feete is alwaye incident to some -of the other kindes, and therefore ioyneth with eche of them -in effectes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Walking which is named -after the place.</div> - -<p><i>Walking</i> which taketh the name after the -place, is either on hilles and high groundes, or -in valleies and lowe groundes: againe the lowe -ground is, either euen, or vneuen: either vnder couert, or -abroad: in the sunne, or in the shade. When one walketh -vp against the hill, the bodie is marueilously wearied,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> -bycause all the sway and poize of it presseth downe those -partes, which are first moued. And for all that such motions -be heauie and slow, yet they cause one sweat sooner and -sorer, and staye the breath more, then the <i>walking</i> downhill -doeth: bycause heauie thinges bearing naturally downward, -are forced vpward against nature. Whervpon heat which -beareth the bodie vp, as in comming downe it trauelleth not -of his owne nature, so preasing vpward it is burthened with -the bodie, whereby it both encreaseth it selfe, prouoketh -sweat, and stayeth the breath. This kinde of walke afore -meate is good for the bulke, which hath not his breath at -commandement. <i>Demosthenes</i><a id="FNanchor_27_27" href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> strengthened his voice by -it, pronouncing his orations alowd, as he walked vp against -the hill, whereby he gat the benefit of breathing, to deliuer -his long periodes, without paine to himselfe, or breach to -his sentence. The knees are most toiled in this kinde of -walking, being forced backward contrarie to their nature, -and therfore to their griefe.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Walking downhill.</div> - -<p><i>Walking</i> downhill draweth superfluity from -the head more than the other doeth: but withall -it is enemy to feeble thighes, bycause they both -moue the legges, and support all the whole weight of the -bodie aboue. The change and varietie of the motion causeth -that kinde of walking to be best liked, which is sometime -vphill, sometime downhill.</p> - -<p>When ye walke vpon euen or vneuen ground, ye walke -either in medowes or grassie places, or in rowgh and brambly, -or in sandie and soft. If ye walke in a medow, it is without -all contradiction most for pleasure, bycause nothing there -anoyeth, nothing offendeth the sense, and the head is fed -both with varietie of sweet odours, and with the moysture -of such humour, as the medow yeeldeth.</p> - -<p>Rough, brambly, and bushy groundes stuffe the head.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Walking vpon sande.</div> - -<p>Sandie, and cheifly if it be any thing deepe, -bycause the walking in it stirreth sore, confirmeth -and strengtheneth all the partes of the bodie: -and fetcheth superfluities mightily downward. This was -one of <i>Augustus Cæsars</i> remedies, as <i>Suetonius</i><a id="FNanchor_28_28" href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> writeth, to -helpe his haulting and weake legges. For to cleare the -vpper partes of that which cloyeth them, there is nothing -better then to trauell in deepe sande.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Walking in a close gallerie.</div> - -<p><i>Walking</i> in a close gallerie is not so good, -bycause the ayre there is not so fresh, free, and -open, but pent, close, and grosse: and therfore -stuffeth the bodie, onelesse the gallerie be in the vppermost -buildinges of the house, where neither any vapour from the -ground can come: and the ayre that commeth is pure and -cleare.</p> - -<p>The close <i>walkes</i>, which were called <i>cryptoporticus</i> were -not of choice but of necessitie, when extremitie of weather -would not let them walke abroad.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Walking in an open place.</div> - -<p><i>Walking</i> in an open place, and cheifly -greene, is much better and more wholesome, -then vnder any couert. First of all for the eyes, -bycause a fine and subtile ayre comming from the greene -to the bodie, which is more penetrable bycause of stirring, -scourreth awaye all grosse humours from the eyes, and so -leaueth the sight fine and cleare. Further, bycause the -bodie in walking waxeth hoat, the aire sucketh humours -out of it, and disperseth whatsoeuer is in it more then it can -well beare.</p> - -<p>Now in <i>walking</i> abroad there is consideration to be had -to the soile. For <i>walking</i> by the sea side ye thinne and -drie vp grosse humours, by riuers and standing waters ye -moyst. Howbeit both these two last be naught, and -specially standing waters. Walking not neare any water, -as it is not so good as the walke by the sea, so it is much -better, then walking neare any other water. Walking in -the dew moystes and harmes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">It is good to walke where birdes haunt.</div> - -<p>If ye <i>walke</i> in a place where birdes haunt, it -is of great efficacie to cleare by the breath, and -to disburden the bodie so, as if ye did walke in -some higher ground. If there be no winde where ye walke, -it cleareth by breath, it disperseth excrements, it slakes and -nippes not, and is good for colicks that come of a cold cause. -If there be winde, the <i>Northern</i> causeth coughing, hurtes -the bulke, and yet confirmes the strength, soundes the -senses, and strengthens the weake stomacke. The <i>Southwinde</i> -filles the head, dulles the instrumentes of sense, yet -it looseth the bellie, and is good to dissolue. The <i>Westwinde</i> -passeth all the rest, both for mildenesse and wholesomnesse. -The <i>Eastwinde</i> is hurtefull and nippes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">It is better to walke in the shade then in -the sunne.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Daungerous walking vnder dewy trees.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">What effecte the faire and cleare -aire hath.</div> - -<p>It is better <i>walking</i> in the shade then in the -sunne: as it is naught for the headache to walke<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> -either in the cold or in the heat. And yet it is -beter to walke in the sunne, then to stend in it, -and better to walke fast, then slowly. Of all shades, those -be the best which be vnder walles or in herboures. It is -verie daungerous <i>walking</i> neare vnto dewye -trees, for feare of infection by the sappie dew: -bycause dew in generall is not so wholesome, it -abateth the flesh, as wymen that gather it vp with wooll or -linnen clothes for some purposes do continually trye. Now -if the dew come of any vnwholesome matter, what may it -proue to? The best <i>walking</i> in shadowes simply is vnder -myrtle and baye trees, or among quicke and sweet smelling -herbes, as wilde basell, penyroyall, thyme, and mynt, which -if they be wild and of their owne growing be better to wholesome -the soile, then any that be set by hande: but if the -better cannot be, the meaner must serue. Againe -in this kinde of <i>walke</i> the faire and cleare -aire lighteneth, scoureth, fineth, procureth good -breathing, and easie mouing. Darke and cloudie aire -heauyeth, scoureth not by breath, and stuffeth the head.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Walking which taketh his name after the time.</div> - -<p><i>Walking</i> which is termed after the time, is -either in winter or summer: in the morning or -in the euening, before meat or after. The most -of these differencies will appeare then playnest, when the -time for all exercises is generally appointed, in consideration -of circunstance, as shall be declared vnder the title of time. -In the meane while <i>walking</i> whether in the morning or -euening, ought still to go before meat.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The good of ye morning walk.</div> - -<p>The <i>morning walke</i> looseth the belly, dispatcheth -sluggishnes, which comes by sleep, -thinneth the spirits, encreaseth heat, and prouoketh -appetite. It is good for moyst constitutions, it -nimbleth and quickneth the head, and all the partes in it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The good and ill of the euening walk.</div> - -<p>The <i>euening walke</i> is a preparatiue to sleepe, -it disperseth inflations, and yet it is ill for a -weake head. Walking after meat is not good -but only for such as are vsed vnto it. Yet euen they maye -not vse it to much. It is good also for them, which otherwise -cannot cause their meat go downe to the bottome of -their stomacke.</p> - -<p>And thus much for <i>walking</i>, both regarding the manner -of the motion, the place where, and the time when. Which -circunstances though they be many and diuers: yet to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> -purchase the commodities, which walking is confessed to be -very full of, they must needes be cared for: considering -our whole life is so delt with, as if we hastened on death, -against the which, this exercise may be rightly termed an -antidote, or counterreceit.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_21">CHAPTER 21.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of running.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> manifest seruices which we receiue by our legges -and feete, in <i>warre</i> for glorie, to pursue or saue, in -<i>game</i> for pleasure to winne and weare, in <i>Physick</i> -for health to preserue and heale, do giue parentes to vnderstand, -that they do suffer their children to be more then -halfe maymed, if they traine them not vp in their youth to -the vse and exercise therof. To polishe out this point with -those effectuall reasons, which auaunce and set forth nature, -when she sayeth in plaine termes, that she meanes to do -good: or with those argumentes, wherwith the best authors -do amplifie such places, when they finde nature so freindly -and forward, (as the anatomistes which suruey the workmanship -of our bodie, and histories, which note the effectes -of swiftnesse, do wonder at nature, and wish exercise to -helpe her, for that which they see) were to me nothing -needefull, considering my ende is not the praise, but the -practise of that which is praiseworthy: neither to tell you, -what <i>Alexander</i> the <i>Macedonian</i>, nor what <i>Papyrius</i> the -<i>Romain</i> did by swifte foote, nor that <i>Homere</i> gaue <i>Achilles</i> -his epithete of his footmanship, but to tell you that <i>running</i> -is an exercise for health, which if reason cannot winne, -wherof euery one can iudge, sure historie will not, where the -authors credit may be called in question as to much fauoring -the partie whom he praiseth, wherefore I will leaue of all -manner of by ornamentes, wherwith such as be in loue with -running do vse, to set it forth, and directly fall to the seuerall -kindes there of which differ one from an other, both in the -mouing it selfe, and also in the manner of the mouing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> -whervpon the effectes, which follow must needes proue -diuers according to that diuersitie. Running of it selfe is -helde by the Physicians generally to be a swift exercise -which needeth neither much strength, nor great violence, -and in what sorte so euer it is vsed, it is ill for agues.</p> - -<p>1. The first kinde of <i>running</i> which beareth his name of -the verie motion vehement swift, and withall outright, hindereth -health, rather then helpeth it: and if it helpe it any -waye, it is in that it abateth the fleshinesse, and corpulence -of the body: which if it chaunce to be moyst, swift running -will empty it of humours, and stay it also quickly. It hath -bene found so wholesome in some diseases of the splene or -mylt, as <i>Ætius</i> a learned Physician writeth, that he knew -some which by walking and running onely were deliuered -from all greife and peine there. But it is verie vnwholesome -for such as haue ill heades. Whervpon <i>Aristotle</i><a id="FNanchor_29_29" href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> in -his Problemes, asking the question why running which is -thought to driue all excrementes downward, if it be vehement -and swift should be offensiue to the head, not in men and -wymen alone, but also in beastes, aunswereth thus: that the -swift motion, bycause it strayneth the strength, and stayeth -the breath, heates the head with all, and swelles the veines -therein: so that they draw vnto them forreine meane as cold -or heat: and besides that, it enforceth what so euer is in the -breast to ascend vpwarde, whereby the head cannot chuse -but ake, which is the cause, that swift running is naught for -the falling euill. <i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_30_30" href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> thinketh so basely of this kinde -of running, as he termeth it, a thing both an enemie to -health, to great a thinner of the whole bodie, and such a -one, as hath no manner of manly exercise in it. Besides -this, it putteth him which runneth so vehemently in daunger -of some great conuulsion, if he fortune to encounter any -violent stop by the way.</p> - -<p>2. The second kinde of <i>running</i> which taketh his name -of the gentle and moderate mouing, warmes the body very -well, strengthens the naturall actions, prouokes appetite, -helpes and turnes rewmes, and catarres, some other waye. -And therfore it is commended for a remedie against the -swiming of the head, against the drie cough, if ye holde -your breath withall, against exulcerations in the inner side -of the iawes, and the distortion or writhing of the mouth, -which the Greekes call κυνικὸν σπὰσμα. For though at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span> -first it seeme to prouoke defluxions and distilling of humours, -yet within a small time it stayeth them: and therfore it is -thought to be good for those, which are pained with the -<i>Ischiatica</i>, which haue much a do to stirre their legges at -the first, but after that they haue runne a while, they be so -nimble and quicke, as if they had neuer felt any paine in -those partes. It strengtheneth the stomacke mightely, and -deliuereth the bellie from winde, and cold passions: whereby -it is thought, and that not without great cause to be verie -good for the colike and dropsie: it delayeth the swelling of -the milt. For the gnawing of the guttes, and some diseases -of the kidneis it is exceeding good, so the kidneies be not -either presently, or haue not bene of late, subiect to some -exulceration. To saye that it is wholesome for the legges -and feete, were to make a doubt, where none can be, considering -<i>running</i> is their proper and peculiar action. This -exercise for all that it is such a freind to health: yet bringes -with it some inconueniences: for it is verie laborious: it -cooleth the flesh and furthereth not the feeding. And as -naturally of it selfe, it breadeth no great harme, so if it -meete with an ill head, or a weake bulke, or burning and -hoat vrine, it helpes to draw on diuers diseases. He that -hath any rupture in the twiste, or els where, must forbeare -running, as those also, which haue infected liuers or gauled -kidneies. If the chased deare could speake, he would desire -the hunter to giue him leaue to pisse, when he pursueth him -sorest, and that for but so litle respite, he would shew him -a great deale more pastime: but the hunter which knoweth -well that the skalding vrine will not let him runne long, wil -not lend him that leasure: bycause he careth more for the -frute of his owne praie, then the effect of the deares prayer. -All the other kindes of <i>running</i> which follow, take their -names of the manner of their mouing, wherof the first is the -long outright running, which if it continue on gently though -long, it warmeth the flesh, and makes it plumpe, and is verie -good, for great feeders, though it make the bodie slow and -grosse. <i>Running</i> streight backward, and withall not hastily, -is good for the head, the eyes, the streatchers, the stomacke -and the loynes. <i>Running</i> round about, thinnes the flesh -and streaches it, but cheifly the belly, and bycause of the -quicke motion, it gathereth moysture quickly. And therefore -<i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_31_31" href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> wisheth them to vse it, which dreame of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> -blacke starres, as the fore warning of some forreine disease. -It troubleth the head and makes it dizie: it marreth both -the bulke and the legges, and therefore would be left. He -that runnes vphill straynes him selfe sore, and doth neither -his bulke nor his legges any great good. He that runnes -downhill makes his head giddy, shakes all within him, and -tries the weaknesse, or strength of his hippes. He that runneth -in his clothes sweateth sore, and warmes his flesh more: -and therefore it is good for them, that haue the head ache -to runne so: and those that haue somewhat to do, to fetch -their breath. He that runneth out of his clothes single or -naked, sweateth much, which is much more healthful how -litle so euer it be, then much more, with the clothes on. -<i>Hyppocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_32_32" href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> likes running generally more in winter then -sommer. <i>Oribasius</i><a id="FNanchor_33_33" href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> in both, yea though sommer be in his -prime and cheife heat. The resolution is, when most sweating -is best, which <i>Artistotle</i> sayeth is in sommer.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_22">CHAPTER 22.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of leaping.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap"><i>Leaping</i></span> should seeme to be somewhat naturall, and -chearfull, bycause at any pleasant or ioyefull newes, -not onely the hart will leape for ioye, but also the body it -selfe will spring liuely, to declare his consent, with the -delited minde, and that not in young folkes alone, but also -in the elder, whom we commonly say that no ground can -hold: so that leaping seemes to stand the body in such a -steade for vttering of ioy, as the tongue serues the minde to -deliuer her delite by speche with laughter. The cattell and -brute beastes bewraie their contentment, and well liking, -by the selfe same meanes, leaping and galloping of them -selues in their pasture when they be lustily disposed and in -good health. Though in training of the bodie by waye of -exercise, there be not so much regard had to the mirth of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> -the minde, as to the motion of the bodie: and yet being an -exercise it may not be vnpleasant. In which kinde it is -noted to be vehement, wherein both strength is vsed to -make the body spring, and swiftnesse to make it nimble: -being naturally an interrupted race, as running is a continued -leape. It serued the olde world in <i>game</i> for brauerie, and -shew of actiuitie: in <i>warfare</i> to skip ouer diches and hard -passages, in <i>Physicke</i> for an exercise of health, whereby it -became more stately and imperiall, bycause the first famous -Romain Emperor <i>Augustus Cæsar</i>,<a id="FNanchor_34_34" href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">34</a> being troubled with the -<i>Ischiatica</i> and stone in his bladder, and also hauing some -weaknesse in his left legge and feet, vsed this running leape, -or leaping race to helpe himselfe thereby. There be diuers -kindes of leaping wherof I will tuch the most likely.</p> - -<p>1. <i>Leaping</i> and springing without intermission is good to -encrease the naturall heat, to helpe digestion, to dispatche -raw humours, though afterward it anoie the head and brest, -bycause it shaketh the head verie vehemently: and by -reason of much bending and so pressing the backe, it oftimes -breaketh some canall in the breast or lungues. 2. To <i>leape</i> -running is good for such diseases of the head, as haue -troubled it long. It helpeth the bulke, bycause it vseth no -violent bending, nor pressing of the bodie, it fetcheth downe -such needeles fumes, as otherwise would haue ben aspiring -vpward: it chearisheth weake legges: which prosper not by -nurriture, thorough some trembling and benummed flesh. -3. <i>Leaping</i> as we do commonly call it and vse it, doth driue -idle superfluities downward thoroghly, but bycause it shaketh -the bulke to sore, both by to violent mouing and to forcible -strayning, it is not good for it: though it shew a verie -deliuer and an actiue bodie: both to stirre and to do anything -else. It driueth also the stone from the kidneies into -the bladder: yet it hurteth the knees by reason of violent -and continuall bending them. The <i>Lacedemonian</i> wymen, -whose picture <i>Callimachus</i> the painter, for his foolish curiosity -named κακοχειρότεχνος, as <i>Plinie</i><a id="FNanchor_35_35" href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> reporteth, vsed to leape -so, as their heeles did hitte their hippes, which manner of -leaping doth both purge and drie. But me thinke I here -some gentlewymen saye, fye vpon them <i>Rigs</i>. Not so. -The lawes and custome of their countrey did allow, nay did -commaunde them to runne, to leape, to wrastle, and to do -all such exercises, both as well, as men, and also with men.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> -Their reason -was. They did thinke the childe lame of the one side, whose mother -was delicate, daintie, tender, neuer stirring, neuer exercising, not -withstanding, the father were neuer so naturally strong, neuer so -artificially trained. And to preuent that infirmitie in their owne -youth, they exercised their wymen also, no lesse then their men. As -_Plato_<a id="FNanchor_36_36" href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> wisheth his people in his common weale, which he patterneth -for the best. _Skipping_ againe the banck, as it helpeth the hippes, -so it hurteth the breast: and the same downhill cleareth the head from -superfluities, which it fetcheth downward: It strengtheneth the legges, -but it shaketh the bowelles to sore, which is very dangerous, for -ruptures anywhere: for the crooked swelling veines in the legge: for -all gouttes: for all those, in whom the humours vpon any small occasion -will fall downe to the feete: and cause them to swell.<a id="FNanchor_37_37" href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> Further in -cases where it were good to let blood or to purge, if either yeares or -some other impediment wil admit neither, to auoide superfluous humours, -_leaping_ will supply the roome. As it is verie ill for those which -pisse blood: or be in a flixe: or haue weake or ouerheated kidneies: -or that haue at that time, or not long before had, some gaule or -exulceration in the kidneies. And yet though the kidneies be sound, -eaping will sometime loose a veine. Eche kinde of _leaping_ is better -accomplished by holding of some weight in the hand for steddinesse, -then with the hand emptie and without his ballace.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_23">CHAPTER 23.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of swimming.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">In</span> the old time, when they would point at a fellow, in -whom there was nothing to be made account of, they -were wont to saye, he neither knoweth letter on the -booke, nor yet how to <i>swimme</i>: wherby it appeareth that -<i>swimming</i>, was both in great vse, and of great price in those -daies, which either first brought forth that byword or afterward -maintained it, seing he was helde for no bodie that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> -could not, or but for a dastard which would not learne the -sleight to <i>swimme</i>. The traine came bycause it was then -best to learne, when the iointes were most pliable, and yet -strong withall. The ende was either to saue themselues in -fightes by sea, or in flightes by lande, where they were to -passe riuers, or to assaile enemies by water, or for other -such seruices: as what if <i>Leander</i> say it serues for loue, and -bring both <i>Hero</i> to witnesse, which was partaker of the euill, -and <i>Musæus</i> the Poete, which described their misfortune? -Which considerations may recommende <i>swimming</i> to vs -also: who may stand in neede of it, vpon the same causes, -and in the like euentes that they did. But bycause it is so -necessarie, it would not be vncurteously entertained, and -therefore regard must be had in what water ye swimme, for -if ye swimme in springes which are naturally hoat, it is -stuffing, and yet good for the palsie, so he that swimmeth -do vse bladders, to ease him selfe withall: and lighten his -labour. To <i>swimme</i> in marsh waters, and pooles, infecteth -both the head and all the residue of the bodie, bycause -rotten, and corrupt vapours, enter the pores of the bodie, -together with the moysture. It is reasonable good <i>swimming</i> -in lakes and standing meres, which the larger they be and -the clearer, the more commodious and wholesome to swimme -in. But no kinde of fresh water is so good to swimme in, -as the running riuer is, chiefly for them, which be in health, -to whom besides many other commodities, it serueth for a -preparative to sleepe. Yet it is not good abiding long in -any fresh water, for feare of perishing the sinues both with -cold and moysture, whose issues be the crampe, and the -swimmers daunger. But nothing at all, be it neuer so good -for health, be it neuer so defensible to saue, can be gotten -without perill in prouing. And why should <i>swimming</i> -dreame of securitie, and neuer thinke to drowne? Doth it -not deale with water, where there is no warrant, but wisedome -to forsee? pointe the place, pointe the fight, pointe -the daunger and a pointe for daunger: but where you cannot -appointe the particularitie, ye cannot warrant the perill. -<i>Cocles</i>,<a id="FNanchor_38_38" href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> scaped, it was in a small riuer, and reskue at hand. -<i>Scœna</i> the centurion scaped, he was neare both shippe and -shoar. Nay <i>Cæsar</i><a id="FNanchor_39_39" href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">39</a> himselfe saued him selfe from drowning, -and helde his lettres vp drie in the one hand. A signe of -courage and cunning as that man had enough; but his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span> -shippes were at hand, and it is not writen, that either he -swamme alone, or any long waye. But of all daungers to -drowne, there is least in the sea, where the swimming is -best: for the salt water as it is thicker then the fresh, so it -beareth vp the bodie better, that it may fleet with lesse -labour. The <i>swimming</i> in salt water is very good to remoue -the headache, to open the stuffed nosethrilles, and therby -to helpe the smelling. It is a good remedie for dropsies, -scabbes, and scurfes, small pockes, leprosies, falling awaye -of either legge, or any other parte: for such as prosper not -so, as they would, though they eate as they wishe, for ill -stomackes, liuers, miltes, and corrupt constitutions. Yet all -<i>swimming</i> must needes be ill for the head, considering the -continuall exhalation, which ascendeth still from the water -into the head. <i>Swimming</i> in hoat waters softeneth that -which is hardened, warmeth that which is cooled, nimbleth -the iointes which are benummed, thinneth the skinne, which -is thickned, and yet it troubleth the head, weakneth the -bodie, disperseth humours, but dissolueth them not. <i>Swimming</i> -in cold water doth strengthen the naturall heat, bycause -it beates it in: it maketh verie good and quick -digestion: it breaketh superfluous humours, it warmeth the -inward partes, yet long tarying in it hurtes the sineues, and -takes awaye the hearing. Thus much concerning <i>swimming</i>, -which can neither do children harme in learning, if the -maister be wise, nor the common weale but good, being -once learned, if either priuate daunger or publike attempt -do bid them auenture. For he that oweth a life to his -countrey, if he die on lande, he doeth his duetie, and if he -drowne in water, his duetie is not drowned.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_24">CHAPTER 24.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of riding.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">If</span> any wilbe so wilful as to denie <i>Riding</i> to be an exercise -and that a great one, and fittest also for greatest personages, -set him either vpon a trotting iade to iounce -him thoroughly or vpon a lame hakney to make him exer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span>cise -his feete, when his courser failes him. In all times, in -all countries, among all degrees of people, it hath euer bene -taken, for a great, a worthy, and a gentlemanly exercise. -Though <i>Aristophanes</i> his testimonie, were naught against -honest <i>Socrates</i>, yet it is good to proue, that riding was a -gentlemanly traine, euen among the principles of education -in Athens. And <i>Virgile</i> in the legacie sent to <i>Latinus</i>, -describeth the same traine in the Romain children, which, -sayeth he, exercised themselues on horsebacke before the -towne. And <i>Horace</i> accuseth the young gentleman in his -time as not able to hange on a horse. But to deale with -stories, either Greeke, or Latin, for the Romain or other -nations exercise in riding in a matter of such store, were -more then needeles. The <i>Romains</i> had their whole citie -diuided into partialities, by reason of the foure factions of -those exercising horsemen. Who of the foure colours, which -they vsed, Russet, White, Greene, and Blew, were named -<i>Russati</i>, <i>Albati</i>, <i>Prasini</i>, <i>Veneti</i>.<a id="FNanchor_40_40" href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> For the warres how great -a traine riding is, I would no countrey had tried, nor had -cause to complaine, nor the subdued people to be sorofull, -though the conquerour do vant himselfe, of his valiantnesse -on horsebacke. For health it must needes be of some great -moment, or els why do the Physicians seeme to make so -much of it? They saye that generally it encreaseth naturall -heat, and that it purgeth superfluities, as that to the contrarie -it is naught for any sicke bodie, or that hath taken -Physicke hard before, or that is troubled with infection or -inflammation of the kidneies. They vse to deuide it into -fiue kindes, <i>Slow</i>, <i>quicke</i>, <i>trotting</i>, <i>ambling</i>, and <i>posting</i>.</p> - -<p>1. Of <i>Slow riding</i> they write that it wearieth the grines -very sore, that it hurteth the buttokes, and legges, by hanging -downe to long, and yet it heateth not much: that it -hindreth getting of children, and breadeth aches and lamenesse.</p> - -<p>2. Of <i>quicke riding</i> they saye, that of all exercises it -shaketh the bodie most, and that yet it is good for the head -ache, comming of a cold cause: for the falling euill, for -deafnesse, for the stomack, for yeaxing or hikup, for clearing -and quickning the instrumentes of sense: for dropsies: for -thickning of thinne shankes: which was found true in -<i>Germanicus Cæsar</i><a id="FNanchor_41_41" href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> nephew to <i>Tiberius</i> the Emperour, which<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -so helped his spindle shankes. Againe quick riding is -naught for the bulke: for a weake bladder, which must -forebeare all exercises, when it hath any exulceration: for -the <i>Ischiatica</i>, bycause the hippes are to much heated and -weakned, by the vehementnesse of the motion. Whervpon -the humours, which are styrred rest there: and either breede -new or augment olde aches.</p> - -<p>Of <i>trotting</i>, it is said euen as we see, that it shaketh the -bodie to violently, that it causeth and encreaseth marueilous -aches, that it offendes the head, the necke, the shoulders, -the hippes, and disquieteth all the entrailes beyond all -measure. And though it may somewhat helpe the digestion -of meate, and raw humours, loose the belly, prouoke -vrine, driue the stone or grauell from the kidneyes downward, -yet it is better forborne for greater euilles, then borne with -for some sorie small good.</p> - -<p><i>Ambling</i> as it exerciseth least, so it anoyeth least, and -yet looseth it the bellie.</p> - -<p>As for <i>posting</i>, though it come last in reading, it will be -first in riding, though for making such hast, it harme eche -part of the bodie, and specially the bulke, the lungues, the -bowells generally, the kidneyes: as what doth it not allway -anoy, and oftimes either breake or put out of ioynte by -falles or straynes? It warmes and paires the body to sore, -and therfore abateth grossenes, though a grosse man be ill -either to ride post himselfe, or for a iade to beare. It -infecteth the head, it dulleth the senses, and especially the -sight: euen til it make his eyes that posteth to run with -water, not to remember the death of his friendes, but to -thinke how sore his saddle shakes him, and the ayer bites -him.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_25">CHAPTER 25.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of hunting.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap"><i>Hvnting</i></span> is a copious argument, for a poeticall humour -to discours of, whether in verse, with <i>Homer</i>, or in -prose, with <i>Heliodorus</i>. <i>Dian</i> would be alleged, as so -auoyding <i>Cupide</i>. <i>Hippolytus</i>, would be vsed in commenda<span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span>tion -of continence, and what would not poetrie bring in to -auaunce it, whose musicke being solitarie and woddishe, -must needes be, nay is very well acquainted with the chace. -If poets should faint, the <i>Persians</i> would fight, both for -riding and hunting: so that if patrocinie were in question, -we neede not to enquire, they would offer them selues, from -all countries, and of all languages. But we need not either -for praise, or for prose, to vse forraine aduocats. For hunting -hath alway caried a great credit, both for exercising the -bodie, and deliting the mynde, as it semes to be verie -naturall, because it seeketh to maister, and to take beastes, -and byrdes, which are naturally appointed for mans vse, -and therefore though they be taken and killed, there is no -wrong done them. The courteous <i>Xenophon</i><a id="FNanchor_42_42" href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> as delited -himselfe therein, and all the auncient writers, as subscribing -to a truth, commend it marueilously, and chiefly, for a -proper elementarie to warlike vses, and <i>Mars</i> his schoole, -whether for valiauntnes or for pollicy, because the resemblaunces -of the chiefe warlike executions do fall out in -hunting, as the qualitie or courage of the game offereth -cause, either to vse force and manhoode, or to flie to deuise -and sutteltie.</p> - -<p>The <i>Romain Emperours</i> did exhibit publike hunting vnto -the whole people in way of pastime and pleasure. The -<i>Physicians</i> make much of it: as being an exercise, which -containeth vnder it most of the other stirring exercises, for -they that hunt, walke, runne, leape, shout, hallow, ride, and -what may they not do, hauing the whole country for roome, -and the whole day for time, to do in what they list? And -though <i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_43_43" href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> do restraine it to men of great abilitie, as if -hunting were not for euery man to vse, which is one of the -markes, whereby to know the best exercises, that they be -parable, and purchaceable euen to meane purses: yet we -see it in common to most, where restraint by law doth not -forbid it. Neither is the charge in respect of the exercise, -but in respect of the game, whereon the exercise is employed. -To hunt a hare, and course a hart, to chase a bucke, and -chase a bore is not all one, neither for prouision, nor for -perill though the exercise haue small oddes, which being -compounded of those exercises that I named, must nedes -haue the same effectes, that those exercises haue besides -his owne. To warme the bodie very well, to disperse super<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span>fluites, -to abate flesh, to lessen ouerflowing moysture, to -make one sleepe soundly, to digest meat, and raw humors, -to quicken both the sight and the hearing, to keepe of old -age, and finally to make the body most healthfull, and the -health most lasting.</p> - -<p><i>Rases</i><a id="FNanchor_44_44" href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> a notable Arabicke Physician, writeth that in a -great plague there remained almost none aliue in a certaine -towne, saue hunters only, which escaped by reason of their -preseruing exercise. And <i>Mitbridates</i> that famous king -vsed hunting so much for his healthes sake, as in seuen -yeares space, it is written that he neuer came within house, -neither in citie nor countrie. And yet hunting is not good -for the head, when it is vsed with vehemence, as no other -vehement exercise is.</p> - -<p>There be but two kindes of <i>Hunting</i> to my purpose, the -one on horsebacke, the other one foote.</p> - -<p>1. They that <i>Hunt</i> on horsebake, for so much as they -sometime gallop, sometime ride fast, sometime hallow, sometime -be stil, and varie so in most actions, seeme to trauel -euery part of their body, and therefore it is thought, that -thereby the brest, the stomacke, the entrailes, the backe and -legges be strengthened: but it is ill for them, which are -troubled with any paine in their head, and daungerous for -feare of breaking some veine in the breast: for the stone in -the kidneyes, for those that be of hoate constitution of -body: for weake bellicawles, and for feare of ruptures, because -such thinges fall out oftentimes in hunting on horsebacke: -not without losse sometime of life.</p> - -<p>2. <i>Hunting</i> on foote, hath all the commodities, and incommodities -to, that hunting on horsebacke hath, sauing -the daunger whereunto it is not so much subiecte. And -yet the trauell of the bodie is more, the body hoater, the -legges and feete more strengthened, the appetite to meat -more, to make children lesse. Neither of then is good but -for strong and healthful bodies, neither can hunting be but -harmefull vnto them, which vse it vnaduisedly, without -consideration how they runne, by way of pleasure and -ordinarie exercise, or at the suddaine of a head, for by -tarying abroade all day, and feeding so vncertainely, and -so vnseasonably, there come sundrie inconueniences.</p> - -<p>But of all <i>Hunting</i> that is still best, wherein we exercise -our selues and our owne bodies most, not our hauks of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span> -howndes, because exercises be meanes to make men healthfull, -and other thinges be meanes to bring that meane about. -Such a kinde of hunting was it which <i>Chiron</i>, <i>Machaan</i>, -<i>Podalyrius</i>, <i>Æsculapius</i>, the parentes and patrones of physike -did vse, whose delite thererin, is our warrant in choyce, -bycause they being so great physicians, as physicke went -then in <i>Platoes</i> opinion, did trie that in their owne persons, -which they deliuered to posteritie for the same vse.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_26">CHAPTER 26.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of shooting.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> physicians seeme to commend shooting for the -vse of health sufficiently, in that they make <i>Apollo</i> -and <i>Æsculapius</i> the presidentes and protectors of -<i>Archerie</i>, which both be the greatest gods, and chiefest -patrones of ther owne profession. And that it is a thing to -be beloued, and liked, what argument is there that can be -alleadged of comparable force to that of <i>Cupide</i> himselfe, -which in the matter of loue, doth bend with his bow, and -enamour with his arrow? But in sadnes to say enough of -this exercise in few wordes, which no wordes can praise -enough for the commodities which it bringeth to the health -of the body: as it hath bene vsed by diuers nations, in -diuerse sortes, both on horsebacke and on foote, both for -peace and warre, for healthfull exercise and pleasant pastime: -so none either now doth vse it, or heretofore hath -vsed it, more to health, and bettering of the body then our -owne countrimen do. As if it were a thing somewhat -naturall to <i>Ilandes</i>, bycause they of <i>Crete</i> and <i>Cyprus</i> in olde -stories, they of the <i>Indian</i> Ilandes in new stories are noted -also for neare <i>Shooting</i>, strong <i>Darting</i>, and streight <i>Slinging</i>, -whereof the <i>Balear Ilandes</i> seeme to take their name. -Nay by all auncient monumentes <i>Shooting</i> should seeme to -be both the eldest, and the vsuallest defence in fighting a -farre of, which though it haue now, and tofore, haue had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> -great place in the fielde for warfare: yet hath it a great -deale better place in our fields for wellfare: and therefore -the more, because it consisteth both of the best exercises, -and the best effectes of the best exercises. For he that -shooteth in the free and open fields may chuse, whether -betweene his markes he will runne or walke, daunce or -leape, hallow or sing or do somewhat els, which belongeth -to the other, either vehement or gentle exercises. And -whereas <i>hunting</i> on foote is so much praised, what mouing -of the body hath the foote <i>hunter</i> in hilles and dales, which -the rouing <i>Archer</i> hath not in varietie of growndes? Is his -naturall heate more stirred then the <i>Archers</i> is? Is his -appetite better then the <i>Archers</i> is though the prouerbe -helpe the hungrie <i>hunter</i>? Nay in both these the <i>Archer</i> -hath the vantage. For both his howers be much better to -eate, and all his mouing is more at his choice: because the -<i>hunter</i> must follow his game of necessitie, the <i>Archer</i> neede -not but at his owne leasure. For his pastime will tarystil, -till he come to it, the hunters game is glad to get from him. -In fine what good is there in any particular exercise, either -to helpe natural heat, or to cleare the body, or to prouoke -appetite, or to fine the senses, or to strengthen the sinewes, -or to better all partes, which is not altogither in this one -exercise? Onely regard to vse it in a meane doth warrant -the <i>archer</i> from daunger to himselfe: and an eye to looke -about, doth defende the passager from perill by him. I -could here speake much, if it were not to much, to say euen -so much in such a thing, being so faire a pastime, so pleasant -to al people, so profitable to most, so familiar to our country, -so euery where in eye, so knowne a defence, such a meane -to offende, as there is no man but knoweth it to be a preseruatiue -to health, and therefore well to be numbred -among the trayning exercises. And chiefly as it is vsed in -this Iland, wherein the rouing must nedes be the best and -most healthful, both for varieties of motion in diuersities of -soile, and by vsing all <i>archery</i>, in exercising one kinde. -For in rouing, you may vse either the butte, or the pricke -by the way for your marke, as your pleasure shalbe. This -exercise do I like best generally of any rownde stirring -without the dores, vpon the causes before alleadged, which -if I did not, that worthy man our late and learned countrieman -maister <i>Askam</i> would be halfe angrie with me, though -he were of a milde disposition, who both for trayning the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> -<i>Archer</i> to his bow, and the scholler to his booke, hath -shewed him selfe a cunning <i>Archer</i>, and a skilfull maister.</p> - -<p>In the middest of so many earnest matters, I may be -allowed to entermingle one, which hath a relice of mirth, -for in praysing of <i>Archerie</i>, as a principall exercise, to the -preseruing of health, how can I but prayse them, who professe -it throughly, and maintaine it nobly, the friendly and -franke fellowship of prince <i>Arthurs</i> knightes in and about -the citie of <i>London</i>, which of late yeares haue so reuiued -the exercise, so countenaunced the artificers, so enflamed -emulation, as in themselues for friendly meting, in workemen -for good gayning, in companies for earnest comparing, it is -almost growne to an orderly discipline, to cherishe louing -society, to enrich labouring pouertie, to maintaine honest -actiuity, which their so encouraging the vnder trauellours, -and so encreasing the healthfull traine, if I had sacred to -silence, would not my good friend in the citie maister <i>Hewgh -Offly</i>, and the same my noble fellow in that order Syr -<i>Launcelot</i>, at our next meeting, haue giuen me a sowre -nodde, being the chiefe furtherer of the fact, which I commend, -and the famosest knight, of the fellowship, which I -am of? Nay would not euen prince <i>Arthur</i> himselfe maister -<i>Thomas Smith</i>, and the whole table, of those wel known -knights, and most actiue <i>Archers</i> haue layd in their chaleng -against their fellow knight, if speaking of their pastime, I -should haue spared their names? whereunto I am easily -led, bycause the exercise deseruing such praise, they that -loue so praiseworthie a thing neither can of them selues, -neither ought at my hand to be hudled vp in silence.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_27">CHAPTER 27.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the ball.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> play at the <i>Ball</i> seemeth compound, bycause it -may be vsed, both within dores, and without. -Wherof good writers haue deliuered vs thus much: -that in the olde time there were diuers kindes of <i>balles</i> and -diuers kindes of exercise therwith, according to the diuers<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span> -vse of the <i>ball</i> either small or great: both amongst the -<i>Romaines</i> and <i>Greekes</i>, whose names I vse so much, bycause -they were best acquainted both with the thinges, and with -the right vse therof. <i>Galene</i> in his first booke of maintaining -health, speaking of the <i>Germains</i>, who vsed then to -dippe their new borne children into extreme cold water -ouer head and eares, to trie their courage and to harden -their skinne, sayeth that he wrate those lessons of health -and exercise, no more to the <i>Dutch</i> and such rude people -as we also were then, then to beares, boares and lyons: but -to <i>Greekes</i> and such people, as though barbarous in nature, -yet by traine and learning, were become greekish as we now -are, and the <i>Romains</i> then were. So that our examples -be fetcht from these two nations, which either vsed the -thinges most, and handled them best: or else enriched their -owne tongues with all that was best, and when they had so -done set them ouer vnto vs. But of all their exercises with -the <i>Ball</i>, we haue not any so farre as I can gesse, by their -notes, though we retaine the name: and yet our playing -with the <i>Ball</i> worketh the same effectes, which theirs did, -as it appeareth by their descriptions. Wherfore seeing they -be so farre different from ours, and almost worne out of -knowledge euen to curious coniectures, which seeke to sift -them out, I will neither trouble my selfe with studying to -set downe their names: nor my reader with reading to -gesse what they were, and how they were vsed.</p> - -<p>Three kindes shall content me, which our time knoweth, -wherein all the properties of their <i>balles</i>, and all the effectes -of their exercises, be most euidently seene. The <i>hand ball</i>, -the <i>footeball</i>, the <i>armeball</i>.</p> - -<p>1. The litle <i>hand ball</i> whether it be of some softer stuffe, -and vsed by the hand alone, or of some harder, and vsed -with the rackette, whether by tennice play with an other, or -against a wall alone, to exercise the bodie with both the -handes, in euerie kinde of motion, that concerneth any, or -all the other exercises, is generally noted, to be one of the -best exercises and the greatest preseruations of health. In -so much as <i>Galene</i> bestoweth an whole treatise vpon the -vse and praise of it, wherein he compareth it with other -exercises, and preferreth it before all, for parabilitie, to be -all mens game: for profitablenesse, to do all men good: for -pleasauntnesse, to quicke all mens spirites, and in short -knits vp the some of his conclusion thus. That the vse of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span> -the litle <i>ball</i> doth plant in the minde <i>courage</i>, in the bodie -<i>health</i>, in all the limmes a trim and wel proportionate <i>constitution</i>: -so it be moderately and aduisedly executed. -Playing at the <i>ball</i> in generall is a strong exercise, and -maketh the bodie very nimble, and strengtheneth all the -vitall actions. The litle <i>handball</i> is counted to be a swift -exercise, without violence, and therefore the rakketters in -tennyse play, if they vse it in that kinde, which is thought -to be most healthfull, must shew them selues nymble without -strayning, and yet it falleth out most conmonly contrarie, -while desire to wynne some wager makes the winners loose -a benefit, which they wish for more, and would gladly get -to better their health by. This playing abateth grossenes -and corpulence, as al other of the same sort do: it maketh -the flesh sownd and soft, it is very good for the armes, the -greene and growing ribbes, the back, and by reason the -legges are mightely stirred ther by, it is a great furtherer to -strength, it quickneth the eyes by looking now hither, now -thither, now vp, now downe, it helpeth the ridgebone, by -stowping, bending and coursing about: it is verie good for -bellies and stomakes, that be troubled with winde or any -paine which proceedeth from colde. Now to the contrary -it is not good for ill and bleare eyes raw stomakes, vndigested -meat, which haue more neede of rest then stirring, -and for such as will soone be turnesicke, which the oft -turning about of the head and eyes cannot but cause. The -playing at tennyse is more coastly and strayning to aunswere -an aduersary, but the playing against the wall is as healthfull, -and the more ready, bycause it needeth no aduersary, -and yet practiseth euery kinde of motion, euery ioynt of the -body, and all without danger. Children vse this ball diuersly, -and euery way healthfully, in regard of the exercise: if -accidentarie faultes fall out among children, in the vse of -the play, the parties must beare the blame, and not the play.</p> - -<p>The second kinde I make the <i>Footeball</i> play, which could -not possibly haue growne to this greatnes, that it is now at, -nor haue bene so much vsed, as it is in all places, if it had -not had great helpes, both to health and strength, and to -me the abuse of it is a sufficient argument, that it hath a -right vse: which being reuoked to his primatiue will both -helpe, strength, and comfort nature: though as it is now -conmonly vsed, with thronging of a rude multitude, with -bursting of shinnes, and breaking of legges, it be neither<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span> -ciuil, neither worthy the name of any traine to health. -Wherin any man may euidently see the use of the trayning -maister. For if one stand by, which can iudge of the play, -and is iudge ouer the parties, and hath authoritie to commaunde -in the place, all those inconueniences haue bene, I -know, and wilbe I am sure very lightly redressed, nay they -wil neuer entermedle in the matter, neither shall there be -complaint, where there is no cause. Some smaller number -with such ouerlooking, sorted into sides and standings, not -meeting with their bodies so boisterously to trie their -strength: nor shouldring or shuffing one an other so barbarously, -and vsing to walke after, may vse <i>footeball</i> for as -much good to the body, by the chiefe vse of the legges, as -the <i>Armeball</i>, for the same, by the vse of the armes. And -being so vsed, the <i>Footeball</i> strengtheneth and brawneth the -whole body, and by prouoking superfluities downeward, it -dischargeth the head, and vpper partes, it is good for the -bowells, and to driue downe the stone and grauell from -both the bladder and kidneies. It helped weake hammes, -by much mouing, beginning at a meane, and simple shankes -by thickening of the flesh no lesse then riding doth. Yet -rash running and to much force oftentimes breaketh some -inward conduit, and bringeth ruptures.</p> - -<p>3. The third kind I call the <i>Armeball</i> which was inuented -in the kingdom of <i>Naples</i>, not many yeares agoe, and -answereth most of the olde games, with the great ball, which -is executed with the armes most, as the other was with the -feete, and be both very great helpers vnto health. The -arme in this is fensed with a wooden brace, as the shin in -the other with some other thing for meeting with a shrew. -The <i>armeball</i> encreaseth the naturall heate, maketh way for -superfluities, causeth sound sleepe, digesteth meate wel, and -dispatcheth raw humors, though it stuffe the head, as all -vehement exercises do. It exerciseth the armes and backe -chiefly, and next to them the legges, and therfore it must -needs be good for such, as desire to haue those partes strong -and perfit, to digest their meate at will, to distribute profitable -iuice to the whole body, and to auoide needelesse matter, -as well by sweate, as by any other kinde of secret euacuation. -And yet it is very ill for a naughtie backe, for hoat kidneyes, -for sharp vrine, and generally for any that is troubled with -infirmities and diseases in those parts which are strained -with stirring.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span></p> - -<p>Thus much concerning the particular exercises, which I -haue pickt out from the rest, as most reducible to our time -and countrie, wherein I haue not followed the ordinarie -diuision, which the training maisters and Physicians do vse, -but I deuised such a one, as I tooke to be fittest for myne -owne purpose regarding our soyle and our seasons. Neither -haue I rekened vp the other <i>antique</i> exercises, but haue let -them rest with their friends and fauorers, which be long -ago at rest. For the tumbling <i>Cybistike</i>, the thumping -<i>Pugillate</i>, the buffeting <i>Cestus</i>, the wrastling <i>Pancrace</i>, the -quayting <i>Discus</i>, the barlike <i>Halteres</i>, the swinging <i>Petawre</i>, -and such old memorandums, they are to auncient and to -farre worne from the vse of our youth: the considering -whereof may rather stirre coniecture, then stai assurance, -what they were, when they were. And of these which I -haue named, many be farre beyond boyes plaie, for whom -alone I do not deale, but for all studentes in generall, neither -yet do I exclude either any age, or any person, if I may -profit any else beside studentes and scholers. Neither do I -tie the trayne to these exercises alone, but alway to some -though not alway to one kinde. The cause and consideration -must leade all, which may bring forth the like, and why -not the better vpon due and wel obserued circunstance? -For though the general cause do direct much, yet the particular -circunstance directeth more, being it self enformed -in the generall iudgement. The most of these notes, which -I haue alleaged, were giuen in <i>Italie</i>, <i>Greece</i> & <i>Spaine</i>, and -that climate farre distant, and much differing from our -degree. Wherefore our traine vpon consideration of the -degrees in soyle, in temperature, in constitution, and such -like, must appropriate it selfe where the difference is apparent. -Therefore both to vse these exercises which I haue -named, to the best, and to deuise other by comparison and -circumstance, as cause shal offer, I will runne thorough -those particularities, which either make by right, or marre -by wrong applying, both all that I haue said, or that can be -deuised in this kinde, to preserue health.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_28">CHAPTER 28.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the circumstances which are to be considered in exercise.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">There</span> be six circumstances, which leade and direct -all exercises, and are carefully to be considered of, -by the trayning maister. For either the missing or -mistaking of any one of them, may do harme to more then -one, and the vsing of them with circumspection and warynes, -doth procure that good to health, which this whole discourse -hitherto hath promised.</p> - -<p>The sixe circumstances be these, the <i>nature</i> of the exercise -which ye entend to vse: the <i>person</i> and <i>body</i> which is to be -exercised, the <i>place</i> wherin, the <i>time</i> when, the <i>quantitie</i> how -much, the <i>maner</i> how, whereof I do meane to giue some -particular aduertisements so as I do finde the learned -physicianes, and wise health maisters to haue handled them -in their writings, yet by the way least any man either dispaire -of the good, and therefore spare the prouing, because -the forme of exercise doth seeme so intricate, and there -with all to much: or if he be entred in triall, and thinke he -shall faile, if he misse in some litle, bycause the charge is -giuen so precisely, to keepe al that is enioyned: I wish him -not to thinke either the errour vnpardonable, to regard, or -the thing vnauailable to health, if either all, or any one of -these circumstances be not absolutely hyt. For as a perfit -healthfull body is not to be found by enquirie, which is not -to be hoped for in nature, bycause in so continuall a chaunge -such a perfitnes cannot chaunce, our bodyes being subiect -to so many imperfections: so is it no wonder for men to do -what they may, and to wish for the best, though still beyond -their reach. If any can come neare them, he breakes no -right of vse, though he misse the rule of art, which alwaye -enioyneth in the precisest sort, but yet resteth content with -that which falleth within compasse of ordynarie circumstance. -The reason is, <i>art</i> weyeth the matter abstracte, and -free from circumstaunce, and therefore hauing the whole -obiect at commaundemet, she may set downe her precept, -according to that perfitnes, which she doth conceiue: but -the execution being chekt with a number of accidentarie -occurrences, which <i>art</i> cannot comprehend, as being to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span> -infinite to collect, must haue one eye to her precept, and an -other to hir power, and aske consideration counsell, how to -performe that with a number of lettes, and thwartings which, -art did prescribe, either without any, or at the lest, with not -so many.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_29">CHAPTER 29.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The nature and qualitie of the exercise.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">The</span> <i>nature</i> of the exercise which we vse, either to -recouer health and strength, if they be feebled: or -to preserue them, that they feeble not, as it is verie -forcible to worke this healthfull effect: so it deserueth verie -circumspect consideration, in applying and fitting it to the -effect: that the exercise in his degree of motion may -aunswere the partie in his kinde of constitution: least by -iarring that way too farre, they fall into a greater discord. -<i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_45_45" href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> examining the thinges, which do please the displeased -infantes, findes out that all their naturall vnquietnesse -is appeased by three natural meanes, which the nurse -vseth, the <i>pappe</i> to feede, the <i>voice</i> to still, the <i>arme</i> to moue. -Whervpon he concludeth that <i>meat</i> to nourish, <i>Musicke</i> to -delite, <i>motion</i> to exercise be most naturall, which being so, -then for the preseruation of nature, she must needes haue -her owne motion, which agreeth best with her owne disposition. -For as some exercises go before the maine to -prepare the bodie, and some follow to retourne it by degrees -into his former state and temper: so some be verie vehement, -strong, and strainable: other verie gentle, curteous, and -remisse: which must haue echone their application, according -vnto the qualitie, and state of the bodie, wherunto they -are to be applyed. They be also as far distinct and different, -as particular circunstance can worke alteration in any -respect, as their particular titles before did shew in their -particular braunching and diuision. And yet therein they -swarue not from the generalitie of Physicke, which leaning -vpon some vnfallible groundes, yet lighteth still vpon some<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span> -fallible euentes, which make the whole profession to seeme -coniecturall, though in the best and surest kinde of coniecture, -if the professour haue studied to sufficiencie and -obserued so long, till discretion haue saide, the thing is thus. -I will not therfore spend any more labour, about a matter -of so great confusion, but as they shall fall out, so will I -apply them, that by their proper vse, their propertie maye -appeare.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_30">CHAPTER 30.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the bodies which are to be exercised.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">In</span> the bodie which is to take good of exercise, there be -three pointes to be considered: 1. for either it is <i>sickly</i> -hauing his operations tainted and weake: 2. or it is -<i>healthy</i> and without any extraordinarie and sensible taint: -3. or it is <i>valetudinarie</i>, neither pure sicke nor perfit whole.</p> - -<p>To speake first of the weake and sickish bodie, it is to be -noted, as hath bene already in parte marked before, that -sicknesse assaileth vs three wayes: By distemperature, when -either the whole bodie, or some parte therof is anoyed with -vnproportionate heat, cold, drynesse, or moysture: or by -misfashioning, when either the whole bodie, or some parte -therof, wanteth his due forme, his iumpe quantitie, his iust -number, his naturall seat: or by diuision, when any part of -the bodie being naturally vnited vpon some weaknesse is -dissolued and sundred. And as diseases come by one, or -all these three wayes, so health doth defend it selfe by the -contrarie, good temperature, good forme, good vniting of -partes. It is graunted by the best though contraried by -some of the soryest Physicians, that sicke bodies may be put -to exercise: so it be well considered before, what kinde of -weaknesse the body is in: and what kinde of helpe may be -hoped for by the exercise. As for example in sicknesse -which commeth by distemperature: if a bodie be distempered -with to much heat, it may not be put to any great or -earnest exercise, for ouer heating. If it be to drie and -withered, it must forbeare much exercise for feare of ouer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span>drying. -If it be to hoat and dry both, or to hoat and to -moyste both, it must quite abandon exercise, as in the first -kinde enflaming, in the second choking. If it be cold and -drie it must either neuer be exercised or verie gently. If it -be cold or moyst, then exercise can do it no harme. If it -be cold and moyst, it maye boldly abide exercise: which -variety commeth vpon the effectes, that are wrought by -exercises, either in augmenting heat, and stirring humours, -or auoiding superfluities. Whervpon the generall conclusion -is: that no distempered bodie may vse, any great or vehement -exercise though some there be, which may venture vp -on some meane and gentle kinde of stirring, whether the -infirmitie concerne the whole bodie, or be so in some parte, -as it shake not the whole. If the infirmitie in <i>fashion</i> be -casuall and come by late misfortune, (for in this kinde -naturall weaknesse is euer excepted) exercise maye do -good, bycause it will make that streight, which was croked, -that smooth, which was rugged, lay that which was swollen, -raise that which was layd, emptie that which was full, fill -that which was emptie, open that which was close and shut: -and so forth, still working the contrarie to the defect, and -thereby the amendment. If the faulte be in <i>quantitie</i>, great -and swift exercises will abate, and pull downe the flesh, -small and slow will fat and thicken it. If the fault be in -<i>number</i>, exercise helpeth, as vehement mouing driueth the -stone and grauell from the straite passages of the kidneyes -to the broader, and from thence downe into the bladder. If -the fault be in <i>seat</i>, no exercise is good, bycause till the part -be restored to his place and site, there is no mouing to be -vsed, nor yet long after, for feare of displacing it againe. -If the fault come by <i>disvnion</i>, <i>exulration</i>, or <i>gaule</i>, the -disvniting of the nobler partes, as the braine, the stomacke, -the liuer, and such other, specially if it be ioyned with any -ague excludeth all exercises. The baser partes refuse not -meane stirring, as the skinne being deuided and disvnited -with scabbes, which come of salt and sharp humours, by -motion is freed and deliuered of them. This consideration -is to be had in the exercising of sicke bodies, whether the -sicknesse come by distemperature of humours, by deformitie -in composition, or by disvnion of partes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Valetudinarie.</div> - -<p>Concerning <i>valetudinarie</i> bodies, which be -neither alwaye sicke, nor euer whole, and such -as be vpon recouerie after sicknesse, and aged men, whom<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span> -yeares make weake and sickish, thus I read: that exercise -is verie necessarie for the two first, to strengthen their limmes, -to dispatche superfluities, to stirre heat, to restore the bodie -to his best habite, alwaye prouided that the exercise rise -from some mediocritie and slownes by degrees to that -height, which the parties may well abide. For to earnest -and rash exercise will empaire their health more. Olde men, -as by want of naturall heat, they grow full of superfluities, -so they must haue some pleasant and gentle kinde of exercise, -both to stirre the heat, and to ridde awaye those -needlesse necessities, which of force inferre sicknes, if they -be not enforced awaye. And as they be naturally drie, so -they must vse no exercise, which dryeth to much. Wherein -these foure circunstances are to be considered, 1. First -their strength, which being not great, requireth but quiet -and gentle exercises. For though <i>Prodicus</i> the warie -Philosopher in <i>Plato</i>, <i>Antiochus</i> the healthy Physician in -<i>Galene</i>, <i>Spurina</i> the considerate counsellour in <i>Plinie</i>, could -do straunge thinges in their olde age, by good forsight in -their former yeares, yet they be no generall presidentes. -2. Secondly the forme of their bodies. For as good constitutions, -can do that meanly and pretily well in their olde -age, which they did strongly and stowtly in their youth, so -the weake and misfashioned are vnfit for exercise. For -loude speaking will hurt to narrow bulkes, and any walking -fainteth weake legges, and so forth in all imperfections of -the like sorte. 3. Thirdly how they haue bene vsed: bycause -they will better awaie with their acquainted exercises, -then with other, wherunto they haue neuer bene vsed, the -vehemencie and courage of their yong dayes onely excepted. -4. Fourthly what infirmities they be subiect vnto, as if their -heades will soone be giddy, or their eyes sore, or if they be -in daunger of sudden falling, then they must auoide all -exercises which be offensiue to the head. And this rule is -generally to be obserued in all bodies, that the partes pacient -maye not be pressed to sore.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Healthy bodyes.</div> - -<p>As for healthy and strong bodies, they are to -be esteemed not by absolute perfitnesse in -measure and rule, which will not be found, but by performing -all naturall functions, without any greife or painfull -let: wherof in some places there is good plentie. For as -generally in so many wayes to weaknesse, our bodies neuer -continuyng any one minute in the same state, perfit health<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span> -in the absolutest degree is not to be hoped for: so in the -second degree of perfection, where no sensible let is, no felt -feeblenesse, but all ordinaries excellent, though no excellent -extraordinarie, there be many bodies to be found healthfull, -lustie, and lasting verie long: as the soile wherin they brede -and be is of healthfulnesse, and wholesomnesse. Such a -praise doth <i>Galene</i> giue to his owne, and <i>Hipocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_46_46" href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> his -country: Nay that is the common proofe, where small diet, -and much labour accompanieth necessitie in state and good -constitution in body. Now these healthfull bodyes, as they -dayly feede, and digest well, so to auoide superfluities, which -come thereby, bycause no meat is so meete with the body, -as it turneth all into nurriture, they must of necessitie pray -ayde of exercise, which must be neither to violent, nor to -immoderate, but sutable to their constitution, as in the -priuate description the particular exercise bewrayeth it -selfe, and generally the generall reason suffiseth such a -trayner, as can vse the consideration of circumstance wisely. -In exercising of healthy bodies, there be fiue speciall thinges -to be obserued. 1. The first is how they haue bene vsed, -for looke wherewith they haue bene most acquainted, and -therein, or in the like they will best continew, and with most -ease. 2. The second is what age they be of, for old men must -haue gentle exercises, children somewhat more stirring, -yong men more then they, and yet but in a meane, bycause -they are subiect to more harme by violence then either -children or old men, for that hauing strong and drie bodyes, -thicke and stiffe flesh, fast cleauing to the bone, and the -skinne stretched accordingly, they are in great daunger of -strong conuulsions, and diuers ruptures, both of flesh and -veines, through extremities of exercise. 3. The third is -the state of their body, because fat and grosse men, may -abyde much more exercise, then leane may and so in other. -4. The fourth is their kinde of liuing, for he that eateth -much, and sleepeth much, must either exercise much or -liue but a while. And to the contrary, the spare feeder or -great waker, needeth not any such kinde of physicke. 5. -The fift is the temperature of their bodyes, for small exercise -satisfieth drie or hoat bodyes, in any degree of eager heat. -Againe colde bodyes may away with both vehement and -very much, for moyst bodyes to auoide superfluities, exercise -and labour is very good, so the bodies be not hoat withall,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span> -the humor very much and very soone turned into vapour, -and that also neare to the lungues for feare of choking after -much stirring. Hoat and dry admit no exercise, hoat and -moyste, cold and dry admit some litle. But of all constitutions -none is more helpt by exercise then the colde and -moyst: because heat and clearing, the two effectes of -exercise haue their owne subiect whereon to worke, which -must be weyed in complexions, and states of the body.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_31">CHAPTER 31.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the exercising places.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">That</span> the place, wherein any thing is done, is of great -force to the well or ill performing therof, and specially -in natural executions, there can be no better profe, -then that we se, not onely plantes and trees, not onely brute -beastes and cattell, but also euen the bodies and myndes of -men to be altered and chaunged, with the varietie and -alteration of the place and soyle, so that for the better -exercising of the bodies to the preseruing or recouering of -health, it is verie materiall to limit some certainety concerning -the place. Wherin not to dwell long at this time, -bycause in the common place both for learning and exercising -togither, I shall haue occasion to say more of this matter: -these foure qualities are to be obserued in the place. 1. -First the place where ye exercise, must haue his ground -flowred so, as it be not offensiue to the body, as in wrastling -not hard to fall on, in daunsing soft, and not slipperie. -How angrie would a boie be to be driuen to scourge his <i>top</i> -in sand, grauell, or deepe rushes? and so forth in the rest: -as is most fit for the body exercised, with lest daunger and -best dispatch. 2. The second, that the place be either free -from any wind at all, or if be not possible to auoide some, -that it be not subiect to any sharpe and byting winde: -which may do the body some wrong, being open, and therefore -ready to receiue forreine harme by the ayer. 3. Thirdly<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> -that the place be open, and not close nor couered, to haue -the best and purest ayre at will, whereby the body becommeth -more quicke and liuely, and after voyding noysom -superfluities, may proue lightsome by the very ayer and -soyle. 4. Fourthly that there be no contagious nor noysome -stenche neare the place of exercise, for feare of infecting -that by new corruption, which was lately cleared by healthful -motion. Generally if the place connot be so fit and -fauourable to exercise, as wish would it were, yet wisedom -may win thus much, that he may be as well appointed, to -preuent the ill of euery both season and circumstance, as -possibility can commonly performe. When great conquests -had made states almost, nay in deede to wealthie, and libertie -of soyle giuen them place to chuse, they builded to this end -meruelous and sumptuous monuments, which time and -warres haue wasted, but we which must doe as we may, -must be content with that, which our power can compasse, -and if the worst fall, thinke that he which placed vs in the -world, hath appointed the world for vs for an exercising -place, not onely for the body against infections, but also for -the mynde against affections, which being herselfe well -trayned, doth make the bodie yeelde to the bent of her -choice.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_32">CHAPTER 32.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the exercising time.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap"><i>Time</i></span> is deuided into <i>accidentarie</i> and <i>naturall</i>, and -<i>naturall</i> againe into <i>generall</i> and <i>particular</i>. The -<i>naturall time</i> generally construed is ment by the spring, -the summer, the haruest and the wynter: particularly by -the howers of the day and night. The <i>accidentarie time</i> -chaungeth his name still, sometime faire, sometime foule, -sometime hoat, sometime colde and so forth. Of this <i>accidentary -time</i> this rule is giuen, that in exercise we chuse, as -neare as we can, faire weather, cleare and lightsome to -confirme the spirites, which naturally reioice in light and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span> -are refreshed thereby: not cloudy, darke and thicke, wherein -grosse humours make the bodie dull and heauie: againe -when there is either no great, or no verie noysome winde to -pearce the open pored body, nor to much forreine heat to -enflame the naturall: nor to much cold to stiffen it to sore.</p> - -<p>For the <i>naturall</i> time generally taken, <i>Aristotle</i><a id="FNanchor_47_47" href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> would -haue the bodie most exercised in sommer, bycause the -naturall heat being then least, and the bodie therefore most -burdened with superfluities, then exercise most helpes: both -to encrease the inward heat, and to send out those outward -dettes. <i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_48_48" href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> againe giuing three principall rules to -be kept in exercise, to auoide wearinesse, to walke in the -morning, maketh this the third to vse both more and longer -exercise in the winter and cold weather, and most of his -fauourites hold that opinion. The reason is, bycause in -sommer the heat of the time dryeth the bodie enough, so -that it needeth no exercise to wither it to much, where the -aire it selfe doth drie it enough. <i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_49_49" href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> a man of great -authoritie in his profession, pronounceth thus in generall, -that as temperate bodies are to be exercised in a temperate -season which he countes to be spring: so cold bodies are in -hoat weather: hoat in cold, moyst in drie, drie in moyst: -meaning thereby that whensoeuer the bodie seemeth to -yeeld towardes any distemperature, then the contrarie both -time and place must be fled to for succour. Of these -opinions iudgement is to chuse, which it best liketh. Me -thinke vpon diuers considerations, they maye all stand well -without any repugnance, seing neither <i>Hippocrates</i> nor -<i>Galene</i>, deny exercise in sommer simply, and <i>Aristotle</i> doth -shew what it worketh in sommer.</p> - -<p>For the <i>naturall time</i> particularly taken, thus much is said, -that it is vnwholesome to exercise after meat, bycause it -hindereth digestion by dispersing the heat, which should be -assembled wholly to further and helpe digestion. And yet -both <i>Aristotle</i> and <i>Auicene</i>, allow some gentle walking after -meat, to cause it so much the sooner setle downe in the -stomacke, specially if one meane to sleepe shortly after. -But for exercise before meate, that is excedingly and generally -commended, bycause it maketh the naturall heat -strong against digesting time, and driuing away vnprofitable -humours, disperseth the better and more wholesome, -thorough out the whole bodie, whereas after meate it filleth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span> -it with rawnesse, and want of digestion: bycause mouing -marres concoction, and lets the boyling of the stomacke. -Now in this place there be three thinges to be considered.</p> - -<p>1. First that none venture vpon any exercise, before the -bodie be purged naturally, by the nose, the mouth, the belly, -the bladder, bycause the contrarie disperseth that into the -bodie, which should be dismissed and sent awaie: nor before -the ouernightes diet be thoroughly digested, for feare of to -much superfluitie, besides crudity and cholere. Belching -and vrine be argmentes of perfit or vnperfit digestion. The -whiter vrine the worse and weaker digestion, the yealower, -the better.</p> - -<p>2. The second consideration is, that no exercise be medled -withall the stomacke being verie emptie, and wearie hungrie, -least rauening cause ouerreaching, and <i>Hippocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_50_50" href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> condemne -you, for linking labour with hunger, a thing by him -in his <i>aphorismes</i> forbid.</p> - -<p>The third consideration is not to eate streight after the -exercise, before the bodie be reasonably setled. Yet corpulent -carcases, which labour to be lightened of their cariage, -be allowed their vittail, though they be puffing hoat. The -cause why this distance betwene mouing and meate is -enioyned, is this, for that the bodie is still a clearing, while -it is yet hoat: and the excrementes be but fleeting: so that -neither the partie can yet be hungrie, nor the heat entend -digestion. Whervpon they counsell him that is yet hoat -after exercise, neither to washe himselfe in cold water: nor -to drinke wine, nor cold water. Bycause washing will hurt -the open body, wine will streight way steeme vp into the -head, cold water will offend the belly and lyver, yea sometime -gaule the sinewes, nay sometime call for death.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Houres.</div> - -<p>What <i>houres</i> of the daie were best for exercise, -the auncient <i>Physicians</i> for their soile, in their -time, and to their reason, appointed it thus. In the spring -about noone, for the temperatenesse of the aire: in sommer -in the <i>morning</i>, to preuent the heat of the daie: in haruest -and winter towardes night: bycause the <i>morninges</i> be cold, -the dayes short, and to be employed otherwise: and the -meat before that time will lightly be well digested. But -now in our time, the diet being so farre altered, and neuer -a circumstance the same, no time is fitter for exercise then<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> -the <i>Muses</i> not to wonder and muse at it, that we be so -boulde with our and their common friend, I meane the -<i>morning</i>, seeing we seeke to haue learning and health ioyned -together. Which falling both most fit in the <i>morning</i>, doth -lend vs an argument to proue that they were ill sundred, -whom the samenes of time so vniteth together. In the -<i>morning</i> the bodie is light, being deliuered of excrementes, -strong after sleepe, free from common lettes and without -any perill of indigestion, all which fall out quite contrarie -in the <i>euening</i>. If any writer allow any other houre after -meate, it is in some extremitie of sicknesse, not in respect -of exercise: as when the weather is most lowring, and children -most heauie and dumpish, why is not then the fittest -time to play, by chearing the minde, to lighthen the bodie?</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_33">CHAPTER 33.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the quantitie that is to be kept in exercise.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">All</span> they which vse exercises vse them either not so -much as they should, and that doeth small good, or -more then they should, and that doeth much harme, -or so as they should, and that doeth much good. Wherupon -he that hath skill to crie ho, when he is at the height -of his exercise, wherwith nature feeleth her selfe to be best -content, knoweth best wherein the best measure consisteth. -But how may one know the verie pitche in exercise, and -when it were best for one to crie ho? principally by these -two generall limittes. 1. Wherof the first is, when a <i>vapour</i> -mingled with sweat is sensibly perceiued to proceede from -the bodie: when the <i>vaines</i> begin to swell, and the <i>breathing</i> -to alter. For wheras the ende of exercise is to strengthen -the bodie, and to encrease the naturall heat, whereby the -wholesome iuyce is digested, and distributed to the nurriture -of the other partes: and vnprofitable residences discharged: -if the exercise come not to these degrees of <i>sweat</i>, <i>swelling</i>, -and <i>breathing</i>, it is to weake to worke those effectes, which it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span> -doth vndertake. 2. The second generall limit is, to continue -the <i>exercise</i> so long, as the <i>face</i> and bodie shall haue a fresh -colour, the <i>motion</i> shalbe quicke and in proportion, and no -<i>wearynesse</i> worth the speaking shalbe felt. For if the <i>colour</i> -begin to faint, or the bodie to be gaunt, or <i>wearynesse</i> to -wring, or the <i>motion</i> to shrinke, or the sweat to alter in <i>qualitie</i> -from hoat to cold, in <i>quantitie</i> from more to lesse, which -should naturally encrease with the exercise, then crie ho, for -feare of thinning the bodye to much, of consuming the good -and ill iuyces together, of weakning the naturall heat, of -destroying in steade of strengthning: bycause these be -euident shewes, that the bodie wasteth, cooleth and dryeth -more then it should.</p> - -<p>Now as these be generall staies not to proceede further, -but to rest when we are well: so there be other more particuler, -wherein there is regard to be had, to the <i>strength</i> or -<i>weakenes</i> of the partie, to the <i>age</i>, to the <i>time</i> of the yeare, -to the <i>temperature</i> of the body, to the <i>kinde</i> of life. For in -all these measure is a mery meane, and immoderatenes a -remeadilesse harme.</p> - -<p>They that be of good <i>strength</i> may continue longer in -exercise, then any other, without some great occasion to the -contrary: though they faint, and feele some litle <i>lassitude</i> -and <i>wearines</i>, bycause they will quickly recouer themselues. -Those that be but <i>weake</i> must exercise but a while, bycause -any small taint in them, is long and hard to be recouered, -and therefore their limit is to be warme, and to be ware of -sweating.</p> - -<p>2. As touching the difference in age. Olde men, yea -though they vse the same exercises, wherewith they were -acquainted when they were yong, yet must leaue ear they -either sweat or begin to be wearie, bycause they are drye -and wythered. Men of middle <i>age</i> must of necessitie keepe -the meane lymit, bycause too much offendes them, to litle -doth them litle good, both hinder the state of their bodies. -<i>Youth</i> from seuen till one and twenty, will abyde much -exercising, very well: wherefore they are allowed without -daunger to be hoat and chafe, to puffe and blow, to sweat, -to be wearie also to some degree of <i>lassitude</i>: for being -full of excrementes by reason of ther reacheles diet, they -finde great ease in labour and sweat: and being strong -withall, a litle <i>wearines</i> makes them litle worse. And yet -there must be great eye had to them, that they keepe within<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span> -compasse, and so much the more, the lesse they be aboue -seuen yeare old. For too much exercise in those yeares -marres their growing, and alters the constitution of their -bodies to the worse.</p> - -<p>3. For the <i>time</i> of the yeare. In <i>Winter</i> the exercise -may be great, till the body be hotte: but yet sweat not, lest -the cold do harme. In the <i>Spring</i> more euen till it sweat, -in the <i>Haruest</i> lesse, in the <i>Sommer</i> least: because the ayre -which enuironeth the body, doth then of it selfe so wearie -and weaken it, as it needeth neither sweating, nor heating, -nor wearying with exercise, wherein <i>Hippocrates</i> and his -<i>Phisicke</i> will preuaile against <i>Aristotle</i> and his <i>Philosophie</i>.</p> - -<p>4. For the temperature of the body: <i>Moyst</i> bodies may -abide much exercise, by much stirring to drie vp much -moisture, so that they may sweat, and yet they must take -heede of wearynes. Dry <i>bodies</i> may very ill away with any -exercise, and if with any, it must be such as will neither -cause heat nor sweat. Could <i>bodies</i> may moue till they be -throughly warme. Hoat <i>bodies</i> must be deintily dealt withall. -For <i>heat</i>, <i>sweat</i>, and great chaunge of their breathing -be enemies to their complexion. Hoat and dry for feare -of encreasing their qualities to much must be content with -either no exercise at all, or with verie litle. Cold and dry -may abyde stirring in respect of their coldnes, till they be -warme: but for feare of ouerdrying they must not venture -vpon sweat. Hoat and moyst must vse moderate exercise, -bycause to litle dyminisheth not their superfluous moysture: -to much melteth to fast, and warmth to much. Whereupon -daungerous flixes ensue: so that they must needes auoid -great alteration of breath, and to much warmeth. Cold and -moyst may exercise them selues till they blow, till they be -hoat, and till they sweat. To be short, of any constitution -this may best abide exercise, to emptie it of needlesse -humors, to stirre the natural heat, and to procure perfit -digestion. <i>Sicke-men</i> may not dreame of any definite -<i>quantitie</i> in their exercises, bycause according to the variety -of their infirmities, both their exercises, and the quantities -thereof must be proportionally applyed: so that there can -be no certaine rule set for them.</p> - -<p>Such as be newly recouered from sicknes, or that be on -the mending hand, bycause their strength is feeble, their -heat weake, their lymes dried vp, must content themselues -with small and competent exercise, for feare of no small<span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span> -inconuenience. Their limit therefore must be to stirre, but -not to change breath, to warme, but not to heat, to labour, -but not to be wearie: yet as their health growes, their exercise -may encrease.</p> - -<p>5. For the kinde of life. Such as liue moderately and -with great continencie, though they be not full of superfluities, -and therefore neede not exercise much: yet they -must not abandon it quite, least their bodies for want therof, -becomming vnweildie, lease both the benefit of naturall heat, -and good constitution, and auoid not such residence, as of -force breedes in them, and in the ende will cause some -sicknes crepe on, which comes without warning, bycause -<i>Iupiter</i>, as both <i>Hesiode</i> sayeth, and <i>Plutarch</i> subscribeth, -hath cut her tongue out, least she tell, when she comes, for -that he would haue her come stealing, eare she be perceiued, -as <i>Galene</i> also maketh the litle vnperceiued, or for the -smallnesse contemned to be mother to all illes both of bodie -and soule. <i>Incontinence</i> breedes much matter for exercise: -and therefore requireth much, cheifly to procure sound -sleepe, the captaine cause of good digestion. Such as haue -not vsed exercises before, and be nouices in the trade, must -first be purged, then by <i>meane</i> and <i>moderate</i> ascents, day by -day be well applyed, till they come to that degree, wherein -those are, which haue bene acquainted therewith before. -But in all those <i>degrees</i> and <i>mediocrities</i>, <i>immoderate</i> exercise -must alway be eschewed, as a very capitall enemie to health -causing <i>children</i> not to prosper nor grow: <i>lustie men</i> to fall -into vnequall distemperatures, and oftimes agues: <i>oldmen</i> -to become dry and ouerwearied. To conclude who is it, to -whom it doth not some harme, and from whom it keepeth -not some great good. These be the tokens, whereby immoderate -exercises be discerned, if ye feele your ioyntes to -be very hoat: if you perceiue your body to be drie and -vnequall: if in your trauell you feele some pricking in your -flesh, as if it were of some angrie push: if after sweating -your colour become pale: if you finde your selfe faint and -wearie more than ordinary, which wearines, fayntnesse and -pricking, occupy the credit of a great circumstance in physicke, -of <i>Galene</i>,<a id="FNanchor_51_51" href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> and greeke physicianes called κόπος of the -<i>latines</i> and our <i>Linacer lassitudines</i>, and come vpon dissolution -and thinning of grosse humours, being to many at that -time to cleare the body of, and pricking as they passe like<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">122</span> -some angrie bile within the body, whereby the body is both -forced to make an end of exercise, and withall is verie -wearysome, and stif oftymes after.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_34">CHAPTER 34.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the manner of exercising.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap"><i>Galene</i></span> in the second booke of his preseruatiue to -health knitteth vp three great thinges in verie few -wordes, that who so can handle the exercises in due <i>maner</i>, -with the <i>apotherapeutike</i>, or gouerning the body after exercise, -and his <i>frictions</i> to rubbe it and chafe it as it should -be, is an absolute trayner in his kinde. Wherein we may -see the vse of <i>chafing</i>, and rubbing the body both to be -verie auncient, and very healthfull, to warme the outward -partes, to open the passages for superfluitie, and to make -one actiue and chearie to deale with any thing afterward. -It hath his place euery day at tymes, euery yeare in seasons, -altering vpon circumstance, but still both needefull and -healthfull, and clearith where it chafeth. For the <i>apotherapeutike</i> -much hath bene saide already: wherefore this place -must serue peculiarly for the <i>maner</i> of exercising.</p> - -<p>They of old time to whom these rules were first giuen -hauing all thinges at their will, and sparing for no cost, -neither straited for want of time, which they disposed as -they listed, and to whom the traine bycause of their libertie -and leasure was properly bequeathed, did vse many circumstances -both ear they entred into their exercise, and -when they were in it, and also after that they had ended it, -ear they went to meat. Which their curious course, I will -briefly runne through, onely to let them see it, which can -do no more but see it, bycause the circumstances of our -time will skant suffer any to assay it. After that they felt -their former meat fully digested, and had at leysure performed -what belonged to the purging of their bodies, they -disrobed themselues, and were chafed with a gentle kinde<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span> -of rubber, till that the freshnes of their colour, and agilytie -of their ioyntes seemed to call for exercise. Then were -they oynted with sweete oyle so neatly and with such -cunning, as it might sooke into their bodies, and search -euerie ioynt. That being done if they ment to wrastle, they -threw dust vpon the oyntment: if not, they went to the -exercise, which they had most fansie vnto, which being -ended they rested a while, then with certaine scrapers called -<i>Strigiles</i>, they had all their filth scrapte of their bodies: -afterward they were chafed and rubbed againe, then oynted -also againe, either in the <i>Sunne</i> or by the <i>fire</i>. Then to the -<i>bath</i>, last of all apparelling themselues they fell to their -meat. And this was not one or two, nor men of might -alone, but euery one and of euery sort, nay, shall I say it? -euen of euery sex. A long and laboriouse trauell, and an -argument of much ease, and to much adoe in that, which -should be more common.</p> - -<p>But in these our dayes, considering we neither haue such -places wherin, nor the persons by whose helpe, nor the -leasure by whose sufferance we maye entend so delicate a -tendring of our selues, and yet for all that may not neglect -so great a misterie for our owne health, as exercise is, -though we cannot reatch to the olde, which perhaps we neede -not, smaller prouision and simpler fourniture, will serue our -turne, and worke the same effectes, nay may fortune better -by helpe of some circunstance peculiar to our selues. Therefore -for our <i>maner</i> and <i>order</i> of exercise, these few and easie -considerations may seeme to be sufficient: To <i>cleare</i> our -bodies from superfluities echewaye, to <i>combe</i> our heades, to -<i>wash</i> our handes and face, to <i>apparell</i> our selues for the -purpose, to <i>begin</i> our exercise first slowly, and so grow on -quicker, to <i>rebate</i> softly, and by gentle degrees, to <i>change</i> -our sweatie clothes, to <i>walke</i> a litle after, last of all our -bodies being setled, to <i>go</i> to our meate. This is that which -I promised to note concerning the six circunstances of exercise.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_35">CHAPTER 35.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">An aduertisement to the training maister. Why both the teaching -of the minde, and the training of the bodie be assigned -to the same maister. The inconueniences which ensue, where -the bodie and soule be made particular subiectes to severall -professions. That who so will execute anything well, must -of force be fully resolued of the excellency of his owne -subiect. Out of what kinde of writers the exercising maister -may store himselfe with cunning. That the first groundes -would be laid by the cunningest workeman. That priuate -discretion in any executor is of more efficacie then his skill.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">I haue</span> already spoken of the parties, which are to be -exercised, and what they are to obserue: nowe must -I saye somwhat of him, and to him, which is to direct -the exercise, and how he may procure sufficient knowledge, -wherby to do it exceeding well. And yet the trainers -person is but a parcell of that person, whom I do charge -with the whole. For I do assigne both the framing of the -minde, and the training of the bodie to one mans charge, -whose sufficiencie may verie well satisfie both, being so -neare companions in linke, and not to be vncoupled in -learning. The causes why I medle in this place with the -training maister, or rather the training parte of the common -maister, be these: first I did promise in my methode of -exercises so to do: secondly the late discours of exercise -will somwhat lighten this matter, and whatsoeuer shall be -said here, may easely be reuiued there, where I deale with -the generall maister. Beside this, exercise being so great -a braunche of education as the sole traine of the whole -bodie, maye well commaunde such a particular labour, -though in deede I seuer not the persons, where I ioine the -properties. For in appointing seuerall executions, where -the knowledge is vnited, and the successe followeth by the -continuall comparing of the partes, how they both maye, or -how they both do best procede in their best way, how can -that man iudge wel of the soule, whose trauell consisteth in -the bodie alone? or how shall he perceiue what is the bodies -best, which hauing the soule onely committed to his care, -posteth ouer the bodie as to an other mans reckening? In -these cases both <i>fantsie</i> workes <i>affection</i>, and <i>affection</i> ouer-weyneth, -either best liking where it fantsieth most, or most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span> -following, where it affecteth best, as it doth appeare in -<i>Diuines</i>, who punish the bodie, to haue the soule better, and -in <i>Physicians</i>, who looke a side at the soule, bycause the -bodie is there best. Where by the way I obserue, the -different effectes which these two subiectes, being seuered in -charge, do offer vnto their professours. For the health of -the soule is the <i>Diuines</i> best, both for his honest delite, that -it doth so well, and for his best ease, that himselfe faires so -well. For an honest, vertuous, godly and well disposed -soule, doth highly esteeme and honorably thinke of the -professour of diuinitie, and teacher of his religion, bycause -vertuous dealinges, godly meditations, heauently thoughtes, -which the one importeth, be the others portion, and the -best food, to a well affected minde: Whervpon in such a -healthy disposition of a well both informed and reformed -soule, the <i>Diuine</i> can neither lacke honor for his person, nor -substance for his purse.</p> - -<p>Now to the contrarie the health of the bodie, which is the -<i>Physicians</i> subiect, is generally his worst, though it be the -ende of his profession, which though he be glad of his owne -good nature, as he is a man, or of his good conscience, as -he is a Christian, that the bodie doth wel, yet his chymny -doth not smoke where no pacient smartes. For the healthfull -bodie commonly careth not for the <i>Physician</i>, it is neede -that makes him sought. And as the <i>Philosopher</i> sayeth, if -all men were freindes, then iustice should not neede, bycause -no wrong would be offered: so if all bodies were whole -that no distemperature enforced: or if the <i>Diuine</i> were well -and duetifully heard, that no intemperance distempered, -<i>Physick</i> should haue small place: Now the contrary dealinges, -bycause the diuine is not heard, and distemperature -not auoided, do enforce <i>Physick</i>, for the healing parte of it, -as the mother of the professours gaine: where as the preseruing -part neither will be kept by the one, neither enricheth -the other. In these two professions we do generally see -what the seuering of such neare neighbours doth bring to -passe, like two tenantes in one house belonging to seuerall -lordes. And yet the affections of the one so tuch the other, -as they cause sometimes, both the <i>Diuine</i> to thinke of the -body, for the better support of the soule: and the <i>Physician</i> -to thinke of the soule to helpe him in his cure with comfort -and courage. The seuering of those two, sometime shew -vs verie pitifull conclusions, when the <i>Diuine</i> diliuers the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span> -desperate sicke soule, ouer to the secular magistrate, and a -forcible death by waye of punishement: and the <i>Physician</i> -deliuereth the desperate sicke bodie to the <i>Diuines</i> care, -and a forced ende by extremitie of disease. I dare not saye -that these professions might ioyne in one person, and yet -<i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_52_52" href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> examining the force which a good or ill soule hath -to imprint the like affections in the bodie, would not haue -the <i>Physician</i> to tarie for the <i>Phylosopher</i> but to play the -parte himselfe. Where to much distraction is, and subalterne -professions be made seuerall heads, there the professions -make the most of their subiectes, and the subiectes -receiue least good, though they parte from most. And -seuerall professing makes the seuerall trades to swell beyond -proportion, euerie one seeking to make the most of his -owne, nay rather vanting his owne, as simply the highest, -though it creepe very low. And therefore in this my traine -I couch both the partes vnder one maister’s care. For -while the bodie is committed to one, and the soul commended -to an other, it falleth out most times, that the poore -bodie is miserably neglected, while nothing is cared for but -onely the soule, as it proueth true in very zealous <i>Diuines</i>: -and that the soule it selfe is but sillyly looked to, while the -bodie is in price, and to much borne with, as is generally -seene: and that in this conflicte the diligent scholer in great -strength of soule, beares mostwhat about him, but a feeble, -weake, and a sickish bodie. Wherefore to haue the care -equally distributed which is due to both the partes, I make -him but one, which dealeth with both. For I finde no such -difficultie, but that either for the cunning he may compasse -it: or for the trauell he maye beare it, hauing all circunstances -free by succession in houres. Moreouer as the -temperature of the soule smelleth of the temperature of the -bodie, so the soule being well affected, will draw on the -bodie to her bent. For will a modest and a moderate soule -but cause the body obey the rule of her temperance? or if -the soule it selfe be reclaymed from follie, doth it not -constraine the bodie forth with to follow? So that it were -to much to sunder them in charge, whose dispositions be so -ioyned, and the skill of such facilitie, as may easely be -attained, and so much the sooner, bycause it is the preseruing -parte, which requireth most care in the partie, and but small -in the trainer, as the healinge part of Physicke requireth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">127</span> -most cunning in the professour, and some obedience in the -patient.</p> - -<p>I do make great account of the parties skill, that is to -execute matters which besides diligence require skill: for if -he be skilfull himselfe, it almost needes not to giue precept. -If he be not, it altogither bootes not. If he be skillfull he -will execute well, bycause he can helpe the thing, which he -must execute if particular occurrence pray aide at the -sudden: if he want skill he will lightly mangle that, which -is wel set downe, if he be a medler. Wherefore seing I -wish the executors cunning, and yet must be content to -take him as I finde him: I will do my best both to instruct -infirmitie, and to content cunning. I must therefore haue -him to thinke, that there be two properties which he must -take to be of most efficacie to make a cunning executor. -The one is to be rauished with the excellencie and worthynes -of the thing which he is to execute. The other is, if he -may very easily attaine vnto some singuler knowledge in -so noble a subiect, which both concur in this present execution.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The liking of the executors subiect.</div> - -<p>1. For graunting the soule simply the preheminence -both in substance of being, and in -traine to be bettered, can there be any other -single subiect, (which I say in respect of a communitie -directed by diuine and humaine law, that is compound, and -the principall subiect of any mans dealing,) can there be -any single subiect I say of greater nobilitie, and more -worthy to be in loue with, either by the partie, that is to -finde it, or by him that is to frame it, then healthfullnes of -body? which so toucheth the soule as it shakes it withall, -if it selfe be not sownd?</p> - -<p>What a treasure health is, they that haue it do finde, -though they feele it not till it faile, when want bewrayes -what a iewell they haue lost, and their cost discouers how -they mynde the recouerie. The ende of our being here is -to serue God and our country, in obedience to persons, and -perfourmance of duties: If that may be done with health -of bodie, it is effectual and pithie: if not, then with sorow -we must shift the soner, and let other succede, with no more -assurance of life, then we had made vs, without this healthfull -misterie: in perpetuall change to let the world see, that -multitude doth supply with number the defect of a great -deale better, but to sone decaying paucity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span></p> - -<p>To liue and that long of whom is it not longed for, as -Gods blessing if he know God: as the benefit of nature, if -he be but a naturall man.</p> - -<p>The state of our bodie, when we are in good health, so -liuely and lusty, so comfortable and cleare, so quicke and -chearie, in part and in hole, doth it not paint vs, and point -vs the valew of so preciouse a iewell, as health is to be -esteemed?</p> - -<p>The pitifull grones, the lamentable shrikes, the lothsome -lookes, the image of death, nay of a pyning death, yea in -hope of recouery: the rufull heauines, the wringing handes, -the wayling friendes, all blacke before blacke, when health -is in despaire, do they not crie and tell vs, what a goodly -thing health is, themselues being so griesy?</p> - -<p>So many monuments left by learned men, so much sumptuousnes -of the mightiest princes, so many inuentions of -the noblest wittes bestowed vpon exercises to maintaine -this diamond, are they not sufficient to enflame the executour, -being a partaker him selfe, and a distributer to others, that -the subiect wherein he dealeth is both massie, most worth, -and most meruelous? let him thinke it to be so, bycause he -seeth it is so, and vpon that presumption proceede to his so -healthfull, and so honorable an execution. In whom his -owne iudgement is of speciall force to further his good -speede. For being well resolued in the excellencie of his -owne subiect he will both himselfe execute the better, and -perswade other sooner to embrace that with zeale, which he -professeth with iudgement. If you will haue me weepe for -you, saith the <i>Poet</i>, then weepe you first: he shall hardly -perswade an other to like of that, which is his owne choice, -who shall himselfe not seeme to set by it, where himselfe -hath set his choise.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">How to become a skillfull exercising maister.</div> - -<p>2. The knowledge wherewith, and how to -deale therein is so much the easier, bycause it is -so generall, and so many wayes to be wonne. -I will not seeme to raise vp the memorie which can neuer -dye, giuen to this traine by all both old and new histories: -which prayse those vertues and valiances, which they found, -but had neuer had matter to praise, nor vertues to finde, if -exercises had not made the personages praiseworthy, whereby -they did such thinges, and of so great admiration, as had -bene vnpossible to any not so trained as they were. What -<i>Philosopher</i> describeth the fairest forme of the worthiest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span> -common weale, either by patterne of one person, as allowing -that state best, where one steares all: or by some greater -multitude, as preferring that gouernment, where many make -much stirre: but he doth alwaye, when he dealeth with the -youth, and first trayning of that state, not onely make -mention, but a most speciall matter of exercise for health?</p> - -<p>Who is it in any language that handleth the <i>Padagogicall</i> -argument, how to bring vp youth, but he is arrested there, -where exercise is enfraunchised? As for the <i>Physicians</i>, it -is a principall parcell of their fairest patrimonie, bycause -it is naturally subiect, and so learnedly proued to be by -<i>Galene</i> in his booke intitled <i>Thrasybulus</i>, to that parte of -their profession which seeketh to preserue health, and not -to tarie till it come to ruine, with their gaine to repare it, -though it still remaine ruinous and rotten, which is so repared. -Therefore whensoeuer the maintenance of health, is -the inscription of the booke, this title of exercise hath some -euidence to shew. Further in the discours of <i>Exercises</i> we -finde eche where the names of diet, of <i>waking</i>, of <i>sleeping</i>, -of <i>mouing</i>, of <i>resting</i>, of <i>distemperature</i>, of <i>temperature</i>, of -<i>humours</i>, of <i>elementes</i>, of <i>places</i>, of <i>times</i>, of <i>partes</i> of the -<i>bodie</i>, of the <i>vses</i> therof, of <i>frictions</i> and <i>chafings</i>, of <i>lassitude</i> -and <i>wearinesse</i>, and a number such, which when the training -maister meeteth with among the <i>Physicians</i>, or naturall -<i>Philosophers</i>, what els say they vnto him, but that where -ye finde vs before the dore, ye may be bold to come in? -As for naturall <i>Philosophy</i> the ground mistresse to <i>Physik</i> -it must needes be the foundation to this whole traine. -Hence the causes be set, which proue eche thing either good -or bad, either noysome or needefull to health. All naturall -<i>problemataries</i>, <i>dipnosophistes</i>, <i>symposiakes</i>, <i>antiquaries</i>, <i>warmaisters</i>, -and such as deale with any particular occurence -of exercise, if ye appose them well: you shall finde them -yours freindes. This terme <i>Gymnastice</i>, which emplyeth in -name, and professeth in deede the arte of exercise, is the -verie seat, wheron the trainer must builde. And therefore -all either whole bookes, or particular discourses in any writer -by the waie, concerning this argument, do will him to rest -there. In which kinde, for the professed argument of the -whole booke, I know not any comparable to <i>Hieronymus -Mercurialis</i>, a verie learned <i>Italian Physician</i> now in our -time, which hath taken great paines to sift out of all writers, -what so euer concerneth the whole <i>Gymnasticall</i> and exer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span>cising -argument, whose aduice in this question I haue my -selfe much vsed, where he did fit my purpose.</p> - -<p>By these reasons I do see, and by some proofe I haue -found, that the waye to be skilfull in the preseruatiue part -of <i>Physick</i>, and so consequently in exercises, as the greatest -member therof, is very ready and direct, bycause it is so -plaine, so large, and with all so pleasant: as it is also most -honorable, bycause it seekes to saue vs from that, which -desireth our spoile. And therefore this execution requireth -a liberall courage, where the gaine is not great, but the -disposition much praised. The repairers get the pence, the -preseruers reason faire. And as the effect commendes the -knowledge: so being of it selfe thus necessarie for all, a -student may with great credit trauell in the cunning, if it -were for no more but to helpe his owne health, and vpon -better affection, or some gainfull offer to empart it with -other. For to helpe himselfe he is bound in <i>nature</i>, and -will do it in deede: to do good to all if he may, he is bound -by <i>dutie</i>, and so sure he ought. But to helpe as many as -he may, and himselfe to, what <i>nature</i> can but loue? what -<i>dutie</i> can but like? chiefly where the thing which he must -do, may be done with ease, and the good which he shall do, -shall gaine him praise, besides the surplus of profit. Some -will say perhaps to traine vp children, what needes so much -cunning: or in so petie a matter what needes so much -labour? Though I entreat of it here, where it first beginnes, -yet it stretcheth vnto all, both ages and persons: neither is -the matter so meane, which is the readiest meane to so -great a good, but if it were meane, the meanest matter -requireth not the meanest maister, to haue it well done: -and the first groundworke would be layd by the best workeman. -For who can better teach to reade, then he which for -skill can commaund the language? And what had more -neede to be exactly done then that principle, which either -marreth the whole sequele, with insufficiencie, or maketh -all sound, being it selfe well layd? The thing you will -graunt to be of such efficacie, such an excutor you despaire -of: such a man may be had, nay a number of such may be -had, if recompence be prouided to answere such sufficiencie. -The common not opinion but error is, he hath cunning enough -for such a small trifle. It is not that small which he hath -that can do the thing well, but your skill is small, to thinke -that any small skill, can do anything well. He must know<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span> -a great deale more then he doth, which must do that well, -which he doth: bycause <i>store</i> is the deliuerer of the best -effectes, <i>neede</i> which sheweth all at once, is but a sorie -steward, and must put in band, that he hath some credit, -though verie smal substance.</p> - -<p>For the skill of the trayner I take it to be verie euident, -both whence it may be had, and how plentiful a store house -he hath for his prouision. Thence he may haue the generall -groundes, and causes of his cunning.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Discretion in -the trayner.</div> - -<p>3. But there is a third thing yet besides these -two, which is proper to his owne person, which -if he haue not, his cunning is worth nought. -For though he see and embrace the worthines of his subiect, -though he haue gathered in his whole haruest from out of -all writers, yet if he want <i>discretion</i> how to apply it according -vnto that, which is most fit to the verie meanest not -bowghes and braunches, but euen the twigges and sprigges -of the petiest circumstances, he is no skillfull trayner: but -so much the more daungerous, the more helpe of learning -he hath, which will bolden him to much. Therefore of these -two other pointes, the one being throughly resolued on, the -other perfitly obtained, and all the contemplatiue reasons -well vnderstoode, he must bend his wittes to wey the particularities, -whereby both the generall conclusions be brought -to be profitable, and his owne iudgement to be thought -discrete. The want of this is the cause of such a number -of discoursers, which swarm ech where, and both like their -owne choice, and can say pretily well to the generall position, -which is not denyed to any toward youthe, but they shew -themselues altogither lame in the particular applying, which -is a thing that attendeth onely vpon experience and yeares. -The hauing of it will prouide vs notable store of excellent -executours, to all their profites, vpon whom they shall -execute. <i>Aristotle</i> the great <i>philosopher</i> in all his <i>morall</i> -discourses tieth all those vertues which make mens maners -praiseworthie, and be subiect to circumstances, to the rule -of foresight and <i>discretion</i>, whose commendation he placeth -in skill of speciallities to direct mens doinges. Therefore -it is no dishonour to the trayner, to be reclaymed vnto -<i>discretion</i>, which hath all those so many and so manerly -vertues to attend vpon her traine. Is not death commendable, -and ascribed to valiancie, when it is voluntary for the -common good, by reason of the circumstance? and the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span> -sauing of life is it not basely thought of, when it had bene -better spent, considering the circumstance? Which circumstance -is the line to liue by, the guide to all our doinges, -the tuchestone to try a contemplatiue creature from an -actiue courage.</p> - -<p>In the course of training, a thousand difficulties not -possible to be forseene by the generall direction, will offer -themselues, and appose the maister, and at the sudden must -be salued. What will the trainer do? runne to his booke? -nay to his braines. He must remember his rule, that indiuisibles -and circunstances be beyond the reach of <i>arte</i>: and -are committed to the <i>Artificer</i> whose <i>discretion</i> must helpe, -where <i>arte</i> is to weake: though she giue him great light, -by fitting this to that, when he hath found wherfore. <i>Arte</i> -setteth downe the exercise and all the knowen circunstances. -The person bringes with it some difficultie in execution, -where is the succour? <i>Arte</i> will not relent, she can not -make curtsie, her knees be groune stiffe, and her iointes fast -knit, and yet curtsie there must be. The <i>Artificer</i> must -make it, and assist his ladie, which if she had not had a -man to be her meane, she herselfe would haue done all, -and trusting to man whom she hath made her meane, why -should she be deceyued, and her clyentes be abused, where -she commendes them of trust? Children that come to -schoole dwel not in one house, not in the same streate, nay -not in the same towne, they cannot lightly come at one -houre, they be not of one age, nor fit for one exercise, and -yet they must haue some. The <i>arte</i> knoweth my child no -more then my neighbours, but the trainer must, and stay -those vncertainties vpon the arrest of <i>discretion</i>: being enstructed -afore hand in the generall skill though bound but -of voluntarie: as the like cause shall lead the like case.</p> - -<p>The rule is, no noysome sauour neare the newly exercised: -how shall the poore boye do, that is to go home thorough -stinking streates, and filthy lanes.</p> - -<p>The rule is, change apparell after sweat: what if he haue -none other? or not there where he sweateth? Here must -the trainers <i>discretion</i> shew it selfe, either to chuse exercises -that be not subiect to any such extremities, or to vse them -with the fewest. But I am to long, neither neede I to doubt -of mens discretion, though I say thus much of it, which -many haue and moe wishe for, I shall haue occasion to -supplie the rest in the generall teacher.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span></p> - -<p>Thus haue I runne thorough the whole argument of exercises, -and shewed not onely what I thinke of them in -generall, but also what be the cheife particulars, and the -circunstances belonging thereunto: and according to my -promise I haue delt with the training maister, and ouertreated -him to thinke honorably of his profession, to gather -knowledge, where it is abundantly to be got: and last of -all to ioine <i>discretion</i> as a third companion to his owne -admiration and sufficiency.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_36">CHAPTER 36.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">That both young boyes, and young maidens are to be put to -learne. Whether all boyes be to be set to schoole. That to -many learned be to burdenous: to few to bare: wittes well -sorted ciuill, missorted seditious. That all may learne to -write and read without daunger. The good of choice, and -ill of confusion. The children which are set to learne, -hauing either riche or poore freindes: what order and -choice is to be vsed in admitting either of them to learne. -Of the time to chuse.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Now</span> that the thinges be appointed, wherwith the -minde must be first furnished, to make it learned, -and the bodie best exercised, to keepe it healthfull, -we are next to consider of those persons, which are to be -instructed in this furniture, and to be preserued by this -exercise: which I take to be children of both sortes, <i>male</i> -and <i>female</i>, young <i>boyes</i> and young <i>maidens</i>, which though -I admit here generally, without difference of sex, yet I -restraine particularly vpon difference in cause, as herafter -shall appeare. But young <i>maidens</i> must giue me leaue to -speake of <i>boyes</i> first: bycause naturally the <i>male</i> is more -worthy, and politikely he is more employed, and therfore -that side claimeth this learned education, as first framed for -their vse, and most properly belonging to their kinde: -though of curtsie and kindnesse they be content to lend -their <i>female</i> in youth, the vse of their traine in part, vpon -whom in age they bestow both themselues, and all the frute -of their whole traine.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span></p> - -<p>It might seeme sufficient for the determining of this case -to say onely thus much: that they must needes be <i>boyes</i> -which are to be trayned in this sorte, as I haue declared, -bycause the bringing vp of young <i>maidens</i> in any kynd of -learning, is but an accessory by the waye. But for so -much as there be many considerations in the persons, both -of <i>boyes</i> and <i>maidens</i> worthy the deciding, I meane to entreat -of them both somwhat largely: and as neare as I can, to -resolue both my selfe and my reader in some pointes of -controuersie and necessitie, or rather in some pointes of -apparent necessities, being out of all controuersie. For the -<i>male</i> side, that doubt is long ago out of doubt, that they be -to be set to schoole, to qualifie themselues, to learne how to -be religious and louing, how to gouerne and obey, how to -fore cast and preuent, how to defende and assaile, and in -short, how to performe that excellently by labour, wherunto -they are borne but rudely by nature. For the very excellency -of executions and effectes where by we do so great -things, as we vonder at our selues in all histories and -recordes of time, (which be but stages for people to gase -on, and one to maruell at an others doings) testifieth and -confirmeth that it were great pitie, that such towardnesse -should be drowned in vs for lacke of education, which -neuer comes to proofe, but where education is the meane. -That we can proue learned, the effect doth shew, but that -not vnlesse we learne, the defect declares. That our bodies -can do great thinges, healthfull strength is witnesse to it -selfe: but where weaknesse is, what doinges there be, verie -want will pronounce. But now in the way of this so commended -a traine, there be two great doubtes which crosse -me. 1. The first is, whether all children be to be set to -schoole, without restraint to diminish the number. 2. The -second is, how to worke restraint, if it be thought needefull. -Touching the first question, whether all children be to be -set to schoole or no, without repressing the infinitie of -multitude, it is a matter of great weight, and not only in -knowledge to be resolued vpon, but also in deede so to be -executed, as the resolution shall probably giue sentence. -For the bodie of a common weale in proportion is like vnto -a naturall bodie. In a naturall bodie, if any one parte be -to great, or to small, besides the eye sore it is mother to -some euill by the verie misfourming, wherupon great distemperature -must needes follow in time, and disquiet the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span> -whole bodie. And in a bodie politike if the like proportion -be not kept in all partes, the like disturbance will crepe -thorough out all partes. Some by to much will seeke to -bite to sore, some by to litle will be trode on to much: as -both will distemper: which if it fortune not to kill in the -ende, yet it will disquiet where it greiues, and hast forward -the ende. But though the pestering of number do ouerlaie -the most professions and partes of any common weale, and -harme there where it doth so ouercharge, yet I will not -medle with any, but this of learning and the learner, which -I haue chosen to be my peculiar subiect. Wherof I saye -thus, that to many learned be to burdenous, that to few be -to bare, that wittes well sorted be most ciuill, that the same -misplaced be most vnquiet and seditious.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">To many learned.</div> - -<p>1. To many burdens any state to farre: for -want of prouision. For the rowmes which are -to be supplyed by learning being within number, -if they that are to supply them, grow on beyound number -how can yt be but too great a burden for any state to beare? -To haue so many gaping for preferment, as no goulfe hath -stoore enough to suffise, and to let them rome helpeles, -whom nothing else can helpe, how can it be but that such -shifters must needes shake the verie strongest piller in that -state where they liue, and loyter without liuing? which -needeles superfluitie fleeting without seat, what ill can it but -breede? A dangerous residence it is at hoome, still seeking -shiftes to liue as they may, though with enemitie to order, -which neede cannot see. A perilous searcher it is abroode, -to seeke to fish in a troubled water, if any cause promote -their quarrell, bycause the cleare is not for them, which they -haue sounded allready. Sure <i>neede</i> is an imperious mistres -to force conclusions, whether shee build vpon <i>fantsie</i> and -<i>desire</i>, which is a <i>maniheaded neede</i>, euen before <i>neede</i>, and -mostwhat without <i>neede</i>: or vpon meere <i>lacke</i> and <i>want</i> in -deede, which though it haue but one head, yet that one is -exceeding strong, importunate, and furiouse. And shee -hath at hand to salue her mischiefes, a ready and an ordinarie -excuse, wherewith she will seeme to craue pardon for -all that is done by needy men, as there vnto enforced by -her ineuitable violence. A violent remedy, which doth not -heale infections, but will alleage cause, where to haue -mischiefes excused and foregiuen.</p> - -<p>Wherfore if these mens misdemeanour come of their<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span> -owne ill, which prouision cannot preuent, bycause in best -prouision ill will be ill, so farre as it dare shew, where wealth -workes wantonnes, it deserues correction and punishment. -If it come of necessitie, for want of foresight in publike -gouernment, to helpe the common, from common blame, -and to prouide for the priuate: it would be amended and -not suffered to runne, till the harme being receiued and felt, -cause the question be moued, whether such a mischiefe -proceede from priuate insolence, or publike negligence. -For as the priuate is to pay, if it do not performe, when the -publike hath prouided: so the publike must pardon, if for -insufficient foresight, the priuate proue dissolute, and lend -the state a blow. But for my number I neede not to dwell -any longer in to many, for troubling all with to many -wordes, seeing all wise men see, and all learned men say, -that it is most necessary to disburden a common weale of -vnnecessary number, and multitude in generall, which in -some countries they compassed by brothelry, and common -stewes, to let the yong spring: in some by exposition and -spoile of enfantes, both contrary to nature, and countermaunded -by religion: but according to their pollicie and -commaunded by their countries. In particular disposing of -them that liued, they cast their account, and as the proportion -of their states did suffer: so did they allote them with -choice, and constrained them to obey. If such regard for -multitude be to be had in any one braunche of the common -weale, it is most needefull in schollers. For they professe -learning, that is to say the soule of a state: and it is to -perilous to haue the soule of a state to be troubled with -their soules, that is necessary <i>learning</i> with vnnecessary -<i>learners</i>, or the publike body with their priuate, which is -the common <i>wealth</i> with their priuate want. For in all -proportion, to much is to bad, and to much out of all proportion, -and to haue to much euen of the soule, is not the -soundest, where her offices be appointed and lymited in -certaine. <i>Superfluitie</i> and <i>residence</i> bring sickenes to the -body, and must not to much then infect the soule sore, -being in a <i>sympathie</i> with the body? Scholers by reason of -their conceit which learning inflameth, as no meane authority -saith,<a id="FNanchor_53_53" href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> become to imperiall to rest upon a litle: and by their -kinde of life which is allway idle they proue to disdainefull -to deale with labour, vnlesse neede make them trot, or the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span> -<i>Turkish captiuitie</i> catch them, the greatest foe that can fall -vpon idle people, where labour is looked for, and they not -vsed to it. <i>Contentment</i> in <i>aspiring</i>, which is hard to such -wittes, and <i>patience</i> in <i>paines</i> which they neuer learned, be -the two cognisances, whereby to discerne a ciuill wit, and -fit to enioye the benefit of his countrie. Now of all ouerflush -in number, is not that most dangerous, which in conceit -is loftie, and in life loytering, as the vnbestowed scoller by -profession is?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">To few learned.</div> - -<p>To few be to bare and naked: bycause necessities -must be supplyed, and that by the fittest. -For whereas the defect of the fit enforceth supplement of -the lookers on, though not the most likely, but whosoeuer -they be, without further respect, then that they stand by, -bycause neede bides no choyce where there is no <i>pluralitie</i>, -and yet biddes <i>pluralitie</i> make choyce: there the vnsufficient -seruice of necessarie seruices breedes much miscontentment, -and more shaking to any state. And that chiefly in such -pointes, as the state embraseth, and the feeble minister doth -nothing but deface. So that the defeat of the generall -purpose must be most imputed to the bare defect of insufficient -persons. For as to many bringes surfettes, so to few -breedes consumptions.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Wittes well sorted.</div> - -<p>3. Wittes well sorted be most ciuill: This I -say bycause to auoyd excessiue number, choice -is one principall helpe: for in admitting to vses -onely such as be fit, and seeme to be made for them, pares -of the vnfit, and lesseneth the number, which yet would be -lookt vnto, euen at the verie first. For euen he that is -thought most vnfit, and is so in deede, yet will grieue at -repulse, vnles ye repell him by preuention, ear he come to -the sense and judgement to discerne what a heauie thing -a flat repulse is. Which <i>miscontentment</i> if it range in a -number, cannot be without daunger to the common body. -As to the contrarie such wittes as be placed where the -place needes them more then they the place, do performe -with sufficiencie, and proceede with <i>contentment</i> of the state -that enstawled them. The chiefe signes of <i>ciuilitie</i> be <i>quietnesse</i>, -<i>concord</i>, <i>agrement</i>, <i>fellowship</i> and <i>friendship</i>, which -<i>likenesse</i> doth lincke, <i>vnliknesse</i>, vndoeth: <i>fitnesse</i> maketh -fast, <i>vnfitnesse</i> doth loose: <i>proprietie</i> beares vp, <i>improprietie</i> -pulleth downe: <i>right matching</i> makes, <i>mismatching</i> marres. -How then can ciuill societie be preserued, where wittes of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span> -vnfit humours for seruice, are in places of seruice, by appointment, -either vnaduisedly made, or aduisedly marred. -Is there any picture so ill fauoured, being compound of -incompatible natures, as an execution is, being committed -to a contrarie constitution? If fire be to enflame, and cause -thinges burne, where water should coole, and be meane to -quench, is the place not in danger? If that wit fall to -preach, which were fitter for the plough, and he to clime a -pulpit, which is made to scale a walle, is not a good <i>carter</i> -ill lost, and a good <i>souldier</i> ill placed? If he will needes -lawe it, which careth for no lawe, and professe <i>iustice</i> that -professeth no <i>right</i>, hath not <i>right</i> an ill <i>caruer</i>, and <i>iustice</i> -a worse <i>maister</i>? If he will deale with <i>physicke</i> whose -braines can not beare the infinite circumstances which belong -thereunto, whether to maintaine health, or to restore it: -doth he any thing else, but seeke to hasten death, for helping -the disease? to make way to murther, in steede of amendement? -to be a <i>butchars prentice</i> for a <i>maister</i> in <i>physike</i>? -And so is it in all kindes of life, in all trades of liuing, where -fitnes and right placing of wittes doth worke agreement and -ease, vnfitnes and misplacing haue the contrarie companions, -disagreement and disease.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Wittes misplaced.</div> - -<p>4. Againe wittes misplaced most vnquiet and -seditious: as any thing else strayned against -nature: light thinges prease vpward, and will -ye force <i>Fire</i> downe? Heauie thinges beare downeward: -and will ye haue <i>Leade</i> to leape vp? An imperiall witte -for want of education and abilitie, being placed in a meane -calling will trouble the whole companie, if he haue not his -will, as winde in the stomacke: and if he haue his will, -then shall ye see what his naturall did shoote at. He that -beareth a tankarde by meanesse of degree, and was borne -for a cokhorse by sharpenes of witte, will keepe a canuase -at the Conduites, tyll he be Maister of his companie. Such -a stirring thing it is to haue wittes misplaced, and their -degrees mislotted by the iniquitie of <i>Fortune</i>, which the -equitie of <i>nature</i> did seeme to meane vnto them.</p> - -<p><i>Plato</i> in his wished common weale, and his defining of -naturall dignities, appointeth his degrees and honors, where -<i>nature</i> deserueth by <i>abilitie</i> and <i>worth</i>, not where <i>fortune</i> -freindeth by <i>byrth</i> and <i>boldnes</i>, though where both do ioyne -<i>singularitie</i> in <i>nature</i>, and successe in <i>fortune</i>, there be some -rare iewell. Hereupon I conclude, that as it necessary to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span> -preuent to great a number for the <i>quantitie</i> thereof: so it is -more then necessarie, to prouide in the necessarie number -for the <i>qualitie</i> thereof, wherein <i>restraint</i> it selfe will do -much good for the one, and <i>choice</i> in restraint will do more -for the other. Sure all children may not be set to schole, -nay not though priuate circumstance say yea. And therefore -scholes may not be set vp for all, though great good -will finde neuer so many founders, both for the place wherein -to learne, and for the number also which is for to learne: -that the state may be serued with sufficiencie enough, and -not be pestered with more than enough. And yet by the -way for writing and reading so they rested there, what if -euerie one had them, for <i>religion</i> sake, and their necessarie -<i>affaires</i>? Besides that in the long time of their whole -youth, if they minded no more, these two were easely learned, -at their leasure times by extraordinary meanes, if the -ordinarie be daintie and no schoole nigh. Euerie parish -hath a minister, if none else in the parish, which can helpe -writing and reading.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Of riche and poore children.</div> - -<p>Some doubt may rise here betwene the <i>riche</i> -and <i>poore</i>, whether all <i>riche</i> and none <i>poore</i>, or -but some in both maye and ought to be set to -learning. For all in both that is decided alreadie, No: bycause -the whole question concerneth these two kindes, as -the whole common weale standeth vpon these two kindes. -If all <i>riche</i> be excluded, <i>abilitie</i> will snuffe, if all <i>poore</i> be -restrained, then will <i>towardnesse</i> repine. If <i>abilitie</i> set out -some <i>riche</i>, by priuate purses for priuate preferment: <i>towardnesse</i> -will commende some <i>poore</i> to publike prouision for -publike seruice: so that if neither publike in the <i>poore</i>, nor -priuate in the <i>riche</i> do marre their owne market, me thinke -that were best, nay that will be best, being ruled by their -wittes to conceiue learning, and their disposition to proue -vertuous. But how may the publike in the <i>poore</i>, and the -priuate in the <i>riche</i>, make their owne market in the education -of those whom they preferre to learning? I will tell ye -how. The <i>riche</i> not to haue to much, the <i>poore</i> not to lacke -to much, the one by ouerplus breadeth a loose and dissolute -braine: the other by vnder minus a base and seruile conceit. -For he that neuer needeth by supplie of freindes, neuer -strayneth his wittes to be freind to himselfe, but commonly -proues retchelesse till the blacke oxe tread vpon his toes, -and neede make him trie what mettle he is made of. And<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span> -he that still needeth for want of freindes being still in pinche -holdes that for his heauen, which riddes him from neede, -and serues that Saint, which serues his turne best, euen -<i>Neptune</i> in shipwrackie. Wherby he maketh the right of -his iudgement become bond for wealth: and the sight of -his witte blinde for desire, such slauerie workes want, vnlesse -Gods grace proue the staye, which is no line to common -direction, though it be our onely hope, by waye of refuge. -Now then if the wealthy parentes of their priuate patrimonie, -and publike patrones of their supererogatorie wealth, will -but driue to a meane in both these two mains, neither shall -wealth make the one to wanton, nor want make the other -to seruile: neither the one to leape to fast, for feare he loose -some time, nor the other to hast to fast, for feare he misse -some liuing. Sure to prouide for poore scholers but a poore -patche of a leane liuing, or but some meane halfe, is more -then halfe a maime, the desire to supplie that which wanteth, -distracting the studie more by many partes, then that petie -helpe, which they haue can possibly further it: bycause the -charge to maintaine a scholer is great, the time to proue -well learned, long, and when ripenesse is ready, there would -be staye to chuse and time to take aduice, where neede -turnes the deafe eare. The paterne of to prodigall wealth -oftimes causeth the toward student to ouershoote himselfe -by corrupt imitation, as brauerie and libertie be great allurers, -where studie and staye pretend restraint. And therfore -neither must to much be butte to allurementes, nor to litle -a burden: to iudgement the one the meane to lewdnesse -the other a maime to libertie. The midle sorte of parentes -which neither welter in to much wealth, nor wrastle with to -much want, seemeth fitteth of all, if the childrens capacitie -be aunswerable to their parentes state and qualitie: which -must be the leuell for the fattest to fall downe to, and the -leanest to leape up to, to bring forth that student, which -must serue his countrey best. <i>Religion</i> and <i>learning</i> will -frame them in iudgement, when <i>wealth</i> and <i>abilitie</i> haue -set them once on foote.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The choosing time.</div> - -<p>For the choice of wittes definitely, till they -come to the time, or verie neare to it, when they -are themselues naturally and for ripenesse of -yeares to chuse their owne kinde of life, how so euer circunstance -free, or binde their choice, I cannot say much, though -I do see what other haue said in that behalfe. A quicke<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">141</span> -witte will take soone, a staid memorie will hold fast, a dull -head may proue somwhat, a meane witte offers faire, <i>praise</i> -bewrayeth some courage, <i>awe</i> some, in eche kinde there is -likelyhood, and yet error in eche. For as there be faire -blossomes, so there be nipping frostes. And till the daunger -of reuolt be past, the quicke must be helde in hope, the -dull without dispaire, the meane the meetest, if the sequele -do aunswere. I can limit no one thing, though I see great -shewes, where there is such vncertaine motion, both in soule -and body, as there is in children. The maisters <i>discretion</i> -in time and vpon triall, may see and say much, and in a -number there will some leaders appeare of themselues, as -some speciall deare in the whole heard. Where great -appearance is, there one may prophecie, and yet the lying -spirite may sit in his lippes. For God hath reserued, his -calling and discouering houres, as all other future euentes -to his owne peculiar and priuate knowledge: probabilities -be our guides, and our coniectures be great, though not -without exception. What kinde of witte I like best for my -countrey, as most proper to be the instrument for learning, -it shall appeare herafter. But for the first question of the -two, it seemeth to me verie plaine that all children be not -to be set to schoole, but onely such as for naturall wittes, -and sufficient maintenance, either of their naturall parentes, -or ciuill patrones, shall be honestly and wel supported in -their study, till the common weale minding to vse their -seruice, appoint their prouision, not in hast for <i>neede</i>, but at -leasure with <i>choice</i>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_37">CHAPTER 37.</h2> - - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The meanes to restraine the ouerflowing multitude of scholers. -The cause why euerie one desireth to haue his childe learned, -and yet must yelde ouer his owne desire to the disposition of -his countrie. That necessitie and choyce be the best restrayners. -that necessitie restrayneth by lacke and lawe. -Why it may be admitted, that all may write and read that -can, but no further. What is to be thought of the speaking -and vnderstanding of Latine, and in what degree of learning -that is. That considering our time and the state of religion -in our time, lawe must needes helpe this restraint: with the -answere to such obiections as are made to the contrary. -That in choice of wittes, which must deale with learning, -that wit is fittest for our state, which aunswereth best the -monarchie, and how such a wit is to be knowne. That choice -is to helpe in scholing, in admission into colledges, in proceeding -to degrees, in preferring to liuinges, where the -right and wrong of all the foure pointes be handled at full.</span></p> - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">In</span> the last title we haue concluded, that there must be a -<i>restraint</i>, and that all may not passe on to learning -which throng thitherward, bycause of the inconueniences, -which may ensue, by want of preferment for such a -multitude, and by defeating other trades of their necessarie -trauellours. Our next labour therefore must be, how to -handle this <i>restraint</i>, that the tide ouerflow not the common, -with to great a spring of bookish people, if ye crie come -who will, or ring out all in. Euerie one desireth to haue -his childe learned: the reason is, for that how hardly soeuer -either <i>fortune</i> frowne, or <i>casualtie</i> chastice, yet <i>learning</i> hath -some strength to shore vp the person, bycause it is incorporate -in the person, till the soule dislodge, neither lyeth it -so open for mischaunce to mangle, in any degree, as forren -and fortunes <i>patrimonie</i> doth. But though euerie parent be -thus affected toward his owne child, as nature leades him to -wish his owne best, yet for all that euerie parent must beare -in memorie that he is more bound to his country, then to -his child, as his child must renounce him in countermatch -with his countrie. And that country which claymeth this -prerogatiue of the father aboue the child, and of the child -aboue the father, as it maintained the father eare he was a -father, and will maintaine the child, when he is without a -father: so generally it prouideth for all, as it doth require a -dutie aboue all. And therefore parentes in disposing of -their children may vpon good warrant surrender their interest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span> -to the generall consideration of their common countrie, and -thinke that it is not best to haue their children bookish, -notwithstanding their owne desire, be it neuer so earnestly -bent: if their countrie say either they shall serue in this -trade, without the booke: or if shee say I may not allow -any more booke men without my to much trouble. I pray -thee good parent haue pacience, and appoint some other -course for thy childe, there be many good meanes to liue -by, besides the booke, and I wilbe thy childes friend, if thou -wilt fit in some order for me. This verie consideration of -the countrie, vttered with so milde a speach, spoken by her -that is able to performe it, may moue the reasonable parent, -to yealde to her desire as best, as she can tell the headstrong -in plaine termes, that he shall yeelde perforce, if he will -not by entreatie, for priuate affection though supported by -reason of strength whatsoeuer, must either voluntarily bend, -or forcibly breake, when the common good yeeldeth to the -contrary side.</p> - -<p>Seeing therefore the disposition of wittes according to -the proportion of ech state is resigned ouer to the countrie: -and she sayth all may not be set to schole, bycause ech trade -must be furnished, to performe all duties belonging to all -parts: it falleth out in this case of <i>restraint</i> which bridles -desire, that two speciall groundes are to be considered, which -strip away excessiue number, <i>necessitie</i> and <i>choice</i>, the one -perforce, the other by your leaue.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Necessity.</div> - -<p>As for <i>necessitie</i>, when the parent is ouer -charged with defect in circumstance, though -desire carie him on, it then restraineth most, and lesseneth -this number when desire would encrease it, and straines -to the contrary. You would haue your childe learned, but -your purse will not streatch, your remedy is pacience, deuise -some other way, wherein your abilitie will serue. You are -not able to spare him from your elbow, for your neede, and -learning must haue leysure, a scholers booke must be his -onely busines, without forreine lettes, you may be bold of -your owne, let booking alone, for such as can entend it, -from being called away by domesticall affaires, and necessarie -busines, for the scholers name will not be a cypherlike -subiect, as he is termed of leasure, so must he haue it. And -that they cannot spare their children so, must forebeare their -scholing, by the olde <i>Persian</i><a id="FNanchor_54_54" href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> ordinance, bycause leasure is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span> -the foregoer to liberall profession: <i>necessitie</i> compelleth and -bastardeth the conceit, a venom to learning, whom freedom -should direct. You haue no schole neare you, and you -cannot pay for teaching further of, let your owne trade -content you: keepe your childe at home. Your childe is -weake tymbred, let scholing alone, make play his physician -and health his midle end. Which way soeuer <i>neede</i> driues -you perforce, that way must ye trot, if he will not amble, -and bid Will thinke that well. He that gouerneth all seeth -what is your best, your selfe may be misseled either by -<i>ignorance</i> in <i>choice</i>, or <i>affection</i> in blood. In these and the -like cases <i>lacke</i> is the leader, which way soeuer she straineth. -Whereby if the restrained childe cannot get the skil to write -and read: I lament that lacke, bycause I haue allowed him -somuch before, vpon some reasonable perswasion euen for -necessary dealings. For these two pointes concerne euery -man neare, bycause they submit themselues to euerie mans -seruice: yea in his basest busines and secretest affaires. I -dare not venture to allow so many the lattine tongue nor -any other language, vnlesse it be in cases, where their trades -be knowne, and those toungues be founde to be necessarie -for them. For all the feare is, though it be more then feare, -where it still falleth out so, least hauing such benefits of -schole, they will not be content with the state which is for -them, but bycause they haue some petie smake of their -booke, they will thinke any state be it neuer so high to be -low ynough for them. Which petie bookemen do not consider, -that both clounes in the countrie, and artificers in -townes be allowed lattine in well gouerned states, which yet -rest in their calling, without <i>pride</i> or <i>ambition</i>, for that small -knowledge, whereby they be better able to furnish out their -trades, without further aspiring. Neither measure they the -meaner qualities, as the thinges be in nature, but as themselues -be in conceit: neither can they consider that at this -daye it is not the toungue, but the treasure of learning and -knowledge, which is laid vp in the toungue whereunto they -neuer came, which giueth the toungue credit, and the speaker -authoritie. For want of this right iudgement there ensueth -in them a miscontentment of minde, not liking their owne -state, and a cumbersome conceit, still aspiring higher, that -disquieteth the whole state. Wherefore <i>necessitie</i> is a good -meane to preuent this in many, which would if they could, -now may not, bycause they cannot.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">145</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Lawe.</div> - -<p>The second point of <i>necessitie</i> I do assigne to -<i>lawe</i> and <i>ordinaunce</i> vpon consideration to cut -of this flocking multitude, which will needes to schoole. -Whereupon two great goods must needes ensue. <i>Contentment</i> -of minde in the partie restrained, when he shall perceiue -publike prouision to be the checke to his fantsie: and timely -<i>preuenting</i>, eare conceit take roote, and thinke it selfe -wronged. Bycause it is much better to nip misorder in the -verie ground, that it may not take hold, then when it is -growen vp, then to hacke it downe. He that neuer conceiued -great thinges maye be helde there with ease, but being -once entred in the waye to mount, and then throwne backward, -he will be in some greife and seeke how to returne -gaule, whence he receiued greife, if he chaunce to proue -peuish, as repulse in great hope is a perillous grater. Yet -in both these cases of necessarie <i>restraint</i>, I could wish -prouision were had to some singular wittes, found worthy -the auauncement: either by priuate patronage, or publike: -and yet againe if they passe on, and bewtifie some other -trade: that also is verie good, seeing they serue their -countrey, whersoeuer they be loated, and in those also -whom libertie of circunstance doth set to schoole <i>pouertie</i> -will appeare, and <i>towardnesse</i> call for helpe: and yet the -number will neuerthelesse proue still with the most.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Two obiections against restraint by lawe.</div> - -<p>1. It is no obiection to alleadge against such a -lawful restraint, the abilitie of good wittes, and -great learning in men, that either now be, or -heretofore haue bene, which we might haue lackt if so strait -a <i>lawe</i> had bene then: 2. or that it were pitie by seueritie -of an vnkinde <i>lawe</i> to hynder that excellencie, which God -commonly giues to the poorer sort. To the first I aunswere, -besides that, which euen <i>lawe</i> to that ende will aunswere for -it selfe. As in time to come we know not, who shall serue -the state, if the <i>lawe</i> be made straite, and yet we know well, -that he which defendes states will prouide sufficient persons, -by whom they shalbe serued: so in time past or present, if -these were not, or those had not bene, whom we now see or -of whom we haue heard, God would haue raised vp other, -whose benefites in seruing gouernmentes may not be restrained -to any degree of men, as they be men, but to the -appointment of a ciuill societie, which hath direction ouer -men: as a thing which God doth most cherish, both in -respect of this Church which is of number, and in regard of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span> -societie it selfe, which is the naturall ende of mans being -here, and not to liue alone. And I warrant you whensoeuer -such an orderly <i>restraint</i> shalbe put in practise that there -wilbe as good foresight had to haue necessarie functions -serued, as there will be regard to draine away the vnnecessarie -ouerflow. A thing not new faingled, but euer in vse, -where the common weales, had an eye to distribute their -multitude to the best and easiest proportion of their owne -state: which otherwise improportionate would breade an -<i>aposteme</i>. And therefore if the generall iudgement appoint -it so, it is best to yeelde. And priuate opinion in politike -cases will proue an errour, if the generall liking contrarie it -flat. I do not now meane, where the generall is blinded by -common errour, but where priuate conceit can take no -exception, sauing that, which he bredeth from out of his -owne braine. If the state of my countrey take order, that -my child shall not go to schoole, sure I will obay, and -prouide some other course, though I like learning exceeding -well, and be verie farre in loue with it, besides the affection -to my child, bycause the squaring with the generall, is to -farre out of square for any particular. And I pray you -may it not be, that for want of such an ordinance we mist -better wittes, then those were, or are, which we either had -or haue, though we thinke very well of both the sortes, -whether now liuing with vs, or tofore parted from vs? And -doth not <i>negligence</i> for want of looking to, ouerthrow as gaie -and gallant heades, as <i>diligence</i> by doing euen her verie -best, hath euer brought to light? Aduised and considerate -planting is like enough to receiue verie good encrease and -euentes in such cases, by authoritie and testimonie of two -the greatest oratours in both the best tongues, be but foolish -maisters, and febler argumentes.</p> - -<p>As for pytying the poore, it is no pitie, not to wish a -begger to become a prince, though ye allow him a pennie, and -pitie his needefull want. Is he poore? prouide for him, that -he may liue by trade, but let him not loyter. Is he wittie? -why? be artificers fooles? and do not all trades occupie -wit? sometimes to much, and thereby both straine their -owne heades to the worse, and proue to suttle for a great -deale their betters. Is he verie likely to proue singuler in -learning? I do not reiect him, for whom I prouide a -publike helpe in common patronage. But he doth not well -to oppose his owne particular, against the publike good, let<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">147</span> -his countrie thinke of him enough, and not he of him selfe -to much. If <i>nobilitie</i> and <i>gentlemen</i> would fall to diligence, -and recouer the execution of learning, where were this -obiection? The greatest assurers of it affirme, that learning -was wont to be proper to <i>nobilitie</i>, and that through their -negligence it is left for a pray to the meaner sort, and a -bootie to corruption, where the professours neede offereth -wrongfull violence to the liberalitie of the thing. Do they -not therein confesse, where the right of the thing lyeth and -themselues to be vsurpers, if they should enter vpon their -owne, whose the interest is, and whom in so many discourses -of nobilitie, they themselues blame so much for their so -great negligence? They must needes here yeelde without -law to their owne confession. But we see God hath shewed -himselfe meruelous munificent and beneficiall this way to -the poorer sort. I grant, yet that proues not, but that he -bestowed as great giftes of them which shewed not. And -that as <i>diligence</i> in the one did shew that they had, to the -glorie of the giuer, and their owne praise: so <i>negligence</i> in -the other, did suppresse that they had to their owne shame, -who neither honoured the giuer, nor honested themselues, -nor profited their countrie. So that here not the <i>gift</i>, but -the <i>shew</i> is brought in allegation. And why not the greater -<i>talent</i> hid seeing it is no noueltie? But the other shew. -Nomore then that they haue. And the other shew not. -No argument that they haue not. Take order then, that -they shew, which haue and hide, and then make comparisons. -Be great giftes tied to the meane, or banished from -the mighty? be there not as good wittes in wealth, though -oftimes choked with <i>dissolutenes</i> and <i>negligence</i>, as there be -in pouertie appearing thorough <i>paines</i> and <i>diligence</i>? Nay -be there not as vntoward <i>poorelinges</i>, as there be wanton -<i>wealthlinges</i>? I know yes, and when vntowardnes and an -ill inclynation hittes in a base condition, it proues more vile. -So that this thing turnes about to my other conclusion, that -neither pouertie is to be pitied more then the countrey, if -pitie must needes take place: neither riches more to be -esteemed then the common weale, if wealth must needes be -wayed: but that the value in wittes must be heelde of most -worth, which hath her hauen already appointed, where to -harbour her selfe, in maintenaunce to studie, either by -priuate helpe, if the parents be wealthy, or by publike ayde, -if pouertie praie for it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span></p> - -<p>Certainly there is great reason (if euen the terme, great, -be not to small, when the thing is more then needfull, and -the time to preuent it, is almost runne to farre) why order -should be taken, to restraine the number, that will needes -to the booke. For while the Church was an harbour for all -men to ride in, which knew any letter, there needed no -<i>restraint</i>, the liuinges there were infinite and capable of that -number, the more drew that waye, and found reliefe that -way, the better for that state, which encroached still on, -and by clasping all persons, would haue graspid all liuinges. -The <i>state</i> is now altered, that <i>book-maintenance</i> maimed, the -<i>preferment</i> that waye hath turned a new leafe. And will -ye let the <i>fry</i> encrease, where the <i>feeding</i> failes? Will ye -haue the <i>multitude</i> waxe, where the <i>maintenance</i> waines? -Sure I conceiue of it thus, that there is as great difference -in ground, betwene the suffring all to booke it in these -dayes, and the like libertie to the same number, in the ruffe -of the papacy amongst vs: as there is betwene the two -religions, the one expelled and the other retained, in the -grounds of their kinde. The expelled religion was supported -by multitude, and the moe had interest, the moe stood for -it: the retained must pitch the defence of her truth, in some -paucity of choice: seeing the liuinges are shred, which -should serue the great number. So that our time, of necessitie -must restraine: if not: what you breede and feede not, -the aduersarie part will allure by liuing, and arme by -corrupting, against their vnwise countrey, which either -bestowed them not at first, or despised them at last. Where -your thankes shalbe lost, which brought vp, and forsooke -their desert shall sinke deepe, which fed the forsaken. And -is it not meere folly by <i>sufferance</i> to encrease your enemies -force, which you might by <i>ordinance</i> supplant at ease? it is -the booke, which bredes vs enemies, and causeth corruption -to creepe, where cunning neuer came. The enemy state -cared not so much for many well learned, as for the multitude -though vnlearned, which backt much bould ignorance, with -a gaie surface of some small learning: our state then must -reiect the multitude, and rempare with the cunning. Our -owne time is our surest touch, and our owne trouble our -rightest triall, if wisedome in time do not preuent it, folly -in triall will surely repent. It is to no purpose to alledge, -when people see, that there is no preferment to be had for -all learners, that then the number will decay, and abate of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">149</span> -it selfe without any <i>lawe</i>: onelesse ye can worke so, as no -moe may hope, though but one can hit: or els, if ye can -appoint vs, how long the controuersie for <i>religion</i> is like to -endure. For while hope is indifferent, eche one will croud: -and while <i>religion</i> is in brake, eche one vnder hand, will -furnish where he fauoreth. The aduersarie of our religion, -as in deede he needed none, so dreamed he not of any -defense, while he was rockt in ease, and his state vnassailed -by any <i>miscontentment</i>: but now that he is skirmished with -so much, and so sore gauled, he is driuen to studie, and -seeketh by new coined distinctions to recouer, that credite -and reputation which he lost by intruding: wherin as he -dealeth more cunningly with the person of his aduersarie, -so he bewrayeth still the great auantage, which his aduersaries -cause hath wonne ouer his. For in disputing, good -<i>Logicians</i> know that it is an euident shift, to auoide manifest -foile, when the disputer in dispaire of his cause is forced to -bend against his aduersaries person. And therefore prouision -must be, to defend by a learned <i>paucitie</i>, where the -<i>flocking number</i> by reason of ingenerate wantes, will proue -but a scare crow, and by apparent defection doth encrease -the embush, which lyeth still in waite to intercept our -possession. Thus much of <i>Necessitie</i>, which stayeth the -multitude of learners either by <i>defect</i> in <i>circunstance</i>, or by -<i>law</i> in <i>ordinance</i>, when the parties be letted, either by <i>lack</i> -that they can not, or by <i>law</i> that they may not, lay claime -to the booke.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Choice.</div> - -<p>Now are we come to a larger compasse, -where libertie giues leaue to learne if he can, -where forraine circumstances be free, and no let for any to -be learned but either his wit, if he be dull, or his will, if he -be stubborne. In this kinde, <i>choise</i> is a great prince, which -by great reason and good aduice, abridgeth that which is to -much, and culs owt the best. Which choice, as it begins at -the entrie of the elementarie schole, so it proceedeth on, till -the last preferment be bestowed, which either the state hath -in store for any person, or any person can derserue, for -seruice in the state. And therefore as it keepeth in an -ordinate course, so it may full well be orderly handled, and -by conuenient degrees.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">What wit is fittest for learning in a monarchie.</div> - -<p>But bycause the <i>choice</i> is to be made by the wit, and the -wit is to be applied to the frame and state of the countrie, -where it continueth: I will first seeke out, what kinde of wit<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span> -is euen from the infantcie to be thought most -fit, to serue for this state in the learned kinde. -Which if it be to stirring, troubleth, if it -be well staied, setleth the countrie where it -lyueth, so farre as it dealeth. And yet oftymes that wit -maketh least show at the first, to be so plyable, which at the -last doth best agree with the pollicy. And therefore it is -then to be taken, when it beginnes first to shew, that it will -proue such: wherefore precise reiecting of any wit, which is -in way to go onward, before due ripenes, as it is harmefull -to the partie reiected, so it bewraieth some rashnes in him -that reiecteth: bycause the varietie is exceeding great, -though the coniectures be as great, and the most likelyhood -must needes leade, where certaintie is denied. But to the -wittes: wherein as lacke and law do guide necessitie so the -qualitie of the witte, conformable to the state directeth -<i>choice</i>.</p> - -<p>There be three kindes of gouernment most noted among -all writers, 1. whereof the first is called a <i>monarchie</i>, bycause -one prince beareth the sway, by whose circumspection the -common good is shielded, and the common harme shouldred: -2. the second an <i>oligarchie</i>: where some few beare all the -swinge: 3. the third a <i>democratie</i>, where euery one of the -people hath his interest in the direction, and his voice in -elections. Now all these three be best maintained by those -kindes of wit, which are most proper for that kinde of -gouernment, wherein they liue. But bycause the gouernment -of our countrie is a <i>monarchie</i>: I will in <i>choise</i> seeke -out that kinde of wit, which best agreeth with the <i>monarchie</i>, -neither will I touch the other two, vnles I fortune to trip -vpon them by chaunce. And for as much as I haue made -the yong child my first subiect, I will continue therein still: -bycause that which beginneth to shew it selfe neare vpon -infancie, will so commonly continue, though alteration -creepe in sometime. But lightly these wittes alter not, -bycause the tokens be so fast and firme in nature, and tend -to so certaine and so resolute a iudgement.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A wit for learning in a monarchie.</div> - -<p>The child therefore is like to proue in further -yeares, the fittest subiect for learning in a -<i>monarchie</i>, which in his tender age sheweth -himselfe obedient to scholeorders, and either will not lightly -offend, or if he do, will take his punishment gently: without -either much repyning, or great stomaking. In behauiour<span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span> -towardes his companions he is gentle and curteous, not -wrangling, not quarelling, not complaining, but will put to -his helping hand, and vse all perswasions, rather then to -haue either his maister disquieted, or his fellowes punished. -And therefore he either receiueth like curtesie againe of his -scholefellowes: or who so sheweth him any discurtesie -must abyde both chalenge and combate with all the rest.</p> - -<p>If he haue any excellent towardnes by nature, as commonly -such wittes haue, whereby he passeth the residue in -learning, it will shew it selfe so orderly, and with such -modestie, as it shall soone appeare, to haue no loftines of -minde, no aspiring ambition, no odiouse comparisons ioyned -withall.</p> - -<p>At home he will be so obsequious to parentes, so curteous -among seruauntes, so dutiefull toward all, with whom he -hath to deale: as there will be contention, who may praise -him most behinde his backe, who may cherish him most -before his face: with prayer that he may go on, with feare -of too hastie death, in so od a towardnes of wit and -demeanour. These thinges will not lightly make any euident -shew, til the childe be either in the <i>grammar schole</i>, by -orderly ascent, and not by two forewardly hast, or vpon his -passage from the perfited <i>elementarie</i>, bycause his yeares -by that time, and his contynuaunce vnder gouernment, will -somwhat discouer his inclination. Before that time we -pardon many thinges, and vse pointes of ambition and -courage, to enflame the litle ones onward, which we cut of -afterward, for making them to malapart, as in their apparell -frise is successour to silke. When of them selues without -any either great feare, or much hartening, they begin to -make some muster and shew of their learning to this more -then that, then is coniecture on foote to finde, what they -willbe most likely to proue.</p> - -<p>But now to examine these signes more nearely and -narowly, which I noted to be in the child that is like to -proue so fit a subiect for a <i>monarchie</i>, in matters of learning: -Is not obedience the best sacrifice, that he can offer vp to -his prince and gouernour, being directed and ruled by his -countrie lawes? And in the principles of gouernment, is -not his maister his <i>monarchie</i>? and the scholelawes his -countrey lawes? wherunto if he submit himselfe both orderly -in <i>perfourmance</i>, and patiently in <i>penaunce</i>, doth he not -shew a mynde already armed, not to start from his dutie?<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span> -and so much the more, bycause his obedience to his maister -is more voluntarie, then that to his prince, which is meere -necessarie. For in perswasions of children, which the -parentes will give eare to: in desire to chaunge, where their -wills be chekt: in multitude of teachers, who thriue by such -chaunges: all meanes be good, where there is such plentie, -to offer such parentes as be tikelish, and such scholers as be -shifting, remouing from maisters and renouncing of obedience. -The child hath many shadowes to shift in vpon -any pretence, and as many baites, to winne his parentes -beleefe, and specially if he stand in feare of beating. -Whereas neither he, ne yet his parentes, can forsake their -prince, vpon any colour without forfaiting more then a -quarters scholehire. And therfore in so many meanes to -change, and some perhaps offered, bycause who will not -very willingly deale with such a witte, where his trauell -will make shew, that child which notwithstanding all these -entisementes, will continue both on, and one, and digest -dyscurtesies, though his mayster sometyme chaunce to -proue churlish, is the peculiar and proper witte, which I -commende for obedience, and that is like to proue both -honestly learned, and earnestly beloued. 2. In his owne -demeanour towardes his fellowes and freindes, and all sortes -of people generally, either at home, or abroade, either in -schoole, or elsewhere and in their loue and liking of him -againe, doth he not shew forth an euident sociabilitie and -liklyhood, that he will be very well to be liued withall? -and proue a very curteous man, which is so louing, and so -beloued while he is yet a boye? 3. In letting nature shew -her owne excellencie without vnsweetning it with his owne -sawcinesse doth he not argue that he hath stuffe towards -preferment, without any sparke of ambition to moue further -flame? or to prease to fast forwarde? which shall neuer -neede: bycause all men that know him, will either willingly -helpe to preferre him, if their voice be in it: or will reioyce -at his preferment, if they be but beholders. For who will -not be glad to see vertue, which he loueth, auaunced to -rewarde? or what can enuie do, in so plausible a case, but -set forth the partie, by declaring his desert, in that she is -there? There be many consequentes, which hange vpon -these, as neither vertue nor vice be single where they be, -but are alwaie accompanied with the whoule troupe of the -like retinue. And one conuenience graunted draweth on a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span> -number of the like kinde, as well as one inconuenience -draweth on his like traine.</p> - -<p>But these be the maine as I conceiue at the first blush: -obedience to superiours and superioritie, freindlynesse and -fellowship toward companions, and equalles: substance to -deserue well and winne it, desire to auoide ill and flie it. -What duetie either towardes God or man, either in publike -or priuate societie, in any either hie or low kinde of life is -there, whervnto God hath not seemed in nature to haue -framed and fashioned this so toward a youth? and therefore -to haue appointed him for the vse of learning to be ruled -by his betters, and to rule his inferiours, nothing offensiue -nor vnpleasant to any? Many such wittes there be, and -at them must choice first begin. And as those be the best, -and first to be chosen, in whom there is so rare metall, so -the second or third after these be vnworthy the refusall, in -whom the same qualities do appeare, though not in the -same, but in some meaner degree. For wheras great ill is -oft in place, and proues the generall foe to that which -would be better, there meane good, if it may haue place, -will be generall freind to preferre the better: as euen this -second mediocritie, if it may be had, as choice will finde it -out, will proue verie freindly to set forward all good. Now -these properties and signes appeare in some, verie soone, -in some verie late, yea oftimes when they are least looked -for: as either iudgement in yeares, or experience in dealinges -do frame the parties.</p> - -<p>The plat for the <i>monarchicall</i> learner being alwaye reseant -in the chusers head, concerning the propertie of his witte: -and appearance towardes proofe: the rest is to be bestowed -vpon the consideration of learning, and towardnesse in -children generally (wherof these wittes be still both the -first and best frutes) where to stay, or how farre to proceede -in the ascent of learning. Whether he be riche or poore, -that makes no matter, and is already decided, whether he -be quicke or slow, therein is somwhat, and requireth good -regard.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Schoole choice.</div> - -<p>Wherfore when sufficient abilitie in circunstances -bids open the schoole dore, the admission -and continuaunce be generall, till vpon some proofe the -maister, whom I make the first chuser of the finest, and the -first clipper of the refuse, begin to finde and be able to -discerne, where abilitie is to go on forward, and where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span> -naturall weaknesse biddes remoue by times. For if negligence -worke weaknesse, that is an other disease, and requires -an other medecine, to heale it withall. Now when the -maister hath spied the strength or infirmitie in nature, as -by lightsomnesse or heauinesse in learning, by easinesse or -hardnesse in retaining, by comparing of contrarie or the -like wittes, he shall easely sound both, then as his delite -wilbe to haue the toward continue, so must his desire be, -how to procure the diuerting and remouing of the duller -and lesse toward, to some other course, more agreeing with -their naturall, then learning is: wherin they are like to go -forward verie litle, though their fortune be to go to schoole -very long: but here two considerations are to be had: -neither to soone to seeke their diuerting, till some good -ripenesse in time, though with some great paines to the -teacher in the meane time, wish them to be weined from -booking: neither yet before their bodies be of strength to -abide the paines of some more laborious prenticeship. For -it may so proue, that those wittes, which at the first were -found to be exceeding hard and blunt, may soften, and -proue sharp in time and shew a finer edge, though that be -not to be made a generall caution, to cover dullardes with -all. For the naturall dulnesse will disclose it selfe generally -in all pointes, that concerne memorie and conceit: that -dulnesse which will once breake out sharp, will shew it -selfe by glaunces, as a clowdy day vseth, which will proue -faire, when all shrews haue dined. Wherefore peremptorie -iudgement to soone, may proue perillous to some: and -againe he that is fit for nothing else, for the tendernesse of -his bodie, may abide in the schoole a litle while longer, -where though he do but litle good, yet he may be sure to -take litle harme.</p> - -<p>Moreouer if the parentes abilitie be such, as he may, and -his desire such, as he will maintaine his child at schoole, till -he grow to some yeares, though he grow to small learning, -the maister must haue pacience, and measure his paines by -the parentes purse, where he knowes there is plentie, and -not by the childes profit, which he seeth will be small. -Wherein yet he must impart his opinion continually with -the parent both for his duetie sake, and for auoiding of -displeasure. But in the meaner sorte the case altereth, for -that as a good witte in a poore child, deserues direct -punishment, if by negligence he for slow the obtaining of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">155</span> -learning, which is the patrimonie to wittie pouertie: so a -dull witte in that degree would not be dalyed with all to -long, but be furthered to some trade, which is the fairest -portion to the slow witted poore. Now bycause the maister -to whose iudgement I commend the choice, is no absolute -potentate in our common weale, to dispose of wittes, and -to sorte mens children, as he liketh best, but in nature of a -counsellour, to ioine with the parent, if he will be aduised: -therfore to haue this thing perfectly accomplished, I wish -the parentes and maisters to be freindly acquainted, and -domestically familiar. And though some parentes neede -no counsell, as some maisters can giue but litle, yet the -wise parent will heare, and can iudge: and the skilfull -maister can iudge, and should be heard. Where neither of -these be, neither skill in the teacher to tell it, nor will in -the parente to heare it, and lesse affection to follow it, the -poore child is wrung to the worse in the meane while, and -the parent receiues small comfort in conclusion.</p> - -<p>This course for the maister to keepe in iudging of his -scholer, and the parent to follow in bestowing of his child, -according to his wit, continueth so long as the child shalbe -either vnder maistership in schole, or tutorship in colledge. -During the which time, a great number may be verie wisely -and fitly bestowed, vnlearned trades sufficiently appointed, -the proceding in letters reserued to them, to whom for wit -and iudgement they seeme naturally vowed: and finally -the whole common weale in euery braunch well furnished -with number, and the number it selfe discharged of to -much. Bycause this tyme vnder the maisters gouerment, -is the time wherin youth is to be bestowed by forraine -direction: for afterward in a more daungerous age, and a -more ieoperdouse time, they grow on to their owne choice, -and these vnfitnesses in nature, or frailtes in maners, being -not foreseene to, may cause the friendes forthinke it, and -the parties sore rue it. And though the maister shall not -allway haue his counsell followed in this case, yet if he do -signifie his opinion to the parent, his dutie is discharged, -and that which I require is orderly performed. For if the -parent shew himselfe vnwilling to be directed that way, -which the maister shall allow, vpon great ground, and be -blynded by affection, measuring his childes wit to learning, -by his doing of some errand, or by telling of some tale, or -by marking of some pretie toy, as such argumentes there<span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span> -be vsed, which yet be no argumentes of a towarde learner, -but of a no foolish obseruer: in this case though the maister -to his owne gaine draw on vnder his hand a desparate wit, -the fault is his that would not see, if he that saw did -honestly tell it. Whereby it still proueth true, that parentes -and maisters should be familiarly lynked in amitie, and -contynual conference, for their common care, and that the -one should haue a good affiance of iudgement in the thing, -and of goodwill towards himselfe, reposed in the other. -Which will proue so, when the maister is chosen with -iudgement, and continued with conference, and not bycause -my neighbours children go to schole with you, you shall -haue myne to. A common commendation among common -coursiters, which post about still to suruey all scholes, and -neuer staie in one: and reape as much learning, as the -rowling stone doth gather mosse.</p> - -<p>But concerning scholes, and such particularities, as belong -thereunto I will then deale, when I shall take in hand the -peculiar argumentes, of schooles and schooling, both for the -elementarie and the grammarian. Wherein we are no lesse -troubled with number and confusion in our petie kingdomes, -then the verie common weale is molested with the same in -greater yeares, and larger scope.</p> - -<p>But bycause it were not orderly delt, to rip the faultes, -and not to heale them, I wil post all these pointes ouer to -their owne treatises, in my particuler discourses hereafter, -where I will presently helpe, whatsoeuer I shall blame. -The other meanes wherby choice lesseneth number, be -admissions into colleges, prefermentes to degrees, aduauncement -vnto liuings, wherein the common weale receiueth the -greater blow, the nearer these thinges be to publike execution, -and therefore the playner dealing to preuent mischiefe -before it infect, is the more praiseworthy.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Admission into colleges.</div> - -<p>As concerning <i>colleges</i> I do not thinke the -liuinges in them to be peculiar, or of purpose -ment to the poorer sort onely, whose want that -small helpe could neuer suffice, though there be some prerogatiue -reserued vnto them, in consideration of some great -towardnes, which might otherwise be trod down, and that -way is held vp: but that they be simply preferments for -learning, and auauncementes to vertue, as wel in the wealthy -for reward of wel doing, as in the poorer for necessarie -support. And therefore as I giue <i>admission</i> scope to chuse<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span> -of both the sortes, so I do restraine it to honest and ciuill -towardnes. For if fauour and friendship not for these -furnitures, but for priuate respectes, carie away elections -though with some enterlarding of towardnes and learning, -and some few to giue countenaunce to some equitie of -choice, and theerby to maintaine the credit of such places, -surely the scholers and heades which deuised the sleight, -and conceiued they were not seene, shall repent without -recouerie, and finde themselues bound, and their colleges -bowelled, when they shal fele themselues ouerruled by their -owne deuise: bycause such as come in so, will communicate -the like with others, and neuer care for the common, which -were helpt by the priuate. For where fauour bringes in -almost in despite of order, there must fauour be returned -with meruelous disorder, and yet I do not mislike fauour, -which helpeth desert, which otherwise might be foiled, if -fauour friended not. But when the ground wherupon fauour -buildes is not so commendable, <i>founders</i> be discouraged, -common <i>prouision</i> supplanted, <i>learning</i> set ouer to <i>loytering</i>, -<i>brauerie</i> made enheritour to <i>bookes</i>. Stirringe wittes haue -their will for the time, and repentance at leasure. The -fault hereof commeth from scholers themselues, which first -make way to sinister meanes, and afterward blame, the -verie meane which they vsed themselues. For finding -some ease at first in working their owne will, either more -cunningly to hide some indirect dealing, or more subtilly -to supplant some contrary faction: or in deede desiring -rather by commaundement to force, and so to seeme -somebodie, then of dutie to entreat, and so seeme abiect -to honestie: they stumble at the last vpon the blocke of -bondage, being bridled of their owne will, euen when they -are in ruffe, by the selfe same meanes, which brought them -vnto it, and thought so to staule them, as themselues would -commaund where they caused the speed. These fellowes -be like to <i>Horaces</i> horse, which to ouercome the stag, vsed -man for his meane once, and his maister alway: neither -refusing the saddle on his ridg, to be rid on, nether the bit -in his mouth, to be bridled by. A braue victory so dearely -bought, to the victours bondage, and perpetuall slauerie. -Whereas if learning and those conditions which I did lymit -to a ciuill wit in this state, were the end in elections, the -vnfit should be set ouer to some other course, in conuenient -time: the fittest should be chosen, the founders mynde<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span> -fulfilled: some periurie for non perfourmaunce of statutes -auoided: new <i>patrones</i> procured, <i>religion</i> auaunced, good -studentes encouraged, and fauour vpon extreame and importunate -sute disfranchised: which neuer will oppose it -selfe to so honest considerations, so constantly kept: neither -euer doth intrude, without some such sollicitours, as should -be sorie for it, and vse no meane to haue it, which oftimes -vse this meane, to do il by warrant, as if they were forced -to that, which in deede they ment before, and sought fauour -but for a shadow to hide their deuise. Now if you that are -to chuse, yeeld so much to your selues, and your owne -conceit to bring your deuises to passe, though ye wring by -the waie, and your state in the ende, why should you not -in good truth relent, and giue place your selues being in -places, to your betters and bidders, which gaiue you the -roome, and yet would haue left all to you, if you would -haue left any place to reason: or haue bene led by right, -as ye leaned all to the wronge? you had your will by -them, and why not they haue theirs of you? requitall -among equalles is of common curtesie, recompence in inequalities -is enforced of necessitie.</p> - -<p>If any metall be to massie, and way downe the ballance, -or if any metallish meane, where money will scale, do enter -that fort, where is small resistance, that is solde, which -ought not, the enheritaunce of vertue: that is bought, which -should not, the liuelihood of learning: that is betrayed, -which neither should for feare, nor ought for freindship, the -treasure of the state, and prouision of the countrey. And -if there be neede, which enforceth such dealing, yet deale, -where it is due, and let neede be remedyed, with her owne -prouision, not by vnhonest intrusion. I do not blame any -one, bycause my selfe know none, and I thinke well of -most, bycause I know some sincere. But some thing there -is that feedeth the generall complaint, and some contentious -factions there be, that bring catchers into colleges. For -both these two inconueniences, worse then mischeifes as -our common law termeth them, I haue nothing to say more -then to renue the memorie of two accidentes, which happened -to the <i>Romain</i> common weale, and may be vnderstood by -scholers that will marke and applie them. 1. The first is, -that in <i>Tullie</i>,<a id="FNanchor_55_55" href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">55</a> when <i>Pontius</i> the <i>Samnite</i> wished that he -either had not bene borne vntill, or but then borne, when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span> -the <i>Romaines</i> would haue receiued giftes and rewardes, -Why? what if? I would not haue suffred them to haue -reigned one day longer, by selling their libertie, they should -haue become bond. The fellow said much, and that state -felt more, when they fell to fingering.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The main rot of the Romaine empire.</div> - -<p>2. The second is this, not noted in any one, -but obserued by all, that marke and write of -the declining and ruine of the <i>Romain Empire</i>. -The principall cause among many, to raze that state, which -did rise in the blood of other nations and fell in their owne, -was, when their generalls vsed the helpe of forreine and -barbarous fellowes, late foes, new freindes, to ouerthrow the -contrarie factions in their ciuill warres, both before and in -their Emperours time, and let them both smell and taste -of the <i>Romish</i> wealth and fatnesse of <i>Italie</i>. Wherwith the -horesons being rauished, euer as they went home sent more -of their countreymen to serue in seditious or necessarie -defenses: till at the last their whole nations ouerflew that -flourishing towne, and that fertile countrey. Wherby that -great abundance, that vnspeakeable wealth, those inestimable -riches, which the whether conquering or rauening <i>Romaines</i> -had gathered together in so many hundred yeares, from so -many seuerall countries, in a verie small time, became a -bootie to that barbarous offall of all kinde of people, which -neuer had any, till they became lordes, both of the <i>Romain</i> -substance and the soile of <i>Italie</i>. A glasse for those to -gase on, which will rather stirre to fall, then be still to -stand. If ye shew a child an apple, he will crye for it, but -if you make a mightier then your selfe priuie to your -pleasures, if he be desirous to haue, and speede not, he will -make you crye for it.</p> - -<p>But now as fauour founded not vpon desert, but vpon -some fetch, is foe to all choice, enforcing for the fauorite, so -free admissions into colledges, by but mildely and honestly -replying: vpon fauour may helpe it in sufficiency, and -lighten the booke of some needlesse burthen, which hurtes -not onely in the admission, but also by sending abroade -such broad dealers, which corrupt where they go, and -poison more incurably, bycause of their meane, which is -mothered vpon learning, which the cunninger it is, the -craftyer meane it is: and of the more credit it is, the more -conueiance it hath to corrupt with good colour, though it -be to bad, when it is bewrayed. If hope were cut of to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span> -speede by disorder, such wittes would streight waye sorte -themselues to order, as they be not the most blockheades, -which offer violence to order: wherin I must needes say -somwhat in plaine truth, and plausible to.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The abusing of great personages.</div> - -<p>Those great personages, which be so tempted -by the importunity of such petie companions, -as seeke them for protection, to force good and -godly statutes, are litle bound to them. For what do they? -Their owne obscuritie comes in no daunger, as being but -vnderlinges, neither much seene, nor whit cared for, though -they cause the mischeife: but they force good, and well -giuen dispositions, excellent and noble natures, by false and -coloured informations, to serue their owne turnes, and to -beguile their great freindes: they bring them in hatred of -all those, which builde vpon the good zeale of vertuous -founders. Which thing reacheth so farre, and to so many, -as either the possibilitie to enioye their benefit doth, or the -praise of their doing, to procure the like: or the protection -of posteritie, which cannot but lament the great misuse, -and foull ouerthrow of their ancestours good and most -godly meaning. They cast all men in feare of them to be -likewise forced in their best interest, as a principle to -tyrannie, and make them to be odious to all, whom they -would seeme to honour aboue all. The worst kinde of -<i>caterpillours</i>, in <i>countenaunce</i> fine and neate, in <i>speeche</i> delicate -and diuine, in <i>pretence</i> holy and heauenly, in <i>meaning</i> verie -furies, and diuells: to themselues scraping howsoeuer they -couer: to nobilitie and countenaunce, whatsoeuer shew they -make, the verie seminarie of most daungerous dishonour, -and therfore worthy to be thrust out, bycause they thirst so -much. For if loue and honour be the treasures of nobility, -the contrarie meane howsoeuer it be coloured deserues -coudgelling out, when it croutcheth most. It is no dishonour -to nobilitie, not to haue their will, but it is their -greatest disgrace to yielde to that, by vnreasonable desire, -which they ought not to will, and so make a diuorse -betwene honestie and honour, which is vnseemely, seeing -honestie, how basely soeuer some ruffians regard it, is the -verie mother to honour of greatest moment, and in the best -kinde. That such honorable natures yeelde to such importunate -promoters, halfe against their will, bycause otherwise -they cannot be rid of them: their owne and honorable -contentment doth oftimes proue, when they haue bene<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span> -aunswered truely and duetifully, by such either companies, -or particulars, as haue preferred plaine trueth, before painted -colours, whereby noble dispositions do well declare to the -world, how vnwilling they be to force order by fauour, if -they be enfourmed of the truth: which will alway proue the -enfourmers warrant, and foile such fetchers, when it comes -to the hearing. And as the learned <i>Quintilian</i> sayth, that -in a grammarian it is a vertue not to seeme to know all: -so sayth pollicy that in the verie highest, it is not good to -do all, that authoritie and interest in the extremitie of right -maie do, with some warrant to it selfe, though with small -liking, where it goeth. Mine antecedent is of mine owne -profession, which beareth blame of to much boldnesse, and -hath bene thought to presumptuous for knowledg, as -<i>Rhemmius Palæmon</i> one of our coate, was wont to brag, -that learning began to liue, and should die with him: My -consequent concerneth my countrey, and good will to nobilitie, -which as in degree can do most, so were it great pitie -that it should be vsed, but to worke the best. My chalenge -is to those infamous meanes, which dishonour their honorable -patrones, defeat honest men of best education, disturbe -the state euen while they liue, poison the posteritie by their -president, euen when they are dead.</p> - -<p>Now if <i>choice</i> had taken place in the beginning, such -impudent wittes had wonne no place, and noble patrones -had shaked of such sutes. For as deepe waters do seeme -not to runne bycause of their stillnesse: so true vertue and -honest learning will tary their calling, and not stirre to -soone, to set forth their stuffe, though they be the deepest -and most worthy the place. I must craue pardon: a well -affected maister speaketh for all poore and toward scholers, -well nusled in learning, well giuen in liuing, and ill thwarted -in liuinges, by such visardes of counterfect countenaunces, -which one may more then halfe gesse, what they will -receiue, when none seeth but the offerer: which dare themselues -offer such dishonorable requestes to those personages, -at whose countenaunces, they ought in conscience to tremble, -if that impudencie, which first hath reiected God secretly, -and all goodnesse openly, had not tyrannised them to much, -so vilely to abuse, where they ought to honour. The consideration -of the good, the canuasing for the ill, hath caryed -me from colledges, though not from colleginers, where for -necessarie roomes there must be boursares, and why not of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span> -the learned sorte? Which the more towarde they be, the -more trusty they will proue, and cheifly to that colledge, -which auaunced them for value. Neuer wonder if he do -sacrifice to the purse, which was admitted either for it, or -by it. And yet there is some wrong, to fill priuate purses -for entring, and to punish the common, when they be entred. -If they could vse it so, as to still it from those, which -strayned it from them, when they were to enter, the cunning -were great, and the deceit not amisse, where craft is -allowed to deceiue the deceiuer. But the common wrings, -for the priuate wrong, and there the iniury is.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Preferment to degrees.</div> - -<p>2. Preferment to degrees in schole may, nay -in deede ought to be a mightier stripper of -insufficiencie, bycause that way, the whole -countrie is made either a lamentable spoile to bould ignorance, -or a laudable soyle to sober knowledge. When a -scholer is allowed by authoritie of the vniuersitie, to professe -that qualitie, whereof he beares the title, and is sent abroad -with the warrant of his commencement, and want of his -cunning, who made either fauour and friendship, either -countenaunce or canuase, or some other sleight the meane -to enstawle him, what must our common countrie then say, -when she heareth the bragge of the vniuersities title sound -in her eares, and findes not the benefit of the vniuersitie -learning to serue her in neede? Shee must needes thinke -that the vnlearned and ignorant creature is free from blame, -bycause he sought to countenaunce himselfe, as the customarie -led him: but she must needes thinke her selfe not -onely not bound to the vniuersitie, but shamefully abused, -nay most vnnaturally offered to the spoile of ignorance -and insufficiencie by the vniuersitie, to whom committing -her sight shee is dealt with so blindly, in whom reposing -her trust, she is betrayed so vntruely. For what is it to -say in common collection, when the vniuersitie preferreth -any, to degree: but as if she should protest thus much. -Before God and my countrie, to whom I owe my selfe and -my seruice, whereof the one I cannot deceiue, the other I -ought not, I do knowe this man, whom I now prefer to this -degree, in this facultie, in the sufficiencie of abilitie, which -his title pretendeth, not perfunctorilie taken knowledge of, -but thoroughly examined by me, to be well able to execute -in the common weale of my countrie, that qualitie in art -and profession, which his degree endoweth him with: and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span> -that my countrie may rest vpon my credit in securitie for -his sufficiencie: and betrust her selfe vnto him vpon my -warrant, which I do seale with the publike acknowledging -of him to be such a one, as his title emporteth, being consideratly -and aduisedly bestowed vpon him by me, as I -will answere almightie God in iudgement, and my countrie -in my conscience and vpon my credit. Now what if he be -not such a one? where then is your aduisednesse? where -then is your credit? where then is then your conscience? -nay where then is your God, whom ye called to witnesse? -What if the vniuersitie knew before, that he neither was -such a one, neither like euer to proue any such? let him -that weyeth this, if it be to light, reiect it as counterfect. -Let the earnest professours of the truest religion in the -vniuersities at this day call their consciences to counsell, -and redresse the defect, for their owne credit, and the good -of their countrie. If it shall please the vniuersities, to -preferre these considerations of countrie and conscience, -before any priuate persuasion (which if it were roundly -repelled a while, would neuer be so impudent, as so to -intrude it selfe) the matter were ended, and despaire that -way would leaue rowme to learning: and send such fellowes -to those faculties, which were fitter for them: and not -suffer them vnder the titles of learning, to supplant the -learned, and forstaull away their liuinges: to the discouraging -of the right student in deede, and the defeating of the -state. For if ye rip the cause why they seeke to set foorth -then selues, with such forraine feathers, being vnlikely to -looke on, in their owne coloures, if the eye might behold -that which the minde conceiueth, ye shall finde that their -desire to gaine vnder honorable titles, is the verie grounde -whereupon they goe: which they seeke by indirect wayes, -bycause they feele them selues to be of no direct worth. -But what fooles be good scholers in deede, to lende such -dawes their dignities, vnder that borrowed habit, to rob -them of preheminence, and to seeme to be <i>eagles</i>, where -they be but <i>bussardes</i>? Nay do they not discredit the -vniuersitie more? as if they there were either so simple, as -they could not descrie a <i>calfe</i>, or so easie to be entreated, -as when they had discried it, they would sweare by perswasion, -that the <i>calfe</i> were a <i>camell?</i> good my maisters -make not all priestes that stand vpon the bridge as the -<i>Poope</i> passeth. For then the cobler as one consecrated,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span> -bycause his person was in compasse, and his showes with -in hearing, will sure be a priest, and set nothing by his -naule, and as good as you and as fit for a benefice, as those -that came to take orders in deede, and deserued them in -doing. Looke to it betimes and lende not your garmentes -to set forth <i>bastardt</i> and bold suters, for feare your selues -be excluded, when ye entend to sue, both your labour and -your loue being lost, through your owne follie.</p> - -<p>To seeme is not so much in weight as to be, but in paines -it is much more. To counterfeat vertue, and to auoide -spying, requireth a long labour, and daily new deuises: to -be vertuouse in deede, and learned in deede, craues labour -at the first, and lendes leysure in the end, borne out by it -selfe, neuer needing any vele. And therefore great warines -must be vsed to discerne and shake of the counterfeat -smaller consideration will soone finde, and sooner content -sufficient stuffe. Let deepe dissembling and dubling <i>hypocrisie</i> -leape the ladder, and honest <i>learning</i> be beholder the -while. In these pointes to haue worthinesse preferred, and -to haue choice to seeke, and saue it, if a teacher deale thus -earnestly, as methinke I do now, he may deserue pardon -as I hope I shall haue, considering his end, to him selfe -ward is delite, to his charge is their profit: to his countrie -is sound stuffe sent from him. And can he be but grieued -to see the effect so disorderly defeated, wherunto with -infinite toile, with inconparable care, with incredible paines, -he did so orderly proceed? I take it very tollerable for -any, that hath charge of number and multitude to be carefull -for their good, not only in priuate gouernment, but also in -publike protection, so farre, as either the honestie of the -cause, or the dutie to magistrate, will maintaine his attempt. -As truely in learning and learned executions, me thinke it -concerneth all men to be very carefull, bycause the thing -tucheth themselues so neare in age, and theirs so much in -youth.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Auauncement to liuinges.</div> - -<p>3. For the third part which consisteth in -<i>auauncement</i> to liuinges, as it is commonly -handled by the highest in state, and eldest in -yeares, which haue best skill to iudge, and least neede to be -misled: so it needes least precept: bycause the misse there -is mostwhat without amendes, being made by great warrant: -and the hitting right is the blessed <i>fortune</i> of ech kinde of -state, when value is in place, whence there is no appeale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">165</span> -but pleasure in the perfit: pitie in imperfection: the common -good either carried to ruine by intrusion of insufficiencie, -or strongly supported by sufficient staie. <i>Repulse</i> here is a -miserable stripp, that insufficiencie should be suffered to -growe vp so high, and not be hewed downe before. And -some great iniurie is offered to the bestowers of prefermentes, -that they are made obiectes to the danger of insufficient -boldnes, which ought to be cut of by sufficient modestie, -who pretendeth the claime to be her owne of dutie, and to -whom the patrones, would rediliest yeild, if they could -discerne and were not abused by the worthy themselues, -which lend the vnworthy the worth of their countenance to -deceiue the disposers, and to beguile their owne selues. -But blind bayard, if he haue any burden that is worth the -taking downe, and bestowing somwhere else, wilbe farre -bolder then a better horse, and so farre from shame, as he -will not shrinke to offer himselfe to the richest sadle, being -in deede no better then a blinde iade and seeking to occupie -the stawle where <i>Bucephalus</i> the braue horse of duety ought -to stand. And in this case of preferrement, store is lightely -the greatest enemie to the best choice, bycause in number -no condition wilbe offered, which will not be admitted, -though some do refuse. The preuenting of all or most of -these inconueniences, I do take to be in the right sorting of -wittes at the first, when learning shall be left to them alone, -whom nature doth allow by euident signes, and such sent -awaye to some other trades, as are made to that ende. -Wherby the sorters are to haue thankes in the ende of both -the parties, which finding themselues fitted in the best -kinde of their naturall calling, must of necessitie honour -them, which vsed such foresight in their first bestowing.</p> - -<p>Thus much haue I marked in clipping of, of that multitude -which oppresseth learning with too too many, as too -too many wheresoeuer they be, ouercharge the soile in all -professions. For the matter wheron to liue iustly and truly -being within compasse, and the men which must liue vpon -it, being still without ende, must not desire of maintenaunce -specially if it be ioyned with a porte, wring a number to -the wall, to get wheron to liue? I neede pinch no particular -wherethe generall is so sore gauled. Marke but those professions -and occupations, which be most cloyed vp with -number, whether they be bookish or not, and waye the -poorer sort, wheron at the last the pinching doth light,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span> -though it passe many handes before, if to great a multitude -making to great a state do not proue a shrew, then am I -deceyued: so that it were good there were stripping vsed, -and that be time in yonger yeares. For youth being let -go forward vpon hope, and chekt with dispaire while it -rometh without purueyaunce, makes marueilous a doe -before it will die. And if no miserable shift will serue at -home, verie defection to the foe, and common enemie will -send them abrode, to seeke for that, which in such a case -they are sure to finde. Wherefore as countenaunce in the -ouerflowing number, which findeth place in a state doth -infect extremely, by seeking out vnlawfull and corrosiue -maintenaunce: so roming in the vnbestowed offaull, which -findes no place in a state, doth festure fellonly, by seeking -to shake it, with most rebellious enterprises.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_38">CHAPTER 38.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">That young maidens are to be set to learning, which is proued, -by the custome of our countrey, by our duetie towardes them, -by their naturall abilities, and by the worthy effectes of -such as haue bene well trained. The ende whervnto their -education serueth which is the cause why and how much they -learne. Which of them are to learne, when they are to -begin to learne. What and how much they may learne. Of -whom and where they ought to be taught.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">When</span> I did appoint the persons, which -were to receiue the benefit of education: -I did not exclude young <i>maidens</i>, -and therefore seeing I made them one braunche of my -diuision, I must of force say somwhat more of them. A -thing perhaps which some will thinke might wel enough -haue bene past ouer with silence, as not belonging to my -purpose, which professe the education of boyes, and the -generall traine in that kinde. But seeing I begin so low -as the first <i>Elementarie</i>, wherin we see that young <i>maidens</i> -be ordinarily trained, how could I seeme not to see them, -being so apparently taught?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">The proofes why they are to learne.</div> - -<p>And to proue that they are to be trained, I finde foure -speciall reasons, wherof any one, much more all may perswade -any their most aduersarie, much more me, which am -for them toothe and naile. 1. The first is the -<i>maner</i> and <i>custome</i> of my countrey, which allowing -them to learne, wil be lothe to be contraried -by any of her countreymen. 2. The second is the <i>duetie</i>, -which we owe vnto them, whereby we are charged in conscience, -not to leaue them lame, in that which is for them. -3. The third is their owne <i>towardnesse</i>, which God by -nature would neuer haue giuen them to remaine idle, or to -small purpose. 4. The fourth is the excellent <i>effectes</i> in -that sex, when they haue had the helpe of good bringing -vp: which commendeth the cause of such excellencie, and -wisheth vs to cherishe that tree, whose frute is both so -pleasaunt in taste, and so profitable in triall. What can be -said more? our <i>countrey</i> doth allow it, our <i>duetie</i> doth -enforce it, their <i>aptnesse</i> calls for it, their <i>excellencie</i> commandes -it: and dare priuate <i>conceit</i>, once seeme to withstand -where so great, and so rare circunstances do so earnestly -commende.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The custome of -our countrey.</div> - -<p>But for the better vnderstanding of these foure reasons, -I will examine euerie of them, somwhat nearer, as inducers -to the truth, ear I deale with the traine. For the first: If -I should seeme to enforce any noueltie, I might seeme -ridiculous, and neuer se that thing take place, -which I tender so much: but considering, the -<i>custome</i> of my countrie hath deliuered me of -that care, which hath made the <i>maidens</i> traine her owne -approued trauell, what absurditie am I in, to say that is -true, which my countrie dare auow, and daily doth trie? -I set not yong <i>maidens</i> to publike grammer scholes, a thing -not vsed in my countrie, I send them not to the vniuersities, -hauing no president thereof in my countrie, I allow them -learning with distinction in degrees, with difference of their -calling, with respect to their endes, wherefore they learne, -wherein my countrie confirmeth my opinion. We see yong -<i>maidens</i> be taught to read and write, and can do both with -praise: we heare them sing and playe: and both passing -well, we know that they learne the best, and finest of our -learned languages, to the admiration of all men. For the -daiely spoken tongues and of best reputation in our time, -who so shall denie that they may not compare euen with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span> -our kinde in the best degree, they will claime no other -combate, then to talke with him in that verie tongue, who -shall seeke to taunt them for it. These things our country -doth stand to, these qualities their parentes procure them, -as either opportunitie of circunstance will serue, or their -owne power wil extend vnto, or their daughters towardnesse -doth offer hope, to be preferred by, for singularitie of -endowment, either in marriage, or some other meane. Nay -do we not see in our countrey, some of that sex so excellently -well trained, and so rarely qualified, either for the -toungues themselues, or for the matter in the toungues: as -they may be opposed by way of comparison, if not preferred -as beyond comparison, euen to the best <i>Romaines</i> or <i>Greekish -paragonnes</i> be they neuer so much praised: to the <i>Germaine</i> -or <i>French</i> gentlewymen, by late writers so wel liked: to the -<i>Italian</i> ladies who dare write themselues, and deserue fame -for so doing? whose excellencie is so geason, as they be -rather wonders to gaze at, then presidentes to follow. And -is that to be called in question, which we both dayly see in -many, and wonder at in some? I dare be bould therefore -to admit yong <i>maidens</i> to learne, seeing my countrie giues -me leaue, and her <i>custome</i> standes for me.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Duetie.</div> - -<p>For the second point. The duetie which we -owe them doth straitly commaund vs to see -them well brought vp. For what be young <i>maidens</i> in -respect of our sex? Are they not the seminary of our -succession? the naturall frye, from whence we are to chuse -our naturall, next, and most necessarie freindes? The very -selfe same creatures, which were made for our comfort, the -onely good to garnish our alonenesse, the nearest companions -in our weale or wo? the peculiar and priuiest partakers -in all our fortunes? borne for vs to life, bound to vs till -death? And can we in conscience but carefully thinke of -them, which are so many wayes linked vnto vs? Is it -either nothing, or but some small thing, to haue our childrens -mothers well furnished in minde, well strengthened -in bodie? which desire by them to maintaine our succession? -or is it not their good to be so well garnished, which good -being defeated in them by our indiligence, of whom they -are to haue it, doth it not charge vs with breache of duetie, -bycause they haue it not? They are committed and commended -vnto vs, as pupilles vnto tutours, as bodies vnto -heades, nay as bodies vnto soules: so that if we tender not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">169</span> -their education duetifully, they maye vrge that against vs, -if at any time either by their owne right, or by our default, -they winne the vpper roome and make vs stand bare head, -or be bolder with vs to.</p> - -<p>They that write of the vse of our bodies, do greatly -blame such parentes, as suffer not their children to vse the -left hand, as well as the right, bycause therby they weaken -their strength and the vse of their limmes: and can we be -without blame, who seeke not to strengthen that, which -was once taken from vs, and yet taryeth with vs, as a part -of vs still: knowing it to be the weaker? Or is there any -better meane to strengthen their minde, then that knowledge -of God, of religion, of ciuil, of domesticall dueties, -which we haue by our traine, and ought not to denie them, -being comprised in bookes, and is to be compassed in -youth?</p> - -<p>That some exercise of bodie ought to be vsed, some -ordinarie stirring ought to be enioyned, some prouision for -priuate and peculiar trainers ought to be made: not onely -the ladies of <i>Lacedæmon</i> will sweare, but all the world will -sooth, if they do but wey, that it is to much to weaken our -owne selues by not strengthning their side. That cunning -poet for iudgement in matter, and great philosopher for -secrecie in nature, our well knowen <i>Virgill</i>, saw in a goodly -horse that was offered vnto <i>Augustus Cæsar</i> an infirmitie -vnperceaued by either looker on or any of his stable, which -came as he said by some weaknes in the damme, and was -confessed to be true. <i>Galene</i> and the whole familie of -Physicians ripping vp our infirmities, which be not to be -auoided, placeth the seminarie and originall, engraffed in -nature, as our greatest and nearest foes. And therfore to -be preuented by the parentes, thorough considerate traine, -the best and fairest meane, to better weake nature: so that -of <i>duety</i> they are to be cared for. And what care in <i>duetie</i> -is greater, then this in traine?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Naturall -Towardnesse.</div> - -<p>3. Their <i>naturall towardnesse</i> which was my -third reason doth most manifestly call vpon vs, -to see them well brought vp. If nature haue -giuen them abilities to proue excellent in their kinde, and -yet thereby in no point to let their most laudable dueties -in mariage and matche, but rather to bewtifie them, with -most singular ornamentes, are not we to be condemned of -extreme vnnaturallnes, if we gay not that by discipline,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span> -which is giuen them by <i>nature</i>? That naturally they are -so richly endowed, all <i>Philosophie</i> is full, no <i>Diuinitie</i> denyes, -<i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_56_56" href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> and his <i>Academikes</i> say, that all vertues be indifferent, -nay all one in man and woman: sauing that they be more -strong and more durable in men, weaker and more variable -in wymen. <i>Xeno</i> and his <i>Stoikes</i> though they esteeme the -ods betwene man and woman naturally to be as great as -the difference, betwene an heauenly and an earthly creature, -which <i>Plato</i> did not, making them both of one mould, yet -they graunt them equalitie and samenesse in vertue, though -they deliuer the strength and constancie ouer vnto men, as -properly belonging vnto that side. <i>Aristotle</i> and his <i>Peripatetikes</i> -confessing them both to be of one kinde, though -to different vses in <i>nature</i>, according to those differences in -<i>condition</i>, appointeth them differences in <i>vertue</i>, and yet -wherin they agree: alloateth them the same. When they -haue concluded thus of their naturall abilities, and so -absolutely entitled them vnto all vertues, they rest not there, -but proceede on further to their education in this sorte. -That as naturally euery one hath some good assigned him, -whervnto he is to aspire, and not to cease vntill he haue -obtained it, onlesse he will by his owne negligence reiect -that benefit, which the munificence of <i>nature</i> hath liberally -bestowed on him: so there is a certaine meane, wherby to -winne that perfitly, which <i>nature</i> of her selfe doth wish vs -franckly. This meane they call <i>education</i>, whereby the -naturall inclinations be gently caryed on, if they will curteously -follow, or otherwise be hastened, if they must needes -be forced, vntill they ariue at that same best, which <i>nature</i> -bendeth vnto with full saile, in those fairer, which follow -the traine willingly, in those meaner, which must be bet -vnto it. And yet euen there where it is sorest laboured, it -worketh some effecte vnworthy of repentaunce, and is better -forced on in youth, then forgon in age: rather in children -with feare, then not in men with greife. Now as the inclinations -be common to both the kindes, so they deuide the -meane of education indifferently betwene both. Which -being thus, as both the truth tells the ignorant, and reading -shewes the learned, we do wel then perceaue by <i>naturall -men</i>, and <i>Philosophicall reasons</i>, that young <i>maidens</i> deserue -the traine: bycause they haue that treasure, which belongeth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span> -vnto it, bestowed on them by <i>nature</i>, to be bettered in -them by <i>nurture</i>. Neither doth <i>religion</i> contrarie religious -<i>nature</i>. For the <i>Lorde</i> of <i>nature</i>, which created that motion -to continue the consequence of all liuing creatures, by -succession to the like, by education to the best, appointing -either kinde the limittes of their duetie, and requiring of -either the perfourmaunce therof, alloweth all such ordinarie -and orderly meanes, as by his direction in his word may -bring them both from his appointment to their perfourmaunce, -from the first starting place, to the outmost gole: -that is vnto that good, which he hath assigned them, by -such wayes, as he hath willed them: so that both by <i>nature</i> -the most obedient seruant, and by the <i>Lorde</i> of <i>nature</i> our -most bountifull <i>God</i>, we haue it in commandement not -onely to traine vp our owne sex, but also our female, seeing -he hath to require an account for naturall talentes of both -the parties, vs for directing them: them for perfourmance -of our direction.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Excellent -effectes.</div> - -<p>4. The excellent effectes of those women, -which haue bene verie well trained, do well -declare, that they deserue the best training: -which reason was my last in order, but not my least in -force, to proue their more then common excellencie. This -is a point of such galancie, if my purpose were to praise -them, as it is but to giue precept, how to make them praiseworthie, -as I might soner weary my selfe with reckening -vp of writers, and calling worthie wymen to be witnesses in -their owne cause then worthely to expresse their weight -and worth, bycause I beleeue that to be most true, which -is cronicled of them. I will not medle with any moe writers -to whom wymen are most bound, for best speaking of them, -and most spreading of their vertues, then with one onely -man a single witnes in person, but aboue all singularitie -in profe: the learned and honest <i>Plutarch</i>, whose name -emporteth a princis treasure, whose writings witnes an -vnwearied trauel, whose plaine truth was neuer tainted. -Would he so learned, so honest, so true, so sterne, haue -become such a trumpet for their fame, to triumph by, so -haue gratified that sex, whom he stood not in awe of: -so haue beutified their doings, whom he might not haue -medled with, so haue auaunced their honour, to hasard his -owne sex, by setting them so hie, if he had not resolutely -knowne the truth of his subiect? he durst be so bould with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span> -his owne Emperour the good <i>Traian</i>, to fore his scholer, in -his epistle to him before his booke of gouerning the comon -weale, as to say and call his booke to witnes thereof, that if -he went to gouerne, and ouerthrew the state, he did it not -by the authoritie of <i>Plutarch</i>, as disauowing his scholer, if -he departed from his lessons. And would that courage -haue bene forced to frame a false argument? or is so great -a truth not to haue so great a credit? howsouer some of -the lighter heades haue lewdly belyed them, or vainly -accused them: yet the verie best and grauest writers thinke -worthely of them, and make report of them with honour. -<i>Ariosto</i> and <i>Boccacio</i> will beloth to be tearmed light, being -so great doctours in their diuinitie, yet they be somwhat -ouer heauie to wymen, without any great weight as in -generall the <i>Italian</i> writers be, which in the middest of their -louing leuities still glaunce at their lightnes, and that so -beyound all manhoode, as they feele their owne fault, and -dispaire of reconcilement, though they crie still for pardon. -As those men know well, which will rather meruell, that I -haue red those bookes, then mistrust my report, which they -know to be true. In all good and generally authorised -histories, and in many particuler discourses, it is most -euident, that not onely priuate and particular wymen, being -very well trained, but also great princesses and gallant -troupes of the same sex haue shewed fourth in them selues -meruelous effectes of vertue and valure. And good reason -why. For where naturally they haue to shew, if education -procure shew, is it a thing to be wondered at? Or is their -singularitie lesse in nature, bycause wymen be lesse accustomed -to shew it, and not so commonly employed, as we -men be? Yet whensoeuer they be, by their dealinges they -shew vs that they haue no dead flesh nor any base mettle. -Well, I will knit vp this conclusion and burne day light no -longer, to proue that carefully, which all men may see -clearely, and ther aduersaries grieue at, bycause it confutes -their follie, which vpon some priuate errour of their owne, -to seeme fautles in wordes, where they be faithles in deedes, -blame silly wymen as being the onely cause why they went -awrie.</p> - -<p>That yong <i>maidens</i> can learne, nature doth giue them, -and that they haue learned, our experience doth teach vs, -with what care to themselues, them selues can best witnes, -with what comfort to vs, what forraine example can more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">173</span> -assure the world, then our diamond at home? our most -deare soueraine lady and princesse, by nature a woman, by -vertue a worthy, not one of the nyne, but the tenth aboue -the nyne, to perfit in her person that absolute number, -which is no fitter to comprehend all absolutnes in Arithmetike, -then she is knowne to containe al perfections in -nature, all degrees in valure, and to become a president: to -those nyne worthy men, as <i>Apollo</i><a id="FNanchor_57_57" href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> is accounted to the nyne -famouse wymen, she to vertues and vertuous men, he to -muses, and learned wymen: thereby to proue <i>Plutarches</i> -conclusion true, that oppositions of vertues by way of comparison -is their chiefe commendation. Is <i>Anacreon</i> a good -poet, what say you to <i>Sappho</i>? Is <i>Bacis</i> a good prophet, -what say you to <i>Sibill</i>? was <i>Sesostris</i> a famouse prince, -what say you to <i>Semiramis</i>? was <i>Seruius</i> a noble king, -what say you to <i>Tanaquill</i>? was <i>Brutus</i> a stowt man, -what say you to <i>Porcia</i>? Thus reasoneth <i>Plutarch</i>,<a id="FNanchor_58_58" href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">58</a> and -so do I, is it honorable for <i>Apollo</i> a man to haue the presidencie -ouer nyne wymen, the resemblers of learning? then -more honorable it is for our most worthy <i>Princesse</i> to haue -the presidencie ouer nyne men, the paragons of vertue: -and yet to be so familiarly acquainted with the nyne <i>muses</i>, -as they are in strife who may loue her best, for being best -learned? for whose excellent knowledge and learning, we -haue most cause to reioyce, who tast of the frute: and -posteritie to praise, which shall maintaine her memorie: -though I wish their memorie abridged, to haue our tast -enlarged: our prouing lengthened, to haue their praising -shortened: to be glad that we haue her, not to greue, that -we had her: as that omnipotent god, which gaue her vnto -vs, when we had more neede of such a prince, then shee of -such a people, will preserue her for vs, I do nothing dout, -that we both may serue him, she as our carefull soueraine, -to set forth his glory, we as her faithfull subiectes, to submit -our selues to it.</p> - -<p>If no storie did tell it, if no state did allow it, if no -example did confirme it, that yong <i>maidens</i> deserue the -trayning, this our owne myrour, the maiestie of her sex, -doth proue it in her owne person, and commendes it to our -reason. We haue besides her highnes as vndershining<span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span> -starres, many singuler ladies and gentlewymen, so skilfull -in all cunning, of the most laudable, and loueworthy qualities -of learning, as they may well be alleadged for a president -to prayse, not for a pattern to proue like by: though hope -haue a head, and nature be no nigard, if education do her -dutie, and will seeke to resemble euen where presidentes be -passing, both hope to attaine to, and possibilitie to seeme -to. Wherefore by these profes, I take it to be very clear, -that I am not farre ouershot, in admitting them to traine -being so traineable by nature, and so notable by effectes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The ende of -learning in yong -maides.</div> - -<p>But now hauing graunted them the benefit and society -of our education, we must assigne the end, wherfore their -traine shall serue, whereby we may apply it the better. -Our owne traine is without restraint for either matter or -maner, bycause our employment is so generall -in all thinges: theirs is within limit, and so -must their traine be. If a yong <i>maiden</i> be to -be trained in respect of mariage, obedience to her head, -and the qualities which looke that way, must needes be her -best way: if in regard of necessitie to learne how to liue, -artificiall traine must furnish out her trade: if in respect of -ornament to beawtifie her birth, and to honour her place, -rareties in that kinde and seemly for that kinde do best -beseeme such: if for gouernment, not denyed them by God, -and deuised them by men, the greatnes of their calling -doth call for great giftes, and generall excellencies for -generall occurrences. Wherefore hauing these different -endes alwayes in eye, we may point them their traine in -different degrees. But some <i>Timon</i> will say, what should -wymen do with learning? Such a churlish carper will -neuer picke out the best, but be alway ready to blame the -worst. If all men vsed all pointes of learning well, we had -some reason to alleadge against wymen, but seeing misuse -is common to both the kinds, why blame we their infirmitie, -whence we free not our selues? Some wymen abuse writing -to that end, some reading to this, some all that they -learne any waye, to some other ill some waye. And I praie -you what do we? I do not excuse ill: but barre them -from accusing, which be as bad themselues: vnlesse they -will first condemne themselues, and so proceede in their -plea with more discretion after a repentant discouerie. But -they will not deale thus, they will rather retire for shame -and proue to be nonsuite, then confesse themselues faulty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span> -and blush for their blaming. Wherfore as the communitie -of vertues, argueth the communitie of vices naturally in both: -so let vs in that point enterchaunge forgiuenesse, and in -hope of the vertues direct to the best, not for feare of the -vices, make an open gap for them. Wherefore in directing -of that traine, which I do assigne vnto young maidens, I -will follow this methode, and shew which of them be to -learne, and when, what and how much, where and of whom.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Which and -when.</div> - -<p>As concerning those which are to be trained, -and when they are to begin their traine, this is -my opinion. The same restraint in cases of -necessitie, where they conueniently cannot, and the same -freedom in cases of libertie, when they commodiously may, -being reserued to parentes in their daughters, which I -allowed them in their sonnes, and the same regard to the -weaknesse and strength of their witts and bodies, the same -care for their womanly exercises, for helpe of their health, -and strength of their limmes, being remitted to their considerations, -which I assigned them in their sonnes, I do -thinke the same time fit for both, not determinable by -yeares, but by ripenesse of witte to conceiue without tiring, -and strength of bodie to trauell without wearying. For -though the girles seeme commonly to haue a quicker ripening -in witte, then boyes haue, for all that seeming, yet it is not so. -Their naturall weaknesse which cannot holde long, deliuers -very soone, and yet there be as prating boyes, as there be -pratling wenches. Besides, their braines be not so much -charged, neither with weight nor with multitude of matters, -as boyes heades be, and therefore like empty caske they -make the greater noise. As those men which seeme to be -very quicke witted by some sudden pretie aunswere, or -some sharp replie, be not alwaye most burthened, neither -with lettes, nor learning, but out of small store, they offer -vs still the floore, and holde most of the mother. Which -sharpnesse of witte though it be within them, as it bewraeth -it selfe: yet it might dwell within them a great while, -without bewraying of it selfe, if studie kept them still, or -great doinges did dull them: as slight dealinges and imperious, -do commonly maintaine that kinde of courage. -Boyes haue it alwaye, but oftimes hide it, bycause their -stuffe admitteth time: wenches haue it alwaye, and alwaye -bewray it, bycause their timber abides no tarying. And -seeing it is in both, it deserues care in both, neither to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span> -timely to stirre them, nor let them loyter to long. As for -bodies the <i>maidens</i> be more weake, most commonly euen -by nature, as of a moonish influence, and all our whole -kinde is weake of the mother side, which when she was first -made, euen then weakned the mans side. Therefore great -regard must be had to them, no lesse, nay rather more then -to boyes in that time. For in proces of time, if they be of -worth themselues, they may so matche, as the parent may -take more pleasure in his sonnes by law, then in his heires -by nature. They are to be the principall pillers in the -vpholding of housholdes, and so they are likely to proue, if -they proue well in training. The dearest comfort that man -can haue, if they encline to good: the nearest corrosiue if -they tread awry. And therfore charilie to be cared for, -bearing a iewell of such worth, in a vessel of such weaknesse. -Thus much for there persons whom I turne ouer to the -parentes abilitie for charge: to their owne capacitie for -conceit: in eche degree some, from the lowest in menaltie, -to the highest in mistriship.</p> - -<p>The time hath tied it selfe to strength in both parts, for -the bodie to trauell, for the soule to conceiue. The exercises -pray in no case to be forgot as a preseruatiue to the -body, and a conserue for the soule.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">What.</div> - -<p>For the matter what they shall learne, thus I -thinke, following the custome of my countrie, -which in that that is vsuall doth lead me on boldly, and in -that also which is most rare, doth shew me my path, to be -already troden. So that I shall not neede to erre, if I -marke but my guide wel. Where rare excellencies in some -wymen, do but shew vs some one or two parentes good -successe, in their daughters learning, there is neither president -to be fetcht, nor precept to be framed. For preceptes -be to conduct the common, but these singularities be aboue -the common, presidentes be for hope, those pictures passe -beyond al hope. And yet they serue for profe to proceede -by in way of argument, that wymen can learne if they will, -and may learne what they list, when they bend their wittes -to it. To learne to read is very common, where conuenientnes -doth serue, and <i>writing</i> is not refused, where -oportunitie will yeild it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Reading.</div> - -<p><i>Reading</i> if for nothing else it were, as for -many thinges else it is, is verie needefull for -religion, to read that which they must know, and ought to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span> -performe, if they haue not whom to heare, in that matter -which they read: or if their memorie be not stedfast, by -reading to reuiue it. If they heare first and after read of -the selfe same argument, reading confirmes their memorie. -Here I may not omit many and great contentmentes, many -and sound comfortes, many and manifoulde delites, which -those wymen that haue skill and time to reade, without -hindering their houswifery, do continually receiue by reading -of some comfortable and wise discourses, penned either in -forme of historie, or for direction to liue by.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Writing.</div> - -<p>As for <i>writing</i>, though it be discommended -for some priuate cariages, wherein we men also, -no lesse then wymen, beare oftentimes blame, if that were -a sufficient exception why we should not learne to write, it -hath his commoditie where it filleth in match, and helpes -to enrich the goodmans mercerie. Many good occasions -are oftentimes offered, where it were better for them to -haue the vse of their pen, for the good that comes by it, -then to wish they had it, when the default is felt: and for -feare of euill, which cannot be auoided in some, to auert -that good, which may be commodious to many.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Musike.</div> - -<p><i>Musicke</i> is much vsed, where it is to be had, -to the parentes delite, while the daughters be -yong, more then to their owne, which commonly proueth -true, when the yong wenches become yong wiues. For -then lightly forgetting <i>Musicke</i> when they learne to be -mothers, they giue it in manifest euidence, that in their -learning of it, they did more seeke to please their parentes, -then to pleasure themselues. But howsoeuer it is, seeing -the thing is not reiected, if with the learning of it once, it -may be retained still (as by order it may) it is ill let go, -which is got with great paines, and bought with some cost. -The learninge to sing and plaie by the booke, a matter -soone had, when <i>Musike</i> is first minded, which still preserue -the cunning, though discontinuance disturbe. And seeing -it is but litle which they learne, and the time as litle -wherein they learne, bycause they haste still on toward -husbandes, it were expedient, that they learned perfitly, and -that with the losse of their pennie, they lost not their -pennieworth also, besides the losse of their time, which is -the greatest losse of all. I medle not with <i>nedles</i>, nor yet -with <i>houswiferie</i>, though I thinke it, and know it, to be a -principall commendation in a woman: to be able to gouerne<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span> -and direct her houshold, to looke to her house and familie, -to prouide and keepe necessaries, though the goodman pay, -to know the force of her kitchen, for sicknes and health, in -her selfe and her charge: bycause I deale onely with such -thinges as be incident to their learning. Which seeing the -custome of my country doth permit, I may not mislike, -nay I may wish it with warrant, the thing being good and -well beseeming their sex. This is the most so farre as I -remember, which they commonly vse in youth, and participate -with vs in. If any parent do priuately traine vp his -children of either sex in any other priuate fantsie of his -owne, I cannot commend it, bycause I do not know it, and -if it fortune to die within his priuate walles, I cannot giue -it life by publike rehearsall. The common and most -knowne is that, which I haue saide.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">How much.</div> - -<p>The next pointe <i>how much</i>, is a question of -more enquirie, and therefore requireth aduised -handling. To appoint besides these thinges, which are -already spoken of, how much further any <i>maide</i> maye proceede -in matter of learning and traine, is a matter of some -moment, and concerneth no meane ones. And yet some -petie lowlinges, do sometimes seeke to resemble, where -they haue small reason, and will needes seeme like, where -their petieship cannot light, vsing shew for a shadow, where -they haue no fitter shift. And therfore in so doing, they -passe beyond the boundes both of their birth, and their -best beseeming. Which then discouereth a verie meere -follie, when a meane parent traineth vp his daughter hie in -those properties, which I shall streight waye speake of, and -she matcheth lowe, but within her owne compasse. For in -such a case those ouerraught qualities for the toyousnesse -therof being misplaced in her, do cause the young woman -rather to be toyed withall, as by them giuing signe of some -idle conceit otherwise, then to be thought verie well of, as -one wisely brought vp. There is a comlynesse in eche -kinde, and a decentnesse in degree, which is best obserued, -when eche one prouides according to his power, without -ouerreaching. If some odde property do worke preferrement -beyond proportion, it commonly stayes there, and -who so shootes at the like, in hope to hit, may sooner misse: -bycause the wayes to misse be so many, and to hit is but -one, and wounders which be but onse seene, be no examples -to resemble. Euery <i>maide</i> maye not hope to speede, as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span> -she would wishe, bycause some one hath sped better then -she could wishe.</p> - -<p>Where the question is <i>how much</i> a woman ought to -learne, the aunswere may be, so much as shall be needefull. -If that also come in doubt, the returne may be, either so -much as her parentes conceiue of her in hope, if her parentage -be meane, or prouide for her in state, if her birth beare -a saile. For if the parentes be of calling, and in great -account, and the daughters capable of some singular -qualities, many commendable effects may be wrought -therby, and the young maidens being well trained are verie -soone commended to right honorable matches, whom they -may well beseeme, and aunswere much better, their qualities -in state hauing good correspondence, with their matches of -state, and their wisedoms also putting to helping hand, for -the procuring of their common good. Not here to note, -what frute the common weale may reape, by such witts so -worthily aduaunced, besides their owne priuate. If the -parentes be meane, and the <i>maidens</i> in their training shew -forth at the verie first some singular rarenesse like to ensue, -if they florish but their naturall, there hope maye grow -great, that some great matche may as well like of a young -maiden excellently qualified, as most do delite in brute or -brutish thinges for some straunge qualitie, either in nature -to embrase, or in art to maruell. And yet this hope may -faile. For neither haue great personages alwaye that -iudgement, nor young <i>maidens</i> alwaye that fortune, though -the <i>maidens</i> remaine the gainers, for they haue the qualities -to comfort their mediocrity, and those great ones want -iudgement to set forth their nobilitie.</p> - -<p>This <i>how much</i> consisteth either in perfiting of those -forenamed foure, <i>reading</i> well, <i>writing</i> faire, <i>singing</i> sweete, -<i>playing</i> fine, beyond all cry and aboue all comparison, that -pure excellencie in things but ordinarie may cause extraordinarie -liking: or else in skill of languages annexed to -these foure, that moe good giftes may worke more wounder. -“For meane is a maime where excellencie is the maruell.” -To hope for hie mariages, is good meat, but not for mowers, -to haue leasure to take delite in these gentlewomanly -qualities, is no worke for who will: Nay to be a paragon -among princes, to vse such singularities, for the singular -good of the general state, and the wonder of her person, -were a wish in dispaire, were not true proofe the iust<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">180</span> -warrant, that such a thing may be wished, bycause in our -time we haue found it, euen then, when we did wish it -most, and in the ende more maruellous, then at first we -durst haue wished. The euentes in these wymen which -we see in our dayes, to haue bene brought vp in learning, -do rule this conclusion. That such personages as be borne -to be princes, or matches to great peeres, or to furnish out -such traines, for some peculiar ornamentes to their place -and calling, are to receiue this kinde of education in the -highest degree, that is conuenient for their kinde. But -princely <i>maidens</i> aboue all: bycause occasion of their -height standes in neede of such giftes, both to honour -themselues, and to discharge the duetie, which the countries, -conmitted to their hands, do daily call for, and besides -what matche is more honorable, then when desert for rare -qualities, doth ioine it selfe, with highnesse in degree? I -feare no workmanship in wymen to giue them <i>Geometrie</i> -and her sister sciencies: to make them <i>Mathematicalls</i>, -though I meane them <i>Musicke</i>: nor yet barres to plead at, -to leaue them the lawes: nor vrinalls to looke on, to lend -them some Physicke, though the skil of herbes haue bene -the studie of nobilitie, by the <i>Persian</i> storie, and much -commended in wymen: nor pulpittes to preach in, to vtter -their <i>Diuinitie</i>: though by learning of some language, they -can talke of the lining: and for direction of their life, they -must be afforded some, though not as preachers and leaders: -yet as honest perfourmers, and vertuous liuers. <i>Philosophie</i> -would furnish their generall discourses, if their leasure -could entend it: but the knowledge of some toungues, -either of substaunce in respect of deeper learning, or account -for the present time may verie well be wisht them: and -those faculties also, which do belong to the furniture of -speache, may be verie well allowed them, bycause toungues -be most proper, where they do naturally arme. If I should -allow them the <i>pencill</i> to draw, as the penne to write, and -thereby entitle them to all my Elementarie principles, I -might haue reason for me. For it neither requireth any -great labour to fraye young maidens from it, and it would -helpe their nedle, to beautifie their workes: and it is maintainable -by very good examples euen of their owne kinde. -<i>Timarete</i><a id="FNanchor_59_59" href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">59</a> the vertuous, daughter to <i>Mycon</i>: <i>Irene</i> the -curteous, daughter to <i>Cratinus</i>: <i>Aristarete</i> the absolute,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">181</span> -daughter to <i>Nearchus</i>: <i>Lala</i> the eloquent, and euer maide of -<i>Cyzicus</i>: <i>Martia</i> the couragious, daughter to <i>Varro</i> the best -learned and most loued of any <i>Romain</i>, and many mo besides, -did so vse the <i>pencill</i>, as their fame therefore is so much the -fairer, bycause the fact in that sex is so seldome and rare.</p> - -<p>And is not a young gentlewoman, thinke you, thoroughly -furnished, which can reade plainly and distinctly, write -faire and swiftly, sing cleare and sweetely, play wel and -finely, vnderstand and speake the learned languages, and -those toungues also which the time most embraseth, with -some <i>Logicall</i> helpe to chop, and some <i>Rhetoricke</i> to braue. -Besides the matter which is gathered, while these toungues -be either learned, or lookt on, as wordes must haue seates, -no lesse then rayment bodies. Were it any argument of -an vnfurnished maiden, besides these qualities to draw -cleane in good proportion, and with good symmetrie? -Now if she be an honest woman, and a good housewife to, -were she not worth the wishing, and worthy the shryning? -and yet such there be, and such we know. Or is it likely -that her children shalbe eare a whit the worse brought vp, -if she be a <i>Lælia</i>, an <i>Hortensia</i>, or a <i>Cornelia</i>, which were -so endued and noted for so doing? It is written of <i>Eurydice</i> -the <i>Epirote</i><a id="FNanchor_60_60" href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> that after she began to haue children, she -sought to haue learning, to bring then vp skilfully, whom -she brought forth naturally. Which thing she perfourmed -in deede, a most carefull mother, and a most skilfull -mistresse. For which her well doing, she hath wonne the -reward, to be enrowled among the most rare matrones.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Where and -when.</div> - -<p>Now there is nothing left to ende this treatise -of young <i>maidens</i>, but where and vnder whom, -they are to learne, which question will be -sufficiently resolued, vpon consideration of the time how -long they are to learne, which time is commonly till they -be about thirtene or fouretene yeares old, wherein as the -matter, which they must deale with all, cannot be very -much in so litle time, so the perfitting thereof requireth -much trauel, though their time be so litle, and there would -be some shew afterward, wherein their trayning did auaile -them. They that may continue some long time at learning, -thorough the state and abilitie of their parentes haue also -their time and place sutably appointed, by the foresight of -their parentes. So that the time resting in priuate forecast,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">182</span> -I can not reduce it to generall precept, but onely thus farre, -that in perfitnes it may shew, how well it was employed.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The places.</div> - -<p>The places wherein they learne be either -<i>publike</i>, if they go forth to the <i>Elementarie</i> -schole, or <i>priuate</i> if they be taught at home. The teacher -either of their owne sex or of ours.</p> - -<p>For <i>publike</i> places, bycause in that kinde there is no -publike prouision, but such as the professours of their -training do make of them selues, I can say little, but -leaue them to that and to their parentes circumspection, -which both in their being abroad, during their minority, -and in bringing them vp at home after their minoritie, -I know will be very diligent to haue all thinges well. For -their teachers, their owne sex were fittest in some respectes, -but ours frame them best, and with good regard to some -circumstances will bring them vp excellently well, specially -if their parentes be either of learning to iudge, or of authoritie -to commaund, or of both, to do both, as experience -hath taught vs in those, which haue proued so well. The -greater borne Ladyes and gentlewymen, as they are to -enioy the benefit of this education most, so they haue best -meanes to prosecute it best, being neither restrained in -wealth, but to haue the best teachers, and greatest helpes: -neither abbridged in time, but to ply all at full. And thus -I take my leaue of yong maidens and gentlewymen, to -whom I wish as well, as I haue saide well of them.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">183</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_39">CHAPTER 39.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the traning vp of yong gentlemen. Of priuate and publike -education, with their generall goods and illes. That there -is no better way for gentlemen to be trained by in any -respect then the common is being well appointed. Of rich-mens -children which be no gentlemen. Of nobilitie in -generall. Of gentlemanlie exercises. What it is to be a -nobleman, or a gentleman. That infirmities in noble houses -be not to be triumphed ouer. The causes and groundes of -nobilitie. Why so many desire to be gentlemen. That -gentlemen ought to professe learning and liberall sciences -for many good and honorable effectes. Of trauelling into -forraine countries: with all the braunches allowance and -disallowance thereof: and that it were to be wished, that -gentlemen would professe, to make sciences liberall in vse, -which are liberall in name. Of the trayning vp of a yong -prince.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">In</span> the last title I did declare at large, how yong maidens -in ech degree were to be auaunced in learning, which -me thought was verie incident to my purpose, bycause -they be counter-braunches to vs in the kinde of mortall -and reasonable creatures, and also for that in eche degree -of life, they be still our mates, and sometime our mistresses, -through the benefit of law, and honorablenes of birth. -Now considering they ioyne allway with vs in number and -nearenes, and sometime exceede vs in dignitie and calling: -as they communicate with vs in all qualities, and all honours -euen vp to the scepter, so why ought they not in any wise -but be made communicantes with vs in education and -traine, to performe that part well, which they are to play, -for either equalitie with vs, or soueraintie aboue vs? Here -now ensueth another title of meruelous importaunce, for -the kinde of people, whereof I am to entreat: bycause their -state is still in the superlatiue, and the greatest executions -be theirs by degree, though sometime they leese them by -their owne default, and set them ouer to such, as nature -maketh noble by ingenerate vertues. I meane the trayning -vp of yong <i>gentlemen</i> in euery degree and to what so euer -ascent, bycause euen the crowne and kingdome is their -height, though it come to the female, when their side faileth. -For <i>gentlemen</i> will commonly be exempt from the common,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">184</span> -as in title, so also in traine, refrayning the publike, though -they hold of the male, and preferring the priuate, to be -liker to maidens, whose education is most priuate, bycause -of their kinde, and therefore not misliked: whereas yong -gentlemen should be publike, bycause of their vse. And -for not being such, they beare some blame, as therein contrarying -both all the best ordered common weales, and all -the most excellent and the learnedest writers, which bring -vp euen the best princes allway with great company.</p> - -<p>But seeing they wilbe priuate, and I take vpon me not -to leap ouer any, which light within my compasse, and -chiefly yong gentlemen, whose ordinarie greatnes is to -gouerne our state, and to be publike pillers for the prince -to leane on, and the people to staie by: their priuate choice -commaundes me a priuate consideration, which in yong -gentlewymen needed not any handling, bycause it beseemeth -them to be taught in priuate: in <i>gentlemen</i> it needeth, -the case being doubtfull, whether priuate trayning be their -best or no. And though this argument succede yong -maidens in order of methode, I hope yong gentlemen will -not be offended neither with me for the placing, seeing the -other sex is in possesssion of prerogatiue, nor with them for -being so placed, which haue wone the best place.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Of priuate -education.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Priuate.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Education.</div> - -<p>This question for the bringing vp of yong -gentlemen offereth the deciding of an other -ordinarie controuersie, betwene <i>publike</i> education -and <i>priuate</i>, which verie name in nature is enemy to -publike, as inclosure is to common, and swelling to much -ouerlayeth the common, not onely in <i>education</i>, where it -both corrupteth by planting a to priuate habit, and is -corrupted it selfe by a degenerate forme, but also in most -thinges else. Yet do I not deny both personall properties -and priuate realities, which law doth allow in priuate possessions, -euen there, where friendship makes thinges to be -most common by participation. I will therefore speake a -litle of this <i>priuate</i> traine, before I passe to the -<i>education</i> of <i>gentlemen</i>. What doe these two -wordes import, <i>priuate education</i>? <i>Priuate</i> is that, which -hath respect in all circumstances to some one of choice: as -<i>publike</i> in all circumstances regardeth euery one alike. -<i>Education</i> is the bringing vp of one, not to liue -alone, but amongest others, (bycause companie -is our naturall cognisaunce) whereby he shall be best able<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">185</span> -to execute those doings in life, which the state of his calling -shall employ him vnto, whether <i>publike</i> abrode, or <i>priuate</i> -at home, according vnto the direction of his countrie, whereunto -he is borne, and oweth his whole seruice. All the -functions here be publike and regard euery one, euen where -the thinges do seeme to be most priuate, bycause the maine -direction remaineth in the publike, and the priuate must be -squared, as it will best ioyne with that: and yet we restraine -<i>education</i> to <i>priuate</i>, all whose circumstaunces be singular -to one. As if he that were brought vp alone, should also -euer liue alone, as if one should say, I will haue you to -deale with all, but neuer to see all: your end shalbe <i>publike</i>, -your meane shalbe <i>priuate</i>, that is to say, such a meane as -hath no minde to bring you to that end, which you seeme -to pretend: Bycause naturally <i>priuate</i> is sworne enemy to -<i>publike</i> in all euentes, as it doth appeare when <i>priuate</i> gaine -vndoeth the common, though <i>publike</i> still pretend friendship -to all that is <i>priuate</i> in distributiue effects, as it is -plainely seene when the <i>publike</i> care doth helpe ech <i>priuate</i>, -and by cherishing the singuler maintaineth the generall, -whereas the priuate letteth the publike drowne, so it selfe -may flete aboue. For in deed they march mostwhat from -seuerall groundes to seuerall issues by most seuerall and -least sutable meanes, the one in nature a rowmy <i>pallace</i> full -of most varietie to content the minde, the other a close -<i>prison</i>, tedious to be tied to, where the sense is shackled: -the one in her kinde, a <i>libertie</i>, a broade <i>feild</i>, an open <i>aire</i>, -the other in the contrarie kinde, a <i>pinfold</i>, a <i>cage</i>, a <i>cloister</i>: -Neither do I take these tearmes to make a fit diuision, -where the end is still <i>common</i> and the abuse <i>priuate</i>. For -how can <i>education</i> be <i>priuate</i>? it abuseth the name as it -abuseth the thing. If they will say <i>education</i> is either good -or ill, and vse the naturall name, then methinke the disembling -which is shadowed in the tearme <i>priuate</i> would soone -appeare: though there can be no worse name then <i>priuate</i>, -sauing where the publike doth appoint it, which in education -it will not, thereby to foster her owne foe: though in possessions -it do, to haue subsidies to sustaine, and paiements -to maintaine her great common charge.</p> - -<p>And though in communities of kinde which naturally is -deuided into spieces, <i>nature</i> engraffe <i>priuate</i> differences for -distinction sake, as <i>reason</i> in man to part him from a beast, -yet that difference remaineth one still, bycause there is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">186</span> -none better: which countenaunce of best cannot here be -pretended, bycause in <i>education priuate</i> is the worst. This -<i>priuate</i> renting in sunder of persons, for a pretended best -<i>education</i>, which must passe on togither after <i>education</i> is -verie daungerous in all daies, for many priuate pushes, -while euery parent can serue his owne humour, be it neuer -so distempered: by the secrecie of his owne house, not to -be discouered: by the choyce of his teacher, which will be -ready to follow, if he forgoe not in folley: by the obedience -of his child, which must learne as he is led, or else be beaten -for not learning: which must obey as he is bid, or else lease -his parent blessing. In <i>publicke</i> schooles this swaruing in -affection from the <i>publicke</i> choice in no case can be. The -master is in eye, what he saith is in eare: the doctrine is -examined: the childe is not alone, and there must he learne -that which is laid vnto him in the hearing of all and censure -of all. Whatsoeuer inconueniences do grow in <i>common</i> -schooles, (as where the dealers be men, how can there be -but maimes?) yet the <i>priuate</i> is much worse, and hatcheth -moe odde ills. Naturally it is not built vpon vnitie, brad by -disunion, to seeme to see more then the common man doth, -to seeme to preuent that by <i>priuate</i> wit, which the common -doth incurre by vnaduised follie: to seeme to gaine more -in secrecie, then the common giues in ciuilitie. By cloistering -from the common it will seeme to keepe a countenaunce -farre aboue the common, euen from the first cradle. Wherby -it becomes the <i>puffer</i> vp to <i>pride</i> in the recluse, and the -<i>direction</i> to <i>disdaine</i>, by dreaming still of bettership: the -enemie to vnitie, betwene the vnequall: the ouerwayning -of ones selfe, not compared with others, the disiointing of -agreement, where the higher contemneth his inferiour with -skorne, and the lower doth stomacke his superiour with -spite: the one gathering snuffe, the other grudge.</p> - -<p>This kinde of traine which soweth the corne of dissension -by difference, where the haruest of consent is the harbour -of common loue, the indissoluble chaine of countriemens -comfort, may very well be bettered, and much better be -forborne, bycause by the way it tempereth still the poyson -of a creeping spite. And certainly the nature of the thing -doth tend this way, though chaunging bytimes to better -choice, or the common check, which will not be controwled, -do many and often times interrupt the course. And though -the child in proces proue better, and shew himselfe curteous,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">187</span> -contrarie to my note, and the verie nature of priuate education, -thanke naturall goodnesse or experience seene abroad, -not the kinde of education, which in her owne sternnesse -alloweth no such curtesie, though the childe see it in his -parentes, and finde it in his bookes. And somtimes also -it maketh him to shepish bashfull, when he comes to the -light: as being vnacquainted with resort: though generally -he be somwhat to childish bold, by noting nothing, but -that which he breedes of himselfe in his solitarie traine, -where he is best himselfe, and hath none to controwle him, -no not his maister himselfe, but vnder confession, how so -euer the title of maister do pretend authoritie and the name -of scholer, make shew of obedience in priuate cloistring. -I neede not saie all, but in this short manner, I seeke to -giue occasion for them to see all, which desire to sift more, -both for the matter of their learning, and the manner of -their liuing.</p> - -<p>Do ye know what it is for one to be acquainted with all -children in his childhood, which must liue with them being -men in his manhood? Is the common bringing vp being -well appointed good for the common man, and not for him -of more height? and doth not that deserue to be liked on -in priuate, which is thoroughly tryed being showed forth in -common, and sifted by the seeing? which without any -great alteration, for the matter of traine will be very well -content to be pent vp within priuate dores, though it mislike -the cloistring, in priuating the person. Sure that common -which is well cast, must needes helpe the priuate, as one of -her partes and feede one child very well being a generall -mother to all: but priuate be it neuer so well cast in the -sternnesse of his kinde, still drawes from the publike. I -count not that priuate which is executed at home for a -publike vse, in respect of the place, for so all doinges be -priuate, but that which will be at home, as better so. And -why? for the priuate parties good. But it should seeme -generally that the question is not so much for the manner -of education, nor for the matter, wherin, but for the place -where, as if that, which is good for all in common, should -not be good for some but in priuate. I must speake it -vnder pardon. The effect commendes the common: for -that the common education in the middest of common -mediocritie bringeth vp such wittes to such excellencie, as -serue in all degrees, yea euen next to the hyest, wheras<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">188</span> -priuate education in the middest of most wealth, if it -maintaine it selfe with any more then bare mediocritie -both of learning and iudgement, when it is at the hyest, let -him that hath shewed more, giue charge to the chalenge. -And yet some one young mans odnesse, though it be odde -in deed, ouerthroweth not the question. And oftimes the -report of that odnesse which we see not in effect, but heare -of in speeche, falles out very lame, if the reporters iudgement -be aduisedly considered, though for the authoritie and -countenaunce of the man, skill giue place to boldnesse, and -silence to ciuilitie: which otherwise would replie against it. -There is no comparison betwene the two kindes, set affection -apart. If the priuate pupill chaunce to come to speake, -it falleth out mostwhat dreamingly, bycause priuitie in -traine is a punishment to the tongue: and in teaching of a -language to exclude companions of speeche, is to seeke to -quenche thrist, and yet to close the mouth so, as no moysture -can get in. If he come to write, it is leane, and nothing -but skinne, and commonly bewrayes great paines in the -maister, which brought forth euen so much, being quite -reft of all helping circunstance, to ease his great labour, by -his pupilles conference, with more companie. Which is but -a small benefit to the child, that might haue had much -more if his course had bene chaunged. He can but vtter -that, which he heares, and he heares none but one, which -one though he know all, yet can vtter but litle, bycause -what one auditorie is two or three boyes for a learned man -to prouoke him to vtteraunce? If he trauelled to vtter, -and one of iudgement should stand behinde a couert to -heare him, methinke he should heare a straunge orator -straining his pipes, to perswade straunge people, and the -boye if he were alone, fast a sleepe, or if he had a fellow, -playing vnder the bourd, with his hand or feete, hauing one -eye vpon his talking maister, and the other eye on his -playing mate. If the nyne <i>Muses</i> and <i>Apollo</i> their president -were painted vpon the wall, he might talke to them with -out either laughing or lowring, they would serue him for -places of memorie, or for hieroglyphicall partitions. If he -that is taught alone misse, as he must often, hauing either -none, or verie small companie to helpe his memorie, which -multitude serues for in common scholes, where the hearing -of many confirmes the sitter by, shall he runne to his -maister? if he do that boldly, it will breede contempt in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_189">189</span> -the ende: if he do it with feare, it will dull him for not -daring. And though it be verie good for the child, not to -be afrayd to aske counsell of his maister in that, where he -doubteth, yet if he finde easie entertainment he will doubt -still, rather then do his diligence, not to haue cause to -doubt. If the priuate scholer proue cunninger afterward, -then I conceiue he can be by priuate education, there was -some forreine helpe which auaunced him abroad, it was not -his traine within being tyed to the stake, which offereth -that violence to my assertion.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Why is priuate -teaching so -much vsed?</div> - -<p>But what leades the priuate, and why is it so -much vsed? There must needes be some reason, -which alieneth the particular parente from the -publike discipline, which I do graunt to very great ones, -bycause the further they rise from the multitude in number, -and aboue them in degree, the more priuate they grow as -in person, so in traine: and the prince himselfe being one -and singular must needes embrace the priuate discipline, -wherin he sheweth great valure in his person, if by priuate -meanes, he mount aboue the publike. And yet if euen the -greatest, could haue his traine so cast, as he might haue the -companie of a good choice number, wherein to see all -differences of wittes, how to discerne of all, which must -deale with all, were it any sacrilege?</p> - -<p>But for the gentleman generally, which flyeth not so high, -but fluttereth some litle aboue the ordinarie common, why -doth he make his choice rather to be like them aboue, -which still grow priuater, then to like of them below, which -can grow no lower, and yet be supporters, to stay vp the -whole, and liker to himselfe, then he is to the highest? To -haue his child learne better maners, and more vertuous -conditions? As bad at home as abroad, and brought into -schooles, not bred there. To auoide confusion and multitude? -His child shall marke more, and so proue the -wiser: the multitude of examples being the meanes to -discretion. Nay in a number, though he finde some lewd, -whom to flie, he shall spie many toward, whom to follow: -and withall in schooles he shall perceaue that vice is punished, -and vertue praised, which where it is not, there is daunger to -good manners, but not in schooles, where it is very diligently -obserued, bycause in publike view, necessitie is the spurre. -To keepe him in health by biding at home for feare of -infection abroad? Death is within dores, and dainties at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">190</span> -home haue destroyed more children then daunger abroad. -Doth affection worke stay, and can ye not parte from your -childes presence? That is to fond. And any cause else -admittes controwlement, sauing onely state in princes children, -and princelike personages, which are to farre aboue -the common: by reason of great circunstance. And yet -their circunstance were better, if they saw the common, -ouer whom they command, and with due circumspectnesse -could auoid all daungers, whervnto the greatest be commonly -subiect, by great desires, not in themselues to haue, -but in others that hope, which make the greatnesse of their -gaine their colour against iustice, where they iniurie most. -It is enough that is ment, though I say no more: besides -that by a <i>Persian</i> principle, the seldome seing in princes, -workes admiration the more, when they are to be seene.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Send your -priuate M. with -your child to the -common schoole.</div> - -<p>Vse common scholes to the best, ioyne a -tutor to your childe, let <i>Quintilian</i> be your -guide, all thinges will be well done, where such -care is at hand, and that is much better done, -which is done before witnes to encourage the childe. <i>Comparisons</i> -inspire vertues, <i>hearing</i> spreads learning: one is -none and if he do something at home, what would he do -with company? It is neuer settled, that wanteth an aduersarie, -to quicken the spirites, to stirre courage, to finde out -affections.</p> - -<p>For the maisters valew, which is content to be cloistered, -I will say nothing, entertainement makes digressions euen -to that, which we like not. But if it would please the -priuate parent, to send his sonne with his priuate maister -to a common schoole, that might do all parties very much -good. For the schole being well ordered, and appointed -for matter and maner to learne, where number is pretended -to cumber the maister, and to mince his labour so, as ech -one can haue but some litle, though his voice be like the -<i>Sunne</i>, which at one time with one light shineth vpon all: -yet the priuate scholer, by the helpe of his priuate maister -in the common place hath his full applying, and the whole -<i>Sunne</i>, if no lesse will content him. The common maister -thereby will be carefull to haue the best: the priuate -teacher willbe curiouse to come but to the very best: -wherby both the priuate and publike scholers shall be sure -to receiue the best. And if the publike maister be chosen -accordingly, as allowance will allure euen the principall<span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">191</span> -best, priuate cunning will not disdaine to be one degree -beneth, where he knoweth himselfe bettered. And thereby -disagreement betwene the two teachers will be quite excluded -which onely might be the meane to marre both my -meaning and <i>Qintilianes</i> counsell. Sure my resolution is, -which if it winne no liking abroade may returne againe -homeward, and be wellcome to his maister, that that which -must be continued and exercised in publike, the residue of -ones life, were best to be learned in publike, from the -beginning of ones life. And if ye will needes be priuate, -make your priuate publike, and drawe as many to your -priuate maister, for your priuate sonnes sake, seeing you -are able to prouide rowme, bycause that will proue to be -best for your child, as shalbe able to keepe some forme of -our multitude, that he may haue one companie before him -to follow and learne of, an other beneth to teach and vaunt -ouer, the third of his owne standing, with whom to striue -for praise of forwardnes. Whereby it falleth out still, that -that priuate is best, which consisteth of some chosen number -for a priuate ende: and that multitude best, where choice -restraines number, for the publike seruice: for in deede the -common scholes be as much ouercharged with too many, -as any priuate is with to few. Which how it may either be -helpt, or in that confusion be better handled, I will hereafter -in my priuate executions declare, seeing I haue noted -the defect.</p> - -<p>To knit vp this question therefore of priuate and publike -<i>education</i>, I do take publike to be simply the better: as -being more vpon the stage, where faultes be more seene, -and so sooner amended, as being the best meane both for -vertue and learning, which follow in such sort, as they be -first planted. What <i>vertue</i> is private? <i>wisedome</i> to forsee, -what is good for a desert? <i>courage</i> to defend, where there -is no assailant? <i>temperance</i> to be modest, where none is to -chaleng? <i>Iustice</i> to do right, where none is to demaunde it? -what <i>learning</i> is for alonnesse? did it not come from collection -in publike dealinges, and can it shew her force in -priuate affaires, which seeme affraid of the publike? Compare -the best in both the kinds, there the ods wil appeare. -If ye compare a priuate scholer, of a very fine capacity, -and worthy the open field, so well trayned by a diligent -and a discreat maister as that traine will yeald: with a -blockhead brought vp under a publike teacher, not of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">192</span> -best sort, or if in comparison ye march a toward priuate -teacher with a weake publike maister, ye say somwhat to -the persons but smallie to the thing, which in <i>equalitie</i> -shewes the difference, in <i>inequalitie</i> deceiues the doubter, -and then most, when to augment his owne liking, he wil -make the conference odde, to seeme to auaunce errour, -where the truth is against him. And to saye all in one, the -publike pestring with any reasonable consideration, though -it be not the best, yet in good sooth, it farre exceedeth the -priuate alonenesse, though sometime a diligent priuate -teacher shew some great effect of his maine endeuour.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">That the -circunstance is -one in gentlemen -and common -mens children.</div> - -<p>But to the education of <i>gentlemen</i> and <i>gentlemanly</i> -fellowes. What time shal I appoint -them to begin to learne? Their witts be as -the common, their bodies oftimes worse. The -same circunstance, the same consideration for -time must direct all degrees. What thing shall they learne? -I know none other, neither can I appoint better, then that -which I did appoint for all. The common and priuate -concurre herin. Neither shall the priuate scholer go any -faster on, nay perhaps not so fast, for all the helpe of his -whole maister, then our boyes shall, with the bare helpe, -that is in number and multitude, euery boye being either a -maister for his fellow to learne by, or an example to set -him on, to better him if he be negligent, to be like him, if -he be diligent.</p> - -<p>Onely this, young <i>gentlemen</i> must haue some choice of -peculiar matter, still appropriat vnto them, bycause they -be to gouerne vnder their prince in principall places: those -vertues and vertuous lessons must be still layd before them, -which do appertaine to gouernement, to direct others well, -and belong to obedience, to guide themselues wisely. For -being in good place, and hauing good to leese, it will proue -their ill, by vndiscrete attemptes to become prayes to -distresse. And yet for all this, the generall matter of -duetie being commonly taught, eche one may applie the -generall to his owne priuate, without drawing any priuate -argument into a schoole, for the priuitie not to be communicate -but with those of the same calling: considering -the property of that argument falleth as oft to the good of -the common, whom vertue auaunceth, as the <i>gentlemens</i> -credit, whom negligence abaseth. What exercises shall -they haue? The verie same. What maisters? The same<span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">193</span> -What circunstance else? All one and the same: but that -for their place and time, their choice makes them priuate, -though nothing the better for want of good fellowship. -And if they proue so well trained, as the generall plat for -all infancie doth promise, and so well exercised, as the -thing is well ment them, they shall haue no cause, much to -complaine of the publike, nor any matter at all why to -couet to be priuate. For it is no meane stuffe, which is -prouided euen for the meanest to be stored with.</p> - -<p>These thinges gentlemen haue, and are much bound to -God for them, which may make them proue excellent, if -they vse them well: <i>great abilitie</i> to go thorough withall, -where the poorer must giue ouer, eare he come to the ende: -<i>great leasure</i> to vse libertie, where the meaner must labour: -<i>all oportunities</i> at will, where the common is restrained: so -that singularitie in them if it be missed, discommendes -them, bycause they haue such meanes and yet misse: if it -hit in the meaner, it makes their account more, bycause -their meane was small, but their diligence exceeding. -Whereby negligence in gentlemen is euer more blamed, -bycause of great helpes, which helpe nothing: diligence in -the meaner is alway more praised, bycause of great wantes, -which hinder nothing: and those prefermentes, which by -degree are due vnto gentlemen, thorough their negligence -being by them forsaken, are bestowed vpon the meaner, -whose diligent endeuour made meane to enioy them.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Riche men no -gentlemen.</div> - -<p>1. As for <i>riche</i> men which being no <i>gentlemen</i>, -but growing to wealth by what meanes soeuer, -will counterfeat <i>gentlemen</i> in the education of -their children, as if money made equalitie, and the purse -were the preferrer, and no further regard: which contemne -the common from whence they came, which cloister vp -their youth, as boding further state: they be in the same -case for <i>abilitie</i>, though farre behinde for <i>gentilitie</i>. But as -they came from the common, so they might with more -commendacion, continue their children in that kinde, which -brought vp the parentes and made them so wealthy, and -not to impatronise themselues vnto a degree to farre beyond -the dounghill. For of all the meanes to make a gentleman, -it is the most vile, to be made for money. Bycause all -other meanes beare some signe of vertue, this onely meane -is to bad a meane, either to matche with great birth, or to -mate great worth. For the most parte it is miserably<span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">194</span> -scraped to the murthering of many a poore magot, while -liuely cheese is lusty cheare, to spare expenses, that <i>Iacke</i> -maye be a gentleman. If sparing were the worst, though -in the worst degree, that were not the worst, nay it hath -shew of witte: The rest which I tuch not, be so shamefull -and so knowen to be such, and deserue so great hatred as -nothing more. Besides the insolencie of the people, triumphing -ouer them in their cuppes, by whom they buy their -drinke: which shiftes be shamefull to the world, and hatefull -to heauen: and too too filthy to be honored vpon earth -with either armes by harold, or honour by any. He that -will reade but <i>Aristophanes</i> his blinde <i>Plutus</i> the God of -richesse, and marke the old fellowes fashions shall see his -humour naturally, as that poete was not the worst resembler -though he were not the best man.</p> - -<p>For to become a <i>gentleman</i> is to beare the cognisance of -vertue, wherto honour is companion: the vilest diuises be -the readiest meanes to become most wealthy, and ought -not to looke honour in the face, bycause it ioynes not with -iustice, which greate wealth by the Greeke verse, οὐδεὶς -ἐπλοὐτησε ταχέως, δίκαιος ὤν, is noted to refuse, and commonly -dare not name the meane right, whereby it groweth -great. And though witte be pretended to haue made their -way, it is not denied but that witte may serue euen to the -worst effectes, and to wring many a thousand to make one -a gentleman. It is not witte, that carieth the praise, but -the matter, wheron, and the manner how it is, or hath bene -ill or well employed. Witte bestowed vpon the common -good with wise demeanour, deserueth well: the same holy -giuen to fill a priuate purse, by any meane, so it be secrete: -by any misdemeanour, so it be not seene: deserueth no -prais for that which is seen, but is to be suspected, for that -which is not seene. These people by their generall trades, -will make thousandes poore: and for giuing one penie to -any one poore of those many thousandes will be counted -charitable. They will giue a scholer some petie poore -exhibition to seeme to be religious, and vnder a sclender -veale of counterfeat liberalitie, hide the spoile of the ransaked -pouertie. And though they do not professe the -impouershing of purpose, yet their kinde of dealing doth -pierce as it passeth: and a thousand pound gaines bowelles -twentie thousand persons. Of these kinde of folkes I -entend not to speake, bycause their state is both casuall,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">195</span> -and belongeth to the common: and their gentilitie bastardise: -and yet while I frame a gentleman, if any of them -take the benefit of my aduice, gentle men must beare with -me, if my precepts be vsurped on, where their state is -intruded on.</p> - -<p>My purpose is to employ my paines vpon such as are -<i>gentlemen</i> in deede, and in right iudgement of their vnbewitched -countrie do serue in best place: neither will I -rip vp what some write of nobilitie in generall, whether by -birth or by discent: nor what other write of true nobilitie, -as disclayming in that which vertue auaunceth not: nor -what other write of learned nobilitie, as accounting that -simply the best, where vertue and learning do beawtifie -the subiect. One might talke beyond enough, and write -beyond measure, that would examine what such a one -saith of nobilitie in greeke, such a one in latin, such in -other seuerall toungues, bycause the argument is so large, -the vse of nobilitie streaching so farre, and so braue a -subiect cannot chuse but minister passing braue discourses. -There be so many vertues to commend it, all the brymmer -in sight the clearer their subiect is: so many vices to -assaile it whose disfiguring is foulest, where it falleth in the -face, and must needes be sene.</p> - -<p>All these offered occasions, to enlarge and amplyfie this -so honorable an argument, I meane to forbeare, and giue -onely this note vnto yong gentlemen: That if their calling -had not bene of very great worth in deede, as it is of most -shew in place, it could neuer haue wone so many learned -workes, it could neuer haue perced so many excellent wittes, -to reioyce with it in good, to mourn with it in ill, and to -make the meditation of nobilitie, to be matter for them to -maruell. And that therfore it doth stand <i>nobilitie</i> vpon, to -maintaine that glorie in their families with prayse, which -learned men in so many languages, do charge them with in -precept. My friend to be carefull, that I keepe all well, -and my selfe to be carelesse and consume all ill? an honest -friend and an honorable care. But what am I? my auncetours -to auaunce my howse to honour, my selfe to spoile it, -and bring it to decaye? The auauncement vertuous, the -aduauncer commendable. But what am I? a <i>gentleman</i> in -birth and nothing else but brauerie. A sory shew which -shameth, where it shapeth. It is value that giues name -and note to <i>nobilitie</i>, it is vertue must endow it, or vice will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">196</span> -vndoe it. The more high the more heynouse, if it fortune -to faile: the more bruted the more brutish if it fatall vnder -fame. Which seeing it is so, as I wish the race well, so I -wish their traine were good, and if it were possible euen -better then the common, but that cannot be. For the -common well appointed is simply the best, and euen fittest, -for them, bycause they may haue it full, where the meaner -haue it maimed. Their sufficiencie is so able to wyn it -with perfection, for leasure at will, for labour at ease, for -want the least, for wealth the most, in all thinges absolute, -in nothing vnperfit, if they faile not themselues.</p> - -<p>But bycause I meane briefly to runne through this title -of nobilitie, which concerneth the worthiest part of our -state and country, whatsoeuer cauelling the enemies of -<i>nobility</i> pretend, whose good education must be applied -according vnto their degrees and endes, to the commoditie -and honour of our state and countrie: Before that I do -meddle with their traine, and shew what is most for them, -and best liked in them, I will examine those pointes which -by good education be best got, and being once got do -beawtifie them most, which two considerations be not impertinent -to my purpose, bycause I tender their education, -to haue them proue best.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The method of -the discourse -that followeth.</div> - -<p>My first note in nature of methode must -needes be, what it is to be a <i>gentleman</i>, or a -<i>nobleman</i>, and what force the tearmes of <i>nobilitie</i> -or <i>gentrie</i> do infer to be in the persons, to whom they are -proper. Then what be the groundes and causes of <i>gentrie</i> -and <i>nobilitie</i>: both the efficient which make them, and the -finall why they serue, wherein the rightnes of their being -consisteth, and why there is such thronging of all people -that way.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Gentlemanly -exercise.</div> - -<p>But ear I begine to deale with any of these -pointes, once for all I must recommend vnto -them exercise of the bodie, and chiefly such as -besides their health shall best serue their calling, and place -in their countrie. Whereof I haue saide, methinke, sufficiently -before. And as those qualities, which I haue set -out for the generall traine in their perfection being best -compassed by them, may verie well beseeme a gentlemanly -minde: so may the exercises without all exception: either -to make an healthfull bodie, seeing our mould is all one: or -to prepare them for seruice, wherein their vse is more. Is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">197</span> -it not for a <i>gentleman</i> to vse the chase and hunt? doth -their place reproue them if they haue skill to daunce? Is -the skill in sitting of an horse no honour at home, no helpe -abroad? Is the vse of their weapon with choice, for their -calling, any blemish vnto them? For all these and what -else beside, there is furniture for them, if they do but looke -backe: and the rather for them, bycause in deede those -great exercises be most proper to such persons, and not for -the meaner. Wherefore I remit them to that place.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">What is it to be -a nobleman or a -gentleman?</div> - -<p>What is it to be a <i>nobleman</i> or a <i>gentleman</i>? -and what force do those termes of <i>nobilitie</i> and -<i>gentilitie</i> infer to be in those persons, whereunto -they are proper? All the people which be in our countrie -be either <i>gentlemen</i> or of the <i>commonalty</i>. The common is -deuided into <i>marchauntes</i> and <i>manuaries</i> generally, what -partition soeuer is the subdiuident. <i>Marchandize</i> containeth -vnder it all those which liue any way by buying or selling: -<i>Manuarie</i> those whose handyworke is their ware, and labour -their liuing. Their distinction is by wealth: for some of -them be called rich men, which haue enough and more, -some poore men, which haue no more then enough: some -beggers which haue lesse then enough: There be also three -kindes in <i>gentilitie</i>, the <i>gentlemen</i>, which be the <i>creame</i> of -the common: the <i>noblemen</i>, which be the <i>flowre</i> of <i>gentilitie</i>, -and the <i>prince</i> which is the <i>primate</i> and <i>pearle</i> of <i>nobilitie</i>. -Their difference is in <i>authoritie</i>, the <i>prince</i> most, the <i>nobleman</i> -next, the <i>gentleman</i> vnder both. And as in the baser -degree, the <i>begger</i> is beneth all for want of both abilitie to -do with, and vertue to deserue with: so the <i>prince</i> being -opposite to him, as the meere best, to the pure worst, is of -most abilitie to do good, and of most vertue to deserue -best. The limiting of either sort to their owne lystes, will -bewray either an vsurping intruder vpon superioritie, or a -base degenerat to inferioritie, either being rauished with -the others dealinges, and neither deseruing the degree that -he is in. To be vertuous or vicious to be rich or poore, be -no peculiar badges to either sort, but common to both, for -both a gentleman, and a common man may be vertuous or -vicious, both of them may be either rich or poore: landed -or vnlanded, which is either the hauing or wanting of the -most statarie substance: Examples neede not in familiar -knowledge. And as the gentleman in any degree must -haue forreine abilitie for the better executing of his lawfull<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">198</span> -authoritie: so there be some vertues which seeme to be -wedded properly to that side: As great wisedom in great -affaires: great valiancy in great attemptes: great iustice in -great executions and all thinges excellent, in a great and -excellent degree of people. The same vertues but in a -meaner degree in respect of the subiect, whereon they be -employed: in respect of the persons, which are to employ: -in respect of circumstance, wherefore they are employed: -and all thinges meaner be reserued for the common: of -whom I will speake no more now, bycause this title is not -for them, though they become the keepers of vertues and -learning, when nobilitie becomes degenerate. Hereby it is -euident that the tearme of nobilitie amongst vs, is restrained -to one order, which I named the flowre of gentilitie: and -that the gentlemen be in degree next vnto them. Whereof -where either beginneth, none can dout, which can call him -a nobleman that is aboue a knight. So that whosoeuer -shall vse the tearme of gentilitie, speaking of the whole -order opposite to the common, doth vse the ground whence -all the rest doth spring, bycause a gentleman in nature of -his degree is before a nobleman, though not in the height: -as nobilitie employeth the flowre of the gentlemen, which -name is taken of the primacie and excellencie of the oddes, -and where it is vsed in discourse it comprehendeth all -aboue the common. When the <i>Romaine</i> speaketh of the -gentleman in generall, nobilitie is his terme, being in that -state opposite to the common, wherein they acknowledged -no prince, when that opposition was made. For <i>generosus</i> -which is our common tearme signifieth the inward valure, -not the outward note, and reacheth to any actiue liuing -creature though without reason, wherein there doth appeare -any praisworthy valiance or courage in that kinde more -then ordinarie, as in <i>Alexanders</i> horse and <i>Porus</i> his dog. -Therefore whether I vse the terme of nobilitie hereafter or -of gentilitie, the matter is all one, both the names signifying -the whole order, though not one of ground, <i>nobilitie</i> being -the flower and <i>gentilitie</i> the roote. The account wherof how -great it is, we may verie well perceaue by that opinion, -which the nobilitie it selfe hath vsually of it. For <i>truth</i> -being the priuate protest of a gentleman, <i>honour</i> of a noble -man, <i>fayth</i> of a Prince, yet generally they do all ioine in -this. <i>As they be true gentlemen.</i> Such a reputacion hath -the name reserued euen from his originall.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">199</span></p> - -<p>Now then nobilitie emplying the outward note of inward -value, and gentilitie signifying the inward value of the outward -note, it is verie easie to determine, what it is to be a -<i>nobleman</i>, in excellencie of vertue shewed, and what it is to -be a <i>gentleman</i> to haue excellent vertue to shew. Whereby -it appeareth that vertue is the ground to that whole race, -by whether name so euer ye call it, <i>wisedome</i> in <i>pollicie</i>, -<i>valiance</i> in <i>execution</i>, <i>iustice</i> in <i>deciding</i>, <i>modestie</i> in <i>demeanour</i>. -There shall not neede any allegations of the contraries, to -grace out these vertues, which be well content with their -owne gaines and desire not to glister by comparison with -vices, though different colours in contarietie do commend, -and thinges contrarie be knowne in the same moment. -For if true nobilitie haue vertue for her ground, he that -knoweth vice, can tell what it bringes forth. Whether -<i>nobilitie</i> come by discent or desert it maketh no matter, he -that giueth the first fame to his familie, or he that deserueth -such honour, or he that enlargeth his parentage by noble -meanes, is the man whom I meane. He that continueth it -in discent from his auncestrie by desert in his owne person -hath much to thanke God for, and doth well deserue double -honour among men, as bearing the true coate of right and -best nobilitie, where desert for vertue is quartered with -discent in blood, seeing aunciencie of linage, and deriuation of -nobilitie is in such credit among vs and alwaye hath -bene.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Of infirmities -in nobility by -discent.</div> - -<p>And as it is most honorable in deede thus -to aunswere auncestry in all laudable vertues, -and noble qualities of a well affected minde: -so the defect in sufficiencie where some of a noble succession -haue not the same successe in pointes of praise and -worthinesse, either naturally by simplenesse, or casually, by -fortune: though it be to be moaned in respect of their -place, yet it is to be excused in respect of the person. -Bycause the person is, as his parentes begate him, who had -not at commaundement the discent of their vertues, which -made them noble, as they had the begetting of a child to -enherite their landes. For if they had, their nobilitie had -continued on the nobler side. But vertues and worthinesse -be not tyed to the person, they be Gods meere and -voluntarie giftes to bestow there, wheras he entendes that -nobilitie shall either rise or continue, and not to bestow, -where he meanes to abase, and bring a linage lowe. Where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">200</span>fore -to blame such wantes, and raile vpon nobilitie as to -much degenerate, is to intrude vpon prouidence. Where -we cannot make our selves, and may clearly see, that he -which maketh, hath some misterie in hande, where he setts -such markes.</p> - -<p>To exhort young men to those qualities, which do make -noble and gentlemen, is to haue them so excellently qualified, -as they maye honest their countrey, and honour -themselues. To encourage noble young gentlemen to -maintaine the honour of their houses, is to wish them to -apply such vertues, as both make base houses bigge in any -degree, and tofore did make their families renowmed in -theirs. If abilitie will attaine, and idlenesse do neglecte, -the ignominie is theirs: if want of abilitie appeare to be so -great, as no endeuour can preuaile, God hath set his seale -and men must cease to muse, where the infirmitie is euident, -and thinke that euery beginning is to haue an ende. -Hereby I take it to be very plaine both what the termes of -noble and gentle do meane, and what they infer to be in -those parties to whom they are proper. For as <i>gentility</i> -argueth a courteous, ciuill, well disposed, sociable constitution -of minde in a superior degree: so doth <i>nobilitie</i> import -all these, and much more in an higher estate nothing -bastarded by great authoritie. And do not these singularities -deserue helpe by good and vertuous education?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The causes and -rgoundes of -nobilitie.</div> - -<p>What be the groundes and causes of <i>nobilitie</i>, -both the <i>efficient</i> which make it, and the <i>finall</i> -for whom it serues? Concerning the <i>efficient</i>. -Though the chiefe and soueraigne Prince, of whom for his -education I will saye somwhat herafter, be the best and -fairest blossom of <i>nobilitie</i>, yet I will not medle any further -with the meane to attaine vnto the dignitie of the crowne, -then that it is either come by, by conquest, which in meaner -people is called purchace, and hangeth altogether of the -conquerours disposition: or else by discent, which in other -conueyances continueth the same name, and in that highnesse -continueth the same lawes, or altereth with consent. -Neither will I speake of such, as the Prince vpon some -priuate affection doth extraordinarily prefer. <i>Alexander</i> -may auaunce <i>Hephestio</i> for great good liking, <i>Assuerus -Hester</i>, for great good loue, <i>Ptolome Galetes</i> for secret -vertue.<a id="FNanchor_61_61" href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">61</a> And vpon whom soeuer the Prince doth bestow<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">201</span> -any extraordinarie preferment, it is to be thought that -there is in them some great singularity, wherewith their -princes, which can iudge be so extraordinarily moued. -Neither will I say any more then I haue said of <i>nobilitie</i> -by discent, which enioyeth the benefite of the predecessours -vertue, if it haue no priuate stuffe: but if it haue, it doth -double and treble the honour and praise of auncestrie.</p> - -<p>But concerning other causes, that come by authoritie, -which make noble and gentlemen vnder their Prince, who -be therefore auaunced by their Prince, bycause they do -assist him in necessarie functions of his gouernment, they -be either single or compound, and depend either holy of -learning: or but only for the groundes of their execution. -Excellent <i>wisedome</i> which is the meane to auaunce graue -and politike counsellors, is but a single cause of preferment: -likewise <i>valiancie</i> of <i>courage</i> which is the meane to -make a noble and a warrious captaine is but a single cause -of auauncement: but where <i>wisedome</i> for counsell, doth -coucurre with <i>valiancie</i> of <i>courage</i> in the same man, the -cause is compound and the deserte doubled. The meanes -of preferment, which depend vpon learning for the ground -of their execution be either <i>Martiall</i> for warre and defence -abroad, or <i>politike</i>, for peace and tranquilitie at home. For -the man of warre will seeme to hange most of his owne -courage and experience, which without any learning or -reading at all hath oftimes brought forth excellent leaders, -but with those helpes to, most rare and famous generalles, -as the reason is great, why he should proue an excellent -man that waye with the assistance of learning which without -all learning could attaine vnto so much, <i>Sylla</i><a id="FNanchor_62_62" href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> the -cruell in deede, though surnamed the fortunate of such, as -he fauored, was a noble generall without any learning. -But <i>Cæsar</i> which wondered at him for it, as a thing scant -possible to do any great matter without good learning, -himselfe with the helpe of learning, did farre exceede him.</p> - -<p>Such as vse the penne most in helping for their parte, -the direction of publike gouemment, or execute offices of -either necessarie seruice for the state, or iusticiarie, for the -common peace and quietnesse, without profession of further -learning, though they haue their cheife instrument of credit -from the booke, yet they are not meere dettours to the -booke, bycause priuate <i>industrie</i> considerate <i>experience</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">202</span> -and stayed <i>aduisement</i> seeme to chalendge some interest, -in their praiseworthie dealing. The other which depend -wholly vpon learning be most incident to my purpose, and -best beseeme the place, where the question is, how gentlemen -must be trained to haue them learned.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A politike -counsellour.</div> - -<p>The highest degree whervnto learned valure -doth prefer, is a wise <i>counsellour</i>, whose learning -is learned pollicie: not as pollicie is commonly -restrayned, and opposed to plainnesse, but as we -terme it in learning and philosophie, the generall skill to -iudge either of all, or of most thinges rightly, and to -marshall them to their places, and strait them by circunstance, -as shall best beseeme the present gouernment, with -least disturbance, and most contentment to the setled state, -of what sorte soeuer the thinges be, diuine or humaine, -publike or priuate, professions of minde, or occupations of -hande. This man for religion is a <i>Diuine</i>, and well able to -iudge of the generalities, and application of <i>Diuinitie</i>, for -gouernement, a <i>lawyer</i>, as one that first setts <i>lawes</i>, and -knowes best how to haue them kept: generally for all -thinges, he is simply the soundest, whether he be choosen -of the Ecclesiasticall or Temporall, out of whatsoeuer -degree, or whatsoeuer profession: so able as I say, and so -sufficient in all pointes. And though the particular professour -know more then he in euery particular, which his -leasure will not suffer him to runne thorough, like the -particular student: yet of himselfe he will enquire so consideratly, -and so methodically of the particuler professour, -as he will enter into the very depth of the knowledge, -which the other hath, and when he hath done so, handle it -better, and more for the common good, then the priuate -professour can, for all his cunning in all his particuler: -Nay he will direct him in the vse, which enformed him in -the skill. Of all them that depend wholy vpon learning, I -take this kinde of man worthyest to be preferred, and most -worthily preferred for his learned iudgement, the first and -chiefe naturally in <i>diuinitie</i> among <i>diuines</i> though he do not -preach: in <i>law</i> among <i>lawyers</i> though he do not pleade: -and so throughout in all other thinges that require any -publike direction.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The diuine.</div> - -<p>2. Of the secondary and particuler professions, -the worthynes of the subiect, and the -authoritie of the argument preferreth the <i>diuines</i>. For<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">203</span> -they dealing carefully with the charge of soules, the principall -part of our composition, and the fairest matter that -is dealt in, beside the soule of a ciuill societie, which is -compounded of infinite particular soules: and being the -miniters and trumpettes of the allmightie God, auancing -vertue, and suppressing vice, denouncing death and pronouncing -life, which be both most sure, and that euerlastingly -to ensue according to demeanour: do well deserue -to be honoured of men, with the simple benefit of their -temporall estimation, as what they can do, where they -cannot do enough. For what reward for vertue is an olyue -braunch, though it signifie the rewarders good will, confessing -the thing to be farre aboue any mortall reward? which -estimation yet is not to be desired of them, though it be -deserued by them. For humilitie of minde in auauncing -the <i>diuine</i> draweth him still backeward, as officious thankefullnes -in the profited hearer doth worthely and well push -him still on forward. And as the temporall braunche of -the common weale being so many in number hath distinction -in degrees, for the better methode in gouernment, -which function doth honour the executours: so likewise -with proportionate estimation for the parties executours, -the church consisting of many, and hauing charge ouer all -hath her distinction in dignities and degrees to stay that -state the better, which would soone be shaken, if there -were no such stay: the argument of religion being vsed -mostwhat contemplatiue, and in nature of opinion, and -therefore a verie large field to bring forth matter of controuersies, -specially in yong men, whose naturall is not -staied, though their resolution seeme to be, and their zeale -carie them on, to the profit of their hearer, their owne commendation, -and the honour of him, whose messengers they -are. Howbeit in the middle of all these contradictions, the -particular execution to beleeue this, and to do that, according -to ones calling, which is but one in all, to beleeue -truely, and to do honestly, by that same one, doth check -the diuersities of all difference in saying. Which great -difference in saying, and diuersities in opinion, the church -may most thanke the <i>Grecian</i> for, who ioyning with religion -after diuorce with philosophie, was as bold to be factious -in the one, as he had bene in the other, and could not rest -in one, still deuided into numbers, as it still appeareth in -the ecclesiasticall historie where factious heresies assaile<span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">204</span> -the firme catholike. Neither doth this difference in publike -degrees empaire that opinion, that all be but ministers, and -in that point equal any more, then that both the prince and -the plowman be one, in respect of their humanitie, and first -creation. And yet the prince is a thought aboue him for -all he be his brother in respect of old <i>Adam</i>. The matter -of both these two, the wise <i>counsellour</i>, and the graue -<i>diuines</i> honour is best proued to be in the worthynes of -their owne persons, which is the true ensigne of right -<i>nobilitie</i>, bycause both their places and lyuinges, in respect -of their degree depart and die with them (though their -honorable memorie remaine after) and be not transported -to their heires, as the inheritaunce of blood, but to their -successours, as the reward of vertue. If it so chaunce that -the same person for worthynes be successour both in place, -and patrimonie, it is most honorable to himselfe, and most -comfortable to his friendes, and reioyced at of all men.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The lawyer.</div> - -<p>3. The peace, and quietnes of ciuill societie, -by composing and taking vp of quarrelles, and -by directing iustice, makes the <i>lawyer</i> next, whose publike -honour dyeth also with him: and declareth the substaunce -of his worthines, though his priuate name remaine, and his -children enioy the benefit of his getting. As why may not -the <i>diuines</i> to, enioy that, which their parentes haue honestly -saued, if they haue any surplus, whereon to saue, for -necessarie reliefe of their necessarie charge in succession? -Which among the Iewes was of such countenaunce, as -<i>Iosephus</i>, vaunteth himselfe of his nobilitie that way. And. -But it were to large a roming place, to runne ouer the port -that the churchmen haue kept, not among christians and -Iewes onely.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Physician.</div> - -<p>4. The <i>Physician</i> is next, and his circumstaunce -like, and so furth in learning, where -the preferment dying with the partie, and transposed to -other, not by line in nature but by choice in valure, is the -euidentest argument, that those thinges be most worthiely -tearmed the best matter of honour, which die with the -partie, and yet make him liue through honorable remembraunce, -though he haue no successour but the common -weale, which is generally surest, bycause priuate succession -in blood is oftimes some blemish. And yet succession in -state, is not allway so steddie, but that the old house may -haue a very odde maister. These do I take to be the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">205</span> -truest, and most worthy causes of nobilitie, lymited not by -wealth, but by worth, which accompany the party, and -expire with his breath. For sure that which one leaueth -behinde him besides an honorable remembraunce of his -owne worthynes, cannot noble him while he hath it, nor -his, when he leaues it, bycause it bettereth not the owner, -but oftimes makes him worse, though it be a necessary -stay for that person which is of good worthynes to shew -his worth the better. Therefore when wealth is made the -way to <i>gentilitie</i>: or if it be exceeding great, the gap to -<i>nobilitie</i>, it is like to some vniuersitie men, which for fauour -or feasting lend their schole degrees to doltes to intercept -those liuinges by borrowed titles which them selues should -haue for learning, and might haue without let, if they -hindered not them selues. But both gentlemen and scholers -be well enough serued, for ouershooting them selues so -farre: <i>nobilitie</i> being empaired in note, though encreased -in number by such intruders, and learning empouerished -in purses, though replenished in putfurthes by such interceptours.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Why so many -desire to be -gentlemen.</div> - -<p>Yet it is no meruell if the base couet his -best, as his perfection in nature, and his honour -in opinion: no more then that the <i>asse</i> doth -desire the <i>lions</i> skin, to be thought though but a while, -very terrible to behold. But counterfeat mettall for all his -best shew will neuer be so naturall, as that is, which it doth -counterfeat: neither will naturall mettalles euer enterchaunge -natures, though the finest be seuered, and the -<i>Alcumist</i> do his best: And for all the <i>lions</i> skin, sure the -<i>asse</i> is an <i>asse</i> as his owne eares will bewray him, if ye -fortune to see them: or your eares will discerne him, if you -fortune to hear him: he will bray so like a beast. I can -say no better, though this may seeme bitter, where I see -<i>nobilitie</i> betraid to donghillrie, and learning to doultrie. -You <i>gentlemen</i> must beare with me, for I wish you your -owne: you scholers must pardon me, I pity your abuse. -Your <i>apes</i> do you harme, and scratch you by the face, for -all the friendship they finde, which if they found not, they -might tarie <i>apes</i> still. Their suttletie supplantes you, and -your simplenes lettes them see, what fellowes you are. -Call vertue to aide, and put slauerie in pinfold, let learning -leade you, and send loselles to labour, more fit for the -shouell, then to shuffle vp your cardes. Thus much for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">206</span> -causes which make <i>nobilitie</i>, whose leader is learning, and -honour is vertue, not to vse more discourse to proue by -particular, where the matter is so plaine, as either vertue -will admit praise, or historie bring proofe.</p> - -<p>For the finall cause it is most euident, that if some -sufficiencie this way be the meane to <i>nobilitie</i>, the effect of -such sufficiencie doth crowne the man, and accomplish the -matter. But wherefore is all this? to shew how necessarie -a thing it is to haue yong gentlemen well brought vp. For -if these causes do make the meane man noble, what will -they do in him, whose honour is augmented with perpetuall -encrease, if with his <i>nobilitie</i> in blood he do ioyne in match -the worthines of his owne person? Wherefore the necessitie -of the traine appearing to be so great, I will handle that as -well as I can in generall precept, for this present place, as -hauing to deale with such personages, whose <i>wisedom</i> is -their weight, <i>learning</i> their line, <i>iustice</i> their balance, <i>armour</i> -their honour, and all <i>vertues</i> in all kindes their best furniture -in all executions, and their greatest ornamentes in the eies -of all men, all this tending directly to the common good.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The gentlemens -train.</div> - -<p>As concerning the traine it selfe, wherof I -said somwhat before, I know none better then -the common well appointed, which the common -man doth learne for necessitie at first, and auauncement -after: the greater personage ought to learne for his credit, -and honour, besides necessarie vses. For which be gentlemanly -qualities, if these be not, to <i>reade</i>, to <i>write</i>, to <i>draw</i>, -to <i>sing</i>, to <i>play</i>, to haue <i>language</i>, to haue <i>learning</i>, to haue -<i>health</i>, and <i>actiuitie</i>, nay euen to professe <i>Diuinitie</i>, <i>Lawe</i>, -<i>Physicke</i>, and any trade else commendable for cunning? -Which as gentlemen maye get with most leasure, and best -furniture, so maye they execute them without any corruption, -where they neede not to craue. And be not sciences -liberall in terme, that waye to be recouered from illiberalitie -in trade, and can those great liuinges be better employed, -then in sparing the pillage of the poore people? which are -to sore gleaned: by the needie and neuer contented professours? -which making their ende as to do good, and -their entent but to gaine, do pluk the poore shrewdly, -while they couet that they haue not, by a meane that they -should not. Bicause though the professours neede do seeke -such a supplie, yet the thing which they professe protesteth -the contrarie: and prayes for ability in the professour to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">207</span> -deale franckely himselfe in the freedome of his cunning, -and not to straine her for neede. Doth <i>Diuinitie</i> teache to -scrape, or <i>Lawe</i> to scratche, or any other <i>learning</i>, whose -epithet is liberall? <i>Diuines</i> do vse it, <i>lawyers</i> do vse it, -<i>learned men</i> do vse it. But their profession is free and -liberall, though the execution be seruile and corrupt, and -cryeth for helpe of <i>nobilitie</i> to raunsome it from necessity, -which hath emprisoned it so, by the negligence of <i>nobilitie</i> -who thinke any thing farre more seemly to bestow their -time and wealth on, then professions of learning. But if it -would please toward young gentlemen to be so wel affected -towards their naturall countrey, or to suffer her to ouertreat -them so farre, as to shoulder out corruption, by professing -themselues, who neede not to be couetous for want of any -thing, which haue all thinges at will, how blessed were our -state, nay how fortunate were euen the gentlemen them -selues? They may spare number enough that way, besides -such furniture, as they do affoord vnto the court, to all -<i>martiall</i> and <i>militare</i> affaires to all <i>iusticiarie</i> functions by -reason of their multitude, which groweth on dayly to farre -and to fast, and lessen the middle commoner to much: -whose bignes is the best meane, if <i>Aristotle</i> say true, as his -reason seemes great, for peace and quietnes in any publicke -estate, to desire the rich gentlemen, which haue most, and -the poore meany, which haue least, to holde their handes, -and put vp their weapons, when they would be seditious, -as the two extremities in a publicke body. If the couragious -gentlemen took them selues to armes, and mynded more -exercise: if the quieter tooke bookes, and fell vnto learning, -calling home to them againe by their laudable diligence all -those faculties, which they haue so long deliuered ouer for -prayes to the poorer, thorough their to great negligence, -were not the returne to be receiued with sacrifice? and -would not the other aswell prouide for them selues by -other trades, wherwith to liue? Whereby the honestie of -that subiect, wherein they should trauell, would in the -meane while, deliuer the honest gentlemen from such -faultes, as they be now subiect vnto, while intending so -good, they auoided so euill. This were better than brauerie, -and more triumphant then trauelling, to remaine at home -with their prince, not to rome abroad with the pilgrime, to -see farre in other countries, and be starke blinde in their -owne.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">208</span></p> - -<div class="sidenote">Trauelling -beyond sea.</div> - -<p>For what is it to trauell, seeing that word -hath so sodainly crossed me? I will not here -make any <i>Epitome</i> of other mens trauell, which -haue set downe whole treaties against this trauelling in -diuerse languages: neither will I amplyfie the thing with -any earnest aggrauations, which though they may be true, -and so may somewhat taint the vnaduised trauellour, yet -they be not worthy the rehearsall here. For what reason -carieth it, to finde fault with the forraine, and to foster the -fault at home? or for particular misdemener, to condemne -some whole nations? or for some error in some few to wish -a general restraint? and by to sharp blaming to bitterly to -eager not the meanest wittes: as commonly dawes be not -most desirous to trauell. It is lightly the quintessence -which will be a ranging. Silence in thinges peraduenture -blameworthy, and friendly entertainement where there is -no sting, by curtesie wil call, and by liking will winne such -dispositions sooner to come to the lure where we would -wish to haue them, then any either launsing, their woundes -by to bytter speches, or aliening their hartes by too much -harping on one firing: chieflie considering that trauell and -going abroad for knowledge in learning, and skill in language -haue for their protection much antiquitie, long time, -and great number, though still chekt as either needeles or -harmfull: and oftimes countermaunded, not onely by -priuate mens argumentes, but by publike constitutions, of -the best common weales, which were very vnwilling to -haue their people to wander.</p> - -<p>But what is this trauelling? I meane it not in marchauntes, -whom necessitie for their owne trade, and oftentimes -neede for our vse, enforceth to trauell, and tarie long -from home. Neither yet in souldiers, whom peace at home -sendes abroad for skill, in forraine warres to learne how to -fend at home, when peace is displeased: which yet both -haue their owne, and ouergreat inconueniences, to the -wringing of their countrie. For marchauntes by forcing -their naturall soile beyond her proportion to some gainefull -commoditie verie vtterable abroade, do breede gaules at -home, and by bringing in also beyond proportion to serue -pleasure and feede fantsie, proue great vndoers to a great -number, which can neither temper their tast, nor restraine -the fashion.</p> - -<p>The souldier likewise, which is trained in hoat blood<span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">209</span> -abroad will hardly be but troublesome in cold blood at -home: vnlesse he be such a one as followed the warres for -conscience to his countrie, and of iudgement to learne skil, -and not vpon bare courage, or hardines of nature, or -sinisterly to supply some other want. I meane not any of -these, ne yet such trauellers as <i>Solon</i>, to preuent a mischiefe -in mutabilitie of his countrie mens mindes, whom he had -tyed to his lawes, not reuocable till his returne, when -acquaintance for that time had wone allowance for euer: -neither as <i>Pythagoras</i>, or <i>Plato</i> were, who sought cunning -where it was, to bring it where it was not. For <i>Platoes</i> -iourney into <i>Sicile</i> proceeded not of his minde to trauell, -but vp on hope to do some good on <i>Dionisius</i> the tyrant, -who did send for him by <i>Diones</i> meane. We neede not to -trauell in their kinde for learning. We haue in that kind -thankes be to God for the pen and print, as much at this -day as any countrie needes to haue: nay euen as full if we -will follow it well, as any antiquitie it selfe euer had. And -yong gentlemen with that wealth, or their parentes in that -wealth, might procure, and maintaine so excellent maisters -and ioine vnto them so choise companions, and furnish -them out with such libraries, being able to beare the charge, -as they might learne all the best farre better at home in -their standing studies, then they euer shall in their stirring -residence, yea though the desire of learning were the cause -of their trauell. Which rule serueth euen in the meaner -personages, which loue to looke abroade, and alleadge -learning for their shew, which might be better had at home, -with their good diligence, and confirmeth it selfe by sufficient -persons, which neuer crossed the sea. Let them -fauour their owne fantsies neuer so much, and defende that -stoutly, which they haue begone youthfully: yet the thing -will proue in the end as I haue said. And if there be -defect, we should deuise, as those philosopher trauellours -did, to helpe it here at hoome in our owne countrie, that -we be not allway borrowers, where it is but of wantonnesse, -bycause we are vnwilling to straine out our owne, which of -it selfe is able enough to breede, and needeth no more -helpes then the generall studie, if it be studied in deede, -and not be dalyed with for shew, as I wish it were not, -and not I alone. Here lyeth a padde to be pitied though -not to be published, they that may amend the thing are in -conscience to thinke of it. But what is trauell, as it is to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">210</span> -be constrewed in this place, where it interrupteth traine, -and bringes it in question, whether yong gentlemen, while -they vse trauelling, do vse that, which is best both for their -countrie, and themselues. What is it to trauell? It is to -see countries abroad, to marke their singularities, to learne -their languages, to returne from thence better able to serue -their owne countrie here with much fourniture, as they -prouided, and such wisedom, as they gathered by obseruing -things there.</p> - -<p>Sure a good countenaunce to helpe trauelling withall, -and to hide her skars, which in some may proue so in deede. -But those some be not any generall patternes: in whom, -some excellencie in nature, and vertuousnesse in disposition -doth turne that to profit and good, which the thing of it -selfe doth assure to be dangerous: bycause it may proue -to be both perillous and pernicious in those and to those, -which for heat are impetuous, for yeares to foreward, for -wealth to rachelesse: and proceeding from them may be -contagious to others, as cankers will creepe, and the ill -taches of euery countrey do more easely allure, and obteine -quicker cariage to enlarge them selues, then the good and -vertuous do. But while they trauell thus, as sure me thinke -I see, it is but of some errour caryed with the streame, -which enwraps them so (onelesse some miscontentment at -home in busie and displeased humours, vse the colour of -language and learning, to absent themselues the better -from that, against the which they haue conceyued some -stomacke) what might they haue gained at home in the -meane while? sounder learning, the same language, besides -the loue and liking of their owne countrey soile which -breed them, and beares them: by familiaritie, and continuance -at home encreased, by discontinuance, and strangenesse -mightely empared: while enamouring and liking of -forreine warres doth cause lothing, and misliking of that -they finde at home. Whereby our countrey receiueth a -great blow, thorough alienation of their fantsies, by whom -she should be gouerned, which will rather deale in nothing, -then not force in the forreine.</p> - -<p>What is the very naturall end, of being borne a countryman -of such a countrey? To serue and saue the countrey. -What? with forreine fashions? they wil not fit. For euery -countrey setts downe her owne due by her owne lawes, -and ordinaunces appropriate to her selfe, and her priuate<span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">211</span> -circunstance vpon information giuen by continuers at -home, and carefull countreymen.</p> - -<p>The verie diuision of lawes, into naturall, nationall, and -ciuill emport a distinction in applying, though the reason -runne thorough, and continue generally one. That which -is very excellent good abroad, and were to be wished in -our countrey vpon circunstance which either will not admit -it, or not but so troublesomly, as will not quite the coast, -nor agree with the state is and must be forborne here, -though it leaue a miscontentment in the trauellours heade, -who likes the thing most, and thinkes light of the circunstance, -which he sayth will yelde to it, though experience -say no: and in some but petie toyes do shew him, how -leaning to the forreine hath misfashioned our owne home. -I do not deny but trauelling is good, if it hap to hit right, -but I think the same trauel, with minde to do good, as it -alwaye pretendeth, might helpe much more, being bestowed -well at home. He that rometh abroade hath no such line -to lead him, as the taryer at home hath, onlesse his conceit, -yeares, and experience be of better stay, then theirs is, -which be causes of this question, and bring trauelling in -doubt. For the ground of his vyage being priuate, though -taken to the best, is vnfreindly to our common. It is like -to an idle, lasie, young <i>gentlewoman</i>, which hath a very -faire heire of her owne, and for idlenesse, bycause she wil -not looke to it, combe it, picke it, wash it, makes it a cluster -of knottes, and a feltryd borough for white footed beastes: -and therfore must needes haue an vnnaturall perug, to set -forth her fauour, where her owne had been best, if it had -bene best applied. Is not he worse then mad, that hath -an excellent piece of ground, made for fertilitie, and suffereth -it to be ouergrowen with wedes, while he wandreth abroade, -and beholdes with delite, the good housbandes and housbandrie -in other men and other soiles? The president of -a copie makes a child resemble wel, and a certaine pitch to -deale within a mans owne countrey in such a kinde of life, -to his and her auauncement, is the surest and soundest -direction to any young gentleman: first to learne by, and -then to liue by: and to leuell all that waye without any -forreine longing.</p> - -<p>If he take pleasure in trauelling, and no care in expending, -both the expense will bring repentaunce, when reason -shall reclame, if euer she do, (as in some desperate cases,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">212</span> -fantsie is froward, and wil bide no fronting:) and the -pleasure bringes some greife, when the gentleman which in -youth so much pleased himselfe, in his age shall not be -able to pleasure his countrey, whom he cared for so litle, -while he so counted of the forreine. Forreine matters fit -vs not, and though our backes, yet not our braines, if we be -not sicke there. Forreine thinges be for vs in some cases, -but we were better to call home one forreine maister to vs, -then they should cause vs to be forreine scholers, to such a -forraging maister, as a whole forreine countrey is, to learne -so by trauelling, and not by teaching.</p> - -<p>Our <i>ladies</i> at home can do all this, and that with commendacion -of the verie trauelled gentlemen: bycause it is -not that, which they haue seene, that makes them of worth, -but that which they haue brought home in language and -learning, which they do finde here at their retourne. Our -<i>ladie mistresse</i>, whom I must needes remember, when excellencies -will haue hearing, a <i>woman</i>, a <i>gentlewoman</i>, a -<i>ladye</i>, a <i>Princesse</i>, in the middest of many other businesses, -in that infirmitie of sexe, and sundrie impedimentes to a -free minde, such as learning requireth, can do all these -things to the wonder of all hearers, which I say young -<i>gentlemen</i> may learne better at home, as her <i>Maiestie</i> did, -and compare themselues with the best, when they haue -learned so much, as her <i>Maiestie</i> hath by domesticall -discipline. It may be said that her <i>Maiestie</i> is not to be -vsed for a president, which of a princely courage would not -be ouerthrowne with any difficulty in learning that, which -might auaunce her person beyond all praise, and profit her -state beyond expectation. But yet withall it may be said, -why may not young gentlemen, which can alledge no let -to the contrarie, obtaine so much with more libertie, which -her highnesse gat with so litle? It is wealth at will which -egges them on to wander, and it is the same, which causeth -them continue in the same humour, though they heare it -misliked. If they went abroad as <i>Embassadours</i>, that their -Princes authoritie might make their entrie to great knowledge -in greatest dealinges: or if they were excellent -knowen learned men, that all cunning would crepe to -them, and honour them with intelligence, and notes of -importance: or if they went in the traine of the one, or in -the tuition of the other, where authoritie and awe might -enforce their benefit, and saue them from harme, I would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">213</span> -not mislike it, to breede vp such fellowes, as might follow -them in seruice: but for any of the particular endes, which -be better had at home, I cast of comparisons. Good, plaine, -and well meaning young <i>gentlemen</i> in purse strong, in yeares -weake, to trauell at a venture in places of danger to bodie, -to life, to liuing, though our owne countrey be also subiect -to all the same perills, but not so farre from succour, and -reskue. Driue me to such a traunse, as I know not what -to saye. Commende them I cannot bycause of my countrey: -offend them I dare not, bycause of them selues, which may -by discretion in themselues, and wisedome of their freindes -prouide well for themselues, as I do confesse, though I -feare nothing so much, as the ouerliking of forreine, and so -consequently some vnderliking at home, which will neuer -let them staye. Olde lawes in some countries enacted the -contrarie, and sillie <i>Socrates</i> in <i>Plato</i> being offered to be -helpt out of prison, as vniustely condemned by the furie of -the people, and persuasion of his vnfreindes: would not go -out of his countrey to saue his owne life, as resolued to die -by commandment of that lawe, thorough whose prouision -he had liued at home so long. Diuisions for religion, and -quarrells of state may worke that which is not well for -generall quiet, by being hartned abroade with the sight, -and hearing of that, which some could be content to see, -and heare at home.</p> - -<p><i>Plato</i><a id="FNanchor_63_63" href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> in his twelfth booke of lawes, seemeth to rule the -case of trauelling, which moueth this controuersie. Where -he alloweth both the sending out of his countrymen, into -forreine landes, and the receiuing of forreine people into -his countrey. For to medle neither with forreine actions, -nor forreine agentes might sauour of disdaine, and to suffer -good home orders to be corrupted by our forreine trauellers, -or their forreine trafficquers might smell of small discretion. -Wherfore both to build vpon discretion to preuent harme -at home, and to banish disdaine to be thought well on -abroad: he taketh this order both for such as shall trauell -abroad into forreine countries from his, and for such as -shall repare, from forreine countries vnto his. For his -owne trauellers he enacteth first. That none vnder fourtie -yeares in any case trauell abroad. Then restraining still -all priuate occasions, for the which he will not dispense -with his lawe, neither graunt any trauelling at all: he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">214</span> -alloweth the state in publike to send abroad, embassadours, -messagers, obseruers, for so I turne <i>Plato</i> his θεωροὺς.</p> - -<p>Such as are sent abroad to warre for the countrie, though -foorth of the countrie, he holdes for no trauellers, as being -still of, and in the state: the cause of their absence continuing -their presence, and the place of their abyding, not -altering the nature of their being. And the like rekening -he maketh of those solemne embassadors, which they sent -to communicate in sacrifice with their neighbours, at <i>Delphi</i>, -to <i>Apollo</i>, in <i>Olympus</i>, to <i>Iupiter</i>, at <i>Nemea</i> to <i>Hercules</i>, in -<i>Isthmos</i> to <i>Neptune</i>: where he appointed the pacificque, -and friendly Embassages to be furnished out of the most, -the best, and brauest citisens, which with their port, their -presence, their magnificence, might honest, and honour their -countrie most: as to the contrary he requireth in his martiall -lieuetenant, which in the camp, and fielde shall represent -the state of his country, credit, estimation, honour, purchased -before by vertue and valure. His obseruer, whom he -alloweth to go abroad to see fashions: he will haue not to -be aboue threescore, nor vnder fiftie yeares old, and such a -one, as shall be of good credit in his countrie, for great -dealinges, both in warre and peace. For the occasion of -his trauell pretending to see the manners of men abroad, to -marke what is well and them that are good, which be most -times there, where the place is least likely: and not to be -marred by that which is ill, and them that are naught, -which be there oftest, where good orders be rifest: to -correct his countrie lawes by the better forreine: or to -confirme them by the worse: how can he iudge of any of -these thinges, which hath not dealt in great affaires, and -shewed himselfe there to be a man of iudgement? or how -is he able to auoide the euill, and cleaue to the good, whom -yeares haue not stayed and giuen reason the raine, to bridle -all desires, that might turne him awry? Such a man, of -such a credit, of so many yeares, but no man yonger doth -<i>Plato</i> send abroad, to learne in forreine countries, and to -see forreine fashions, so many of those ten yeares betwene -fiftie and sixtie, as shall please him selfe best. But what -must this trauellour do at his returne? There is a counsell -appointed of the grauest diuines for religion, of ten iustices -for law, of the new and old ouerseers for education, whereof -ech one taketh with him one younger man, aboue thirtie -and vnder fourtie. This counsell hath commission to deale<span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">215</span> -in matters of lawe, either to make new, or to mend the -olde: to consider of education and learning, what is good -and quickneth, what is ill and darckeneth. And what the -elder men determine that the yonger must execute. If -any of these young men behaue himselfe not well, the elder -that brought him into the parlament, beareth blame of the -whole house: those that behaue themselues well, are made -honorable presidentes to their countrey to behold: as they -are most dishonored if they proue worse then other. Where -by the waye I note these three thinges. 1. First the care -they had to education, and learning euen in their cheife -parlament. 2. Secondly the reason they had to traine, and -vse young men in their parlament. 3. Thirdly their three -speciall pointes of gouernement, according to the three -kindes of persons, which were present in the parlament, -<i>religion</i>, <i>lawe</i>, <i>education</i>. How to traine before <i>lawe</i>, how -to rule by <i>lawe</i>, how to temper both traine, and <i>lawe</i> by -<i>diuinitie</i>, and <i>religion</i>.</p> - -<p>Before this counsell, the obseruer presenteth himselfe at -his returning home, and there declareth, what he hath -either learned of them abroad, or deuised by their doinges, -for the helpe of his countrey lawes, of his countrey education, -of his countries prouision. And if he seemed neither -better nor worse, neither cunninger, nor ignoranter, at his -returne home, then he was at his departure from home: -he was commended for his good will, and no more was said -to him. If he seemed better and more skilfull, he was -not only honored by the present parlament, while he liued, -but by the whole countrey after his death. If he seemed -to returne worse, he was commaunded to vse companie, -neither with young, nor olde, as one like to corrupt vnder -colour of wisedom. And if he obayed that order, he -might liue still, howbeit but a priuate life. If he did not -obay, he was put to death. As he was also if he vere -found to be busie headed, and innouating any thing after -the forreine concerning either <i>lawe</i>, <i>liuing</i>, or <i>education</i>. -Beholde the patterne of a trauellour, rewarded for his well, -punished for his ill: neither ill requited, where he meant -but well.</p> - -<p>Then for reparers from forreine countries into his, whom -he will haue well entertained in any case, he appointeth -foure kindes. 1. The first wherof be <i>merchantes</i>, whose -mercates, hauens, and lodging, he assigneth to be without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">216</span> -the citie but very neare to it: and certain officers to see, -that they innouate nothing in the state, that they do, and -receaue right, that they haue all thinges necessarie, but -without ouerplus.</p> - -<p>2. The second kinde of straungers he appointeth to be -such as arriue for <i>religion</i>, for <i>philosophie</i>, for <i>learning</i> sake, -whom he willeth the <i>Diuines</i>, and church <i>treasurers</i>, to -entertaine, to lodge, to care for, as the presidentes of true -hospitalitie for straungers. That when they shall haue -taryed some conuenient time, when they shall haue seene, -and heard, what they will desire to see or heare: they may -depart without either doing, or suffering any iniurie or -wrong. And that during their abode for any plea vnder -fiftie drammes, the <i>Diuines</i> shalbe iudges betwene them, -and the other partie: if it be aboue that summe, that then -the maior of the citie shall determine the matter.</p> - -<p>3. The third sorte were <i>Embassadours</i>, sent from forreine -Princes, and states, vpon publike affaires. Their entertainment -he commendeth to the common purse, their -lodging to some generall, some coronell, or some captaine -onely. The care of them was committed to the hie <i>treasurer</i>, -and their host, where they lodged.</p> - -<p>4. The fourth kinde was such <i>obseruers</i> from some other -place, as his countrey did send abroad before, aboue fiftie -yeares old, pretending a desire to see some good thing -among them, or to saye some good thing vnto them. This -kinde of man he excludeth from none, as being comparable -with the best, bycause of his person so aduisedly choosen. -Who so was wise, wealthy, learned, valiant might entertaine, -and entreat him. When he minded to depart after he had -seene, and obserued all thinges at full, he was sent away -honorablely, with great presentes, and rewardes. Thus -thinketh <i>Plato</i> both of comers in, and goers out of one -countrey into another. But you will say this was a deuise of -<i>Plato</i> in his lawes, as other be in his common weale. Yet -it is a wisemans deuise, that findes the harme, and would -auoide it, and in this our case is well worthy the weying. -But as <i>Plato</i> neede not to blush for the deuise, which is -grounded vpon incorruption, whervnto we say that trauelling -is a foe: so if such a lawe were in very deede, politikly -planted in any common weale, as it is naturally engraffed -in any honest witte: there would be exception notwithstanding -against it. In all this <i>Platonicall</i> prouision, we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">217</span> -may easely obserue, that his cheife care is by trauelling, -either to amend the countrey, or not to marre it: and that -the forreine vsually is a steppemother to a strange countrey. -Therefore as young gentlemen maye trauell, both for their -pleasure, to see forreine countries, and for their profit, to -returne wise home: so their owne countrey desires them, -to minde that profit in deede, and not to marre it with to -much pleasure, which is the cause why that all ages haue -misliked <i>trauelling</i>, as the occasion of corruption in most, -and thinke it better forborne for hindring of so many, then -to be allowed, for the good of some few, which is hasarded -at the first, and vncertaine to proue well. The reason of -all this is, both for the forreine euill, which may corrupt, -and for the very good, which will not fit, be it neuer so fit -their, from whence it is fetcht.</p> - -<p>But to my purpose, and the training at home for home. -I remit this trauelling abroad to their consideration, which -vse it, which I dare not quite mislike, bycause I see very -many honest people, which haue trauelled, and the argument -of misliking receiueth instance, that the thing may be well -vsed, euen bycause some do misuse it, whervnto all other -indifferences else be also subiect. Nay I dare scant but -thinke well of it, bycause my Prince doth allow it, thorough -whose licence their trauelling is warranted. I say but thus -much generally though some traueller do some good to -his countrey, euen by the frute of his trauell, and most in -best places: that yet the statarie countrieman doth a great -deale more. The reason why is this. The continuall -residenciarie at home hath his eye still bent vpon some one -thing: where he meanes to light, and makes the direct and -naturall meane vnto it: which though the trauellers do -alledge to be their minde to, yet their meane is not so fit, -as that is, which ordinarily, and orderly is made for the -thing. Neither is this allegation generall. For we see the -course which the most do vse after their returne, to bewraie -a passage for pleasure, rather then any sound, and aduised -enterprise. And therefore I do wish the domesticall traine -to be well trauelled to better vs with our owne, and that -we did not so much trie how forraine effects do make vs -out of fashion, though they feede our fantsies, and that it -would please well disposed yong gentlemen to sort them -selues betimes to some kinde of learning to make them in -deede liberall, their abilitie being throughly fensed against<span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">218</span> -feare of corruption, to serue their country honorably that -way which doth so honour them.</p> - -<p>For as all will be lawyers, or in houses of law, and court, -to some priuate end: so what if some of choice became -both diuines, and physicianes, and so furth in other learned -sciences, as I said before? If there be any gentleman in -our countrie so qualified at this daie in any kind of learning, -is he not therefore praysed, esteemed, and honoured of all -others, and aboue all others of his calling, and somewhat -higher to which are: not comparably qualyfied? Whence -I gather this argument: That the worthynes of the thing -is confessed by the honour giuen vnto it, and that such as -desire honour ought to seeke for such worthinesse, as -enforceth the assured confession of the best deserued honour. -And I pray you be not these faculties for their subiect to -be reuerenced, as they are? and for their effectes to be -esteemed of speciall account? which haue bene allway the -very groundes of the best, and most beneficiall nobilitie? -I do not hold <i>Tamerlane</i>, or any barbarous, and bloody -inuasions to be meanes to true nobilitie, which come for -scourges: but such as be pacifike most, and warlike but -vpon defense, if the country be assailed: or to offend, if -reueng be to be made, and former wrong to be awraked. -Neither take I wealth to be any worthy cause to renowme -the owner, vnlesse it be both got by laudable meanes, and -likewise be employed vpon commendable workes: neither -any qualitie or gift, which beawtifieth the body vnlesse -vertue do commende it, as seruiceable to good vse, neither -yet any endewement of the minde, but onely such as keepe -residence in reason, hauing authoritie in hand, and direction -to rule, by the philosophers termed το ἡγεμονικὸν.<a id="FNanchor_64_64" href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">64</a> Wherein -those qualities do claime a tenure, which I haue assigned -as foundations to honour, and notes of nobilitie, worthy the -esteeming, and of inestimable worth. Who dare abase -diuinitie for the thing it selfe; or who is so impudent, as -not to confesse that profession honorable which hath God -himselfe to father, and friend, our most louing, and mercifull -maker: the deuill himselfe to enemie and foe, our most -suttle, and despitefull marrer, the doctrine of life, the -daunter of death? Some scruple there is now, which was -not sometime when the allurement was larger, the liuing -fatter, and the countenaunce greater: but the matter is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">219</span> -now better, though the man be brought both to more -basenes in opinion, and barenesse in prouision, and will -honour a good gentleman, which will seeke honour by it, -and ought so to do. The time was when the great <i>Cesar</i>,<a id="FNanchor_65_65" href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> -at his going furth from his house in his sute for the great -pontificate sayd to his mother, that she should either see -her sonne at his returne the great bishop, or else no body. -Such a step was that state to his whole preferment after. -<i>Isocrates</i><a id="FNanchor_66_66" href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">66</a> in his oration, where he frameth a prince, ioyneth -priesthood with the prince, as two thinges of like care, -requiring like sufficiencie in persons, like skill in well -handling, which two sayth he, euery one thinkes, he can -cunningly weild, but hardly anie one can handle them well.</p> - -<p>If gentlemen wil not trauel and professe <i>physicke</i>, let -them feele the price of ignorance, and punish their carcasses -besides the consumption of their cofers, as all learning being -refused by them hath no other way to reueng her selfe, -then only to leaue them to ignorance, which will still -attend to flatter and fawne there where small stuffing is, -and that which is most miserable, bycause themselues see -it not, will cause them selues to be their owne <i>Gnatoes</i>, a -most vnproper part, to be seene vpon a stage, when the -same person plaieth <i>Thraso</i>, and answereth himselfe, as if -he were two. Were it not most honorable for them to see -these effectes in their owne persons? <i>singuler knowledge</i> -where studie is for knowledge and knowledge for no neede? -<i>liberall execution</i>, where desire to do good, and good for -gramercie be the true ends of most honour? where the -promises from heauen, the princes vpon earth, the perpetuall -prayer, and neuer dying prayse of the profited -people will remember, and requite that honorable labour, -so honestly employed, that fortunate reuenew so blessedly -bestowed, not for priuate pleasure, but for common profit?</p> - -<p>Albeit there is one note here necessarily to be obserued -in yong <i>gentlemen</i> that it were a great deale better that -they had no learning at all and knew their owne ignorance, -then any litle smattering, vnperfit in his kinde, and fleeting -in their heades. For their knowne ignorance doth but -harme them selues, where other that be cunning may supply -their rowmes: but their vnripe learning though pretie in -the degree, and very like to haue proued good, if it had -taryed the pulling, and hung the full haruest, doth keepe<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">220</span> -such a rumbling in their heades, as it will not suffer them -to rest, such a wonder it is to see the quickesiluer. For the -greatnes of their place emboldeneth the rash vnripenes of -their studie, in what degree so euer it be, whether in not -digesting that which they haue read, or in not reading -sufficiently, or in chusing of absurdities to seeme to be able -to defende where their state makes them spared, and -meaner mens regard doth procure them reuerence, though -their rashnes be seene, or in not resting vpon any one -thing, but desultorie ouer all. A matter that may seeme -to be somewhat in scholes, euen amongst good scholers: -and very much in that state, where least learning is conmonly -best liked, though best learning be most aduanced, -when it ioynes with birth in sowndnes, and admiration. -As the contrary troubleth all the world, with most peruerse -opinions, beginning at the insufficient, though stout <i>gentleman</i>, -and so marching forward still among such, as make -more account of the person whence the ground comes, then -of the reason which the thing carieth. Wherefore to conclude, -I wish yong <i>gentlemen</i> to be better then the common -in the best kinde of learning, as their meane to come to it, -is euery way better. I wish them in exercise, and the -frutes thereof to be their defendours, bycause they are able -to beare out the charge, wherevnder the common of necessitie -must shrinke: That both those wayes they may helpe -their countrie in all needes, and themselues, to all honour.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The Princes -traine.</div> - -<p>The <i>prince</i> and <i>soueraigne</i> being the tippe of -<i>nobilitie</i>: and growing in person most priuate -for traine, though in office most publike for -rule, doth claime of me that priuate note, which I promised -before. The greatest <i>prince</i> in that he is a childe, is, as -other children be, for soule sometimes fine, sometimes -grosse: for body, sometimes strong, sometimes weake: of -mould sometime faire, sometime meane: so that for the -time to beginne to learne, and the matter which to learne, -and all other circumstances, wherein he communicateth -with his subiectes, he is no lesse subiect, then his subiectes -be. For exercise to health, the same: to honour, much -aboue: as he is best able to beare it, where coast is the -burden, and honour the ease. We must take him as God -sendes him, bycause we cannot chuse, as we could wish: -as he must make the best of his people, though his people -be not the best. Our dutie is to obey him, and to pray for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">221</span> -him: his care will be to rule ouer vs, and to prouide for vs, -the most in safetie the least in perill. Which seeing we -finde it proue true in the female, why should we mistrust -to find it in the male? If the prince his naturall constitution -be but feeble, and weake, yet good traine as it helpeth -forwardnes, so it strengthneth infirmitie: and is some -restraint euen to the worst giuen, if it be well applyed, and -against the libertie of high calling oppose the infamie of ill -doing. Which made euen <i>Nero</i> stay the fiue first yeares -of his gouernment, and to seeme incomparable good. -When the yong princes elementarie is past, and greater -reading comes on, such matter must be pikt, as may plant -humilitie in such height, and sufficiencie in such neede, -that curtesie be the meane to winne, as abilitie to wonder. -Continuall dealing with forraine <i>Embassadours</i>, and conferring -at home with his owne counsellours require both -tongues to speake with, and stuffe to speake of.</p> - -<p>And wheras he gouerneth his state by his two armes, the -<i>Ecclesiasticke</i>, to keepe, and cleare religion, which is the -maine piller to voluntarie obedience: and the <i>Politike</i>, to -preserue, and maintaine the ciuill gouernment, which doth -bridle will, and enforceth contentment: if he lacke knowledge -to handle both his armes, or want good aduice to -assist them in their dealing, is he not more then lame? and -doth not the helpe hereof consist in learning? Martiall -skill is needfull: But it would be to defend, bycause a -sturring <i>Prince</i> still redye to assaile, is a plague to his -people, and a punishment to him selfe, and in his most -gaine, doth but get that, which either he or his must one -daye loose againe, if the losse rest there, and pull not more -with it. But religious skill is farre more massiue: bycause -religion as it is most necessarie for all, so to a <i>Prince</i> it is -more then most of all, who fearing no man, as aboue mans -reache, and commanding ouer all as vnder his commission, -if he feare not God his verie next both auditour, and iudge, -in whose hand is his hart? and what a feare must men be -in for feare of most ill, when the <i>Prince</i> feares not him, -who can do him most good? Almighty God be thanked, -who hath at this day lent vs such a <i>Princesse</i>, as in deede -feareth him, that we neede not feare her which deseruing -to be loued desires not to be feared. I wish this education -to be liked of the <i>Prince</i>, to pull the people onward, by -example that they like of, though they cannot aspire to:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">222</span> -as I pray God long preserue her, whose good education -doth teach vs, what education can do, wherby neither this -lande shal euer repent, that education of it selfe did so -much good in her: and I haue good cause to reioice that -this my labour concerning education comes abroad in her -time.</p> - - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_40">CHAPTER 40.</h2> - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of the generall place, and time of education. Publike places, -Elementarie, Grammaticall, Collegiate. Of bourding of -children abroad from their parentes houses, and whether -that be best. The vse and commoditie of a large, and well -situate training place. Obseruations to be kept in the -generall time.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">These</span> two circunstances for the generall place, and -the generall time, concerne both the exercise of the -bodie, and the training of the minde iointly, bycause -they both are to be put in execution in the same -place, and at the same time, though not at the same howres. -For the particular times, and places I will deale in myne -other treatises, where I will accomodate the particular -circumstance to the particular argument. Priuate places, -where euery parent hath his children taught within his -doares, haue but small interest in this place: bycause such -a parent, as he may take or leaue of the generall traine, -what it shall please him, his owne liking being the measure -to leade him: so for exercise, or any other thing he is the -appointer of his owne circumstance, and his house is his -castle.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Diuision of -publike places. -Collegiat.</div> - -<p>Publike places be either elementarie, grammaticall, -or collegiate. For the collegiate places, -whether they be in the vniuersities, or without, -they be lightly well situate, and for both the traines resonably -well builded, specially such as haue a cloysture or<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">223</span> -galerie for exercise in foule weather, and the open fieldes -at hand for the faire. If there be any fault in that kinde, -it may be set downe, in hope sooner to haue it amended in -new erections, when such founders shalbe found: then to -be redressed in those which be erected already: bicause -these buildinges be restrained to the soile, where on they -stand. Yet wish for the better may take place, when the -want is found, though the effect do follow a long while -after, if it euer do at all.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Elementarie.</div> - -<p>The elementarie places, admit no great -counsell, bycause such as enter the yong ones, -do prouide the rowmes of them selues, and the litle people -be not as yet capable of any great exercise: so that there -is no more to be said herein but this, that the Elementarie -teachers prouide their rowmes as large as they may, and -that the parentes domesticall care supply: where the -maisters prouision is not sufficient. For as the collegiate -yeares must direct themselues most, bycause they are after -a certaine degree set ouer to their owne gouernment: so -the elementarie, bycause of their weakenes and youth must -be ioyntly helpt betwene the maister and the parent, this -point for the petie ones being altogither priuate, and vpon -priuate charge, as the other collegiate is altogither publicke -and vpon publicke erection though alway proceeding from -some priuat meane. But if any well disposed wealthie -man for the honour that he beareth to the murthered -infantes, (as all our erections haue some respect that way,) -would beginne some building euen for the litle yong ons, -which were no encrease to schooles, but an helpe to the -elementarie degree, all they would pray for him, and he -himselfe should be much bound to the memorie of the yong -infantes, which put him in remembraunce of so vertuous -an act. And rich men which haue much more then necessary -enough, though none of them thinke he haue simply -enough, would be stirred forward by all good and earnest -people, which fauour the publicke weale, whose foundation -is laid in these petie infantes, to spend the supererogation -of their wealth that waie, where it will do most good to -other, and least harme to themselues.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Grammaticall.</div> - -<p>3. The places where the toungues be taught, -by order and art of grammer, require more -obseruation, bycause the yeares that be or at the least -ought to be emploied that way be fittest, both for the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">224</span> -fashioning of the body, and for framing of the minde: most -subiect to the maisters direction, and consist of a compound -care, publicke erection, which prouideth them places wherein -to learne: and priuate maintenaunce which furnisheth out -the rest. The scholers either come daily from their fathers -houses to schoole, or be bourded at their charges somewhere -verie nigh to the schoole.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Of boarding -abroad.</div> - -<p>Where there riseth a question whether it be -better for the childe to boord abroad with his -maister, or some where else: or to come from -home daily to schoole. If the place where the parentes -dwell, be neare to the schoole, that the nighnes of his -maisters house can be no great vantage: or but so farre of, -as the very walke may be for the boyes health: and the -parent himselfe be carefull and wise withall, to be as good -a furtherer in the training, as he is a father to the being of -his owne chield: certainely the parentes house is much -better, if for nothing else, yet bycause the parent may more -easily at all times entend the goodnes of his owne, being -but one or few, then the maister can, at such extraordinarie -times as the bourding with him, doth seeme to begge his -diligence, being both tired before, and distracted among -many. Further, all the considerations which do perswade -men rather to haue their children taught at home, then -among the multitude abroad, for the bettering of their -behauiour, do speake for their bourding at home, if the -parentes will consider the thing well: Bycause the parent -may both see to the entertainement of his childe, when he -is from schoole, and withall examine, what good he doth at -schoole. For vndoubtedly the maisters be wearied with -trauelling all the day, so that the priuate helpe within their -houses, can be but litle, without both ouertyring the maister, -and shortening his life, and the dulling of the childe, if he -still pore vpon his booke. Times of recreation must be -had, and are as requisite to doe thinges well any long time, -as studying is necessarie to do any thing well at any time. -For can any man but thinke it a great deale more, then a -sufficient time for the maister to teach, and the scholer to -learne dayly from six in the morning till eleuen, and from -one in the afternoone till well nigh six at night, if these -houres be well applied? nay if they were a great deale -fewer? And may not the residew be well enough bestowed -vpon solace and recreation in some chaunge to the more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">225</span> -pleasant for either partie? In the maisters house, I graunt -children may keepe schoolehowers better, and be lesse -subiect to loytering and trewantrie. The maisters care in -his generall teaching may eye them nearer, bycause they -be in his so neare tuition, and in place of his owne children, -being committed vnto his priuate care by their owne -parentes and friendes, he may more easily dispence with -their howers, if they fortune to minde many elementarie -pointes at one time: and sooner finde out their inclination, -then in the generall multitude. And if any particular -preferment be incident to his house, without the common -wearying both of the scholer and maister, some thing may -be done. There be also many priuate considerations, which -some parentes follow in the displacing of their children -from their owne houses, which I remit to their thoughtes, -as I reserue some to myne owne. If the maister do entend -onely such scholers as he bourdeth, and haue both in himselfe -abilitie to performe, what is needefull for the best -traine: and haue such a conuenient number as will rise to -some hight in the traine, I know none better, so the place -where he dwelleth, and teacheth do answere in conuenientnes, -and situation and some circumstances, else. But -while he careth to haue his bourders learne, sure some slow -paying parentes will keepe him leane, if he looke not well -to it, and his gaine will go backeward, besides the continuall -miscontentmentes. At home spoiles, soilthes, twentie -things, are nothing in the parentes homely eye, which selfe -same be death abroad, where the parent hath another eye: -and yet the things misliked not auoidable euen at home. -But what if sickenes, nay what if death come in deede, then -all things be constrewed to the worst, as if death did not -know where the parent dwells. And though the maister -doe that which the ciuill law requireth in deposing, and vse -not onely so much diligence to preserue, but much more -then in his owne, yet all that is nothing. Wherefore as -parentes must beware of boording out for their owne good: -so maisters must be warie of admitting any for their owne -harme. And sure to set downe my resolution, me thinke -it enough for the maister to take vpon him the traine alone, -being so great both for exercise and learning, as I wish -him well considered, that can do both well. If parentes -dwell not neare the schoole, let some neighbours be hostes, -which may and will entend it, and deliuer the maister of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">226</span> -the parentes care, whom euen they will fauour more, if -they find profit by his schooling. They be distinct offices, -to be a parent and a maister, and the difficulties in training -do eager sore enough, though the same man be troubled -with no more. Boording, that is the vndertaking of both a -fathers and a maisters charge requireth many circumstances -of conuenientnes in place, of prouision for necessities, of -trustie and diligent seruauntes, and a number moe: besides -indifferencie in the parent to be armed against accidentes, -where there is no euident default, and to content truely -where there is great desert: as the maister is to giue a -great account of two seuerall cures, a personage for his -teaching, and a vicarage for his boording. The maisters -charge is great of it selfe, but this composition of a duble -office is a meruelous matter. If the maister minde his -boorders eitheer only or most, where his charge is ouer -moe, where then is his dutie? if not, what gaine haue those -boorders, by their maisters priuate? If he teach but -boorders let him looke to himselfe, for his charge will proue -chargeable moe wayes then one: and those that be best -able to put forth to boord, are alway most strait in making -all audittes, and to amplifie offences before they be proued, -without eitheir conference or contentment. I wish parentes -therefore to be warie, ear they set ouer their owne person -for more then the training: and the maisters to be as warie -for feare of had I wist. But to the grammer schooles. As -the elementaries of force must be neare vnto their parentes -bycause of their youth, and therefore are not to be denied -the middle of cities and townes: so I could wish that -grammer schooles were planted in the skirtes and suburbes -of townes, neare to the fieldes, where partely by enclosure -of some priuate ground, for the closer exercises both in -couert and open: partely for the benefit of the open fieldes -for exercises of more raunge, there might not be much -want of roome, if there were any at all. To haue a faire -schoole house aboue with freedome of aire for the toungues, -and an other beneath for other pointes of learning, and -perfiting or continuyng the Elementarie entrances, which -will hardly be kept, if they be posted ouer to priuate -practising at home: to haue the maister and his familie -though of some good number conueniently well lodged: to -haue a pretie close adioyning to the schoole walled round -about, and one quarter if no more couered aboue cloisture<span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">227</span> -like, for the childrens exercise in the rainie weather, as it -will require a good minde and no mean purse: so it needs -neither the conference of a countrey, as <i>Lacedemon</i> did in -<i>Athenæus</i>, and <i>Plato</i>, as <i>Athens</i> did in <i>Pausanius</i>, <i>Suidas</i> -and <i>Philostratus</i>, as <i>Corinth</i> did in <i>Diogenes Laertius</i>: nor -yet the reuenue of a Romain Emperour, whose buildinges -in this kinde, were most sumptuous and magnificent, as -<i>Adrian</i> the Emperours <i>Athenæum</i>, <i>Hermæum</i> and <i>Panathænaicum</i> -at <i>Tibur</i>, and <i>Neroes Thermæ</i> at <i>Rome</i>, which in one -building furnished out both learning and exercise as it -appeareth by the descriptions of their places called <i>Gymnasia</i>, -<i>xysta</i>, and <i>Palæstræ</i>.</p> - -<p>There is wealth enough in priuate possession, if there -were will enough to publike education. And yet we haue -no great cause to complaine for number of schooles and -founders. For during the time of her <i>Maiesties</i> most fortunate -raigne already, there hath bene mo schooles erected, -then all the rest be, that were before her time in the whole -Realme. My meaning is not to haue so many, but better -appointed both for the maisters entertainment, and the -commoditie of the places. Small helpe will make most of -our roomes serue, and small studie with great good will -and honest salarie to maintaine a sufficient man, will make -our teachers able both to enstructe well and to exercise -better. The places of learning and exercise, ought to be -ioint tenementes, and neare neigbours capable of number, -which must be limited by the neede of the countrey, where -the schoole standeth, and the maisters maintenaunce, which -way it must rise. For if it rise by the number, better for -him few and choice, so they consider his paines accordingly. -And sure experience hath taught me, that where the maister -is left to the vncertaintie of his stipende to encrease or -decrease with his diligence, that there he will do best, and -the children profit most, allway prouided that he deale with -no more, then he can bring vp vnder himselfe, and hasard -not his owne credit, nor his childrens profit vpon any -absolute vnderteacher. Whose vse is not, as we now -practise it in schooles, where indeede vshers be maisters of -them selues, but to assist the maister in the easier pointes -of his charge, which ought to haue all vnder his owne -teaching, for the cheife pointes, and the same vnder the -vshers, for more vsuall and easie, as in the teaching of the -Latin toungue, I will declare more at large. Where the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">228</span> -very practise wil confirme my wordes, and proue them to -be true.</p> - -<p>Againe, it is halfe a wonder euer to bring forth a good -scholer in the hart of a great towne: where there be chaunge -of schooles, and many straunge circunstances to procure -chaunge, as it shall please the child. Who notwithstanding -he haue his will followed in the chaunge, yet seldome -winneth very much by the chaunge: though the second -maister oftimes make shew of the formers ground worke, -which is made but light of, bycause it kepeth lowe.</p> - -<p>If the maisters stipend do rise by foundacion, and standing -payment, yet the place may not be ouercharged with -number: nor the maister with care to prouide things needfull -any other wayes then onely by his trade. For what -reason is it to haue a mans whole labour, and to allow him -liuing stant [scant?] sufficient for a quarter? or what pollicie -is it, to haue him that should teache well, to be enforced for -neede, to meddle with some trade, quite different from the -schoole. In this pointe the <i>Pope</i>, and Canon lawe weare -merueilous freindly to maisters, and helped them still with -some Ecclesiasticall maintenaunce, as it appeareth in -<i>Gregories</i> Decretales, the fifth title of the fifth booke, <i>De -Magistris</i>. And the Glose ripping further then the text, -is yet more freindly. And our owne countrey also, in -benefit of priuiledge, by the common lawe at this day, doth -not frowne vpon vs, and for certaine immunities, letteth vs -enioye that benefit, which the <i>Canonist</i> meant vs. And the -good Emperour <i>Frederick</i> did further by his freindly and -favourable constitution, which he caused to be placed in the -fourth booke of <i>Iustinians</i> new Codex, the thirtenth title, -<i>Ne filius, pro patre</i>, where the Glosse, making an anatomie -of the Emperours meaning, and desirous to do vs good, -helpeth vs particularly and properly to.</p> - -<p>Among many causes which make schooles so vnsufficiently -appointed, I know not any, nay is there any? that -so weakneth the profession as the very nakednesse of -allowance doth. The good that commeth from and by -schooles is great and infinite: the qualities required in the -teacher many and resolute: the charges which his freindes -haue bene at in his bringing vp much and heauy: and in -the way of preferment, will ye wish any of any worth to set -downe his staffe at some petie portion, which euen they -that praise it, would not be content to haue their owne sit<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">229</span> -downe with, though the founder follow his president, and -the time haue bene, when with the Church helpe some litle -would haue serued? but the case now is quite altered. In -these our dayes eche man will enhaunce in his owne, without -reason or remorse: but in professions of greatest neede -and most account, they will yeelde no more allowance, then -the auncient rent, where all thinges be improued. Yet -oftimes they meete with bookmen in some kinds, which wil -bite them coursdly. But those bookmen be neither Elementarie -teachers, nor yet Grammarians. Our calling creepes -low and hath paine for companion, stil thrust to the wall, -though still confessed good: Our comfort perforce is in the -generall conclusion, that those thinges be good thinges, -which want no praising,<a id="FNanchor_67_67" href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">67</a> though they go a cold, for want of -happing. For our schoole places, which I do know, the -most are either commodiously situate already, or being in -the hart of townes might easely be chopt for some field -situation, farre from disturbaunce, and neare to all necessaries. -It were no small part of a great and good erection, -euen to translate roumes to more conuenient places, either -by exchaunge or by new purchace: and I do thinke that -licences to that ende, will be more easely graunted then to -build moe schooles. The inconueniences which I my selfe -haue felt that waye, both for mine owne, and for my -scholers health, and the checking of that, which of long I -haue wished for: I meane some traine in exercise, do cause -me so much to commend field roome. Though I my selfe -be not the worst appointed within a citie for roome, thorough -the great good will towardes the furtherance of learning, -and the great cost, in the purchasing, and apparelling the -roome to that vse, done by the worshipfull companie of the -<i>marchaunt tailours</i> in London. In whose schoole I haue -bene both the first, and onely maister sence the erection, -and their haue continued now twenty yeares.</p> - -<p>If ye consider, what is to be done in these roomes which -I require, ye shall better iudge what roomes will serue. In -the schoole the tongues be taught, and the Elementarie -traine continued at times thervnto appointed, for those, -two roomes will serue. An vpper, with some conuenient -discharging the place from noysome ayre, which the verie -children cause: and from to great noise if the place be -vawted vnder, or enclosed with other building: and an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">230</span> -other beneath likewise appointed, to serue for what else is -to be done. They that will haue their children learne all -that I haue assigned them vpon good warrant of the best -writers, and most commendable custome, if their capacities -be according, may haue their turne serued so: and those -that will not, need not, but the opportunity of the place, -and the commoditie of such trainers, wherof a smal time wil -bring forth a great meany, will draw many on, and procure -good exhibitours to haue the thing go forward. I could -wish we had fewer schooles, so they were more sufficient, -and that vpon consideration of the most conuenient seates -for the countries, and shires, there were many put together -to make some few good. <i>Insufficiencie</i> by distraction dismembers, -and weakens: <i>sufficiencie</i> by vniting strengthens, -and doth much good. To conclude I wishe the roome -commodious for situacion, which in training vp of youth -hath bene an old care, as it appeareth by <i>Xenophon</i> in the -schooling of <i>Cyrus</i> and the <i>Persian</i> order: large to holde, -and conuenient to holde handsomely. For as <i>reading</i> and -thinges of that motion do require small elbow roome: so -<i>writing</i>, and her appendentes may not be straited. <i>Musicke</i> -will cumber if it be confounded. Where <i>writing</i> wilbe -allowed, there <i>drawing</i> will not be driuen out. But exercise -must haue scope. And such kinde of roomes, if the -multitude be not to bigge, or the waye to schoole not to -farre for the infant, with some litle distinctions, and parting -of places, will serue conueniently both for the <i>Elementarie</i>, -and the <i>Grammarian</i>, and so much the better.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The time.</div> - -<p>For the time there is but litle to be said at -this time: bycause in the Elementarie and so -onward, I meane by the grace of God to apply all circunstances -so neare, and so precisely to schoole vses, as the -maister shalbe able streight way to execute: if he do but -follow that which shalbe set before him, for <i>matter</i> wherin: -for <i>manner</i> how: for <i>time</i> when to do eche thing best. -For the generall exercising time. These two groundes of -<i>Hippocrates</i>, must be still kept in remembraunce, to vse no -exercise when ye be very hungrie: neither yet to eate -before ye haue vsed some exercise.</p> - -<p>For the generall learning times: to begin, the strength -of body, and conceit of minde were made the generall -meanes: to continue, perfectnesse, and vse were appointed -the limittes: for the midle houres this I thinke, that it were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">231</span> -not good, to go to your booke streight after ye rise, but to -giue some time to the clearing of your body. As also -studie after meate, and fast before ye sleepe beareth great -blame for great harmes to health, and to much shortning -of life. From seuen of the cloke, though ye rise sooner, -(as the <i>lambe</i> and the <i>larke</i> be the prouerbiale leaders, when -to rise and when to go to bead) till tenne before noone, and -from two till almost fiue in the after noone, be the best and -fittest houres, and enough for children wherin to learne. -The morening houres will best serue for the memorie and -conceiuing: the after noone for repetitions, and stuffe for -memorie to worke on. The reasons be the freenesse, or -fulnesse of the head. The other times before meat be for -exercises, as hath bene fully handled heretofore. The -houres before learning, and after meate, are to be bestowed, -vpon either neating of the bodie, or solacing of the minde, -without to much motion: wherin as I said before the -greatest part, and the best to be plaid consisteth vsually in -the trainers discretion, to apply thinges according to the -circunstances of person, place, and time. To conclude we -must be content with those places, which be already founded, -and vse those houres which be already pointed to the best -that we can, and yet prepare our selues towardes the better, -when soeuer it shall please God to send them. And by -perswasion some maisters maye well enough bring wise -parentes to yeelde vnto this note, and to giue it the triall. -In the meane time some excellent man hauing the commoditie -of a well situate house, and being able to commaund -his owne circunstance, neither depending of other mens -helpe, wherof he cannot iudge, and so that way leasing -some authoritie in direction, may put many excellent -conclusions in triall.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">232</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_41">CHAPTER 41.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Of teachers and trainers in generall, and that they be either -Elementarie, Grammaticall, or Academicall. Of the Elementarie -teachers abilitie, and entertaiment. Of the Grammer -maisters abilitie, and his entertaiment. A meane to haue both -excellent teachers, and cunning professors in all kindes of -learning, by the diuision of colleges according to professions: -by sorting like yeares into the same roumes: by bettering the -studentes allowance and liuing: by prouiding and maintaining -notable well learned readers. That for bringing learning -forward in his right and best course, there would be -seuen ordinarie ascending colleges for Toungues, for Mathematikes, -for Philosophie, for Teachers, for Physicians, for -Lawyers, for Diuines, and that the generall studie of Lawe -would be but one studie: Euery of these pointes with his -particular proofes, sufficient for a position. Of the admission -of teachers.</span></p> - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Althovgh</span> I deuided the traine of education into -two partes, the one for learning to enrich the minde: -the other for exercise to enable the body: yet I -reserued the execution of both to one and the same maister: -bycause neither the knowledge of both is so excessiue great, -but it may easely be come by: neither the execution so -troublesome, but that one man may see to it: neither do -the subiectes by nature receiue partition seeing the soule -and body ioyne so freindly in lincke, and the one must -needes serue the others turne: and he that seeth the necessitie -of both, can best discerne what is best for both. As -concerning the trainers abilitie, whereby he is made sufficient -to medle with exercises, I haue already in my conceit -sufficiently enstructed him, both for the exercises themselues, -and for the manner of handling them according to the rules -and considerations of <i>Physick</i> and <i>Gymnastick</i>, besides -some aduertisements giuen peculiarly to his owne person: -wherin I dwelt the longer, and delt the larger, bycause I -ment not to medle with that argument any more then once, -and for that point so to satisfie the trainer, wheresoeuer he -dwelt, or of what abilitie soeuer he were, as if he listed he -might rest vpon my rules being painfully gathered from -the best in that kinde. If he were desierous to make<span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">233</span> -further search, and had oportunity of time, and store of -bookes: I gaue him some light where to bestow his studie.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Teachers.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Elementarie.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Grammaticall.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">Academicall.</div> - -<p>Now am I to deale with the teaching maister, -or rather that propertie in the common maister, -which concerneth teaching, which is either -<i>Elementarie</i> and dealeth with the first principles: -or <i>Gramaticall</i> and entreth to the toungues: or -<i>Academicall</i>, and becomes a reader, or tutour to -youth in the vniuersity.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Academicall.</div> - -<p>For the <i>tutour</i> bycause he is in the vniuersitie, -where his daily conuersation among a number -of studentes, and the opinion of learning, which the vniuersitie -hath of him: wil direct choice and assure desire: I -haue nothing to saye, but leaue the parentes to those -helpes, which the place doth promise.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Elementarie.</div> - -<p>2. For the <i>Elementarie</i> bycause good scholers -will not abase themselues to it, it is left to the -meanest, and therfore to the worst. For that the first -grounding would be handled by the best, and his reward -would be greatest, bycause both his paines and his iudgement -should be with the greatest. And it would easily -allure sufficient men to come downe so lowe, if they might -perceaue that reward would rise vp. No man of iudgement -will contrarie this pointe, neither can any ignorant be -blamed for the contrarie: the one seeth the thing to be but -low in order, the other knoweth the ground to be great in -laying, not onely for the matter which the child doth -learne: which is very small in shew, though great for -proces: but also for the manner of handling his witte, to -harten him for afterward, which is of great moment.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Of the Elementary -teachers -entertainment.</div> - -<p>But to say somwhat concerning the teachers -reward, which is the encouragement to good -teaching, what reason is it, though still pretended, -and sometimes perfourmed, to encrease wages, as -the child waxeth in learning? Is it to cause the maister -to take more paines, and vpon such promise, to set his -pupille more forward? Nay surely that cannot be. The -present payment would set that more forward, then the -hope in promise, bycause in such varietie and inconstancie -of the parentes mindes, what assurance is there, that the -child shall continue with the same maister: that he maye -receiue greater allowance with lesse paines, which tooke -greater paines, with lesse allowance? Besides this if the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">234</span> -reward were good, he would hast to gaine more, which new -and fresh repare of scholers would bring, vpon report of -the furthering his olde, and his diligent trauell. What -reason caryeth it, when the labour is lesse, then to enlarge -the allowance? the latter maister to reape the benefit of -the formers labour, bycause the child makes more shew -with him? why? It is the foundacion well and soundly -laid, which makes all the vpper building muster, with countenaunce -and continuaunce. If I were to strike the stroke, -as I am but to giue counsell, the first paines truely taken, -should in good truth be most liberally recompensed: and -lesse allowed still vpward, as the paines diminish, and the -ease encreaseth. Wherat no maister hath cause to repine, -so he maye haue his children well grounded in the <i>Elementarie</i>. -Whose imperfection at this day doth marueilously -trouble both maisters and scholers, so that we can hardly -do any good, nay scantly tell how to place the too too raw -boyes in any certaine forme, with hope to go forward -orderly, the ground worke of their entrie being so rotten -vnderneth. Which weaknes if the vpper maister do redresse, -when the child commeth vnder his hand, he cannot but -deserue triple wages, both for his owne making, and for -mending that, which the <i>Elementarie</i> either marred with -ignoraunce, or made not for haste, which is both the commonest, -and the corruptest kinde of marring in my opinion. -For the next maisters wages, I do conceiue, that the number -in ripenesse vnder him, will requite the <i>Elementarie</i> allowance, -be it neuer so great. For the first maister can deale -but with a few, the next with moe, and so still vpward, as -reason groweth on, and receiues without forcing. For the -inequalitie of children, it were good a whole companie -remoued still togither, and that there were no admission -into schooles, but foure times in the yeare quarterly, that -the children of foresight might be matched, and not hurled -hand ouer head into one forme as now we are forced, not -by substaunce, but by similitude and coniecture at the -sudden, which thing the conference betwene the maisters -in a resolued plat will helpe wonderfully well forward, when -the one saith this haue I taught, and this can the child do: -the other knoweth this ye should teach, and this your -childe should do. Thus much for the <i>elementarie</i> maister, -that he be sufficiently appointed in himselfe for abilitie, -and sufficiently prouided for, by parentes for maintenaunce.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">235</span> -Now whether one man, or moe shalbe able to perfourme -all the <i>elementarie</i> pointes, at diuers houres, or of force -there must be more teachers, that shalbe handled in the -<i>elementarie</i> it selfe hereafter. Once fore all good entertainement -by way of reward, will make very able men to -leane this way, and one course of training will breed, a -meruelous number of sufficient trainers, whose insufficiencie -may now be obiected, that such cannot presently be had, -though in short time they may. And if there must be moe -executours, entertainement will worke that to, and conuenientnes -of rowme will bring all togither.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Grammer maisters.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The Grammer maisters entertainement -and his sufficiencie.</div> - -<p>3. My greatest trauell must be about the -<i>grammer</i> maister, as ech parent ought to be -verie circumspect for his owne priuate that way. -For he is to deale with those yeares, whereupon all the -residew do build their likelyhoode to proue well or ill. -Wherein by reason of the naturall agilitie of the soule and -body, being both vnsettled, there is most stirre, and least -stay: he perfiteth the <i>Elementarie</i> in course of learning: -he offereth hope or despaire of perfection to the <i>tutour</i> and -vniuersitie, in their proceeding further. For whom in consideration -of sufficient abilitie, and faithfull -trauell I must still pray for good entertainement, -which will always procure most able persons. -For it is a great daunting to the best able man, -and a great cutting of his diligent paynes, when he shall -finde his whole dayes trauell not able to furnish him of -necessarie prouision: to do good with the best, and to -gaine with the basest, nay much lesse than the lowest, who -may entend to shift, when he must entend his charge: and -enrich himselfe, nay hardly feede himselfe, with a pure, and -poore conscience. But ye will perhaps say what shall this -man be able to performe, for whom you are so carefull, to -haue him so well entertained? to whose charge the youth -of our country is to be committed? If there were no more -said, euen this last point were enough to craue enough, for -that charge is great: and if he do discharge it well, he -must be well able to do it, and ought to be very well -requited for doing it so well. Besides his maners and -behauiour, which require testimonie and assurance: besides -his skill in exercising and trayning of the body, he must be -able to teach the three learned toungues, the <i>latin</i>, the -<i>greeke</i>, the <i>hebrew</i>, if the place require so much, if not, so<span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">236</span> -much as is required. Wherin assuredly a mediocritie in -knowledge, will proue to meane, to emplant, that in another -which he hath in himselfe. For he that meaneth to plant -but some litle well: must himselfe farre exceede any degree -of mediocrite. He must be able to vnderstand his writer, -to maister false printes, vnskilfull dictionaries, simple coniectures -of some smattering writers concerning the matter -of his traine, and be so appointed ear he begine to teach, -as he may execute readyly, and not make his owne imperfection, -to be a torture to his scooler, and a schooling to -him selfe. For it is an ill ground to grow vp from ignoraunce -by teaching, in that place, where no ignorance of -matter at least should be, at the very first: though time -and experience do polish out the maner. He must haue -the knowledge of all the best grammers, to giue notes by -the way still, though he burden not the childes memorie of -course, with any more then shalbe set downe. There are -required in him besides these, and further pointes of learning -to, as I will note hereafter, <i>hardnes</i> to take paines: -<i>constancie</i> to continew and not to shrinke from his trade: -<i>discretion</i> to iudge of circumstances: <i>lightsomnes</i> to delite -in the successe of his labour: <i>hartines</i> to encourage a -toward youth: <i>regard</i> to thinke ech childe an <i>Alexander</i>: -<i>courteous lowlines</i> in himselfe, as if he were the meanest -thoug he were knowne to be the best. For the verie least -thing in learning, will not be well done, but onely by him, -which knoweth the most, and doth that which he doth with -pleasure and ease, by reason of his former store. These -qualities deserue much, and in our scooles they be not -generally found, bycause the rewardes for labour there be -so base and simple, yet the most neare is best in choice, -and many there be which would come neare, if entertainement -were answerable. Let the parentes, and founders -prouide for the one: and certainely they shall finde no -default in the other.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">A meane to -haue excellent -teachers and -professours -generally.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The foure particular -meanes.</div> - -<p>There were a way in the nature of a seminarie -for excellent maisters in my conceit, if reward -were abroad, and such an order might be had -within the vniuersitie: which I must touch with -licence and for touching craue pardon, if it be -not well thought of, as I know it will seeme straunge at -the first, bycause of some difficultie in perfourming the -deuise. And yet there had neuer bene any alteration to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">237</span> -the better, if the name of alteration had bene the obiect to -repulse. This my note but by the way, though it presently -parhapes doe make some men muse, yet hereafter vpon -better consideration, it may proue verie familiar to some -good fantasies, and be exceeding well liked of, both by -my maisters of the vniuersities them selues, and by their -maisters abroad. Whereby not onely schoolemaisters, but -all other professours also shalbe made excellently able to -performe that in the common weale which she looketh for -at their handes, when they come from the vniuersitie. But -by the way I protest simply, that I do not tender this wish, -as hauing any great cause to mislike the currant, which the -vniuersities be now in: but graunting thinges -there to be well done already, I offer no discourtesie -in wishing that good to be a great -deale better. My conceit resteth in these foure pointes: -1. what if the colleges were deuided by professions and -faculties? 2. what if they of the like yeares, and the like -profession, were all bestowed in one house? 3. what if the -liuings by vniting were made better, and the colleges not -so many: though farre greater? 4. what if in euery house -there were great pensions, and allowances for continuall -and most learned readers: which would end their liues -there? what harme could our countrie receiue thereby? -nay, what good were not in great forwardnes to be done, if -this thing were done? And may not the state of the -realme do this by authoritie, which gaue authoritie to -founders to do the other, with reseruation of prerogatiue to -alter vpon cause? or is not this question as worthy the -debating to mend the vniuersities, and to plant sownd -learning: as to deuise the taking away landes from colleges, -and put the studentes to pension, bycause they cannot vse -them without iarring among themselues? Were there any -way better to cut away all the misliking, wherewith the -vniuersities be now charged, and to bring in a new face of -thinges both rarer and fayrer?</p> - -<p>In the first erection of schooles and colleges, <i>priuat zeale</i> -enflamed good founders: in altering to the better, <i>publicke -consideration</i> may cause a commoner good, and yet keepe -the good founders meaning, who would very gladly embrace -any auauncement to the better in any their buildinges. The -nature of <i>time</i> is vpon sting of necessitie, to enfourme what -were best: and the dutie of <i>pollicie</i> is, aduisedly to consider<span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">238</span> -how to bring that about which time doth aduertise. And -if time do his dutie to tell, can <i>pollicie</i> auoide blame in -sparing to trie? And why should not <i>publike consideration</i> -be as carefull to thinke of altering to fortifie the state now, -as <i>priuat zeale</i> was hoat then to strengthen that which was -then in liking?</p> - -<p>But I will open these foure interrogations better, that the -considerations which leade me, may winne others vnto me, -or at the least let them see, that it is no meere noueltie -which moueth me thus farre.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Of the diuision -of colleges.</div> - -<div class="sidenote">The college of -toungues.</div> - -<p>Touching the <i>diuision</i> of <i>colleges</i> by professions -and faculties, I alleege no president from -other nations, though I could do diuerse, begining -euen at <i>Lycæum</i>, <i>Stoa</i>, <i>Academia</i>, themselues, and so downeward, -and in other nations east and southeast ascending -vpwarde, where studentes cloystured them selues together, -as their choice in learning lay: but priuate examples in -their applying to our country may be controuled by generall -exception. If there were one college, where nothing should -be professed, but languages onely, (as there be -some people which will proceede no further) -to serue the realme abroad, and studies in the -vniuersitie, in that point excellently and absolutelie, were -it not conuenient? nay were it not most profitable? That -being the ende of their profession, and nothing dealt withall -there but that, would not sufficiencie be discried by witnes -of a number? and would not dayly conference and continuall -applying in the same thing procure sufficiencie? -Wheras now euery one dealing with euery thing confusedly -none can assuredly say, thus much can such a one do in -any one thing, but either vpon coniecture which oftentimes -deceiueth euen him that affirmes: or else vpon curtesie -which as oft beguiles euen him that beleueth. These -reasons hold not in this point for toungues onely: but in -all other distributions, where the like matter and the like -men be likewise to be matched. For where all <i>exercises</i>, -all <i>conferences</i>, all both priuate and publike, <i>colloquies</i>, be of -the same argument, bycause the soile bringeth foorth no -other stuffe, there must needes follow great perfection. -When toungues, and learning be so seuered, it will soone -appeare, what ods there is betwene one that can but speake, -and him that can do more, whereas now some few finish -wordes, will beare away the glorie from knowledge without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">239</span> -consideration, that the gate is without the towne as dismantling -bewraies, though it be the entrie into it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The colledge for -the mathematikes.</div> - -<p>If an other colledge were for the <i>Mathematicall</i> -sciences, I dare say it were good, I will -not say it were best, for that some good wittes, -and in some thinges not vnseene, not knowing the force of -these faculties bycause they neuer thought them worthey -their studie as being without preferment, and within contempt, -do vse to abase them, and to mocke at <i>mathematicall</i> -heades, bycause in deede the studie thereof requireth -attentiuenes, and such a minde, as will not be soone caried -to any publike shew, before his full ripenes, but will rest in -solitarie contemplation, till he finde himselfe flidge. Now -this their meditation if they be studentes in deede: or the -shadow of meditation, if they be but counterfettes, do these -men plaie with all, and mocke such mathematicall heades, -to solace themselues with.</p> - -<p>Wherein they haue some reason to mocke at mathematicall -heades, as they do tearme them, though they should -haue greater reason, why to cherish, and make much of -the mathematicall sciences, if they will not discredit <i>Socrates</i> -his authoritie, and wisedome in <i>Plato</i>,<a id="FNanchor_68_68" href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">68</a> which in the same -booke auaunceth these sciences aboue the moone, whence -some learned men fetch his opinion, and force his iudgement, -as the wisest maister against such as allow of -correction in schooles: which they would seeme to banishe, -till their owne rod beat them. The very end of that booke -is the course that is to be kept in learning in the perfitest -kinde, which beginneth at the mathematikes, and it dealeth -more with the necessitie of them, then with the whole -argument besides: as it is no noueltie to heare that <i>Plato</i> -esteemed of them, who forbad any to enter his <i>Academie</i>, -which was not a <i>Geometrician</i>, whereunder he contained -the other, but specially her sister <i>Arithmetike</i>.</p> - -<p>For the men which professe these sciences, and giue -cause to their discountenaunce, they be either meere -ignorant, and maintaine their credit with the vse of some -tearmes, propositions, and particularities which be in ordinarie -courses that way, and neuer came nigh the kernell: -or hauing some knowledge in them in deede, rather employe -their time, and knowledge aboute the degenerate, and -sophisticall partes of them, applyed by vaine heades to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">240</span> -meere collusions though they promise great consequences: -then to the true vse, and auauncement of art. Howbeit in -the meane time, though the one disgrace them with contempt, -and the other make them contemptible, by both -their leaues I do thinke thus of them: but what a poore -thing is my thought? yet some thing it is where it shalbe -beleeued. In time all learning may be brought into one -toungue, and that naturall to the inhabitant, so that schooling -for toungues, may proue nedeles, as once they were not -needed: but it can neuer fall out, that artes and sciences -in their right nature, shalbe but most necessarie for any -common weale, that is not giuen ouer vnto to to much -barbarousnes. We do attribute to much to toungues, -which do minde them more then we do matter chiefly in a -monarchie: and esteeme it more honorable to speake finely, -then to reason wisely: where wordes be but praised for -the time, and wisedom winnes at length. For while the -<i>Athenian</i>, and <i>Romaine</i> popular gouernementes, did yeald -so much vnto eloquence, as one mans perswasion might -make the whole assembly to sway with him, it was no -meruell if the thing were in price, which commaunded: if -wordes were of weight, which did rauish: if force of sentence -were in credit, which ruled the fantsie, and bridled the -hearer. Then was the toungue imperiall bycause it dealt -with the people: now must it obey, bycause it deales with -a prince, and be seruaunt vnto learned matter, acknowledging -it to be her liege, and mistresse. All those great -obseruations of eloquence, are either halfe drowned, for -want of a democratie: or halfe douted of for discredit of -diuinitie: which following the substance of matter, commendeth -vnto vs the like in all studies.</p> - -<p>For the credit of these <i>mathematicall</i> sciences, I must -needes vse one authoritie of great, and well deserued countenaunce -among vs, and so much the rather, bycause his -iudgement is so often, and so plausibly vouched by the -curteouse maister <i>Askam</i> in his booke, which I wish he -had not himselfe, neither any other for him entitled the -<i>scoolemaister</i>, bycause myselfe dealing in that argument -must needes sometime dissent to farre from him, with some -hasard of myne owne credit, seeing his is hallowed. The -worthy, and well learned gentleman <i>Sir Iohn Cheeke</i><a id="FNanchor_69_69" href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">69</a> in -the middest of all his great learning, his rare eloquence, his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">241</span> -sownd iudgement, his graue modestie, feared the blame of -a <i>mathematicall</i> head so litle in himselfe, and thought the -profession to be so farre from any such taint, being soundly -and sadly studied by others, as he bewraid his great -affection towards them most euidently in this his doing. -Being himselfe prouost of the kings colledge in <i>Cambridge</i>, -in the time of his most honored prince, and his best hoped -pupill, the good <i>king Edward</i>, brother to our gracious -soueraine <i>Queene Elizabeth</i>, he sent downe from the court -one maister <i>Bukley</i> somtime fellow of the saide colledge, -and very well studyed in the <i>mathematicalls</i> to reade <i>Arithmeticke</i>, -and <i>Geometrie</i> to the youth of the colledge: and -for the better encouraging of them to that studie gaue -them a number of <i>Euclides</i> of his owne coast. Maister -<i>Bukley</i> had drawne the rules of <i>Arithmeticke</i> into verses, -and gaue the copies abroad to his hearers. My selfe am -to honour the memorie of that learned knight, being partaker -my selfe of his liberall distribution of those <i>Euclides</i>, -with whom he ioyned <i>Xenophon</i>, which booke he wished, -and caused to be red in the same house, and gaue them to -the studentes, to encourage them aswell to the greeke -toungue, as he did to the <i>mathematikes</i>. He did I take it -as much for the studentes in S. <i>Iohns</i> colledge, whose pupill -he had once bene, as he did for vs of the kinges colledge -whose prouost he then was. Can he then mislike the -<i>mathematicall</i> sciences, which will seeme to honour Syr -<i>Iohn Cheeke</i>, and reuerence his iudgement? can he but -thinke the opinion to proceede from wisedom, which -counteth <i>Socrates</i> the wisest maister? Nay how dare he -take vpon him to be a maister, not of art, but of artes (for -so is the name,) which hath not studyed them, ear he -proceeded? Are not the proceeders to reade in any of -those sciences publickely, by the vice chauncelours appointment, -after they haue commenced? and do they not promise, -and professe the things, when they seeke to procure the -titles? And with what face dare ignorance open her mouth, -or but vtter some sounde of words, where she hath professed -the weight of matter? So that the very vniuersity -her selfe doth highly esteeme of them if she could entreat -her people to esteeme of their mothers iudgement. These -sciences bewray them selues in many professions and trades -which beare not the titles of learning, whereby it is well -seene, that they are no prating, but profitable grounds:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">242</span> -not gay to the shew, but good to be shewed, and such -meanes of vse, as the vse of our life were quite maimed -without them. Then gather I, if bare experience, and -ordinarie imitation do cause so great thinges to be done by -the meere shadow, and roat of these sciences, what would -iudiciall cunning do, being ioyned with so well affected -experience? Neither is it any obiection of account to say -what should marchauntes, carpentars, masons, shippmaisters, -maryners, deuisours, architectes, and a number such do -with latin, and learning? do they not well enough without, -to serue the turne in our countrie? If they do well with out -might they not do better with? And why may not an -English carpentar, and his companions speake that toungue -to helpe their countrie the more, being gotten in youth, eare -they can be set to other labour, which the <i>Romaine</i> artificer -did naturally vse, seing it is more commendable in ours, -where labour is the conquerour, then in the Romain where -nature was commendour? As if none should haue Latin -but those which were for further degrees in learning.</p> - -<p>The tounges be helpes indifferent to all trades as well as -to learning. Neither is the speaking of Latin any necessarie -argument of deeper learning, as the Mathematicall sciences -be the olde rudimentes of young children, and the certaine -directours to all those artificers, which without them go by -roate, and with them might shew cunning. I maye not at -this time prosecute this position, as to fremd for this place: -but after my Elementarie and toungue schoole, I meane to -search it to the very bottom, with the whole profession of -those faculties, if God send me life, and health. 1. For the -while this shall suffise that these sciences, which we terme -the Mathematicalles in their effectual nature, do worke still -some good thing, sensible euen to the simple, by number, -figure, sound, or motion: 2. In the manner of their teaching -they do plant in the minde of the learner, an habite inexpungable -by bare probabilities, and not to be brought to -beleeue vpon light coniectures, in any other knowledge, -being still drawne on by vnfallible demonstrations: 3. In -their similitudinarie applications, they let one see by them -in sense the like affection in contemplatiue, and intelligible -thinges, and be the surest groundes to retourne vnto in -replies and instances, either vpon defect in memorie, or in -checke of aduersarie, contrarie to the common similitudes. -For when ye compare the common weale to a ship, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">243</span> -the people to the passagers, the application being vnder -saile, maye be out of sight, when ye seeke for your proofe. -But in these sciences the similitudinarie teaching is so -certain in applying, and so confirmed by effectes: as there -is nothing so farre from sense, and so secret in vnderstanding, -but it will make it palpable. They be taken from the -sense, and trauell the thought, but they resolue the minde. -And though such as vnderstand them not, do mislike them, -which yet is no reason in them, nor any disgrace to the -thing misliked by them, seeing ignoraunce misliketh: yet -those that vnderstand them, may boldly mislike the mislikers, -and oppose the whole auncient Philosophie, and all -well appointed common weales against such mockmathematicalles, -without whose helpe they could not liue, nor -haue houses to hide their heades, though they thanke not -their founders.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The colledge for -Philosophie.</div> - -<p>3. If <i>Philosophie</i> with her three kindes had -the third colledge, were it thinke you vnproper? -Then the naturall might afterward proceede to -<i>Physick</i>, whom she fitteth: the Politicke to <i>Lawe</i>, whom -she groundeth: the morall to <i>Diuinitie</i>, whom she helpeth -in discourse. Which three professions, <i>Diuinitie</i>, <i>Lawe</i>, -<i>Physick</i> should euery one be endowed with their particular -colledges, and liuinges. 4. To haue the <i>Physician</i> thus -learned, it were nothing to much, considering his absolutenesse -is learning, and his ignoraunce butcherie, if he do -but marke his owne maister <i>Galene</i><a id="FNanchor_70_70" href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">70</a> in his booke of the -best profession. 5. For the <i>Diuine</i> to tarie time, and to haue -the handmaiden sciences to attend vpon their mistres profession, -were it any hindrance to his credit, where discretion -the daughter of time is his fairest conusance, and if he -come without her, what sternesse so euer he pretend in -countenance, we will measure the man, though we marke -his sayinges? 6. The <i>Lawyers</i> best note in the best iudgementes -is contentment, not to couet to much, and for that -desire not to striue to gaine to much: not beyond the -extremitie of lawe, but farre on this side the extremitie of -right. And can digesting time be but commodious in this -case, and contempt of toyes eare he enter into them, be -but mother to contentment? Time to bread sufficiencie, -and sufficiencie to bring sound iudgement, cut of all matter -of blame, and leaue all matter to praise. But in this dis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">244</span>tribution -where is <i>Logicke</i> and <i>Rethoricke</i>, some will saye? -Where is <i>Grammer</i> then will I saye? A directour to -language. And so <i>Logicke</i>, for her demonstratiue part, -plaieth the <i>Grammer</i> to the <i>Mathematicalles</i>, and naturall -<i>Philosophie</i>: for her probabilitie to morall, and politike, -and such other as depend not vpon necessitie of matter. -<i>Rhetoricke</i> for puritie without passion doth ioyne with the -writer in any kinde, for perswasion with passion, with the -speaker in all kindes, and yet both the speaker dealeth -sometime quietly, and the plaine writer waxeth very hoate.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The necessitie of -the college for -toungues.</div> - -<p>1. Of these colledges, that which is for <i>toungues</i> -is so necessary as scant any thing more. For -the toungues being receites for matter, without -the perfect vnderstanding of them, what hope is there to -vnderstand matter? and seeing wordes be names of thinges -applyed and giuen according to their properties, how can -thinges be properly vnderstood by vs, which vse the ministrie -and seruice of wordes to know them by, onelesse the -force of speeche be thoroughly knowen? And do you not -thinke that euery profession hath neede to haue a title of -the signification of wordes, as well as the ciuill lawyer? -I do see in writers, and I do heare in speakers great defectes -in the mistaking of meaninges: and euident errours thorough -insufficiencie herin. And as <i>toungues</i> cannot be better perfitted, -then streight after their entrie by the grammer -schoole: so they must be more perfitted, then they can be -there. And what if some will neuer proceede any further, -but rest in those pleasaunt kinde of writers, which delite -most in gaing of their language as poetes, histories, discourses, -and such, as will be counted generall men?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The necessitie of -the Mathematicall -colledge.</div> - -<p>2. As for the <i>Mathematicalles</i>, they had the -place before the toungues were taught, which -though they be now some necessarie helpes, -bycause we vse forreine language for conueaunce of knowledge: -yet they push vs one degree further of from knowledge. -That the <i>Mathematicalles</i> had the place, and were -proposed still to children, he that hath read any thing in -Philosophie cannot be ignorant. <i>Plato</i> is full of it, and -termeth them commonly the <i>childrens entrance</i>, but cheifly -in the seuenth booke of his common weale. So is his -scholer though long after his death <i>Philo</i> the <i>Iewe</i> (whom -euen his countrieman <i>Iosephus</i>, a man somewhat parciall in -praising other, yet calleth a singular man for eloquence<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">245</span> -and wisedome, speaking of his embassage to <i>Caius</i> the -Emperour) but specially in that treatise, which he maketh of -the foretraine, for so I turne <i>Platoes</i> προπαιδεία, and <i>Philoes</i> -προπαίδευμα.<a id="FNanchor_71_71" href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">71</a> There he deuiseth, as he is a perpetuall -allegoriser, <i>Sara</i> to be the <i>image</i> of <i>Diuinitie</i>, and <i>Agar</i> -the figure of all other handmaiden sciences, wherein he -wisheth a young man to deale very long, or he venture -vpon <i>Sara</i>, which will not be fertil but in late, and ripe -yeares. He construeth both in that place, and in <i>Moses</i> -his life also, those wordes of the bringing vp of <i>Moses</i> in -all the doctrine of the <i>Ægyptians</i>, to be meant in the -<i>Mathematicalles</i>, which was the traine of that time, and -the brood of that soile, or there about. And to saye the -trueth let any man marke the course of all auncient learning, -and he shall finde, that it could not be possibly otherwise, -but that the <i>Mathematicall</i> was their rudiment, though -no historie, no describer of common weale, no setter forth -of Philosophers life, no Philosopher himselfe had tolde it -vs? Is not <i>Aristotles</i> first booke of all in course of his -teaching, his <i>Organum</i>, which conteineth his whole <i>Logicke</i>? -and in his proofes for the piking out of his <i>syllogismes</i> doth -he not bewraie, wherin he was brought vp? I vse <i>Aristotle</i> -alone for example, bycause our studentes be best acquainted -with him: whom yet they cannot vnderstand without these -helpes, as one <i>Brauardine</i> espied well, though not he alone, -who tooke the paines to gather out of <i>Euclide</i> two bookes -purposely for the vnderstanding of <i>Aristotle</i>. Can his -bookes of Demonstration, the <i>Analytica prosteriora</i> be -vnderstood without this helpe? His whole treatise of -Motion wheresoeuer, commonly fetcht from the verie forme -of the thing moued: His confutation of others by the -nature of Motion, and site: His <i>Mathematicall</i> discriptions -in many places: His naturall <i>Theoremes</i> echwhere can they -be conceiued, much lesse vnderstood by any ignorant in -this pointe? Wherin <i>Aristotle</i> sheweth vs his owne education, -to whom he commendeth the like, if we like of him, -whose liking will not fall, though fooles oftimes shake it. -It were to infinite to vse proofes in so generall, and so -knowne a case, which the whole antiquitie still allowed of, -and the famous <i>Athenian</i> common weale vsed euen then, -when she had the great brood of the most excellent persons, -for her ordinary traine to her youth as <i>Socrates</i> still alledgeth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">246</span> -in <i>Plato</i>: or rather <i>Plato</i> fathering the speach vpon <i>Socrates</i> -sayth so himselfe. <i>Aristippus</i> after his shipwrake found -releise thorough that train, and encoraged his companions -vpon sight of Geometricall figures in the sande. He that -will iudge of these sciences in generall, what degree they -haue in the course of learning, and wherin they be profitable -to all other studies whatsoever, let him read but either -<i>Proclus</i> his foure bookes vpon <i>Euclides</i> first in Greeke, or -bycause the greeke is ill, and corruptly printed: <i>Io. Barocius</i>, -a young gentleman of <i>Venice</i> which hath turned them into -Latin, and corrected the copie. Though many haue delt -in the argument they be but secondarie to <i>Proclus</i>. For -he handleth euery question that either makes for them, or -against them cheifly in his first booke. It were to much -for me to stand vpon enumeration of testimonies in this -place, that the auncient schoole did begin at the <i>Mathematicall</i> -after the first <i>Elementarie</i>, while they minded sound -learning in deede, and sequestred their thoughtes from other -dealinges in the world. He that marketh but the ordinary -metaphores in the eloquentest Greeke writers of that time, -whence we prescribe, shall easily bewray, where in the -auncient discipline trauelled. To alledge the <i>Romain</i> for -learning is to alledge nothing, whose cunning <i>Virgile</i><a id="FNanchor_72_72" href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">72</a> describeth -to lye in gouernement, and conquests, remitting -other faculties to other people. For till the forreine learning -in latter yeares, was translated into their toungue, of -themselues they had litle. <i>Rhetoricke</i>, <i>poetrie</i>, <i>historie</i>, <i>ciuill -lawe</i>, and some petie treatises of <i>Philosophie</i>, and <i>Physicke</i> -were the <i>Romaines</i> learning. Some one, or two as <i>Gallus</i>, -and <i>Figulus</i> were noted for the <i>Mathematicalles</i>, as many -yeares after them <i>Iulius Firmicus</i>, and some architecture -<i>Mathematicke</i> in <i>Vitruuius</i>. But their owne stories can -tell, what an afterdeale in the wynning of <i>Syracusæ</i> <i>Archimedes</i> -by those faculties put <i>Marcellus</i> their generall vnto, -which yet was as carefull to haue saued <i>Archimedes</i>, if the -rashnesse of a rude soldiar had not preuented his proclamation: -as <i>Demetrius</i> πολιορκητής was to saue <i>Protogenes</i> -at <i>Rhodes</i>. After the state was brought to a monarchie, -the Greekes ouerlaid their learning, as it appeareth, from -<i>Dionysius</i> of <i>Halycarnassus</i>, and <i>Strabo</i>, which were in -<i>Augustus Cæsars</i> time, downe still in a number of most -notable Grecians, which serued that state continually both<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">247</span> -for training vp their young Emperours, and for all other -kinde of learning: so that the authoritie of the <i>Mathematicall</i> -must be fetcht from the Grekes, though they themselues -borrowed the matter of other nations, and were -founders onely to language, methode, and those faculties, -which serue for the direction of language.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The necessitie of -the colledge for -Philosophie.</div> - -<p>3. For <i>Philosophie</i> to haue the third place it -will be easily obtained, though there be some -pretended doubt in the order of the partes for -the training. We vse to set young ones to the morall and -politike first and reason against <i>Aristotles</i> conclusion, that -a young stripling is a fit hearer of morall <i>Philosophie</i>. But -<i>Aristotle</i> himselfe being well brought vp in the <i>Mathematicalles</i> -placeth naturall <i>Philosophie</i> next vnto them, as very -intelligible vnto very young heades, by reason of their -necessarie consequence, and <i>Theoreticall</i> consideration. -Wheras the other partes being subiect to particular circunstance -in life are to be reserued for elder yeares. For not -onely the <i>Philosophicall</i> resolution, but also the very religious -was in the best, and eldest time to cause youth abide long -in study, and to forbeare publike shew, till it were very -late. To make <i>Logicke</i>, and <i>Rhetoricke</i> serue to those vses, -and in those places, where I appointed them, was no -absurdity. For <i>Rhetoricke</i>, there will be small contradiction, -though declamations, and such exercises seeme to -make some further claime. <i>Pythagoras</i> his fiue yeares -silence, hath a meaning that ye heare sufficiently, eare ye -speake boldly. And <i>Socrates</i> that great maister in <i>Plato</i> -calleth <i>Logicke</i> the ridge, or toppe of the <i>Mathematicalles</i>, -as then to succeede, when they were gotten: and good -reason, why, bycause their methode in teaching, and order -in prouing did bring forth <i>Logicke</i>. As he that will make -<i>Plato</i> the example to <i>Aristotles</i> preceptes shall easily perceaue.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The necessitie of -three colledges -peculiar for -Diuinitie, Law, -Physicke.</div> - -<p>3, 4, 5. For <i>Diuinitie</i>, <i>Lawe</i>, and <i>Physicke</i> to -haue their owne colledges, for their full exercises, -and better learning, then now thus to -haue their studentes scattered, it is a thing that -implyeth no great repugnaunce with any reason, -and is not without president. As for the <i>Lawe</i>, if the -whole studie were made one and whatsoeuer appertaineth -to that profession, for either Ecclesiasticall, or Temporall -vse were reduced into one body, had our countrey any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">248</span> -cause to complaine? or but great cause to be very glad? -wheras now three seuerall professions in lawe, bewraye a -three headed state, one <i>English</i> and <i>French</i>, an other, -Romish Imperiall, the third Romish ecclesiasticall, where -meere <i>English</i> were simply our best. I shall not neede to -say any more herein, but onely giue occasion to those -which can iudge, and helpe it, to thinke of the position: -the distraction of temporall, ciuill, and Canon lawe being -in many pointes very offensiue to our countrey.</p> - -<p>6. Some difficultie there will be to winne a colledge for -such as shall afterward passe to teach in schooles.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The seuenth colledge -for training -maisters, -and the necessitie -therof.</div> - -<p>7. There is no diuerting to any profession -till the student depart from the colledge of -<i>Philosophie</i>, thence he that will go to <i>Diuinitie</i>, -to <i>Lawe</i>, to <i>Physicke</i>, may, yet with great choise, -to haue the fittest according to the subiect. -He that will to the schoole is then to diuert. In whom I -require so much learning to do so much good, as none of -the other three, (honour alway reserued to the worthinesse -of the subiect which they professe,) can chalenge to himselfe -more: either for paines which is great: or for profit -which is sure: or for helpe to the professions: which haue -their passage so much the pleasaunter, the forwarder -studentes be sent vnto them, and the better subiects be -made to obay them: as the scholing traine is the trak to -obedience. And why should not these men haue both this -sufficiencie in learning, and such roome to rest in, thence -to be chosen and set forth for the common seruice? be -either children, or schooles so small a portion of our multitude? -or is the framing of young mindes, and the training -of their bodies so meane a point of cunning? be schoolemaisters -in this Realme such a paucitie, as they are not -euen in good sadnesse to be soundly thought on? If the -chancell haue a minister, the belfray hath a maister: and -where youth is, as it is eachwhere, there must be trainers, -or there will be worse. He that will not allow of this -carefull prouision for such a seminarie of maisters, is most -vnworthy either to haue had a good maister him selfe, or -herafter to haue a good one for his. Why should not -teachers be well prouided for, to continue their whole life -in the schoole, as <i>Diuines</i>, <i>Lawyers</i>, <i>Physicians</i> do in their -seuerall professions? Thereby iudgement, cunning, and -discretion will grow in them: and maisters would proue<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">249</span> -olde men, and such as <i>Xenophon</i> setteth ouer children in -the schooling of <i>Cyrus</i>. Wheras now, the schoole being -vsed but for a shift, afterward to passe thence to the other -professions, though it send out very sufficient men to them, -it selfe remaineth too too naked, considering the necessitie -of the thing. I conclude therfore that this trade requireth -a particular college, for these foure causes. 1. First for -the subiect being the meane to make or mar the whole frye -of our state. 2. Secondly for the number, whether of them -that are to learne, or of them that are to teache. 3. Thirdly -for the necessitie of the profession which maye not be -spared. 4. Fourthly for the matter of their studie which is -comparable to the greatest professions, for language, for -iudgement, for skil how to traine, for varietie in all pointes -of learning, wherin the framing of the minde, and the -exercising of the bodie craueth exquisite consideration, -beside the staidnes of the person.</p> - -<p>1. These seuen colledges being so set vp, and bearing -the names of the thinges which they professe, for <i>Toungues</i>, -for <i>Mathematickes</i>, for <i>Philosophie</i>, for <i>Traine</i>, for <i>Physicke</i>, -for <i>Lawe</i>, for <i>Diuinitie</i> were there any great absurditie -committed either in the thing if it were so, or in me for -wishing it so? If it had bene thus appointed at the first, -as he might, if the whole building had bene made at once, -which is scant possible where thinges grow by degrees, and -buildinges by patches: it would haue bene liked very well, -and the Vniuersities in their commencementes, and publike -actes would haue commended their pollicy, and wisedome, -which first did appoint it. And maye not that be now -toucht without blame, which if it had bene then done, had -deserued great honour, and when soeuer it shall be done -will deserue euerlasting memorie? and maye now be well -done, seeing we haue all thinges needful for the well doing -redie: And why should it seeme straunge to wish such an -alteration, seeing greater chaunges haue bene both wished, -and wrought within this our time? Sad, and lingring -thoughts, which measure common weales as buildinges -grounded vpon some rocke of marble, finde many, and -sober difficulties: resolute mindes make no bones: there is -stuffe enough, the places be ready, the landes be neither to -be begd, ne yet to be purchased, they be got, and giuen -already: they maye be easily brought into order, seeing -our time is the time of reformation. Before my wish be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">250</span> -condemned, I desire my reader to consider it well, and -marke if it maye take place, and whether it maye not with -great facilitie.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The second -meane, to sorte -like yeares into -ye same roomes.</div> - -<p>2. For sorting like yeares into one roome, -which was my second interrogatorie, it is no -new deuice, nor mine: All good common -weales not fained by fantsie, but being in deede -such haue vsed it both for likenes of education in like -yeares, and for trying out where most excellencie lodged, -to bestow prefermentes vpon apparent desert, besides that -it is most fit, and emulation to the better doth best beseeme -like yeares. The greeke poet saith, that God draweth -allway the like to the like, and therefore men may well -follow the president.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The third -meane to better -the studentes -maintenaunce.</div> - -<p>3. For vniting of colledges, enlarging of the -vnited, and bettering studentes liuinges, I dare -say none of them wilbe against me, which for a -better liuing will chaung his colledge. Neither -will he thinke it any great losse to leaue his old poore -place, for a fatter rowme, which for such a one will abandon -the vniuersitie and all. Sure the liuings in colledges be -now to to leane, and of necessitie force good wittes to fly -ear they be well feathered. More sufficiencie of liuing will -yeald more conuenient time and furniture to studie, which -two be the onely meanes to procure more sufficiencie in -learning, more ripenes in iudgement, more stay in maners. -The necessitie of studentes may thus be supplyed of their -owne, and they not forced by accepting of exhibition at -some handes to admit some bondage vnder hand. Restraint -will ridde needelesse number: sufficient liuinges will maintaine, -and make the nedefull number sufficiently well -learned. I neede not staie any longer here. For methinke -all those good studentes ioyne with me in this fourme of -the vniuersitie, whom want, and barenes of liuing will not -suffer to tarie long enough there, and better it were for our -countrie to haue some smaller meane well trayned, and -sufficiently prouided, then a loose number, and an vnlearned -multitude. And there were two questions more worthy -the resolution, then all <i>Iohannes Picus</i> the erle of <i>Mirandula</i> -his nine hundred propounded at <i>Rome</i>: the one whether it -were agreable to the nature of learning, being liberall in -condition to be <i>elemosinarie</i> in maintenaunce: the other -whether it were for a common weale to haue the conceit<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">251</span> -bound to respectes, bycause of priuate exhibition, which -ought to direct simply, without respect, sauing to the state -alone. For sure where learning growes vp by props, it -leaseth her propertie: where the stocke of it selfe will -beare vp the bowes, there it must be best, if choice be -made leader, and fit wittes bestowed on bookes. My three -forraine pointes for the furtheraunce of learning be, <i>choice</i> -for wittes, <i>time</i> for furniture, <i>maintenaunce</i> for direction: -what shalbe peculiar to the partie, himselfe must tender, as -therein being detter to <i>God</i>, and his countrie. <i>Diligence</i> to -apply his wit, <i>continuaunce</i> to store his time, <i>discretion</i> to set -furth his maintenaunce, are required at his handes.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The fourth -meane for -readers.</div> - -<p>4. For <i>readers</i> of yeares, of sufficiencie, of -continuance, methinke I durst enter into some -combat that it were beyonde all crie profitable, -and necessarie, to haue whom to follow, and of whom to -learne how to direct our studies, for <i>yeares</i> auncient fathers: -for <i>sufficiencie</i> most able to enstruct: for <i>continuance</i> cunning -to discerne persons, and circumstaunces: for <i>aduise</i> skillfull -to rule rash heades, which runne on to fast, being armed -with some priuate opinion of their owne petie learning. -What was <i>Plato</i> to the <i>Academikes</i>? <i>Aristotle</i> to the -<i>Peripatetikes</i>? <i>Xeno</i> to the <i>Stoiks</i>? <i>Epicure</i> to the <i>Epicurians</i>? -<i>Aristippus</i> to the <i>Anicerian</i> and <i>Cyrenaike</i>? and -other such fathers to the famulies of their professions, but -<i>readers</i>? It is a meruell to thinke on, how longe those -fellowes continued in their profession as <i>Diogenes Laertius</i> -doth note. It should seeme that <i>Plato</i> taught aboue fiftie -yeares, reckening the time that he left <i>Speusippus</i> his -deputie during his trauell into <i>Ægypt</i> and that way: whereby -both himselfe proued an excellent maister, and his -hearers proued most excellent scholers. They that haue -bene acquainted with cunning <i>readers</i> any where will subscribe -to this I know.</p> - -<p>Priuate studie tied to one booke led by one braine: not -alway the best (as what counsellour is commonly worse to -ones selfe, then himselfe?) so proceeding as the first impression -leads, be it what it can be, cannot compare for -iudiciall learning with the benefit of hearing one, nay of -repeating to one vpon interrogatories after reading, to trie -his iudgement, his keeping, and remembrance: which one -hath red, and digested all the best bookes, or at the least -all the best bookes in that kinde, whereof he maketh pro<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">252</span>fession: -which hath a iudgement settled and resolute by -the helpe of all those good braines: which hath dealte -with thousandes of the pregnantest wittes, whom experience -hath taught stay, whom the common weale by sufferance -commendes as sufficient. He that is not acquainted with -such an excellent reader or teacher (for both the names -import one thing) and that with repetition, but pleaseth -himselfe with his owne priuate studie, as he taketh more -paines vndoutedly, so getteth he lesse gaine I dare assure -him, hauing in one lecture the benefit of his <i>readers</i> -vniuersall studie, and that so fitted to his hand, as he may -streight way vse it, without further thinking on: wheras -when he hath beaten his owne braines priuatly about a -litle, for want of time to digest, being to forward to put -foorth, he vttereth that which he must either amend vpon -better aduice, or quite reuoke when he findes he is ouer -shot. Wherfore such <i>readers</i>, or rather such <i>nurses</i> to -studie must needes be maintained with great allowance, to -make their heauen there, where ye meane to vse them. -Whose seruice, for the benefit that comes from them will -saue their whole hier in very bookes, which the student -shall not so much neede, when his <i>reader</i> is his librarie: -neither must they be soules, as we tearme them, though of -great reading, neither is it enough to haue read much, but -they must be of great gouernment withall, which are to -bring vp such a frie of gouerners. And therefore that -great sufficiencie doth still call for great recompence to be -tyed to a stake for it all ones life time.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">That this wish -is most profitable -to the -vniuersitie, and -hurthfull no not -to any particular.</div> - -<p>But now I pray you by this wish of mine be -the vniuersities in common sence any whit -endammaged? if they were, so the harme were -but some litle, and the good exceeding great, -the dammage might be consumed by the greatnes -of the good. I finde not any harme offered -them, they lease no landes studentes be not put to pensions, -they that be thought fit, finde better and fuller maintenaunce, -better meane is made to proue learned, by such -excellent <i>readers</i>, which the cunninger they be, the more -affable they be, and thereby the fitter to satisfie any -studentes dout in that which they professe. And where -yong men may staie vntill they be singular, and haue -good meanes to make them singular, is not the thing to be -wished, and he that wisheth it, not to be thought to wish<span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">253</span> -the <i>vniuersitie</i> harme, where it is vniuersally holpen? If -this transposing of houses to this vse were commaunded by -authoritie, and by some helpe of wealthy patrones for the -common good sake, were happily accomplished, the <i>vniuersitie</i> -should lease nothing, though they breake vp for a -time, and the studentes gaue place, to masons, and carpenters, -nay though the whole reuenew of all the colledges -were for that time bestowed vpon the alteration. And yet -all that trouble should not neede, if the first were first -begune, and so particularly in order, neither should any -student now well placed complaine of the chaunge if he -would set himselfe to any certaine profession. This is but -my conceit which the effect will confirme, and wise considerations -will finde, that it carieth a good ground: besides -that it is all ready in verie neare possibilitie, without any -great charge, and with verie great good, as also certainetie, -and greatnes of annuitie would streight way raise vp -<i>readers</i>, and afterward continew them. How good, and -how easie a thing this were, the attempt by so many -particular <i>readers</i> would shew, which being themselues -excellently well learned in those argumentes, that I do -appoint to colledges, and professing them in conuenient -houses of their owne, would vndoutedly drawe as many -into their priuate hostelles, as there be now studentes in -publicke colledges. All this my wish offereth greater -difficulty, in the maner, how to worke it: then dout of -profit, in the thing, if we had it. Howbeit harder thinges -haue bene easily accomplished, but any more profitable -was neuer compassed: neither doth it repent me to wish -that, which I would reioyce to see. If the hindring lie in -cost, it is somwhat, and yet but small, considering what is -ready: if in good will: that is all, and yet but ill, considering -what it hindereth. For no learning is so well got, -where her helping meanes be seuered, as where all be -vnited, which those colledges would cause: a thing neither -of nouelty, as of an old ground and elswhere practised: -neither iniuriouse, to any offering profit to all. I do finde -my selfe so armed in the point, as if there were any hope -in the thing to be effected, I could answeare any obiection -of difficultie, which might arise against it, either from -without the <i>vniuersitie</i>, or from within, eitther for any communitie, -or for any priuate, that it would be best for all, -neither any breach of good now well laied, nor any hin<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">254</span>draunce -to any, which findes himselfe at ease, as the present -is now appointed. But will ye haue euerie one rise through -all these degrees of learning, ear he become a professour? -yea surely I. but who moueth the question? either he that -cannot iudge, who is therefore to be pardoned: or he that -would be doing, who is therefore to be blamed: or he that -doth not way it, which would be desired to do: or he -whom neede hasteneth, whose case is to be pitied. And -yet of all these foure, only he, that desireth to shew him -selfe ripe in his owne, though raw in other mens opinion, -will contrarie the conclusion: for ignoraunce, will yeeld -vpon better instruction: iust consideration, wil relent after -waing: good wittes oppressed with want, and yet waing -the truth, will wish for more wealth to tarie their full time, -and the cariage of their cunning: but the hastie heades, to -whom any delaie is present death, which will be doing, -eare they can do well, but in their owne conceites they will -stand against it, and scrape all defences, though while they -do scrape, they descrie them selues to be extreme ignorant. -For if sufficiencie be the onely meane to perfit the professour, -and to profit the publike, insufficiencie ouerthrowes -both. And as he that meaneth to turne before, may lymit -his ascent: so he that will be perfit in the end and last -profession ought at the least to haue the contemplatiue -knowledge of all that goeth before, though he practise but -at pleasure. The generall gaine thereby is this, that while -the studentes youth is wedded to honest, and learned -meditation, the heat of that stirring age is cooled which -might harme in publicke, and set all on fire: ripe iudgement -is got, to stay, not to stirre: and all ambitiouse -passions meruellously daunted through resolutenes of iudgement. -It is no reason, where see ye the like? but it is a -great reason, the like is worth seeing, and who so comes -neare, is still better liked, then he that dowteth of it. The -want of triall, is some shift for a time, but the triall that -hath bene, may lead vs to the like, and procure good -allowance. And sure till the yong professours be made to -tarie longer, and studie sounder, neither shall learning haue -credit, nor our countrie be but sicke. It is not my complaint, -though I ioyne with the complainantes. If ye -meane to take learning before you, you will neuer moue -the question. It is not he that hath, and knoweth, which -moueth the question, but he that knoweth not and should. -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">255</span> -What should a <i>diuine</i> do with the <i>mathematikes</i>? why was -<i>Moses</i> trained in all the <i>Ægyptians</i> learning? Nay in one -reason for all, why will ye condemne in <i>diuinitie</i>, or execute -in <i>lawe</i>, the sciences which ye know not, but finde the -name condemned? and I pray you with what warrant? -what if that be not the name? or what if the thing be not -such? a condemnation without euidence where the iudge -presumeth, and knoweth not the skill, which he saith is -naught. The <i>Physician</i> should haue all, and if he haue -not, he is most to be blamed, bycause the parentes of his -profession durst not professe without them, and make them -vnder meanes. To be short I wish they had them, which -mislike that they haue not, and giue ignorance the raigne. -For if they had them, we should heare no speach, but -praise and proufe, admiration and honour.</p> - -<p>But to turne to my byace againe which was the mother, -and matter to my wish, this colledge for teachers, might -prooue an excellent nurserie for good schoolemaisters, and -vpon good testimonie being knowne to so many before, -which would vpon their owne knowledge assure him, whom -they would send abroad. In the meane time till this come -to passe, the best that we can haue, is best worthy the -hauing, and if we prouide well for good teachers, that -prouision will prouide vs good teachers.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The admission -of teachers.</div> - -<p>There remaineth now one consideration in -the admitting not of these, whom I admit without -any exception, for all sufficiencie in religion, -in learning, in discretion, in behauiour: but of such as we -daily vse, and must vse, till circumstances be bettered, -which are in compasse of many exceptions. The admitter -or chuser considering what the place requireth, must exact -that cunning, which the place calleth for: the partie himselfe -must bring testimonie of his owne behauiour, if he be -altogither vnknowen: and the admission would be lymited -to such a schoole in such a degree of learning, as he is -found to be fit for. For many vpon admission and licence -to teach in generall, ouerreach to farre, and marre to much, -being vnsufficient at randon, though seruing well for certaine -by way of restraint. Thus much for the trainer, which I -know will better my patterne if preferment better him: -with whom I shall haue occasion to deale againe in my -grammer schoole: where I will note vnto him what my -opinion is in the particularities of teaching.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">256</span></p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_42">CHAPTER 42.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">How long the childe is to continue in the elementarie ear he -passe to the toungues, and grammer. The incurable infirmities -which posting hast worketh in the whole course of studie. -How necessarie a thing sufficient time is for a scholer.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Hastie</span> preasing onward is the greatest enemie, -which any thing can haue whose best is to ripe at -leasure. For if ripenes be the vertue, before it is -greene, after it is rotten: and yet the excesse is the lesse -harme: bycause it may ioyne, and be compounded with -the vertue, and be called rotten ripe: and at the least be -cast away, without any more losse, then of the thing it -selfe, as it appeareth in frutes. The defect to plucke before -ripenes, breedes ill in the partie which tasteth therof, and -causeth the thing after a bite or two to be cast away to: -vnlesse it be in longing wymen, whose distemperate delite -vpon a cause not common, doth giue vs to iudge, that too -timely taking, is but for some disordered humours. This -plucking before ripenes in my position tendeth to this ende. -I haue appointed in my elementarie traine, <i>reading</i>, <i>writing</i>, -<i>drawing</i>, <i>singing</i>, <i>playing</i>: now if either all these be -vnperfitly gotten, where all be attempted, or some, where -some: when the childe is remoued to the grammer schoole, -what an error is committed? The thinges being not perfit, -to serue the consequence, either die quite if they be not -seuearly called on: or come forward with paine, where the -furtherance is in feare. How many small infantes haue we -set to <i>grammer</i>, which can scarecely reade? how many to -learne <i>latin</i>, which neuer wrate letter? And yet though -some litle one could doe much better then all his fellowes, -it were no harme for him to be captaine a good while in -his <i>elementarie</i> schoole, rather then to be a meane souldier -in a captaine schoole. The displeasoures be beyond all -proportion pernicious, beyond all multitude many, which -this posting pulles after it. And if moning could amend -them, I would not onely mone them, that they be so many, -but also mourne for them, that they be so helpeles. It is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">257</span> -world to see the weakenes of children, and the fondnes of -friendes in that behalfe. It is to much, that may be vnderstood, -where so much is said: the fault is generall, and the -onely cause, which both makes children loth to learne, and -the maisters seeme to be tormenters in their teaching. For -the maister hasting on to the effect of his profession, and -the scholer drawing backe, as not able to beare the burden: -there riseth a conflict in the maister, with passion, if it -conquere him: against passion if he conquere it. If the -maister be verie sharp witted in deliuering, and the boy -slowheaded in receiuing, then the passion will lightly conquer. -Which it cannot doe, where wisedome and consideration -in the maister be armed aforehand with pacience, -or where experience, and wearines of extremitie haue -wrought a calmenes. And as in the maister passion -breedes heat, so in the childe infirmitie breedes feare, and -so much the more, if he finde his maister somwhat to fierce. -Whereupon neither the one nor the other can do much -good at all, and all through this hastie imperfection being -the matter of heat in the one, and of feare in the other. -Whereof if the boy were not in daunger how peart would -he be, and what a pleasure would the maister take in such -a perfit perteling? but when the childe is so weake, as both -he himselfe feeles it in his learning, and the maister findes -it in his teaching, tell the parent so he will not beleeue it. -So blynde is affection in the parent which cannot see: and -in stoore of teachers, he shall finde some which will vndertake, -and condemne the misliker. Whereby chaunge feedes -his humour for the time, and repentance his follie long -after, when the default proues vncurable, and the first -maister is admitted among the prophetes. Such a thing it -is to preuent illes in time, and when warning is giuen not -to mocke the intelligence, nor to blame the watchman.</p> - -<p>If the imperfections which come more of haste then of -ignoraunce from the Elementary schoole would take vp -their <i>Inne</i> there, and raunge no further, the moane were -not so much, bycause there were some meane to redresse: -but now as one billow driueth on an other: so hast beginning -there makes the other successions in learning trowle -on too too headlong. Be young children set to soone to -their <i>Grammer</i> onely? be none sent to the <i>Vniuersitie</i>, -which when they come thence from yeares after, might -well with good gaine returne to the <i>Grammer</i> schoole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">258</span> -againe? I will not saye that they were not ready when -they went, but peraduenture they were not ready, and -forgat that they were so. Do not some good honest wittes -in the middest of their studie finde the festering of haste, -and wishe though in vaine that they had bene more aduised -in their passage? and if they recouer that which they misse -and wish for, do they not finde the learned conclusion trew: -that such thinges be extreme painful to setled memories, -which were very pleasaunt passages to the youngest boyes? -He that beginnes his <i>Grammer</i> in any language, when he -is a <i>Graduate</i>, may perhaps wish for some way without -<i>Grammer</i>, and couet a <i>Compendium</i>. The <i>Vniuersities</i> can -best iudge of the infirmities in our <i>Grammer</i> schooles, when -they finde the want in those yonglinges, whom they haue -from vs, but not sent by vs: we our selues see them, but -we cannot salue them. Priuate affection ouerrules all -reason: straungenesse betwene the parent and maister -cuttes of conference in the remouing: and in some places -multitude of schooles marres the whole market: where -store is the sore, and oportunitie to alter an allurement to -the worse. So that by degrees the <i>Elementarie</i> feebleth -the <i>Grammarian</i>: and the <i>Grammarian</i> transporteth his -weaknesse from his schoolemaister to his <i>Vniuersitie tutour</i>. -Such a matter it is to stay hast at the first, which distempereth -till the last. I would not haue the <i>Vniuersities</i>, but -to thinke freindly of me, bycause though I finde fault, I -seeke it not: neither blase I it with discredit to them, but -wish it healed with the profit of my countrey, as I well -know the most, and best of them there do.</p> - -<p>Doth not want of sufficient time (I meane not for taking -degrees, bycause that time may be complete from the -proceeders first ariuall into the <i>Vniuersitie</i>) but for want of -age and yeares: and therwithall for the want of that, which -yeares do bring, oftimes send abroad youthes, whose degrees -deserue place, but their depth deserues none? That prentice -is to hastely out of his yeares, which being at one -and twentie free from his maister, is eare foure and twentie -free from his thrift both reft of goodnesse, and left goodlesse. -If men abroad had not a sensible iudgement in -yeares, that young ware cannot be but greene, how sprooting -faire so euer it doth shew: youth might deceiue them -with titles, as it deceiues it selfe with opinions. <i>Yeares</i> -without <i>stuffe</i> maye beguile before <i>triall</i>: <i>yeares</i> with <i>stuffe</i><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">259</span> -will abide the <i>stampe</i>: <i>Stuffe</i> without <i>yeares</i> is wounderous -for a while, but it is subiecte to quicke withering, and to -fade of wonder. Neither <i>stuffe</i> nor <i>yeares</i>, is extreme pitifull, -and the very ground of my complaint, bycause neither -few yeares can prouide great <i>stuffe</i>, yea to the best witte: -nor many yeares to any witte, without great studie, which -is a death there, where the defecte is great. How fortuneth -it then, that either freindes be so foolish, or studentes so -vnstayed, to haste so with so much waste? The causes -be: <i>impacience</i>, which can abide no tarying, where a restlesse -conceit is full frawght: <i>libertie</i>, to liue as he listeth, -bycause he listeth not to liue as he should: <i>brauerie</i>, to -seeme to be some body, and to cary a countenaunce: <i>hope</i> -of preferment, to desire dignities before abilitie to discharge. -In the meane while: the <i>common weale</i> becomes priuate: -the <i>generall</i> weapeth, while the <i>particular</i> winneth: and yet -the winning is no soundnesse, but shew. What notable -men haue dealt with, and against the forestaulling of sound -time in professions? Among many if onely <i>Viues</i> the -learned <i>Spaniard</i>, were called to be witnesse, he would -craue pardon for his owne person, as not able to come for -the goute, but he would substitute for his deputie his whole -twentie bookes of disciplines, wherin he entreateth, how -they come to spoile, and how they may be recouered. -Lacke of time not onely in his opinion, but also in whose -not? bringes lacke of learning, which is a sore lacke, where -it ought not to be lacking. The cankar that consumeth -all, and causeth all this euill is haste, an <i>vnaduised, rashe, -hedlong counsellour</i>, and then most pernicious when it hath -either some apparence in reason that the child is ripe: or -the hartning of some maister, which either is disposed to -follow where he seeth replying past cure: or that cannot -discern colours, bycause he is that in his degree, which the -childe is in his: both vnripe: the one to teach, the other -to remoue.</p> - -<p>But what if hope of exhibition make an Vniuersitie man -straine? and either perswade abilitie, or promise to supplie, -where abilitie wantes? Nay what if exhibitours of some -litle, seeke recompence to soone, and halfe force some -poore scholer to toile with imperfection?</p> - -<p>When the vnripe boye findeth any such meane to go to -the Vniuersitie, the maister shall neuer know, till he be -booted, if he do know then: for feare of stopping his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_260">260</span> -iourney by contrarie counsell: that is by reason to stay -him, which runnes to his owne harme.</p> - -<p><i>Time</i> of it selfe, as it is the noblest circunstance wherwith -we haue to deale: so it hath a bredth in it selfe capeable of -to much, to litle, and enough.</p> - -<p>To much <i>time</i> is seldome found fault with iustly, though -some time pretended, bycause it is seldome taryed for in -this kinde wherwith I deale.</p> - -<p>To litle <i>time</i> is that wheron I complaine, and so much -the more harmefull, bycause hast to attaine vnto the desired -ende makes it seeme no fault till the blow be giuen.</p> - -<p><i>Time</i> enough is that meane which perfiteth all, the -<i>Elementarie</i> in his kinde, the <i>Grammarian</i> in his, the -<i>Graduate</i> in his, and so profiteth the <i>common weale</i> by perfiting -all: the <i>prerogatiue</i> to thought: the <i>mother</i> to truth: -the <i>tuchestone</i> to ripenesse: the <i>enemy</i> to errour: mans only -stay, and helpe to aduice.</p> - -<p>For the Grammarians <i>time</i>, though it be not within this -argument, as many other thinges which the affinitie drew -in, yet thus much may I say. That his perfitnesse hath a -pitche, and his yeares yeilde his good, as it shall appeare in -his owne place, whose time must needes be limited, bycause -he is so placed after the <i>Elementarie</i>, and before the -<i>Uniuersitie</i>, as the well appointing of his <i>time</i> shall disapoint -neither of them. For the <i>times</i>, and yeares of studie before -degrees in the Vniuersitie, <i>Plato</i> himselfe in his exquisite -<i>republike</i> cannot, nor doth not appoint them better then -they be there already, if the <i>Grammar</i>, and <i>Elementarie</i> -haste marred not, and made them that come to soone -seeke also to proceede to soone, yet euen so fulfilling -statutes, which appoint the continuing yeares, though -smallie for their benefit, which are not appointed in yeares, -and lesse then not appointed in substaunce. The distances -betwene degrees orderly employed, and the midle learninges -being caryed before them, as it is imported by their -stiles: might worke in the most very reasonable knowledge, -for methode and ground in habite, though not for particulars, -which be alwayes endlesse, still without art, though -most within experience, for their most needfull number. -Now if that helpe of readers, which I wished for, were put -in execution, me thinke, the world should see, a marueilous -number of excellent professours in euery degree. I am to -long in talking of to litle: but the times hanging one vpon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">261</span> -another haue led me thus onward: wherfore it is now time -for me to determine that time, which I do take to be -enough for the <i>Elementarie</i>. When the child can read so -readily, and roundly, as the length of his lesson shal -nothing trouble him for his reading: when he can write so -faire and so fast, as no kinde of exercise shalbe tedious -vnto him for the writing: when his penne or pencill shall -delite him with bragge: when his <i>Musicke</i> both for voice, -and hand is so farre forward, as a litle voluntarie will both -maintaine, and encrease it: all which thinges the second -maister must haue an eye vnto: then hath the <i>Elementarie</i> -had time enough. If the parent account not of all, yet -perfitnesse in his choice must be his cheife account. The -childes ordinarie exercises, will continue his writing, and -reading, himselfe will alwaye be drawing, bycause it deliteth -his eye, and busieth not his braine. But for <i>Musicke</i>, the -maister and the parentes delite must further it. For that -in those yeares, children be Musicall rather for other then -for them selues. Once in, this is a certaine ground, and -most infallible, that in tarying long, and perfiting well, there -is no losse of time, specially seeing those qualities euen -alone, be a pretie furniture of houshold if they be well -gotten. The hasting on to fast to see the frute too soone, -when circunstances perswade tarying, is to winne an houre -in the morning, and to lease the day after. Thus much -concerning the <i>Elementarie</i> time, determinable not by -yeares, but by sufficiencie. If yeares could be limittes to -knowledge, as they be very good leaders, the rule were -more certaine: but where witte goeth not by yeares, nor -learning without, sufficiencie is the surest bounder, to set -out, wherin enough is. Howbeit in the <i>Elementarie</i>, and -so forth I will limit the time somwhat nearer, with all the -considerations, both for varietie of the matters which are to -be learned, and the men which are to teach, and such -thinges as seeme not so proper to be set downe here.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">262</span></p> - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_43">CHAPTER 43.</h2> - - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">How to cut of most inconueniences wherwith schooles and -scholers, maisters and parentes be in our schooling now most -troubled. Wherof there be two meeanes, vniformitie in -teaching and publishing of schoole orders. That vniformitie -in teaching hath for companions dispatch is learning, and -sparing of expenses. Of the abbridging of the number of -bookes. Of curtesie and correction. Of schoole faultes. -Of friendlinesse betwene parentes and maisters.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">A great</span> learned man<a id="FNanchor_73_73" href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">73</a> in our dayes thought so much -of the troublesome and toilsome life, which we -teachers lead, as he wrate a pretie booke of the -miseries of maisters. We are to thanke him for his good -will: but when any kinde of life be it high, be it low, is not -troubled with his proportion to our portion, we will yeild -to misery. Our life is very painfull in deede, and what if -beyond comparison painfull? Much a do we haue, and -what if none more? Yet sure many as much, though they -deale not with so many, and moe more miserable, bycause -they better not so many. But I will neither rip vp those -thinges, which seeme most restlesse in vs, though the argument -offer spreding: neither will I medle with any other -trade, no lesse troublesome then teaching, by comparing to -seeme to lessen: bycause comparisons in miseries be vncomfortable -to both, though some ease to either. To what -purpose should I shew, why the maister blames this, the -parent that, the child nothing more then the rod, though -he will not but deserue it? Such a disease we haue to -repine at the paine, and not to waye the offence, which -deserueth the paine. Why beat ye him sayeth one? Why -offendeth he sayeth none? so harde a thing it is to finde -defense for right, so easie a thing it is to finde qualifying -for wrong. Therefore to omit these vnpleasant rippinges, -I will deale with the remedies how to cut of the most of -those, which he calles miseries, I terme <i>inconueniences</i>, -wherwith the trade of teaching at this day seemeth to haue -a great conflict. Which counsell though it be first laid for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">263</span> -the youngest scholers, yet may it well be translated further, -and beseeme both the biggest, and best, in any learned -course.</p> - -<p>These remedies I take to be two: 1. The one <i>vniformitie</i> -in <i>teaching</i>, which draweth after it, <i>dispatch</i> in <i>learning</i>, and -<i>sparing</i> of <i>expenses</i> about to great a number of bookes.</p> - -<p>2. The other is <i>publike schoole lawes</i>, set downe, and seen, -which bring with them for companions <i>agreement</i> of parentes -and teachers, <i>continuance</i> of scholers, <i>conference</i> to amend, -<i>comfort</i> to freindes, and <i>commoditie</i> to the common countrey.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Vniformitie in -teaching.</div> - -<p>For <i>vniformitie</i> in <i>teaching</i> how many gaules -that will heale, wherwith schooles be now -greiued, it will then best appeare, when it -shalbe shewed, what good it will worke, and how necessarie -a thing it is, to haue all schooles reduced vnto it. That -there is to much variety in teaching, and therfore to much -ill teaching (bycause in the midst of many bypathes, there -is but one right waye) he were senseles, that sees not: if -he either haue taught, or haue bene taught himselfe. Which -whence it springeth, diuersities of iudgement bewraie, that -men haue gotten by better or worse training vp in youth: -by lesse or more trauell in studie: by longer or shorter -continuance at their booke: by liking or misliking some -trade in teaching: by accommodating themselues to the -parentes choice: and many wayes moe, which either brede -varietie, or else be bred by varietie. But of all varieties -there is none vayner, then when ignoraunce sweares that -that is an <i>aphorisme</i>, the contrarie wherof sound knowledge -hath set downe for a sure <i>oracle</i>. Now in this confusion of -varieties what hinderance hath <i>youth</i>? what discredite -receiue <i>schooles</i>? what inequalities be the <i>Vniuersities</i> -molested with? what toile is it to <i>Tutours</i>? how small -riddaunce to <i>readers</i>? when diuersities of groundworke do -hinder their building, and the scholers weakenesse discrieth -his maister? And yet oftimes the weake maister bringes -vp a strong scholer, by some accident not ordinarie, and -the cunninger man by some ordinarie let makes small shew -of his great labour. Do not the learners also themselues -commonly when they come to yeares and misse that commoditie, -which ther maisters could not giue them, being -very weake themselues, then blame their fortune and feele -the want of foresight? For if varietie had bene wipte<span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">264</span> -awaye by vniformitie, euen the weakest maister might haue -done very well if he had had but a meane head to follow -direction being set downe to his hand.</p> - -<p>This pointe is so plaine as many of the best learned, and -of the best teachers also oftimes complaine of it, and wish -the redresse, though they still draw backe, and spare their -owne pains for any thing they publish: perhaps not hauing -the oportunitie and leasure which so great an enterprise -craueth: perhaps being induced by hope that some other -will start vp, and publish the amendment. Whereby all -the youth of this whole Realme shall seeme to haue bene -brought vp in one schoole, and vnder one maister, both for -the matter and manner of traine, though they differ in -their owne inuention which is priuate and seuerall to euery -one by nature, though generall and one to euery one by -art. Which thing must needes turne to the profit of the -<i>learner</i>, whose <i>straying</i> shalbe straited, that he cannot go -amisse: to the ease of the <i>teacher</i> whose <i>labour</i> shalbe -lightened, by the easinesse of his curraunt: to the honour -of the <i>countrey</i>, which thereby shall haue great store of -sufficient stuffe: and the immortall <i>renown</i> of that carefull -<i>Prince</i> which procured such a good. Which benefit say I -must proceede from some <i>vniforme</i> kinde of teaching set -downe by authoritie, that one waye to supplie all wantes, -and no one to disdaine, where obedience is enioyned. And -wheras <i>difference</i> in iudgement worketh <i>varietie</i>: <i>consent</i> in -knowledge will plant <i>vniformitie</i>. Which consent, as it -must be enforced by authoritie, so must it proceede from -some likenesse of abilitie in teachers, namely in that thing -wherof they are teachers: though both in executing the -same, and for some other qualities they may differ much.</p> - -<p>Now the onely waye to worke this likenesse or rather -samenesse in abilitie, where otherwise the oddes is so odde, -were to set downe in some certain plat, the best that may -seeme to be, if that which is best in deede may not be had, -as why not? both what and how to teach, with all the -particular circunstances, so farre forth as they ordinarily do -fall within common compasse, and may best be seeme the -best ordered schooles, which both the meane teacher may -wel attaine vnto, and the cunning maister may rest content -with, and so they both in that pointe proue equall, while -the meaner mounting vpword with fethers made for him, -and the cunninger comming downward at the shew of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">265</span> -lure, they both meete in the middle waye, and flying forward -like freindes, pay their price with their pastime, and mend -their faire with their praye, no dishonour offered him, whom -mo qualities do commend: and a great helpe to him that -cannot swimme without. In whom diligence borne vp, will -worke no lesse wonder, nay may fortune more, then greater -learning in the other, whom either ouer weyning may make -insolent, or loytering negligent. And sure as I may be -deceiued herein, so haue I some reason very fauourable to -my seeming, that it were more fitting for the common -profit, to prouide a certaine direction to helpe the meane -teacher, which will continue in the trade without either any -or very late changing of his course, and so a long time do -much good, then to leaue it at random to the libertie of the -more learned, who commonly vse teaching, but to shift -with for a time, and be but pilgrimes in the profession, still -minding to remoue to some other kinde of life either of -more ease, which allureth soone, or of more gaine, which -enforceth sore. So that in the meane time the scholers -cannot profit much, while the maisters deale like straungers, -which entending one day to returne to their countrey, as -nature calleth homeward, though profit bid tary, cannot -haue that zealous care, which the naturall countrieman, and -continuall trauellour of nature hath, and of duetie sheweth. -And though conscience cause some odde honest man to -worke well, and discharge his duetie in that rowling residence: -yet neither be priuiledges generall, nor lawes -leuelled after some few, and that foolish fellow was fretished -for cold, which followed the fond <i>swallow</i>, that flew out to -timely, and to farre before her fellowes. An order must be -generall to the liking of the better, who should alwaye -wishe it, and the leading of the weaker, who shall alway -neede it.</p> - -<p>If when this order for matter and manner of teaching -shalbe set downe, the executor proue negligent, and prolong -the effect, or else quite defeat it, by ill handling of that, -which was well ment, the surueiors and patrones of schooles, -must ouerlooke such teachers, of themselues if they can, if -not they may call for the assistaunce of <i>learning</i>, which for -cunning can, and of curtesie will seeke to further such a -thing. Our preceptes be generall, the particular must -perfourme, and amend his owne accident. I haue but -sleightly noted the surface of <i>vniformitie</i> in teaching, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">266</span> -the disioynting of skill by misordered varietie, and yet who -is so blinde as he may not thereby discerne, that the one -strips away the euilles, which the other bringes in, and -thereby cuttes of many encumbraunces from schooles?</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Dispatch in -learning.</div> - -<p>Now <i>vniformitie</i> in <i>teaching</i> once obtained, -doth not <i>dispatch</i> in <i>learning</i> incontinently follow? -which consisteth in choice of the best and -fittest authours at the first, and continuaunce in the same: -in the best exercises and most proper to the childes ascent -in learning: and generally in the maisters orderly proceeding, -and methode in teaching: whereby the child shall not -learne any thing, which he must or ought to forget, vpon -his maisters better aduise: nor leaue any needefull thing -vnlearned till his maister grow to better aduise. The -maister himselfe shall not neede to chaunge his course, as -he chaungeth his skill, now coursing on to fast by to much -rashnes: now retiring to late by to louse repentaunce: -finally neither the maister nor the scholer shall busie themselues -to long about a litle, and neuer the better, nor hast -to fast on, and neuer a whit the further. The best course -being hit on at the first, as appointment may procure it, -one thing helpeth an other forward naturally, without -forcing: that which is first taught maketh way for that -which must follow next, and continuall vse will let nothing -be forgot, which is once well got, and the rising vp by -degrees in learning will succede in proportion, with out -losse of time or let of labour, either by lingring to long, or -by posting to fast, which cannot now possibly be brought -about, while thinges be left to the teachers discretion, -whereof, as the most be not alway the best, so euen the -verie best cannot alway hit those thinges, which in deede -are best, while the <i>customarie education</i> is helde for a sanctuarie: -<i>alteration</i> to the better is esteemed an heresie: -<i>allowance</i> is measured by priuate liking: <i>vnthankefulnes</i> is -made harbour to desert: and the very <i>bookes</i> which we vse -be not appropriate to our vse. I touch no mo stoppes -then may easily be remoued, if <i>authoritie</i> take the matter in -hand. Priuate lettes must haue priuate lessons, and personall -circumstance shall haue rowme to pleade in, at an -other time.</p> - -<p>These enormities then shew them selues, when children -do chaunge both schooles and maisters: where alteration -hindereth beyond all crie, the new maister either thinking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">267</span> -it some discredit to himselfe to beginne where the old left, -or misliking the choice which the former hath made, or in -deede by dispraysing him to seeke to grace himselfe: or -the order of his schoole not admitting the succession, as in -deede they be all diuerse. Sometimes the boy being vngrounded, -by his maisters ignorance if he could not, by his -negligence if he did not the thing which he could, will not -bende to be bettered, but must keepe the same countenaunce -which he himselfe conceiueth of himselfe. And this -commonly falles out so, when the parentes be peuish, and -thinke their childe disgraced if he be once set backward (for -so the tearme is) whereas in verie deede he is bidde but to -looke backe, to see that which he neuer saw, and ought to -haue seene verie substantially. Which disorder proceeding -from the parentes ouerruleth vs all, causing great weakenes, -and much mismatching in the fourmes of our schooles: so -that we either cannot, or may not finde fault euen to amend -it, whereas the order being one, and planted by authoritie, -though the childe vse to chaunge often, yet his profiting is -soone perceiued: and the parentes also wilbe well contented, -when they suspect no partialitie by priuate passion, and see -indifferencie in publicke prouision. Such be the frutes -which <i>varietie</i> bringes foorth, <i>perillous</i> in great affaires, still -gathering strength by traine in those petie principles: -wheras to the contrarie <i>vniformitie</i> is full of contentment. -Nothing continueth one in our schooles but the common -grammar set furth by authoritie, which confirmeth mine -opinion both by pollicie in the first setting out, and by -profit in the long continuing, wherein we all agree perforce -as in a case of higher countenaunce, and already ruled. -Which booke whether it may stand still with some amendement, -or of necessitie must be cast some other way, for -better method, it shall then be seene when comparisons -come in season, that the alteration may shew, whether there -were cause to chaunge, or some iniurie offered to chaunge -without cause. For both that booke, and all the like, which -serue for direction and method must be fashioned to the -matter which they seeme to direct by rule and precept, -being not of themselues, but made to serue others. This -we haue by it, that <i>vniformitie</i> out of al controuersie is best, -but whether it selfe be best, that is yet in controuersie.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Sparing of -expenses.</div> - -<p>For <i>sparing</i> of <i>expenses</i>, the second commoditie -which <i>vniformitie</i> bringes with her, this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">268</span> -is my opinion: while it is left to the teachers libertie to -make his owne choice, both for the booke which he will -teach and the order how, betweene the varietie of iudgementes, -and inequalitie of learning in teachers, which by -order must be made one, by consent neuer will, the parentes -purses are pretily pulled, and poore men verie sore pinched -both with chaunge of bookes, the maister oft repealing his -former choice: and also with number, while euery booke is -commended to the buyer, which either maketh a faire shew -to be profitable: or otherwise is sollicited to the sale, as in -our dayes necessitie must sell, where such an ouerflush of -bookes growes chargeable to the printer. For the old -periode is returned, that <i>Iuuenall</i> found in his time, learned -and vnlearned must needes write, he is marde that comes -lag. Nay ordinarily some few leaues be occupied in the -best chosen, and biggest booke, besides the oft leasing and -much spoiling of them sachels and all, to their gaines it -may be said that sell them, though to the parentes losse -that buy them, and those of the meaner sort, whose children -maintaine schooles most, and swarme thickest in all places -and professions, which thing might be farre better vsed, if -the best onely were bought, and with the losse of his bookes -the childe lost no more. All which inconueniences may -easily be remeadied, and with small adoe. For whatsoeuer -is needeful to be vsed in schooles, may be verie well comprised -in a small compasse, and haue all his helpes with -him being gathered into some one pretie volume compounded -of the marrow of many: neither will the charge -be great, the ware being small, and our profession is not to -perfit, but to enter. Neither yet hereby is any iniurie done -to good writers, whose bookes may verie well tarie for the -ripenes of the reader, and that place which is dew to them, -in the ordinarie ascent of learning and studie, being no -intruders into rowmes to meane for them, and content to -take that place whereunto they are marshalled by their -value, and degree: to their praise which made them, when -the student can iudge: to the studentes profit, when he can -vnderstand: and the fast retaining of them, when order -maintanes memorie.</p> - -<p>In our <i>grammer</i> schooles we professe the toungues nay -rather the entraunce of toungues. Euerie profession that -is penned in any toungue ministreth to her student those -wordes that be proper to her owne subiecte. Which wordes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">269</span> -be then best gotten when they follow the matter, as they -will do most willingly in the peculiar studie of the same -profession. If a <i>grammarian</i> therefore be entred to <i>write</i>, -<i>speake</i>, and <i>vnderstande</i> pretily in some well chosen argument -best to follow for aptnes ech way, though he neither -know all, nor most wordes in any toungue, which is reserued -to further studie: yet our schooles be discharged of their -dewtie, in doing but so much. They that assigne <i>grammer</i> -maisters wherein to trauell, appoint them <i>histories</i>, and -<i>poetes</i>, though they make some choice of men, and some -distinction of matter in regard of vertuous maners and -purenes of stile. In our schooles what time will serue vs -to runne ouer all these? nay to deale but with some few of -them throughly? how then? Is not some litle well pickt, -and printed alone the praise of our profession and the -parentes ease? And be not the maine bookes to be consigned -ouer to the right place in their owne calling? Some -vaines be rapt, and will needes proue <i>poetes</i>, leaue them the -art of <i>poetrie</i>, and the whole bookes and argumentes of -<i>poetes</i>. Some will commend to memorie, and posteritie -such actes and monumentes, as be worthy the remembrance: -Let them haue the rules, whereby the penning of <i>histories</i> -is directed to write thereby with order: and the matter of -<i>histories</i> to furnish out their stile. If men of more studie -and greater learning haue leysure and list to reade, they -may vse <i>histories</i> for pleasure, as being but an after meates -studie: neither tyring the braine, nor tediouse any way: -as they be not generally to build on for iudgement: bycause -ignorance of their circumstances make some difficultie in -applying, and great daunger in prouing. They may also -runne ouer <i>poetes</i>, when they are disposed to laugh, and to -behold what brauery <i>enthousiasme</i> inspireth. For when the -<i>poetes</i> write sadly and soberly, without counterfeating though -they write in verse, yet they be no <i>poetes</i> in that kinde of -their writing: but where they couer a truth with a fabulous -veele, and resemble with alteration. We are therefore to -cull out some of the best, and fittest for our introductorie, -and to send away the rest to their owne place, in the peculiar -professions, and that not in <i>poetes</i> and <i>histories</i> alone, but -also in all other bookes whatsoeuer, which be at this day -admitted into our schooles. The <i>poetes</i> wordes be verie -good, and most significant, as it appeareth by <i>Platoes</i> whole -penning, whose eloquence is thought fit for sainctes, if any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">270</span> -heauenly creature had a longing to speake <i>greeke</i>. And in -the latin they haue the same grace, in his iudgement, which -best vnderstoode what wordes were best, as being himselfe -the best, and eloquentest oratour, speaking of them in that -booke,<a id="FNanchor_74_74" href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">74</a> wherein he both sheweth his eloquence most, and -vseth the personages of the most eloquent <i>oratours</i>, to -deliuer his minde. The quantitie of <i>syllabes</i> is to be learned -of them, to auoide mistiming, as the wise writer <i>Horace</i> -pointeth the poet therfore first to frame the tender mouth -of the yong learner.</p> - -<p>Moreouer some verie excellent places most eloquently, -and forcibly penned for the polishing of good manners, and -inducement vnto vertue may be pickt out of some of them, -and none more then <i>Horace</i>. We may therefore either vse -them, with that choice: or helpe the pointe our selues if -we thinke it good, and can pen a verse that may deserue -remembraunce. Suche an helpe did <i>Apollinarius</i> offer vnto -his time, as <i>Sozomenus</i>, and <i>Socrates</i> the scholer, report in -their ecclesiasticall histories. For <i>Iulian</i> the renegate -spiting at the great learning of <i>Basil</i>, <i>Gregorie</i>, <i>Apollinarie</i>, -and many moe which liued in that time, which time was -such a breeder of learned men, as in <i>Christian</i> matters and -<i>religion</i> we reade none like, by decree excluded the <i>christian</i> -mens Children from the vse of prophane learning wherin -the christian diuines were so cunning as they stopt both -his, and his fauorites mouthes with their owne learning, -they passed them all so farre. Then <i>Apollinarius</i> conueighed -into verses of all sortes, after the imitation of all -the best prophane poetes diuine and holy argumentes -gathered out of scripture whereby he met with <i>Iulians</i> -edict, and furnished out his owne profession, with matter -and argument of their owne. Now in misliking of profane -arguments some such helpe may be had and appropriate to -our youth. But there must be heede taken, that we plant -not any poeticall furie in the childes habit. For that rapt -inclination is to ranging of it selfe, though it be not helpt -forward, where it is, and would not in any case be forced -where it is not. For other writers, <i>number</i> and <i>choice</i> of -wordes, <i>smoothnes</i> and <i>proprietie</i> of composition with the -<i>honestie</i> of the argument must be most regarded. <i>Quintilianes</i> -rule is very true and the verie best, and alway to be -obserued, in chusing of writers for children to learne, to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">271</span> -picke out such as will feede the wit with fairest stuffe, -and fine the toungue with neatest speach. So that neither -slight, and vnproper matters, though eloquentlie set foorth, -neither weightie and wise being rudely deliuered be to be -offered to children, but where the honestie and familiaritie -of the argument is honored and apparelled with the finesse -and fitnes of speach. Which thing if it be lookt vnto in -planting <i>vniformitie</i>, and pointing out fit bookes, besides -many and infinite commodities which will grow thereby to -the whole realme, assuredly the multitude of many needelesse -volumes, will be diminished and cut of. So that -<i>vniformitie</i> in schooling may seeme very profitable seeing -it will supplant so great defectes, as the likelyhood giues, -and plant the redresse, which in nature it importeth: -besides that which the common weale doth gaine by acquainting -yong wittes euen from their cradeles, both to -embrace and apply orderly <i>vniformes</i>, which in thinges -subiect to sense is delitefull to behold: in comprehensions -of the minde is comfortable to thinke on: in executions -and effectes is the staie whereon we stand, and the steddiest -recourse to correct errors by. I am led by these reasons -and many the like, to thinke that either nothing in deede, -or very litle in shew, can iustly be alleaged to the contrary -but that such an order must needes be verie profitable, to -giue schooles a purgation to voide them of some great -inconueniences: as I take the thing also to be verie compassable, -if authoritie shall like of it, without which an -opinion is but shewed, and dieth without effect.</p> - -<p>I entend my selfe by the grace of God to bestow some -paines therein, if I may perceaue any hope to encourage -my trauell. If any other will deale I am ready to staie, -and behold his successe: if none other will, then must I be -borne with, which in so necessarie a case do offer to my -countrie all my duetifull seruice. Wherein if any vpon -some repining humor shall seeme to stomacke me, bycause -being one perhaps meaner then he is himselfe, I do thus -boldly auaunce my doinges to the stage, and view of my -countrie: yet still he step foorth and shew vs his cunning -he hath no wrong offred him, if another do speake while he -wilbe silent. And whosoeuer shall deale in generall argumentes, -must be content to put vp those generall pinches, -which repining people do vse then most, when they are -best vsed, and esteeme it some benefit, when doing well he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">272</span> -heareth ill: and thinke that he hath gotten a great victorie -if he please the best, and profit the most, as he may profit -all and yet displease many: either through <i>ignorance</i> bycause -they cannot discerne: or through <i>willfulnes</i> being -wedded to preiudice: or ells through <i>disdaine</i> bycause it -spiteth some, to see other aboue spite. A disease proper -to basest dispositions, and of meanest desert, to pinch the -heele where they pricke at the head.</p> - -<p>But such as meane to do well, how souer their power -perfourme, so the height of their argument ouertop not their -power to farre, and discouer great want of discretion in -meddling with a matter to much surmounting their abilitie, -they may comfort and encourage themselues with that -meaning, if their doing do answere it in any resonable -proportion, and thinke it a thing, (as it is in deede) naturally, -and daily accompanying all potentates either in person, or -propertie, and therefore no disgrace to any meaner creature -to wrastle with repyning and sowre spirites euen verie then, -when they worke them most good, which are readyest to -repine. If the doinges be massiue they will beare a knocke: -if they be but slender, and will streight way bruse, beware -the warranting. As in this my labour I dare warrant -nothing, but the warines of good will, which euen ill wil -shall see: if it haue any sight to see that is right, as commonly -that way it is starke blinde, and so much the more -incurablely, bycause the blindnes comes either of vnwillingnes -to see, or of an infected sight, that will misconsture and -depraue the obiect. I craue the gentle and friendly construction -of such as be learned, or that loue learning, and -yet I neede not craue it, bycause learning that is sound in -deede and needes no bolstering, and all her louers and -fauorers, be verie liberall of friendly construction, and -nothing partiall to speake the best, euen where it is not -craued. I must pray, if prayer will procure it, the gentle -and curteouse toleration of such, as shall mislike. For as I -will not willingly do that, which may deserue misliking: so -if I once know wherein, I will satisfie thoroughly. And -therefore in one word, I must pray my louing countriemen, -and friendly readers, this to thinke of me, that either I -shall hit, as my hope is, and then they shall enioy it: or if -I misse, I will amend, and my selfe shall not repent it.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Schoole orders -publicke.</div> - -<p>2. The second remedie to helpe schoole <i>inconueniences</i> -was to set downe the schoole<span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">273</span> -<i>ordinaunces</i> betwene the maister, and his scholers in a -publicke place, where they may easily be seene and red: -and to leaue as litle vncertaine or vntoucht, which the -parent ought to know, and whereupon misliking may arise, -as is possible. For if at the first entry the parent condiscend, -to those orders, which he seeth, so that he cannot -afterward plead eitheir ignorance, or disallowing, he is not -to take offence, if his childe be forced vnto them when he -will not follow, according to that fourme, which he himselfe -did confirme by his owne consent. And yet when all is -done the glosse will wring the text. Wherefore the <i>maner</i> -of teaching, the ascent in fourmes, the <i>times</i> of admission, -the <i>preuention</i> to haue fourmes equall, the <i>bookes</i> for learning, -and all those thinges, which be incident vnto that -<i>vniformitie</i>, wherof I spake, being already knowen to be -ratified by authoritie, as I trust it shalbe: or if not, yet -the same order in the same degrees being set downe, which -the maister priuately according to his owne skill entendes -to kepe: it shalbe very good to take away matter of iarre -betwene the parentes and the maister, in the same table -publickly to be seene, and shewed to the parentes, when -they bring their child first to schoole, besides all that, which -I haue generally touched to set downe also in plaine and -flat termes, 1. what <i>houres</i> he will kepe, bycause there is -great consideration in that, what to haue fixed and perpetuall, -and wherein to giue place to particular occasions, -as there be very many, why all children cannot kepe all -<i>houres</i>, though the schoole <i>houres</i> must still be certaine: -and discretion must be the determiner. 2. Againe what -<i>occasions</i> he will vse to let them go to play, which be now -very many, and very needefull, while ordinarie exercises be -not as ordinarily admitted, as ordinarie schooling, is ordinarily -allowed: 3. and such other thinges as the schoole -shall seeme necessarily to require. For a certaintie resolueth, -and preuentes douting.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Of curtesie and -correction.</div> - -<p>But he must cheifly touch what <i>punishment</i> -he will vse, and how much, for euery kinde of -fault that shall seeme punishable by the <i>rod</i>. -For the <i>rod</i> may no more be spared in schooles, then the -<i>sworde</i> may in the <i>Princes</i> hand. By the <i>rod</i> I meane -<i>correction</i>, and <i>awe</i>: if that sceptre be thought to fearfull -for boyes, which our time deuised not, but receiued it from -auncientie, I will not striue with any man for it, so he leaue<span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">274</span> -vs some meane which in a multitude may worke obedience. -For the priuate, what soeuer parentes say, my ladie <i>birchely</i> -will be a gest at home, or else parentes shall not haue their -willes. And if in men great misses deserue and receiue -great punishment, sure children may not escape in some -qualitie of punishment, which in quantitie of vnhappinesse -will match some men. And if parentes were as carefull to -examine the causes of beating, as they are nothing curious -to be offended without cause for beating, themselues might -gaine a great deale more to their childrens good: and their -children lease nothing, by their parentes assurance. But -commonly in such cases rashnesse hath her recompence, -the errour being then spied, when the harme is incurable, -and repentance without redresse. Terme it as ye list, beate -not you saye for learning but for lewdnesse. Sure to beate -him for learning which is willing enough to learne, when -his witte will not serue, were more then frantike: and vnder -the name of not learning to hide and shrowd all faultes -and offenses, were more then foolish: and what would that -childe be without beating, which with it can hardly be reclaimed? -in whom onely lewdnesse is the let, and capacitie -is at will? The ende of our schooles is learning: if it faile -by negligence, punish negligence: if by other voluntarie -default, punish the default. Spare learning: so that still -the refuge must be to the maisters discretion: both for -manners, and for learning, whom I would wish to set downe -as much in certaintie as he can, at the beginning, and to -leaue as litle as he may to the childes report, who will -alway leane and sway to much to his owne side, and beare -away the bell, euen against the best maister, cheifly if his -mother be either his counsellour, or his attourney: or the -father vnconstant, and without iudgement.</p> - -<p>The maister therfore must haue in his table a <i>catalogue</i> -of schoole faultes, beginning at the commandementes, for -<i>swearing</i>, for <i>disobedience</i>, for <i>lying</i>, for <i>false</i> witnesse, for -picking, and so thorough out: then to the meaner heresies, -<i>trewantry</i>, <i>absence</i>, <i>tardies</i>, and so forth. Such a thing -<i>Xenophon</i><a id="FNanchor_75_75" href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">75</a> seemes to meane in rekening vp the faultes, -which the <i>Persian</i> vsed to punish, though he limit not the -penaltie, what, nor how much. Which in all these I wish -our maister to set downe with the number of stripes also, -immutable though not many. Wherin the maister is to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">275</span> -take good heed, that the fault may be confessed, if it may -be, without force, and the boye conuicted by verdit of his -fellowes, and that very euidently. For otherwise children -will wrangle amaine, and affection at home hath credulitie -beyond crye, which makes the boy dare, what reason dare -not. If any of their fellowes be appointed monitours, (as -such helpes of Lieutenauncie must be had, where the maister -cannot alwaye be present himselfe) and take them napping, -they wil pretend spite, or some priuate displeasure in most -manifest knauerie. And if ye correcte, as your Lieutenant -must haue credit, if you meane to keepe state, that must go -home to proue beating without cause. If the maister -differre execution, that delaie will enstruct them to deuise -some starting hole, and that also if it be not heard in -schoole wilbe heard at home.</p> - -<p>To tell tales out of schoole, is now as commonly vsed to -the worst, as in the old world it was high treason to do it -at all. There be as many prety <i>stratagemes</i> and deuises, -which boyes will vse to saue themselues, and as pleasaunt -to heare as any <i>apopthegme</i> in either <i>Plutarch</i>, <i>Ælianus</i>, or -<i>Erasmus</i>. The maister therefore must be very circumspecte, -and leaue no shew, or countenaunce of impunitie deserued, -where desert biddes pay. It were some losse of time in -learning, to spend any in beating, if it did not seeme a -gaine that soundeth towardes good, and seekes amendement -of manners. It is passing hard, to reclaime a boye, in -whom long impunitie hath graffed a carelesse securitie, or -rather some deepe insolencie: and yet freindes will haue it -so, and beating may not be for discouraging the boye, -though repentaunce be in rearward. It is also not good -after any correction to let children grate somwhat to long -of their late greife, for feare of to greate stomaking, -onlesse the parentes be wise and stedfast, with whom if a -cunning, and a discrete maister ioyne, that childe is most -fortunate which hath such parentes, and that scholer most -happie which hath light on such a maister. “But certainly -it is most true, let plausibilitie in speach vse all her excusing -and blanching colours that she can, that the round maister, -which can vse the rod discretely, though he displease some, -which thinke all punishment vndiscrete, if it tuch their -owne, doth perfourme his duetie best, and still shall bring -vp the best scholers: As no maister of any stuffe shall do -but well, where the parentes like that at home, which the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">276</span> -maister doth at schoole: and if they do mislike any thing, -will rather impart their greife and displeasure with the -maister priuately, to amend it, then moane their child -openly, to marre that way more then they shall make any -way. The same faultes must be faultes at home, which be -faultes at schoole, and receiue the like reward in both the -places, to worke the childes good by both meanes, correction -as the cause shall offer, commendacion as neede shall -require.”</p> - -<p>They that write most for gentlenesse in traine reserue -place for the rod, and we that vse the terme of seueritie -recommend curtesie to the maisters discretion. Here is the -oddes: they will seeme to be curteous in termes, and yet -the force of the matter makes them confesse the neede of -the rod: we vse sharp termes, and yet yeilde to curtesie -more, then euen the verie patrones of curtesie do, for all -their curifauour.</p> - -<p>Wherin we haue more reason to harp on the harder -stringe for the trueth of the matter, then they to touch but -the softer, so to please the person: seeing they conspire -with vs in the last conclusion, that both correction and -curtesie be referred to discretion. Curtesie goeth before, -and ought to guide the discourse, when reason is obeyed -which is very seldome: but the corruptnesse in nature, the -penalties in lawe, courage to enflame, desire to entice, and -so many euilles assailing one good do enforce me to build -my discourse vpon feare, and leaue curtesie to consideration: -as the bare one reason of reason obeyed, a thing still wished, -but seldome wel willed, doth cause some curteous conceit, -not much acquainted with the kinde of gouernment, vpon -some plausible liking, to make curtesie the outside, and -keepe canuase for the lyning: but euer still for the last -staffe to make discretion the refuge. Wherin we agree, -though I priuately chide him, and saye why dissemble ye? -Vnder hand he aunswereth me, I lend the world some -wordes, but I will witnesse with you, I do not speake -against discrete correction, but against hastinesse, and -crueltie. Sir I know none, that will either set correction or -curtesie at to much libertie, but with distinction, vpon -whom they be both to be exercised: neither yet any, that -will praise cruelty: and all those, that write of this argument, -whether Philosophers or others allow of punishment, -though they differ in the kinde.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">277</span></p> - -<p>And it is said in the best common weale,<a id="FNanchor_76_76" href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">76</a> not that no -punishment is to be vsed, but that such an excellent -naturall witte, as is made out of the finest mould would not -be enforced, bycause in deede it needes not: neither will I -offer feare, where I finde such a one: neither but in such a -common weale shall I finde such a one. And yet in our -corrupt states we light sometime vpon one, that were -worthy to be a dweller in a farre better. And I will rather -venture vpon the note of a sharp maister to make a boye -learne that, which may afterward do him seruice, yea -though he be vnwilling for the time, and very negligent: -then that he shall lacke the thing, which maye do him -seruice, when age commeth on, bycause I would not make -him learne, for the vaine shadow of a curteous maister. It -is slauish sayeth <i>Socrates</i> to be bet. It is slauish then to -deserue beating sayeth the same <i>Socrates</i>. If <i>Socrates</i> his -free nature be not found, sure <i>Socrates</i> his slauish courage -must be cudgelled, euen by <i>Socrates</i> his owne confession. -For neither is punishment denied for slaues, neither curtesie -for free natures. This by the waye, neither <i>Socrates</i> nor -<i>Plato</i> be so directly carefull in that place, for a good maister -in this kinde, as the place required, though they point the -learner. And in deed where they had <i>Censores</i> to ouersee -the generall traine, both for one age and other, there needed -no great precept this waye. If parentes might not do -this, neither children attempt that, then were maisters -disburdened: If all thinges were set in stay by publike -prouision, priuate care were then mightily discharged. But -<i>Socrates</i> findes a good scholer which in naturall relation -inferreth a good maister. And yet <i>Philippe</i> of <i>Macedonie</i>, -had a thousand considerations in his person, moe then that -he was <i>Alexanders</i> father, and it is not enough to name the -man, onelesse ye do note the cause why with all, and in -what respect ye name him. A wise maister, which must -be a speciall caueat in prouision, wil helpe all, either by -preuenting that faultes be not committed, or by well vsing, -when soeuer they fall out, and without exception must haue -both correction and curtesie, committed vnto him beyond -any appeal. <i>Xenophon</i><a id="FNanchor_77_77" href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">77</a> maketh <i>Cyrus</i> be beaten of his -maister, euen where he makes him the paterne of the best -Prince, as <i>Tullie</i> sayeth<a id="FNanchor_78_78" href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">78</a> and mindes not the trueth of the -storie, but the perfitnesse of his deuise, being him selfe very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">278</span> -milde as it appeareth still in his <i>iourney</i> from <i>Assyria</i> after -the death of <i>Cyrus</i> the younger.<a id="FNanchor_79_79" href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">79</a> For a <i>soule</i> there could -not be one lesse <i>seruile</i> then he, which was pictured out -beyond exception: for <i>impunitie</i>, there could not be more -hope, then in a Prince enheritour, and that is more, set forth -for a <i>paterne</i> to Princes. And yet this Princes child in the -absolutenesse of deuise, was beaten by his deuise, which -could not deuise any good traine exempt from beating -beinge yet the second ornament of <i>Socrates</i> his schoole.</p> - -<p>The case was thus, and a matter of the <i>Persian</i> learning. -A long boye had a short coate, and a short boye had a -long one: The long boye tooke awaye the short boyes -coate, and gaue him his: both were fit: But yet there arose -a question about it. <i>Cyrus</i> was made iudge, as iustice was -the <i>Persian</i> grammer. He gaue sentence, that either should -haue that which fitted him. His maister bette him for his -sentence: bycause the question was not of fitnesse, but of -right, wherein eche should haue his owne. His not learning, -and errour by ignorance, was the fault, wherfore he was -punished. And who soeuer shall marke the thing well, -shall finde, that not learning, where there is witte to learne, -buildeth vpon <i>idlenesse</i>, vnwilling to take paines, vpon -<i>presumption</i> that he shall carie it awaye free, and in the -ende, vpon <i>contempt</i> of them, from whom he learned to -contemne, where he should haue reuerenced. Slight considerations -make no artificiall anatomies, and therfore wil -smart, bycause they spie not the subtilities of creeping -diseases. It is easie for negligence in scholers, to pretend -crueltie in maisters, where fauour beyond rime, lendes credit -beyond reason. But in such choice of maisters where -crueltie maye easily be auoided, nay in such helpe by -Magistrate, where it may be suppressed: and in such -wealth of parentes which may change where they like not, -if I should here a young gentleman say he was driuen from -schoole, he should not driue me from mine opinion, but -that there was follie in the parentes, and he had his will to -much followed, if his parentes had the training of him, or -that his gardian gaue to much to his owne gaine, and to -litle to his wardes good, if he were not himselfe some hard -head besides, and set light by learning, as a bootie but for -beggers. For gentlenesse and curtesie towarde children, I -do thinke it more needefull then beating, and euer to be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">279</span> -wished, bycause it implyeth a good nature in the child, -which is any parentes comfort, any maisters delite. And -is the <i>nurse</i> to liberall wittes, the maisters <i>encouragement</i>, -the childes <i>ease</i>, the parentes <i>contentment</i>, the <i>bannishment</i> -of bondage, the <i>triumph</i> ouer torture, and an <i>allurement</i> to -many good attemptes in all kinde of schooles.</p> - -<p>But where be these wittes, which will not deserue, and -that very much? and where much deseruing is, who is so -shamles as to deny correction, which by example doth -good, and helpes not the partie offender alone. Giue me -meane dispositions to deserue, they shall neuer complaine -of much beating: but of none I dare not say, bycause -insolent rechelessenes will grow on in the very best, and -best giuen natures, where impunitie profers pardon, eare -the fault be committed. My selfe haue had thousandes -vnder my hand, whom I neuer bet, neither they euer much -needed: but if the rod had not bene in sight, and assured -them of punishment if they had swarued to much, they -would haue deserued: And yet I found that I had done -better in the next to the best, to haue vsed more correction, -and lesse curtesie, after carelessenesse had goten head. -Wherfore I must needes say, that in any multitude the -rod must needes rule: and in the least paucitie it must be -seene, how soeuer it sound. Neither needeth a good boye -to be afraid, seeing his fellow offender beaten, any more -then an honest man, though he stand by the gallowes, at -the execution of a fellon. This point for punishment must -the maister set downe roundly, and so as he meaneth in -deede to deale, bycause the pretence is generally, not so -much for beating, as for to sore beating, which being in -sight, the conclusion is soone made, and he that will preuent -that sore, may see that set downe, which is thought sufficient. -Whervnto if the parent submit himselfe in consent, -and his childe in obedience the bargain is thorough, if not -there is no harme done.</p> - -<p>If the schoole rest vpon the maister alone, thus must he -do if he meane to do well, and to continue freindship where -he meanes to do good. If it be some free foundacion, the -founders must ioyne with the maister, if they meane that -the frute of their cost shalbe commodious to their cuntrey. -Leaue nothing to had I wist where ye may aunswere ye -wist it. When any extraordinary fault breaketh out, as -<i>Solon</i> said of parricide, that he thought there was none such<span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">280</span> -in nature, conference with the parent, and euident proofe -before punishment, will satisfie all parties. And euer the -maister must haue a fatherly affection, euen to the vnhappyest -boye, and thinke the schoole to be a place of -amendment, and therfore subiect to misses.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The maistres -yeares and -alonenesse.</div> - -<p>For the maisters yeares, I leaue that to the -admitters, as I do his alonenesse. Sufficiency -of liuing wil make marriage most fit, where -affection to their owne, worketh fatherlynesse to others: -and insufficiencie of liuing will make a sole man remoue -sooner, bycause his cariage is small. Most yeares should -be most fit to gouerne, both for constantnesse to be an -ancker for leuitie to ride at, which is naturally in youth: -and for discretion and learning, which yeares should bring -with them. But bycause there be errours I leaue this to -discretion. The admitters to schooles haue a great charge, -and ought to proue as curious as the very best Godfathers, -whose charge yet is farre greater, then the account of it is -made, among common persons. These thinges do I take -to be very necessarie meanes, to helpe many displeasures -wherwith schooling is anoyed, and to plant pleasure in -their place. And yet when all is done the poore teacher -must be subiect to as much, as the sunne is, to shine ouer -all, and yet see much more then he can amend: as the -diuine is, which for all his preaching, cannot haue his -auditorie perfit: as the Prince is, who neither for reward -nor penalty can haue generall obedience. The teachers -life is painfull, and therfore would be pityed: it is euidently -profitable, and therfore would be cherished: it wrastles -with vnthankfullnesse aboue all measure, and therefore -would be comforted, with all encouragement. One displeased -parent will do more harme vpon a head, if he take -a pyrre at some toy, neuer conferring with any, but with -his owne cholere: then a thousand of the thankfullest will -euer do good, though it be neuer so well deserued. Such -small recompence hath so great paines, the very acquaintance -dying when the childe departes, though with confessed -deserte, and manifest profit: Such extreme dealing will -furie enforce, where there is no fault, but that conceit -surmiseth, vnwilling to examine the truth of the cause, and -lother to reclame, as vnwilling to be seene so ouershot by -affection. This very point wherby parentes hurte themselues -in deede, and hinder their owne, though they discourage<span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">281</span> -teachers, would be looked vnto by some publike ordinaunce, -that both the maisters might be driuen to do well, if the -fault rest in them: and the parentes to deale well, if the -blame rest there: considering the publike is harmed, where -the priuate is vncharmed, to ende it in meter as my president -is.</p> - -<p>But in the beginning of this argument I did protest -against <i>Philip Melanchthons</i> miseries, and therefore I will -go no further, seeing what calling is it, which hath not his -cumbat against such discurtesies? The prouerbe were -vntrue, if man should not be as well a wolfe to man, as he -is tearmed a God and did not more harme, in vnkyndenesse, -then good in curtesie: so maruelosly fraught with ill and -good both, as <i>Plinie</i>, cannot iudge whether nature be to a -man, a better mother, or a bitterer stepdame. But patience -must comfort where extremitie discourageth: and a resolute -minde is a rempare to it selfe, vpon whom as <i>Horace</i> -saith, though the whole world should fall, it might well -crush him perforce, but not quash him for feare.</p> - - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2 id="CHAPTER_44">CHAPTER 44.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">That Conference betwene those which haue interest in children: -Certainetie of direction in places where children vse -most: and Constancie in well keeping that, which is certainely -appointed, be the most profitable circumstances both -for vertuous manering and cunning schooling.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Of</span> all the meanes which pollicie and consideration -haue deuised to further the good training vp of -children, either to haue them well learned, or -vertueously manered, I see none conparable to these three -pointes: <i>conference</i> betwene those persons, which haue -interest in children, to see them well brought vp: <i>certainetie</i> -in those thinges, wherein children are to trauell, for their -good bringing vp: <i>constancie</i> in perfourming that, which by -<i>conference</i> betweene the persons is set <i>certaine</i> in the thinges:<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">282</span> -that there be either no change at all after a sound limitation: -or at least verie litle, saue where discretion in execution, -is to yeald vnto circumstaunce. Therfore I entend to -vtter some part of mine opinion concerning these three -things, <i>conference</i> to breede the best: <i>certainetie</i> to plant the -best: <i>constancie</i> to continue the best: and first of <i>conference</i>. -Which I find to be of foure cooplementes: <i>parentes</i> and -<i>neighbours</i>: <i>teachers</i> and <i>neighbours</i>: <i>parentes</i> and <i>teachers</i>: -<i>teachers</i> and <i>teachers</i>: whereof euerie one offereth much -matter for the furthering of both learning and good maners -in children. Vnder the name of <i>neighbours</i> I comprehend -all forraine persons, whom either commendable dewtie by -countrie lawe: or honest care of common curtesie doth -giue charge vnto, to helpe the bettering of children, and to -fraie them from euill.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Conference -betwene parentes -and neighbours.</div> - -<p>1. Now if parentes in pointes of counsell vse -to conferre with such, they may learne by some -others experience: how to deale in their owne. -And as this point is naturally prouided to assist infirmitie, -which craues helpe of others, where it standes in dout: so -there is a naturall iniunction wherby all men are charged to -bestow their good and faithfull counsell, where it is required, -doing thereby great good to the parties, and no harme to -themselues, vnlesse it be to be rekened a harme, to gaine -the opinion of wisedom, the estimation of honestie, and the -note of humanitie, and a well giuen disposition. This consideration -resteth most in the partie mouer, which is to -receiue aduise, when himselfe shall require it. The next -is an euident signe of an excellent inclination, which of it -selfe will doe good, euen bycause the thing is good, though -he be not conferred with. For if such persons will conferre -with parentes, when they spy any thing that is not well -in their children is it not honorable in them to deale so -honestly? is it not wisdome in parentes to constrew it most -friendly? is it not happie for those children which haue -such carefull forraine helpers abroad, such considerate -naturall hearers at home? A simple meaning in both the -parties, the <i>neighbour</i> to tell friendly, the <i>parent</i> to take -kindely, and to excute wisely will do maruelous much -good. And what is this else but to loue thy neighbour as -thy selfe, when thou mindest his childe good, as thou doest -thine owne? And what is it else but to thinke of thy -neighbour, as thou wouldest be thought on thy selfe, when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">283</span> -thou beleeuest him in thine, as thou wouldest be beleeued -in his? A true president of naturall <i>humanitie</i>, a religious -patterne of honest <i>neighbourhoode</i>, which in no other thing -can declare more good will, in no other thing can do one -more good, then in respect to his children, whether ye consider -the childrens persons, or the thing which is wished -them. For in deede what be children in respect of their -persons? be they not the effectes of Gods perfourmaunce -in blessing? of his commaundement in encrease? be they -not the assurance of a state which shall continew by succession, -and not dy in one brood? be they not the parentes -naturall purtracte? their comfort in hope, their care in prouision? -for whom they get all, for whom they feare nought? -And can he which desireth the good of this so great a -blessing from heauen, so great a staie for the countrie, so -great a comfort to parentes, deuise how to pleasure them -more in any other thing? for to wish children to be honest, -vertuous, and well learned, is to wish that to proue perfitly -good, which standeth in a mammering, to proue good or -bad. And can this so great a good wish but proceede from -a passing honest disposition, and most worthy the embrasing? -Nay most happy is that state, where youth hath -such a staie, in such libertie as it is, not to helpe vnlesse -one list. Hereupon I conclude that <i>conference</i> betwene -<i>parentes</i> and others, whether by way of asking counsell, or -by aduertisemente to check faultes, is very profitable for -the weale of the litle ones.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Conference -betwene teachers -and neighbours.</div> - -<p>2. This <i>conference</i> may fall betwene the <i>neighbour</i> -and the <i>teacher</i>. Wherein the <i>teacher</i> -must be verie warie bycause he hath to deale -with the informer for credit: with his scholer for amendment: -with the parent for liking. When the parent dealeth -with his owne childe, either of his owne knowledge, or by -credited report, his doome is death or life, the childe hath -no appeale, but either must amend, or feele the like smart. -At the <i>teachers</i> dealing, vpon any aduertisement, there may -and wilbe taken many pretie exceptions. Why did you -beleeue? why should he medle? why dealt you in this -sort? And whatsoeuer quarell miscontentment can deuise, -being incensed with furie: or some extreme heat, as angrie -nature is an eager monster. And in deede some ouerthwart -conceit may moue the complainant, whatsoeuer the pretence -be. Againe some wise man, may light vpon so conuenient<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">284</span> -a maister, as he may proue a better meane to redresse, then -the parent will be, in whom blinde nature will neither see -the childes fault, nor the friendes faith. But how soeuer it -be, the maister must be warie, where his commission is not -absolute. But in the wise handling of this ciuill <i>conference</i> -the childe shall gaine much towardes his well doing, when -wheresoeuer he shall be, or whatsoeuer he shall do, he shall -both finde it true, and feele it so, that either his parent or -his maister, or both together see him, if any other bodie see -him.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Conference -betwene parentes -and teachers.</div> - -<p>3. The next <i>conference</i> is betweene <i>parentes</i> -and <i>maisters</i>, whereof though I haue saide much, -yet can I neuer say to much, the point is so -needefull: bycause their friendly and faithfull communicating -workes perpetuall obedience in the childe, contempt -of euill, and desire to do well: seeing both they trauell to -make one good. There is nothing so great an enemie to -this so great a good as credulitie is in parentes, not able to -withstand the childes eloquence, when shed of teares, and -some childish passion do plead against punishment for -assured misdemeanour. But though for the time such -parentes seeme to wynne, bycause they haue their will: yet -in the conclusion, they want their will, when they wish it -were not so. Before change either of place, to proceede -onward to further learning: or of maisters when the old is -misliked, and a new sought for, then this <i>conference</i> is a -meruelous helpe. For in change of place, it growndes vpon -knowledge, and growes by aduice: in change of maisters, it -is mistresse to warines not to lease by the change. For -can the new maister vnderstand and iudge of the childes -fault in so small a time, as the old maister may amend it if -he be conferred with? You are offended with the former -maister, haue ye conferred with him? haue ye opened vnto -him your owne griefe, your childes defect, his owne default? -are ye resolued that the fault is in the maister? may not -your sonne forge? or may he not halt, to procure alteration -vpon some priuate peuishnes? <i>Cyrus</i> as <i>Zenophon</i> writeth<a id="FNanchor_80_80" href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">80</a> -surprised the king of <i>Armenia</i> being tributarie to the -<i>Medians</i> but minding to reuolt, when the <i>Assyrians</i> armie -should enter into <i>Media</i>. And yet though he found him -in manifest blame, he left him his state, as the best steward -for the <i>Medians</i> vse, considering the partie pardoned is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">285</span> -bound by defect, he that shall be chosen, will thanke his -owne merit, not the chusers munificence. Such consideration -had <i>Cyrus</i>, and such <i>conference</i> with him, whom he -knew to be a foe, before he surprised him, and yet found -the frute of his considerate <i>conference</i> and his determination -vpon his <i>conference</i>, to be exceding good and gainefull for -himselfe after, and his friendes for the time. A number of -ills be auoided, and a number of goodes obtained by this -same <i>conference</i> betwene <i>parentes</i> and <i>maisters</i>. If the -<i>maister</i> be wise and aduisedly chosen though he chaunce to -misse, he knowes to amend: if he neither be such a one, -nor so considerately chosen, yet <i>conference</i> will discouer -him, and shew hope her listes, and what she may trust to. -But not to dwel any longer in this point, wherein elsewhere -I haue not bene parciall, I must needes say thus much of it -at once for all, that no one meane either publike or priuate -makes so much for the good bringing vp of children, as this -<i>conference</i> doth.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Conference betwene -teachers.</div> - -<p>4. The last <i>conference</i> I appoint to be betwene -those of the same professions, whereby the -generall traine is generally furthered. For -whersoeuer any subiect is to be dealt in by many, is not -the dealers <i>conference</i> the meane to perfit dealing? and to -haue that subiect absolutely well done, which it selfe is -subiect to so many doers? Is either the patient any worse -if the <i>Physitians</i> conferre, or their facultie baser by their -being togither? is not the case still clearer, where there is -<i>conference</i> in law? is not the church the purer were <i>conference</i> -is in proufe? and doth not the contrarie in all do -much harme in all? And do ye thinke <i>that</i> conference -among teachers would not do much good in the traine? or -is the thing either for moment so meane, or for number so -naked, as it may not seeme worthy to be considered vpon? -Or can there any one, or but some few, be he or they neuer -so cunning, discerne so exactly, as a number can in common -<i>conference</i>? do not common companies which professe no -learning, both allow it, and proue it, and finde it to be profitable? -where it is vsed among teachers for the common -good, it profiteth generally by sending abroad some common -direction. In places where many schooles be within -small compasse, it is very needefull to worke present good, -and to helpe one another, where all may haue enough to -bestow their labour on.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">286</span></p> - -<p>But this <i>conference</i>, and that not in <i>teachers</i> alone must be -builded vpon the <i>honest care</i> of the <i>publike good</i>, without -<i>respect</i> of <i>priuate gaine</i>: without <i>sting</i> of <i>emulation</i>: without -<i>gaule</i> of <i>disdaine</i>: which be and haue bene great enemies -to conference: great hinderers to good schooling: nay -extreame miners in cases aboue schooling, and yet for the -footing of that, which must after proue fairest, good schooling -is no small onset. I neede not to rip vp the position to -them, that be learned, which know what a mischiefe the -misse of <i>conference</i> is, where it ought to be of force, and is -shouldered out by distempered fantsie. He that can iudge, -knoweth the force of this argument, which followeth: -“where many illes seeke to chooke one good, which themselues -were displaced, if that good tooke place: that good -must needes be a great one, and worthy the wishing, that -it may procure passage.” Of <i>conference</i> I must needes say -this, that it is the cognisance of humanitie, and that of the -best humanitie, being vsed for the best causes that concerne -humanitie, and all humaine societie. I dare enter no -deeper in this so great a good: but certainely in matters -of learning there would be more <i>conference</i>, euen of verie -conscience. And if that honest desire might bring downe -great hart, the honorable effect would bring vp great good, -in all trades beyond crie, in our traine beyond credit. In -matters of engrosing, and <i>monopoleis</i>, in matters of forestauling -and intercepting there is dealing by <i>conference</i> -among the dealers, which we all crie out of, bycause it -makes vs crie, in our purses. And yet we are slow to trie -that in the good, which proues so strong in the ill, and was -first pointed for good. I vse no authorities to proue in -these cases, where reason her selfe is in place, and standeth -not in neede of alleaging of names, bycause she may well -spare her owne retinew, where her hoste himselfe doth -tender his owne seruice.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Certaintie.</div> - -<p>2. The next point after <i>conference</i> is the chiefe -and best offspring of all wise <i>conferences</i>, <i>certainetie</i> -in direction, which in all thinges commendes it selfe, -but in bringing vp of children it doth surpasse commendation, -both for their manners and their learning. This same -so much praised <i>certainetie</i> concerneth the limiting of -thinges, what to do and what to learne, how to do and how -to learne, where, when, and so furth to do that, which fineth -the behauiour, and to learne that which aduanceth know<span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">287</span>ledge. -For children being of themselues meere ignorant -must haue <i>certainetie</i> to direct them: and trainers being -not dailie to deuise, are at once to set downe certaine, both -what themselues will require at the childrens hand for the -generall order: and what the children must looke for at -their handes for generall perfourmance. This <i>certainetie</i> -must specially be set sure, and no lesse soundly kept, in -<i>schooles</i> for <i>learning</i>, in priuate <i>houses</i> for <i>behauiour</i>, in -<i>churches</i> for <i>religion</i>, bycause those three places, be the -greatest aboades, that children haue.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Certainetie in -schooles.</div> - -<p>1. Concerning <i>certainetie</i> in schoole pointes, -and the benefit thereof, I haue delt verie largely -in the last title: so that I shall not neede to vse -any more spreading in that point, sauing onely that I do -continue in the same opinion: as the thing it selfe continueth -in it selfe most assurance of best successe, when the -childe knoweth his <i>certainetie</i> in all limitable circumstances, -whether he be at schoole himselfe to prouide that must be -done: or if he be not there, yet to know in abscence, what -is done there of course. So that where ignorance of orders -cannot be pretended, there good orders must needes be -obserued, which ordenarily bringe foorth a well ordered -effect. The best and most heauenly thinges be both most -certaine, and most constantly certaine, and the wisest men -the certainest to builde on, in the middest of our vncertaineties. -So that <i>certainetie</i> must needes be a great -leuell, which procureth such liking in those thinges where -it lighteth. In <i>schooling</i> it assureth the parentes, what is -promised there, and how like to be perfourmed, by sight of -the method and orders set downe: it directeth the children -as by a troden path, how to come thither, as their iourney -lieth: it disburdeneth the maisters heade, when that is in -writing, which he was in waying, and when experience by -oft trying hath made the habit able to march on of it selfe -without any renewing: whereunto mutabilitie is euerie day -endaungered.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Certainetie in -priuate houses.</div> - -<p>2. The second point of <i>certainetie</i> entereth -into families and priuate <i>houses</i>, which in part I -then touched, when I wished the parentes so to -deale at <i>home</i>, as there might be a <i>conformitie</i> betwene -<i>schoole</i> and <i>home</i>. This point will preuent two great inconueniences -euen at the first, besides the generale sequele of -good discipline at home. For neither shall schooles haue<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">288</span> -cause to complaine of priuate corruption from home, that it -infecteth them, when nothing is at home done or seene, but -that which is seemely: neither shall the schooles lightly -send any misdemeanour home, when the childe is assured -to be sharpely chekt, for his ill doing, if it appeare within -doares. This is that point which all writers that deale with -the <i>œconomie</i> of householdes, and pollicie of states do so -much respect, bycause the fine blossomes of well trained -families, do assure vs of the swetest flowres in training vp -of states, for that the buddes of priuate discipline be the -beauties of pollicie. I shall not neede to say, what a good -state that familie is in, where all thinges be most certainely -set, and most constantly kept, which do belong to the good -example of the <i>heades</i>, the good following of the <i>feete</i>, the -good discipline of the whole <i>house</i>. Though some not so -resolute wittes, or gredier humours will neither harken to -this rule, neither keepe it in their owne, bycause the distemperature -is both blinde, and deafe, where the minde is -distempered, and violently giuen ouer either to extreame -desire of gaine, or to some other infirmitie which cannot -stoup to staid order: yet those <i>families</i> which keepe it, -finde the profitablenesse of it. There children so well -ordered by <i>certaineties</i> at <i>home</i>: when to rise: when to go -to bed: when and how to pray euening and morning: -when and how to visit their parentes ear they goe to bed, -after they rise, ear they go abroad, when they returne home, -at tables about meat, at meeting in dutie with officious and -decent speches of course, well framed, and deulie called for, -cannot but proue verie orderly and good. He that in his -infancie is thus brought vp, will make his owne proufe his -fairest president, and what housholde knoweth not this is -extreame farre of from any good president. Obedience -towardes the prince and lawes is assuredly grounded, when -priuate houses be so well ordered: small preaching will -serue there, where priuate training settes thinges so forward. -Being therefore so great a good, it is much to be thought -on, and more to be called for.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Certaintie in -Churches.</div> - -<p>3. Now can <i>certaintie</i> being so great a bewtifier -both to publik <i>schooles</i>, and priuate houses, be -but very necessary to enter the Church with -children vpon <i>holydaies</i>? to haue all the young ones of the -Parish, by order of the Parish set in some one place of the -Church? with some good ouer looking, that they be all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">289</span> -there, and none suffred to raunge abroad about the streates, -vpon any pretence? that they may be in eye of parentes -and parishioners? that they may be attentiue to the Diuine -seruice, and be time learne to reuerence that, wherby they -must after liue? I do but set downe the consideration, -which they will execute, who shall allow of it, and deuise it -best, vpon sight of the circunstance. How other men will -thinke herof I know not, but sure methinke, both publikly -and priuately, that <i>certaintie</i> in <i>direction</i> where it may be -well compassed, is a merueilous profitable kinde of regiment, -and best beseeming children, about whose bettering -my trauell is employed. In the very executing it sheweth -present pleasure, and afterward many singular profites: -and is in very deede the right meane to direct in <i>vncertainties</i>, -as a stayed yearde to measure flexible stuff. -<i>Bladders</i> and <i>bullrushes</i> helpe <i>swimming</i>: the <i>nurses</i> hand -the <i>infantes going</i>: the <i>teachers line</i> the <i>scholers writing</i>, -the <i>Musicians tune</i>, his <i>learners timing</i>: what to do? by -following <i>certaintie</i> at first to direct <i>libertie</i> at last. And he -that is acquainted with <i>certaintie</i> of <i>discipline</i> in his young -yeares will thinke himselfe in exile, if he finde it not in age, -and by plaine comparisons, will reclaime misorders, which -he likes not, to such orders as he sees not. Who so markes -and moanes the varietie in <i>schooling</i>, the disorder in <i>families</i>, -the dissolutenesse in <i>Church</i>, will thinke I saye somwhat.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">Constancie.</div> - -<p>3. The third part of my diuision was <i>constancie</i>. -For what auaileth it to <i>conferre</i> about -the best, and to set it in <i>certaine</i>, where <i>mutabilitie</i> of -mindes vpon euery infirmitie either of iudgement, or other -circunstance, is seeking to retire, and to leaue that rouling, -which was so well rewled. In this point of <i>constancie</i> there -be but two considerations to be had, the one of knowledge -in the thing, the other of discretion in the vse. For he that -is resolued in the goodnesse and pith of the thing, will -neuer reuolt, but like a valiant general building vpon his -owne knowledge, is certaine to conquere, what difficultie so -euer would seeme to dasle his eyes, or to dash his conceit. -It is weake <i>ignorance</i> that yeildes still, as being neuer well -setled: it is <i>pusillanimitie</i> that faintes still, not belieuing -where he sees not. Assured <i>knowledge</i> will resemble the -great <i>Emperour</i> of all, which is still the same and neuer -changeth, which set a lawe, that yet remaines in force euen -from the first, among all his best and most obedient thinges.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">290</span> -The <i>sunnes</i> course is <i>certaine</i>, and <i>constantly</i> kept. The -<i>moone</i> hath her mouing without <i>alteration</i>, and that so <i>certaine</i>, -as how many yeares be their eclypses foretold? A -good thing such as wise <i>conference</i> is most like to bring -forth, would be <i>certainly</i> knowen, and being so knowen -would be <i>constantly</i> kept. The fairest <i>bud</i> will bring forth -no frute, if it fall in the prime, but being well fostered -by seasonable weather, it will surely proue well. The -greatest thinges haue a feeble footing, though their perfitnesse -be strong, but if their meane be not <i>constant</i>, that first -feeblenesse will neuer recouer that last strength. I medle -not with change of states, nor yet with any braunches, -whose particular change, quite altereth the surface, of any -best setled state, but with the training of children, and the -change therin: which being once certaine would in no case -be altered before the state it selfe vpon some generall -change do command alteration, whervnto all our schooling -must be still applyed, to plant that in young ones, which -must please in old ones. As now our teaching consisteth -in toungues, if some other thing one daye seeme fitter for -the state, that fitter must be fitted, and fetcht in with procession. -But yet in changes this rule would be kept, to -alter by degrees, and not to rush downe at once. Howbeit -the nature of men is such, as they will sooner gather a -number of illes at once to corrupt: then pare any one ill -by litle and litle with minde to amend.</p> - -<p>Concerning <i>discretion</i>: there is a circunstance to be -obserued in thinges, which is committed alwaye to the executours -person, and hath respect to his iudgement, which -I call no change, bycause in the first setting downe that -was also setled, as a most certaine point to rule accidentarie -<i>vncertainties</i>, which be no changes, bycause they were foreseene. -Such a supplie hath iustice in positiue lawes by -equitie in consideration, as a good chauncellour to soften to -hard constructions. That is one reason why the <i>monarchie</i> -is helde for the best kinde of gouernment, bycause the -rigour and seueritie of lawe, is qualified by the princesse -mercie, without breche of lawe, which left that prerogatiue -to the princesse person. The conspiracie which <i>Brutus</i> his -owne children made against their father for the returne of -<i>Tarquinius</i> euen that cruell Prince, leanes vpon this ground, -as <i>Dionysius</i> of <i>Halicarnassus</i>, <i>Liuie</i>, and others do note. -So that <i>discretion</i> to alter vpon cause in some vncertaine<span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">291</span> -circunstance, nay to alter circunstance vpon some certaine -cause, is no enemie to <i>certaintie</i>. When thinges are growen -to extremities then change proues needefull to reduce -againe to the principle. For at the first planting, euery -thing is either perfitest, as in the matter of creation: or the -best ground for perfitnesse to build on, as in truth of religion: -though posteritie for a time vpon cause may encrease, -but to much putting to burdeneth to much, and in the ende -procures most violent shaking of, both in religious and -politike vsurpations.</p> - -<p>But this argument is to high for a schoole position, -wherefore I will knit vp in few wordes: that as <i>conference</i> -is most needefull, so <i>certaintie</i> is most sure, and <i>constancie</i> -the best keeper: that it is no change, which <i>discretion</i> vseth -in doing but her duetie: but that altereth the maine. -Which in matters engraffed in generall conceites would -worke alteration by slow degrees, if foresight might rule: -but in extremities of palpable abuse it hurleth downe headlong, -yea though he smart for the time whom the change -doth most helpe. But in our schoole pointes the case -falleth lighter, where whatsoeuer matter shalbe offered to -the first education, <i>conference</i> will helpe it, <i>certaintie</i> will -staye it, <i>constancie</i> will assure it. Thus much concerning -the generall positions wherin if I haue either not handled, -or not sufficiently handled any particular point, it is reserued -to the particular treatise hereafter, where it will be bestowed -a great deale better, considering the present execution must -follow the particular.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">292</span></p> - - - - - - -<h2 id="CHAPTER_45">CHAPTER 45.</h2> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">The peroration, wherin the summe of the whole booke is recapitulated -and proofes vsed, that this enterprise was first -to be begon by Positions, and that these be the most proper -to this purpose. A request concerning the well taking of -that which is so well ment.</span></p> - - -<p class="drop-capt"><span class="smcap">Thvs</span> bold haue I bene, with you (my good and -curteous countriemen) and troubled your time with -a number of wordes of what force I know not, to -what ende I know. For my ende is, to shew mine opinion -how the great varietie in teaching, which is now generally -vsed, maye be reduced to some vniformnesse, and the cause -why I haue vsed so long a preface, as this whole booke, is, -for that such as deale in the like arguments, do likewise -determine before, what they thinke concerning such generall -accidentes, which are to be rid out of the waye at once, and -not alwaye to be left running about to trouble the house, -when more important matters shall come to handling. -Wherin I haue vttered my conceit, liking well of that which -we haue, though oftimes I wishe for that which we haue -not, as much better in mine opinion, then that which we -haue, and so much the rather to be wished, bycause the -way to winne it is of it selfe so plaine and ready. I haue -vttered my sentence for these pointes thus, wherin if my -cunning haue deceiued me, my good will must warrant me: -and I haue vttered it in plaine wordes, which kinde of -vtterance in this teaching kinde, as it is best to be vnderstood, -so it letteth euery one see, that if I haue missed, -they may wel moane me, which meaning all so much good -haue vnhappily missed in so good a purpose. Vpon the -stearnesse of resolute and reasonable perswasions, I might -haue set downe my Positions aphorismelike, and left both -the commenting, and the commending of them to triall -and time: but neither deserue I so much credit, as that my -bare word may stand for a warrant: neither thought I it -good with precisenesse to aliene, where I might winne with -discourse. Whervpon I haue writen in euery one of those -argumentes enough I thinke for any reader, whom reason<span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">293</span> -will content: to much I feare for so euident a matter, as -these Positions be, not assailable, I suppose, by any substantiall -contradiction. For I haue grounded them vpon reading, -and some reasonable experience: I haue applied them to -the vse, and custome of my countrey, no where enforcing -her to any forreine, or straunge deuise. Moreouer I haue -conferred them with common sense wherin long teaching -hath not left me quite senselesse. And besides these, some -reason doth lead me very probable to my selfe, in mine -owne collection, what to others I know not, to whom I -haue deliuered it, but I must rest vpon their iudgement. -Hereof I am certaine that my countrey is already very well -acquainted with them, bycause I did but marke where vpon -particular neede, she her selfe hath made her owne choice, -and by embrasing much to satisfie her owne vse, hath -recommended the residue vnto my care, to be brought by -direction vnder some fourme of statarie discipline. Now -then can I but thinke that my countreymen will ioyne with -me in consent, with whom my countrey doth communicate -such fauour? Seeing her fauour is for their furtheraunce, -and my labour is to bring them to that, which she doth -most allow.</p> - -<div class="sidenote">The examining -of all the contentes -of this -booke.</div> - -<p>And what conclusion haue I set downe wherin -they maye not very well agree with me, either -for the first impression which set me on worke, -or for the proofe, which confirmeth the impression? -My first meaning was to procure a generall good, -so farre as my abilitie would reach, I do not saye that such -a conceit, deserueth no discourtesie for the very motion, -how soeuer the effect do aunswere in rate: but this I may -well thinke, that my countreymen ought of common courtesie -to countenaunce an affection so well quallified, till the -euent either shrine it with praise, or shoulder it with repulse. -I do not herein take vpon me dictatorlike to pronounce -peremptorily, but in waye of counsell, as one of that robe, -to shew that, which long teaching hath taught me to saye, -by reading somwhat, and obseruing more. And I must -pray my good countrymen so to construe my meaning, for -being these many yeares by some my freindes prouoked to -publish something, and neuer hitherto daring to venture -vpon the print, I might seeme to haue let the raine of all -modesty runne to lowse, if at my first onset I should -seeme like a <i>Cæsar</i> to offerre to make lawes. Howbeit in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">294</span> -very deede my yeares growing downward, and some mine -obseruations seeming to some folkes to craue some vtteraunce, -vpon shew to do some good: I thought rather to -hasard my selfe in hope of some mens fauour, then to burie -my conceit with most mens wonder. But before I do passe -to mine Elementarie, which I meane to publish next after -this booke, I must for mine owne contentation examine -what I haue done in this, to see whether I haue hit right, -or writen any thing that may call repentaunce. 1. Was I -not to cut this course, and to begin at Positions? 2. And -are not these the cheife and onely groundes in this argument? -3. And in speking of these haue I in any point -passed beyond my best beseeming? 1. For the first. -Whether I ought to begin at Positions, or no, that is not in -doubte now I hope, bycause I made that pointe very plaine -in the beginning of my booke: but whether I haue done -well to dwell so long in them, that maye seeme to deserue -some excuse, if I mislike it my selfe: or els some cause, to -satisfie other.</p> - -<p>If I had had to do with either <i>Romain</i>, or <i>Grecian</i>, in -their owne language, where these thinges be familiarly -knowen, I would not haue taryed in them any long while, -but dealing with my countrymen in my countrey toungue, -in an argument not so familiar to my countrey, and yet -desiring to become familiar vnto her: I thought it good -rather to saye more then enough, to leaue some chippinges: -then by saying to litle, to cause a new cruste, where none -should be: and to referre the rest of my suppressed meaning -to my learneddest reader, to whose vse as I needed not -to write, so in deede I do not, though I wish him well, and -pray the like againe. They that frame happy men, absolute -oratours, perfit wisedome, paragonne Princes, faultelesse -states, as they haue their subiect at commaundement, which -they breede in the commentarie of their owne braines: so -their circunstances being without errour, where their maine -is without match, neede very few wordes, as being in -daunger of very few faultes. But I deale with a subiect, -which is subiect to all vncertainties: with circunstances, -which are chekt with many obiections, lying open, to much -disturbance, cauilled at by euery occasion: where one sillie -errour, is of strength enough, to ouerthrow a mans whole -labour. I thought it good therefore to declare at large, -what my meaning was, to satisfie therby euen the meanest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">295</span> -vnderstandinges, that waye to procure mine opinion the -freer passage, when it should passe by none, which vnderstood -it not. I could not but begin with them, bycause -herafter I shall haue so many occasions to make mention of -them, to directe the traine by them, to referre my selfe vnto -them, which if they had not bene handled here, they might -and would haue troubled me there. Besides this, I would -gladly (if I could obtaine so much at their handes) that all -my countrymen did thinke, as I do in these same pointes, -that by their consent my good speede might go on, with -the readier and rounder currant, so that I cannot conceiue, -but that I was both to begin my treatise at Positions, as the -primitiue in such discourses, and to dwell long in them, to -satisfie my most readers.</p> - -<p>2. Now whether these be the cheife groundes in preparatiue -to that, which I entend to deale in, I thinke there is -none, but may very easily iudge. For what is it whervnto -my trauell to come hath promised her endeuour? to helpe -children to be well taught for learning: to tell their maisters, -how to exercise them for health: to aide the common -course of studie in what I can for the common good. And -what accidentes belong vnto such an argument, if these -which I haue quoated out do not? Must there not be a -time to begin, to continue, to ende the course of schoole -learning? Then time must needes come in consideration. -Must there not be somthing, wherin this time must be -bestowed, both to haue the minde learned, and the body -healthfull? Then the matter of traine, and the kinde of -exercises could not haue bene passed ouer. Must there -not be some vpon whom these thinges are to be imployed -in these times, of both the sexes, and of all degrees? Then -the generall schooling of all young ones, and the particular -training of young maidens, and bringing vp of young -gentlemen must needes haue their handling. Could these -thinges be done with out conuenient place? cunning -teachers? and good schoole orders? I thinke no. And -therefore I picked these out, as the onely circunstances, that -were proper to mine argument, and that were to be handled -eare I entred my argument, if I had neuer seene any writer -before vse the same choice.</p> - -<p>3. But how haue I delt in them. For the time to begin -I haue measured it by strenght of body and minde that -may well awaye with the trauell in learning without<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">296</span> -emparing of the good of either parte. For the continuing time -in euery degree of studie, I haue limited it by sufficiencie -and perfitnesse of habit, before the student remoue. For -the ending time, the bounder of it is abilitie to serue the -common countrey, and the priuate student in euery particular -calling. In this distinction and sorting of time, I -thinke I haue so dealt, as no reason will gainsaye me. -2. For pointing so many thinges to be learned in the -Elementarie schoole, as I do it vpon good warrant, so is no -man iniuried by it, and euery man may be helpt by it. -For though neither all men deale with all, nor all men can -obtaine all, it is no reason but that those which will and -may, shall know what is best to get: and that those which -neither will nor can, yet maye see, what they maye and -ought to get, if circunstances serue. For the traine is to be -framed after the height, which freedome in circunstance -maye well attaine vnto. A poore mans purse will not -stretch so farre: must abilitie therfore be to much restrained? -Some mans time will not dispense with all: must therfore -the libertie of leasure be forced to the fetter? Some parente -makes light of that, which some other esteemeth greatly: -must he therefore be disapointed of his liking, which -alloweth to serue his humour, which misliketh? Some -maime in some circunstance may be some particular let: -must therefore parciality in not pointing the best proue the -generall losse.</p> - -<p>The best being set downe, without euident dispaire to -come by it, or manifest noueltie to disgrace it, why should -it not be sought for by them, which are willing to haue it, -and know the meanes how? It is no noueltie for some to -towre aboue the clowdes though other in the same flight do -but flutter about the ground, and yet with commendation. -For where the whole is good, and partible by degrees, -euerie ascent hath his praise, though the prerogatiue be his -that mounteth highest. And therefore my plat is to satisfie -those which will medle with the most, and yet so left at -libertie, as it may serue euen them, which seeke but for the -least. 3. For the choice of wittes and restraint of number, -not to pesture learning with to great a multitude, no -wisedome will blame me. 4. For the helpe and health of -body, that the doinges of the soule may be both strong and -long, to ioine ordinarie exercise in forme of traine, who so -shall mislike, I will match him with melancholie, with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">297</span> -fleame, with reumes, with catarres, and all needelesse residences, -to see how they will musle him. The limitation of -certaineties in maisters for their securitie, and parentes for -their assurance, if it be well wayed; is worth the wishing. -5. For the places and personall circumstances, who so will -cauill, neither deserues such a place to be trained in, nor -such a maister to be trained by, nor such parentes to prouide -him such a traine. 6. For the good bringing vp of -yong gentlemen, he that taketh no care, is more then a -foole considering their place and seruice in our countrie: -and so of all the rest. 7. But did any man thinke that I -would not mention my dealing in trayning vp of yong -maidens, whether that be to be admitted in such sort as I -haue appointed it? That is such a bulwarke for me, as -who so shall seeme to pinche me for dealing liberally with -them, had neede to arme himselfe against them. For they -will translate the crime, and becomming parties themselues -discharge me from daunger for vsing them so curteously. -Is that point in suspition of any noueltie or fantasticallnes -to haue wymen learned? Then is <i>nature</i> fantasticall for -giuing them abilitie to learne: <i>custome</i> for putting them to -it: <i>pollicie</i> for placing them where to vse it: in all ages in -all degrees, in all countries, both at home and abroad. -Innouation it is not, for I reade it, I see it, I finde it, it is -not my deuise. I put the case, that it were one of my -wishes, that wymen might learne, if they did not. Assuredly -the proufe that wee see, the profit that we feele, the comfort -that we haue, the care that we haue not, the happines we -enioy, the mishap we auoide, the religion we liue by and -like, the superstition we fly from and hate, the clemencie -we finde, the cruelitie we feare, by the meere benefit of our -learned princesse, whom God hath so rarely endewed and -endowed, giue me leaue to wish that sexe most successe in -learning, and her maiesties person all successe in liuing: -all the residew, all the best, and her highnes alone all aboue -the best: as wish can aspire, where nothing else can come. -In generall I do not remember any thing, that I haue dealt -in, but it may be very well digested by any stomake, if it -be not to farre distempered.</p> - -<p>My wishes perhaps may seeme sometimes to be nouelties. -Nouelties perhappes, as all amendementes be to the thing -that needeth redresse, but not fantasticall, as hauing their -seat in the cloudes. If no man did euer wish, then were I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">298</span> -alone. If my wish were vnpossible though it made shew -of very great profit, impossibilitie in deede, would desire -profit in wish to be content with repulse: but where the -thing is both profitable, and possible to, why should not -profitable possibilitie haue rowme, if wishing may procure -it? I wish commodious situation and rowmh in places for -learning and exercise. Our countrie hath it not echwhere, -nay scant any where as yet. Euen by wishing that it had, -I graunt that it hath not: but I would not haue wished it, -if the meane had bene hard: and the motion naturally -goeth before the effect. I wish that the colledges in the -vniuersities were deuided by professions: I wish graue and -learned readers: I wish repetition to the same readers, yea -euen for the best graduate, that is yet an hearer. I wish -neither heresie nor harme, ne yet any thing, but that may -very well be wrought, and deserues endlesse wishing till it -be brought to an ende. I wish restraint to stop ouerflush, -and such other things whereto I dare stand, and assuredly -beleeue, that I wish my countrie very great good, as I hope -many wilbe partakers with me in wish, to be partakers of -the good. But some wil say what neede you to medle with -so much, or so high matters your selfe creeping so low? -Syr, I did professe in the beginning vnder ech title to deale -in the generall argument, for all my professing the elementarie -example. And by the way I do thinke, that I may deserue -some more equitie in construction, bycause I do entend to -my great paines to helpe my wish forward, and to trauell -for the helping, and healthing of all studentes. Wherfore -I conclude thus, that seeing my dealing in those -positions was occasioned of so good a ground, and -hath so passed through them, as I hope it may -abide the tuch. I must craue of my good -and curteouse countriemen to laie vp allouance -in hope, and misliking in pardon, -till the euent dischardge both, and -make me bound to all, and some -benefited by me.</p> - -<p class="center"> -<i>FINIS.</i></p> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<p class="center small">HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, ST. MARTIN’S LANE, LONDON.<br /> -</p> - - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">299</span></p> - - -<div class="figcenter" > -<img src="images/i_p299.jpg" alt="Decoration" /> -</div> - - -<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX.</h2> -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center"><big>RICHARD MULCASTER.</big><a id="FNanchor_81_81" href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">81</a></p> -</div> - -<p>The birthplace of Richard Mulcaster seems to have been the -old border tower of Brackenhill Castle, on the river Line. The -exact date of his birth is uncertain, but it was probably 1530 or -1531. The Mulcasters had for centuries been an important -family on the Border. Among the old Exchequer Records in the -Tower is a letter from Sir Robert de Clifford, King’s Captain of -the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire, to -the Treasurer and Barons of the Exchequer, desiring them to -excuse Sir William Molcastre, Sir Thomas de Felton, Robert de -Molcastre, and Richard de Molcastre from appearing in the Court -of Exchequer according to their summons, by reason of their attendance -on him in defence of the Marches; dated at Lochmaben -Castle, 4th July, 1299. The Sir William Mulcaster here spoken of -was for five years in succession High Sheriff of Cumberland, and -was much engaged in the war with Scotland. An old pedigree of -the Mulcasters drawn up in Queen Elizabeth’s time says that Sir -William Mulcaster in the reign of “Edward Longshanks entayled -his landes at Torpenham, Bolton, Bolton-Yetten, and Blennerhasset -on his eldest son, Robert Mulcaster, whom he marryed to Eufemia, -sister to Raphe Nevil, Erle of Westmerland, and Erle Marshal of -England. He entayled his landes at Brackenhill and Solport on -his second sonne, Richard Mulcaster.” The elder branch, however,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">300</span> -did not thrive. In the next generation “Sir Robert Mulcaster -became ane Unthrift, and for smale summes of present money in -hand did alien his landes in parcels to his Unkel the Erle of -Westmerland, who knowing the title to be weake by reson of the -entayle did straytway selle the said landes. Sir Robert presently -after the sayle died.” But the Richard Mulcasters have flourished -on and on through the centuries, and these particulars were communicated -to me by the last Richard Mulcaster, who lived to see -this reprint of his ancestor’s book.</p> - -<p>In the fifteen hundreds, St. Bees was a noted place for instruction, -and Bishop Grindal and Archbishop Sandys were brought -up there. But the Mulcaster of the first half of the century sent -his sons Richard and James to be “frappit” by the mighty Udal -at Eton. The <i>vates sacer</i> of Udal is Tusser, without whose help -he could hardly have been remembered. As it is, his name -inevitably calls up the lines——</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">“From Paul’s I went, To Eton sent,</div> - <div class="verse">To learn straightways The Latin phrase,</div> - <div class="verse">When fifty-three Stripes given to me,</div> - <div class="verse indent10">At once I had,</div> - <div class="verse">For fault but small, Or none at all;</div> - <div class="verse">It came to pass, That beat I was,</div> - <div class="verse">See, Udall, see! The mercy of thee</div> - <div class="verse indent14">To me poor lad.”</div> -</div><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">(<i>From Tusser’s Metrical Autobiography, printed</i></div> - <div class="verse"><i>with his “Points of Husbandry,”</i> 1573.)</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>In 1548 (according to A. Wood) Richard Mulcaster gained -his election from Eton to King’s, Cambridge; but for reasons -unknown he did not take a Cambridge degree, but migrated to -Oxford, where in 1555 he was elected Student of Christ Church, -and the year following was “licensed to proceed in Arts.” Here -he became distinguished by his knowledge of Eastern literature, -and “that great English Rabbi, Hugh Broughton,” a contemporary, -speaks of him as one of the best Hebrew scholars of the -age. But the University had been preyed upon by “Reformers,” -and many students had to beg for their living. So Mulcaster -went to London and became a schoolmaster in 1558. Three -years later the Merchant Taylors’ Company opened their new -school at Lawrence Pountney Hill (between “Caning,” now -Cannon, Street and the River), and made Mulcaster their first -Master.</p> - -<p>Thus we find Mulcaster’s reign at Merchant Taylors’ began three -years before the birth of Shakespeare, Mulcaster himself being -about thirty years old. But his monarchy was by no means absolute, -and he was not always happy in his relations with the Company. -The Merchants probably thought of him as one of their servants, -and he, as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">301</span> “by ancient parentage and linnial discent an Esquier -borne” (so he describes himself in his wife’s epitaph), thought -himself a better man than they. Certainly many of his successors, -though unable to lay stress on their parentage, would have grumbled -at the terms imposed upon him.</p> - -<p>The instructions to the Master are in many ways interesting. -He was told that he was to teach the children not only good -literature, but also good manners; he was to resign his post whenever -ordered to do so by the Governors, but might not depart without -giving the Governors a year’s notice; and he was never to be absent -from the school more than twenty working days in the year. The -number of boys is limited to 250, and these are to be taught by the -High Master and two or three Ushers. “The children shall come -to the school in the morning at 7 of the clock both winter and -summer, and tarry there until 11, and return again at 1 of the clock, -and depart at 5.” “Let not the school master, head usher, nor -the under ushers, nor any of them, permit nor license their scholars -to have remedy nor leave to play except only once a week when -there falleth no holiday. And these remedies to be had upon no -other day but only upon Tuesdays in the afternoon or Thursdays -in the forenoon. Nor let the scholars use no cock-fighting, tennis-play, -nor riding about of victoring [<i>sic</i>] nor disputing abroad, -which is but foolish babbling and loss of time.” (“History of -Merchant Taylors’ School,” by H. B. Wilson, 1812, i, 17.)</p> - -<p>The Company agreed to pay to Mulcaster £40——<i>i.e.</i>, £10 each -for the High Master and the ushers; but Mr. Hills, the Master of -the Company, undertook to double Mulcaster’s £10 out of his own -purse. Some years afterwards Mr. Hills had heavy expenses with -one of his children, and was obliged to discontinue his grant to -Mulcaster; which led to a serious disagreement. But there seem -to have been “difficulties” about other matters as well. In the -very middle of his twenty-six years’ mastership (26th November, -1574) we find the following significant entry in the Minutes of the -Court:——“Mr. Richard Moncaster convented at this Courte to be -admonished of suche his contempt of the good orders made for the -government of the Grammar Schole founded by the Worshipful -company in St Lawrence Pountney’s parisshe where he is now -Scholemaister; And also of suche his injurious and quarrellinge -Speache as he used to the Visitors of the said Schole at the last -callinge thereof, refused to here his fformer doings in that behalf -recyted, willinge the said M<sup>r.</sup> Warden and assistants to procede -against him angrily or otherwise as they listed, so as he mighte -have a copie of their decree.” (H. B. Wilson’s “Hist, of M. T. -Sch.,” p. 56.) However, the “Esquier borne” found it prudent to -yield. In the following month (14th Dec., 1574) it is recorded -that Mr. Richard Muncaster confessed before the Court that he had -spoken “merely of choller,” and promised obedience for the future.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">302</span> -Four years later he was in high favour with the Company, for at the -Court holden 29th April, 1579, an order was passed by which the -Company undertook, in consideration of Mulcaster’s “painful -services for near 20 years,” to provide for his wife if she survived -him. But this was the only recognition his “painful services” -received. After Hills’s grant of £10 a year had ceased, Mulcaster -applied to the Company for a larger salary than he had received -from them; but this very reasonable request was refused. Mulcaster -then urged that he had been giving additional stipend to -the senior Usher, and he made a claim for the amount he had lost -by the stoppage of Hills’s subsidy. In reply to this the Court voted -that he “might seeke his remedie.” He then petitioned humbly, -but without avail, and in high dudgeon he resigned his post in 1586, -either quoting or inventing the expression, <i>Servus fidelis perpetuus -asinus</i>.<a id="FNanchor_82_82" href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">82</a> In the appointment of his successor (Wilkinson) he had -no influence, and the dispute between Mulcaster and the Company -was carried on, the Company making a counter claim against him -for £50, and offering to waive this claim only on receiving from -Mulcaster a receipt in full. The quarrel was never made up, and -years afterwards when Mulcaster had left St. Paul’s he applied to -the Merchant Taylors’ Company for a gratuity and was refused.</p> - -<p>So at about the age of fifty-five, Mulcaster found himself out of -office. Five years before this he had published his “Positions” -(1581), and the year after, the “First Part of the Elementarie.” -Why the Second Part never appeared we cannot tell. Perhaps in -this country publishing books about education was then, as now, -an expensive occupation, and Mulcaster having lost half his income -could publish no longer.<a id="FNanchor_83_83" href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">83</a></p> - -<p>Ten years later he became High Master of St. Paul’s School. -In 1598 Elizabeth made him Rector of Stanford Rivers, in Essex, -but as he was High Master of St. Paul’s for twelve years, he must -have been non-resident at his living till 1608. Then at all events -he took up his abode at Stanford Rivers, where his wife died in -1609. It seems strange that Mulcaster should have remained at -the head of a great school till he was about seventy-seven years old, -but there is no reasonable doubt of it; and that he lived to a great -age is proved by his wife’s epitaph in which he records that they -had been married fifty years. He himself died in 1611, only five -years before Shakespeare, who was his junior by more than thirty -years.<a id="FNanchor_84_84" href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">84</a></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">303</span></p> - -<p>Though Mulcaster himself has been well-nigh forgotten, he had -relations, friendly or otherwise, with some of his contemporaries who -are in no danger of being forgotten——Queen Elizabeth, Shakespeare, -Sir Philip Sydney, and Edmund Spenser.</p> - -<p>Elizabeth, as we have seen, gave Mulcaster a living. This was -not till near the end of her reign, but he seems to have been long -in her favour. This book, the “Positions,” was dedicated to her, and -the tone of the letter in which Mulcaster addresses his Sovereign -is not that of a stranger, but rather of an old acquaintance, who -is sure of a friendly reception. In the fifteen hundreds a very -common entertainment was the performance of plays by boys. In -the Queen’s book of household expenses we find: “18th Mch. -1573-4. To Mr. Richard Mouncaster for 2 plays presented before -her on Candlemas-day, and Shrove Tuesday last, 20 marks: and -further for his charges 20 marks.” Again: “11th Mch. 1575-6. -To Richard Mouncaster for presenting a play before her on Shrove -Sunday last, 10 pounds.” This performance seems to have been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">304</span> -continued for many years. In the <i>Liber Famelicus</i> of Sir James -Whitelocke (Camden Society’s Publications, No. LXX), Sir James -tells of his bringing up at Merchant Taylors’. He was born in -1570 and was elected from the School to be a probationer of St. -John’s College, Oxford, in June, 1588. He says: “I was brought -up at School under Mr. Mulcaster in the famous school of the -Merchant Taylors in London, where I continued until I was well -instructed in the Hebrew, Greek, and Latin tongues. His care -was also to increase my skill in music, in which I was brought up -by daily exercise in it, as in singing and playing upon instruments: -and yearly he presented some plays to the Court, in which his -scholars were [the] only actors, and I one among them; and by -that means [he] taught them good behaviour and audacity” (p. 12).</p> - -<p>It has been suggested to me by Mr. Lupton that Shakespeare -may have had Mulcaster in his mind when he put Holofernes the -schoolmaster in <i>Love’s Labour’s Lost</i>. There was, as we know, -rivalry between Shakespeare and the boy actors, and when Armado -says (Act V, sc. 2), “I protest the schoolmaster is exceeding fantastical; -too too vain, too too vain,” he uses a common expression -of Mulcaster’s.</p> - -<p>That Shakespeare had a contempt for the schoolmasters or -“pedants” of his time is tolerably clear, and he must have seen in -Mulcaster a typical schoolmaster and also a rival of his in producing -court entertainments. Holofernes is both a “pedant” and -a court entertainer, but in other respects he does not answer to -Mulcaster, for he is a parish schoolmaster and teaches both boys -and girls. However, as Mulcaster was a favourite at court, -Shakespeare, if really thinking of him, may have had reasons for -not making the resemblance too striking.</p> - -<p>In <i>Hamlet</i> (Act II, sc. 2) there is a very remarkable dialogue -which shows the rivalry that then (<i>i.e.</i>, about 1603) existed -between “the tragedians of the City” and “the boys.” There is, -too, a very beautiful epitaph by Ben Jonson on a boy who had -become famous for playing the part of an old man. Mulcaster no -doubt had had a great share in keeping the playing of boy actors -in fashion; but he probably had nothing to do with “the children -of Powles” whose acting was stopped by edict from about 1589 to -1600, and then started again with increased popularity (see J. P. -Collier, “Annals of the Stage,” edition of 1879, vol. i, pp. 271 ff), -or with “the children of the Revels” who acted at Blackfriars -Theatre, and are probably the “aiery of children” talked of by -Rosenkrantz.</p> - -<p>To return to Elizabeth, it seems that Mulcaster took part in -preparing the pageant at Kenilworth in 1575. I have not read the -accounts by George Gascoigne and Robert Laneham or Langham -to which Collier refers (“Annals of Stage,” i, 225), but the late<span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">305</span> -Mr. Mulcaster gives some Latin verses preserved by Gascoigne -which were, as he says, “devised by Master R. Muncaster.” The -“Middlesex Minstrel” also recited King “Ryence’s challenge to -King Arthur.” Of this Bishop Percy says: “It was sung before -Queen Elizabeth at the grand entertainment at Kenelworth -Castle in 1575, and was probably composed for that occasion” -(Percy’s “Relics,” Wheatley’s edition, 1877, vol. iii, p. 24). If so, it -may have been Mulcaster’s as well as the Latin verses, though for -my part I doubt his writing so simply.</p> - -<p>On Elizabeth’s death in 1603, Mulcaster published “Nænia -consolans in mortem Serenissimæ Reginæ Elizabethæ,” in which -he seems quite consoled by the accession of James.</p> - -<p>Mulcaster was a correspondent of Sir Philip Sydney’s, and he -wrote to him in Latin. This was against his own principles, for -perhaps his best chance of being remembered rests in his vigorous -protest against the use of Latin, and his advice to his learned -countrymen to write in their own language (<i>cfr.</i> Masson’s Life of -Milton).</p> - -<p>Perhaps Mulcaster’s enthusiasm for English may have influenced -one of his pupils who lived to write imperishable verse -in it. The late Mr. Mulcaster, in his MS. notice of his ancestor, -surmised that Spenser may have been a “Merchant Taylor” and -therefore have come under Mulcaster. The guess was a happy -one. Dean Church, in his volume on Spenser (“English Men of -Letters”), tells us how the account books of the executors of a -bountiful citizen, Robert Nowell, have been preserved, and that at -his funeral in 1568 two yards of cloth were given to selected scholars -of the great London Schools. The names of these scholars are -recorded, and at the head of the Merchant Taylors’ list stands -Edmund Spenser.</p> - -<p>It is very remarkable that a schoolmaster noted for his classical -attainments should before the last decade of the fifteen hundreds -have urged the literary use of the mother tongue. It is remarkable, -too, that this man was the master of Edmund Spenser. In these -and some other respects Mulcaster seems to have been more -memorable than Ascham. Yet Ascham is known by all, and -Mulcaster is unknown, not only by ordinary Englishmen, but even, -as it would seem, by scholars like Mr. George Saintsbury, the -author of a book on Elizabethan Literature. In Professor Arber’s -invaluable work for the bibliography of our old books, his “Transcript -of the Registers of the Company of Stationers of London, -1554-1640,” we find in vol. ii, p. 178<i>b</i>, the following curious entry:—<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">306</span>—“Thomas -Chare <i>sub manu Episcopi Londinii</i>. Sexto die Marcii -[1581] Receaved of him for his license to printe <i>positions whereupon -the trayning up of children and so consequentlie the wholle course of -learninge ys grounded</i> ... xvj<i>d</i>. Provyded alwaies that yf -this booke conteine any thinge prejudiciall or hurtfull to the booke -of maister <span class="smcap">Askham</span> that was printed by master Daie called the -Scholemayster, That then this lycense shal be voyd.” But Ascham’s -widow needed no protection from the Bishop of London. His -posthumous book did for the English language what Mulcaster -tried to do in vain: it showed how English might be used for -clear and even graceful expression. Mulcaster thought that the -English language had then reached its highest point. In his -very curious and interesting allegory of the progress of language -(“Elementarie,” pp. 66 ff.) he says that Art selects the best age -of a language to draw rules from, such as the age of Demosthenes -in Greece, and of Tully in Rome. “Such a period in the English -tongue,” he continues, “I take to be in our days for both the pen -and the speech.” And this language, then at its best, was, he -thought, shown at its best in his own writings. After enumerating -its excellencies he says, “I need no example in any of these, whereof -mine own penning is a general pattern.” This tempts one to -exclaim with Armado, “I protest the schoolmaster is exceeding -fantastical; too too vain, too too vain” (<i>Love’s Labour’s Lost</i>, -Act V, sc. 2), and posterity has most emphatically rejected the -offered pattern. Dean Church describes the writers of that time -as “usually clumsy and awkward, sometimes grotesque, often -affected, always hopelessly wanting in the finish, breadth, moderation, -and order which alone can give permanence to writing,” -(“Spenser,” p. 3). Some of these epithets certainly hit Mulcaster -hard. I have spent much time on what he calls his “so careful, -I will not say so curious writing” (“Elementarie,” p. 253), and I -perfectly agree with him when he says, “Even some of reasonable -study can hardly understand the couching of my sentence and the -depth of my conceit” (<i>ib.</i>, p. 235). This, no doubt, explains to -us why Mulcaster has been long forgotten.</p> - -<p>But if he had taken less pains with his “style,” Mulcaster -would have been recognised as a master of his subject. A right -conception of education could not be formed by the worshippers -of “learning;” and the false ideal set up at the Renascence has -had a disastrous effect on European education ever since. But -Mulcaster, scholar though he was, was not in bondage to -scholarship. With him education was not instruction in the -classics. How few schoolmasters have asked the question, “Why -is it not good to have every part of the body and every power of -the soul to be fined to his best?” (“Positions,” p. 34.) The -following passage from the “Elementarie” (p. 22) shows how -much he had risen above the ideal of the learned:—<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">307</span>—“The end -of education and train is to help nature unto her perfection, -which is, when all her abilities be perfected in their habit.... -Consideration and Judgment must wisely mark whereunto Nature -is either evidently given or secretly affectionate, and must frame -education consonant thereto.” And having shown this admirable -conception of the end to be attained, he sets to work to consider -what are the powers that need training. “We have,” he says, -“a perceiving by outward sense, to feel, to see, to smell, to taste -all sensible things; which qualities of the outward being received -in by the <i>common sense</i>, and examined by <i>fancy</i>, are delivered to -<i>remembrance</i> and afterward prove our great and only grounds unto -further knowledge” (“Elementarie,” p. 28). Here we see him feeling -after the foundation of a science of education. He goes still -further when in the “Positions” (p. 27) he tells us of the natural -inclinations in the soul, and of the three things which we shall -find “peering out of the little young souls,” viz.: Wit to take, -Memory to keep, and Discretion to discern.</p> - -<p>Michelet (“Nos Fils,” p. 170) with justice gives credit to -Montaigne for avoiding the great blunder of his time, and basing -his scheme of education, not on what was to be learned, but on -the nature of the learner, “<i>non l’objet, le savoir, mais le sujet, c’est -l’homme</i>.” This was indeed a wonderful step in advance, a step -which placed Montaigne before most schoolmasters of that time, -perhaps of any succeeding time. But in Mulcaster we have a -schoolmaster who in Montaigne’s own day seems to have shown -similar wisdom. Perhaps admirable results might have followed -had Mulcaster’s mode of expression only been somewhat less -“curious.”</p> - -<p>Looking to human nature as a whole, Montaigne and Mulcaster -saw that “it was not a mind, it was not a body that we have -to educate, but a man, and we cannot divide him.” A writer of the -present day who is supposed to be in the van of modern thinkers -has given us his notion of “Education as a Science.” In some -respects the conception of the Elizabethan writer seems to me -more complete and truly scientific. Mulcaster thinks that the -educator should care both for mind and body, and adapt his -“train” to each of them. The treatment of the body recommended -in the “Positions” will surprise some Continental authors, who -seem to think that physical education had hardly been considered -before the appearance of Locke’s “Thoughts.”</p> - -<p>There are several other points where Mulcaster seems to me -to show remarkable wisdom. He does not approve of a very -early start in the learned languages, and is specially strong against -the “hastening on” of a “sharp young wit;” so that one of the -earliest English writers on education warns us against some of -the latest English practices (see “Positions,” pp. 19, 33; also -“Elementarie,” xi, pp. 52 ff).</p> - -<p>Another of our head-masters, whose teaching now, alas! comes -to us also recommended by the proverb, <i>Optimi consiliarii mortui</i>,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">308</span> -Edward Thring, has testified to the difficulty and to the importance -of instructing the younger classes properly. Mulcaster is so strong -on this point that instead of handing over the younger boys in a -crowd to the least experienced and worst paid master, as the custom -still is, he would have the forms smaller at the bottom than at the -top of the school, and would have the best and best paid teacher for -them (“Positions,” pp. 233 ff.)</p> - -<p>His wisdom appears, too, in his curriculum for the young. -What a blessing for them could he have arranged their studies all -over Europe instead of his contemporary, Sturm! He would have -taught them to read and write their own language, to draw, to -sing, and to play some musical instrument, and he maintains that -if instead of beginning with Latin the child were put through a preliminary -course in these five things, he would learn “the tongue” -sooner and do more between 12 and 16 than from 7 to 17 the -other way (“Elementarie,” chap. xi). So school instruction in -drawing and singing was recommended by this old schoolmaster -more than 300 years ago. I take up the New England “Journal -of Education,” dated 2nd February, 1888, and I find a well-known -writer, Col. T. W. Higginson, telling us: “I can remember when -the introduction of singing, and later of drawing, into our public -schools was regarded as a finical whim, suitable for girls’ schools -only. <i>Emollit mores</i>, each of these practices is found to help -school discipline and refine the taste, so that the whole tone of -school life is elevated.” Thus we are at length adopting Mulcaster’s -proposals, and quoting in their favour what Ovid said -2,000 years ago.</p> - -<p>It is interesting, by the way, to observe that the unfortunate -“three R’s” had not been invented in Mulcaster’s time, and his -“Elementarie,” with its five studies, ignores arithmetic.</p> - -<p>The five studies are intended for those who are to be put to -learning, and those only; but we see that Mulcaster would have -had <i>every one</i> taught to read and write (“Positions,” p. 139).</p> - -<p>We have seen that we are at length introducing drawing and -singing, as Mulcaster advised. In one particular he is still in -advance of us. He would have at the University a college for -training teachers. “Is the framing of young minds,” he asks, -“and the training of their bodies so mean a point of cunning? -Be schoolmasters in this realm such a paucity as they are not even -in good sadness to be soundly thought on?... He that will -not allow of this careful provision for such a seminary of masters -is most unworthy either to have had a good master himself or -hereafter to have a good one for his.” (“Positions” p. 248.)</p> - -<p>In another respect Mulcaster showed much good sense, and -though perhaps not in advance of his own generation he was far -before the generations of the two succeeding centuries. I was at<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">309</span> -a private meeting connected with the founding of Girton College, -when, I remember, the late Professor Brewer denied that girls in -the Elizabethan age were better educated than in the days that -followed. Joseph Payne, who was also present, expressed a strong -opinion that they <i>were</i>. If he had had his copy of the “Positions” -with him (his collection of rare books on education included this -work) he might have proved his point by apposite quotation. -This was twenty years ago. Much has been done for girls’ education -since then; and in one respect at least the Victorians have -advanced beyond the Elizabethans, for no English writer can now -say with Mulcaster, “I set not young maidens to public grammar -schools, a thing not used in my country; I send them not to the -universities, having no precedent thereof in my country.” (“Positions,” -p. 167.)</p> - -<p>I have now, I think, said enough so show that at least for the -history of education Mulcaster’s books are of great interest and -value. Travellers are always ready to run any risks in exploring -the source of great rivers. When we consider how many millions -of the human race using English as their mother tongue receive -instruction in school, it might seem worth while to spend some -little time and trouble in tracing back the history of that instruction, -and seeing what it was in its earliest days. Such knowledge -as is now obtainable must be derived from a few books, among -which Mulcaster’s are almost the first, both in time and in importance. -I know of nothing earlier except Elyot’s “Governor” and -Ascham’s “Schoolmaster.” The next English work on education -known to me is W. Kemp’s “The Education of Children” in 1588, -which probably furthered his wish that the good town of Plymouth -might “bring forth some young imps and buds of learning;” but -this is in every way a small book. The next important book is -John Brinsly’s “Ludus Literarius; or, the Grammar School,” and -this was not published till 1612.</p> - -<p>The first edition of the “Positions” was dedicated to Queen -Elizabeth. This, which is as far as I have seen the second, I should -dedicate to no contemporary, not even to the Queen herself; but -to the coming New Zealander. The prescient eye of Macaulay -sees that Mulcaster’s scheme of instruction will by that time have -been adopted, and our intelligent descendant will be able to -draw. I hope he will know of the old book in which drawing in -schools was first recommended. He will, I feel certain, take a -deep interest in the most important discovery of his age, the new -science of education, and gratitude for this science will make him -think kindly of those quaint old writers, standing almost together, -“foreshortened in the tract of time,” who in the days of Elizabeth and -Victoria made the first crude suggestions and surmises towards it.</p> - -<p class="right"> -R. H. Q.</p> - -<p><small><i>16th February, 1888.</i></small></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center small"> -HARRISON AND SONS<br /> - -PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY<br /> - -ST. MARTIN’S LANE.</p> - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - - -<h2 id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2> -<div class="footnotes"> -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">1</a> 1. Topic. de 4. instrumentis Dial.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">2</a> -7. De Rep.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3_3" href="#FNanchor_3_3" class="label">3</a> -1. De sani. tuen.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_4_4" href="#FNanchor_4_4" class="label">4</a> -Libro. 1. Χρονίων, cap. 5. de furore.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_5_5" href="#FNanchor_5_5" class="label">5</a> -Lib. 6, cap. 8. De sanit. tuen.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_6_6" href="#FNanchor_6_6" class="label">6</a> -Pla. 2, 3, 4, de Repub. Phil. περὶ τῆς εἰς τὰ προπαιδεὺματα συνόδου.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_7_7" href="#FNanchor_7_7" class="label">7</a> -Aristot. 8, polit.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_8_8" href="#FNanchor_8_8" class="label">8</a> -Galen. 1. De sanit. tuen.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_9_9" href="#FNanchor_9_9" class="label">9</a> -19 part. probl. 38.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_10_10" href="#FNanchor_10_10" class="label">10</a> -Lib. 1. c. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_11_11" href="#FNanchor_11_11" class="label">11</a> -Libro 1. Χρονίων, cap. 1.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_12_12" href="#FNanchor_12_12" class="label">12</a> -Lib. 11. Epist. 97.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_13_13" href="#FNanchor_13_13" class="label">13</a> -Lib. de remed.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_14_14" href="#FNanchor_14_14" class="label">14</a> -Lib. 27, cap. 6.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_15_15" href="#FNanchor_15_15" class="label">15</a> -7 Polit. cap. vlt.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_16_16" href="#FNanchor_16_16" class="label">16</a> -Lib. 2 παιδ.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_17_17" href="#FNanchor_17_17" class="label">17</a> -7 De Rep.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_18_18" href="#FNanchor_18_18" class="label">18</a> -Hier. Mercu. lib. 3, cap. 6.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_19_19" href="#FNanchor_19_19" class="label">19</a> -παιδαγ. 3. De exercitijs.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_20_20" href="#FNanchor_20_20" class="label">20</a> -Solon apud Lucianum in Αναχάρσει.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_21_21" href="#FNanchor_21_21" class="label">21</a> -Lib. 28, cap. 1, & lib. 36. cap. vlt.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_22_22" href="#FNanchor_22_22" class="label">22</a> -Epist., Lib. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_23_23" href="#FNanchor_23_23" class="label">23</a> -Plato in Lachete.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_24_24" href="#FNanchor_24_24" class="label">24</a> -Lib. de parua pila.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_25_25" href="#FNanchor_25_25" class="label">25</a> -3 De Rep.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_26_26" href="#FNanchor_26_26" class="label">26</a> -Lib. 1, cap. 9 & penul.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_27_27" href="#FNanchor_27_27" class="label">27</a> -Plut. in Demost.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_28_28" href="#FNanchor_28_28" class="label">28</a> -In Augusti vita. cap. 80.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_29_29" href="#FNanchor_29_29" class="label">29</a> -5. para. probl. 9.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_30_30" href="#FNanchor_30_30" class="label">30</a> -De parua pila. lib.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_31_31" href="#FNanchor_31_31" class="label">31</a> -Lib. de insomnijs languentium.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_32_32" href="#FNanchor_32_32" class="label">32</a> -3. Lib. de Diæta.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_33_33" href="#FNanchor_33_33" class="label">33</a> -2. part. proble. 21. 33. 42.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_34_34" href="#FNanchor_34_34" class="label">34</a> -Suetonius in Augusto cap. 83.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_35_35" href="#FNanchor_35_35" class="label">35</a> -34. Lib. cap. 8.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_36_36" href="#FNanchor_36_36" class="label">36</a> -4. de Rep.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_37_37" href="#FNanchor_37_37" class="label">37</a> -Gal. 6. epi. commen. 3. aph. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_38_38" href="#FNanchor_38_38" class="label">38</a> -Liuius. C. Cæs.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_39_39" href="#FNanchor_39_39" class="label">39</a> -Appian.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_40_40" href="#FNanchor_40_40" class="label">40</a> -Gal. 7. meth. Pli. epist. 9. lib. 6. Martial. lib. 11. Iuuenal.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_41_41" href="#FNanchor_41_41" class="label">41</a> -Suetonius.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_42_42" href="#FNanchor_42_42" class="label">42</a> -Lib de venat. 1. παιδ.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_43_43" href="#FNanchor_43_43" class="label">43</a> -De par pila lib.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_44_44" href="#FNanchor_44_44" class="label">44</a> -3 Commen. 13 tract. cap. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_45_45" href="#FNanchor_45_45" class="label">45</a> -1. Sanit. tuen.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_46_46" href="#FNanchor_46_46" class="label">46</a> -2. De tu. vali.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_47_47" href="#FNanchor_47_47" class="label">47</a> -2. Part. proble. 21. 33. 42.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_48_48" href="#FNanchor_48_48" class="label">48</a> -3. De diæta.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_49_49" href="#FNanchor_49_49" class="label">49</a> -2. De tuen. vali.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_50_50" href="#FNanchor_50_50" class="label">50</a> -2. Aph. 16.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_51_51" href="#FNanchor_51_51" class="label">51</a> -4. De tuenda sanita.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_52_52" href="#FNanchor_52_52" class="label">52</a> -1. De san. tu.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_53_53" href="#FNanchor_53_53" class="label">53</a> -S. Paul.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_54_54" href="#FNanchor_54_54" class="label">54</a> -Xenop. 1. κυρ παιδ.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_55_55" href="#FNanchor_55_55" class="label">55</a> -Offic. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_56_56" href="#FNanchor_56_56" class="label">56</a> -Proclus vpon Platoes common weale, and Theodorus Asinæus vpon the -question, whether men and wymen haue all vertues common.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_57_57" href="#FNanchor_57_57" class="label">57</a> -Philo Iudæus in his discours of the ten commaundementes rips out the -perfitnes of that number.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_58_58" href="#FNanchor_58_58" class="label">58</a> -Plutarch in his booke of wymens vertues.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_59_59" href="#FNanchor_59_59" class="label">59</a> -Plin. lib. 35. cap. 11.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_60_60" href="#FNanchor_60_60" class="label">60</a> -Plut. περὶ παιδ. ἀγωγ.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_61_61" href="#FNanchor_61_61" class="label">61</a> -Plutarch. Alexand. Hester lib. Ælianus ποικίλ. 2.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_62_62" href="#FNanchor_62_62" class="label">62</a> -Plut. Sylla. Cæsar.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_63_63" href="#FNanchor_63_63" class="label">63</a> -Plato 12 de leg.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_64_64" href="#FNanchor_64_64" class="label">64</a> -Philo.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_65_65" href="#FNanchor_65_65" class="label">65</a> -Plut. in Cæs.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_66_66" href="#FNanchor_66_66" class="label">66</a> -Ad Nicoclem.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_67_67" href="#FNanchor_67_67" class="label">67</a> -Probitas laudatur et alget.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_68_68" href="#FNanchor_68_68" class="label">68</a> -Plato 7, de rep.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_69_69" href="#FNanchor_69_69" class="label">69</a> -Sir Iohn Cheeke.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_70_70" href="#FNanchor_70_70" class="label">70</a> -Gal. περὶ ἀρίστης αἱρέσεως.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_71_71" href="#FNanchor_71_71" class="label">71</a> -Philo. περὶ τῆς εἰς τὰ προπαιδεύματα συνόδου.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_72_72" href="#FNanchor_72_72" class="label">72</a> -6 Æneid.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_73_73" href="#FNanchor_73_73" class="label">73</a> -P. Melancthon.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_74_74" href="#FNanchor_74_74" class="label">74</a> -De oratore.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_75_75" href="#FNanchor_75_75" class="label">75</a> -1. παιδί.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_76_76" href="#FNanchor_76_76" class="label">76</a> -7 De rep. Plato.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_77_77" href="#FNanchor_77_77" class="label">77</a> -1. παιδ.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_78_78" href="#FNanchor_78_78" class="label">78</a> -Ad Quintum Frat.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_79_79" href="#FNanchor_79_79" class="label">79</a> -Ανάβασις.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_80_80" href="#FNanchor_80_80" class="label">80</a> -παιδ. 3.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_81_81" href="#FNanchor_81_81" class="label">81</a> -Almost all we know of Mulcaster is given in “Gentleman’s Magazine” -for 1800——<i>i.e.</i>, vol. lxx, part i, pp. 419-421, 511, 512; and part ii, pp. 600 -and 604. The writer, “E. H.,” is always said to be Henry Ellis. Besides -this we have H. B. Wilson’s “History of Merchant Taylors’ School.” It is -a pity these writers do not always refer us to their authorities. I have had -much kind assistance from Rev. J. H. Lupton, the author of “Life of Colet,” -&c. I much regret that the late Rev. Richard Mulcaster, of Anglesea House, -Paignton, did not live to see the use I have made of materials collected by him -for an article on his ancestor, which materials he was good enough to place in -my hands.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_82_82" href="#FNanchor_82_82" class="label">82</a> -Mr. Lupton has pointed out to me a passage in Bishop Pilkington’s -“Works” (Parker Soc.), p. 447: “The servant, he will write on the wall -<i>Fidelis servus, perpetuus asinus</i>.”</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_83_83" href="#FNanchor_83_83" class="label">83</a> -In the “Gentleman’s Magazine,” vol. lxx, p. 603, we read of a second -edition of the “Positions” published in 1587, in 4to. W. C. Hazlitt (“Handbook,” -p. 404, ed. 1867) says the “Positions” was reprinted in 1587 and 1591.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_84_84" href="#FNanchor_84_84" class="label">84</a> -Our information is very scanty. H. B. Wilson, the historian of Merchant -Taylors’ School, a very painstaking writer, says that Mulcaster was “Surmaster -of St. Paul’s, 1586; Vicar of Cranbrook, in Kent, 1st April, 1590; Prebendary -of Sarum, 29th April, 1594; Rector of Stanford Rivers, in Essex, 1598; died -15th April, 1611.” Did Mulcaster go first as “Surmaster” to St. Paul’s? -Knight, in his “Life of Colet,” says Mulcaster “came in upper master in -1596,” which is consistent with his being “surmaster” previously. But after -his reign of twenty-six years at Merchant Taylors’ he would not be likely to -accept any mastership where he would be a subordinate. Mr. Lupton tells me -that in Gardiner’s “Registers of St. Paul’s School,” Richard Smith is put down -as “surmaster” from 1586 to 1599, when he was pensioned, “being fallen into -decay of his eyesight and impotency;” but a note speaks of these dates as -probable, not certain. From Fuller we should suppose that Mulcaster left St. -Paul’s before he was seventy-seven years old; but it seems certain that he was -“high-master” till 1608. He must therefore have been for some years non-resident, -either in his school or in his parish. Fuller inaccurately puts him down -as a <i>Westmorland</i> worthy; but as Fuller got information from hearers of -Mulcaster the following passage is valuable:——“In the morning he (Mulcaster) -would exactly and plainly construe and parse the lessons to his scholars; which -done, he slept his hour (custom made him critical to apportion it) in his desk in -the school; but woe be to the scholar that slept the while! Awaking, he heard -them accurately; and Atropos might be persuaded to pity as soon as he to -pardon where he found just fault. The prayers of cockering mothers prevailed -with him as much as the requests of indulgent fathers, rather increasing than -mitigating his severity on their offending child. In a word he was <i>plagosus -Orbilius</i>, though it may truly be said (and safely for one out of his school) that -others have taught as much learning with fewer lashes. Yet his sharpness was -the better endured because unpartial, and many excellent scholars were bred -under him; whereof Bishop Andrews was the most remarkable. Then quitting -that place (St. Paul’s School) he was presented to the rich parsonage -of Stanford Rivers, in Essex. I have heard from those who have heard him -preach, that his sermons were not excellent; which to me seems no wonder, -partly because there is a different discipline in teaching Children and Men; -partly because such who make divinity (not the choice of their youth but) the -refuge of their age seldom attain to eminency therein.” (Fuller’s “Worthies,” -edited by John Nichols (2 vols., 1811), vol. ii, p. 431.)</p></div> -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Positions, by Richard Mulcaster - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POSITIONS *** - -***** This file should be named 62025-h.htm or 62025-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/2/0/2/62025/ - -Produced by Turgut Dincer, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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