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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e59a9f --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #61453 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61453) diff --git a/old/61453-8.txt b/old/61453-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index da790c6..0000000 --- a/old/61453-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,4998 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sixty Years a Bookman, by Joseph Shaylor - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Sixty Years a Bookman - With Other Recollections and Reflections - -Author: Joseph Shaylor - -Release Date: February 20, 2020 [EBook #61453] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A BOOKMAN *** - - - - -Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - - - - - - - - - -SIXTY YEARS A BOOKMAN - -_WITH OTHER RECOLLECTIONS AND REFLECTIONS_ - - - - -_BY THE SAME AUTHOR_ - - THE FASCINATION OF BOOKS AND OTHER ESSAYS - THE PLEASURES OF BOOKLAND - IN FRIENDSHIP'S GARDEN - LIBERTY AND BROTHERHOOD, ETC., ETC. - - -[Illustration: J. Shaylor] - - - - - SIXTY YEARS A - BOOKMAN - - _WITH OTHER - RECOLLECTIONS AND REFLECTIONS_ - - BY - JOSEPH SHAYLOR - - LONDON - SELWYN & BLOUNT, LTD. - 21 YORK BUILDINGS, ADELPHI, W.C. - - - - -_First Printed 1923_ - -_Made and Printed in Great Britain by_ Butler & Tanner Ltd., _Frome and -London_ - - - - - to - MY CHILDREN - and also to - MY MANY FRIENDS IN - THE BOOK-SELLING TRADE - with the sincere wish that their lives - may be crowned with as much success - and happiness as that which - has blessed my career - - - - -CONTENTS - - - CHAP. PAGE - - I My Early Life in the Country 11 - - II My Early London Experiences 30 - - III Some Recollections of Stationers' Hall Court 52 - - IV Some Further Recollections and Reflections 82 - - V Some Personal Associations 112 - - VI The Bookselling Trade and Underselling 138 - - VII Term and Sale Catalogues 169 - - VIII Limited Editions and the Pleasures of Collecting 188 - - IX The Whitefriars Club 198 - - - - -PREFACE - - -At the request of numerous friends, but with some hesitation, I -have decided to issue a short account of certain of my experiences -and impressions during a long and delightful association with the -bookselling trade. In doing so, I hope that it may find a welcome with -those members of the trade with whom I have been in happy association -for over sixty years, and that my experience may be a stimulus to those -who are still plodding their way among the many details of what I -consider one of the most interesting and fascinating trades, a trade of -which all the details are never learned. - -The bookselling trade has its pleasurable associations as well as its -drawbacks, and, although my early experiences had not great attractions -for me, yet, owing to industry and attention to business, I have much -pleasure in looking back upon what from many points of view may be -considered as a prosperous career. - -Personally, I love the making and selling of books, and sincerely hope -that these callings may still have a future far and away greater than -the period through which I have passed. - -In addition to "Recollections" of a personal character, I have included -portions of a few articles which I think may interest my readers and -friends. These have appeared at various times, and I hope that they -will now meet with as kindly a reception as they did when they were -first published. - -"Sixty Years a Bookman" is intended for three classes of readers--my -Personal Friends, the Bookselling Trade, and the General Public; and I -trust that there will be found something in these records of a long and -busy life to appeal to them all. - - JOSEPH SHAYLOR - - Gloucester House, Holden Road, - Woodside Park, N. - - - - -CHAPTER I - -My Early Life in the Country - - -In what is known as the Stroud Valley, Gloucestershire, or, as it was -deservedly called by Queen Victoria, the Golden Valley, stands a little -straggling village called the Thrupp, in which on July 12, 1844, I -was born; but my early recollections of this beautiful valley began -at a village about one mile distant, named Swells Hill, to which my -parents afterwards removed. This village is situated on the side of -the eastern portion of the Cotswolds, a district full of beautiful -hills, gorge-like valleys, dells and glades, celebrated not only for -its beauty and historical associations but for its numerous industries. -Swells Hill overlooks the busy village of Brimscombe and is on the -fringe of the delightful Minchinhampton Common, which consists of some -thousand acres of open country; its highest part being about 650 feet -above the sea level; on it, there are many local traditions of great -battles having been fought, and on one particular spot in the centre -of the Common the celebrated George Whitfield preached in 1743 to -thousands of people. - -Minchinhampton Common was presented to the parish so named in the reign -of Henry VIII by Dame Alice Hampton. On it are now golf links, which -are well known all over the country and many notable contests have been -played there by some of our most celebrated professionals. From the -quarries on this Common I have often collected fossils of snakes and -other reptiles which I suppose belonged to some prehistoric period, -but how long ago I have been unable to learn. Pit dwellings, long and -round tunnels with camps and earthworks, abound in this district. -Some of the depressions in the surface of the Common vary in depth. -I used to be told that they were the burying places of those who had -fought in the days of the Civil Wars. I cannot of course guarantee the -correctness of this statement, but I do know that these depressions -have frequently given me in my school days very much pleasure, as in -the winter they were often filled with snow, and a good run and jump -landed one in the centre of the hollow. It was a great pleasure to see -who could jump the farthest and come out the wettest. - -As far as I can remember, most of my early education, or what may be -called my twopenny education, was acquired at an old-fashioned Dame's -School and a local Church School where the main ideas of education were -answering the questions in Pinnock's "Catechism" and learning, and I -must say immediately forgetting, the questions and answers from the -Church Catechism; but I have no doubt I received impressions which were -useful in after life. - -When about nine years of age, I was sent to Amberley School. To reach -this School I had to cross Minchinhampton Common, nearly two miles -from my home; this distance I traversed sometimes four times a day. At -that time home lessons were considered of great importance, but the -weariness of them made a lasting impression upon me. However, it was at -this School that I obtained the best part of my education. - -With Amberley I have many associations never to be forgotten. I -remember how when nearing the School I listened for the Master's -whistle which he always appeared in the open to blow, and how -considerate he was with the boys who came from a distance before -marking them late. How on occasions when the hounds on a wintry day -came at full speed past our School leave was given to some of us -boys to chase with them. Many a good run I have had following them -over hedges and ditches until outdistanced, but the excitement left -behind very pleasant recollections, and was the cause of my writing the -following verses: - - Hurrah for To-morrow! 'Tis the first hunting day, - And with the good hounds we'll hark hark away, - For the Fox will be drawn from the thick bushy wood, - It's the rascal that stole the grey duck's little brood. - - You remember the time, 'twas one bright summer morn, - When the hens had their chicks and the bees had a swarm, - And the duck had her ducklings, and fine ones were they, - As e'er swam on a pond, or play'd pranks in the hay. - - Farmer Giles was out early, the sheep had gone wrong, - And old Towler was with him, they scarcely had gone - When that crafty old Reynard, who had watched them away, - Stole the ducks and he had them for dinner that day. - - How he must have enjoyed each tender young bone - As he scrunched and he scrunched till each tit-bit was gone; - But who would begrudge him a feast in his den, - I dare wager a bet he won't do it again. - - For we're off in the morn, while the true scent is strong, - To capture his brush and it won't take us long, - For the horses and hounds are all fit for the fray, - So Ahoy! Tally Ho! Tally Ho! Harkaway! - -Close by the Schools stands Rose Cottage where Mrs. Craik, then Miss -Muloch, wrote her most successful novel "John Halifax, Gentleman." This -was published in 1857, the year I was at school, and I have no doubt I -must often have seen Miss Muloch when she was writing her great novel. -The background of this story runs from Tewkesbury through Nailsworth to -Amberley Common; the latter, figuring in the novel as Enderly Flats, is -described as the highest tableland in England. The whole neighbourhood -is identified with incidents delineated in the book, and in Amberley -Churchyard the little blind daughter of John Halifax and Ursula lies at -rest. - -In the small village of Woodchester, in the valley below Amberley, -there is an important Monastery which contains many interesting -associations, but my recollections are more concerned with the parish -church of Woodchester where I remember being taken by my mother to see -what is left of some old Roman villa with tessellated pavement and -other remains. I believe these are uncovered at certain times and the -public allowed to inspect them. - -One other of my youthful enjoyments was the occasional fishing and -bathing in the Thames and Severn Canal. This canal joins together at -Lechlade these two great rivers. In the canal as it passed through the -Golden Valley, there was always a good supply of water and the fishing -here was very good. I never got beyond roach, dace and perch, but there -were frequently pike and other fish caught by the expert. Anyone who -has indulged in fishing, if only as I did in my boyhood, will never -forget the fascination it has upon the lover of sport, and I pity -the boy who has not the sportive instinct. I learned to swim also in -these waters, but want of opportunity in after years prevented my ever -becoming a really good swimmer. - -Looking back upon my boyhood from the standpoint of to-day, I am -inclined to think that, practically, education does not begin until -the first steps are taken in the business of life, although from my -own experience the great influence exercised upon character by a good -mother, which I fortunately had, lasts with a boy and helps to mould -his life and disposition more than he can at the moment anticipate. -I am quite sure that through the early start I made both in the -country and in London, nothing contributed more to my even routine and -carefully considered actions than the influence exercised upon me by a -mother's love. - -In September, 1857, I was sent on trial, before being apprenticed, to -a Mr. Bucknell, a bookseller in George Street, Stroud, and, apparently -proving satisfactory, was afterwards apprenticed for five years, "out -of doors," that is living at home, with the magnificent remuneration of -one shilling per week for the first year, increasing by one shilling -per week at the beginning of the next year, and to be continued upon -the same ratio for five years. - -Mr. Bucknell, however, after fifteen months of my apprenticeship sold -the business to Mr. John Clark and I was what is called "turned over" -to him, but the period of my apprenticeship was extended to seven years -and a little more liberal salary given me. When Mr. Bucknell left, he -presented me with a copy of Charles Mackay's poems in which he wrote -the following after my name: "With an earnest wish that his future -life may be deserving of that approval from his fellow-men which he -now receives after fifteen months of his apprenticeship from S.G. -Bucknell." Without being in any way conceited, I cannot help feeling -that his good wishes have to a certain extent been fulfilled. - -From a quiet village life to the busy town of Stroud was a great -change. My time for work was from eight o'clock in the morning until -eight at night six days of the week, summer and winter, and my only -holidays were Good Friday and Christmas Day. The Bill originating -Bank Holidays had not then been passed. Sometimes during the winter -months the walk home was anything but pleasant, especially as I had to -walk beside the canal for a considerable distance and more than once -had a narrow escape from falling in. It is a truism that familiarity -breeds contempt, and I must admit that this familiarity strengthened -me in what to many would have been a dangerous journey, and it has no -doubt helped me in keeping my nerves and my temper from running away -with me. However, all's well that ends well, and although during my -seven years' apprenticeship I had many temptations and dangers, yet I -think I came through them stronger both in mind and body. I remember -that occasionally on my morning walk through some of the lanes to -business, I would meet that sportsman Mr. Paul Hawkins Fisher with his -attendants, each carrying a hawk on his hand, well hooded; sometimes, I -have seen them let fly when they would attack some startled bird, but -I understood they were only training the hawks for future warfare. It -was, however, sportive food for my imagination. - -During my years of apprenticeship many events happened, both social -and political, that interested me, and I can only write them down as -my memory helps me and not in any way in the order of their happening. -One of my earliest recollections was of an election before vote by -ballot was introduced. The members for the Borough were Edward Horsman -and G. Poulet Scrope, the latter an author of considerable importance. -I remember that, although there was no opposition to the members, -speaking on the hustings, for the nomination, continued until twelve -o'clock, with the intention of nominating Lord John Russell should he -not have been successful in the constituency he was fighting; but he -was successful, so no nomination was necessary. I had occasionally the -pleasure of seeing Lord John Russell, as he lived near Amberley, from -which his eldest son took the title of Viscount Amberley. - -Speaking of contests but of another character, it was in 1860 the -fight between Tom Sayers and J.C. Heenan took place. What a tremendous -excitement it produced! I well remember the day after the fight, having -fetched the newspapers from the London train and folded them in the -shop, how I stopped every minute to read another line describing the -fight and how angry my master was at my taking so long. But I could -not help it, for the details were quite worth the trouble I brought -upon myself. Some months later I had the pleasure of seeing Sayers box -in connexion with a travelling circus. It was one of the red-letter -days in my life to see the man of whom I had thought so much, showing -his skill as a boxer. It was generally understood that it was at -Stroud that Tom Sayers had his first fight; he was a bricklayer and -was engaged in work at the Stroud Brewery, and falling out with one -of his fellow-workmen, a fight followed which probably led to further -developments. I have also seen his opponent J.C. Heenan boxing in a -circus, but I did not consider him in any way an equal to Tom Sayers. - -Although my time was fully occupied, I was able to enjoy a good game -of cricket with some of my many friends on Rodborough Common. We used -to meet at five o'clock in the morning, and, after a good game, had -breakfast before starting work at eight o'clock. I also joined a class -to learn Latin: there was a dear old gentleman bachelor who loved -literature and education and he took in hand some half-dozen young -fellows to teach them Latin. We used to meet at his house at eight -in the evening for one hour's tuition. I enjoyed it and managed to -master the early chapters of Virgil's "Æneid," and, though I am afraid -the results have not been very great, the little knowledge I obtained -has been useful. I was also much interested in a singing class, over -which a Mr. Helmore, brother to the Rev. T. Helmore, the great Church -choirmaster, presided. We gave performances in the Subscription -Rooms of "The Messiah," "The Creation" and other musical classics. -I have often thought of the absurdity of one of the choirmaster's -eccentricities when performing "The Creation." Very early in the -oratorio the words are, "And God said let there be light, and there -was light." Before the singing began the lights were turned down and I -was placed near the man who turned on the gas. At the opportune moment -I had to give the signal, the light was turned on and light became a -fact. I have often thought how almost profane it was, but I believe it -passed without any serious protest. - -Another yearly event which became fixed in my mind was the appearance -of Dr. Cumming to speak on the coming end of the world. There was a -wealthy lady of Amberley who was a great believer in Dr. Cumming, and -each year he came down and stayed with her and always delivered one -of his unfulfilled prophecies. It was my duty to take the tickets -and see the audience into their seats, but, as the audience year by -year grew smaller by degrees and beautifully less, this was very easy -work. Like most moderate-sized towns at this period, Stroud had its -Young Men's Institute, of which I was a member, and it was the custom -during the winter to have lectures, etc. I well remember the great -success that always attended the lectures given by George Dawson, a -preacher, lecturer and politician, and George Grossmith, the father of -the well-known actor in Gilbert and Sullivan's plays. These lectures -were usually of a literary or biographical character and undoubtedly -laid the foundations for thought and study in the minds of those who -listened to them. - -During my apprenticeship, my master, Mr. John Clark, was sometimes -very exacting, and I know I had to thank Mrs. Clark and some of their -daughters for helping to an extent to ease my work, and for making my -strenuous life run smoothly. Part of my work was to learn printing. -This I did, and was able to set up the type of a volume of sermons by a -local vicar. The volume made no reputation, either for the vicar or the -producer of the work. - -It was, however, in the buying and selling of books that I was most -interested. These were the great days of the poets, who then had large -sales, Tupper's "Proverbial Philosophy," I think the greatest. What a -change from then to now! I have no doubt that if you asked for this -book to-day in a bookseller's shop no one would know of its existence, -but, without doubt, those of Tupper and other poets were the principal -books given as presents. I remember that Tennyson's "Enoch Arden," -published by Edward Moxon in 1864, even in such a small town as Stroud -had a large sale. I understand that 50,000 copies of this book were -sold during the first year of its publication. - -There is one thing I was greatly blessed with--a good memory; and -I can safely say I knew every book in our stock. When a traveller -came round for orders, I was always stationed near my master and the -traveller and if an order was being given I had to say whether the book -was in stock or not. Those were also the days when booksellers sold -patent medicines, in which a large trade was done; especially with -such articles as Holloway's, Morrison's, and other pills, with various -preparations to cure every disease under the sun. - -In looking back to those times, I have often dwelt upon the thought -whether it is best for youths to be brought up under severe discipline -or under easy surroundings and have come to the conclusion that the -happy medium is most desirable, for in my own case and although my -master Mr. Clark was a straightforward honourable man, he was not a man -who sympathized with labour, but looked upon it as something one had -to put up with; but where a man is just and honourable as he was this -influence is for good, and labour is made more pleasant and agreeable. -I have much to thank Mr. Clark for, especially in the directions -mentioned, and always feel that the thoroughness of his business habits -had a lasting effect upon me. I can look back upon my seven years' -apprenticeship with much thankfulness, not only for my personal good -health but the many pleasant associations with which I was surrounded. - - - - -CHAPTER II - -My Early London Experiences - - -In September, 1864, I came to London, although not for the first time, -as I had made two visits to the metropolis before this important event -in my life. On one of these occasions I well remember sitting on an -omnibus which came down from Snow Hill and at the bottom of the hill a -horse was switched on to the front of the 'bus to pull it up Holborn -Hill which was then paved with rugged stones. Even with three horses, -they had to pull from one side to the other in their effort to reach -the top. This dip is now bridged over by the Holborn Viaduct, which I -remember seeing Queen Victoria declare open in 1872. The other occasion -was to visit the Exhibition of 1862. It was a great revelation and -interested me much. - -Before coming to my situation in London, I had quite made up my mind -that I would see anything there was to be seen that was within my reach -and means. I think one of the earliest events which happened was the -hanging at Newgate of Muller, who murdered a Mr. Briggs whilst riding -in a train from Liverpool Street to Bow. He committed the murder and -managed to escape to America, but was deported, tried and condemned to -be hung. In those days the gallows was erected in the Old Bailey, the -night before the execution, and the condemned was brought out through -the prison door in the Old Bailey and mounted steps to the scaffold, -with Calcraft the hangman walking beside him. In this way you obtained -a good view of the culprit. I arrived at the Old Bailey at five in the -morning so had a long wait until eight, the time of the execution, but -the talking and byplay helped to pass the time. I had a good view of -the terrible ordeal and came away with some new experiences, one of -which was that I lost in the crowd a very dainty scarf pin which had -been given to me on leaving Stroud. This taught me the advisability of -leaving my valuables at home when going into crowds. - -I had now settled down at Islington, which was just one mile from the -General Post Office and when leaving home too near 8.30, which was the -time for getting to business, I could take a cab with a friend for this -distance. It cost us sixpence, threepence each for one mile; but cab -fares, like many other things, have changed since then. - -Before coming to London, I had never been inside a theatre. My first -experience was at Sadlers Wells Theatre, where a Miss Marriott was -playing "Hamlet." My interest and enthusiasm in that play has from -that time never ceased. I went to see it on Monday, on Tuesday, and -on Wednesday, and if funds had allowed my inclination would have -continued for the rest of the week. "Hamlet" made a greater impression -on me than any sermon I ever heard. I learned a great deal of the play -by heart, and, although I have seen "Hamlet" played many times since, -it never impressed me so much as it did on that occasion at Sadlers -Wells. This theatre was opened in 1844 and for some twenty years -Samuel Phelps was associated with it, his aim being to produce all -Shakespeare's plays, but he only succeeded in producing thirty-four of -them. Phelps was a great tragedian, and I have often seen him acting -at Drury Lane Theatre. From very early in my youth I have been a lover -of Shakespeare, and this was mainly brought about through one of my -sisters joining with me in taking Cassell's edition in seven-penny -monthly numbers, which we both read as they were issued. They were -published in three volumes and I have the copy now bound in calf. Like -many others of my books, they have to me a speaking remembrance. - -It was in 1867 that a new and interesting experience came my way. For -many years various associations had held meetings in Hyde Park to air -their grievances, either imaginary or otherwise. At one of these, the -Home Secretary, Spencer H. Walpole, decided that a different method -should be adopted in their management. This was objected to by a -particular Association and they defied the Home Secretary, with the -result that he had the gates of the Park closed against them. The -people were so incensed at this that although the railings of the -Park were as far as possible protected by the police, the crowds were -too strong for them and broke the railings in many places and held -their meeting. I was among those who helped to pull down the railings -and got for my trouble a good blow on my back from a policeman's -truncheon. However, I had an experience which was new and interesting: -I cannot say who was in the right, but I remember the Home Secretary -had to resign a few days afterwards for what was stated to be lack of -tactfulness in regard to this meeting. - -One of the most sickening and disgusting sights which I remember -was the old slaughter-houses of Smithfield. This Market stood where -Paternoster Square now stands. Cattle were driven into the market -during the night, bullocks and sheep, and were killed in the early -morning and sometimes during the day. I have watched them being -slaughtered and seen the blood flow from the slaughter-houses into -Paternoster Row. To people of to-day it does not seem possible that -such a thing could be allowed in the heart of the City of London. The -butchers would often parade round their shops with what was called -a Cleaver Chorus; this was done by bringing together with a clash -a marrow-bone and their cleaver or hatchet, and quite an attractive -sound was produced but not much harmony. When there was an execution -taking place at Newgate, these men would gather together in a body in -their disgusting blood-soaked overalls and just before the time for -the execution rush singing into the crowd surrounding the gallows. -However thick the crowd was, the people would give way rather than come -into contact with these greasy and disgusting butchers, who by these -means got a front position in what should have been a sad and mournful -ceremony. - -It was probably through there being so much more meat near at hand -that the prices for lunch were much cheaper then than they are now. I -remember in Warwick Lane there used to be a popular refreshment house -called "The Bedford," and many times I have had a good lunch there for -sixpence, a lunch which consisted of toad-in-the-hole (it was made -of a good beef-steak in the middle of batter pudding) for fourpence, -potatoes one penny, and ale one penny. Things have changed greatly -since those times. There also used to be in the Oxford Arms passage, -situated where some of the St. Paul's residentiary houses now stand, an -inn, in association with the hay market held there, named the Oxford -Arms. Here each day there was brought on to the table a good joint of -beef or a leg of mutton from which you could cut and come again, with -vegetables, pastry, etc., all for the price of one shilling. For the -sake of many in the City, one is often tempted to wish some of these -old customs were with us still. - -I have a lingering remembrance of an important event occurring just -before bedtime in December, 1867. A fire was evident somewhere at the -West End, so off I started and was in time to see the last of Her -Majesty's Theatre which was that night entirely burned down. It was a -grand sight, but the crowd which collected was unbearable. I understood -that at the time an opera was being played and several of the great -performers of the day, such as Titiens, Christine Neilson, and Santley, -were among the artistes present. It was a sight never to be forgotten. - -It was about this time that Adah Isaacs Menken, an American actress -and poet and also the wife of J.C. Heenan, the prize fighter, was -playing the hero in "Mazeppa" at Astley's Theatre. She was a splendid -and attractive figure, and when she came on the stage, dressed only in -tights, mounting her horse and riding away into the wilds to be picked -to pieces by the birds, she had a tremendous ovation. The performance -was a great attraction and most young men made a point of seeing it. It -was said that a bet had been made as to whether the actress's legs were -padded and the attendant who helped her on to the horse was bribed to -pinch her leg to settle the bet. I heard that he did so, and got a kick -in return which not only settled the bet but also the attendant. - -The changes that have been made in London since my early days have -been very great. I never pass down Holborn but I think of the passage -called Middle Row, which I have often gone through, in front of the -delightful old-fashioned Shakespearean houses of which we are all so -proud. At that time there was a row of houses on the other side of the -passage, and at nearly the bottom of the hill stood the publishing -house of Darton & Harvey. This, like many others, has been swept away -by the present Holborn Viaduct. The Thames Embankment was opened within -my early recollection, also the Law Courts; and there was also the -sweeping away of Holywell Street, where I have passed many a pleasant -hour poring over the boxes of old books in search of a treasure. I -remember once, as I thought, buying for 2_s._ 6_d._ a book with not -a very chaste reputation. It was done up very carefully in a sealed -envelope and when I opened it at home I found it was an old soiled -Common Prayer Book. I did not get what I expected, but perhaps it was -better for me that I was swindled. London, however, is being made a -city of which we are all proud. Although there is still much to be -done, the changes and improvements have been great since my early days. - -Going back to the Theatre and Music Hall, these were the times of the -songs "Champagne Charlie is my name," sung by Leybourne, "The Bells -go a Ringing for Sarah," by Kate Santley, Stead's "The Perfect Cure," -and, from a different point of view, the delightful singing by Sims -Reeves of "Come into the Garden, Maud," and Carlotta Patti of "Home, -Sweet Home," and "Comin' through the Rye." These now appear very -old-fashioned, but they touched the imagination more than many of the -songs of the present day. Blondin was at this time at the height of -his popularity. His performances at the Crystal Palace, and afterwards -at the Alexandra Palace and other places, attracted great crowds. It -made you hold your breath to watch him on the high rope balancing a -four-legged chair and then stand upon it, or sometimes carry a man on -his back across the rope or wheel him in a barrow. - -Among other exhibitions, I remember seeing General Tom Thumb and Minnie -Warren with their troop of midget humanity, performing at St. James's -Hall. Cremorne Gardens and Highbury Barn were at this time at the -height of their popularity, and although from where I lived it meant a -night out to visit the former, the latter was within walking distance. -I wanted to see everything possible, and I think so far I succeeded, -for my wanderings were varied from the top of St. Paul's Cathedral and -the Monument to the Cider Cellars in the Strand and to Nicholson's -Judge and Jury and the Poesie Plastics of Leicester Square. - -Living as I did at this time in the north of London, I frequently -walked through Highbury to what is now the beautiful Finsbury Park. The -New River was then an open stream beside which it was pleasant to walk. -On passing through a wicket-gate, one came to a building called the -Sluice House, at which refreshments could be procured. A path through -a field took us to Finsbury Park Tavern on the site of which the -refreshment houses in Finsbury Park now stand. Boats were let out for -hire on the lake, and pigeon shooting was one of the sports carried on -in the grounds. Many times have I seen a considerable number of these -injured innocents brought down. This sport, I am pleased to think, is -not so popular now as it was at that period. - -It was, I suppose, somewhat natural to a young man who has been brought -up in a very puritanical atmosphere and among the strictest sect -of the Pharisees, to take every advantage of the liberty I was now -enjoying. I was anxious, however, to see and hear some of the preachers -of whom I had heard so much. This attraction, however, soon died away, -because to an extent I found no sympathy. The first great preacher I -went to hear was the Rev. C.H. Spurgeon. Unfortunately my impression -of him was a bad one, for he had just given out his text when several -people walked into the chapel. The preacher stopped and looked hard -at the people entering. When they were seated, he said, "We are sorry -we could not wait for you, but you will be in time to go away with -the rest." I thought this a most unkind and uncalled-for remark, and -made up my mind I would never hear him again, and I did not. Another -incident, I suppose I must call it, or eccentricity, occurred at the -only time I heard Dr. Parker at the City Temple. Before beginning his -sermon he waited a few minutes and then said, "We are not feeling quite -well this evening, so shall dispense with our usual action." To me, -this was nothing but unnecessary egotism. - -The one man to whom I always enjoyed listening was the Rev. J.C.M. -Bellew, who preached in Bloomsbury. He was a great elocutionist, his -sermons were well constructed and interesting, and to me the music was -the greatest charm of all. The most eloquent and informing sermon I -ever heard was one by Canon Liddon, in St. Paul's Cathedral, on Buddha. -He preached for one hour and a quarter, and never did I experience -quicker or more intellectual enjoyment than on that occasion. I also -had the pleasure of hearing, at Islington, Professor Huxley deliver one -of his controversial addresses. Huxley's life was principally spent in -the promulgating of right and truth, and his eloquence was almost an -inspiration. The only time I had the pleasure of hearing John Bright -speak was at the Highbury Congregational Church, when he presided at a -lecture given by the Rev. R.W. Dale. A more eloquent introduction than -that given by John Bright I have never heard. - -Sport was always one of my fascinations, whether it was running, -walking, boxing, or cricket. I have no doubt the cricket I so much -enjoyed during my apprenticeship helped me in obtaining a position in -the eleven at Stationers' Hall Court, where for many years a good team -was always available for a Saturday afternoon game; and I am pleased -to record that in these early days there were few things I looked -forward to with greater pleasure than the Saturday afternoon cricket, -especially when I was chosen as one of the eleven. - -One Saturday afternoon an extraordinary incident took place at a -cricket match, at which I was a spectator; it was between Middlesex -and Nottingham, on the ground now held by the Smithfield Market near -Holloway. Tom Hearn, the great Middlesex bowler, was holding the ball -ready for delivery, when a pigeon came flying over the wicket. Hearn -looked up and in a moment threw the ball into the air and struck the -pigeon in the breast. The poor bird fluttered down close to the wicket. -It was a clever shot and Hearn was greatly cheered. - -Occasionally during the week, boxing was one of my great delights, and -I flatter myself I was quite up to the average in this most useful -exercise. I have seen most of the champion boxers of that period -engaged in the noble art of self-defence, and on one occasion I was -persuaded to have the gloves on with a professional prize fighter, but -my weak points were soon found out, and I felt it was best to leave -well alone. - -What greatly interested me on one occasion was my visit to a ratting -match. The wager was laid on a terrier for £25 that he would kill 300 -rats in fifteen minutes. The rats were taken out of traps and counted -into a square pit, and as they fell in they rushed to one corner of it. -When the 300 were all in, it was a wonderful sight to see them in a -heap in one corner of the pit. The dog, Peter was his name, was put in -the middle of the pit and when the referee called time, he was let go -and the killing began with a vengeance. The bet was won with a minute -to spare, and I can safely say I never spent fourteen minutes amid -greater tension and excitement. - -In these times, on Good Friday, there was always wrestling at the -Agricultural Hall. I usually went and well remember the splendid -contest between the Cornish and Cumberland wrestlers. It was great -sport, and for a few minutes during the surging back and forward before -a firm grip had been obtained by one of the giants, the spectators -almost held their breath in the excitement. I often wonder whether -this particular sport of wrestling has, like many other things, become -almost a thing of the past, or is it that our lives have so changed -that we now take little notice of such matters. - -Although somewhat indirectly connected with sport, I have always -derived a great deal of fun and enjoyment from watching the return of -the visitors of the Epsom Races to see the Derby run. From Clapham -Common to the Elephant and Castle, and on to the City there was for -many hours one continuous stream of people and conveyances, some -in good style, while others rode in donkey carts or any conveyance -obtainable. These race-goers mostly sang comic songs, were all bent -upon enjoyment, and in many cases the race appeared to be a secondary -consideration. These enjoyments have now mostly passed away, a better -tone prevails with the people, and the means of conveyance to Epsom -Downs have been greatly accelerated. I once had the pleasure of seeing -the Derby ran; it was in 1896, when the race was won by Persimmon, King -Edward VII's (then Prince of Wales) horse. It was a splendid race, and -never could there have been a greater reception than was given when the -Prince came from the Stand after the race to lead his horse back to the -weighing machine. - -My experience on that occasion must have been almost a record. I left -business at one o'clock, went by cab to London Bridge, caught a train -to Epsom, arrived at my arranged stand on the race-course, and saw each -race run until the Derby was over and the Prince had led his horse off -the course; then to the station and back to town and was in business -again at four o'clock--in all, three hours. This was a good record. - -During the summer, with a small band of fellow-assistants, I often -arranged pedestrian outings. We frequently started early on Saturday, -after business, slept the night out and returned by train on Sunday -evening. Two of these outings are still fresh in my memory. On the -first occasion, we went by train to Gravesend, then walked to Chatham, -where we spent a very uncomfortable night, thence to Rochester -Cathedral and the Dickens country, afterwards walking to St. Mary's -Cray and staying on the way to inspect Kit's Coty House in Kent, a -prehistoric structure which belongs to the Stone or Bronze Age. It -consists of a large flat stone supported by two other stones and is -a link with the past and well worth a visit. From St. Mary's Cray we -reached home by train. - -Another of our outings was by rail to Hampton Court, then a walk to -Staines, where we had to sleep on the floor and on billiard tables, -but, not being very comfortable, we got up at three o'clock in the -morning and spent our time, until breakfast was ready, rowing on the -Thames. From Staines we walked to Windsor, and were in time for service -at St. George's Chapel, and I had the pleasure of hearing the then -Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Tait; thence home by train. Such outings -as these can only be enjoyed at one period of life, and I have always -been glad I undertook them when I did, for other things came into my -life which made me, I hope, a better and happier man. - - - - -CHAPTER III - -Some Recollections of Stationers' Hall Court - - -Although I have referred in another chapter to my early association -with bookselling, yet it was not until my entry into the employ -of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., on September 23, 1864, that my real -bookselling experience commenced. This may not be quite in accord with -the title I have chosen of "Sixty Years a Bookman," but, as previously -stated, I served seven years' apprenticeship to a bookseller before -entering the firm of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., and these two periods -extend beyond that implied by the title of this book. - -As long as my memory lasts, I shall never forget the first few weeks of -my experience in this firm, from 8.30 in the morning until the work -was finished. Up and down stairs and ladders searching for books made -one so tired that sometimes I could scarcely crawl to my home. Even to -this I soon became accustomed, and the tiredness to an extent, so far -as my body was concerned, became a thing of the past; but it will never -be effaced from my memory. - -These were also the times when the principal day of the month was -Magazine day, and after the ordinary business hours were over every -one stopped to put together each customer's magazines. I quite think -that if there were not then a greater number of different magazines -published, they had, certainly as far as this firm was concerned, a -much larger sale. Anyway, it was a day that one felt thankful to see -finished. At this period late hours were considered inevitable, for -during the winter season it was frequently ten o'clock before we got -away, while some assistants in the firm and in other book firms at -certain times worked until after twelve o'clock at night. I remember, -when speaking of this to a fellow-assistant, being told that this -was nothing to what it had been formerly: a short Saturday afternoon -and no Bank Holiday, and occasionally some of the people would only -see their homes three times during the week; they had to sleep on or -under the counters. Fortunately, all these absurd arrangements are now -ancient history and never again likely to be a part of what is called -civilization or business methods. - -I well remember my first holiday, if it can be so called. It was the -Christmas following the September of my entering Simpkins. I wanted to -spend it at Weston-super-Mare, and as Christmas came on Sunday, Monday -was given as a holiday. I caught a G.W.R. train about ten o'clock on -the Saturday evening. There was only a single line then to Weston, -from a junction on the main line at which we stopped. From here, in a -single railroad carriage with a white horse attached to it, we jogged -for many miles and arrived at our destination at six in the morning. - -My friends were waiting for me, and we had a jolly Christmas. I started -back by a midnight train on Monday, arriving in London at seven on -the Tuesday morning. I had some breakfast and then went to business -until nine o'clock at night. This was what was then called a Christmas -holiday. But with all this, I can bear testimony to the kindness and -consideration shown to the assistants by the partners of this period in -the firm of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., especially Messrs. John, Frederick -and William Miles; and as far as I am personally concerned, I shall -always remember with a thankful heart the courtesy and consideration I -received from them. - -These were the times of Old Moore's and Hannay's Almanacs, the -publishing day of the former being a great occasion. At this time -it was published by the Stationers' Company, as nearly as possible -on November 21, at twelve o'clock. On the day of publication the -Hall doors were opened, and the porter who first got through with a -sack-load of almanacs received a gift of, I think, five shillings. -There were always a number of people to watch this publishing event, -and the winner was greatly cheered. - -At this time "Hannay's Almanac" also had a large sale, but it only -survived a few years after the first issue of the greatly renowned -"Whitaker's Almanack," now over fifty years old. This almanac -deserves the success it has secured. No business or even private -intelligence department can afford to be without it; it practically -has no competitor, and the knowledge it contains might well be termed -universal and encyclopædic. - -While speaking of Stationers' Hall and Stationers' Court, I will try -to remove an impression which suggests that the word Stationers -originated from the locality in bygone times being connected with the -paper trade. This is not so; but being so near St. Paul's Cathedral, it -was one of the _stations_ at which vendors of crosses and other wares -for religious observances had their stands or shops for the sale of -these articles; hence its origin. The following streets also derived -their names through being near or associated with St. Paul's Cathedral: -Paternoster Row, Creed Lane, Ave Maria Lane and Graces Court. In Ivy -Lane dwelt the wax-chandlers who in bygone times supplied tapers for -lighting the Cathedral. - -I cannot say if religion at this period had a passion for more -excitement than at the present time, but undoubtedly there were more -books of that character sold than there are to-day. What immense sales -such books as the following had: Hall's "Come to Jesus," "Heaven Our -Home," "The Sinner's Friend," "Across the River," Beecher's "Life -Thoughts," "The Pathway of Promise," "Able to Save," Baynes' "Lyra -Anglicana," "Christ is Coming," "Letters from Hell," "The Gates Ajar," -Oxenden's "Pathway of Safety," "The Heavenly Home," or the "Employment -and Enjoyment of the Saints in Heaven," with works by Dr. Guthrie, -Richard Weaver, Dr. Vaughan, A.K.H.B., Dr. Winslow, and books on the -coming end of the world by Dr. Cummings. In fact, one of the leading -journals of this time discussed the question as to what devotional -books were most popular, and the answer given was, "Not the 'Imitation -of Christ,'" but works telling the Christian how to make the best -of both worlds, and describing heaven as minutely as if it were a -first-class hotel, where every pleasure is provided for the elect. -Judging from the titles this would appear correct, but fortunately this -class of book has almost ceased to be, and works of a more reasonable -and literary character have taken their place. - -Some years ago I wrote an article bearing upon this subject, and as I -feel that the words are as true to-day as when written, I here produce -portions from the article which deals more fully with this question. - -It must be apparent to anyone glancing through the publishers' lists -of the books now being issued, and comparing them with the lists -of fifty years ago, that a great decline has taken place in the -production of religious books. This decline is observable not only in -the old-fashioned religious publications which were looked upon as -belonging to the classics, but also in the more modern productions of -a like character. These latter sold by their thousands, but the demand -for both appears at the present to have nearly passed away, and their -sale is now of the most limited description. - -In an attempt to account for this decline more or less plausible -reasons have been adduced, but the most forcible, perhaps, is, that -just now there is no religious wave passing over the country, nor are -there any great ecclesiastics who have time or who consider it part -of their duty to be continually issuing books on purely religious -subjects. Add to this the fact that trade frequently runs in cycles, -with the effect that the depression in this particular class of -literature is just now at its lowest point. When this is so, something -often occurs to bring it back again to its normal condition, and this -may prove to be the case in the production and sale of religious books. - -A potent factor in this depression is undoubtedly the growth of -independent thought, which was such a marked characteristic in the -latter part of the nineteenth century. The influence of Puritanism, -which so deeply affected English life, and which in past ages permeated -the action and thought of this country, has now nearly spent itself, -so the sale of old Puritan books has almost ceased. During that period -the noblest characters were moulded from those appearing in the Bible; -these are now shaped more by education and culture. Whether this will -be to the advantage of the nation, must be left for a future generation -to decide. - -There is much truth in the remark that the literature of a nation -largely indicates the disposition of its people; but this observation -scarcely applies to the religious side of our national life, for, -although there has been a great decline in the issue of religious -books, the activity of nearly all sections of the Christian Church -during the same period has been most marked. The result of this is -the establishment by the various religious denominations of special -publishing departments for their own particular class of religious -works. They have also weekly and monthly periodicals which circulate -amongst their own people and through their own channels; and although -these with their books do not in all cases come through the ordinary -distributing agencies, and are not always recorded in the return of -books issued during the year, yet, even taking all this into account, -there is undoubtedly a great decline in the issue of religious works. - -For some years previous to this period many of our religious writers -were at the height of their popularity and their books were having -immense sales. Much of this success was due to the writers' influence -in the pulpit. Among the most prominent was the Rev. J.R. Macduff, -whose first and best known book, and the one that had the longest -vitality, was "The Faithful Promiser." Originally written with the -intention of being sent only to his old friends as a memento of his -connexion with the parish he had just left, it found favour with a -much larger public who eagerly purchased edition after edition until -hundreds of thousands of copies were sold. Next in popularity was his -"Morning and Night Watches," which also had an enormous sale, and his -"Memories of Bethany," the sale of which ran into many thousands. All -the books of this author were more or less successful (and he was a -most voluminous writer), but the sale of the majority has now very -greatly decreased, while some are seldom, if ever, inquired for. - -Dean Goulburn's "Thoughts on Personal Religion" was once to be found -in every bookseller's shop throughout the kingdom, and at the height -of its popularity had an annual sale of nearly ten thousand copies; -now its circulation is of a very limited character. This was one of -the books which Mr. Gladstone generally gave to the young men who were -fortunate enough to come within his sphere of influence. - -Another author whose books were formerly very popular was Bishop -Oxenden. The one which had the biggest sale was "The Pathway of -Safety," but most of his works sold by their tens of thousands. Mention -should also be made of those by the Rev. Horatius Bonar, especially his -"Hymns of Faith and Hope," each volume as it appeared passing through -many editions. - -The following names will bring back to many readers the titles of books -which have been appreciated by young as well as old: the Rev. John -Angell James, the Rev. Newman Hall (over a million of the latter's -"Come to Jesus" have been disposed of), Miss Havergal, Miss Marsh, the -Rev. James Hamilton, the Rev. W. Jay, and the Rev. C.H. Spurgeon. These -names represent a few only out of the many writers of religious books -which were then popular. Most of them have greatly decreased sales, -while others have fallen out altogether and are probably quite unknown -to the present generation. There were also issued about this time many -religious works published anonymously. These caused a great stir, -and met with an extensive demand. Amongst them were "Able to Save," -"Pathway of Promise," "Meet for Heaven," "Throne of Grace," "Heaven our -Home," but, like the works already noticed, they have also run their -course. - -The first half of the Victorian era was apparently the Golden Age for -religious books, for besides those writers who issued their books -independently there was at this period a large number of separate -series and libraries in vogue which contained reissues of most of the -leading works by the old divines. - -To show the variety and range of these issues, a selected few -might here be mentioned. The most important amongst them were "The -Christian's Family Library." This was under the editorship of the Rev. -Edward Bickersteth, and consisted of about fifty-two volumes, all of -a theological character. Another was the "Biblical Cabinet," issued by -Clark, of Edinburgh, in forty-six volumes. The "Lady's Closet Library" -contained volumes on "The Marys," "The Marthas," "The Lydias," "The -Hannahs," etc., of Scripture; "The Christian's Fireside Library," in -which were such books as Bigg's "Handbook of Popery" and McIlvaine's -"Evidences of Christianity"; "The Library of Christian Biography," -edited by Rev. Robert Bickersteth, was another important series, -whose general title indicates the class of literature it contained. -Under the editorship of such well-known men as Dr. Pye Smith, Robert -Southey, and James Montgomery, a series of "Sacred Classics" were very -popular: so also was "The London Theological Library," containing such -representative works as Lardner's "Credibility of Gospel History" and -Milner's "Church of Christ." - -The following titles of a few series out of many may be of interest: -"Protestant's Sound Literature," "Pickering's Christian Classics," -"Library of Puritan Divines," "The Sacred Family Library," "The -Spiritual Library," and "The Practical Christian's Library." In -most of these libraries there appeared an edition of some of these -old-fashioned and now almost obsolete religious books represented by -the following titles: Boston's "Crook in the Lot," Sutton's "Learning -to Live, and Learning to Die," Ken's "Divine Love," Taylor's "Holy -Living and Dying," Watson's "Apology," Baxter's "Saints' Rest," Magee -on "The Atonement," Paley's "Evidences," and Law's "Serious Call." -Most of these have now a very flickering existence, while for others -there is no market whatever. How truly the wise and eloquent words of -Bishop Carpenter in his Hulsean Lectures illustrate the reputation and -influence of many of the writers of religious books, both ancient and -modern, and of the books themselves, some of these having a vitality -only during their authors' lives, while others, like their writers, -shed influence through succeeding generations. The Bishop says: - - "She [History] measures men not by the tawdry reputations of the hour, - but by the influence they can diffuse; she watches the circling wave - which forms as men cast their force into the great ocean of life, and - she measures their power by the life of that wave; and she finds that - few--few indeed--have been able to spread their influences beyond - their age; she notes many exalted to the skies, and she sees that in - the next generation their name is clean put out; she measures the - greatness of men as men do the height of mountains, by the length of - the shadows they cast upon the surface of the world; and, measuring - thus, she bids those whose influence lives through the ages to sit - like gods among the hills of time." - -It is intended here to consider only those works or writers which -were of a popular character. It would therefore be out of place to -record the various volumes of sermons, biographies, or theological -treatises on the various systems which have more or less occupied the -attention of the religious world, and have to a large extent shaped the -character of many of our denominations. In passing, however, it may be -of interest to direct attention to that vast array of literature which -sprang into existence through the religious controversies which have to -a large extent influenced the English Church. - -The greatest of these was that known as the Tractarian Movement, and -centred round the illustrious names of Keble, Newman, and Pusey. An -extensive library might be formed of the works brought forth by this -polemic controversy. The publication of "Essays and Reviews," Seeley's -"Ecce Homo," Gladstone's "Vatican Decrees," and "Lux Mundi," edited -by Canon Gore, also produced a flood of literature which has left an -indelible mark on religious thought and practice. To these may probably -be traced that diffusion of religious influence which has entered into -so many branches of our literature and even to our fiction. - -Another branch of religious literature which shows a conspicuous -decline is that of "Family Prayers." Years ago, no bookseller's -shop would be complete without a copy of Oxenden's, Bickersteth's, -Villiers', or Thornton's "Family Prayers"; and such old-fashioned -volumes as Hawker's "Daily Portion," "The New Week's Preparation," -Jenk's "Devotions," Fletcher's "Family Devotion," and the "Family -Prayers" of Toplady and Reven, were all in constant demand. With -these are associated a number of volumes of private devotion, Bishop -Wilson's "Sacra Privata" and "Pietas Quotidiana" being the most -popular. These, like the "Family Prayers," show a great decline both -in their production and sale. It is difficult to suggest a reason for -this decline other than that of the general evolution in religious -thought which is continually changing the course of human progress -and action. Religion is undoubtedly the greatest factor in influencing -the character of a nation, so from this foundation there will probably -spring up in the future a broad, reasonable, and intelligent class -of writings which in their development and thought will be more -cosmopolitan than doctrinal, and which will deserve to be classed as -English literature. - -In comparing the educational literature of this period the changes have -also been very great; those were the days when the works edited by Dr. -Smith took the lead in the higher branches of education. Colenso's -Arithmetic was the most popular book on that subject, while Cornwell's -Geography and his other books were great sellers. The "Child's Guide -to Knowledge" sold in its thousands, Chambers's educational books -were very popular, as were also Brewer's Guides, "Stepping Stones to -Knowledge," Weale's Series, Pinnock's, Guy's, and Wilson's Catechisms -and Gleig's School Series. Of not quite the same character but -greatly used for educational purposes were "Line upon Line" and "Peep -of Day." Of the latter, some 250,000 copies were sold in the early -days of its publication. Spelling books were then a most important -part of educational literature, the most popular being Butter's, but -the following also had large sales, Guy's, Mavor's and Vyse's. The -copyright of Vyse's sold for £2,500, with an annuity to the author of -£50 per year. The change in this class of educational literature has -been very great. - -It was in 1864 that the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge -announced that their books could now be obtained by booksellers on -favourable terms. This was also the first year of the publication of -"The Statesman's Year Book," which has had a continuous, and I hope -will have a lasting, success. There were also many libraries which -had large sales and were very popular. Among them were Hurst and -Blackett's, Bentley's Standard Library, Select Library of Fiction, -Run and Read Library, Railway Library, Parlour Library, Travellers' -Library, Home and Colonial Library, Bohn's Various Libraries, The -Cottage Library, consisting of some 300 volumes, Lardner's Scientific -Library, and Beale's Sixpenny Library. Most of our older poets had at -this period very large sales; but, like other things, there has been a -great change in poetry, not only in the style of writing but also in -the ideals, which are more lofty and inspiring and are far above such -writers as Cowper, Longfellow, Moore, Tupper and others who at this -period were very popular. - -About this time the following Magazines were started, and they all had -a considerable popularity and very large sales, but, strangely enough, -they have now all ceased to exist: "The Sunday Magazine," of which over -one hundred thousand of the first number was sold, "Good Words," also -selling largely, "The Argosy," "Aunt Judy's Magazine," "Belgravia," -"London Society," "Tinsley's Magazine," edited by Anthony Trollope, and -"The Broadway." Number one had a sale of over 100,000 copies. - -In 1865 "The Fortnightly Review" was started under the editorship of -G.H. Lewes. From that time onward it has maintained a reputation for -scholarly, intellectual and scientific articles and is always up to -date upon all subjects of the day. - -In looking back, it is interesting to note the change in the character -of book illustrations. Formerly, especially at Christmas time, there -was a large output of well-illustrated books, principally in black and -white, and there were then few illustrations printed in colour. The -illustrations of Gustave Doré must take the first place as commanding -the greatest public attention. Among other popular illustrators of this -period were John Tenniel, Birket Foster, Selous, T. Leighton, G.J. -Pinwell, Noel Humphreys, J.E. Millais, John Gilbert, Arthur Hughes, -Kate Greenaway, Richard Doyle, A.B. Houghton, Sidney Cooper, and the -brothers Dalziel, who were also great producers of the printing blocks. - -Another of the leading features of the trade was the immense sale -of Birthday Books, from Shakespeare to Tennyson. Every poet with a -reputation had a compilation made from his writings for which there -was always a receptive public. One of the most fascinating and lasting -of juvenile books popular at this time was "Alice's Adventures in -Wonderland." The larger part of the first edition of this book was sold -to an American publisher so that a second edition could be quickly -announced; that was probably a wise policy and helped to draw attention -to the value of the book. - -During this and the following years, many authors had great reputations -which to-day have almost ceased. The books of most of them have -long been out of print, and are almost forgotten except by those who -lived during the middle of the nineteenth century. I would instance -"A.L.O.E.," who had some fifty books in circulation, the author of -"Mary Powell," who issued some twenty-four popular stories, the Rev. -J.C. Ryle, Hugh Miller, Mrs. Webb, William and Mary Howitt, Artemus -Ward, Mrs. Sewell, R.M. Ballantyne, Samuel Smiles, Miss Yonge, James -Grant, Mayne Reid, John Timbs, S. Baring-Gould, Mrs. Carey Brock, -Mrs. Gatty, and many others. Some of the novelists who have come to -stay had at this period very large sales. Among them, of course, were -Dickens, Thackeray, Scott, C. Kingsley, Miss Braddon, Anthony Trollope, -George Eliot, and others who, I think, laid a foundation which was very -helpful to our later novelists; but it is quite a question whether a -new departure is not now developing and that the novel of to-day deals -more particularly with the practical events of everyday life and the -effect they have upon the moral and spiritual development of the nation. - -When Paternoster Square took the place of Newgate Market in 1872, it -was quite anticipated that this position would be occupied entirely -by publishers and thus form a centre for the trade, but at present -this hope has not been realized. During these years great changes took -place in Paternoster Row, many of the old buildings giving place to -new ones of greater architectural beauty. The following houses are -at the present time examples of the improvements which took place by -rebuilding: Longmans, Blackwoods, Nelsons, Aldine Chambers. Other -changes and improvements are in progress to-day. The Oxford University -Press took over the business of the Oxford Bible Warehouse, with what -success may be judged by its palatial buildings and business in Amen -Corner and Ave Maria Lane, to which it moved in 1883. - -There has also been a great change in books besides those previously -mentioned, from the superficial gentility of the middle and later part -of the Victorian era, to the common-sense practical way we now have -of reasoning out the social and political events of the day. This -change, if guided by proper thought and consideration for others, will -undoubtedly lead to a better and happier England. There are, however, -still many changes required, especially in the making and selling -of books; and it is to be hoped that by a greater union and more -harmony and uniformity in the trade, a more general prosperity will be -associated with it, and that many of the disputes and difficulties, -often more imaginary than real, will be avoided. It appears to me that -the shortest way to attain these ideals will be a central control -consisting of representatives of both masters and men in the publishing -and bookselling trade, who will settle disputes and whose aim will be -to see that a satisfactory profit is realized by the various interests -represented. This question has been more fully dealt with in a later -chapter. - -The Elementary Education Act which was passed by W.E. Forster in 1870 -created a great change in the educational literature of this period, -the sum asked for in Parliament in 1871 being about one and a half -million pounds. What the future educational grant will be, it is -impossible to say, though it is to be hoped that it will make as great -an improvement in the people as it has done in educational literature. - -Another noticeable fact in connexion with books is the few foreign -books--especially French--which are now translated and issued in this -country. The following authors at this early period had very large -sales: Victor Hugo, Jules Verne, Figuier, Erckmann-Chatrian and others. - -It was in July, 1869, that Simpkin, Marshall & Co. gave their first -and last dinner in celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the -present building in Stationers' Hall Court, at which the then head of -the firm, Mr. John Miles, presided. It was a most social and happy -event, and I wish the celebration had been continued. I remember -that one of the old hands, William Griffiths, sang a song of his -own composition which showed the good feeling then existing between -employer and employed. I can only give one of the verses: - - "Then here's success to Simpkin's Firm and may they always find, - In studying their interest us ever of one mind; - May their connexion far and wide extend the globe around, - And as each year shall onward roll may all of us be found - In this fine new house I'm singing of, - One of the olden time." - -to which I certainly say Amen. - -Before Simpkin, Marshall & Co. added to their premises the building -which now runs into Ave Maria Lane, these were occupied by a competing -wholesale firm named Whittaker & Co. The two houses were on good terms, -and, when out of stock of certain books, we could always borrow from -our neighbouring firm, which shows that a good feeling existed at -this period even between competitors. This business was taken over by -Messrs. W. Kent & Co. in 1876. - - - - -CHAPTER IV - -Some Further Recollections and Reflections - - -In my previous chapter I dealt with many things in the book trade which -impressed me more particularly in the first years of my Stationers' -Hall Court experience. I will now try to give a brief account of other -incidents with which I was associated during some of the following -years. These are not stated in chronological order but have been jotted -down as they have reappeared in my memory. - -One thing which has struck me is to find what a number of publishers -during the last fifty years have either ceased to exist or have been -incorporated with other firms; many of them being houses of great -importance and publishers of a considerable number of popular books. -The following are some of the firms which I am able to call to my -memory which were then in existence: Messrs. Walton & Maberley, A.W. -Bennett, J. Bennett, J. Russell Smith, H. Colburn, John Maxwell (the -husband of Miss Braddon), Bradbury, Evans & Co., J.C. Nimmo (the -publisher of many beautiful books), Houlston & Wright (the publishers -of the Enquire Within series), Groombridge & Son, Rivington & Co. -(taken over by Longmans & Co.), J. Masters, W. Hunt, W. Mackintosh, -E. Moxon (the early publisher of Tennyson's and Swinburne's works), -J. Camden Hotten (who published and introduced into this country Mark -Twain, Bret Harte, and Artemus Ward. He died at the age of forty, and -his business was taken over by Messrs. Chatto & Windus), J.C. Newby, -Saunders & Ottley, Griffith & Farran (the successors to John Newbery), -W. Day & Son (high-class printers and publishers), W. Tegg, Hardwick, -J. & C. Mozley, A. Strahan (one of the most enthusiastic publishers of -his day), Tinsley Bros. (they published for T. Hardy, George Meredith, -and Miss Braddon), R. Bentley (his business was taken over by Macmillan -in 1898), N. Trübner, and Charles Knight (who died in 1873, aged 81; -he was the first publisher of the British Almanac and Companion and -also issued the Penny Cyclopædia and the History of England, with other -interesting and educational work), L. Booth, Virtue, R. & A. Suttaby, -Smith Elder & Co. (now incorporated with John Murray), and many others. -It is also somewhat astonishing what a change has taken place in -the character of the books issued by some publishers. To instance a -few, Messrs. Cassell & Co. principally issued educational and serial -publications, C. Griffin were educational and religious publishers, -Messrs. Nelson & Son published mainly juveniles, including a large -selection of 1_d._, 2_d._, 3_d._, 4_d._, and 6_d._ books. Messrs. W. -Collins & Son were also educational and religious publishers. - -I should like to place on the other side some of the gains the -publishing trade has received, and mention new firms that are among the -leaders of the trade to-day. Messrs. Methuen & Co. have by a literary -judgment and a judicial trend established one of the leading publishing -businesses since the period before mentioned. - -In 1894 Mr. W. Heinemann issued his first original popular 6_s._ novel; -this was Sir Thomas Hall Caine's "The Manxman," which not only had a -great sale but was a send off such as few publishers have experienced. -This novel being first issued in the 6_s._ form, had a considerable -influence in bringing the three-volume novel to an end in 1897. The -credit, however, for the original 6_s._ novel must be given to Mr. -Vizetelly, who commenced some ten years earlier the issue of his -one-volume 6_s._ novel series, which contained, beside other important -novels, "A Mummer's Wife," by George Moore. Mr. J.M. Dent, in founding -the "Every Man Library," made for his firm a name which is known -throughout the world. In this he established a library of literary -classics in its broader sense, issuing them in every particular worthy -of the books produced. He has thus earned the gratitude of students in -every country in which the English language is spoken or read. This -firm has also produced many works of great literary and epoch-making -value. - -Important additions to literature, including Fiction, have been made by -such firms as Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton, Hutchinson & Co., T. Fisher -Unwin, Constable & Co., E. Arnold, G. Harrap, Sidgwick & Jackson, -Eveleigh Nash, A. Melrose, T. Werner Laurie, Duckworth, Selwyn & -Blount, H. Jenkins, J. Lane, Chatto & Windus, with others, all of whom, -it is hoped, have a great future before them. In 1873 the Cambridge -University Press opened their business premises in Paternoster Row; -previous to this, Messrs. Rivington & Co. had acted as their London -agents. - -In 1874 the Oxford University Press began their now very important -business under the management of Mr. Frowde. It is now managed by Mr. -Humphrey Milford. - -I cannot, however, help thinking that there were more books of what -may be termed a literary or classical character issued and sold during -the early part of my career than there are to-day. It certainly -looks as though the publishers of the future will have considerable -opportunities of issuing the works of some of the great masters in -literature. Whether or not we are to-day producing works of a character -which will be sought for and collected by future generations it is -difficult to say. There is one thing certain, however, and that is the -spirit and desire to collect first editions of special authors was -never greater than it is now. Undoubtedly, the desire to write books -as well as to read them is an element to be dealt with, and if it were -possible for the publisher to be so gifted that he would publish only -books that were really worth publishing, much of the rubbish now being -issued and which has only an ephemeral sale would never spoil paper and -print. We shall, I suppose, never get perfection, but that is no reason -why we should not aim at getting it. - -Take poetry, for instance. In my young days, Milton, Tupper, -Longfellow, Keats, Shelley, Byron, with others, were considered the -leading sellers, while Tennyson, W. Morris, Swinburne, Lewis Morris, -the Brownings, were fast pushing some of the older poets out of -existence and gaining a deserved popularity, which will last for many -generations. Tennyson's popularity was such that it was reported that -when he changed his publishers from Moxon to Strahan the latter -promised to give him annually the sum of £4,500 for the right to -publish his books. There are few poets to-day who could command such an -arrangement. - -Then there is Swinburne, who in one of his volumes had expressed -himself somewhat too realistically and was refused further publication -by E. Moxon. Some of his later works were issued by J.C. Hotten and -afterwards by Chatto & Windus. There are few, if any, publishers to-day -who would take up the Moxon attitude, but times have changed for the -better. - -In 1890 there were 114 volumes of poetry published, in 1891, 146; and I -should conclude that from that period up to the beginning of the war, -the number issued fluctuated to a very small extent. In the classified -analysis of books and new editions published in 1917, poetry and the -drama numbered 544, while in 1918 there were 642 published, which shows -that the war has had a considerable influence in providing food for -the imagination, poetry being frequently a true interpretation of the -feelings of the individual as well as of the nation. - - * * * * * - -The Victorian era was noted for the issue of many books which sent -a thrill of excitement through both the religious and intellectual -world. It was in 1867 that "Essays and Reviews" was published, and -as it contained contributions by some of the leading men of that -period, it greatly influenced the tendency towards liberty of thought -and helped forward the period when human life and reason should have -its consideration as well as the supernatural. Darwin's "Origin of -Species" was still a living influence, although published in 1859, -and undoubtedly prepared the way for such men as Huxley and Herbert -Spencer. It is not too much to say that these, with other books by men -of like opinions, created the spirit of reason and toleration which is -having its effect upon the life and education of to-day. - -The Victorian era has also been termed the age of the novelist. To -a certain extent that is true, as we undoubtedly had during Queen -Victoria's reign some of the greatest authors of fiction that this -nation has ever produced. To confirm this it is only necessary to -mention the names of such men as Charles Dickens, W.M. Thackeray, -George Meredith, Thomas Hardy, R.D. Blackmore, H.S. Merriman, C. -Kingsley, S.R. Crockett, Charles Reade, Anthony Trollope, Wilkie -Collins, Charles Lever, Lord Lytton. All of these authors still have -a large number of readers and admirers and their circulation has been -enormous. - -It is perhaps a debatable question whether the female novelists of this -period will live as long as the male novelist. Undoubtedly there were -many whose works had very important sales, such as Charlotte Brontë, -Mrs. Henry Wood, Miss Braddon, Miss Muloch, Miss C.M. Yonge, Edna -Lyall, Mrs. Sewell, Mrs. Oliphant, with many others; but I think it -very doubtful if a collected edition, from a literary point of view, of -many of these authors will ever be undertaken by a publisher. - -At this period the publishing arrangements between this country and -America were in a most unsatisfactory condition, there being only -a Copyright Act which allowed an American to possess copyright in -England while no Englishman could hold copyright in the United States, -so that directly a book obtained popularity in either country it was -reprinted, much to the loss of both author and publisher. I remember -that in America a very popular novel had been published entitled -"Arthur Bonnicastle." The American publisher, with the idea of securing -copyright in England, had the last chapter printed and published here -prior to the publication of the book, but a firm of London publishers, -knowing its popularity in America, had printed an edition before -hearing of the arrangement for the last chapter. They were therefore -compelled to strike out the last chapter, as the copyright in this -country had been secured, and issued the book with an explanatory -preface exposing the injustice of allowing an American firm to secure -copyright in this country while no Englishman could hold copyright in -the United States. This action probably helped considerably the passing -of the various Copyright Acts which have made it now possible for the -authors in each country to obtain greater satisfaction from the results -of their labours than they had done in previous years. - -It was about 1870 that Edna Lyall's books became very popular, and, -being on very friendly terms with Mr. C. Layton, the representative in -London of Messrs. Appleton & Co. of New York, I suggested that his -firm should reprint this author's books in America. This was done, -and they proved a very great success. There was, however, one very -satisfactory arrangement between the principal American publishers -which I dare say may have existed in this country. This was that -any American publisher who was first in the field with an English -author was not afterwards interfered with, however popular the author -might become. I know this was the case with Edna Lyall, who received -considerable sums from her American publishers, although they had no -copyright in her books. - -In relation to copyright, I will mention a great event which took -place in 1912: the closing for ever of the necessary registration -at Stationers' Hall of all books published to secure copyright. -The original charter was granted in 1557 and varied according to -alterations made by Parliament. The old Copyright Act was limited to -seven years after the death of the author, or forty-two years from -the date of publication, whichever should be longer. The new Act gave -a term of copyright for life and fifty years after. It came into -operation on July 1, 1912, and from that date no registration was -required. - -Though the new Act has undoubtedly many advantages one cannot help -regretting that this source of important details respecting titles, -authors and other information, has now ceased and that a system which -shows the registration of some of Shakespeare's plays, and many other -books of which all lovers of English literature are justly proud, is -closed for ever. The last book to be registered by the Stationers' -Company was "A Guide to the Shops Act," which appears rather an -ignominious ending. - -One never-to-be-forgotten event took place in 1885, upon the -publication of the Revised Version of the Bible. The Oxford & -Cambridge University Presses had united in purchasing the publishing -rights, for which it was reported they paid some £20,000. The New -Testament had been published in 1881, and it was reported that over one -million copies were sold within twenty-four hours of its publication, -so when the complete Bible was issued the excitement was intense. -Numbers could only be supplied in small quantities and for many weeks -the greatest anxiety prevailed in the trade. The desire to obtain -copies not only for this country but also for our Colonies was very -great. Eventually the supply was equal to the demand, but, judging -from opinions now occasionally expressed, it does not appear that the -revised edition is the final edition. In all probability we shall have -a revised edition of the revised version. - -While speaking of the Bible, I am proud to be the possessor of a copy -of the one hundred copies produced for the Caxton Celebration in 1877. -This copy was presented to me by Mr. Frowde, who had so much to do with -its production by the Oxford University Press. At a luncheon given -after the opening of the Caxton Exhibition, at which Mr. Gladstone, -amongst others, was present, he addressed the audience, and, holding up -a copy of this edition in his hand, explained how it had been produced. -This, he said, was partly performed at Oxford and partly at London. The -impression was limited to 100 copies, and not a sheet was worked from -the printing press until the clock struck two on the morning of the -30th June, 1877, the day of the luncheon; the copies were then printed, -dried, hot pressed and sent to London by an early train, taken to the -binding works of the Oxford warehouse, rolled, folded, rolled again, -pressed, collated, sewed, backed, cut, gilt, and excellently bound -in morocco, all within twelve hours. The first copy was sent to Mr. -Gladstone. The production of such a book in such a short space of time -must have created a record. It was a wonderful performance of which the -Oxford University Press may be justly proud, and I am very delighted to -possess a copy. - - * * * * * - -Probably there is no other word in the English language that conveys a -greater and a more varied meaning than that of Books. Besides reminding -us of the books we have known and loved, it also throws the mind back -to ancient history and the records handed down to us on Babylonian -bricks or Egyptian papyrus. It was said by St. John, some 2,000 years -ago, that if all the books had been written which might have been -written upon a particular subject, the world itself could not contain -them. If the world could not have contained them 2,000 years ago, what -would have been the condition of affairs since the introduction of -printing? - -Records of different nationalities are being continually discovered -and printed, and there are few things more fascinating than the -knowledge they reveal of ancient history and the manners and customs -of the ancient peoples. Recent explorations have greatly added to our -knowledge of the past and probably, when some of the Eastern peoples -have settled down to peaceable pursuits instead of national war and -strife, we shall have given to us from the sands of Asia and Africa, -records and information which will astonish the world, for if, as Dr. -Keith states, this world has probably been inhabited for some fifteen -millions of years it is to be hoped that records of its peoples' lives -and habits exist, and that in some way they have been preserved. - -Although all lovers of books and literature are interested in these -ancient records, I do not intend attempting even a sketch of these -fascinating periods of history and literature, but shall deal with a -slight summary of a few names of authors, from the time of the first -book printed by Caxton in 1474. This was entitled "Recuyell of the -Historyes of Troye," which it is said laid a foundation upon which -has been built the greatest of all the elements which will endow the -world with civilization. It is generally understood that one hundred -different volumes were issued from the Caxton press. It is, I suppose, -a somewhat debatable question whether true literature really gained or -lost by the introduction of printing; but it is quite certain that its -influence for good has been very great. By the making of books, and -thus being able to circulate in a cheaper form the old literature and -help on the making of the new, it acted as a stimulus for good which -developed greatly during the following centuries. - -Take the Bible alone; it is to the wide circulation given to it through -the introduction of printing that we owe the peace and goodwill -that are by degrees permeating the civilized world. We do not know -what literature had been destroyed during previous ages, but through -the printing press many great authors of the fifteenth and sixteenth -century have been preserved and have left for all time works of which -the English-speaking race are justly proud. Among these authors are -Francis Bacon, Francis Beaumont, William Camden, George Chapman, John -Donne, M. Drayton, R. Hakluyt, G. Herbert, Richard Hooker, Ben Jonson, -John Knox, John Lyly, Robert Herrick, Christopher Marlowe, Sir Walter -Ralegh, William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spencer, and -many others. - -The authors of the seventeenth century also contributed largely to -the literature of this country, among them being Joseph Addison, -Richard Baxter, Sir T. Browne, John Bunyan, the Earl of Clarendon, -John Dryden, John Locke, John Milton, Samuel Pepys, Sir W. Temple, -Henry Vaughan, Edmund Waller, Isaac Walton, Daniel Defoe, A. Pope, S. -Richardson and Jonathan Swift. This list could be largely increased -by the addition of many well-known authors of later periods, but -undoubtedly the introduction of printing greatly stimulated the love of -literature and books which has grown up to the present day. - -I have not attempted to give the names of authors who lived during the -eighteenth or nineteenth century as many of them are as familiar as -household words. During the last and the present century, there have -been many authors whose works will be read by generations yet to come, -but it is quite a question whether or no a great change has not taken -place in the present-day lovers of books, both in the serious reader -as well as the lover of lighter literature. Undoubtedly the war has -not only made people think, but has made them reason upon the why -and the wherefore of things. I cannot help feeling that the future of -literature as well as that of daily life will have to be viewed from -more solidly scientific foundations, and people will want books in -which the facts of life are interwoven with the everyday possibilities -of life and much of the supernatural imaginings will have gone for -ever. Future authors have a great source in the present to draw upon -in the moral and physical as well as the ideal life. Those who have -the clearest ideas upon these points will be those whose works will be -handed down to the generations yet to come. These views are not so much -from the authors' point of view, as of one who has been associated with -books and has watched events for over sixty years. During that period -there have been many and important changes in the character of books as -well as of public opinion with regard to them. I anticipate, however, -that greater changes are possible in the near future. - -From my own observation I cannot help feeling that the future of making -and selling books, apart from authorship, will involve many changes. -What a great influence must have been exercised by the sending out to -the trenches and to all the various departments and agencies connected -with the war, the millions of books and miscellaneous reading matter -to those engaged in the war. Few people realize to what an enormous -extent this was done. It was officially stated that in January, 1919, -the Camps Library dispatched to France 129,000 novels, and 60,000 other -publications were forwarded regularly every week. These are in addition -to those sent out by the American Government and by the Y.M.C.A. and -other agencies, and as there will be more money earned in the future -by the people generally than there has ever been before, it is to be -hoped that they will spend some of it upon books. - -What I shall hope to see is that every place which is established -for public recreation or instruction has a well-selected library and -reading-room. We can only speculate upon the good this would do, -although I am firmly convinced that the great work which the Free -Libraries have done, and are still doing, will be largely extended. Our -young people must have some place of interest to which they can always -go. Then we shall be a happier and more contented people. Besides -this, the author with high and noble ideals will have some object in -producing works which help to nobler thoughts and aspirations, works -which lead to a higher and better life. Books enable us to realize -our lives and make us feel the wonder and mystery of the world, they -widen our horizon and create a sympathy with humanity. The influence of -literature marks the growth of liberty and joy. - -The buying and selling of books is a delightful occupation. The -bookseller in his work lives in a bygone world as well as in the -present. Speaking for myself, I know what a comfort it is in old age -to have an exhaustless treasury in books, to have the best in life of -all the ages to fall back upon. The man who gives up his work to enjoy -old age has nothing to fear if his mind is enriched by knowledge of the -best in life and can enjoy the sympathy and friendship of books. - -My own love of books was the cause of my entering to a small extent -into authorship. Besides occasionally contributing to our trade -journals, I also wrote articles in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" -on publishing, etc., and also in "The Nineteenth Century," "The -Fortnightly Review," and other journals. Some of these I afterwards -collected in a volume which I published in 1912 under the title of -"The Fascination of Books." I have also issued volumes entitled -"The Pleasure of Literature and the Solace of Books," "Saunterings -in Bookland," and others. I have also published yearly since 1903, -a little "Friend to Friend Kalendar," to which each year I have -contributed a poem on Friendship. This has not only had a large -circulation, but has brought me many letters of appreciation and added -to my many friendships. - -The trade of the bookseller, as we now know him, has gradually -developed from the early part of the last century. Until then the -bookseller either largely printed, or in association with other -publisher-booksellers joined in producing, many of the books they -sold, the various bookselling partners whose names were on the -title page sometimes numbering over twenty different firms. The -making and selling of books has now developed into many different -channels. There is the Author, the Author's Agent, the Publisher, the -wholesale Distributor, and lastly, but not the least important, is the -Bookseller. These various mediums through which most books must pass, -have to be considered, particularly as regards terms, and although a -book may cost little in its production, there are many expenses to be -considered before its selling price can be fixed. This has led to much -dissatisfaction during the past fifty years, and although arrangements -entirely satisfactory to the trade generally have not yet been made, -it is now in a more flourishing condition than it has ever been. What -I think is now required is the formation of a Booksellers' Central -Committee, of which Authors, Publishers, and Booksellers should become -members. This would exclude the Author's Agent and every one not -directly connected with the trade of bookselling, as printers, binders -and others have their own organizations. Committees of each branch of -the trade should be formed to deal with all trade technicalities, -but discussions by the members in Council would be allowed upon any -departmental difficulty, and the decision of the whole body accepted as -final. - -In connexion with this body, an arrangement might be made whereby the -trade assistants could have a separate establishment for educational -and other matters connected with the trade. They should have the -power of electing a certain number of members to represent them when -any Trades Union or other difficult question came up for general -consideration. The future is full of difficulties, and it is only -through friendly discussions among the various representatives of all -departments of the bookselling trade that these difficulties can be -satisfactorily settled. - -The need for some progressive alteration in the trade must be apparent -to every one associated with it, especially when we look back for -some fifty years and remember the difficulties that then existed -respecting the giving of discounts to the public, and then consider how -during the terrible war now brought to a close and in the years since, -the question of discounts has seldom arisen. Those who remember the -difficulties which the discount system caused at the before-mentioned -period will feel thankful for the part taken in its abolition by the -united action of the Publishers' and Booksellers' Associations, and -especially by the general establishment of the net book system and in -many cases the doing away with the odd copy. But this subject has been -more fully dealt with in the chapter on Underselling. - -It is, however, only by trade organization that difficulties which -must in future arise can be solved, and it is to be hoped that it -will further the interest of the assistants and the younger members -of the trade so that instead of that want of knowledge which we often -hear expressed, we shall have men engaged who are worthy of their -craft, and with altered surroundings bookselling, if not regarded as a -profession, may be considered as an occupation of light and leading. - -I have not dealt here with what is known as the second-hand bookseller. -He is the one individual in our trade whom I envy. It is true that -while he deals with the books of the past the ordinary bookseller deals -with those of the present, and those to come. His knowledge, however, -of his particular branch of trade is, I think, wonderful, for not only -does he know the history of a book from its birth to its place upon his -shelves, but a little conversation with him and a walk round his shop -and the taking down some of the books from their shelves, is sufficient -to make any book-lover forget this world in the pleasure and imaginings -of those precious treasures which to know is to revere. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -Some Personal Associations - - -I have entitled this chapter "Some Personal Associations," and will -first speak of a great and happy event which was only ended after -forty-three years of married life. - -It was in 1868 that I became engaged and in 1870 married, a marriage -for which no man ever had more cause to be thankful than myself, owing -to the true happiness of my married life, the sympathy, kind thought -and consideration of my late wife. In fact, everything which goes to -make this life worth living was mine, or I may say ours. - -Like everything earthly, alas! it came to an end; but while memory -lasts it will never be forgotten. Recalling all this, while thankful -for a very happy past, I face what is left to me of the future with a -thankful heart. I am also thankful for my dear children, who have all -taken up their positions in life and are battling with its duties. They -are to me an inexpressible comfort and a blessing, and I can only hope -they will pass through and enjoy their lives as much as I have done -mine. - -I should like to refer here to one other great event in my life, that -of becoming a Managing Director of Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & -Co., Ltd., in 1894. My great aim in life had always been to climb the -ladder of prosperity as far as I possibly could. - -While speaking of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., I may mention a few -traditional facts regarding the origin and development of that -important firm in its connexion with the bookselling trade. Its -originator and founder was Mr. Benjamin Crosby, whose descendants are -now represented by the firm of Messrs. Crosby, Lockwood & Co., and -whose predecessors were in past years partners of Simpkin, Marshall -& Co. Mr. Benjamin Crosby came from Yorkshire to London and was -apprenticed to a bookseller, James Nunn, in Great Queen Street; he -afterwards worked for George Robinson, who was then considered the -"King of Booksellers"; finally, he took over the business of Mr. -Stalker in Stationers' Hall Court, whose premises were then situated -upon the same ground as the buildings now occupied by Simpkin, -Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. After an attack of paralysis in 1814, -Mr. Benjamin Crosby parted with his business to W. Simpkin and R. -Marshall. I have always understood that Simpkin was a hatter in Bridge -Street, Blackfriars, and, having capital, he associated himself with -Marshall, who was an assistant of Benjamin Crosby. - -They, however, took over only the London trade portion of the business, -the country portion going to Baldwin, Cradock & Joy. This firm failed -in 1837, and the country portion of the old firm came into the hands of -Simpkin, Marshall & Co. - -In 1829 Simpkin retired from the business, and the financial management -of the firm was taken over by Mr. John Miles, senior, under whose -supervision very satisfactory results were obtained. Mr. Miles was -also associated with the publishing business of Joseph Johnson of -St. Paul's Churchyard, who issued the works of the poet Cowper, the -critical writings of Priestley, and other important works. Being thus -connected with bookselling, Mr. Miles placed his two elder sons in -important positions in the trade. The one, named after his father, -entered the firm of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., and Mr. Joseph Johnson -Miles, evidently named after his publisher friend, entered the firm -of Hamilton, Adams & Co. Later on, two other sons of Mr. John Miles, -senior, entered the firm of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., and still later -several grandsons became partners in the two separate firms before -mentioned. - -The same traditions of business were continued and carried on for -nearly eighty years. It is rather remarkable that, in the period which -followed, an amalgamation should take place in 1889 between these two -firms and Messrs. W. Kent & Co., and that, after so many years of -competition, they should be brought together into one trading company. - -In the busy whirl of Stationers' Hall Court, though there was little -opportunity for humour, something occasionally happened that permeated -the whole house with amusement, such as when a mistake had been made -and one of the partners tried to find out who had made it. However, -not being able to discover the offender, he came at last to the most -humorous man in the house and tried to fasten it upon him but failed. -"Well," he said, with energy, "I must hang somebody." After a pause, -the answer came: "Hang me, sir; I want a rise." With a smile the -principal left the room and nothing more was heard of the mistake. - -Many such incidents have occurred, but they have been lost by the -hurrying on of time. This subject, however, has been dealt with in an -article entitled "Bookselling and some of its Humours," in my volume on -"The Fascination of Books," published in 1912. - -Among my later duties at Stationers' Hall Court was that of -superintending the purchase, or, as it is termed, the subscription of -new books. Every new book issued from the various publishers was first -submitted to Simpkin, Marshall & Co., and the number they bought often -governed the numbers purchased by the various members of the trade. -These varied according to the author's reputation and the sales of -their previous issues, and in many cases from a small number to many -hundreds were usually ordered. I remember on one occasion a 6_s._ book -by a popular novelist was submitted to us and an order given for 12,000 -copies. October is undoubtedly the most important publishing month of -the year, and upon many days during that period, between 150 to 200 -different books have frequently been offered for subscription. - -In 1917 I retired from the position of a Managing Director, but still -remain one of the Directors of the Company. It is to me a very great -pleasure to be still associated with a house to which I owe so much -and occasionally to see the many valued friends with whom I have been -associated for over fifty years. Although I have nominally ceased to be -a bookseller yet I have several connexions which I hope will keep me -in touch with the trade as long as I live. Besides being a Director of -Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd., I have been for many -years Chairman of Messrs. Henry Williams & Co. (Old Bailey), Ltd., also -a Director of Messrs. C.W. Faulkner & Co., Ltd., and other companies, -so I am still anything but an idle man. - -Although this chapter may appear somewhat egotistical, during my life -in London I have been connected with many trade and other associations -which have been more or less of a personal as well as of an interesting -character, and I mention these facts to show that I have not been -indifferent to or wanting in sympathy with the various undertakings in -which I am concerned. - -My first experience was in joining the Committee of the Early Closing -Association, then in quite an elementary condition. Like many other -Associations which have had small beginnings, it has worked its way -through storm and sunshine and has done, and is still doing, much -useful work. At the present moment, it is one of the great helpful -influences in bettering the condition of the worker. At one of our -meetings, held, I think, at St. James's Hall, I had the honour of -being on the platform with Anthony Trollope, the great novelist, and -John McGregor of Rob Roy fame, who each made delightfully interesting -speeches which helped greatly to popularize the Association. I always -felt an interest in young men's associations, and joined one while -living near Highbury. It was at this time that what was then called -Mock Parliaments were usually one of the items in the season's -programme. - -At one of these gatherings with which I was associated, I little -thought what a prominent position its leading speakers would hold -in the future. The debate on this occasion was a vote of want of -confidence in Lord Beaconsfield's Foreign policy, as just then there -was much opposition and discontent respecting his actions. This vote -of censure was moved by Lawson Walton, who was destined to become -Attorney-General; the present Sir Robert Perks seconded the resolution. -The Chairman or Speaker for the occasion was Sir Clarence Smith, -recently one of the Sheriffs of the City of London. Needless to say, -the motion was carried unanimously. It is pleasant to look back upon -the day of small things and to see the development of lives that are -useful both in their surroundings and to the state. - -Another interesting Association was that of the University Extension, -of the Finsbury Park branch of which I was Chairman for several years. -During the autumn of one of our sessions, it was suggested that we -should ask Chevalier Marconi, who was just then beginning to be -known as an inventor of some new method of telegraphy, to give us a -demonstration of his wireless process. He agreed to do so, but little -did we think what would be the result of this system and what wonderful -influence his discovery would have upon the civilised world. - -As Chairman, it was my pleasurable duty to receive Chevalier -Marconi, and I was greatly surprised to find so young and apparently -inexperienced a person. A few minutes' conversation, however, soon -showed that he had a firm foundation for the subject which he was -developing. We had arranged to get communication between Highgate and -New Southgate, where we were holding the demonstration. Unfortunately, -the poles for dispatching the messages to be sent from Highgate did -not arrive in time, so we had to content ourselves with having the -messages sent from a field close by. Everything worked to our entire -satisfaction, and various messages were received stamped in accordance -with the Morse system. Whenever there is any further development of the -Marconi system I look back upon this meeting with considerable interest -and satisfaction. Since then, I have met Chevalier Marconi on various -occasions, and he has always struck me as a man of a great personal -character and solid determination. One thing which I remember to have -heard him say was that "My father was an Italian and my mother an -Irishwoman, but I call myself an Englishman"; and I am sure he is one -of whom we are all proud. - -My association with politics began with my early years at home, when -I watched my father, carrying the Union Jack, marching at the head -of the voters in our village to the polling booth. Although father -was not in any way a public man, he knew what progress meant and was -always on that side. I do not remember any political influence being -exercised upon me in my young days, and appeared naturally to drift -into the ranks of Liberalism, a drifting which I have never regretted. -Being an active student of parliamentary events, shortly after coming -to London, I obtained admission to the Strangers' Gallery at the -House of Commons, and soon felt a keen interest in politics and often -afterwards visited the House. I have many times walked to Islington -from the Houses of Parliament at two o'clock in the morning after -having listened to some interesting debate. I have heard Gladstone, -Disraeli, and most of the party leaders in both Houses. I was in -the Gallery of the House of Commons when W.E. Forster was carrying -through the Elementary Education Act and the Vote by Ballot Bill. -These were opposed, for the Conservative Party, by the then Sir -Stafford Northcote, and, although my mind was quite made up as to their -desirability, when hearing the eloquence and arguments from the other -side, without a strong opinion one might have been easily carried over -to the Opposition. - -In 1888 I greatly enjoyed a visit to the House, on the occasion when -Mr. Ritchie, as he then was, brought in the Bill to create the London -County Council. Mr. Gladstone sat on the Opposition Bench with Sir -James Stansfeld, the Member for Halifax and the President of the -Local Government Board in the previous Liberal Administration. As Mr. -Ritchie unfolded his scheme, both Mr. Gladstone and Sir James Stansfeld -were busy taking notes. When the main details of the Bill had been -explained, they both ceased, being apparently satisfied with the scope -of the Bill. As soon as Mr. Ritchie sat down, Mr. Gladstone rose. In a -short and eloquent speech, he complimented the hon. gentleman on his -proposed Bill and said that although he might suggest some amendments -in Committee, they, as a party, quite approved of the principles of -the Bill. Owing to Mr. Gladstone's statement, what was expected to -be a hot party debate ended in a satisfactory agreement. Even after -such interesting proceedings as these, I have always felt that the -anticipation of a debate in Parliament is greater than the pleasure -realized. - -This Bill was eventually passed, and among the candidates for -membership of the new London County Council was Lord Rosebery, who -stood for the City of London. I had the pleasure of hearing him address -several meetings, and, although from a public point of view he was -a comparatively young man, he spoke with great thought and feeling, -always carrying his audience with him. He was of course returned, and -was elected the first Chairman of this important Council. - -Notwithstanding that nearly all my life I have been more or less -associated with politics, and for over forty years have been upon the -register of voters, I have never voted on the winning side except on -the occasion when Mr. A.J. Balfour stood for the City of London. I -still hope I may do so before I die. - -It was in the year 1885, after the passing of the Redistribution -Bill, that I became more closely associated with politics. By this -Redistribution Act, Middlesex (for many years it had been represented -by two members) was divided into seven constituencies. I joined the -Liberal Association in Hornsey, one of the new divisions, and the -one in which I then lived, and from that time onwards took an active -part in their proceedings. On the eve of the first elections in these -divisions, we had a big send-off meeting of the Middlesex candidates -at the Holloway Hall, at which the great Liberal veteran Mr. Samuel -Morley presided. Many leading politicians were present, including -Sir Charles Dilke, Mr. W.S. Caine, Mr. Alfred Milner (now Viscount -Milner), who stood for the Harrow Division, Mr. S.D. Waddy, and others. -Great enthusiasm prevailed, but the success at the polling booth was -not as great as we anticipated, and the Hornsey Division returned -a Conservative, which it continued to do until a fresh division of -Middlesex took place under the Act of 1918. Mr. Carvel Williams, the -champion for Disestablishment of the Church, was our president; he was -a most able and eloquent speaker, full of work and energy and equal to -any emergency, but although we had occasionally such speakers as Mr. -Asquith, Mr. Lloyd George, and other leading politicians of that day, -success at the poll was never obtained. - -I was for many years chairman of the Council, and that brought me in -touch with many men of light and leading. I was, however, compelled to -give it up, as so many other duties had a more special call upon my -time. In 1904 I was induced to join the non-political party which was -standing for the London County Council Division of Stoke Newington, and -was returned. - -And here let me state that I have a great objection to party feeling -in local affairs. It is quite bad enough when carried to extremes -in parliamentary contests, but local affairs should be dealt with -entirely from the local point of view of what is best and from none -other. Having made many new friends and being elected to the Library -Committee, I found myself in my element amongst books. Before the Free -Library was started at Stoke Newington, with my good friend Mr. A.W. -Mackenzie, I originated a private Free Library in the Finsbury Park -District, and although this library was not very large it was very -serviceable. It was carried on by voluntary aid and contributions, and, -in accordance with the Act passed in 1892, afterwards taken over by the -Council of Stoke Newington. - -When this Free Library was opened, thanks to the Carnegie Trust, I had -the honour of seeing my name engraved with others on a stone tablet -as a record of those who were associated with the founding of it. -My relations with Stoke Newington were always of the most pleasant -character, as there were many book lovers on the Committee, among them -being Mr. Wynne Baxter and Mr. Charles Welsh, the noted City Librarian. - -It was during my membership of the Stoke Newington Council that I -received tickets of invitation to the inauguration of the L.C.C. -Passenger Steamboat Service on the Thames, which had been constructed -at an outlay of nearly £300,000. Our present King, with some of the -young Princes, headed the fleet of steamers which went from Temple -Pier to Greenwich and back. Altogether it was a most pleasant trip, -but events followed which brought this venture to an end, a decision -from many points of view much to be regretted. It occurs to me, -however, that if more attention were given to the banks of the Thames -by building an Embankment on the south side similar to that on the -north side, there is no reason why it should not eventually become in -every way as attractive as the rivers which flow through so many of the -Continental cities. - -About this time I became a member of the New Vagabond Club, and enjoyed -for many years the various dinners given to some of the leading men of -the time. These were usually held at the Hotel Cecil, and I have known -over 500 ladies and gentlemen to be present on some of the important -occasions. The Club was very cosmopolitan: Bishops, Members of -Parliament, the theatrical profession, authors--in fact, anyone who was -then in the public eye was certain to receive an invitation to some of -the dinners. When this club became incorporated with the old Playgoers' -Club, many, like myself, felt that these Sunday festivities did not -quite fall in with their ordinary way of spending the day of rest, and -I was compelled to retire from it. - -Another association of which I am particularly proud to be one of the -vice-presidents, is the Booksellers' Provident Institution, and the -Booksellers' Provident Retreat; the former I joined in 1869, and for -over fifty years have been an active member on its committees. This -great institution was inaugurated on February 15, 1837, at Stationers' -Hall, and during the greater part of its existence it has had for its -president some one representing either the house of Longman or Murray. -It is an institution of which every member is proud, and should be more -appreciated in the trade than it is, for it has done, and is still -doing, work of great value to its necessitous members. - -The opening ceremony of the Booksellers' Retreat took place in 1846. -The great novelist Lord Lytton presided, and a sum of £800 was -collected. At this Retreat there are seven pleasantly situated houses -occupied either by members or their widows, and the occupants of these -houses, owing to the funds at the disposal of the Committee, have their -lives not only extended but made thoroughly happy and comfortable. - -In 1872 there was a great effort made by many of the London -Booksellers' Assistants to found an institution which would be always -open to its members for educational and social purposes. The proposal -met with support, and much discussion upon details took place; but the -only decision arrived at was that it should be called the Booksellers' -Literary Institution. After many meetings and discussions it was -given up and the committee dissolved. It was a noble object, and I -sincerely hope that in the future some such organization will come into -existence, for it is badly wanted both for the assistants and the trade -generally. - -In 1898 I had the honour of being elected a member of the Worshipful -Company of Stationers, which is so associated, especially in the -past, with literature and books. I am sure every one who takes the -opportunity of going through the Hall will feel proud of this almost -sacred building. It has a history connected with the makers and -distributors of literature which is an honour not only to the trade but -to the nation; I sincerely hope that the policy now being advocated by -the City Livery Club, of which I am also a member, that of more closely -associating the various Livery Companies with the trade or craft by -which they are designated, will be successful. If this can be done, it -will be better for the various City Guilds, as well as the particular -trades after which the Guilds are named. - -In 1897 the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII, inaugurated -the Hospital Fund which still bears his name, to commemorate the -sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign. One of the means adopted to -assist in raising funds was the issue of a series of stamps which -varied in price. This series met with great success, and the public -issue of the stamps was entrusted to Simpkin, Marshall & Co. After it -had run its course and added considerably to the Hospital funds, it -was decided by the authorities that the issue should be discontinued, -and that the plates from which the stamps had been printed should be -destroyed. A special day was fixed for this purpose, and our present -King and Queen, then the Prince and Princess of Wales, kindly consented -to undertake this task. The destruction of the plates took place at the -Bank of England in a small room, and another Director of our Company -and myself were selected to see the operation completed. It was a most -interesting occasion, and, being in so small and informal a place, the -talk between the half-dozen or so witnesses and the Royal destroyers -was very pleasant. With a strong file which was handed to her, the -Princess of Wales, in a most business-like way, rubbed the face of the -metal plates of the stamps and thereby made it impossible for any more -to be printed. Though it all happened in a very short space of time, -it was a delightful as well as an historic gathering. - -While speaking of Royalty, I am reminded of an occasion when Edward -VII, then Prince of Wales, opened the Free Library at Lambeth under the -Chairmanship of Mr. Tate, who contributed largely to the Library funds. -The Prince made an excellent speech, short and to the point, although -his articulation was not very clear. This, I suppose, arose through the -many languages which it was necessary for him to master, and it struck -me at the time that his accent was more like that of a foreigner who -had learned English than an Englishman's. - -On the issuing of the eleventh edition of the "Encyclopædia -Britannica," I was asked by the editor to write two articles on -Bookselling and Publishing, with biographical notices of British -and American publishers' houses. I did this with much pleasure, and -afterwards received an invitation to a dinner at the Hotel Cecil to -celebrate the Encyclopædia's completion and publication. Among some -600 guests who were present, there were representatives of great -distinction from every department of learning, such as the Speaker -of the House of Commons, Mr. Balfour, Sir W. Harcourt, Lord Brassey, -Lord Bryce and Viscount Wolseley. These names are sufficiently -representative of the guests, although it would be difficult to give a -complete list of them. Altogether, it was a wonderful gathering, and my -association with it was most gratifying to me. - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -The Bookselling Trade and Underselling - - -The published price of a book being publicly advertised, there is -probably no other trade which gives the same opportunity of attracting -the public by underselling as that of Bookselling, and evils of a -greater or less degree in this direction have been practised since the -days of Caxton. In the early days of the nineteenth century serious -attention was directed to underselling, and an association formed -entitled "The Associated Booksellers." This was formed in 1812, but -the notorious Lackington carried underselling, and what he termed -"remainders," to such an extreme that the very existence of the -Bookselling trade was seriously threatened. This Association, however, -lacked sufficient strength to take the necessary steps to stop the -underselling mania, and it was not until 1850 that another Booksellers' -Association was formed which nobly fought a most difficult and trying -battle. The Association failed, owing to the decision in 1852 by Lord -Campbell, Mr. Grote, and Dean Milman that the question of a bookseller -having "paid the purchase money shall not resell it under a certain -price, derogated from the rights of ownership which, as purchaser, -he had acquired." This decision had the effect of dissolving the -Association. - -Some years after attention was again directed to the evil of -underselling, which it has taken nearly a century to bring to an end, -for it is hoped that by the adoption of publishing on the net book -system and the Publishers' and Booksellers' Associations, discounts -to the public will be entirely abolished. On looking through the -volume for 1864 of that consistently intelligent trade journal, "The -Bookseller," I find the editor saying that "The opening of the new -season appears to be a very appropriate time for a few remarks upon -the ruinous system of underselling, which seems to be the rule rather -than the exception, not only in London, but in most provincial cities. -How far it will proceed and what may be the extent of the damage it -may do, none can predict. We, however, believe underselling to be -wholly unnecessary and that it may be checked, if not altogether -stopped, if publishers and booksellers will come to an understanding -on the subject." The article goes on to point out how by publishers, -if necessary, reducing their selling prices, they might do away with -the discount allowed to the public, or, in other words, encourage the -adoption of a net system. It is pleasant to see a letter on this point -issued the same year, and signed by A. Macmillan. When about to publish -their celebrated Globe edition of Shakespeare's works at 3_s._ 6_d._, -after speaking of the number of pages, the quality of the paper, the -printing and the binding, Mr. Macmillan goes on to say, "Why should -the trade throw away their profits on a book that needs no further -cheapening to put it within the reach of all. I have neither the will -nor the power to dictate to the trade what they shall sell the books -for after they buy them from us, but I would be glad and grateful if -they would try the experiment on this new book whether the underselling -which has crept in of late years, does good really to anybody." It is -most gratifying that the present head of that firm should have done so -much to bring to an end the unjust system of discounts. It was stated -that nearly 80,000 copies of the Globe Shakespeare were sold within six -months of its publication. - -In 1867, after many years of unrest, matters were again brought -under discussion through Mr. Thomas Bosworth, of Regent Street, -giving excessive discounts. I have before me a leaflet issued by this -bookseller entitled "Rattening in the Book Trade." In this leaflet he -complains of Messrs. Hamilton, Adams & Co. having closed his account, -owing to his continuing to sell to the public books at trade prices and -sometimes less than that. This did not continue very long, as I find -that in 1869 he had to make a composition with his creditors. In 1890 -the parent of the Associated Booksellers of Great Britain and Ireland -was formed, under the title of "The London Booksellers' Society," and I -am proud to record that I was one of the early members of its Council. -The main object of the Society was to restrict discounts to 25 per -cent., and it issued a price list from 6_d._ to £2 2_s._ showing these -discounts. Had it not been for the introduction of the net system, this -Booksellers' Association would in all probability have followed the -footsteps of its predecessors. - -A correspondent in "The Bookseller" for 1877 gives a very despondent -account of the bookseller and the way the bookselling trade was -carried on. This despondency was caused mainly by the iniquitous -system of discounts which were then being given to the public and the -unfair methods of business, owing to the want of harmony and business -regulations. The correspondent says that "A bookseller of to-day -is very often a man who might just as well be a cheese-monger or a -pork-butcher for anything he knows or cares about books; and as for him -being capable of guiding or advising his customers, they have sometimes -no little trouble in making him understand a requirement that lies just -outside the current of popular demands. The cause of this degeneracy -is not far to seek: it is the undignified and unneighbourly scramble -for custom, in which each man's object is to give away a larger -discount in the shilling than anyone else. Unless booksellers can be -found who will have the courage to stand out of this scramble and be -content to serve such customers who are willing to pay a fair price -for their books, it is to be feared that the race of booksellers will -become extinct." Fortunately, by the introduction of the net system, -this downward tendency has been stopped, and the bookselling trade is -gradually taking the place it deserves in the world of letters. - -The Publishers' Association was established in 1896. Mainly through the -influence and the exertions of Sir Frederick Macmillan, the net book -scheme was officially recognized by the Publishers' Association. It -has grown ever since that time and has undoubtedly been the salvation -of the Bookselling trade in this country, and it is hoped that it will -lead to further and better conditions for every one connected with the -trade. - -This question of underselling is so closely associated with the -general condition of the Bookselling trade that I have decided to -reprint in this chapter the following article which appeared in -the "Publishers' Circular" and was written by me in 1915. Though a -development in some of the particulars has been obtained, there is -still much to be done. As the article was reprinted and distributed by -the Associated Booksellers, and I also receive so many congratulatory -letters respecting it, I feel that it may probably be of service when -some of the details of the trade are again under discussion. I have -omitted from the article such portions of it as time has shown to be -unnecessary. What I have here reprinted I hope may be found of interest. - - SOME NOTES ON BOOK-SELLING - - In using the term "bookselling," it is intended in this article to - include all those businesses, exclusive of authorship, which are - interested in the making, distribution, and selling of books, and - while offering a few suggestions to these trade organizations, there - will be no attempt to dogmatize on any particular sphere of it. As - their working conditions are so continually changing, these must - therefore fall in with modern requirements or give place to others - which can accommodate themselves to the altered conditions. - - Since the origin of printing there have been differences and - grievances, many of them imaginary, in connexion with the trade of - bookselling. Some of these complaints are characterized as a decay - of the author, the book, or the bookseller; sometimes it is the - over-production of books or their cheapness, due to underselling or to - outside firms being allowed to trade in them, but all these complaints - either die a natural death or turn out to have little foundation, and - the trade goes on in much the same way as it has done for centuries - past. There is occasionally a reason for some of these criticisms, and - although there have been variations in both the production and the - distribution of books, yet many of the salient features remain the - same as those existing in the early days of bookselling. - - Before suggesting a solution of some of the difficulties which we find - current in the bookselling trade to-day, let us inquire into that of - book production. - - Foremost among the real or imaginary difficulties is the question - of over-production. This is, from many points of view, an important - question with distributors of books, both wholesale and retail. - - Take the following interesting particulars, which appear somewhat out - of harmony with our unsatisfactory means of distribution, but when - we compare these figures with those of other countries, they seem - insignificant: In the year 1913, 9,541, and in 1914, 8,863 new books - were published in England. In 1913, 10,607, and in 1914, 10,175 new - books were published in America. In the year 1912, 34,801 new books - were published in Germany, and in 1913 no fewer than 35,078 were - issued from their various presses. Nearly four times as many books - were thus yearly produced in Germany as in England--but it must be - admitted that many of these are of a local or ephemeral character--and - over three times as many as in America. A comparison between the - number of authors and their proportion to the population is no less - surprising. In 1910, there were 9,000 writers of books in America; - there were 8,000 in Great Britain; while in Germany there are over - 31,000 of such _littérateurs_. Of course, the war has greatly changed - these figures. - - It is computed that the total number of printed books in the world is - no less than 11,638,810, and that about 8,714,000 of these have been - published subsequently to the year 1800. From 1500 to 1535 the number - of books produced annually averaged only 1,250. It was not until 1700 - that the annual average passed 10,000, and it was not until 1887 that - it reached 100,000. From 1900 to 1908, however, the world's annual - output averaged 174,375. Some interesting statistics relating to the - production of printed books are given in the "Bulletin de l'Institut - International de Bibliographie." - - The complaint of over-production is almost as old as the art of - printing itself, for, according to Charles Knight's "The Old Printer," - it is stated that some Roman printers of the Latin Classics in 1471 - petitioned the Pope to interfere on their behalf. In their petitions - they stated that "they were the first who introduced this Art, with - vast labour and cost, into His Holiness's territory, and encouraged - by our example, other printers have done the same. If you peruse the - Catalogue of the books printed by us, you will admire how and where - we could produce a sufficient quantity of paper or even rags for such - a number of volumes. The total of these books amount to 12,475, a - prodigious heap, and intolerable by reason of those unsold. We are - unable to bear the expense of housekeeping for want of buyers, of - which there cannot be a more flagrant proof than that our house is - full of quire books, but void of every necessary of life." - - From this it would appear that the question of over-production has an - early origin and is continually being repeated, but I dare venture the - remark that there is not now or never has been any over-production - in books that are worth putting on the market, and if publishers - would refuse the bribes offered by those anxious to see their names - in print, and only issue such books as in their mature judgment they - consider worth putting before a community of intelligent readers, - there would be less outcry of over-production. This question is very - far-reaching, and especially affects the sellers of books. Frequently - the publishers issue books, the cost being paid by an ambitious - author; but for this the public would probably never hear of him; - the book is shown to the trade, no reference whatever is made to its - origin, and booksellers are often led to buy and stock a book by their - trust in the publisher, and find out to their cost that there is no - demand whatever for the book, and it remains upon their shelves. It is - a fair contention that the bookseller should be warned against such - books, in which the publishers have taken no risks, neither should - the booksellers be persuaded into so doing. Undoubtedly, if the trade - is to prosper, there must be more discrimination in selecting stock. - There are now so many influences at work to advertise a book: not - only are there the ordinary media, but an author will go round to the - booksellers, talking about his book, telling them it will sell in - thousands, and that there has never been such a book written before. - Instances have been known where the author has gone to a number of - booksellers and ordered copies of his book, never calling or paying - for them. The bookseller, by these means, has to put into his stock - books which he is unable to sell. There should for safety be a method - of allowing returns to be made of such books before the publishers - make up their accounts; there would then be an inducement for a - bookseller to display a book upon his counter or in his window, with - a possibility of sales being made through the publicity given to the - book. - - Many books are published for which no reasonable market exists, but - as long as education continues to influence the mind there will be - found persons who think their ideas are inspired, and they must give - them expression in the printed book. There is to-day a larger reading - public than ever, and the all-important point is how to get hold of - them. On this point much has been written and said. It is of no use - discussing the old methods, so much extolled, of how the bookseller - formerly lived over his shop and existed with, if not by, his books, - and what men of encyclopædic knowledge these ancients were. These - times are gone, and the men are gone with them. We must, therefore, - deal with events as they are to-day. Every one engaged in the business - of bookselling would no doubt confess that he is out, _inter alia_, to - try and make money and earn a living, and this is one of the points I - wish to discuss. First, the men who constitute the bookselling trade - are probably as intelligent and as up to date in knowledge as they - were in the past. It has been said that the second-hand bookseller - is the only man with a knowledge of books, but this is not so. - Unfortunately, the exigence of our social life often prevents him - from giving as much attention to his trade as formerly. This has been - intensified by the margin of profit not being commensurate with the - labour; therefore in many cases other kindred businesses have been - added to that of bookselling. - - Undoubtedly the greatest benefaction which has ever fallen to the - book trade was the introduction in January, 1900, of the net system. - By this system a reasonable profit was guaranteed, and members of - the book trade were brought together and the trade organized and - extended in a manner which would have been impossible without some - such rallying point as that offered by the net system. This has now - obtained such a hold, both upon the trade and the public, that it must - remain one of the axioms of the bookselling trade. - - A similar system was started in America in 1901, and for many years - considerably helped the publishers in that country in organizing the - trade, and protecting that of the bookseller in his attempt to remedy - some of the evils caused by undersellers and unfair competition. - Unfortunately, an adverse decision in the American Supreme Court - in what is known as the "Macy case," caused the members of the - Association to wind up their organization. This was done at the end of - 1914. - - In these days of increased business pressure and competition, it - appears especially unfortunate that so large and important an - organization affecting the publishing trade in America should so - suddenly come to an end. It is, however, hoped that the publishers - will be able before long to reconsider the situation and establish in - some form or other a new representative organization to take charge - of and to promote the general interests of the American publishing - and bookselling trades, for, undoubtedly, without some such central - control, the trade of bookselling cannot thrive in the same manner as - it otherwise would do. - - A very important point is the relation of the publishers one to the - other. If there were more trade-regulations to bring into harmony - many of its unwritten laws, some of the difficulties which now often - arise would never occur. At present the Publishers' Association mostly - consider questions outside their own business workings, and nothing - in the shape of terms or personal arrangements is touched upon or - discussed; therefore unnecessary competition and varying terms exist - to a considerable extent. How much unpleasant feeling might be avoided - if some broad but definite rules were laid down for the guidance of - publishers towards each other, and also to the wholesale and retail - bookselling trades. This question will be further discussed later on. - A very important question is, however, now awaiting solution--that of - sending out books on sale or return. Continental booksellers adopted - this method of bringing books before the public many years ago, with a - great amount of success and satisfaction, but of course this is a very - debatable question. - - It appears somewhat difficult for publishers to realize how much could - often be done by a bookseller in pushing the sale of a book if he were - guaranteed against loss: especially is this applicable to a book by - a new author. How much better it would be for author, publisher, and - bookseller, if in certain cases books, such as before mentioned, could - be shown in windows of retail booksellers, and that the publisher - should take them back or exchange them within, say, six months from - publication, if still unsold. By these means books by unknown authors - would get an advertisement such as could be obtained in no other way, - and it would certainly help the bookseller with a show of books which - at present he is unable to obtain. - - It is somewhat strange that so little difficulty regarding cost or - selling price has yet arisen with the issue of the modern cheap - editions of books. These cheap issues are published at net prices, - they yield a fair profit to those through whose hands they pass, and - the public are quite satisfied. Recent history of popular literature - shows that success is obtained, not by high prices, but by big sales. - What is wanted is the realization of what Matthew Arnold once wrote, - "that he hoped for the day when food and books shall both alike be - felt as needs." - - In connexion with the trade of publishing, the question is, how - best to help the bookseller to obtain his supply of books, as the - miscellaneous character of the books published, and the increasing - number of publishers, and the cost of "travelling" books in the - country, make it imperative that some distributing medium should be - engaged in this work. In most countries such an agency exists, but - methods vary in each country; it is represented here by the wholesale - agent, who supplies from his own stock or collects from the publishers - everything a country bookseller may have ordered. By some publishers - this agency has a poor recognition, but without such distributing - houses it would be quite impossible for the ordinary retail bookseller - to obtain his supplies, as the public when ordering books scarcely - ever give the publisher's name, and frequently give half a mutilated - title, which only those in daily intercourse with all published - books could recognize, so that this part of a general system of - distribution should not only be fully recognized by the publisher, but - in calculating discounts and expenses this distributing method should - be considered. One is inclined to ask if there is anything wrong with - the trade; if so, is it with the retail bookseller, for after all it - is this agency which comes in direct contact with the public. Until - the introduction of the net system before mentioned, there was a war - of discounts existing which would have eventually meant ruin, and it - is only a reasonable conclusion that what every bookseller recognizes - as a good to the trade should be further extended. Is not the time - ripe for more organization, without oppression, to be adopted by - the trade? We have now the organizations of both the publisher and - bookseller, to which all the leading members of each of these branches - of the trade belong. Why cannot, as before suggested, some rules of a - broad but inclusive character be laid down and agreed upon by members - of both associations, so that the differences and difficulties which - so frequently arise may be easily adjusted? By these means a dignity - and influence as of old would be restored to the booksellers, petty - grievances would be easily removed, and the question of a living - discount would be more easily discussed, and the book world (which - formerly had only two interests, that of author and publisher, but now - has the bookseller as a separate factor) would be placed on a firmer - foundation and in the position which, by its literary association, it - deserves. - - In recommending closer co-operation between the Publishers' and - Booksellers' Associations in the internal arrangements of the - bookselling trade, my object is to advocate centralization, but with - a liberty which should not be abused. How often a publisher wishes - to bring before the various distributing agencies of the trade some - work in which he has invested intelligence and money, and which is - not a machine-made book! If such co-operation can be freed from - jealousies, what better medium could be found for disseminating - information than a central association formed of the above-named - organizations? At first there would be much give and take, but if - there could be a sub-committee of each association formed which would - meet and discuss questions to be submitted to the respective central - councils, matters would soon run smoothly, and if the respective - presidents or secretaries could be so in touch with each other that - preliminary difficulties could be made plain, there is little doubt - that results satisfactory to the trade would follow. That important - results would follow is practically certain. Take, for instance, the - present arrangements for the Annual Meetings of the Publishers' and of - the Associated Booksellers. The only attraction of the former is the - chairman's address, which, although often eloquent, seldom leads to - either a discussion or suggestions, with a result that everything is - cut and dried in the most orthodox and dry-as-dust fashion. - - Almost the only difference in the Booksellers' Annual Meeting is - that it brings members together from all parts of the country and - helps to promote social intercourse. Festive gatherings and outings - are a greater attraction than the business agenda, and the business - man must often have forced upon him the fact that time which is - frequently taken up in dinners and receptions could be better spent in - discussing business questions. It can scarcely be denied that the two - trade associations are capable of far greater usefulness than they at - present achieve. - - In looking through a recent number of the "Publishers' Weekly," I - was much struck by the practical way in which the annual meetings of - the book trade of America were conducted. From the report of their - proceedings I find that some twelve different subjects associated with - the bookselling trade were discussed, among them being the following: - Undue Competition of Jobbers; Postage Extra; Self-addressed Circulars - issued by Publishers in their interest rather than the Dealers; - Discounts to Lending Libraries; Uniform Discounts according to - quantity purchased for every dealer alike; Failure to include Juvenile - books in the net class. - - Surely there could be found a sufficient number of members of the - bookselling trade to discuss some of the above or other subjects to - the advantage of the trade generally? - - When one reflects that the yearly output of English books is - considerably less than that of America, which is about one-third that - of Germany, and that one-fifth of the inhabited world is dominated by - the English language, it is surely time for all the members of the - bookselling trade to wake up. - - It is not my intention to go into the details of cost prices, but - all are agreed that to make an effectual organization for the book - trade, the question of profits and terms must come in, both for the - publisher as well as for the wholesale and retail bookseller. There - is, however, a question which has often been much discussed as to - whether trade terms should be based on a flat price, or the system - of odd copy and discounts be continued. There is much to be said - for both systems, but the method of a sliding scale is invariably - used both here and in other countries. In America and Germany, as - well as in this country, sometimes the odd copy is given, and even in - those countries which charge flat rates there is always an advantage - in prices which correspond with numbers. This is only a reasonable - concession to those who will speculate, or have built up a business - in which a considerable amount of capital is locked up. There are few - businesses where speculation is more precarious or where the articles - of commerce so quickly deteriorate in value as that of the bookseller, - and it is hoped that publishers will soon recognize that bookselling - as a trade wants more help and more consideration than it receives at - present. Otherwise, the small man will be pushed out, and the trade - become centralized in a few big establishments, who will be able to - dictate terms for distributing the books published, and a trade union - of distributors may be formed which will prove a harder taskmaster - than the most tyrannical trade union that has ever dictated terms to - its employers. Every one, however, in the trade sincerely hopes that - when the publisher and bookseller are brought more in contact with - each other through their associations, these important points will be - mutually considered from a practical point of view. - - It is often wise to see how the business of bookselling is carried on - in other countries, so a glance at some of their methods should be - interesting. - - In Germany, before the war, nearly all booksellers had an agent in - Leipzig. This agent receives his client's order every day, and after - dispatching them to different publishers, he collects the parcels - and sends them off by post or rail. A "collector," as we know him in - London, is not known there. - - Most firms give credit, and customers go into Leipzig once every - year to the "Booksellers' House," when they pay their agent and the - publishers. - - Firms in Berlin have a special way of dispatching their books, - etc., to other firms in the country. It is a kind of private post - service between the Booksellers' League in Berlin and booksellers and - wholesale agents in other towns. Each member of this League pays a - certain amount yearly, and has his goods sent on by the private post - service. This is not a very quick method, although it is cheap. - - The following Consular Report upon this subject will be found - interesting:-- - Even in this changing age the organization of the German book trade - remains in principle what it has long been. The two main principles - which make the trade as flourishing as it is, are the fixed selling - price and the right of the retailer to return unsold books. The first, - combined with very long credits, is the solid basis of the existence - of the small retail houses, and has favoured the establishment of - retailers everywhere. There is in Germany one bookseller for every - 5,000 inhabitants, and the consequence of retail shops being found - everywhere is that the German publisher spends very little in - advertising, for he sends out all his novelties on sale according - to a system established with the retail trade, or special wishes of - the retailers, which he learns by means of his inexpensive circulars. - In no other trade is there so close an understanding cultivated as - between the German bookseller and his educated customers. The retailer - circulates all his new books amongst likely buyers, and they become - better known than through advertisements. The retailer pays for all - the books bought during the year at the Easter Fair of the following - year. The discounts vary according to the class of book, from 25 per - cent. on the selling price of scientific books to 40 and even 50 per - cent. on juvenile literature, besides which eleven copies are sent for - ten, or thirteen for a dozen. The enormous number of scientific books - published in Germany, including pamphlets, can only be explained by - the existence of the intelligent retailers all over the country. The - legal organization of the trade is the Verein in Leipzig, consisting - of 2,685 members, which lays down regulations for the members of - the trade amongst themselves, and for them in their dealings with - the public. Thus the maintenance of the selling price (5 per cent. - being allowed for cash, periodicals excepted) is rigidly insisted - on, and if the rule is broken, it is adjudged by the Verein that - publishers shall not supply the offender, or that they shall give him - no credit or discount. Connected with this institution is a sort of - publishers' and booksellers' clearing house in Leipzig, by which the - ordering by retailers and the keeping of accounts between them and - the publishers are facilitated and simplified, and the processes of - ordering, packing, dispatching, and paying are greatly cheapened. It - appears designed to prevent a great variety of petty expenditure, and - to it, coupled with the fixed selling price and the long credit, is - attributed the success of the trade in Germany. - -Again, there is that industrious little country, Norway, which has been -termed "A Bookseller's Paradise." But it must be remembered that in -that country wealth is more evenly distributed than it is here. There -are no paupers, and public schools are plentiful. The English, French, -and German languages are taught in most schools, and the Norwegian -bookseller is usually a well-educated man and a product of one of the -public schools. - -The following facts are from a summary of an able address given by -Mr. W.H. Arnold before the American Booksellers' Association, and are -well worthy of the study of the publishers and the booksellers in this -country:-- - - Bookselling in Norway is so organized as to eliminate almost all - the risks to which English booksellers are exposed, to secure - satisfactory results for the publishers, and to provide a fair reward - for the author. Three trade organizations are in existence--The - Publishers' Association, the National Association of Booksellers, - and the Provincial Association of Booksellers, the qualification - for membership in both the first and the last named being membership - of the National Association. All booksellers must be members of - the National Association. The Provincial Association includes all - booksellers except those in Christiania. There is a National Board of - Directors, composed of members of each association. - - An applicant wishing to become a bookseller addresses the National - Board. A young man of eighteen may become a bookseller when he is - thirty; he has twelve years' training--four years as apprentice, - eight years as assistant. Besides a knowledge of books, he must - give security, and if he can prove he has sufficient funds in hand, - the National Directors will give their permission for his beginning - business on his own account; but the Directors have it in their power - to decide whether a new bookshop is wanted in the district mentioned. - - A town of 8,000 people would afford scope for two bookshops. Molde, - familiar to English tourists, with a population of 2,200 has one - thriving bookseller; Aalesund, with a population of 14,000, has three - bookshops, and none of these booksellers need fear the incursion of - other rivals. - - The subscription to the National Association is 10 krone--about - 12_s._--per annum; and for the Association's weekly journal, 6_s._ per - annum is charged. An annual list of publications is issued, and once - in ten years a reference catalogue is issued, costing about 20_s._ - All miscellaneous publications are issued in paper covers, and can - be obtained in cloth, but the paper is the more popular format. The - book buyer who decides that the paper volume is worth preserving, if - so minded gets it bound in cloth or half leather, cloth costing 1_s._ - 6_d._ and leather 2_s._ 6_d._ Retail prices are always net--there are - no price cutters in Norway. - - Publishers do not require to call on the trade: a descriptive circular - is all that is necessary. The bookseller, after reading this, settles - how many copies to buy outright, and additional copies can be had, - subject to return. Prices of fiction range from 2_s._ 6_d._ to 4_s._ - No reduction in the price of a book is allowed until five years after - publication. - - Payment for bought books is usually made half yearly, in January - and July, and "on sale" volumes are accounted for in January, the - volumes sold being paid for in March. The usual trade discount is 25 - per cent., and when ten copies are bought an extra copy is included. - School-books are always bought outright. - - The Provincial Association has a central depot in Christiania, the - stock of which company is owned by the Association members. The - central depot "collects," packs, and dispatches to its members in the - provinces, charging a scheduled rate for this service. Subscription - books are all sold through the book stores, the only books disposed - of outside recognized channels being religious publications handled by - pedlars. - -Of course, there can be objections raised to many points in this -organization, but what I wish to point out is, that if an association -can be of great value to the trade in a small community such as Norway, -which experience shows it to be, surely by organizing and blending -the different associations in our trade here, similar results may -follow. Anyway, it can be safely relied upon that something definite -and more workable should take the place of our present half-hearted -and semi-distinct organizations which are supposed to supervise the -workings of the book trade in this country. - -There are other questions one might consider. That of the cheap reprint -is often a debatable one, some maintaining that it interferes with the -sales of the more expensive editions; others that it often creates -interest in a particular book, and, through its issue, inquiries are -made for the author's previous books. From some points of view both -these arguments have in them an element of truth, but it all depends -upon the character of the book. - -As a rule the life of works of fiction is very short, except in special -cases. The life of works of an author of, say, two or three books, -would probably be about three to six months, so for books in this class -a limit of twelve months should be allowed before a cheap edition is -issued, and according to the popularity of the author, these times -should vary up to two or three years before cheap editions of books -by authors of long standing are issued, and also the better edition -should be cleared from the bookseller's shelves before the cheaper -edition is published. From a bookseller's point of view, there is no -language too strong in condemnation of the system now much in vogue, -that a 2_s._ edition of a 6_s._ novel may be issued, and both editions -kept in circulation at the same time. Editions selling at various -prices are often sold by the author to different publishers, and each -price is supposed to appeal to a different public. Can a bookseller be -expected to keep a stock of all these editions? If so, his stock of -cheap reprints would demand a special warehouse. - -The most reasonable course to pursue in all cheap issues is first to -see if there is a public to which a cheap edition would appeal, settle -a moderate price at which it should be published, allowing a fair -profit to the trade, and after a sufficient time has been given for -the original edition to have a good run, there may be issued the cheap -edition, which, while appealing to a fresh public, will be remunerative -to the author and publisher, and, let us hope, a help to civilization -and the betterment of mankind. - -Much the same argument applies to the speculative religious work. -There would not, of course, be so many different editions, but if the -book in its special issue is of a distinctly argumentative character, -and appeals to a thoughtful and intelligent public, a cheap edition -is desirable, not only because it will sell, but because it will make -people think, and truth is generally brought to the surface and put -into operation by a public who thinks. - -I am, therefore, convinced that when due time and consideration have -been given to a book, a cheap edition is often not only advisable, but -necessary. - -Another question is, "Should a book be remaindered, and if so, under -what conditions?" This is a very important one, and I am convinced -that no definite rule can be laid down which would be applicable to -all classes of remainders. There are books remaindered which will sell -quickly when brought to the notice of a particular class of readers, -and others which are only fit for the hawker's barrow or to be pulped -as waste. I have known many books which have been remaindered and -have thus had attention drawn to them; occasionally they have been -quickly bought up, and often resold at their full published price. To -instance only one, the first edition of Fitzgerald's "Omar Khayyám" -was sold from a fourpenny box, and copies of this edition afterwards -fetched £25. By this means a reputation was established and a position -for this book secured. I maintain that discretion should be shown in -this as well as in other departments of our trade. There are books -which are only fit to become fuel for the fire, while others, either -through over-printing or want of pushful advertising, have reached -a very limited public, and through the book being reduced in price -it has reached an eager public delighted to get a book of such value -at a price suited to their limited means. Although bookselling is a -business, and a most interesting one, yet it does not exist only for -those who carry it on. If there were no bookseller's shops some means -would have to be found for disseminating that which goes to making -the intelligence of a nation. "Show me the literature of a nation, and -I will tell you the character of the people," said a great man, and I -am quite convinced that if limits were placed upon the distribution of -our books for the benefit of author or bookseller, the Government or -the people would soon find some means by which their intellectual wants -were supplied. - -My firm conviction is that no book should be destroyed which appeals -to the intellect or which goes to the formation of character. When -the time comes in the life of a book that it has exhausted the sphere -for which it was intended, let it be offered as a remainder, and I -am sure that it will percolate through the various strata of society -until it finds its level of usefulness. This may be in the library of -the collector or in the more useful sphere of the homes of the working -classes, but a book of any literary value should never be destroyed. - -In summarizing the various suggestions made in this paper, I would -suggest that the most serious consideration be afforded to the -following important propositions, so that more unity and stability may -be given to the position of the author, publisher, and the various -factors in book-distributing and bookselling. - -Firstly, in regard to the author, my contention would be that the first -book by an author, however good from a publisher's point of view it -may be, should be either sent on sale or made returnable, say within -six months. If the book has any literary merit it will be found out -by that time, and the copies sent but will be sold. If not, they -should be returned, so that the book distributor does not have to -share a loss for which the publisher alone is responsible. The author -should discourage as much as possible the auction-like action of the -literary agent who tries to sell manuscripts to the highest bidder, -thus lowering the tone of the relationship between the author and the -publisher. And I say with all seriousness that should an author have -satisfactory arrangements with a publisher he should stick to him, as I -am sure it is best for both parties that a publisher should be able to -put all the works of an author in his lists, and not only those issued -by himself. By this arrangement a publisher will continue to interest -himself in all the books by an author, and by advertising them will -materially assist in continuous sales. - -Secondly, the publisher should discriminate between books in which he -is financially interested, and those which he is publishing to please -the ambition of a person who wishes to see his or her name in print. -He should also fix his terms and stand by them to both the wholesale -and retail trader. These are now fairly carried out by some of the -older-established publishers, but in some of their cheaper issues they -appear to be unable to discriminate between what is a wholesale order -and a wholesale trader. - -Thirdly, the question of competition and underselling is still of the -utmost importance, and I fear will never be settled until there is -united action by a joint committee consisting of representatives of -both the Publishers' and Booksellers' Associations, and all books are -published at a fixed net price. The great objection to this arrangement -is mainly the issue of juvenile and school-books. A margin frequently -is demanded, so that a considerable discount can be given to the -schoolmasters and mistresses or the governing bodies of our various -educational authorities. It is, however, a fair question to ask, "Why -should part of the legitimate profit of the bookseller be taken by the -school representatives?" It is to be hoped that by association and -unity these unsatisfactory anomalies will be swept away. One of the -first subjects these joint associations would have to consider would -be the minimum amount of profit which should be given to the retail -bookseller. This should be, at least, 25 per cent. off the net selling -price, and a further discount to _bona fide_ wholesale and export -booksellers. If all books were made net, and some such discounts as -those mentioned were given, much of the present discontent would be -removed, and, with a living profit assured, there would be a great -inducement for many of the smaller men in the country to interest -themselves in the trade, and thus bring about a renewal of an industry -which should be beneficial both to the industrious bookseller as well -as the intellectual community. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -Term and Sale Catalogues - - -In the early seventies, while living at Holloway, it was my good -fortune to meet Mr. Edward Arber, who also dwelt in that district. At -that time he was making the transcript of the Registers at Stationers' -Hall, and also publishing many reprints from Old English literature. -It is to the many interesting conversations which I had with him -while walking to Stationers' Hall Court, as we both at that time did, -that I became more interested in some of the ways of the booksellers -of previous generations, and in the introduction and use of the -Booksellers' Catalogues. From the origin of printing in England in -1472 until 1526, it is quite a question whether any books which can -be considered English literature were produced and printed in this -country. The books sold here were mostly foreign productions, and, as -numbers of them had an ultra-Romish tendency, it was a sure passport -to a cruel death to possess a copy of many of the books of the period. -Even these were produced in small octavo size, so that they could be -carried in the owner's pocket without discovery. - -The earliest register of books published was that by the Company of -Stationers of London which began in 1554. This record was carried on -until 1640, and it is from these catalogues, of which my friend Mr. -Arber devoted the best part of twenty years in producing a transcript, -in five folio volumes, that any bibliographer can now trace the authors -and date of publication of much of the literature of that period. -Following on from the before-mentioned period, there were various -classified catalogues issued by different publishers, but in 1662-3 -there was published a catalogue of books registered at Stationers' -Hall from the 25th of December 1662 to the 25th of December 1663. This -was the first attempt at the yearly issue of a complete list of books -published, and, it is supposed, was brought to an end by the Plague and -the Great Fire of London, which we know from "Pepys's Diary" and other -records caused the destruction of an immense number of books to the -value of some £200,000. - -The next important series of Catalogues were "The Term Catalogues -of Books printed in England." These were begun in November 1668 and -ended in June 1709. Their title was evidently taken from a legal -point of view, as they were divided into periods of Michaelmas Term, -Hilary Term, Easter Term and the Trinity Term. The catalogues were -very carefully reproduced in three volumes by Mr. Arber, and often -gives me much material for speculative thought and reflection. In an -introductory preface to these Term Catalogues, Mr. Arber writes: "There -is something perfectly God-like in a wide survey for a given period -of the entire literature of a great nation. It is like Moses viewing -from Mount Pisgah the whole of the land of promise, and will help us -to a better understanding of and a greater delight in the ages of the -Restoration of William and Mary and of Queen Anne." These catalogues -were intended to be an annual list of the books entered at Stationers' -Hall, and no London stationer could lawfully publish a book until he -had been made free of this Company. - -In looking through the volumes of catalogues above referred to, I have -been greatly interested in the titles of some of these old books. -What food for thought must there have been in some of the following: -"Sober Singularity, or an Antidote against Infection by the example -of a Multitude"; "The Arts of Grandeur and Submission, a discourse -concerning the behaviour of great men towards their inferiors"; "A -Mirror or a Looking-glass for Saints and Sinners"; "The Ladies Blush"; -"The Citizen turn'd Gentleman"; "Two Bulls roaring out Excommunication" -(the first by Pope Paul III against Henry VIII; the other by Pope Pius -V against Queen Elizabeth); "The Worth of a Penny; with the causes -of the scarcity and the misery of the want thereof, in these hard -and mercyless times"; "A Mirror that Flattereth not"; "A new Map of -the Seat of the War in Germany so designed that you may presently -know whether name of any place be in the map or not, and to see by -inspection the distance of it from any other place without measuring -by compasses"; "A Catholic Pill to purge Popery"; "England's Glory, or -the great improvement of trade in general by a Royal Bank or Office of -Credit to be erected in London, that they may give out bills of credit -to a vast extent that all Europe will accept of rather than money." -By the title it is evident that the finances of this country were as -important to the world then as they are to-day. - -This list could be increased to fill a volume of these quaint and -interesting titles. It also contained a list of the publications of -many books, which are popular to-day by great authors such as John -Bunyan, R. Baxter, Milton, Shakespeare, and others. One could not -help noticing the names of some publishers which are well known in -the book trade to-day, such as A. & J. Churchill, Collins, J. Moxon, -Richard Bentley, although of course they are not the successors to -those of the Term Catalogue period. The Catalogue also states that in -1702 the "Daily Courant" was started, being the first daily newspaper -to be published in London. I find also in these volumes what I think -is the first notice of the odd copy being given. The advertisement -runs as follows: "Proposals are now published for printing all the -practical works of the late Rev. Mr. Robert Baxter in four volumes and -in folio, many of which he wrote at the desire of Archbishop Ussher. To -contain one thousand sheets of a large and very good paper, the price -to subscribers four pounds, ten shillings in quires, the seventh book -gratis, which reduces it to £3 12_s._ 2_d._ The proposals at large may -be had of the Undertakers, Thomas Parkinson and others." Ever since -this period, the giving of the odd copy has been frequently discussed, -but it appears quite possible that by the introduction of the net -system it has received a very serious stoppage which may lead to its -final abolition. - -The earliest book auction sale recorded took place at Warwick -Court, Warwick Lane, in 1676, and in the following ten years only -seventy-three auction sales of books are recorded as having been held. -These auctions usually began at nine in the morning, and biddings -might advance at a penny per time. The sales, however, differed from -the sales of a later period. Formerly at the sales I attended the lots -of books fell to the highest bidder, but although an auctioneer was -usually present, he could only sell by a scale according to numbers, -which was arranged by the publisher for whom the auctioneer acted. -These delightful old catalogues are a continual source of inspiration -to all booksellers, even if it is only the author or title of a book in -which he is interested. - -It is, however, the sale catalogues of the eighteenth and the greater -part of the nineteenth century which interest me most. It was a period -which may be called the Golden Age of bookselling. The sale catalogues -of this later time unfortunately came to an end in 1890, with that -of Richard Bentley & Son, whose business was afterwards taken over by -Messrs. Macmillan & Co. At the end of this catalogue, dated October 21, -1890, there was reprinted from "The Bookseller" an article on "Trade -Sale Dinners," to which I contributed some of the information, and I am -indebted to the courteous head of Messrs. Whitaker & Co. for allowing -me to reproduce it in this chapter. It is as follows: - - "The very ancient institution, peculiar to booksellers, of dining - together on the occasion of a trade sale, is almost extinct and is, we - very much regret to think, likely to become entirely so in the near - future. - - "The fashion of dining together on the occasion of a sale is a - very old one. An interesting collection of sale catalogues in the - possession of Mr. William Reader contains specimens dating back to - 1704. They consist of the catalogues sent in the ordinary course of - business to Osborne and his successor, the first of the Longmans. - It is evident from these catalogues that sale dinners were a - well-established custom of the trade as long ago as the beginning of - the eighteenth century; and, as it must have required considerable - time for the practice to have developed into a custom, their first - beginnings may possibly have been as far back as 'the spacious times - of great Elizabeth,' when bookselling first took shape as a regular - trade. - - "The first catalogue in Mr. Reader's collection is that of the stock - of Mrs. Elizabeth Harris, deceased, which is to be sold at 'The Bear, - in Avey Mary Lane,' on the 11th December, 1704, 'beginning at 9 in the - morning, when the whole company shall be entertained with a breakfast, - and at noon with a good dinner and a glass of wine, and then proceed - with the sale in order to finish that evening.' The sale of the stock - of the late John Nicholson took place in 1718 at the Queen's Head - Tavern in Paternoster Row, and the catalogue bears marginal notes in - Osborne's handwriting, the names of Curil and Tonson appearing amongst - the buyers. Nicholson's interest in certain share books was also - disposed of, including Robert Clavel's shares, which he had formerly - acquired. (Robert Clavel was a bookseller who flourished during the - latter half of the previous century. He carried on business at the - Peacock, in St. Paul's Churchyard, and in 1673 issued the well-known - 'Catalogue of all the Books Printed in England since the Dreadful Fire - of London in 1666 to the end of Michaelmas Term, 1672.') Nicholson's - stock and shares appeared to have realized altogether £2,533, a very - respectable sum for those days. - - "It is remarkable that these sale catalogues were printed in almost - exactly the same form as those of our own day. Nearly all are in - folio, with broad margins for annotations, and they are addressed - to 'A select number of Booksellers of London and Westminster,' in - the identical terms still current. Only those who were invited by - having a catalogue sent them were expected to attend the sale, and the - invitations were restricted to booksellers of established position. - 'No stallmen admitted' is the significant notice printed at the head - of one of the catalogues. - - "It was not always a dinner that was given; sometimes it was a supper - at which the buyers were entertained, as at the sale of Edward - Valentine's stock in 1725, on the margin of which catalogue we - first meet with the name of Longman among the buyers. In any case, - however, whether the stock sold was that of an individual bookseller - or a miscellaneous assortment from several contributors, it was the - invariable custom to entertain those who came with a substantial - repast 'and a glass of good wine.' At Thomas Osborne's sale in 1743, - the catalogue even recites the delicacies which were provided, - 'consisting of turkies and chines, hams and chickens, apple-pies, - etc., and a glass of very good wine.' - - "Thirteen years later, in 1756, the sale took place of part of the - stock of the late Thomas Longman, Osborne's successor and founder - of the great Paternoster Row house. The copyrights and shares of - Jacob and Richard Tonson were sold in August, 1767, and we notice - the names of Dilly, Rivington, and Newbery amongst the buyers. Many - of the copyrights were offered in twentieths, for the convenience of - bidders. At that time, and long afterward, the risk and expense of - publishing a book were jointly borne by a group of booksellers, who - met periodically to agree upon the number to be printed, and to audit - accounts, and these shares constantly appear in the sale catalogues of - the period. - - "The trade sales were always held at some selected tavern or - coffee-house; until 1754, they took place at the Queen's Head Tavern - in Paternoster Row, and up to that time it is a rare exception to find - them held elsewhere. But in 1755 they were removed to the Queen's Arms - in St. Paul's Churchyard, in consequence, as a note on a catalogue - of that date states, of the Queen's Head Tavern being converted to - another use. For many years subsequently the Queen's Arms continued - in favour, and sales were held there as late as 1813; but from about - 1790 the London Coffee House on Ludgate Hill seems to have had the - preference. The Horn Tavern, Doctors' Commons, was sometimes selected, - and less frequently the Globe Tavern, in Fleet Street, where as long - ago as 1768, a sale was held. The Chapter Coffee House in Paternoster - Row was sometimes used, but not often, although the share-meetings - continued to take place there until a very recent date. The London - Coffee House gradually obtained a monopoly of the trade sales, until - they were finally transferred to the Albion Tavern in Aldersgate - Street. - - "During a period of nearly a hundred and ninety years the sales appear - to have been almost exclusively held at five houses, which, as time - went on, succeeded each other in favour. The transfer to the Albion - was gradual, but in 1831 the greater number were already held there, - and in recent years seldom took place elsewhere, though occasionally - one was held as far west as the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen - Street. - - "Within the present generation, the houses having annual sale dinners - numbered about fourteen--Bentley, Bickers, Bohn, Chatto & Windus, - Longmans, Macmillan, Murray, Quaritch, Routledge, Seeley and Burnside, - Tegg, Ward and Lock, Warne, and Whittaker; and of these only two now - survive. Messrs. Longmans' last sale dinner took place on November 5, - 1872, and Mr. Murray's last dinner on November 4, 1887. - - "It is curious that the form of trade sale catalogues should have - remained so long unchanged. The old-fashioned yellow-wove post - folios of Murray are well remembered. Those of Bentley are somewhat - different. Their catalogues were printed in red and black for some - years, but since 1885 in blue and brown; and, with a single exception, - in 1880, their dinners always took place at the Albion." - -It was in connexion with the firm with which I have been for so many -years associated, that I happened, quite accidentally, some thirty -years ago, to come across a parcel of catalogues which were placed -with a heap of papers to be sent to the paper mills for destruction. -My interest in them was such that as they were considered only -waste paper, I took the bundle home, and they have since been to -me an endless source of pleasure and instruction. Some of these -catalogues are dated 1797, but from the early part of the nineteenth -century, judging from the catalogues, books and booksellers had a -very prosperous period. At this time, the following publishers and -booksellers had a large number of titles in their catalogues, and -in many instances they were very important publications. Among them -are Sir Richard Phillips (Lord Mayor of London), Darton & Harvey (10 -Crosby Square), Joseph Johnson, J. Walker, F. & C. Rivington, Murray -& Highley (the predecessors of the celebrated house of John Murray), -Longman, Hurst Rees & Orme (who at this period had a very miscellaneous -catalogue of books, including plays), Wilson & Spence of York, Henry -Mozley of Gainsborough, Cadell & Davies, J. Stockdale of Piccadilly, -Scotcherd & Letterman, W. Miller, C. Law, Constable, Vernor & Hood, G. -& J. Robinson, and R. Baldwin. Most of these catalogues contain books -which had been issued by a combination of bookseller publishers; the -shares in the publication of a particular book were divided up by those -interested in the book; and the profits were divided between those who -contributed to its publication. - -A catalogue, dated April 1805, of Joseph Maurnan, agent to the -University of Cambridge, besides enumerating Bibles of various sizes, -from folio to twelves and twenty-fours, and Common Prayers of a like -character (these were sold 5 for 4, 9 for 7, 12 for 10, and other -numbers with a similar reduction), also contained such books as "Lambe -on Constitutional Diseases"; Ruddiman's "Rudiments," new edition; -Ruffhead's "Statutes," 18 vols., £38; New Geographical Game upon cards -in a box, 7_s._ 6_d._; also a collection of Plays and Farces. - -Another catalogue, dated June 1805, shows that at this period women -held a position amongst the booksellers. This catalogue was issued -by Elizabeth Mathews, 18 Strand, and the terms of the sale were four -months' credit for £10; four and eight months' for £20; four, eight, -and twelve months' for £50; four, eight, twelve, and sixteen for £100: -money was evidently not of the same value then as now. Some of the most -important books in this catalogue were "Annual Register," 33 vols.; -Buffon's "Natural History," 15 vols.; Sheraton's "Cabinet Maker's -Drawing Book," 18_s._; "Encyclopædia Britannica," 20 vols. Another of -the same period also contained many important works such as "Johnson's -Dictionary," in 4 vols., Mavor's "Voyages and Travels," 25 vols., -Radcliffe's "Mysteries of Udolpho," 4 vols.; "Pinder's Works," 5 vols.; -Pope's "Homer," 5 vols. "Shakespeare's Works," in 21 vols., and with -four different editions in 10 vols. and two in 9 vols., are all in this -catalogue. From this period onward the same characteristics appear in -catalogues, but by degrees, when publishers only sold the books they -published, the constitution of the catalogue and the sales greatly -changed and the business done was more ordinary and commonplace. I have -spent many most enjoyable occasions when attending these sales, and -also met there many distinguished people connected both with the trade -and also with the making of literature. - -As a few samples of the characteristics and the business done at -some of the sale dinners when the custom was drawing to a close, I -may mention that at Murray's sale, in 1885, the completing volume -of the "Speaker's Commentary" was among the works offered, and some -2,500 copies were sold within the first ten minutes; of that great -traveller Du Chaillu's "Land of the Midnight Sun," in 2 vols., about -1,800 copies were sold. The educational works of Dr. Smith were then in -great demand, and there were disposed of at this sale some 7,500 copies -of his "English Course," and of the Latin 16,000, while of "Little -Arthur's History of England," 12,500 copies were sold. - -At another sale, when Bishop Wilberforce's Life was the leading book -offered, the principal sales were as follows: 1,000 Mudie's Library, -900 Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 450 Hamilton & Co., 250 Smith & Son, 100 -W. Kent, and 100 Hatchard's, whilst 22,500 of Smith's Latin Course were -quickly purchased. - -Times and the methods of education have greatly changed, but there -are two things respecting these sales which strike me very forcibly. -These are the comparatively small sales to-day of the above-mentioned -educational works, also whether the publisher has been wise to stop -these trade sales. They undoubtedly not only brought publishers and -booksellers together, but offered an inducement to the booksellers -which does not exist to the same extent to-day to make up stock orders -and interest themselves in books. - -Personally, as I have suggested in other chapters, I should be -delighted to see some organized association brought into existence of -which all those interested in the making and selling of books could -become members, so that representatives of the different departments -of the trade might meet together and talk over or discuss questions -connected with it. This I am sure would lead to a greater and more -satisfactory prosperity in all departments of the publishers' and -booksellers' trade than has ever yet been attained. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -Limited Editions and the Pleasures of Collecting - - -It would be quite impossible within the limits of a short chapter to -deal with such a great subject as the above title represents. The -subject, however, is fascinating not only to the book collector but to -those in the trade, both new and second-hand, through whose hands the -books pass. - -Until the introduction of printing, what may be termed books or -literature were all limited editions, as in olden times it was only -by the industry of the scribes that other copies could be produced. -Privately printed originally meant printed in a university or private -residence and not in the offices of an ordinary printer. Now, however, -privately printed and limited editions have each much the same meaning, -as they are both practically limited in the numbers printed. - -I must confess that I have a profound sympathy with all collectors -of this particular class of book-producing, for it is with great -pride that one takes down from the shelves a volume of this class -of literature and reads how many copies of it were printed, and any -history that may be connected with it. This attraction is from my -point of view as far apart as the poles from that of collecting works -produced before the origin of printing or even those in the centuries -afterwards, where frequently the mistakes in printing make the value of -the book. Such, for instance, as that of the Bible where the word "not" -is left out in one of the commandments, or where a chance misprint or -mistake is noted in some of Shakespeare's or other Elizabethan plays. A -long list could easily be made of the small things that render some of -these ancient volumes valuable. - -To-day, these limited editions are produced in the most careful, -complete, and perfect manner possible. From a real book-lover's point -of view, the beauty of the type, the excellency of the paper and the -artistic merit of its binding, coupled with the literary value of the -book itself, make a volume which one is proud to possess and have upon -one's shelves. For some years past there has been a considerable demand -for the limited issue of well-illustrated books numbered and signed by -such artists as Rackham, Dulac, and others; these are widely sought -after and collected; so also are those works issued by private presses -of which the past fifty years has seen some splendid developments. -Take, for instance, the Ashenden Press, with its beautiful edition of -Dante; the Kelmscott Press, under the guidance of William Morris, which -issued many of his own books (the wood-blocks of his works are now in -the keeping of the British Museum, with whom they were deposited on -the understanding that no one is to be at liberty to print from them -for a hundred years); the Vale Press, which limited its editions to -200 copies; the Cardoc Press; the Eragny Press; the Essex House Press; -the Dove Press, which finished its course in 1917 by the type being -"cast" into the Thames and "distributed" at the bottom of the river; -and Mr. Daniel's Press at Oxford. Although these various presses appeal -to the collector, first editions and rare books have a greater number -of collectors, whose lives are frequently passed in hunting after and -trying to discover and secure lost old volumes. - -This pleasurable following to-day has not the advantages that -existed in the middle of the past century, as not only are there -now more seekers after these treasures of the past, but America has -so many collectors of old books that the demand is greater and the -prices higher. These drawbacks will greatly interfere with both the -business and the enjoyment of future collectors. The chances, too, -of the old-book collector are not nearly so great as formerly, for -the changes which have taken place, particularly in London, have -certainly swept away many of their favourite haunts. It is to many a -very great pleasure to look back in memory upon old Holywell Street, -with its scores of book-hunters turning over the boxes and seeking -for treasures. Mr. W.E. Gladstone and many dignitaries of the Church -could often be seen there. Fleet Street, the Strand, Holborn, and many -of the by-streets between Oxford Street and Trafalgar Square, were -great thoroughfares for the book-hunter; and although the barrows of -Farringdon Street are still in existence, either the bookstall man now -knows his business better than his predecessor or the gems are sold -before he places these precious books on his barrow. Many times I have -turned over the stock of old books on these Farringdon Street barrows, -but have never yet been able to find anything of value, although others -have been more fortunate. We have now no such opportunities as those of -Charles Lamb; and I cannot say if we would avail ourselves of them even -if we had. Lamb writes (March 25, 1829):-- - - "I have just come from town where I have been to get my bit of - quarterly pension. I have brought home from stalls in Barbican the old - 'Pilgrims Progress' with the prints Vanity Fair, etc., now scarce, - four shillings, cheap. And also one of whom I have oft heard and had - dreams, but never saw it in the flesh--that is in sheep-skin--'The - whole Theological works of Thomas Aquinas.' My arms ached with lugging - it a mile to the stage, but the burden was a pleasure." - -All lovers of books must at some time feel the fascination of the -second-hand bookseller's shop, and especially when it has a "Tuppenny -Box" attached to it. At such shops, you may examine every book in -the place, read a little, look at the pictures and the binding, have -a gossip with the intelligent bookseller, and never be asked to spend -a penny. The keeper of such books usually knows his business and the -origin and history of much of his stock, and is able to tell some good -bookish stories in keeping with his profession. A true lover of books -thinks little of their monetary value but treasures a volume because of -its contents, or perhaps for some association or memory connected with -the author. - -One cannot get away from the feeling, when surrounded by old books, -that there is probably some unsuspected treasure hidden among the -volumes handled with so much pleasure. What a thrill would pass through -you if you discovered one of Shakespeare's original plays or some other -of the many precious dramas of the Elizabethan age. Or a first edition -of Scott, Lamb, Burns, Blake, or even one of Dr. Watts' Divine Songs -containing "Let dogs delight to bark and bite," a copy of which was -sold for £155. It is said that the bibliomaniac fever generally begins -at the bookstall. Of all kinds of human weakness, the craze for buying -and collecting old books is the most excusable. In the early phases -of this complaint, the book-lover is content to purchase only books -which he reads; next, he buys books which he means to read, and, as -his stores accumulate, hopes to read; by and by he takes home books in -beautiful bindings, or artistic illustrations, or of an early date, and -sometimes printed in a language which he cannot read. Once a lover, -always a lover, is a true saying, particularly when applied to a lover -of books. As old age draws near, the lover of books finds a solace -and joy in the companionship of his silent friends, which not only -increases as the years pass on but undoubtedly helps to maintain his -interest in life. He may retire from active business at any time, and -still in his retirement be as happy and contented as at any period of -his more strenuous days. - -In my own case many of these ideals have been realized. Numberless -volumes have been written on the pleasures of book-hunting and its -results. Some glory in their collection of books upon certain subjects, -such as Angling and all other kinds of sport; some have libraries -on Philosophy, History, Biography, Architecture, and other branches -of intellectual study; others collect fiction and first editions of -celebrated authors, many of which have only a fleeting value. In -whatever way we regard book-collecting, there can be no doubt that -if carried through from an intellectual point of view, there are few -things in life which are so rich in quiet satisfaction or which give -such gratifying results to both mind and body. - -It has been well said by Mr. J.A. Langford in his interesting volume -entitled "The Praise of Books": "A wise man will select his books, for -he would not wish to class them all under the sacred name of friends. -Some can be accepted only as acquaintances. The best books of all kinds -are taken to the heart and cherished as his most precious possession. -Others to be chatted with for a time, to spend a few pleasant hours -with, and laid aside, but not forgotten." - -Such are some of the pleasures and the profits to be derived from -collecting, be it first editions, scarce books, or limited editions. - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -The Whitefriars Club - - -Of all the institutions with which I have been associated, not one has -given me so much pleasure, or of which I feel so proud in belonging -to, as The Whitefriars Club. This Club was founded in 1865, and is -a survival of the old Bohemian life of London; it knows no sect or -politics, and its ambition is to create true fellowship amongst its -members. - -The Club has a room and meets at Anderton's Hotel in that highway of -letters, Fleet Street. During the autumn and winter months it has -always been their custom to hold meetings each Friday to hear an -address from some distinguished publicist upon a subject of common -interest and importance. After the introductory speech by the guest -of the evening, the subject is open to discussion, and each member is -invited to express his views and convictions as freely as possible. -While listening to these speeches, I have often wished that reporters -had been allowed to be present, as I am sure those connected with -newspapers would have found these debates of more interest than -those taking place in a building of a greater national importance. -During the temporary retirement of our present excellent secretary, -Mr. W.N. Shansfield, I had the honour and pleasure of acting as the -Club's secretary for three years. At the end of my term of office, I -was delighted to receive a beautiful pair of candelabra as a present -from the Club, the greatly revered Lord Roberts being the guest of -the evening on this occasion. I can safely say that this presentation -was one of the most interesting events in my life, as after it had -been made, Lord Roberts rose from his seat, came round to me, shook -hands, and uttered some pleasant words of congratulation. To me the -occasion was a memorable one. There are, however, so many interesting -associations connected with this Club that I must go back to 1901, the -year of my becoming a member. - -At the time of my joining the Hon. Secretary was Sir Arthur Spurgeon, -who has always been most loyal and helpful to members of the Club, and -to whom every one is deeply indebted for the interest and support he -has given to it. He it was who helped to develop the Club and made it -one of the great centres of journalistic and literary London. The Club -can never have a better or more thorough and efficient officer than the -present secretary, my good friend, Mr. W.N. Shansfield. He is always -at his post, and by his many amiable qualities greatly stimulates and -carries on the friendly intercourse at which the Club aims. Every -member of the Club is entitled to the distinction of being a Friar, -and the one who presides at our festivities is for the evening the -Prior, so that discipline and order among the Brotherhood is a foregone -conclusion. - -The following toast is always given at each meeting by the Prior and -is heartily responded to by the Friars and guests present: "Friars and -Guests,--By this wine we commemorate the White Friars of old, fortified -with spirit--the spirit of admiration for their services to charity -and good learning--and sweetened by sympathy for those who, broken by -fortune, dwell in Alsatia. It is left for me, as Prior of the day, to -add the cordial--a cordial welcome to the guests of the Brotherhood -assembled at our board. Gentlemen, I bid a hearty welcome to you -all, and invite you to join with the Brothers of a gracious order in -drinking to the prosperity of the Whitefriars Club." - -Among the Priors who have presided at our gatherings memory calls -up many who were leaders in the world of Literature and Journalism, -such as William Senior, Richard Whiteing, G. Manville Fenn, Sir F. -Carruthers Gould, Sir J. Foster Fraser, Sir Arthur Spurgeon, Sir -Anthony Hope, G.B. Burgin (who also edits "The Whitefriars Journal"), -Edward Clodd, Clement K. Shorter, Sir W. Robertson Nicoll and Sir -William Treloar, who have all distinguished themselves by their -aptitude and eloquence. It would be a breach of the rules of our -Order to give any account of the various nobles and gentlemen who -have honoured the Club by their presence. Sufficient to say that, be -the invited guest ever so exalted, the Club's invitation is seldom -declined. Many times I have heard from a guest what a delightful -evening he has spent and the enjoyment he has experienced in the good -fellowship which dominates the members and the proceedings of the Club. - -On two occasions during the year, we have what is termed "Ladies' -Nights." This may appear strange to those who think that the monastic -order is carried out in its entirety, but I am sure the evening is -always as enjoyable to the ladies as it is to the Friars. On these -occasions, we have the toast of "Mere Man," proposed by a lady, and, as -a set off, the toast of "Sov'ram Woman," of course proposed by a Friar; -and each is equally appreciated. A volume which would be of great -interest to the public generally, might easily be compiled of extracts -from the Journals of the Club, but as it is understood by the members -that no reporters are present at our meetings, and that the proceedings -are for the members only and that no publicity is given to them, I must -not depart from this order of secrecy. - -One of my early associations with the Club was on the visit of Mark -Twain to this country. He was invited to accompany some of the -members to Lambeth Palace, to hear an address from the Librarian upon -the many beautiful MSS. which the Library contained. This was most -interesting, as was also the visit to the Lollards' Tower, with its -many religious associations. After our visit to the Palace we were -invited to take tea, if I remember rightly, at the Authors' Club. Here -a number of notable authors and others were assembled to welcome the -American guest, among them being Dr. Stubbs, Bishop of Oxford, and -Canon Barnett. I was one of a group who were narrating some of their -interesting experiences, when the Rev. Canon told a story which greatly -amused his hearers and especially the members of our Club. The story -caused shouts of laughter and the Bishop held up his hands in apparent -surprise, and made some remark respecting it. I happened to suggest -that the rev. gentleman should be called to order by the Bishop, but he -again held up his hands and said, "Not in my Diocese," a retort which -caused more laughter than the story. - -There is one association in connexion with the Whitefriars Club which -I shall not be breaking their rules by mentioning. This is our "Summer -Outing" in June or July, to which ladies were always invited. One -of these "Outings"--and certainly to me the one in which I found my -greatest anticipations realized--was that made to the home of our great -novelist, George Meredith, in 1902. I give, therefore, the following -sketch from notes made by myself and a small extract from the Club's -Journal. - - * * * * * - -It was on a cloudy, windy, but exhilarating day that a company of -"Whitefriars" started on a pilgrimage to Burford Bridge and Box Hill to -visit one of England's greatest novelists, George Meredith. The railway -journey proved far too short, as we spent the time in discussing with -some of our gifted fellow-travellers questions social and political, -one topic being "Would England become peopled by an effeminate race -should it cease to foster a jingo or warlike spirit." Needless to say, -no final discussion upon this stupendous subject was reached before -arriving at our destination. At Burford Bridge a capital lunch had -been provided, after which the Prior for the day, Mr. Robert Leighton, -proposed the health of Friar George Meredith. Other toasts were -proposed or responded to by Madam Sarah Grand, Mr. T.P. O'Connor, M.P., -and Friar Sir Arthur Spurgeon. - -After luncheon, a short walk over one of Surrey's most beautiful -hills brought us to the haven of our desires. Here, nestled under -the shade of hill and foliage, stood Flint Cottage, the charming but -unpretentious residence of Friar George Meredith. - -Above the house stands the Châlet, the workshop of the great novelist, -eloquent in its stillness and solitude. In this Châlet many of his -masterpieces have been written. - -Every one at some period in their lives has probably experienced that -extreme tension of feelings when they are about to realize that which -a vivid imagination has created and built up until it has become a -veritable brain picture. - -We entered the grounds surrounding Flint Cottage, passing in single -file along the paths of a well-kept garden to a rustic seat in a small -meadow-like enclosure where the great novelist sat. With a hearty -shake of the hand as each visitor was introduced and a cheery word of -greeting to many an old friend, we passed before our host, then stood -about in groups or sat buoyantly expectant of what was to follow. - -While waiting for the sound of a voice that will never be forgotten, -time was given to reflect upon our first impression of the man whose -name is honoured wherever English literature is known or read. To -the mind which admires all that is great in the world of reality or -imagination, it almost savours of sacrilege to attempt to describe -or analyse that which one looks up to and venerates. It is therefore -with the greatest humility that reference is here made to that lofty -embodied intelligence which until then had been known only through the -medium of George Meredith's writings. - -Judging from appearances, the world-renowned novelist was quite an -ordinary-looking man of between sixty and seventy years of age. He was -dressed in a dark blue holiday suit, with a red tie, and held a grey -wideawake hat in his hand. His white but luxuriant hair partly covered -a high and noble forehead, which indexed a striking and characteristic -personality. All these details, however, were the outside man. It was -when he began to talk that our attention became riveted, for in the -deep resonant flexibility of his voice one became almost electrified. -Its penetration, as it conveyed the measured periods of the speaker, -immediately attracted attention, and a hush of expectancy stole over -the listening company. Early in the proceedings, Prior Robert Leighton -read the following address: - -"Friar George Meredith,--We, members of the Whitefriars Club and our -friends, are gratefully conscious of the honour you accord to us in -permitting us a second time to call upon you here at your home. Be -assured we come to you to-day not with any feeling approaching vulgar -curiosity to invade and peep within the sanctities of your chosen -seclusion. We come with the reverence of pilgrims journeying to a -hallowed shrine; content if you do but allow us to enter at your gates -to offer you our respectful homage, to take your hand and listen for -some moments to the living voice of one to whom we individually and the -world in general owe so much. - -"The work that you have done has become a part of English life and of -our own personal lives. It represents the highest blossom of the tree -of civilization, and it has come to mean so much that to-day no man or -woman can attain to a maturity of culture without having absorbed your -teaching and your spirit. You have taught us to appreciate everything -that is good in life, enhancing its sparkle and flavour. You have -sharpened our wits, polished our manners, advanced our happiness by -widening our comprehension. You have given us a new perception of the -social structure, and especially have you given us a key to the maze -and mystery of women's souls. - -"You yourself, sir, in your splendid solitude, can hardly apprehend -what the name of George Meredith means to the best intelligences -of your era. It is a name honoured and venerated above all titles, -signifying to us, your disciples, the sum of all your imaginative -genius and your noble example have conferred. We, men and women -alike, who are privileged to see you to-day, are sensible of the added -understanding which comes of personal association with you, and we -shall remember the privilege as one of the most cherished benefits of -our lives." - -Friar George Meredith said: "I cannot rise, but I wish to speak and -say: Ladies and Gentlemen, after a shower of honey from the busiest -bees of the bees around me, my wings are clogged, and I cannot fly. I -have no words to thank you. But look at the tops of those trees: from -that short height the measure of us is seen to be pretty equal. Each -does his work in his own way. I find so many people in different walks -that can do what I cannot do. Respect is a very great thing, but I -think we are in the habit of falling into a kind of delirium in regard -to men who after seventy years or more have made a name. We take them -as brandy--(laughter)--it is better to make a kind of dilution, and -therefore I mix a considerable amount of water with your compliments. -(Laughter.) However, I thank you heartily for coming to see me. If I -had the eloquence of that true Irishman, Mr. T.P. O'Connor, I should be -making an impression now--(laughter)--but I am only half Irish--half -Irish and half Welsh--I halt therefore rather on one leg. The Welsh are -admirable singers, but bad dancers. Mr. O'Connor would say not only the -words most appropriate, but his language would flow on, and you would -not be able to stop him. (Laughter.) I have not that gift, I can only -thank you for your kindness. (Loud applause.)" - -Some of the visitors left their host to visit the Châlet, which, -judging from its dusty appearance, now rarely received a visit from -its master. This literary workshop consists of two rooms, one for -work and the other for rest and refreshment. The former contained a -well-selected library of English and foreign books, all exhibiting -the appearance of having been well used. Brockhaus's Great Lexicon -was a prominent feature in the library, which also contained first -editions of several of Meredith's own books and various autograph -presentation works from some of his literary friends. On the writing -table there were many well-used quill pens and scraps of MS., which to -the relic hunter were objects of great temptation, but reverence forbad -sacrilege. Through fear of our tiring a body which Nature has made far -too weak for such a mind, the pilgrimage had to be brought to an early -close, so with minds stimulated and trying to hold some of the wise -thoughts and expressions which had fallen from the great novelist's -lips, we returned to our hotel. - -After the tea provided by our always practical secretary, a few short -and thoughtful speeches were delivered by the Prior, Sir William -Treloar and the Rev. W.J. Dawson; then, with cordial farewells and -those pleasing amenities which help so much in making such outings as -these doubly enjoyable, we journeyed back to the station and to town. -So ended what to others beside myself will always be remembered as one -of the red-letter days of our lives. - -Another delightful outing was to Colchester and Constable's country. -There, we were not entertained with "Oysters and Erings Roots," but -with the historical memorials for which this town and district are -famous. After going over the Abbey, the Town Hall, and admiring the -four bronze Ravens which are supposed to be relics of the tenth -century, we drove through the Constable country, visiting "The Vale of -Dedham," passing the Elizabethan Grammar School where John Constable -was educated, "Willy Lotts House" and "Flatford Mill." During another -summer, our journey was to the Dickens country. After alighting at Sole -Street station and visiting the Leather Bottle, with its numerous -Dickens relics, and Cobham Church, we drove to Rochester and lunched at -the celebrated Bull Hotel, so humorously associated with Mr. Winkle. -Later on in the day we visited the Cathedral and Dean Hole's delightful -garden of roses. - -The House of the Seven Poor Travellers fascinated us greatly, as here -we were shown Dickens' signature when he spent the night getting -material for his Christmas story of the "Seven Poor Travellers." We -also inspected the outbuildings in which he and the other travellers -slept. Among other journeys of very great interest, was one by train -to Oxford and from thence by boat up the Thames to Goring: the scenery -through which we passed is well known for its bewildering beauty. - -Most interesting to me, as I happened to be at the time the Hon. -Secretary, was our pilgrimage to Hatfield House. Upon arriving at -Hatfield House and being received with a kindly shake of the hand by -the Countess of Salisbury, she showed us through the rooms in which -are located many wonderful historical treasures. More especially to be -admired was the collection of arms, many of which had been captured -from the Spanish Armada. The great library and the wonderful pictures -by Holbein, Van Dyck, Reynolds, and others, fascinated us all, but -perhaps the most interesting were the various relics connected with -Queen Elizabeth: the oak-tree under which she was seated when the news -came of Queen Mary's death and of her own accession to the throne; the -cradle once occupied by Elizabeth; and a pair of her silk stockings, -and a garden bonnet which she wore when walking in the surrounding -woods. - -On leaving Hatfield House we drove over to St. Albans, where we visited -the old and delightful Cathedral, rich in its historical associations, -and, after an enjoyable dinner at one of the hotels, returned home -with minds full of the events which have helped to make the greatness -of England. - -I might mention other delightful "outings" and events, but those which -I have given show the many fascinating episodes associated with the -Whitefriars Club. - - - - -INDEX - - - Agricultural Hall, 47 - - Alexandra Palace, 41 - - "Alice in Wonderland," 75 - - "A.L.O.E.," 76 - - Amberley School (Glos.), 14 _et seq._ - - American Copyright, 92 - - "Annual Register," 184 - - Appleton & Co., 93 - - Arber, Edward, 169 _et seq._ - - "Argosy, The," 74 - - Arnold, E., 86 - - Arnold, Matthew, 153 - - Arnold, Mr. W.H., 160 - - "Arthur Bonnicastle," 92 - - Ashenden Press, 190 - - Asquith, Right Hon. H.H., 128 - - Astley's Theatre, 39, 40 - - "Aunt Judy's Magazine," 74 - - Authors' Club, 204 - - Ave Maria Lane, 57, 178 - - - Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 115, 183 - - Balfour, Lord, 126, 137 - - Ballantyne, R.M., 76 - - Baring-Gould, Rev. S., 76 - - Barnett, Canon, 204 - - Baxter, Richard, his "Saints Rest," 67, 174-5 - - Baxter, Mr. Wynne, 130 - - Baynes' "Lyra Anglicana," 58 - - Beaconsfield, Lord, 120, 124 - - Beale's "Sixpenny Library," 73 - - Beecher, Henry Ward, 58 - - "Belgravia," 74 - - Bellew, Rev. J.C.M., 44 - - Bennett, A.W., 83 - - Bennett, J., 83 - - Bentley & Son R., 84, 174, 177, 181 - - Bentley's "Standard Library," 73 - - Bible: Caxton Celebration Edition, 96 - - Bible: Revised Version, 93 - - Biblical Cabinet, The, 66 - - Bickers, Messrs., 181 - - Bickersteth, Rev. Edward, 65-6 - - Bickersteth, Rev. Robert, 66 - - Blackmore, R.D., 91 - - Blackwood & Sons, William, 77 - - Blake, William, 194 - - Blondin, 41 - - Bohn's "Libraries," 73, 181 - - Bonar, Rev. Horatius, 64 - - Book Auction Sales, 175 _et seq._ - - Booksellers' Association, 110, 138 _et seq._ - - Booksellers' Provident Institution, 131 _et seq._ - - Booksellers' Provident Retreat, 131 _et seq._ - - Booksellers' Society, London, 142 - - "Bookseller, The," 140, 143 - - Booth, L., 84 - - Boston's "Crook in the Lot," 67 - - Bosworth, Thomas, 141 - - Bradbury, Evans & Co., 83 - - Braddon, Miss, 76, 83, 84, 92 - - Brassey, Lord, 137 - - Brewer, E.C., "Guide to Knowledge," 71 - - Bright, John, 45 - - "British Almanac and Companion," 84 - - "Broadway, The," 74 - - Brook, Mrs. Carey, 76 - - Brockhaus, F., his "Great Lexicon," 213 - - Brontë, Charlotte, 91 - - Browning, Mrs. E.B. 88 - - Browning, Robert, 88 - - Bryce, Lord, 137 - - Bucknell, Mr., 19, 20 - - Buffon, George, his "Natural History," 184 - - Bunyan, John, 174 - - Burgin, G.B., 202 - - Burns, Robert, 194 - - Butter's "Spelling Book," 72 - - Byron, Lord, 88 - - - Cadell & Davies, 182 - - Caine, Mr. W.S., 127 - - Caine, Sir T. Hall, 85 - - Cambridge University Press, 87, 94 - - Campbell, Lord, 139 - - Camps' Library, The, 104 - - Caradoc Press, 191 - - Carnegie Trust, 129 - - Carpenter, Bishop, 67 - - Cassell & Co., 84 - - Catalogues of Books, The term, 171 _et seq._ - - Caxton Celebration, 97 - - Caxton, William, 100, 138 - - Chatto & Windus, 83, 86, 89, 181 - - "Child's Guide to Knowledge, The," 71 - - Christian Biography, The Library of, 66 - - Christian Classics, Pickering's, 67 - - Christian's Fireside Library, The, 66 - - Churchill, A. & J., 174 - - City Temple, 44 - - Clark, Mr. John, 19, 26, 28-9 - - Clark, Mrs., 26 - - Clavel, Robert, 178 - - Clodd, Edward, 202 - - Colburn, H., 83 - - Colenso, Bishop, 71 - - Collins & Son, W., 85, 174 - - Collins, Wilkie, 91 - - Constable & Co., 86, 183 - - Constable, John, R.A., 214 - - Cooper, Sidney, 75 - - Copyright, 92 - - Cornwell's "Geography," 71 - - "Cottage Library," 73 - - Cowper, William, 73, 115 - - Craik, Mrs. (Miss Muloch), 16, 92 - - Creed Lane, 57 - - Cremorne Gardens, 41 - - Crockett, S.R., 91 - - Crosby, Benjamin, 113-4 - - Crosby, Lockwood & Co., 114 - - Crystal Palace, 41 - - Cummings, Dr., 25, 26, 58 - - - "Daily Courant," 174 - - Dale, Rev. R.W., 45 - - Dalziel, The Brothers, 75 - - Daniel's Press, Canon, 191 - - Dante, 190 - - Darton & Harvey, 39, 182 - - Darwin, Charles, his "Origin of Species," 90 - - Dawson, George, 26 - - Dawson, Rev. J.W., 213 - - Day & Sons, W., 83 - - Dent, J.M., 86 - - Derby, The, 48-9 - - Dickens, Charles, 50, 76, 91, 214-5 - - Dilke, Sir Charles, 127 - - Doré, Gustave, 74 - - Dove Press, 191 - - Doyle, Richard, 75 - - Drury Lane Theatre, 33 - - Du Chaillu, Paul, his "Land of the Midnight Sun," 186 - - Duckwork & Co., 86 - - Dulac, Edmund, 190 - - - Early Closing Association, 119, 120 - - Edward VII, 49, 134, 136 - - Elementary Education Act, 79 - - Eliot, George, 76 - - "Encyclopædia Britannica," 106, 136, 184 - - "Enquire Within," 83 - - Eragny Press, 191 - - Erckmann-Chatrian, 80 - - "Essays and Reviews," 69, 90 - - Essex House Press, 191 - - "Everyman's Library," 86 - - - Family Prayers, 70 - - Farringdon Street, 192 _et seq._ - - Faulkner & Co., C.W., 119 - - Fenn, G. Manville, 202 - - Figuier, 80 - - Finsbury Park, 42 - - Fisher, Mr. Paul Hawkins, 21 - - Forster, Rt. Hon. W.E., 79, 124 - - "Fortnightly Review, The," 74, 106 - - Foster, Birket, 74 - - Fraser, Sir J. Foster, 202 - - Free Libraries, 105, 129 - - Frowde, H., 87 - - - Gatty, Mrs., 76 - - George V, 130, 135 - - George, Right Hon. D. Lloyd, 128 - - Gilbert and Sullivan, 26 - - Gilbert, Sir John, 75 - - Gladstone, Right Hon. W.E., 63, 69, 97; 124-5, 192 - - "Good Words," 74 - - Gore, Canon, 69 - - Gould, Sir F.C. Carruthers, 202 - - Gouldburn, Dean, 63 - - Grace's Court, 57 - - Grand, Madam Sarah, 206 - - Grant, James, 76 - - Greenaway, Kate, 75 - - Griffin, C., 84 - - Griffith & Farran, 83 - - Griffiths, William, 80 - - Groombridge & Co., 83 - - Grossmith, George, 26 - - Grote, George, 139 - - Guthrie, Dr., 58 - - - Hall, Rev. Newman, 64 - - Hamilton, Rev. James, 64 - - Hamilton Adams & Co., 142, 186 - - Hampton Court, 50 - - Hampton, Dame Alice, 12 - - Hannay's Almanac, 56-7 - - Harcourt, Sir William, 137 - - Hardwick, 84 - - Hardy, Thomas, 84, 91 - - Harris, Mrs. Elizabeth, 178 - - Harrup, G., 86 - - Harte, Bret., 83 - - Hatchards, 186 - - Hatfield House, 215, 216 - - Havergal, Francis Ridley, 65 - - Hawker's "Daily Portion," 70 - - Hearn, Tom, 46 - - Heenan, J.C., 22, 23, 38 - - Heinemann, W., 85 - - Helmore, Mr., 24 - - Helmore, Rev. T., 24 - - Her Majesty's Theatre, 37-8 - - Highbury Barn, 41 - - Highbury Congregational Church, 45 - - Hodder & Stoughton, 86 - - Holywell Street, 192 - - "Home and Colonial Library," 73 - - Hope, Sir Anthony, 202 - - Horsman, Edward, M.P., 22 - - Hospital Fund, King Edward's, 134 _et seq._ - - Hotten, J. Camden, 83, 89 - - Houghton, A.B., 75 - - Houlston & Wright, 83 - - Howitt, William and Mary, 76 - - Hughes, Arthur, 75 - - Hugo, Victor, 80 - - Humphreys, Noel, 75 - - Hunt, W., 83 - - Hurst & Blackett, 73 - - Hutchinson & Co., 86 - - Huxley, Professor, 44, 45, 90 - - - Iddesleigh, Lord, 122 - - Ivy Lane, 57 - - - Janes, Rev. John Angell, 64 - - Jay, Rev. W., 64 - - Jenkins, H., 86 - - Johnson's "Dictionary," 184 - - Johnson, Joseph, 115, 182 - - - Keats, John, 88 - - Keble, John, 69 - - Keith, Dr., 99 - - Kelmscott Press, 190 - - Ken, Bishop, his "Divine Love," 67 - - Kent & Co., W., 81, 186 - - Kingsley, Charles, 76, 91 - - Kit's Coty House (Kent), 50 - - Knight, Charles, 84, 147 - - - Lady's Closet Library, The, 66 - - Lamb, Charles, 193-4 - - Lambe's "Constitutional Diseases," 18 - - Lambeth Place, 204 - - Lane, John, 86 - - Langford, J.A., "The Praise of Books," 197 - - Lardner, Nathaniel 66 - - Lardner's "Scientific library," 73 - - Laurie, T. Werner, 86 - - Law, C., 183 - - Law, William, his "Serious Call," 67 - - Layton, C., 93 - - Leighton, Robert, 206, 209 - - Leighton, T., 75 - - Lever, Charles, 91 - - Lewes, G.H., 74 - - Library of Puritan Divines, 67 - - Liddon, Canon, 44 - - "Line upon Line," 72 - - London County Council, 126, 128, 130 - - "London Society," 74 - - Longfellow, H.W., 73, 88 - - Longmans, Green & Co., 77, 83, 177, 179, 181-2 - - Lyall, Edna, 92, 93, 94 - - Lytton, Lord, 91 - - - Macduff, Rev. J.R., 62-3 - - McGregor, John, 120 - - Mackay, Mr. Charles, 19 - - MacKenzie, Mr. A.W., 129 - - Mackintosh, W., 83 - - Macmillan & Co., 84, 140-1, 177, 181 - - Macmillan, Sir Frederick, 144 - - Magazines, 73 - - Magee, Archbishop 67 - - Marconi, Chevalier, 121 _et seq._ - - Marriott, Miss, 32 - - Marsh, Miss, 64 - - "Mary Powell," 76 - - Mary, Queen, 135 - - Masters, J., 83 - - Mathews, Elizabeth, 184 - - Maurnan, Joseph, 183 - - Mavor, William F., his "Voyages and Travels," 184 - - Maxwell, John, 83 - - Melrose, A., 86 - - Menken, Adah Isaacs, 38 - - Meredith, George, 84, 91, 205 _et seq._ - - Merriman, H.S., 91 - - Methuen & Co., 85 - - Miles, Messrs. John, Frederick and William, 55, 115 - - Miles, John, 80, 115 - - Milford, Humphrey, 87 - - Millais, Sir J.E., 75 - - Miller, Hugh, 76 - - Miller, W., 183 - - Milman, Dean, 139 - - Milner, Joseph, 66 - - Milner, Lord, 127 - - Milton, John, 88, 174 - - Minchinhampton Common, 12 - - Montgomery, James, 66 - - Moore, George, 86 - - Moore, Thomas, 73 - - Morley, Lord, 127 - - Morris, Lewis, 88 - - Morris, W., 88, 190 - - Moxon, E, 27, 83, 88, 89, 174 - - Mozley, Henry, 182 - - Mozley, J. & C., 84 - - Mudie's Library, 186 - - Muloch, Miss. _See_ Mrs. Craik. - - Murray & Highley, 182 - - Murray, John, 84, 181-2 - - - Nash, Eveleigh, 86 - - Nelson & Son, T., 77, 84 - - Newbery, John, 83 - - Newby, J.C., 83 - - Newgate, 36 - - Newgate Market, 77 - - Newman, Cardinal, 69 - - New Vagabond Club, 131 - - Nicholl, Sir W. Robertson, 202 - - Nicholson, John, 178 - - Nimmo, J.C., 83 - - "Nineteenth Century, The," 106 - - Northcote, Sir Stafford. _See_ Iddesleigh. - - Nunn, James, 114 - - - O'Connor, T.P., M.P., 206, 212 - - Old Bailey, 31-2 - - Old Moore's Almanac, 55 - - Oliphant, Mrs., 92 - - Osborne, Thomas, 177 _et seq._ - - Oxenden, Ashton (Bp. of Montreal), 58, 63-4 - - Oxford Bible Warehouse, 77 - - Oxford University Press, 77, 87, 93 - - - Paley, William, his "Evidences," 67 - - Parker, Dr., 43-4 - - Parkinson, Thomas, 175 - - "Parlour Library," 73 - - Paternoster Row, 57, 77, 178 _et seq._ - - Paternoster Square, 77 - - Patti, Carlotta, 40 - - "Peep of Day", 72 - - "Penny Cyclopædia, The," 84 - - "Pepys's Diary," 171 - - Perks, Sir Robert, 121 - - Phelps, Samuel, 33 - - Phillips, Sir Richard, 182 - - "Pickering's Christian Classics," 67 - - Pinder, Peter, 184 - - Pinnock's "Catechisms," 71 - - Pinwell, G.J., 75 - - Playgoers' Club, 131 - - Pope, Alexander, 185 - - "Practical Christian's Library," 67 - - Priestley, Joseph, 115 - - Publishers Association, 110, 144 _et seq._ - - "Publishers' Circular," 145 - - Pusey, Dr., 69 - - - Quaritch, Bernard, 181 - - - Rackham, Arthur, 190 - - Radcliffe, Ann, her "Mysteries of Udolpho," 184 - - "Railway Library," 73 - - Reade, Charles, 91 - - Reader, Mr. William, 177 - - Reeves, Sims, 40 - - Reid, Captain Mayne, 76 - - Ritchie, Lord, 124-5 - - Rivington & Co., 83, 179, 182 - - Roberts, Lord, 200-1 - - Robinson, G. & J., 114, 183 - - Rochester Cathedral, 50, 215 - - Rosebery, Lord, 126 - - Rose Cottage (Mrs. Craik's residence), 16 - - Routledge & Sons, George, 181 - - Ruddiman, Thomas,his "Rudiments," 183 - - Ruffhead, Owen, his "Statutes," 18 - - "Run and Read Library," 73 - - Russell, Lord John, 22 - - Ryle, Rev. J.C., 76 - - - Sacred Family Library, 67 - - Sadlers Wells Theatre, 32-3 - - St. Albans, 216-7 - - St. George's Chapel, 51 - - St. Paul's Cathedral, 41, 44, 57 - - Santley, Kate, 40 - - Saunders & Ottley, 83 - - Sayers, Tom, 22-3 - - Scotcherd & Letterman, 183 - - Scott, Sir W., 76, 194 - - Scrope, G. Poulet, M.P., 22 - - Seeley & Burnside, 181 - - Seeley, Sir J.R., his "Ecce Homo," 69 - - Select Library of Fiction, 73 - - Selous, 75 - - Selwyn & Blount, 86 - - Senior, William, 202 - - Sewell, Mrs., 76, 92 - - Shakespeare, 174, 185, 189, 194 - - Shakespeare, Cassell's edition of, 33-4 - - Shakespeare, Globe edition of, 140-1 - - Shakespeare, his "Hamlet," 32 _et seq._ - - Shaylor, Joseph, his contributions and publications, 106-7 - - Shansfield, Mr. W.N., 199, 200 - - Shelley, P.B., 88 - - Sheraton, Thomas, his "Cabinet Makers' Drawing Book," 184 - - Shorter, Clement K., 202 - - Sidgwick & Jackson, 86 - - Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 52 _et seq._, 80, 81, 112 _et seq._, 186 - - Smiles, Samuel, 76 - - Smith & Son, W.H., 186 - - Smith, Dr. Pye, 66 - - Smith, Dr. William, his "Educational Works," 71, 186 - - Smith, Elder & Co., 84 - - Smith, J. Russell, 83 - - Smith, Sir Christopher, 121 - - Smithfield, 35, 36, 46 - - Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 72 - - Southey, Robert, 66 - - Spencer, Herbert, 90 - - "Spiritual Library, The," 67 - - Spurgeon, Rev. C.H., 43, 64 - - Spurgeon, Sir Arthur, 200, 202, 206 - - Stalker, Mr., 114 - - "Statesman's Year Book, The," 72 - - Stationers' Hall, 56, 94, 169 _et seq._ - - Stationers' Hall Court, 45, 53 _et seq._, 81, 82, 116 _et seq._ - - Stationers, Worshipful Company of, 133 - - Stockdale, J., 182 - - Stoke Newington, 128 _et seq._ - - Strahan, A., 84, 88 - - Stroud Valley (Glos.), 11 _et seq._ - - Stubbs, Dr., Bp. of Oxford, 204 - - "Sunday Magazine, The," 73 - - Suttaby, R. & A., 84 - - Sutton's "Learning to Live," etc., 67 - - Swinburne, A.C., 83, 88, 89 - - - Tait, Dr., Abp. of Canterbury, 51 - - Tate, Mr. Henry, 136 - - Taylor, Jeremy, "Holy Living and Dying," 67 - - Tegg, W., 84, 181 - - Tenniel, Sir John, 74 - - Tennyson, Lord, 27, 83, 88 - - Thackeray, W.M., 76, 91 - - Thumb, General Tom, 41 - - Timbs, John, 76 - - Tinsley Brothers, 84 - - "Tinsley's Magazine," 74 - - Tonson, Jacob and Richard, 179 - - Tractarian Movement, The, 69 - - "Travellers' Library," 73 - - Treloar, Sir William, 202, 213 - - Trollope, Anthony, 74, 76, 91, 120 - - Trübner, N., 84 - - Tupper, Martin, 27, 73, 88 - - Twain, Mark, 83, 203 - - - University Extension, 121 - - Unwin, T. Fisher, 86 - - Ussher, Archbishop, 175 - - - Vale Press, 191 - - Valentine, Edward, 179 - - Vaughan, Dr., 58 - - Verne, Jules, 80 - - Vernor & Hood, 183 - - Victoria, Queen, 30, 134 - - Virtue & Co., 84 - - Vizetelly, Henry, 85 - - Vyse's "Spelling Book," 72 - - - Waddy, Mr. S.D., 127 - - Walker, John, 182 - - Walpole, Right Hon. Spencer, 34-5 - - Walton & Maberley, 83 - - Walton, Lawson, 121 - - Ward, Artemus, 76, 83 - - Ward Lock & Co., 181 - - Warne & Co., Frederick, 181 - - Warren, Minnie, 41 - - Warwick Court, 175 - - Warwick Lane, 36-7 - - Watson, Bishop, and his "Apology," 67 - - Watts, Dr., 175 - - Weale's "Series," 71 - - Weaver, Richard, 58 - - Webb, Mrs., 76 - - Welsh, Mr. Charles, 130 - - Whitaker's Almanac, 56 - - Whitefriars Club, 198 _et seq._ - - Whiteing, Richard, 202 - - Whitfield, George, 12 - - Whittaker & Co., 81, 177, 181 - - Wilberforce, Bishop, his "Life," 186 - - Williams & Co., Henry, 119 - - Williams, Mr. Carvel, 128 - - Wilson, Bishop, his "Sacra Privata," 70 - - Wilson & Spence, 182 - - Wilson's "Catechisms," 71 - - Winslow, Dr., 58 - - Wolseley, Lord, 137 - - Wood, Mrs. Henry, 92 - - Woodchester (Glos.), 17 - - - Y.M.C.A., books sent to the troops by, 104 - - Yonge, Miss C.M., 76, 92 - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sixty Years a Bookman, by Joseph Shaylor - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A BOOKMAN *** - -***** This file should be named 61453-8.txt or 61453-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/4/5/61453/ - -Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Sixty Years a Bookman - With Other Recollections and Reflections - -Author: Joseph Shaylor - -Release Date: February 20, 2020 [EBook #61453] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A BOOKMAN *** - - - - -Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - - - - -<p class="ph2">SIXTY YEARS A BOOKMAN</p> - -<p class= "ph4"><i>WITH OTHER RECOLLECTIONS AND REFLECTIONS</i></p> - - - - -<p class= "ph4" style="margin-top: 5em;"><i>BY THE SAME AUTHOR</i></p> - - -<p class= "ph4">THE FASCINATION OF BOOKS AND OTHER ESSAYS<br /> -THE PLEASURES OF BOOKLAND<br /> -IN FRIENDSHIP'S GARDEN<br /> -LIBERTY AND BROTHERHOOD, ETC., ETC.</p> - - -<p class="center"> -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" alt="shaylor" /> -</p> - - - - - - -<p class= "ph1" style="margin-top: 5em;">SIXTY YEARS A<br /> -BOOKMAN</p> - -<p class= "ph3"><i>WITH OTHER -RECOLLECTIONS AND REFLECTIONS</i></p> - -<p class= "ph5" style="margin-top: 5em;">BY</p> -<p class= "ph3">JOSEPH SHAYLOR</p> - -<p class= "ph5" style="margin-top: 10em;">LONDON</p> -<p class= "ph4">SELWYN & BLOUNT, LTD.</p> -<p class= "ph5">21 YORK BUILDINGS, ADELPHI, W.C.</p> - - - - - -<p class= "ph6" style="margin-top: 10em;"><i>First Printed 1923</i></p> - -<p class= "ph6" style="margin-top: 5em;"><i>Made and Printed in Great Britain by</i> Butler & Tanner Ltd., <i>Frome and -London</i></p> - - - - - -<p class= "ph3" style="margin-top: 10em;"><span class="smcap">to<br /> -MY CHILDREN<br /> -and also to<br /> -MY MANY FRIENDS IN<br /> -THE BOOK-SELLING TRADE<br /> -with the sincere wish that their lives<br /> -may be crowned with as much success<br /> -and happiness as that which<br /> -has blessed my career</span></p> - - -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - - - - - -<table summary="toc" width="65%"> -<tr><td>CHAP.</td><td></td> <td>PAGE</td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">My Early Life in the Country</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">My Early London Experiences</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">Some Recollections of Stationers' Hall Court</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">Some Further Recollections and Reflections</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_V">V</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">Some Personal Associations</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">VI</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">The Bookselling Trade and Underselling</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">VII</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">Term and Sale Catalogues</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_VIII">VIII</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">Limited Editions and the Pleasures of Collecting</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IX">IX</a></td> <td><span class="smcap">The Whitefriars Club</span></td> <td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2">PREFACE</p> - - -<p class="drop">A<span class="uppercase">t</span> the request of numerous friends, but with some hesitation, I -have decided to issue a short account of certain of my experiences -and impressions during a long and delightful association with the -bookselling trade. In doing so, I hope that it may find a welcome with -those members of the trade with whom I have been in happy association -for over sixty years, and that my experience may be a stimulus to those -who are still plodding their way among the many details of what I -consider one of the most interesting and fascinating trades, a trade of -which all the details are never learned.</p> - -<p>The bookselling trade has its pleasurable associations as well as its -drawbacks, and, although my early experiences had not great attractions -for me, yet, owing to industry and attention to business, I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> much -pleasure in looking back upon what from many points of view may be -considered as a prosperous career.</p> - -<p>Personally, I love the making and selling of books, and sincerely hope -that these callings may still have a future far and away greater than -the period through which I have passed.</p> - -<p>In addition to "Recollections" of a personal character, I have included -portions of a few articles which I think may interest my readers and -friends. These have appeared at various times, and I hope that they -will now meet with as kindly a reception as they did when they were -first published.</p> - -<p>"Sixty Years a Bookman" is intended for three classes of readers—my -Personal Friends, the Bookselling Trade, and the General Public; and I -trust that there will be found something in these records of a long and -busy life to appeal to them all.</p> - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 35%;">JOSEPH SHAYLOR</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;"><span class="smcap">Gloucester House, Holden Road,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 5em;">Woodside Park, N.</span></span><br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a></p> - -<p class="center">My Early Life in the Country</p> - - -<p class="drop">I<span class="uppercase">n</span> what is known as the Stroud Valley, Gloucestershire, or, as it was -deservedly called by Queen Victoria, the Golden Valley, stands a little -straggling village called the Thrupp, in which on July 12, 1844, I -was born; but my early recollections of this beautiful valley began -at a village about one mile distant, named Swells Hill, to which my -parents afterwards removed. This village is situated on the side of -the eastern portion of the Cotswolds, a district full of beautiful -hills, gorge-like valleys, dells and glades, celebrated not only for -its beauty and historical associations but for its numerous industries. -Swells Hill overlooks the busy village of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> Brimscombe and is on the -fringe of the delightful Minchinhampton Common, which consists of some -thousand acres of open country; its highest part being about 650 feet -above the sea level; on it, there are many local traditions of great -battles having been fought, and on one particular spot in the centre -of the Common the celebrated George Whitfield preached in 1743 to -thousands of people.</p> - -<p>Minchinhampton Common was presented to the parish so named in the reign -of Henry VIII by Dame Alice Hampton. On it are now golf links, which -are well known all over the country and many notable contests have been -played there by some of our most celebrated professionals. From the -quarries on this Common I have often collected fossils of snakes and -other reptiles which I suppose belonged to some prehistoric period, -but how long ago I have been unable to learn. Pit dwellings, long and -round tunnels with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> camps and earthworks, abound in this district. -Some of the depressions in the surface of the Common vary in depth. -I used to be told that they were the burying places of those who had -fought in the days of the Civil Wars. I cannot of course guarantee the -correctness of this statement, but I do know that these depressions -have frequently given me in my school days very much pleasure, as in -the winter they were often filled with snow, and a good run and jump -landed one in the centre of the hollow. It was a great pleasure to see -who could jump the farthest and come out the wettest.</p> - -<p>As far as I can remember, most of my early education, or what may be -called my twopenny education, was acquired at an old-fashioned Dame's -School and a local Church School where the main ideas of education were -answering the questions in Pinnock's "Catechism" and learning, and I -must say immediately forgetting,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> the questions and answers from the -Church Catechism; but I have no doubt I received impressions which were -useful in after life.</p> - -<p>When about nine years of age, I was sent to Amberley School. To reach -this School I had to cross Minchinhampton Common, nearly two miles -from my home; this distance I traversed sometimes four times a day. At -that time home lessons were considered of great importance, but the -weariness of them made a lasting impression upon me. However, it was at -this School that I obtained the best part of my education.</p> - -<p>With Amberley I have many associations never to be forgotten. I -remember how when nearing the School I listened for the Master's -whistle which he always appeared in the open to blow, and how -considerate he was with the boys who came from a distance before -marking them late. How on occasions when the hounds on a wintry day -came at full speed past our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> School leave was given to some of us -boys to chase with them. Many a good run I have had following them -over hedges and ditches until outdistanced, but the excitement left -behind very pleasant recollections, and was the cause of my writing the -following verses:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hurrah for To-morrow! 'Tis the first hunting day,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And with the good hounds we'll hark hark away,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">For the Fox will be drawn from the thick bushy wood,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">It's the rascal that stole the grey duck's little brood.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">You remember the time, 'twas one bright summer morn,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">When the hens had their chicks and the bees had a swarm,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And the duck had her ducklings, and fine ones were they,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">As e'er swam on a pond, or play'd pranks in the hay.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Farmer Giles was out early, the sheep had gone wrong,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And old Towler was with him, they scarcely had gone</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">When that crafty old Reynard, who had watched them away,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stole the ducks and he had them for dinner that day.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">How he must have enjoyed each tender young bone</span><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">As he scrunched and he scrunched till each tit-bit was gone;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">But who would begrudge him a feast in his den,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">I dare wager a bet he won't do it again.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">For we're off in the morn, while the true scent is strong,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">To capture his brush and it won't take us long,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">For the horses and hounds are all fit for the fray,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">So Ahoy! Tally Ho! Tally Ho! Harkaway!</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>Close by the Schools stands Rose Cottage where Mrs. Craik, then Miss -Muloch, wrote her most successful novel "John Halifax, Gentleman." This -was published in 1857, the year I was at school, and I have no doubt I -must often have seen Miss Muloch when she was writing her great novel. -The background of this story runs from Tewkesbury through Nailsworth to -Amberley Common; the latter, figuring in the novel as Enderly Flats, is -described as the highest tableland in England. The whole neighbourhood -is identified with incidents delineated in the book, and in Amberley -Churchyard the little blind daughter of John Halifax and Ursula lies at -rest.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> - -<p>In the small village of Woodchester, in the valley below Amberley, -there is an important Monastery which contains many interesting -associations, but my recollections are more concerned with the parish -church of Woodchester where I remember being taken by my mother to see -what is left of some old Roman villa with tessellated pavement and -other remains. I believe these are uncovered at certain times and the -public allowed to inspect them.</p> - -<p>One other of my youthful enjoyments was the occasional fishing and -bathing in the Thames and Severn Canal. This canal joins together at -Lechlade these two great rivers. In the canal as it passed through the -Golden Valley, there was always a good supply of water and the fishing -here was very good. I never got beyond roach, dace and perch, but there -were frequently pike and other fish caught by the expert. Anyone who -has indulged in fishing, if only as I did in my boyhood, will never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> -forget the fascination it has upon the lover of sport, and I pity -the boy who has not the sportive instinct. I learned to swim also in -these waters, but want of opportunity in after years prevented my ever -becoming a really good swimmer.</p> - -<p>Looking back upon my boyhood from the standpoint of to-day, I am -inclined to think that, practically, education does not begin until -the first steps are taken in the business of life, although from my -own experience the great influence exercised upon character by a good -mother, which I fortunately had, lasts with a boy and helps to mould -his life and disposition more than he can at the moment anticipate. -I am quite sure that through the early start I made both in the -country and in London, nothing contributed more to my even routine and -carefully considered actions than the influence exercised upon me by a -mother's love.</p> - -<p>In September, 1857, I was sent on trial,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> before being apprenticed, to -a Mr. Bucknell, a bookseller in George Street, Stroud, and, apparently -proving satisfactory, was afterwards apprenticed for five years, "out -of doors," that is living at home, with the magnificent remuneration of -one shilling per week for the first year, increasing by one shilling -per week at the beginning of the next year, and to be continued upon -the same ratio for five years.</p> - -<p>Mr. Bucknell, however, after fifteen months of my apprenticeship sold -the business to Mr. John Clark and I was what is called "turned over" -to him, but the period of my apprenticeship was extended to seven years -and a little more liberal salary given me. When Mr. Bucknell left, he -presented me with a copy of Charles Mackay's poems in which he wrote -the following after my name: "With an earnest wish that his future -life may be deserving of that approval from his fellow-men which he -now receives after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> fifteen months of his apprenticeship from S.G. -Bucknell." Without being in any way conceited, I cannot help feeling -that his good wishes have to a certain extent been fulfilled.</p> - -<p>From a quiet village life to the busy town of Stroud was a great -change. My time for work was from eight o'clock in the morning until -eight at night six days of the week, summer and winter, and my only -holidays were Good Friday and Christmas Day. The Bill originating -Bank Holidays had not then been passed. Sometimes during the winter -months the walk home was anything but pleasant, especially as I had to -walk beside the canal for a considerable distance and more than once -had a narrow escape from falling in. It is a truism that familiarity -breeds contempt, and I must admit that this familiarity strengthened -me in what to many would have been a dangerous journey, and it has no -doubt helped me in keeping my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> nerves and my temper from running away -with me. However, all's well that ends well, and although during my -seven years' apprenticeship I had many temptations and dangers, yet I -think I came through them stronger both in mind and body. I remember -that occasionally on my morning walk through some of the lanes to -business, I would meet that sportsman Mr. Paul Hawkins Fisher with his -attendants, each carrying a hawk on his hand, well hooded; sometimes, I -have seen them let fly when they would attack some startled bird, but -I understood they were only training the hawks for future warfare. It -was, however, sportive food for my imagination.</p> - -<p>During my years of apprenticeship many events happened, both social -and political, that interested me, and I can only write them down as -my memory helps me and not in any way in the order of their happening. -One of my earliest recollections was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> of an election before vote by -ballot was introduced. The members for the Borough were Edward Horsman -and G. Poulet Scrope, the latter an author of considerable importance. -I remember that, although there was no opposition to the members, -speaking on the hustings, for the nomination, continued until twelve -o'clock, with the intention of nominating Lord John Russell should he -not have been successful in the constituency he was fighting; but he -was successful, so no nomination was necessary. I had occasionally the -pleasure of seeing Lord John Russell, as he lived near Amberley, from -which his eldest son took the title of Viscount Amberley.</p> - -<p>Speaking of contests but of another character, it was in 1860 the -fight between Tom Sayers and J.C. Heenan took place. What a tremendous -excitement it produced! I well remember the day after the fight, having -fetched the newspapers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> from the London train and folded them in the -shop, how I stopped every minute to read another line describing the -fight and how angry my master was at my taking so long. But I could -not help it, for the details were quite worth the trouble I brought -upon myself. Some months later I had the pleasure of seeing Sayers box -in connexion with a travelling circus. It was one of the red-letter -days in my life to see the man of whom I had thought so much, showing -his skill as a boxer. It was generally understood that it was at -Stroud that Tom Sayers had his first fight; he was a bricklayer and -was engaged in work at the Stroud Brewery, and falling out with one -of his fellow-workmen, a fight followed which probably led to further -developments. I have also seen his opponent J.C. Heenan boxing in a -circus, but I did not consider him in any way an equal to Tom Sayers.</p> - -<p>Although my time was fully occupied,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> I was able to enjoy a good game -of cricket with some of my many friends on Rodborough Common. We used -to meet at five o'clock in the morning, and, after a good game, had -breakfast before starting work at eight o'clock. I also joined a class -to learn Latin: there was a dear old gentleman bachelor who loved -literature and education and he took in hand some half-dozen young -fellows to teach them Latin. We used to meet at his house at eight -in the evening for one hour's tuition. I enjoyed it and managed to -master the early chapters of Virgil's "Æneid," and, though I am afraid -the results have not been very great, the little knowledge I obtained -has been useful. I was also much interested in a singing class, over -which a Mr. Helmore, brother to the Rev. T. Helmore, the great Church -choirmaster, presided. We gave performances in the Subscription -Rooms of "The Messiah," "The Creation" and other musical clas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>sics. -I have often thought of the absurdity of one of the choirmaster's -eccentricities when performing "The Creation." Very early in the -oratorio the words are, "And God said let there be light, and there -was light." Before the singing began the lights were turned down and I -was placed near the man who turned on the gas. At the opportune moment -I had to give the signal, the light was turned on and light became a -fact. I have often thought how almost profane it was, but I believe it -passed without any serious protest.</p> - -<p>Another yearly event which became fixed in my mind was the appearance -of Dr. Cumming to speak on the coming end of the world. There was a -wealthy lady of Amberley who was a great believer in Dr. Cumming, and -each year he came down and stayed with her and always delivered one -of his unfulfilled prophecies. It was my duty to take the tickets -and see the audience into their seats, but, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> the audience year by -year grew smaller by degrees and beautifully less, this was very easy -work. Like most moderate-sized towns at this period, Stroud had its -Young Men's Institute, of which I was a member, and it was the custom -during the winter to have lectures, etc. I well remember the great -success that always attended the lectures given by George Dawson, a -preacher, lecturer and politician, and George Grossmith, the father of -the well-known actor in Gilbert and Sullivan's plays. These lectures -were usually of a literary or biographical character and undoubtedly -laid the foundations for thought and study in the minds of those who -listened to them.</p> - -<p>During my apprenticeship, my master, Mr. John Clark, was sometimes -very exacting, and I know I had to thank Mrs. Clark and some of their -daughters for helping to an extent to ease my work, and for making my -strenuous life run smoothly. Part<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> of my work was to learn printing. -This I did, and was able to set up the type of a volume of sermons by a -local vicar. The volume made no reputation, either for the vicar or the -producer of the work.</p> - -<p>It was, however, in the buying and selling of books that I was most -interested. These were the great days of the poets, who then had large -sales, Tupper's "Proverbial Philosophy," I think the greatest. What a -change from then to now! I have no doubt that if you asked for this -book to-day in a bookseller's shop no one would know of its existence, -but, without doubt, those of Tupper and other poets were the principal -books given as presents. I remember that Tennyson's "Enoch Arden," -published by Edward Moxon in 1864, even in such a small town as Stroud -had a large sale. I understand that 50,000 copies of this book were -sold during the first year of its publication.</p> - -<p>There is one thing I was greatly blessed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> with—a good memory; and -I can safely say I knew every book in our stock. When a traveller -came round for orders, I was always stationed near my master and the -traveller and if an order was being given I had to say whether the book -was in stock or not. Those were also the days when booksellers sold -patent medicines, in which a large trade was done; especially with -such articles as Holloway's, Morrison's, and other pills, with various -preparations to cure every disease under the sun.</p> - -<p>In looking back to those times, I have often dwelt upon the thought -whether it is best for youths to be brought up under severe discipline -or under easy surroundings and have come to the conclusion that the -happy medium is most desirable, for in my own case and although my -master Mr. Clark was a straightforward honourable man, he was not a man -who sympathized with labour, but looked upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> it as something one had -to put up with; but where a man is just and honourable as he was this -influence is for good, and labour is made more pleasant and agreeable. -I have much to thank Mr. Clark for, especially in the directions -mentioned, and always feel that the thoroughness of his business habits -had a lasting effect upon me. I can look back upon my seven years' -apprenticeship with much thankfulness, not only for my personal good -health but the many pleasant associations with which I was surrounded.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a></p> - -<p class="center">My Early London Experiences</p> - - -<p class="drop">I<span class="uppercase">n</span> September, 1864, I came to London, although not for the first time, -as I had made two visits to the metropolis before this important event -in my life. On one of these occasions I well remember sitting on an -omnibus which came down from Snow Hill and at the bottom of the hill a -horse was switched on to the front of the 'bus to pull it up Holborn -Hill which was then paved with rugged stones. Even with three horses, -they had to pull from one side to the other in their effort to reach -the top. This dip is now bridged over by the Holborn Viaduct, which I -remember seeing Queen Victoria declare open in 1872. The other occasion -was to visit the Ex<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>hibition of 1862. It was a great revelation and -interested me much.</p> - -<p>Before coming to my situation in London, I had quite made up my mind -that I would see anything there was to be seen that was within my reach -and means. I think one of the earliest events which happened was the -hanging at Newgate of Muller, who murdered a Mr. Briggs whilst riding -in a train from Liverpool Street to Bow. He committed the murder and -managed to escape to America, but was deported, tried and condemned to -be hung. In those days the gallows was erected in the Old Bailey, the -night before the execution, and the condemned was brought out through -the prison door in the Old Bailey and mounted steps to the scaffold, -with Calcraft the hangman walking beside him. In this way you obtained -a good view of the culprit. I arrived at the Old Bailey at five in the -morning so had a long wait until eight, the time of the execution, but -the talking<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> and byplay helped to pass the time. I had a good view of -the terrible ordeal and came away with some new experiences, one of -which was that I lost in the crowd a very dainty scarf pin which had -been given to me on leaving Stroud. This taught me the advisability of -leaving my valuables at home when going into crowds.</p> - -<p>I had now settled down at Islington, which was just one mile from the -General Post Office and when leaving home too near 8.30, which was the -time for getting to business, I could take a cab with a friend for this -distance. It cost us sixpence, threepence each for one mile; but cab -fares, like many other things, have changed since then.</p> - -<p>Before coming to London, I had never been inside a theatre. My first -experience was at Sadlers Wells Theatre, where a Miss Marriott was -playing "Hamlet." My interest and enthusiasm in that play has from -that time never ceased. I went to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> see it on Monday, on Tuesday, and -on Wednesday, and if funds had allowed my inclination would have -continued for the rest of the week. "Hamlet" made a greater impression -on me than any sermon I ever heard. I learned a great deal of the play -by heart, and, although I have seen "Hamlet" played many times since, -it never impressed me so much as it did on that occasion at Sadlers -Wells. This theatre was opened in 1844 and for some twenty years -Samuel Phelps was associated with it, his aim being to produce all -Shakespeare's plays, but he only succeeded in producing thirty-four of -them. Phelps was a great tragedian, and I have often seen him acting -at Drury Lane Theatre. From very early in my youth I have been a lover -of Shakespeare, and this was mainly brought about through one of my -sisters joining with me in taking Cassell's edition in seven-penny -monthly numbers, which we both read as they were issued. They were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> -published in three volumes and I have the copy now bound in calf. Like -many others of my books, they have to me a speaking remembrance.</p> - -<p>It was in 1867 that a new and interesting experience came my way. For -many years various associations had held meetings in Hyde Park to air -their grievances, either imaginary or otherwise. At one of these, the -Home Secretary, Spencer H. Walpole, decided that a different method -should be adopted in their management. This was objected to by a -particular Association and they defied the Home Secretary, with the -result that he had the gates of the Park closed against them. The -people were so incensed at this that although the railings of the -Park were as far as possible protected by the police, the crowds were -too strong for them and broke the railings in many places and held -their meeting. I was among those who helped to pull down the railings -and got for my<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> trouble a good blow on my back from a policeman's -truncheon. However, I had an experience which was new and interesting: -I cannot say who was in the right, but I remember the Home Secretary -had to resign a few days afterwards for what was stated to be lack of -tactfulness in regard to this meeting.</p> - -<p>One of the most sickening and disgusting sights which I remember -was the old slaughter-houses of Smithfield. This Market stood where -Paternoster Square now stands. Cattle were driven into the market -during the night, bullocks and sheep, and were killed in the early -morning and sometimes during the day. I have watched them being -slaughtered and seen the blood flow from the slaughter-houses into -Paternoster Row. To people of to-day it does not seem possible that -such a thing could be allowed in the heart of the City of London. The -butchers would often parade round their shops with what was called -a Cleaver<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> Chorus; this was done by bringing together with a clash -a marrow-bone and their cleaver or hatchet, and quite an attractive -sound was produced but not much harmony. When there was an execution -taking place at Newgate, these men would gather together in a body in -their disgusting blood-soaked overalls and just before the time for -the execution rush singing into the crowd surrounding the gallows. -However thick the crowd was, the people would give way rather than come -into contact with these greasy and disgusting butchers, who by these -means got a front position in what should have been a sad and mournful -ceremony.</p> - -<p>It was probably through there being so much more meat near at hand -that the prices for lunch were much cheaper then than they are now. I -remember in Warwick Lane there used to be a popular refreshment house -called "The Bedford," and many times I have had a good lunch there for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> -sixpence, a lunch which consisted of toad-in-the-hole (it was made -of a good beef-steak in the middle of batter pudding) for fourpence, -potatoes one penny, and ale one penny. Things have changed greatly -since those times. There also used to be in the Oxford Arms passage, -situated where some of the St. Paul's residentiary houses now stand, an -inn, in association with the hay market held there, named the Oxford -Arms. Here each day there was brought on to the table a good joint of -beef or a leg of mutton from which you could cut and come again, with -vegetables, pastry, etc., all for the price of one shilling. For the -sake of many in the City, one is often tempted to wish some of these -old customs were with us still.</p> - -<p>I have a lingering remembrance of an important event occurring just -before bedtime in December, 1867. A fire was evident somewhere at the -West End, so off I started and was in time to see the last of Her -Majesty's Theatre which was that night<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> entirely burned down. It was a -grand sight, but the crowd which collected was unbearable. I understood -that at the time an opera was being played and several of the great -performers of the day, such as Titiens, Christine Neilson, and Santley, -were among the artistes present. It was a sight never to be forgotten.</p> - -<p>It was about this time that Adah Isaacs Menken, an American actress -and poet and also the wife of J.C. Heenan, the prize fighter, was -playing the hero in "Mazeppa" at Astley's Theatre. She was a splendid -and attractive figure, and when she came on the stage, dressed only in -tights, mounting her horse and riding away into the wilds to be picked -to pieces by the birds, she had a tremendous ovation. The performance -was a great attraction and most young men made a point of seeing it. It -was said that a bet had been made as to whether the actress's legs were -padded and the attendant who helped her on to the horse was bribed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> to -pinch her leg to settle the bet. I heard that he did so, and got a kick -in return which not only settled the bet but also the attendant.</p> - -<p>The changes that have been made in London since my early days have -been very great. I never pass down Holborn but I think of the passage -called Middle Row, which I have often gone through, in front of the -delightful old-fashioned Shakespearean houses of which we are all so -proud. At that time there was a row of houses on the other side of the -passage, and at nearly the bottom of the hill stood the publishing -house of Darton & Harvey. This, like many others, has been swept away -by the present Holborn Viaduct. The Thames Embankment was opened within -my early recollection, also the Law Courts; and there was also the -sweeping away of Holywell Street, where I have passed many a pleasant -hour poring over the boxes of old books in search of a treasure. I -remember<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> once, as I thought, buying for 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> a book with not -a very chaste reputation. It was done up very carefully in a sealed -envelope and when I opened it at home I found it was an old soiled -Common Prayer Book. I did not get what I expected, but perhaps it was -better for me that I was swindled. London, however, is being made a -city of which we are all proud. Although there is still much to be -done, the changes and improvements have been great since my early days.</p> - -<p>Going back to the Theatre and Music Hall, these were the times of the -songs "Champagne Charlie is my name," sung by Leybourne, "The Bells -go a Ringing for Sarah," by Kate Santley, Stead's "The Perfect Cure," -and, from a different point of view, the delightful singing by Sims -Reeves of "Come into the Garden, Maud," and Carlotta Patti of "Home, -Sweet Home," and "Comin' through the Rye." These now appear very -old-fashioned, but they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> touched the imagination more than many of the -songs of the present day. Blondin was at this time at the height of -his popularity. His performances at the Crystal Palace, and afterwards -at the Alexandra Palace and other places, attracted great crowds. It -made you hold your breath to watch him on the high rope balancing a -four-legged chair and then stand upon it, or sometimes carry a man on -his back across the rope or wheel him in a barrow.</p> - -<p>Among other exhibitions, I remember seeing General Tom Thumb and Minnie -Warren with their troop of midget humanity, performing at St. James's -Hall. Cremorne Gardens and Highbury Barn were at this time at the -height of their popularity, and although from where I lived it meant a -night out to visit the former, the latter was within walking distance. -I wanted to see everything possible, and I think so far I succeeded, -for my wanderings were varied from the top of St. Paul's Cathedral and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> -the Monument to the Cider Cellars in the Strand and to Nicholson's -Judge and Jury and the Poesie Plastics of Leicester Square.</p> - -<p>Living as I did at this time in the north of London, I frequently -walked through Highbury to what is now the beautiful Finsbury Park. The -New River was then an open stream beside which it was pleasant to walk. -On passing through a wicket-gate, one came to a building called the -Sluice House, at which refreshments could be procured. A path through -a field took us to Finsbury Park Tavern on the site of which the -refreshment houses in Finsbury Park now stand. Boats were let out for -hire on the lake, and pigeon shooting was one of the sports carried on -in the grounds. Many times have I seen a considerable number of these -injured innocents brought down. This sport, I am pleased to think, is -not so popular now as it was at that period.</p> - -<p>It was, I suppose, somewhat natural to a young man who has been brought -up in a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> very puritanical atmosphere and among the strictest sect -of the Pharisees, to take every advantage of the liberty I was now -enjoying. I was anxious, however, to see and hear some of the preachers -of whom I had heard so much. This attraction, however, soon died away, -because to an extent I found no sympathy. The first great preacher I -went to hear was the Rev. C.H. Spurgeon. Unfortunately my impression -of him was a bad one, for he had just given out his text when several -people walked into the chapel. The preacher stopped and looked hard -at the people entering. When they were seated, he said, "We are sorry -we could not wait for you, but you will be in time to go away with -the rest." I thought this a most unkind and uncalled-for remark, and -made up my mind I would never hear him again, and I did not. Another -incident, I suppose I must call it, or eccentricity, occurred at the -only time I heard Dr. Parker at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> City Temple. Before beginning his -sermon he waited a few minutes and then said, "We are not feeling quite -well this evening, so shall dispense with our usual action." To me, -this was nothing but unnecessary egotism.</p> - -<p>The one man to whom I always enjoyed listening was the Rev. J.C.M. -Bellew, who preached in Bloomsbury. He was a great elocutionist, his -sermons were well constructed and interesting, and to me the music was -the greatest charm of all. The most eloquent and informing sermon I -ever heard was one by Canon Liddon, in St. Paul's Cathedral, on Buddha. -He preached for one hour and a quarter, and never did I experience -quicker or more intellectual enjoyment than on that occasion. I also -had the pleasure of hearing, at Islington, Professor Huxley deliver one -of his controversial addresses. Huxley's life was principally spent in -the promulgating of right and truth, and his eloquence was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> almost an -inspiration. The only time I had the pleasure of hearing John Bright -speak was at the Highbury Congregational Church, when he presided at a -lecture given by the Rev. R.W. Dale. A more eloquent introduction than -that given by John Bright I have never heard.</p> - -<p>Sport was always one of my fascinations, whether it was running, -walking, boxing, or cricket. I have no doubt the cricket I so much -enjoyed during my apprenticeship helped me in obtaining a position in -the eleven at Stationers' Hall Court, where for many years a good team -was always available for a Saturday afternoon game; and I am pleased -to record that in these early days there were few things I looked -forward to with greater pleasure than the Saturday afternoon cricket, -especially when I was chosen as one of the eleven.</p> - -<p>One Saturday afternoon an extraordinary incident took place at a -cricket match, at which I was a spectator; it was between<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> Middlesex -and Nottingham, on the ground now held by the Smithfield Market near -Holloway. Tom Hearn, the great Middlesex bowler, was holding the ball -ready for delivery, when a pigeon came flying over the wicket. Hearn -looked up and in a moment threw the ball into the air and struck the -pigeon in the breast. The poor bird fluttered down close to the wicket. -It was a clever shot and Hearn was greatly cheered.</p> - -<p>Occasionally during the week, boxing was one of my great delights, and -I flatter myself I was quite up to the average in this most useful -exercise. I have seen most of the champion boxers of that period -engaged in the noble art of self-defence, and on one occasion I was -persuaded to have the gloves on with a professional prize fighter, but -my weak points were soon found out, and I felt it was best to leave -well alone.</p> - -<p>What greatly interested me on one occa<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>sion was my visit to a ratting -match. The wager was laid on a terrier for £25 that he would kill 300 -rats in fifteen minutes. The rats were taken out of traps and counted -into a square pit, and as they fell in they rushed to one corner of it. -When the 300 were all in, it was a wonderful sight to see them in a -heap in one corner of the pit. The dog, Peter was his name, was put in -the middle of the pit and when the referee called time, he was let go -and the killing began with a vengeance. The bet was won with a minute -to spare, and I can safely say I never spent fourteen minutes amid -greater tension and excitement.</p> - -<p>In these times, on Good Friday, there was always wrestling at the -Agricultural Hall. I usually went and well remember the splendid -contest between the Cornish and Cumberland wrestlers. It was great -sport, and for a few minutes during the surging back and forward before -a firm grip had been obtained by one of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> giants, the spectators -almost held their breath in the excitement. I often wonder whether -this particular sport of wrestling has, like many other things, become -almost a thing of the past, or is it that our lives have so changed -that we now take little notice of such matters.</p> - -<p>Although somewhat indirectly connected with sport, I have always -derived a great deal of fun and enjoyment from watching the return of -the visitors of the Epsom Races to see the Derby run. From Clapham -Common to the Elephant and Castle, and on to the City there was for -many hours one continuous stream of people and conveyances, some -in good style, while others rode in donkey carts or any conveyance -obtainable. These race-goers mostly sang comic songs, were all bent -upon enjoyment, and in many cases the race appeared to be a secondary -consideration. These enjoyments have now mostly passed away, a better -tone prevails with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> people, and the means of conveyance to Epsom -Downs have been greatly accelerated. I once had the pleasure of seeing -the Derby ran; it was in 1896, when the race was won by Persimmon, King -Edward VII's (then Prince of Wales) horse. It was a splendid race, and -never could there have been a greater reception than was given when the -Prince came from the Stand after the race to lead his horse back to the -weighing machine.</p> - -<p>My experience on that occasion must have been almost a record. I left -business at one o'clock, went by cab to London Bridge, caught a train -to Epsom, arrived at my arranged stand on the race-course, and saw each -race run until the Derby was over and the Prince had led his horse off -the course; then to the station and back to town and was in business -again at four o'clock—in all, three hours. This was a good record.</p> - -<p>During the summer, with a small band<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> of fellow-assistants, I often -arranged pedestrian outings. We frequently started early on Saturday, -after business, slept the night out and returned by train on Sunday -evening. Two of these outings are still fresh in my memory. On the -first occasion, we went by train to Gravesend, then walked to Chatham, -where we spent a very uncomfortable night, thence to Rochester -Cathedral and the Dickens country, afterwards walking to St. Mary's -Cray and staying on the way to inspect Kit's Coty House in Kent, a -prehistoric structure which belongs to the Stone or Bronze Age. It -consists of a large flat stone supported by two other stones and is -a link with the past and well worth a visit. From St. Mary's Cray we -reached home by train.</p> - -<p>Another of our outings was by rail to Hampton Court, then a walk to -Staines, where we had to sleep on the floor and on billiard tables, -but, not being very com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>fortable, we got up at three o'clock in the -morning and spent our time, until breakfast was ready, rowing on the -Thames. From Staines we walked to Windsor, and were in time for service -at St. George's Chapel, and I had the pleasure of hearing the then -Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Tait; thence home by train. Such outings -as these can only be enjoyed at one period of life, and I have always -been glad I undertook them when I did, for other things came into my -life which made me, I hope, a better and happier man.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a></p> - -<p class="center">Some Recollections of Stationers' Hall Court</p> - - -<p class="drop">A<span class="uppercase">lthough</span> I have referred in another chapter to my early association -with bookselling, yet it was not until my entry into the employ -of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., on September 23, 1864, that my real -bookselling experience commenced. This may not be quite in accord with -the title I have chosen of "Sixty Years a Bookman," but, as previously -stated, I served seven years' apprenticeship to a bookseller before -entering the firm of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., and these two periods -extend beyond that implied by the title of this book.</p> - -<p>As long as my memory lasts, I shall never forget the first few weeks of -my experience<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> in this firm, from 8.30 in the morning until the work -was finished. Up and down stairs and ladders searching for books made -one so tired that sometimes I could scarcely crawl to my home. Even to -this I soon became accustomed, and the tiredness to an extent, so far -as my body was concerned, became a thing of the past; but it will never -be effaced from my memory.</p> - -<p>These were also the times when the principal day of the month was -Magazine day, and after the ordinary business hours were over every -one stopped to put together each customer's magazines. I quite think -that if there were not then a greater number of different magazines -published, they had, certainly as far as this firm was concerned, a -much larger sale. Anyway, it was a day that one felt thankful to see -finished. At this period late hours were considered inevitable, for -during the winter season it was frequently ten o'clock before we got -away, while some assistants in the firm and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> in other book firms at -certain times worked until after twelve o'clock at night. I remember, -when speaking of this to a fellow-assistant, being told that this -was nothing to what it had been formerly: a short Saturday afternoon -and no Bank Holiday, and occasionally some of the people would only -see their homes three times during the week; they had to sleep on or -under the counters. Fortunately, all these absurd arrangements are now -ancient history and never again likely to be a part of what is called -civilization or business methods.</p> - -<p>I well remember my first holiday, if it can be so called. It was the -Christmas following the September of my entering Simpkins. I wanted to -spend it at Weston-super-Mare, and as Christmas came on Sunday, Monday -was given as a holiday. I caught a G.W.R. train about ten o'clock on -the Saturday evening. There was only a single line then to Weston, -from a junction on the main line at which we stopped.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> From here, in a -single railroad carriage with a white horse attached to it, we jogged -for many miles and arrived at our destination at six in the morning.</p> - -<p>My friends were waiting for me, and we had a jolly Christmas. I started -back by a midnight train on Monday, arriving in London at seven on -the Tuesday morning. I had some breakfast and then went to business -until nine o'clock at night. This was what was then called a Christmas -holiday. But with all this, I can bear testimony to the kindness and -consideration shown to the assistants by the partners of this period in -the firm of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., especially Messrs. John, Frederick -and William Miles; and as far as I am personally concerned, I shall -always remember with a thankful heart the courtesy and consideration I -received from them.</p> - -<p>These were the times of Old Moore's and Hannay's Almanacs, the -publishing day of the former being a great occasion.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> At this time -it was published by the Stationers' Company, as nearly as possible -on November 21, at twelve o'clock. On the day of publication the -Hall doors were opened, and the porter who first got through with a -sack-load of almanacs received a gift of, I think, five shillings. -There were always a number of people to watch this publishing event, -and the winner was greatly cheered.</p> - -<p>At this time "Hannay's Almanac" also had a large sale, but it only -survived a few years after the first issue of the greatly renowned -"Whitaker's Almanack," now over fifty years old. This almanac -deserves the success it has secured. No business or even private -intelligence department can afford to be without it; it practically -has no competitor, and the knowledge it contains might well be termed -universal and encyclopædic.</p> - -<p>While speaking of Stationers' Hall and Stationers' Court, I will try -to remove an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> impression which suggests that the word Stationers -originated from the locality in bygone times being connected with the -paper trade. This is not so; but being so near St. Paul's Cathedral, it -was one of the <i>stations</i> at which vendors of crosses and other wares -for religious observances had their stands or shops for the sale of -these articles; hence its origin. The following streets also derived -their names through being near or associated with St. Paul's Cathedral: -Paternoster Row, Creed Lane, Ave Maria Lane and Graces Court. In Ivy -Lane dwelt the wax-chandlers who in bygone times supplied tapers for -lighting the Cathedral.</p> - -<p>I cannot say if religion at this period had a passion for more -excitement than at the present time, but undoubtedly there were more -books of that character sold than there are to-day. What immense sales -such books as the following had: Hall's "Come to Jesus," "Heaven Our -Home,"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> "The Sinner's Friend," "Across the River," Beecher's "Life -Thoughts," "The Pathway of Promise," "Able to Save," Baynes' "Lyra -Anglicana," "Christ is Coming," "Letters from Hell," "The Gates Ajar," -Oxenden's "Pathway of Safety," "The Heavenly Home," or the "Employment -and Enjoyment of the Saints in Heaven," with works by Dr. Guthrie, -Richard Weaver, Dr. Vaughan, A.K.H.B., Dr. Winslow, and books on the -coming end of the world by Dr. Cummings. In fact, one of the leading -journals of this time discussed the question as to what devotional -books were most popular, and the answer given was, "Not the 'Imitation -of Christ,'" but works telling the Christian how to make the best -of both worlds, and describing heaven as minutely as if it were a -first-class hotel, where every pleasure is provided for the elect. -Judging from the titles this would appear correct, but fortunately this -class of book has almost ceased to be, and works of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> a more reasonable -and literary character have taken their place.</p> - -<p>Some years ago I wrote an article bearing upon this subject, and as I -feel that the words are as true to-day as when written, I here produce -portions from the article which deals more fully with this question.</p> - -<p>It must be apparent to anyone glancing through the publishers' lists -of the books now being issued, and comparing them with the lists -of fifty years ago, that a great decline has taken place in the -production of religious books. This decline is observable not only in -the old-fashioned religious publications which were looked upon as -belonging to the classics, but also in the more modern productions of -a like character. These latter sold by their thousands, but the demand -for both appears at the present to have nearly passed away, and their -sale is now of the most limited description.</p> - -<p>In an attempt to account for this decline<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> more or less plausible -reasons have been adduced, but the most forcible, perhaps, is, that -just now there is no religious wave passing over the country, nor are -there any great ecclesiastics who have time or who consider it part -of their duty to be continually issuing books on purely religious -subjects. Add to this the fact that trade frequently runs in cycles, -with the effect that the depression in this particular class of -literature is just now at its lowest point. When this is so, something -often occurs to bring it back again to its normal condition, and this -may prove to be the case in the production and sale of religious books.</p> - -<p>A potent factor in this depression is undoubtedly the growth of -independent thought, which was such a marked characteristic in the -latter part of the nineteenth century. The influence of Puritanism, -which so deeply affected English life, and which in past ages permeated -the action and thought of this country, has now nearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> spent itself, -so the sale of old Puritan books has almost ceased. During that period -the noblest characters were moulded from those appearing in the Bible; -these are now shaped more by education and culture. Whether this will -be to the advantage of the nation, must be left for a future generation -to decide.</p> - -<p>There is much truth in the remark that the literature of a nation -largely indicates the disposition of its people; but this observation -scarcely applies to the religious side of our national life, for, -although there has been a great decline in the issue of religious -books, the activity of nearly all sections of the Christian Church -during the same period has been most marked. The result of this is -the establishment by the various religious denominations of special -publishing departments for their own particular class of religious -works. They have also weekly and monthly periodicals which circulate -amongst their own people and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> through their own channels; and although -these with their books do not in all cases come through the ordinary -distributing agencies, and are not always recorded in the return of -books issued during the year, yet, even taking all this into account, -there is undoubtedly a great decline in the issue of religious works.</p> - -<p>For some years previous to this period many of our religious writers -were at the height of their popularity and their books were having -immense sales. Much of this success was due to the writers' influence -in the pulpit. Among the most prominent was the Rev. J.R. Macduff, -whose first and best known book, and the one that had the longest -vitality, was "The Faithful Promiser." Originally written with the -intention of being sent only to his old friends as a memento of his -connexion with the parish he had just left, it found favour with a -much larger public who eagerly purchased edition after edition until<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> -hundreds of thousands of copies were sold. Next in popularity was his -"Morning and Night Watches," which also had an enormous sale, and his -"Memories of Bethany," the sale of which ran into many thousands. All -the books of this author were more or less successful (and he was a -most voluminous writer), but the sale of the majority has now very -greatly decreased, while some are seldom, if ever, inquired for.</p> - -<p>Dean Goulburn's "Thoughts on Personal Religion" was once to be found -in every bookseller's shop throughout the kingdom, and at the height -of its popularity had an annual sale of nearly ten thousand copies; -now its circulation is of a very limited character. This was one of -the books which Mr. Gladstone generally gave to the young men who were -fortunate enough to come within his sphere of influence.</p> - -<p>Another author whose books were formerly very popular was Bishop -Oxenden. The one which had the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> biggest sale was "The Pathway of -Safety," but most of his works sold by their tens of thousands. Mention -should also be made of those by the Rev. Horatius Bonar, especially his -"Hymns of Faith and Hope," each volume as it appeared passing through -many editions.</p> - -<p>The following names will bring back to many readers the titles of books -which have been appreciated by young as well as old: the Rev. John -Angell James, the Rev. Newman Hall (over a million of the latter's -"Come to Jesus" have been disposed of), Miss Havergal, Miss Marsh, the -Rev. James Hamilton, the Rev. W. Jay, and the Rev. C.H. Spurgeon. These -names represent a few only out of the many writers of religious books -which were then popular. Most of them have greatly decreased sales, -while others have fallen out altogether and are probably quite unknown -to the present generation. There were also issued about this time many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> -religious works published anonymously. These caused a great stir, -and met with an extensive demand. Amongst them were "Able to Save," -"Pathway of Promise," "Meet for Heaven," "Throne of Grace," "Heaven our -Home," but, like the works already noticed, they have also run their -course.</p> - -<p>The first half of the Victorian era was apparently the Golden Age for -religious books, for besides those writers who issued their books -independently there was at this period a large number of separate -series and libraries in vogue which contained reissues of most of the -leading works by the old divines.</p> - -<p>To show the variety and range of these issues, a selected few -might here be mentioned. The most important amongst them were "The -Christian's Family Library." This was under the editorship of the Rev. -Edward Bickersteth, and consisted of about fifty-two volumes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> all of -a theological character. Another was the "Biblical Cabinet," issued by -Clark, of Edinburgh, in forty-six volumes. The "Lady's Closet Library" -contained volumes on "The Marys," "The Marthas," "The Lydias," "The -Hannahs," etc., of Scripture; "The Christian's Fireside Library," in -which were such books as Bigg's "Handbook of Popery" and McIlvaine's -"Evidences of Christianity"; "The Library of Christian Biography," -edited by Rev. Robert Bickersteth, was another important series, -whose general title indicates the class of literature it contained. -Under the editorship of such well-known men as Dr. Pye Smith, Robert -Southey, and James Montgomery, a series of "Sacred Classics" were very -popular: so also was "The London Theological Library," containing such -representative works as Lardner's "Credibility of Gospel History" and -Milner's "Church of Christ."</p> - -<p>The following titles of a few series out<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> of many may be of interest: -"Protestant's Sound Literature," "Pickering's Christian Classics," -"Library of Puritan Divines," "The Sacred Family Library," "The -Spiritual Library," and "The Practical Christian's Library." In -most of these libraries there appeared an edition of some of these -old-fashioned and now almost obsolete religious books represented by -the following titles: Boston's "Crook in the Lot," Sutton's "Learning -to Live, and Learning to Die," Ken's "Divine Love," Taylor's "Holy -Living and Dying," Watson's "Apology," Baxter's "Saints' Rest," Magee -on "The Atonement," Paley's "Evidences," and Law's "Serious Call." -Most of these have now a very flickering existence, while for others -there is no market whatever. How truly the wise and eloquent words of -Bishop Carpenter in his Hulsean Lectures illustrate the reputation and -influence of many of the writers of religious books, both ancient and -modern, and of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> books themselves, some of these having a vitality -only during their authors' lives, while others, like their writers, -shed influence through succeeding generations. The Bishop says:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"She [History] measures men not by the tawdry reputations of the hour, -but by the influence they can diffuse; she watches the circling wave -which forms as men cast their force into the great ocean of life, and -she measures their power by the life of that wave; and she finds that -few—few indeed—have been able to spread their influences beyond -their age; she notes many exalted to the skies, and she sees that in -the next generation their name is clean put out; she measures the -greatness of men as men do the height of mountains, by the length of -the shadows they cast upon the surface of the world; and, measuring -thus, she bids those whose influence lives through the ages to sit -like gods among the hills of time."</p></blockquote> - -<p>It is intended here to consider only those works or writers which -were of a popular character. It would therefore be out of place to -record the various volumes of sermons, biographies, or theological -treatises on the various systems which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> have more or less occupied the -attention of the religious world, and have to a large extent shaped the -character of many of our denominations. In passing, however, it may be -of interest to direct attention to that vast array of literature which -sprang into existence through the religious controversies which have to -a large extent influenced the English Church.</p> - -<p>The greatest of these was that known as the Tractarian Movement, and -centred round the illustrious names of Keble, Newman, and Pusey. An -extensive library might be formed of the works brought forth by this -polemic controversy. The publication of "Essays and Reviews," Seeley's -"Ecce Homo," Gladstone's "Vatican Decrees," and "Lux Mundi," edited -by Canon Gore, also produced a flood of literature which has left an -indelible mark on religious thought and practice. To these may probably -be traced that diffusion of religious influence which has entered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> into -so many branches of our literature and even to our fiction.</p> - -<p>Another branch of religious literature which shows a conspicuous -decline is that of "Family Prayers." Years ago, no bookseller's -shop would be complete without a copy of Oxenden's, Bickersteth's, -Villiers', or Thornton's "Family Prayers"; and such old-fashioned -volumes as Hawker's "Daily Portion," "The New Week's Preparation," -Jenk's "Devotions," Fletcher's "Family Devotion," and the "Family -Prayers" of Toplady and Reven, were all in constant demand. With -these are associated a number of volumes of private devotion, Bishop -Wilson's "Sacra Privata" and "Pietas Quotidiana" being the most -popular. These, like the "Family Prayers," show a great decline both -in their production and sale. It is difficult to suggest a reason for -this decline other than that of the general evolution in religious -thought which is continually changing the course of human<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> progress -and action. Religion is undoubtedly the greatest factor in influencing -the character of a nation, so from this foundation there will probably -spring up in the future a broad, reasonable, and intelligent class -of writings which in their development and thought will be more -cosmopolitan than doctrinal, and which will deserve to be classed as -English literature.</p> - -<p>In comparing the educational literature of this period the changes have -also been very great; those were the days when the works edited by Dr. -Smith took the lead in the higher branches of education. Colenso's -Arithmetic was the most popular book on that subject, while Cornwell's -Geography and his other books were great sellers. The "Child's Guide -to Knowledge" sold in its thousands, Chambers's educational books -were very popular, as were also Brewer's Guides, "Stepping Stones to -Knowledge," Weale's Series, Pinnock's, Guy's, and Wilson's Catechisms -and Gleig's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> School Series. Of not quite the same character but -greatly used for educational purposes were "Line upon Line" and "Peep -of Day." Of the latter, some 250,000 copies were sold in the early -days of its publication. Spelling books were then a most important -part of educational literature, the most popular being Butter's, but -the following also had large sales, Guy's, Mavor's and Vyse's. The -copyright of Vyse's sold for £2,500, with an annuity to the author of -£50 per year. The change in this class of educational literature has -been very great.</p> - -<p>It was in 1864 that the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge -announced that their books could now be obtained by booksellers on -favourable terms. This was also the first year of the publication of -"The Statesman's Year Book," which has had a continuous, and I hope -will have a lasting, success. There were also many libraries which -had large sales and were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> very popular. Among them were Hurst and -Blackett's, Bentley's Standard Library, Select Library of Fiction, -Run and Read Library, Railway Library, Parlour Library, Travellers' -Library, Home and Colonial Library, Bohn's Various Libraries, The -Cottage Library, consisting of some 300 volumes, Lardner's Scientific -Library, and Beale's Sixpenny Library. Most of our older poets had at -this period very large sales; but, like other things, there has been a -great change in poetry, not only in the style of writing but also in -the ideals, which are more lofty and inspiring and are far above such -writers as Cowper, Longfellow, Moore, Tupper and others who at this -period were very popular.</p> - -<p>About this time the following Magazines were started, and they all had -a considerable popularity and very large sales, but, strangely enough, -they have now all ceased to exist: "The Sunday Magazine," of which over -one hundred thousand of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> first number was sold, "Good Words," also -selling largely, "The Argosy," "Aunt Judy's Magazine," "Belgravia," -"London Society," "Tinsley's Magazine," edited by Anthony Trollope, and -"The Broadway." Number one had a sale of over 100,000 copies.</p> - -<p>In 1865 "The Fortnightly Review" was started under the editorship of -G.H. Lewes. From that time onward it has maintained a reputation for -scholarly, intellectual and scientific articles and is always up to -date upon all subjects of the day.</p> - -<p>In looking back, it is interesting to note the change in the character -of book illustrations. Formerly, especially at Christmas time, there -was a large output of well-illustrated books, principally in black and -white, and there were then few illustrations printed in colour. The -illustrations of Gustave Doré must take the first place as commanding -the greatest public attention. Among other popular illustrators of this -period were John Tenniel, Birket Foster,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Selous, T. Leighton, G.J. -Pinwell, Noel Humphreys, J.E. Millais, John Gilbert, Arthur Hughes, -Kate Greenaway, Richard Doyle, A.B. Houghton, Sidney Cooper, and the -brothers Dalziel, who were also great producers of the printing blocks.</p> - -<p>Another of the leading features of the trade was the immense sale -of Birthday Books, from Shakespeare to Tennyson. Every poet with a -reputation had a compilation made from his writings for which there -was always a receptive public. One of the most fascinating and lasting -of juvenile books popular at this time was "Alice's Adventures in -Wonderland." The larger part of the first edition of this book was sold -to an American publisher so that a second edition could be quickly -announced; that was probably a wise policy and helped to draw attention -to the value of the book.</p> - -<p>During this and the following years, many authors had great reputations -which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> to-day have almost ceased. The books of most of them have -long been out of print, and are almost forgotten except by those who -lived during the middle of the nineteenth century. I would instance -"A.L.O.E.," who had some fifty books in circulation, the author of -"Mary Powell," who issued some twenty-four popular stories, the Rev. -J.C. Ryle, Hugh Miller, Mrs. Webb, William and Mary Howitt, Artemus -Ward, Mrs. Sewell, R.M. Ballantyne, Samuel Smiles, Miss Yonge, James -Grant, Mayne Reid, John Timbs, S. Baring-Gould, Mrs. Carey Brock, -Mrs. Gatty, and many others. Some of the novelists who have come to -stay had at this period very large sales. Among them, of course, were -Dickens, Thackeray, Scott, C. Kingsley, Miss Braddon, Anthony Trollope, -George Eliot, and others who, I think, laid a foundation which was very -helpful to our later novelists; but it is quite a question whether a -new departure is not now developing and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> that the novel of to-day deals -more particularly with the practical events of everyday life and the -effect they have upon the moral and spiritual development of the nation.</p> - -<p>When Paternoster Square took the place of Newgate Market in 1872, it -was quite anticipated that this position would be occupied entirely -by publishers and thus form a centre for the trade, but at present -this hope has not been realized. During these years great changes took -place in Paternoster Row, many of the old buildings giving place to -new ones of greater architectural beauty. The following houses are -at the present time examples of the improvements which took place by -rebuilding: Longmans, Blackwoods, Nelsons, Aldine Chambers. Other -changes and improvements are in progress to-day. The Oxford University -Press took over the business of the Oxford Bible Warehouse, with what -success may be judged by its palatial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> buildings and business in Amen -Corner and Ave Maria Lane, to which it moved in 1883.</p> - -<p>There has also been a great change in books besides those previously -mentioned, from the superficial gentility of the middle and later part -of the Victorian era, to the common-sense practical way we now have -of reasoning out the social and political events of the day. This -change, if guided by proper thought and consideration for others, will -undoubtedly lead to a better and happier England. There are, however, -still many changes required, especially in the making and selling -of books; and it is to be hoped that by a greater union and more -harmony and uniformity in the trade, a more general prosperity will be -associated with it, and that many of the disputes and difficulties, -often more imaginary than real, will be avoided. It appears to me that -the shortest way to attain these ideals will be a central control<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> -consisting of representatives of both masters and men in the publishing -and bookselling trade, who will settle disputes and whose aim will be -to see that a satisfactory profit is realized by the various interests -represented. This question has been more fully dealt with in a later -chapter.</p> - -<p>The Elementary Education Act which was passed by W.E. Forster in 1870 -created a great change in the educational literature of this period, -the sum asked for in Parliament in 1871 being about one and a half -million pounds. What the future educational grant will be, it is -impossible to say, though it is to be hoped that it will make as great -an improvement in the people as it has done in educational literature.</p> - -<p>Another noticeable fact in connexion with books is the few foreign -books—especially French—which are now translated and issued in this -country. The following authors at this early period had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> very large -sales: Victor Hugo, Jules Verne, Figuier, Erckmann-Chatrian and others.</p> - -<p>It was in July, 1869, that Simpkin, Marshall & Co. gave their first -and last dinner in celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the -present building in Stationers' Hall Court, at which the then head of -the firm, Mr. John Miles, presided. It was a most social and happy -event, and I wish the celebration had been continued. I remember -that one of the old hands, William Griffiths, sang a song of his -own composition which showed the good feeling then existing between -employer and employed. I can only give one of the verses:</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 10%;"> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Then here's success to Simpkin's Firm and may they always find,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">In studying their interest us ever of one mind;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">May their connexion far and wide extend the globe around,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">And as each year shall onward roll may all of us be found</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">In this fine new house I'm singing of,</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">One of the olden time."</span><br /> -</p> - -<p>to which I certainly say Amen.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> - -<p>Before Simpkin, Marshall & Co. added to their premises the building -which now runs into Ave Maria Lane, these were occupied by a competing -wholesale firm named Whittaker & Co. The two houses were on good terms, -and, when out of stock of certain books, we could always borrow from -our neighbouring firm, which shows that a good feeling existed at -this period even between competitors. This business was taken over by -Messrs. W. Kent & Co. in 1876.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a></p> - -<p class="center">Some Further Recollections and Reflections</p> - - -<p class="drop">I<span class="uppercase">n</span> my previous chapter I dealt with many things in the book trade which -impressed me more particularly in the first years of my Stationers' -Hall Court experience. I will now try to give a brief account of other -incidents with which I was associated during some of the following -years. These are not stated in chronological order but have been jotted -down as they have reappeared in my memory.</p> - -<p>One thing which has struck me is to find what a number of publishers -during the last fifty years have either ceased to exist or have been -incorporated with other firms; many of them being houses of great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> -importance and publishers of a considerable number of popular books. -The following are some of the firms which I am able to call to my -memory which were then in existence: Messrs. Walton & Maberley, A.W. -Bennett, J. Bennett, J. Russell Smith, H. Colburn, John Maxwell (the -husband of Miss Braddon), Bradbury, Evans & Co., J.C. Nimmo (the -publisher of many beautiful books), Houlston & Wright (the publishers -of the Enquire Within series), Groombridge & Son, Rivington & Co. -(taken over by Longmans & Co.), J. Masters, W. Hunt, W. Mackintosh, -E. Moxon (the early publisher of Tennyson's and Swinburne's works), -J. Camden Hotten (who published and introduced into this country Mark -Twain, Bret Harte, and Artemus Ward. He died at the age of forty, and -his business was taken over by Messrs. Chatto & Windus), J.C. Newby, -Saunders & Ottley, Griffith & Farran (the successors to John Newbery), -W. Day & Son (high-class printers and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> publishers), W. Tegg, Hardwick, -J. & C. Mozley, A. Strahan (one of the most enthusiastic publishers of -his day), Tinsley Bros. (they published for T. Hardy, George Meredith, -and Miss Braddon), R. Bentley (his business was taken over by Macmillan -in 1898), N. Trübner, and Charles Knight (who died in 1873, aged 81; -he was the first publisher of the British Almanac and Companion and -also issued the Penny Cyclopædia and the History of England, with other -interesting and educational work), L. Booth, Virtue, R. & A. Suttaby, -Smith Elder & Co. (now incorporated with John Murray), and many others. -It is also somewhat astonishing what a change has taken place in -the character of the books issued by some publishers. To instance a -few, Messrs. Cassell & Co. principally issued educational and serial -publications, C. Griffin were educational and religious publishers, -Messrs. Nelson & Son published mainly juveniles, including a large -selection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> of 1<i>d.</i>, 2<i>d.</i>, 3<i>d.</i>, 4<i>d.</i>, and 6<i>d.</i> books. Messrs. W. -Collins & Son were also educational and religious publishers.</p> - -<p>I should like to place on the other side some of the gains the -publishing trade has received, and mention new firms that are among the -leaders of the trade to-day. Messrs. Methuen & Co. have by a literary -judgment and a judicial trend established one of the leading publishing -businesses since the period before mentioned.</p> - -<p>In 1894 Mr. W. Heinemann issued his first original popular 6<i>s.</i> novel; -this was Sir Thomas Hall Caine's "The Manxman," which not only had a -great sale but was a send off such as few publishers have experienced. -This novel being first issued in the 6<i>s.</i> form, had a considerable -influence in bringing the three-volume novel to an end in 1897. The -credit, however, for the original 6<i>s.</i> novel must be given to Mr. -Vizetelly, who commenced some ten years earlier the issue of his -one-volume 6<i>s.</i> novel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> series, which contained, beside other important -novels, "A Mummer's Wife," by George Moore. Mr. J.M. Dent, in founding -the "Every Man Library," made for his firm a name which is known -throughout the world. In this he established a library of literary -classics in its broader sense, issuing them in every particular worthy -of the books produced. He has thus earned the gratitude of students in -every country in which the English language is spoken or read. This -firm has also produced many works of great literary and epoch-making -value.</p> - -<p>Important additions to literature, including Fiction, have been made by -such firms as Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton, Hutchinson & Co., T. Fisher -Unwin, Constable & Co., E. Arnold, G. Harrap, Sidgwick & Jackson, -Eveleigh Nash, A. Melrose, T. Werner Laurie, Duckworth, Selwyn & -Blount, H. Jenkins, J. Lane, Chatto & Windus, with others, all of whom, -it is hoped, have a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> great future before them. In 1873 the Cambridge -University Press opened their business premises in Paternoster Row; -previous to this, Messrs. Rivington & Co. had acted as their London -agents.</p> - -<p>In 1874 the Oxford University Press began their now very important -business under the management of Mr. Frowde. It is now managed by Mr. -Humphrey Milford.</p> - -<p>I cannot, however, help thinking that there were more books of what -may be termed a literary or classical character issued and sold during -the early part of my career than there are to-day. It certainly -looks as though the publishers of the future will have considerable -opportunities of issuing the works of some of the great masters in -literature. Whether or not we are to-day producing works of a character -which will be sought for and collected by future generations it is -difficult to say. There is one thing certain, however, and that is the -spirit and desire to collect first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> editions of special authors was -never greater than it is now. Undoubtedly, the desire to write books -as well as to read them is an element to be dealt with, and if it were -possible for the publisher to be so gifted that he would publish only -books that were really worth publishing, much of the rubbish now being -issued and which has only an ephemeral sale would never spoil paper and -print. We shall, I suppose, never get perfection, but that is no reason -why we should not aim at getting it.</p> - -<p>Take poetry, for instance. In my young days, Milton, Tupper, -Longfellow, Keats, Shelley, Byron, with others, were considered the -leading sellers, while Tennyson, W. Morris, Swinburne, Lewis Morris, -the Brownings, were fast pushing some of the older poets out of -existence and gaining a deserved popularity, which will last for many -generations. Tennyson's popularity was such that it was reported that -when he changed his publishers from Moxon to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> Strahan the latter -promised to give him annually the sum of £4,500 for the right to -publish his books. There are few poets to-day who could command such an -arrangement.</p> - -<p>Then there is Swinburne, who in one of his volumes had expressed -himself somewhat too realistically and was refused further publication -by E. Moxon. Some of his later works were issued by J.C. Hotten and -afterwards by Chatto & Windus. There are few, if any, publishers to-day -who would take up the Moxon attitude, but times have changed for the -better.</p> - -<p>In 1890 there were 114 volumes of poetry published, in 1891, 146; and I -should conclude that from that period up to the beginning of the war, -the number issued fluctuated to a very small extent. In the classified -analysis of books and new editions published in 1917, poetry and the -drama numbered 544, while in 1918 there were 642 published, which shows -that the war<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> has had a considerable influence in providing food for -the imagination, poetry being frequently a true interpretation of the -feelings of the individual as well as of the nation.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>The Victorian era was noted for the issue of many books which sent -a thrill of excitement through both the religious and intellectual -world. It was in 1867 that "Essays and Reviews" was published, and -as it contained contributions by some of the leading men of that -period, it greatly influenced the tendency towards liberty of thought -and helped forward the period when human life and reason should have -its consideration as well as the supernatural. Darwin's "Origin of -Species" was still a living influence, although published in 1859, -and undoubtedly prepared the way for such men as Huxley and Herbert -Spencer. It is not too much to say that these, with other books by men -of like opinions, created the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> spirit of reason and toleration which is -having its effect upon the life and education of to-day.</p> - -<p>The Victorian era has also been termed the age of the novelist. To -a certain extent that is true, as we undoubtedly had during Queen -Victoria's reign some of the greatest authors of fiction that this -nation has ever produced. To confirm this it is only necessary to -mention the names of such men as Charles Dickens, W.M. Thackeray, -George Meredith, Thomas Hardy, R.D. Blackmore, H.S. Merriman, C. -Kingsley, S.R. Crockett, Charles Reade, Anthony Trollope, Wilkie -Collins, Charles Lever, Lord Lytton. All of these authors still have -a large number of readers and admirers and their circulation has been -enormous.</p> - -<p>It is perhaps a debatable question whether the female novelists of this -period will live as long as the male novelist. Undoubtedly there were -many whose works had very important sales, such as Charlotte<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> Brontë, -Mrs. Henry Wood, Miss Braddon, Miss Muloch, Miss C.M. Yonge, Edna -Lyall, Mrs. Sewell, Mrs. Oliphant, with many others; but I think it -very doubtful if a collected edition, from a literary point of view, of -many of these authors will ever be undertaken by a publisher.</p> - -<p>At this period the publishing arrangements between this country and -America were in a most unsatisfactory condition, there being only -a Copyright Act which allowed an American to possess copyright in -England while no Englishman could hold copyright in the United States, -so that directly a book obtained popularity in either country it was -reprinted, much to the loss of both author and publisher. I remember -that in America a very popular novel had been published entitled -"Arthur Bonnicastle." The American publisher, with the idea of securing -copyright in England, had the last chapter printed and published here -prior to the publication of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> the book, but a firm of London publishers, -knowing its popularity in America, had printed an edition before -hearing of the arrangement for the last chapter. They were therefore -compelled to strike out the last chapter, as the copyright in this -country had been secured, and issued the book with an explanatory -preface exposing the injustice of allowing an American firm to secure -copyright in this country while no Englishman could hold copyright in -the United States. This action probably helped considerably the passing -of the various Copyright Acts which have made it now possible for the -authors in each country to obtain greater satisfaction from the results -of their labours than they had done in previous years.</p> - -<p>It was about 1870 that Edna Lyall's books became very popular, and, -being on very friendly terms with Mr. C. Layton, the representative in -London of Messrs. Appleton & Co. of New York, I suggested<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> that his -firm should reprint this author's books in America. This was done, -and they proved a very great success. There was, however, one very -satisfactory arrangement between the principal American publishers -which I dare say may have existed in this country. This was that -any American publisher who was first in the field with an English -author was not afterwards interfered with, however popular the author -might become. I know this was the case with Edna Lyall, who received -considerable sums from her American publishers, although they had no -copyright in her books.</p> - -<p>In relation to copyright, I will mention a great event which took -place in 1912: the closing for ever of the necessary registration -at Stationers' Hall of all books published to secure copyright. -The original charter was granted in 1557 and varied according to -alterations made by Parliament. The old Copyright Act was limited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> to -seven years after the death of the author, or forty-two years from -the date of publication, whichever should be longer. The new Act gave -a term of copyright for life and fifty years after. It came into -operation on July 1, 1912, and from that date no registration was -required.</p> - -<p>Though the new Act has undoubtedly many advantages one cannot help -regretting that this source of important details respecting titles, -authors and other information, has now ceased and that a system which -shows the registration of some of Shakespeare's plays, and many other -books of which all lovers of English literature are justly proud, is -closed for ever. The last book to be registered by the Stationers' -Company was "A Guide to the Shops Act," which appears rather an -ignominious ending.</p> - -<p>One never-to-be-forgotten event took place in 1885, upon the -publication of the Revised Version of the Bible. The Oxford<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> & -Cambridge University Presses had united in purchasing the publishing -rights, for which it was reported they paid some £20,000. The New -Testament had been published in 1881, and it was reported that over one -million copies were sold within twenty-four hours of its publication, -so when the complete Bible was issued the excitement was intense. -Numbers could only be supplied in small quantities and for many weeks -the greatest anxiety prevailed in the trade. The desire to obtain -copies not only for this country but also for our Colonies was very -great. Eventually the supply was equal to the demand, but, judging -from opinions now occasionally expressed, it does not appear that the -revised edition is the final edition. In all probability we shall have -a revised edition of the revised version.</p> - -<p>While speaking of the Bible, I am proud to be the possessor of a copy -of the one hundred copies produced for the Caxton<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> Celebration in 1877. -This copy was presented to me by Mr. Frowde, who had so much to do with -its production by the Oxford University Press. At a luncheon given -after the opening of the Caxton Exhibition, at which Mr. Gladstone, -amongst others, was present, he addressed the audience, and, holding up -a copy of this edition in his hand, explained how it had been produced. -This, he said, was partly performed at Oxford and partly at London. The -impression was limited to 100 copies, and not a sheet was worked from -the printing press until the clock struck two on the morning of the -30th June, 1877, the day of the luncheon; the copies were then printed, -dried, hot pressed and sent to London by an early train, taken to the -binding works of the Oxford warehouse, rolled, folded, rolled again, -pressed, collated, sewed, backed, cut, gilt, and excellently bound -in morocco, all within twelve hours. The first copy was sent to Mr. -Gladstone. The production<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> of such a book in such a short space of time -must have created a record. It was a wonderful performance of which the -Oxford University Press may be justly proud, and I am very delighted to -possess a copy.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Probably there is no other word in the English language that conveys a -greater and a more varied meaning than that of Books. Besides reminding -us of the books we have known and loved, it also throws the mind back -to ancient history and the records handed down to us on Babylonian -bricks or Egyptian papyrus. It was said by St. John, some 2,000 years -ago, that if all the books had been written which might have been -written upon a particular subject, the world itself could not contain -them. If the world could not have contained them 2,000 years ago, what -would have been the condition of affairs since the introduction of -printing?</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> - -<p>Records of different nationalities are being continually discovered -and printed, and there are few things more fascinating than the -knowledge they reveal of ancient history and the manners and customs -of the ancient peoples. Recent explorations have greatly added to our -knowledge of the past and probably, when some of the Eastern peoples -have settled down to peaceable pursuits instead of national war and -strife, we shall have given to us from the sands of Asia and Africa, -records and information which will astonish the world, for if, as Dr. -Keith states, this world has probably been inhabited for some fifteen -millions of years it is to be hoped that records of its peoples' lives -and habits exist, and that in some way they have been preserved.</p> - -<p>Although all lovers of books and literature are interested in these -ancient records, I do not intend attempting even a sketch of these -fascinating periods of history and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> literature, but shall deal with a -slight summary of a few names of authors, from the time of the first -book printed by Caxton in 1474. This was entitled "Recuyell of the -Historyes of Troye," which it is said laid a foundation upon which -has been built the greatest of all the elements which will endow the -world with civilization. It is generally understood that one hundred -different volumes were issued from the Caxton press. It is, I suppose, -a somewhat debatable question whether true literature really gained or -lost by the introduction of printing; but it is quite certain that its -influence for good has been very great. By the making of books, and -thus being able to circulate in a cheaper form the old literature and -help on the making of the new, it acted as a stimulus for good which -developed greatly during the following centuries.</p> - -<p>Take the Bible alone; it is to the wide circulation given to it through -the intro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>duction of printing that we owe the peace and goodwill -that are by degrees permeating the civilized world. We do not know -what literature had been destroyed during previous ages, but through -the printing press many great authors of the fifteenth and sixteenth -century have been preserved and have left for all time works of which -the English-speaking race are justly proud. Among these authors are -Francis Bacon, Francis Beaumont, William Camden, George Chapman, John -Donne, M. Drayton, R. Hakluyt, G. Herbert, Richard Hooker, Ben Jonson, -John Knox, John Lyly, Robert Herrick, Christopher Marlowe, Sir Walter -Ralegh, William Shakespeare, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spencer, and -many others.</p> - -<p>The authors of the seventeenth century also contributed largely to -the literature of this country, among them being Joseph Addison, -Richard Baxter, Sir T. Browne, John Bunyan, the Earl of Clarendon, -John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> Dryden, John Locke, John Milton, Samuel Pepys, Sir W. Temple, -Henry Vaughan, Edmund Waller, Isaac Walton, Daniel Defoe, A. Pope, S. -Richardson and Jonathan Swift. This list could be largely increased -by the addition of many well-known authors of later periods, but -undoubtedly the introduction of printing greatly stimulated the love of -literature and books which has grown up to the present day.</p> - -<p>I have not attempted to give the names of authors who lived during the -eighteenth or nineteenth century as many of them are as familiar as -household words. During the last and the present century, there have -been many authors whose works will be read by generations yet to come, -but it is quite a question whether or no a great change has not taken -place in the present-day lovers of books, both in the serious reader -as well as the lover of lighter literature. Undoubtedly the war has -not only made people think, but has made them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> reason upon the why -and the wherefore of things. I cannot help feeling that the future of -literature as well as that of daily life will have to be viewed from -more solidly scientific foundations, and people will want books in -which the facts of life are interwoven with the everyday possibilities -of life and much of the supernatural imaginings will have gone for -ever. Future authors have a great source in the present to draw upon -in the moral and physical as well as the ideal life. Those who have -the clearest ideas upon these points will be those whose works will be -handed down to the generations yet to come. These views are not so much -from the authors' point of view, as of one who has been associated with -books and has watched events for over sixty years. During that period -there have been many and important changes in the character of books as -well as of public opinion with regard to them. I anticipate, however, -that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> greater changes are possible in the near future.</p> - -<p>From my own observation I cannot help feeling that the future of making -and selling books, apart from authorship, will involve many changes. -What a great influence must have been exercised by the sending out to -the trenches and to all the various departments and agencies connected -with the war, the millions of books and miscellaneous reading matter -to those engaged in the war. Few people realize to what an enormous -extent this was done. It was officially stated that in January, 1919, -the Camps Library dispatched to France 129,000 novels, and 60,000 other -publications were forwarded regularly every week. These are in addition -to those sent out by the American Government and by the Y.M.C.A. and -other agencies, and as there will be more money earned in the future -by the people generally than there has ever been before,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> it is to be -hoped that they will spend some of it upon books.</p> - -<p>What I shall hope to see is that every place which is established -for public recreation or instruction has a well-selected library and -reading-room. We can only speculate upon the good this would do, -although I am firmly convinced that the great work which the Free -Libraries have done, and are still doing, will be largely extended. Our -young people must have some place of interest to which they can always -go. Then we shall be a happier and more contented people. Besides -this, the author with high and noble ideals will have some object in -producing works which help to nobler thoughts and aspirations, works -which lead to a higher and better life. Books enable us to realize -our lives and make us feel the wonder and mystery of the world, they -widen our horizon and create a sympathy with humanity. The influence of -literature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> marks the growth of liberty and joy.</p> - -<p>The buying and selling of books is a delightful occupation. The -bookseller in his work lives in a bygone world as well as in the -present. Speaking for myself, I know what a comfort it is in old age -to have an exhaustless treasury in books, to have the best in life of -all the ages to fall back upon. The man who gives up his work to enjoy -old age has nothing to fear if his mind is enriched by knowledge of the -best in life and can enjoy the sympathy and friendship of books.</p> - -<p>My own love of books was the cause of my entering to a small extent -into authorship. Besides occasionally contributing to our trade -journals, I also wrote articles in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" -on publishing, etc., and also in "The Nineteenth Century," "The -Fortnightly Review," and other journals. Some of these I afterwards -collected in a volume which I published in 1912 under the title of -"The Fascination<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> of Books." I have also issued volumes entitled -"The Pleasure of Literature and the Solace of Books," "Saunterings -in Bookland," and others. I have also published yearly since 1903, -a little "Friend to Friend Kalendar," to which each year I have -contributed a poem on Friendship. This has not only had a large -circulation, but has brought me many letters of appreciation and added -to my many friendships.</p> - -<p>The trade of the bookseller, as we now know him, has gradually -developed from the early part of the last century. Until then the -bookseller either largely printed, or in association with other -publisher-booksellers joined in producing, many of the books they -sold, the various bookselling partners whose names were on the -title page sometimes numbering over twenty different firms. The -making and selling of books has now developed into many different -channels. There is the Author, the Author's Agent, the Publisher, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> -wholesale Distributor, and lastly, but not the least important, is the -Bookseller. These various mediums through which most books must pass, -have to be considered, particularly as regards terms, and although a -book may cost little in its production, there are many expenses to be -considered before its selling price can be fixed. This has led to much -dissatisfaction during the past fifty years, and although arrangements -entirely satisfactory to the trade generally have not yet been made, -it is now in a more flourishing condition than it has ever been. What -I think is now required is the formation of a Booksellers' Central -Committee, of which Authors, Publishers, and Booksellers should become -members. This would exclude the Author's Agent and every one not -directly connected with the trade of bookselling, as printers, binders -and others have their own organizations. Committees of each branch of -the trade should be formed to deal with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> all trade technicalities, -but discussions by the members in Council would be allowed upon any -departmental difficulty, and the decision of the whole body accepted as -final.</p> - -<p>In connexion with this body, an arrangement might be made whereby the -trade assistants could have a separate establishment for educational -and other matters connected with the trade. They should have the -power of electing a certain number of members to represent them when -any Trades Union or other difficult question came up for general -consideration. The future is full of difficulties, and it is only -through friendly discussions among the various representatives of all -departments of the bookselling trade that these difficulties can be -satisfactorily settled.</p> - -<p>The need for some progressive alteration in the trade must be apparent -to every one associated with it, especially when we look back for -some fifty years and remember<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> the difficulties that then existed -respecting the giving of discounts to the public, and then consider how -during the terrible war now brought to a close and in the years since, -the question of discounts has seldom arisen. Those who remember the -difficulties which the discount system caused at the before-mentioned -period will feel thankful for the part taken in its abolition by the -united action of the Publishers' and Booksellers' Associations, and -especially by the general establishment of the net book system and in -many cases the doing away with the odd copy. But this subject has been -more fully dealt with in the chapter on Underselling.</p> - -<p>It is, however, only by trade organization that difficulties which -must in future arise can be solved, and it is to be hoped that it -will further the interest of the assistants and the younger members -of the trade so that instead of that want of knowledge which we often -hear expressed, we shall<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> have men engaged who are worthy of their -craft, and with altered surroundings bookselling, if not regarded as a -profession, may be considered as an occupation of light and leading.</p> - -<p>I have not dealt here with what is known as the second-hand bookseller. -He is the one individual in our trade whom I envy. It is true that -while he deals with the books of the past the ordinary bookseller deals -with those of the present, and those to come. His knowledge, however, -of his particular branch of trade is, I think, wonderful, for not only -does he know the history of a book from its birth to its place upon his -shelves, but a little conversation with him and a walk round his shop -and the taking down some of the books from their shelves, is sufficient -to make any book-lover forget this world in the pleasure and imaginings -of those precious treasures which to know is to revere.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a></p> - -<p class="center">Some Personal Associations</p> - - -<p class="drop">I <span class="uppercase">have</span> entitled this chapter "Some Personal Associations," and will -first speak of a great and happy event which was only ended after -forty-three years of married life.</p> - -<p>It was in 1868 that I became engaged and in 1870 married, a marriage -for which no man ever had more cause to be thankful than myself, owing -to the true happiness of my married life, the sympathy, kind thought -and consideration of my late wife. In fact, everything which goes to -make this life worth living was mine, or I may say ours.</p> - -<p>Like everything earthly, alas! it came to an end; but while memory -lasts it will never be forgotten. Recalling all this,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> while thankful -for a very happy past, I face what is left to me of the future with a -thankful heart. I am also thankful for my dear children, who have all -taken up their positions in life and are battling with its duties. They -are to me an inexpressible comfort and a blessing, and I can only hope -they will pass through and enjoy their lives as much as I have done -mine.</p> - -<p>I should like to refer here to one other great event in my life, that -of becoming a Managing Director of Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & -Co., Ltd., in 1894. My great aim in life had always been to climb the -ladder of prosperity as far as I possibly could.</p> - -<p>While speaking of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., I may mention a few -traditional facts regarding the origin and development of that -important firm in its connexion with the bookselling trade. Its -originator and founder was Mr. Benjamin Crosby, whose descendants are -now represented by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> firm of Messrs. Crosby, Lockwood & Co., and -whose predecessors were in past years partners of Simpkin, Marshall -& Co. Mr. Benjamin Crosby came from Yorkshire to London and was -apprenticed to a bookseller, James Nunn, in Great Queen Street; he -afterwards worked for George Robinson, who was then considered the -"King of Booksellers"; finally, he took over the business of Mr. -Stalker in Stationers' Hall Court, whose premises were then situated -upon the same ground as the buildings now occupied by Simpkin, -Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co. After an attack of paralysis in 1814, -Mr. Benjamin Crosby parted with his business to W. Simpkin and R. -Marshall. I have always understood that Simpkin was a hatter in Bridge -Street, Blackfriars, and, having capital, he associated himself with -Marshall, who was an assistant of Benjamin Crosby.</p> - -<p>They, however, took over only the London trade portion of the business, -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> country portion going to Baldwin, Cradock & Joy. This firm failed -in 1837, and the country portion of the old firm came into the hands of -Simpkin, Marshall & Co.</p> - -<p>In 1829 Simpkin retired from the business, and the financial management -of the firm was taken over by Mr. John Miles, senior, under whose -supervision very satisfactory results were obtained. Mr. Miles was -also associated with the publishing business of Joseph Johnson of -St. Paul's Churchyard, who issued the works of the poet Cowper, the -critical writings of Priestley, and other important works. Being thus -connected with bookselling, Mr. Miles placed his two elder sons in -important positions in the trade. The one, named after his father, -entered the firm of Simpkin, Marshall & Co., and Mr. Joseph Johnson -Miles, evidently named after his publisher friend, entered the firm -of Hamilton, Adams & Co. Later on, two other sons of Mr. John Miles, -senior, entered the firm of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> Simpkin, Marshall & Co., and still later -several grandsons became partners in the two separate firms before -mentioned.</p> - -<p>The same traditions of business were continued and carried on for -nearly eighty years. It is rather remarkable that, in the period which -followed, an amalgamation should take place in 1889 between these two -firms and Messrs. W. Kent & Co., and that, after so many years of -competition, they should be brought together into one trading company.</p> - -<p>In the busy whirl of Stationers' Hall Court, though there was little -opportunity for humour, something occasionally happened that permeated -the whole house with amusement, such as when a mistake had been made -and one of the partners tried to find out who had made it. However, -not being able to discover the offender, he came at last to the most -humorous man in the house and tried to fasten it upon him but failed. -"Well," he said, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> energy, "I must hang somebody." After a pause, -the answer came: "Hang me, sir; I want a rise." With a smile the -principal left the room and nothing more was heard of the mistake.</p> - -<p>Many such incidents have occurred, but they have been lost by the -hurrying on of time. This subject, however, has been dealt with in an -article entitled "Bookselling and some of its Humours," in my volume on -"The Fascination of Books," published in 1912.</p> - -<p>Among my later duties at Stationers' Hall Court was that of -superintending the purchase, or, as it is termed, the subscription of -new books. Every new book issued from the various publishers was first -submitted to Simpkin, Marshall & Co., and the number they bought often -governed the numbers purchased by the various members of the trade. -These varied according to the author's reputation and the sales of -their previous issues, and in many cases<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> from a small number to many -hundreds were usually ordered. I remember on one occasion a 6<i>s.</i> book -by a popular novelist was submitted to us and an order given for 12,000 -copies. October is undoubtedly the most important publishing month of -the year, and upon many days during that period, between 150 to 200 -different books have frequently been offered for subscription.</p> - -<p>In 1917 I retired from the position of a Managing Director, but still -remain one of the Directors of the Company. It is to me a very great -pleasure to be still associated with a house to which I owe so much -and occasionally to see the many valued friends with whom I have been -associated for over fifty years. Although I have nominally ceased to be -a bookseller yet I have several connexions which I hope will keep me -in touch with the trade as long as I live. Besides being a Director of -Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> Ltd., I have been for many -years Chairman of Messrs. Henry Williams & Co. (Old Bailey), Ltd., also -a Director of Messrs. C.W. Faulkner & Co., Ltd., and other companies, -so I am still anything but an idle man.</p> - -<p>Although this chapter may appear somewhat egotistical, during my life -in London I have been connected with many trade and other associations -which have been more or less of a personal as well as of an interesting -character, and I mention these facts to show that I have not been -indifferent to or wanting in sympathy with the various undertakings in -which I am concerned.</p> - -<p>My first experience was in joining the Committee of the Early Closing -Association, then in quite an elementary condition. Like many other -Associations which have had small beginnings, it has worked its way -through storm and sunshine and has done, and is still doing, much -useful work. At the present moment, it is one of the great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> helpful -influences in bettering the condition of the worker. At one of our -meetings, held, I think, at St. James's Hall, I had the honour of -being on the platform with Anthony Trollope, the great novelist, and -John McGregor of Rob Roy fame, who each made delightfully interesting -speeches which helped greatly to popularize the Association. I always -felt an interest in young men's associations, and joined one while -living near Highbury. It was at this time that what was then called -Mock Parliaments were usually one of the items in the season's -programme.</p> - -<p>At one of these gatherings with which I was associated, I little -thought what a prominent position its leading speakers would hold -in the future. The debate on this occasion was a vote of want of -confidence in Lord Beaconsfield's Foreign policy, as just then there -was much opposition and discontent respecting his actions. This vote -of censure was moved by Lawson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> Walton, who was destined to become -Attorney-General; the present Sir Robert Perks seconded the resolution. -The Chairman or Speaker for the occasion was Sir Clarence Smith, -recently one of the Sheriffs of the City of London. Needless to say, -the motion was carried unanimously. It is pleasant to look back upon -the day of small things and to see the development of lives that are -useful both in their surroundings and to the state.</p> - -<p>Another interesting Association was that of the University Extension, -of the Finsbury Park branch of which I was Chairman for several years. -During the autumn of one of our sessions, it was suggested that we -should ask Chevalier Marconi, who was just then beginning to be -known as an inventor of some new method of telegraphy, to give us a -demonstration of his wireless process. He agreed to do so, but little -did we think what would be the result of this system and what wonderful -influence his dis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>covery would have upon the civilised world.</p> - -<p>As Chairman, it was my pleasurable duty to receive Chevalier -Marconi, and I was greatly surprised to find so young and apparently -inexperienced a person. A few minutes' conversation, however, soon -showed that he had a firm foundation for the subject which he was -developing. We had arranged to get communication between Highgate and -New Southgate, where we were holding the demonstration. Unfortunately, -the poles for dispatching the messages to be sent from Highgate did -not arrive in time, so we had to content ourselves with having the -messages sent from a field close by. Everything worked to our entire -satisfaction, and various messages were received stamped in accordance -with the Morse system. Whenever there is any further development of the -Marconi system I look back upon this meeting with considerable interest -and satisfaction. Since then, I have met Chevalier Marconi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> on various -occasions, and he has always struck me as a man of a great personal -character and solid determination. One thing which I remember to have -heard him say was that "My father was an Italian and my mother an -Irishwoman, but I call myself an Englishman"; and I am sure he is one -of whom we are all proud.</p> - -<p>My association with politics began with my early years at home, when -I watched my father, carrying the Union Jack, marching at the head -of the voters in our village to the polling booth. Although father -was not in any way a public man, he knew what progress meant and was -always on that side. I do not remember any political influence being -exercised upon me in my young days, and appeared naturally to drift -into the ranks of Liberalism, a drifting which I have never regretted. -Being an active student of parliamentary events, shortly after coming -to London, I obtained admission to the Strangers'<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> Gallery at the -House of Commons, and soon felt a keen interest in politics and often -afterwards visited the House. I have many times walked to Islington -from the Houses of Parliament at two o'clock in the morning after -having listened to some interesting debate. I have heard Gladstone, -Disraeli, and most of the party leaders in both Houses. I was in -the Gallery of the House of Commons when W.E. Forster was carrying -through the Elementary Education Act and the Vote by Ballot Bill. -These were opposed, for the Conservative Party, by the then Sir -Stafford Northcote, and, although my mind was quite made up as to their -desirability, when hearing the eloquence and arguments from the other -side, without a strong opinion one might have been easily carried over -to the Opposition.</p> - -<p>In 1888 I greatly enjoyed a visit to the House, on the occasion when -Mr. Ritchie, as he then was, brought in the Bill to create the London -County Council. Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> Gladstone sat on the Opposition Bench with Sir -James Stansfeld, the Member for Halifax and the President of the -Local Government Board in the previous Liberal Administration. As Mr. -Ritchie unfolded his scheme, both Mr. Gladstone and Sir James Stansfeld -were busy taking notes. When the main details of the Bill had been -explained, they both ceased, being apparently satisfied with the scope -of the Bill. As soon as Mr. Ritchie sat down, Mr. Gladstone rose. In a -short and eloquent speech, he complimented the hon. gentleman on his -proposed Bill and said that although he might suggest some amendments -in Committee, they, as a party, quite approved of the principles of -the Bill. Owing to Mr. Gladstone's statement, what was expected to -be a hot party debate ended in a satisfactory agreement. Even after -such interesting proceedings as these, I have always felt that the -anticipation of a debate in Parliament is greater than the pleasure -realized.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> - -<p>This Bill was eventually passed, and among the candidates for -membership of the new London County Council was Lord Rosebery, who -stood for the City of London. I had the pleasure of hearing him address -several meetings, and, although from a public point of view he was -a comparatively young man, he spoke with great thought and feeling, -always carrying his audience with him. He was of course returned, and -was elected the first Chairman of this important Council.</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding that nearly all my life I have been more or less -associated with politics, and for over forty years have been upon the -register of voters, I have never voted on the winning side except on -the occasion when Mr. A.J. Balfour stood for the City of London. I -still hope I may do so before I die.</p> - -<p>It was in the year 1885, after the passing of the Redistribution -Bill, that I became more closely associated with politics. By<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> this -Redistribution Act, Middlesex (for many years it had been represented -by two members) was divided into seven constituencies. I joined the -Liberal Association in Hornsey, one of the new divisions, and the -one in which I then lived, and from that time onwards took an active -part in their proceedings. On the eve of the first elections in these -divisions, we had a big send-off meeting of the Middlesex candidates -at the Holloway Hall, at which the great Liberal veteran Mr. Samuel -Morley presided. Many leading politicians were present, including -Sir Charles Dilke, Mr. W.S. Caine, Mr. Alfred Milner (now Viscount -Milner), who stood for the Harrow Division, Mr. S.D. Waddy, and others. -Great enthusiasm prevailed, but the success at the polling booth was -not as great as we anticipated, and the Hornsey Division returned -a Conservative, which it continued to do until a fresh division of -Middlesex took place under the Act of 1918. Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Carvel Williams, the -champion for Disestablishment of the Church, was our president; he was -a most able and eloquent speaker, full of work and energy and equal to -any emergency, but although we had occasionally such speakers as Mr. -Asquith, Mr. Lloyd George, and other leading politicians of that day, -success at the poll was never obtained.</p> - -<p>I was for many years chairman of the Council, and that brought me in -touch with many men of light and leading. I was, however, compelled to -give it up, as so many other duties had a more special call upon my -time. In 1904 I was induced to join the non-political party which was -standing for the London County Council Division of Stoke Newington, and -was returned.</p> - -<p>And here let me state that I have a great objection to party feeling -in local affairs. It is quite bad enough when carried to extremes -in parliamentary contests, but local affairs should be dealt with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> -entirely from the local point of view of what is best and from none -other. Having made many new friends and being elected to the Library -Committee, I found myself in my element amongst books. Before the Free -Library was started at Stoke Newington, with my good friend Mr. A.W. -Mackenzie, I originated a private Free Library in the Finsbury Park -District, and although this library was not very large it was very -serviceable. It was carried on by voluntary aid and contributions, and, -in accordance with the Act passed in 1892, afterwards taken over by the -Council of Stoke Newington.</p> - -<p>When this Free Library was opened, thanks to the Carnegie Trust, I had -the honour of seeing my name engraved with others on a stone tablet -as a record of those who were associated with the founding of it. -My relations with Stoke Newington were always of the most pleasant -character, as there were many book lovers on the Committee, among them -being Mr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> Wynne Baxter and Mr. Charles Welsh, the noted City Librarian.</p> - -<p>It was during my membership of the Stoke Newington Council that I -received tickets of invitation to the inauguration of the L.C.C. -Passenger Steamboat Service on the Thames, which had been constructed -at an outlay of nearly £300,000. Our present King, with some of the -young Princes, headed the fleet of steamers which went from Temple -Pier to Greenwich and back. Altogether it was a most pleasant trip, -but events followed which brought this venture to an end, a decision -from many points of view much to be regretted. It occurs to me, -however, that if more attention were given to the banks of the Thames -by building an Embankment on the south side similar to that on the -north side, there is no reason why it should not eventually become in -every way as attractive as the rivers which flow through so many of the -Continental cities.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> - -<p>About this time I became a member of the New Vagabond Club, and enjoyed -for many years the various dinners given to some of the leading men of -the time. These were usually held at the Hotel Cecil, and I have known -over 500 ladies and gentlemen to be present on some of the important -occasions. The Club was very cosmopolitan: Bishops, Members of -Parliament, the theatrical profession, authors—in fact, anyone who was -then in the public eye was certain to receive an invitation to some of -the dinners. When this club became incorporated with the old Playgoers' -Club, many, like myself, felt that these Sunday festivities did not -quite fall in with their ordinary way of spending the day of rest, and -I was compelled to retire from it.</p> - -<p>Another association of which I am particularly proud to be one of the -vice-presidents, is the Booksellers' Provident Institution, and the -Booksellers' Provident Retreat; the former I joined in 1869, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> for -over fifty years have been an active member on its committees. This -great institution was inaugurated on February 15, 1837, at Stationers' -Hall, and during the greater part of its existence it has had for its -president some one representing either the house of Longman or Murray. -It is an institution of which every member is proud, and should be more -appreciated in the trade than it is, for it has done, and is still -doing, work of great value to its necessitous members.</p> - -<p>The opening ceremony of the Booksellers' Retreat took place in 1846. -The great novelist Lord Lytton presided, and a sum of £800 was -collected. At this Retreat there are seven pleasantly situated houses -occupied either by members or their widows, and the occupants of these -houses, owing to the funds at the disposal of the Committee, have their -lives not only extended but made thoroughly happy and comfortable.</p> - -<p>In 1872 there was a great effort made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> by many of the London -Booksellers' Assistants to found an institution which would be always -open to its members for educational and social purposes. The proposal -met with support, and much discussion upon details took place; but the -only decision arrived at was that it should be called the Booksellers' -Literary Institution. After many meetings and discussions it was -given up and the committee dissolved. It was a noble object, and I -sincerely hope that in the future some such organization will come into -existence, for it is badly wanted both for the assistants and the trade -generally.</p> - -<p>In 1898 I had the honour of being elected a member of the Worshipful -Company of Stationers, which is so associated, especially in the -past, with literature and books. I am sure every one who takes the -opportunity of going through the Hall will feel proud of this almost -sacred building. It has a history connected with the makers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> and -distributors of literature which is an honour not only to the trade but -to the nation; I sincerely hope that the policy now being advocated by -the City Livery Club, of which I am also a member, that of more closely -associating the various Livery Companies with the trade or craft by -which they are designated, will be successful. If this can be done, it -will be better for the various City Guilds, as well as the particular -trades after which the Guilds are named.</p> - -<p>In 1897 the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII, inaugurated -the Hospital Fund which still bears his name, to commemorate the -sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign. One of the means adopted to -assist in raising funds was the issue of a series of stamps which -varied in price. This series met with great success, and the public -issue of the stamps was entrusted to Simpkin, Marshall & Co. After it -had run its course and added considerably to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> the Hospital funds, it -was decided by the authorities that the issue should be discontinued, -and that the plates from which the stamps had been printed should be -destroyed. A special day was fixed for this purpose, and our present -King and Queen, then the Prince and Princess of Wales, kindly consented -to undertake this task. The destruction of the plates took place at the -Bank of England in a small room, and another Director of our Company -and myself were selected to see the operation completed. It was a most -interesting occasion, and, being in so small and informal a place, the -talk between the half-dozen or so witnesses and the Royal destroyers -was very pleasant. With a strong file which was handed to her, the -Princess of Wales, in a most business-like way, rubbed the face of the -metal plates of the stamps and thereby made it impossible for any more -to be printed. Though it all happened in a very short space of time,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> -it was a delightful as well as an historic gathering.</p> - -<p>While speaking of Royalty, I am reminded of an occasion when Edward -VII, then Prince of Wales, opened the Free Library at Lambeth under the -Chairmanship of Mr. Tate, who contributed largely to the Library funds. -The Prince made an excellent speech, short and to the point, although -his articulation was not very clear. This, I suppose, arose through the -many languages which it was necessary for him to master, and it struck -me at the time that his accent was more like that of a foreigner who -had learned English than an Englishman's.</p> - -<p>On the issuing of the eleventh edition of the "Encyclopædia -Britannica," I was asked by the editor to write two articles on -Bookselling and Publishing, with biographical notices of British -and American publishers' houses. I did this with much pleasure, and -afterwards received an in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>vitation to a dinner at the Hotel Cecil to -celebrate the Encyclopædia's completion and publication. Among some -600 guests who were present, there were representatives of great -distinction from every department of learning, such as the Speaker -of the House of Commons, Mr. Balfour, Sir W. Harcourt, Lord Brassey, -Lord Bryce and Viscount Wolseley. These names are sufficiently -representative of the guests, although it would be difficult to give a -complete list of them. Altogether, it was a wonderful gathering, and my -association with it was most gratifying to me.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a></p> - -<p class="center">The Bookselling Trade and Underselling</p> - - -<p class="drop">T<span class="uppercase">he</span> published price of a book being publicly advertised, there is -probably no other trade which gives the same opportunity of attracting -the public by underselling as that of Bookselling, and evils of a -greater or less degree in this direction have been practised since the -days of Caxton. In the early days of the nineteenth century serious -attention was directed to underselling, and an association formed -entitled "The Associated Booksellers." This was formed in 1812, but -the notorious Lackington carried underselling, and what he termed -"remainders," to such an extreme that the very existence of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> -Bookselling trade was seriously threatened. This Association, however, -lacked sufficient strength to take the necessary steps to stop the -underselling mania, and it was not until 1850 that another Booksellers' -Association was formed which nobly fought a most difficult and trying -battle. The Association failed, owing to the decision in 1852 by Lord -Campbell, Mr. Grote, and Dean Milman that the question of a bookseller -having "paid the purchase money shall not resell it under a certain -price, derogated from the rights of ownership which, as purchaser, -he had acquired." This decision had the effect of dissolving the -Association.</p> - -<p>Some years after attention was again directed to the evil of -underselling, which it has taken nearly a century to bring to an end, -for it is hoped that by the adoption of publishing on the net book -system and the Publishers' and Booksellers' Associations, discounts -to the public will be entirely abolished. On looking through the -volume<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> for 1864 of that consistently intelligent trade journal, "The -Bookseller," I find the editor saying that "The opening of the new -season appears to be a very appropriate time for a few remarks upon -the ruinous system of underselling, which seems to be the rule rather -than the exception, not only in London, but in most provincial cities. -How far it will proceed and what may be the extent of the damage it -may do, none can predict. We, however, believe underselling to be -wholly unnecessary and that it may be checked, if not altogether -stopped, if publishers and booksellers will come to an understanding -on the subject." The article goes on to point out how by publishers, -if necessary, reducing their selling prices, they might do away with -the discount allowed to the public, or, in other words, encourage the -adoption of a net system. It is pleasant to see a letter on this point -issued the same year, and signed by A. Macmillan. When about to publish -their celebrated Globe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> edition of Shakespeare's works at 3<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>, -after speaking of the number of pages, the quality of the paper, the -printing and the binding, Mr. Macmillan goes on to say, "Why should -the trade throw away their profits on a book that needs no further -cheapening to put it within the reach of all. I have neither the will -nor the power to dictate to the trade what they shall sell the books -for after they buy them from us, but I would be glad and grateful if -they would try the experiment on this new book whether the underselling -which has crept in of late years, does good really to anybody." It is -most gratifying that the present head of that firm should have done so -much to bring to an end the unjust system of discounts. It was stated -that nearly 80,000 copies of the Globe Shakespeare were sold within six -months of its publication.</p> - -<p>In 1867, after many years of unrest, matters were again brought -under discussion through Mr. Thomas Bosworth, of Regent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> Street, -giving excessive discounts. I have before me a leaflet issued by this -bookseller entitled "Rattening in the Book Trade." In this leaflet he -complains of Messrs. Hamilton, Adams & Co. having closed his account, -owing to his continuing to sell to the public books at trade prices and -sometimes less than that. This did not continue very long, as I find -that in 1869 he had to make a composition with his creditors. In 1890 -the parent of the Associated Booksellers of Great Britain and Ireland -was formed, under the title of "The London Booksellers' Society," and I -am proud to record that I was one of the early members of its Council. -The main object of the Society was to restrict discounts to 25 per -cent., and it issued a price list from 6<i>d.</i> to £2 2<i>s.</i> showing these -discounts. Had it not been for the introduction of the net system, this -Booksellers' Association would in all probability have followed the -footsteps of its predecessors.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> - -<p>A correspondent in "The Bookseller" for 1877 gives a very despondent -account of the bookseller and the way the bookselling trade was -carried on. This despondency was caused mainly by the iniquitous -system of discounts which were then being given to the public and the -unfair methods of business, owing to the want of harmony and business -regulations. The correspondent says that "A bookseller of to-day -is very often a man who might just as well be a cheese-monger or a -pork-butcher for anything he knows or cares about books; and as for him -being capable of guiding or advising his customers, they have sometimes -no little trouble in making him understand a requirement that lies just -outside the current of popular demands. The cause of this degeneracy -is not far to seek: it is the undignified and unneighbourly scramble -for custom, in which each man's object is to give away a larger -discount in the shilling than anyone else. Unless booksellers can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> be -found who will have the courage to stand out of this scramble and be -content to serve such customers who are willing to pay a fair price -for their books, it is to be feared that the race of booksellers will -become extinct." Fortunately, by the introduction of the net system, -this downward tendency has been stopped, and the bookselling trade is -gradually taking the place it deserves in the world of letters.</p> - -<p>The Publishers' Association was established in 1896. Mainly through the -influence and the exertions of Sir Frederick Macmillan, the net book -scheme was officially recognized by the Publishers' Association. It -has grown ever since that time and has undoubtedly been the salvation -of the Bookselling trade in this country, and it is hoped that it will -lead to further and better conditions for every one connected with the -trade.</p> - -<p>This question of underselling is so closely associated with the -general condition of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> Bookselling trade that I have decided to -reprint in this chapter the following article which appeared in -the "Publishers' Circular" and was written by me in 1915. Though a -development in some of the particulars has been obtained, there is -still much to be done. As the article was reprinted and distributed by -the Associated Booksellers, and I also receive so many congratulatory -letters respecting it, I feel that it may probably be of service when -some of the details of the trade are again under discussion. I have -omitted from the article such portions of it as time has shown to be -unnecessary. What I have here reprinted I hope may be found of interest.</p> - - -<p class="center">SOME NOTES ON BOOK-SELLING</p> - -<blockquote> -<p>In using the term "bookselling," it is intended in this article to -include all those businesses, exclusive of authorship, which are -interested in the making, distribution, and selling of books, and -while offering a few suggestions to these trade organizations, there -will be no attempt to dogmatize on any particular sphere of it. As -their working conditions are so continually<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> changing, these must -therefore fall in with modern requirements or give place to others -which can accommodate themselves to the altered conditions.</p> - -<p>Since the origin of printing there have been differences and -grievances, many of them imaginary, in connexion with the trade of -bookselling. Some of these complaints are characterized as a decay -of the author, the book, or the bookseller; sometimes it is the -over-production of books or their cheapness, due to underselling or to -outside firms being allowed to trade in them, but all these complaints -either die a natural death or turn out to have little foundation, and -the trade goes on in much the same way as it has done for centuries -past. There is occasionally a reason for some of these criticisms, and -although there have been variations in both the production and the -distribution of books, yet many of the salient features remain the -same as those existing in the early days of bookselling.</p> - -<p>Before suggesting a solution of some of the difficulties which we find -current in the bookselling trade to-day, let us inquire into that of -book production.</p> - -<p>Foremost among the real or imaginary difficulties is the question -of over-production. This is, from many points of view, an important -question with distributors of books, both wholesale and retail.</p> - -<p>Take the following interesting particulars, which appear somewhat out -of harmony with our unsatisfactory means of distribution, but when -we compare these figures with those of other countries, they seem -insignificant: In the year 1913, 9,541, and in 1914, 8,863 new books -were published in England. In 1913,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> 10,607, and in 1914, 10,175 new -books were published in America. In the year 1912, 34,801 new books -were published in Germany, and in 1913 no fewer than 35,078 were -issued from their various presses. Nearly four times as many books -were thus yearly produced in Germany as in England—but it must be -admitted that many of these are of a local or ephemeral character—and -over three times as many as in America. A comparison between the -number of authors and their proportion to the population is no less -surprising. In 1910, there were 9,000 writers of books in America; -there were 8,000 in Great Britain; while in Germany there are over -31,000 of such <i>littérateurs</i>. Of course, the war has greatly changed -these figures.</p> - -<p>It is computed that the total number of printed books in the world is -no less than 11,638,810, and that about 8,714,000 of these have been -published subsequently to the year 1800. From 1500 to 1535 the number -of books produced annually averaged only 1,250. It was not until 1700 -that the annual average passed 10,000, and it was not until 1887 that -it reached 100,000. From 1900 to 1908, however, the world's annual -output averaged 174,375. Some interesting statistics relating to the -production of printed books are given in the "Bulletin de l'Institut -International de Bibliographie."</p> - -<p>The complaint of over-production is almost as old as the art of -printing itself, for, according to Charles Knight's "The Old Printer," -it is stated that some Roman printers of the Latin Classics in 1471 -petitioned the Pope to interfere on their behalf. In their petitions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> -they stated that "they were the first who introduced this Art, with -vast labour and cost, into His Holiness's territory, and encouraged -by our example, other printers have done the same. If you peruse the -Catalogue of the books printed by us, you will admire how and where -we could produce a sufficient quantity of paper or even rags for such -a number of volumes. The total of these books amount to 12,475, a -prodigious heap, and intolerable by reason of those unsold. We are -unable to bear the expense of housekeeping for want of buyers, of -which there cannot be a more flagrant proof than that our house is -full of quire books, but void of every necessary of life."</p> - -<p>From this it would appear that the question of over-production has an -early origin and is continually being repeated, but I dare venture the -remark that there is not now or never has been any over-production -in books that are worth putting on the market, and if publishers -would refuse the bribes offered by those anxious to see their names -in print, and only issue such books as in their mature judgment they -consider worth putting before a community of intelligent readers, -there would be less outcry of over-production. This question is very -far-reaching, and especially affects the sellers of books. Frequently -the publishers issue books, the cost being paid by an ambitious -author; but for this the public would probably never hear of him; -the book is shown to the trade, no reference whatever is made to its -origin, and booksellers are often led to buy and stock a book by their -trust in the publisher, and find out to their cost that there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> is no -demand whatever for the book, and it remains upon their shelves. It is -a fair contention that the bookseller should be warned against such -books, in which the publishers have taken no risks, neither should -the booksellers be persuaded into so doing. Undoubtedly, if the trade -is to prosper, there must be more discrimination in selecting stock. -There are now so many influences at work to advertise a book: not -only are there the ordinary media, but an author will go round to the -booksellers, talking about his book, telling them it will sell in -thousands, and that there has never been such a book written before. -Instances have been known where the author has gone to a number of -booksellers and ordered copies of his book, never calling or paying -for them. The bookseller, by these means, has to put into his stock -books which he is unable to sell. There should for safety be a method -of allowing returns to be made of such books before the publishers -make up their accounts; there would then be an inducement for a -bookseller to display a book upon his counter or in his window, with -a possibility of sales being made through the publicity given to the -book.</p> - -<p>Many books are published for which no reasonable market exists, but -as long as education continues to influence the mind there will be -found persons who think their ideas are inspired, and they must give -them expression in the printed book. There is to-day a larger reading -public than ever, and the all-important point is how to get hold of -them. On this point much has been written and said. It is of no use -discussing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> the old methods, so much extolled, of how the bookseller -formerly lived over his shop and existed with, if not by, his books, -and what men of encyclopædic knowledge these ancients were. These -times are gone, and the men are gone with them. We must, therefore, -deal with events as they are to-day. Every one engaged in the business -of bookselling would no doubt confess that he is out, <i>inter alia</i>, to -try and make money and earn a living, and this is one of the points I -wish to discuss. First, the men who constitute the bookselling trade -are probably as intelligent and as up to date in knowledge as they -were in the past. It has been said that the second-hand bookseller -is the only man with a knowledge of books, but this is not so. -Unfortunately, the exigence of our social life often prevents him -from giving as much attention to his trade as formerly. This has been -intensified by the margin of profit not being commensurate with the -labour; therefore in many cases other kindred businesses have been -added to that of bookselling.</p> - -<p>Undoubtedly the greatest benefaction which has ever fallen to the -book trade was the introduction in January, 1900, of the net system. -By this system a reasonable profit was guaranteed, and members of -the book trade were brought together and the trade organized and -extended in a manner which would have been impossible without some -such rallying point as that offered by the net system. This has now -obtained such a hold, both upon the trade and the public, that it must -remain one of the axioms of the bookselling trade.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> - -<p>A similar system was started in America in 1901, and for many years -considerably helped the publishers in that country in organizing the -trade, and protecting that of the bookseller in his attempt to remedy -some of the evils caused by undersellers and unfair competition. -Unfortunately, an adverse decision in the American Supreme Court -in what is known as the "Macy case," caused the members of the -Association to wind up their organization. This was done at the end of -1914.</p> - -<p>In these days of increased business pressure and competition, it -appears especially unfortunate that so large and important an -organization affecting the publishing trade in America should so -suddenly come to an end. It is, however, hoped that the publishers -will be able before long to reconsider the situation and establish in -some form or other a new representative organization to take charge -of and to promote the general interests of the American publishing -and bookselling trades, for, undoubtedly, without some such central -control, the trade of bookselling cannot thrive in the same manner as -it otherwise would do.</p> - -<p>A very important point is the relation of the publishers one to the -other. If there were more trade-regulations to bring into harmony -many of its unwritten laws, some of the difficulties which now often -arise would never occur. At present the Publishers' Association mostly -consider questions outside their own business workings, and nothing -in the shape of terms or personal arrangements is touched upon or -discussed; therefore unnecessary competition and varying terms<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> exist -to a considerable extent. How much unpleasant feeling might be avoided -if some broad but definite rules were laid down for the guidance of -publishers towards each other, and also to the wholesale and retail -bookselling trades. This question will be further discussed later on. -A very important question is, however, now awaiting solution—that of -sending out books on sale or return. Continental booksellers adopted -this method of bringing books before the public many years ago, with a -great amount of success and satisfaction, but of course this is a very -debatable question.</p> - -<p>It appears somewhat difficult for publishers to realize how much could -often be done by a bookseller in pushing the sale of a book if he were -guaranteed against loss: especially is this applicable to a book by -a new author. How much better it would be for author, publisher, and -bookseller, if in certain cases books, such as before mentioned, could -be shown in windows of retail booksellers, and that the publisher -should take them back or exchange them within, say, six months from -publication, if still unsold. By these means books by unknown authors -would get an advertisement such as could be obtained in no other way, -and it would certainly help the bookseller with a show of books which -at present he is unable to obtain.</p> - -<p>It is somewhat strange that so little difficulty regarding cost or -selling price has yet arisen with the issue of the modern cheap -editions of books. These cheap issues are published at net prices, -they yield a fair profit to those through whose hands they pass,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> and -the public are quite satisfied. Recent history of popular literature -shows that success is obtained, not by high prices, but by big sales. -What is wanted is the realization of what Matthew Arnold once wrote, -"that he hoped for the day when food and books shall both alike be -felt as needs."</p> - -<p>In connexion with the trade of publishing, the question is, how -best to help the bookseller to obtain his supply of books, as the -miscellaneous character of the books published, and the increasing -number of publishers, and the cost of "travelling" books in the -country, make it imperative that some distributing medium should be -engaged in this work. In most countries such an agency exists, but -methods vary in each country; it is represented here by the wholesale -agent, who supplies from his own stock or collects from the publishers -everything a country bookseller may have ordered. By some publishers -this agency has a poor recognition, but without such distributing -houses it would be quite impossible for the ordinary retail bookseller -to obtain his supplies, as the public when ordering books scarcely -ever give the publisher's name, and frequently give half a mutilated -title, which only those in daily intercourse with all published -books could recognize, so that this part of a general system of -distribution should not only be fully recognized by the publisher, but -in calculating discounts and expenses this distributing method should -be considered. One is inclined to ask if there is anything wrong with -the trade; if so, is it with the retail bookseller, for after all it -is this agency which comes in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> direct contact with the public. Until -the introduction of the net system before mentioned, there was a war -of discounts existing which would have eventually meant ruin, and it -is only a reasonable conclusion that what every bookseller recognizes -as a good to the trade should be further extended. Is not the time -ripe for more organization, without oppression, to be adopted by -the trade? We have now the organizations of both the publisher and -bookseller, to which all the leading members of each of these branches -of the trade belong. Why cannot, as before suggested, some rules of a -broad but inclusive character be laid down and agreed upon by members -of both associations, so that the differences and difficulties which -so frequently arise may be easily adjusted? By these means a dignity -and influence as of old would be restored to the booksellers, petty -grievances would be easily removed, and the question of a living -discount would be more easily discussed, and the book world (which -formerly had only two interests, that of author and publisher, but now -has the bookseller as a separate factor) would be placed on a firmer -foundation and in the position which, by its literary association, it -deserves.</p> - -<p>In recommending closer co-operation between the Publishers' and -Booksellers' Associations in the internal arrangements of the -bookselling trade, my object is to advocate centralization, but with -a liberty which should not be abused. How often a publisher wishes -to bring before the various distributing agencies of the trade some -work in which he has invested intelligence and money, and which is -not a machine-made book!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> If such co-operation can be freed from -jealousies, what better medium could be found for disseminating -information than a central association formed of the above-named -organizations? At first there would be much give and take, but if -there could be a sub-committee of each association formed which would -meet and discuss questions to be submitted to the respective central -councils, matters would soon run smoothly, and if the respective -presidents or secretaries could be so in touch with each other that -preliminary difficulties could be made plain, there is little doubt -that results satisfactory to the trade would follow. That important -results would follow is practically certain. Take, for instance, the -present arrangements for the Annual Meetings of the Publishers' and of -the Associated Booksellers. The only attraction of the former is the -chairman's address, which, although often eloquent, seldom leads to -either a discussion or suggestions, with a result that everything is -cut and dried in the most orthodox and dry-as-dust fashion.</p> - -<p>Almost the only difference in the Booksellers' Annual Meeting is -that it brings members together from all parts of the country and -helps to promote social intercourse. Festive gatherings and outings -are a greater attraction than the business agenda, and the business -man must often have forced upon him the fact that time which is -frequently taken up in dinners and receptions could be better spent in -discussing business questions. It can scarcely be denied that the two -trade associations are capable of far greater usefulness than they at -present achieve.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p> - -<p>In looking through a recent number of the "Publishers' Weekly," I -was much struck by the practical way in which the annual meetings of -the book trade of America were conducted. From the report of their -proceedings I find that some twelve different subjects associated with -the bookselling trade were discussed, among them being the following: -Undue Competition of Jobbers; Postage Extra; Self-addressed Circulars -issued by Publishers in their interest rather than the Dealers; -Discounts to Lending Libraries; Uniform Discounts according to -quantity purchased for every dealer alike; Failure to include Juvenile -books in the net class.</p> - -<p>Surely there could be found a sufficient number of members of the -bookselling trade to discuss some of the above or other subjects to -the advantage of the trade generally?</p> - -<p>When one reflects that the yearly output of English books is -considerably less than that of America, which is about one-third that -of Germany, and that one-fifth of the inhabited world is dominated by -the English language, it is surely time for all the members of the -bookselling trade to wake up.</p> - -<p>It is not my intention to go into the details of cost prices, but -all are agreed that to make an effectual organization for the book -trade, the question of profits and terms must come in, both for the -publisher as well as for the wholesale and retail bookseller. There -is, however, a question which has often been much discussed as to -whether trade terms should be based on a flat price, or the system -of odd copy and discounts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> be continued. There is much to be said -for both systems, but the method of a sliding scale is invariably -used both here and in other countries. In America and Germany, as -well as in this country, sometimes the odd copy is given, and even in -those countries which charge flat rates there is always an advantage -in prices which correspond with numbers. This is only a reasonable -concession to those who will speculate, or have built up a business -in which a considerable amount of capital is locked up. There are few -businesses where speculation is more precarious or where the articles -of commerce so quickly deteriorate in value as that of the bookseller, -and it is hoped that publishers will soon recognize that bookselling -as a trade wants more help and more consideration than it receives at -present. Otherwise, the small man will be pushed out, and the trade -become centralized in a few big establishments, who will be able to -dictate terms for distributing the books published, and a trade union -of distributors may be formed which will prove a harder taskmaster -than the most tyrannical trade union that has ever dictated terms to -its employers. Every one, however, in the trade sincerely hopes that -when the publisher and bookseller are brought more in contact with -each other through their associations, these important points will be -mutually considered from a practical point of view.</p> - -<p>It is often wise to see how the business of bookselling is carried on -in other countries, so a glance at some of their methods should be -interesting.</p> - -<p>In Germany, before the war, nearly all booksellers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> had an agent in -Leipzig. This agent receives his client's order every day, and after -dispatching them to different publishers, he collects the parcels -and sends them off by post or rail. A "collector," as we know him in -London, is not known there.</p> - -<p>Most firms give credit, and customers go into Leipzig once every -year to the "Booksellers' House," when they pay their agent and the -publishers.</p> - -<p>Firms in Berlin have a special way of dispatching their books, -etc., to other firms in the country. It is a kind of private post -service between the Booksellers' League in Berlin and booksellers and -wholesale agents in other towns. Each member of this League pays a -certain amount yearly, and has his goods sent on by the private post -service. This is not a very quick method, although it is cheap.</p> - -<p>The following Consular Report upon this subject will be found -interesting:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Even in this changing age the organization of the German book trade -remains in principle what it has long been. The two main principles -which make the trade as flourishing as it is, are the fixed selling -price and the right of the retailer to return unsold books. The first, -combined with very long credits, is the solid basis of the existence -of the small retail houses, and has favoured the establishment of -retailers everywhere. There is in Germany one bookseller for every -5,000 inhabitants, and the consequence of retail shops being found -everywhere is that the German publisher spends very little in -advertising, for he <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>sends out all his novelties on sale according -to a system established with the retail trade, or special wishes of -the retailers, which he learns by means of his inexpensive circulars. -In no other trade is there so close an understanding cultivated as -between the German bookseller and his educated customers. The retailer -circulates all his new books amongst likely buyers, and they become -better known than through advertisements. The retailer pays for all -the books bought during the year at the Easter Fair of the following -year. The discounts vary according to the class of book, from 25 per -cent. on the selling price of scientific books to 40 and even 50 per -cent. on juvenile literature, besides which eleven copies are sent for -ten, or thirteen for a dozen. The enormous number of scientific books -published in Germany, including pamphlets, can only be explained by -the existence of the intelligent retailers all over the country. The -legal organization of the trade is the Verein in Leipzig, consisting -of 2,685 members, which lays down regulations for the members of -the trade amongst themselves, and for them in their dealings with -the public. Thus the maintenance of the selling price (5 per cent. -being allowed for cash, periodicals excepted) is rigidly insisted -on, and if the rule is broken, it is adjudged by the Verein that -publishers shall not supply the offender, or that they shall give him -no credit or discount. Connected with this institution is a sort of -publishers' and booksellers' clearing house <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>in Leipzig, by which the -ordering by retailers and the keeping of accounts between them and -the publishers are facilitated and simplified, and the processes of -ordering, packing, dispatching, and paying are greatly cheapened. It -appears designed to prevent a great variety of petty expenditure, and -to it, coupled with the fixed selling price and the long credit, is -attributed the success of the trade in Germany.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Again, there is that industrious little country, Norway, which has been -termed "A Bookseller's Paradise." But it must be remembered that in -that country wealth is more evenly distributed than it is here. There -are no paupers, and public schools are plentiful. The English, French, -and German languages are taught in most schools, and the Norwegian -bookseller is usually a well-educated man and a product of one of the -public schools.</p> - -<p>The following facts are from a summary of an able address given by -Mr. W.H. Arnold before the American Booksellers' Association, and are -well worthy of the study of the publishers and the booksellers in this -country:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>Bookselling in Norway is so organized as to eliminate almost all -the risks to which English booksellers are exposed, to secure -satisfactory results for the publishers, and to provide a fair reward -for the author. Three trade organizations are in existence—The -Publishers' Association, the National Association of Booksellers, -and the Provincial Association of Booksellers, the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>qualification -for membership in both the first and the last named being membership -of the National Association. All booksellers must be members of -the National Association. The Provincial Association includes all -booksellers except those in Christiania. There is a National Board of -Directors, composed of members of each association.</p> - -<p>An applicant wishing to become a bookseller addresses the National -Board. A young man of eighteen may become a bookseller when he is -thirty; he has twelve years' training—four years as apprentice, -eight years as assistant. Besides a knowledge of books, he must -give security, and if he can prove he has sufficient funds in hand, -the National Directors will give their permission for his beginning -business on his own account; but the Directors have it in their power -to decide whether a new bookshop is wanted in the district mentioned.</p> - -<p>A town of 8,000 people would afford scope for two bookshops. Molde, -familiar to English tourists, with a population of 2,200 has one -thriving bookseller; Aalesund, with a population of 14,000, has three -bookshops, and none of these booksellers need fear the incursion of -other rivals.</p> - -<p>The subscription to the National Association is 10 krone—about -12<i>s.</i>—per annum; and for the Association's weekly journal, 6<i>s.</i> per -annum is charged. An annual list of publications is issued, and once -in ten years a reference catalogue is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>issued, costing about 20<i>s.</i> -All miscellaneous publications are issued in paper covers, and can -be obtained in cloth, but the paper is the more popular format. The -book buyer who decides that the paper volume is worth preserving, if -so minded gets it bound in cloth or half leather, cloth costing 1<i>s.</i> -6<i>d.</i> and leather 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> Retail prices are always net—there are -no price cutters in Norway.</p> - -<p>Publishers do not require to call on the trade: a descriptive circular -is all that is necessary. The bookseller, after reading this, settles -how many copies to buy outright, and additional copies can be had, -subject to return. Prices of fiction range from 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> to 4<i>s.</i> -No reduction in the price of a book is allowed until five years after -publication.</p> - -<p>Payment for bought books is usually made half yearly, in January -and July, and "on sale" volumes are accounted for in January, the -volumes sold being paid for in March. The usual trade discount is 25 -per cent., and when ten copies are bought an extra copy is included. -School-books are always bought outright.</p> - -<p>The Provincial Association has a central depot in Christiania, the -stock of which company is owned by the Association members. The -central depot "collects," packs, and dispatches to its members in the -provinces, charging a scheduled rate for this service. Subscription -books are all sold through the book stores, the only books <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>disposed -of outside recognized channels being religious publications handled by -pedlars.</p></blockquote> - -<p>Of course, there can be objections raised to many points in this -organization, but what I wish to point out is, that if an association -can be of great value to the trade in a small community such as Norway, -which experience shows it to be, surely by organizing and blending -the different associations in our trade here, similar results may -follow. Anyway, it can be safely relied upon that something definite -and more workable should take the place of our present half-hearted -and semi-distinct organizations which are supposed to supervise the -workings of the book trade in this country.</p> - -<p>There are other questions one might consider. That of the cheap reprint -is often a debatable one, some maintaining that it interferes with the -sales of the more expensive editions; others that it often creates -interest in a particular book, and, through its issue, inquiries are -made for the author's previous books. From some points of view both -these arguments have in them an element of truth, but it all depends -upon the character of the book.</p> - -<p>As a rule the life of works of fiction is very short, except in special -cases. The life of works of an author of, say, two or three books, -would probably be about three to six months, so for books in this class -a limit of twelve months should be allowed before a cheap edition is -issued, and according to the popularity of the author, these times -should vary up to two or three years before cheap editions of books -by authors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> of long standing are issued, and also the better edition -should be cleared from the bookseller's shelves before the cheaper -edition is published. From a bookseller's point of view, there is no -language too strong in condemnation of the system now much in vogue, -that a 2<i>s.</i> edition of a 6<i>s.</i> novel may be issued, and both editions -kept in circulation at the same time. Editions selling at various -prices are often sold by the author to different publishers, and each -price is supposed to appeal to a different public. Can a bookseller be -expected to keep a stock of all these editions? If so, his stock of -cheap reprints would demand a special warehouse.</p> - -<p>The most reasonable course to pursue in all cheap issues is first to -see if there is a public to which a cheap edition would appeal, settle -a moderate price at which it should be published, allowing a fair -profit to the trade, and after a sufficient time has been given for -the original edition to have a good run, there may be issued the cheap -edition, which, while appealing to a fresh public, will be remunerative -to the author and publisher, and, let us hope, a help to civilization -and the betterment of mankind.</p> - -<p>Much the same argument applies to the speculative religious work. -There would not, of course, be so many different editions, but if the -book in its special issue is of a distinctly argumentative character, -and appeals to a thoughtful and intelligent public, a cheap edition -is desirable, not only because it will sell, but because it will make -people think, and truth is generally brought to the surface and put -into operation by a public who thinks.</p> - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p> - -<p>I am, therefore, convinced that when due time and consideration have -been given to a book, a cheap edition is often not only advisable, but -necessary.</p> - -<p>Another question is, "Should a book be remaindered, and if so, under -what conditions?" This is a very important one, and I am convinced -that no definite rule can be laid down which would be applicable to -all classes of remainders. There are books remaindered which will sell -quickly when brought to the notice of a particular class of readers, -and others which are only fit for the hawker's barrow or to be pulped -as waste. I have known many books which have been remaindered and -have thus had attention drawn to them; occasionally they have been -quickly bought up, and often resold at their full published price. To -instance only one, the first edition of Fitzgerald's "Omar Khayyám" -was sold from a fourpenny box, and copies of this edition afterwards -fetched £25. By this means a reputation was established and a position -for this book secured. I maintain that discretion should be shown in -this as well as in other departments of our trade. There are books -which are only fit to become fuel for the fire, while others, either -through over-printing or want of pushful advertising, have reached -a very limited public, and through the book being reduced in price -it has reached an eager public delighted to get a book of such value -at a price suited to their limited means. Although bookselling is a -business, and a most interesting one, yet it does not exist only for -those who carry it on. If there were no bookseller's shops some means -would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> have to be found for disseminating that which goes to making -the intelligence of a nation. "Show me the literature of a nation, and -I will tell you the character of the people," said a great man, and I -am quite convinced that if limits were placed upon the distribution of -our books for the benefit of author or bookseller, the Government or -the people would soon find some means by which their intellectual wants -were supplied.</p> - -<p>My firm conviction is that no book should be destroyed which appeals -to the intellect or which goes to the formation of character. When -the time comes in the life of a book that it has exhausted the sphere -for which it was intended, let it be offered as a remainder, and I -am sure that it will percolate through the various strata of society -until it finds its level of usefulness. This may be in the library of -the collector or in the more useful sphere of the homes of the working -classes, but a book of any literary value should never be destroyed.</p> - -<p>In summarizing the various suggestions made in this paper, I would -suggest that the most serious consideration be afforded to the -following important propositions, so that more unity and stability may -be given to the position of the author, publisher, and the various -factors in book-distributing and bookselling.</p> - -<p>Firstly, in regard to the author, my contention would be that the first -book by an author, however good from a publisher's point of view it -may be, should be either sent on sale or made returnable, say within -six months. If the book has any literary merit it will be found out -by that time,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> and the copies sent but will be sold. If not, they -should be returned, so that the book distributor does not have to -share a loss for which the publisher alone is responsible. The author -should discourage as much as possible the auction-like action of the -literary agent who tries to sell manuscripts to the highest bidder, -thus lowering the tone of the relationship between the author and the -publisher. And I say with all seriousness that should an author have -satisfactory arrangements with a publisher he should stick to him, as I -am sure it is best for both parties that a publisher should be able to -put all the works of an author in his lists, and not only those issued -by himself. By this arrangement a publisher will continue to interest -himself in all the books by an author, and by advertising them will -materially assist in continuous sales.</p> - -<p>Secondly, the publisher should discriminate between books in which he -is financially interested, and those which he is publishing to please -the ambition of a person who wishes to see his or her name in print. -He should also fix his terms and stand by them to both the wholesale -and retail trader. These are now fairly carried out by some of the -older-established publishers, but in some of their cheaper issues they -appear to be unable to discriminate between what is a wholesale order -and a wholesale trader.</p> - -<p>Thirdly, the question of competition and underselling is still of the -utmost importance, and I fear will never be settled until there is -united action by a joint committee consisting of representatives of -both the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> Publishers' and Booksellers' Associations, and all books are -published at a fixed net price. The great objection to this arrangement -is mainly the issue of juvenile and school-books. A margin frequently -is demanded, so that a considerable discount can be given to the -schoolmasters and mistresses or the governing bodies of our various -educational authorities. It is, however, a fair question to ask, "Why -should part of the legitimate profit of the bookseller be taken by the -school representatives?" It is to be hoped that by association and -unity these unsatisfactory anomalies will be swept away. One of the -first subjects these joint associations would have to consider would -be the minimum amount of profit which should be given to the retail -bookseller. This should be, at least, 25 per cent. off the net selling -price, and a further discount to <i>bona fide</i> wholesale and export -booksellers. If all books were made net, and some such discounts as -those mentioned were given, much of the present discontent would be -removed, and, with a living profit assured, there would be a great -inducement for many of the smaller men in the country to interest -themselves in the trade, and thus bring about a renewal of an industry -which should be beneficial both to the industrious bookseller as well -as the intellectual community. -</p> -</blockquote> - - - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p> -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a></p> - -<p class="center">Term and Sale Catalogues</p> - - -<p class="drop">I<span class="uppercase">n</span> the early seventies, while living at Holloway, it was my good -fortune to meet Mr. Edward Arber, who also dwelt in that district. At -that time he was making the transcript of the Registers at Stationers' -Hall, and also publishing many reprints from Old English literature. -It is to the many interesting conversations which I had with him -while walking to Stationers' Hall Court, as we both at that time did, -that I became more interested in some of the ways of the booksellers -of previous generations, and in the introduction and use of the -Booksellers' Catalogues. From the origin of printing in England in -1472 until 1526, it is quite a question whether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> any books which can -be considered English literature were produced and printed in this -country. The books sold here were mostly foreign productions, and, as -numbers of them had an ultra-Romish tendency, it was a sure passport -to a cruel death to possess a copy of many of the books of the period. -Even these were produced in small octavo size, so that they could be -carried in the owner's pocket without discovery.</p> - -<p>The earliest register of books published was that by the Company of -Stationers of London which began in 1554. This record was carried on -until 1640, and it is from these catalogues, of which my friend Mr. -Arber devoted the best part of twenty years in producing a transcript, -in five folio volumes, that any bibliographer can now trace the authors -and date of publication of much of the literature of that period. -Following on from the before-mentioned period, there were various -classi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>fied catalogues issued by different publishers, but in 1662-3 -there was published a catalogue of books registered at Stationers' -Hall from the 25th of December 1662 to the 25th of December 1663. This -was the first attempt at the yearly issue of a complete list of books -published, and, it is supposed, was brought to an end by the Plague and -the Great Fire of London, which we know from "Pepys's Diary" and other -records caused the destruction of an immense number of books to the -value of some £200,000.</p> - -<p>The next important series of Catalogues were "The Term Catalogues -of Books printed in England." These were begun in November 1668 and -ended in June 1709. Their title was evidently taken from a legal -point of view, as they were divided into periods of Michaelmas Term, -Hilary Term, Easter Term and the Trinity Term. The catalogues were -very carefully reproduced in three volumes by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> Mr. Arber, and often -gives me much material for speculative thought and reflection. In an -introductory preface to these Term Catalogues, Mr. Arber writes: "There -is something perfectly God-like in a wide survey for a given period -of the entire literature of a great nation. It is like Moses viewing -from Mount Pisgah the whole of the land of promise, and will help us -to a better understanding of and a greater delight in the ages of the -Restoration of William and Mary and of Queen Anne." These catalogues -were intended to be an annual list of the books entered at Stationers' -Hall, and no London stationer could lawfully publish a book until he -had been made free of this Company.</p> - -<p>In looking through the volumes of catalogues above referred to, I have -been greatly interested in the titles of some of these old books. -What food for thought must there have been in some of the following: -"Sober Singularity, or an Antidote against<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> Infection by the example -of a Multitude"; "The Arts of Grandeur and Submission, a discourse -concerning the behaviour of great men towards their inferiors"; "A -Mirror or a Looking-glass for Saints and Sinners"; "The Ladies Blush"; -"The Citizen turn'd Gentleman"; "Two Bulls roaring out Excommunication" -(the first by Pope Paul III against Henry VIII; the other by Pope Pius -V against Queen Elizabeth); "The Worth of a Penny; with the causes -of the scarcity and the misery of the want thereof, in these hard -and mercyless times"; "A Mirror that Flattereth not"; "A new Map of -the Seat of the War in Germany so designed that you may presently -know whether name of any place be in the map or not, and to see by -inspection the distance of it from any other place without measuring -by compasses"; "A Catholic Pill to purge Popery"; "England's Glory, or -the great improvement of trade in general by a Royal Bank or Office of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> -Credit to be erected in London, that they may give out bills of credit -to a vast extent that all Europe will accept of rather than money." -By the title it is evident that the finances of this country were as -important to the world then as they are to-day.</p> - -<p>This list could be increased to fill a volume of these quaint and -interesting titles. It also contained a list of the publications of -many books, which are popular to-day by great authors such as John -Bunyan, R. Baxter, Milton, Shakespeare, and others. One could not -help noticing the names of some publishers which are well known in -the book trade to-day, such as A. & J. Churchill, Collins, J. Moxon, -Richard Bentley, although of course they are not the successors to -those of the Term Catalogue period. The Catalogue also states that in -1702 the "Daily Courant" was started, being the first daily newspaper -to be published in London. I find<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> also in these volumes what I think -is the first notice of the odd copy being given. The advertisement -runs as follows: "Proposals are now published for printing all the -practical works of the late Rev. Mr. Robert Baxter in four volumes and -in folio, many of which he wrote at the desire of Archbishop Ussher. To -contain one thousand sheets of a large and very good paper, the price -to subscribers four pounds, ten shillings in quires, the seventh book -gratis, which reduces it to £3 12<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i> The proposals at large may -be had of the Undertakers, Thomas Parkinson and others." Ever since -this period, the giving of the odd copy has been frequently discussed, -but it appears quite possible that by the introduction of the net -system it has received a very serious stoppage which may lead to its -final abolition.</p> - -<p>The earliest book auction sale recorded took place at Warwick -Court, Warwick Lane, in 1676, and in the following ten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> years only -seventy-three auction sales of books are recorded as having been held. -These auctions usually began at nine in the morning, and biddings -might advance at a penny per time. The sales, however, differed from -the sales of a later period. Formerly at the sales I attended the lots -of books fell to the highest bidder, but although an auctioneer was -usually present, he could only sell by a scale according to numbers, -which was arranged by the publisher for whom the auctioneer acted. -These delightful old catalogues are a continual source of inspiration -to all booksellers, even if it is only the author or title of a book in -which he is interested.</p> - -<p>It is, however, the sale catalogues of the eighteenth and the greater -part of the nineteenth century which interest me most. It was a period -which may be called the Golden Age of bookselling. The sale catalogues -of this later time unfortunately came to an end in 1890, with that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> -of Richard Bentley & Son, whose business was afterwards taken over by -Messrs. Macmillan & Co. At the end of this catalogue, dated October 21, -1890, there was reprinted from "The Bookseller" an article on "Trade -Sale Dinners," to which I contributed some of the information, and I am -indebted to the courteous head of Messrs. Whitaker & Co. for allowing -me to reproduce it in this chapter. It is as follows:</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"The very ancient institution, peculiar to booksellers, of dining -together on the occasion of a trade sale, is almost extinct and is, we -very much regret to think, likely to become entirely so in the near -future.</p> - -<p>"The fashion of dining together on the occasion of a sale is a -very old one. An interesting collection of sale catalogues in the -possession of Mr. William Reader contains specimens dating back to -1704. They consist of the catalogues sent in the ordinary course of -business to Osborne and his successor, the first of the Longmans. -It is evident from these catalogues that sale dinners were a -well-established custom of the trade as long ago as the beginning of -the eighteenth century; and, as it must have required considerable -time for the practice to have developed into a custom, their first -beginnings may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> possibly have been as far back as 'the spacious times -of great Elizabeth,' when bookselling first took shape as a regular -trade.</p> - -<p>"The first catalogue in Mr. Reader's collection is that of the stock -of Mrs. Elizabeth Harris, deceased, which is to be sold at 'The Bear, -in Avey Mary Lane,' on the 11th December, 1704, 'beginning at 9 in the -morning, when the whole company shall be entertained with a breakfast, -and at noon with a good dinner and a glass of wine, and then proceed -with the sale in order to finish that evening.' The sale of the stock -of the late John Nicholson took place in 1718 at the Queen's Head -Tavern in Paternoster Row, and the catalogue bears marginal notes in -Osborne's handwriting, the names of Curil and Tonson appearing amongst -the buyers. Nicholson's interest in certain share books was also -disposed of, including Robert Clavel's shares, which he had formerly -acquired. (Robert Clavel was a bookseller who flourished during the -latter half of the previous century. He carried on business at the -Peacock, in St. Paul's Churchyard, and in 1673 issued the well-known -'Catalogue of all the Books Printed in England since the Dreadful Fire -of London in 1666 to the end of Michaelmas Term, 1672.') Nicholson's -stock and shares appeared to have realized altogether £2,533, a very -respectable sum for those days.</p> - -<p>"It is remarkable that these sale catalogues were printed in almost -exactly the same form as those of our own day. Nearly all are in -folio, with broad margins for annotations, and they are addressed -to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> 'A select number of Booksellers of London and Westminster,' in -the identical terms still current. Only those who were invited by -having a catalogue sent them were expected to attend the sale, and the -invitations were restricted to booksellers of established position. -'No stallmen admitted' is the significant notice printed at the head -of one of the catalogues.</p> - -<p>"It was not always a dinner that was given; sometimes it was a supper -at which the buyers were entertained, as at the sale of Edward -Valentine's stock in 1725, on the margin of which catalogue we -first meet with the name of Longman among the buyers. In any case, -however, whether the stock sold was that of an individual bookseller -or a miscellaneous assortment from several contributors, it was the -invariable custom to entertain those who came with a substantial -repast 'and a glass of good wine.' At Thomas Osborne's sale in 1743, -the catalogue even recites the delicacies which were provided, -'consisting of turkies and chines, hams and chickens, apple-pies, -etc., and a glass of very good wine.'</p> - -<p>"Thirteen years later, in 1756, the sale took place of part of the -stock of the late Thomas Longman, Osborne's successor and founder -of the great Paternoster Row house. The copyrights and shares of -Jacob and Richard Tonson were sold in August, 1767, and we notice -the names of Dilly, Rivington, and Newbery amongst the buyers. Many -of the copyrights were offered in twentieths, for the convenience of -bidders. At that time, and long afterward, the risk and expense of -publishing a book<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> were jointly borne by a group of booksellers, who -met periodically to agree upon the number to be printed, and to audit -accounts, and these shares constantly appear in the sale catalogues of -the period.</p> - -<p>"The trade sales were always held at some selected tavern or -coffee-house; until 1754, they took place at the Queen's Head Tavern -in Paternoster Row, and up to that time it is a rare exception to find -them held elsewhere. But in 1755 they were removed to the Queen's Arms -in St. Paul's Churchyard, in consequence, as a note on a catalogue -of that date states, of the Queen's Head Tavern being converted to -another use. For many years subsequently the Queen's Arms continued -in favour, and sales were held there as late as 1813; but from about -1790 the London Coffee House on Ludgate Hill seems to have had the -preference. The Horn Tavern, Doctors' Commons, was sometimes selected, -and less frequently the Globe Tavern, in Fleet Street, where as long -ago as 1768, a sale was held. The Chapter Coffee House in Paternoster -Row was sometimes used, but not often, although the share-meetings -continued to take place there until a very recent date. The London -Coffee House gradually obtained a monopoly of the trade sales, until -they were finally transferred to the Albion Tavern in Aldersgate -Street.</p> - -<p>"During a period of nearly a hundred and ninety years the sales appear -to have been almost exclusively held at five houses, which, as time -went on, succeeded each other in favour. The transfer to the Albion -was gradual, but in 1831 the greater<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> number were already held there, -and in recent years seldom took place elsewhere, though occasionally -one was held as far west as the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen -Street.</p> - -<p>"Within the present generation, the houses having annual sale dinners -numbered about fourteen—Bentley, Bickers, Bohn, Chatto & Windus, -Longmans, Macmillan, Murray, Quaritch, Routledge, Seeley and Burnside, -Tegg, Ward and Lock, Warne, and Whittaker; and of these only two now -survive. Messrs. Longmans' last sale dinner took place on November 5, -1872, and Mr. Murray's last dinner on November 4, 1887.</p> - -<p>"It is curious that the form of trade sale catalogues should have -remained so long unchanged. The old-fashioned yellow-wove post -folios of Murray are well remembered. Those of Bentley are somewhat -different. Their catalogues were printed in red and black for some -years, but since 1885 in blue and brown; and, with a single exception, -in 1880, their dinners always took place at the Albion."</p></blockquote> - -<p>It was in connexion with the firm with which I have been for so many -years associated, that I happened, quite accidentally, some thirty -years ago, to come across a parcel of catalogues which were placed -with a heap of papers to be sent to the paper mills for destruction. -My interest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> in them was such that as they were considered only -waste paper, I took the bundle home, and they have since been to -me an endless source of pleasure and instruction. Some of these -catalogues are dated 1797, but from the early part of the nineteenth -century, judging from the catalogues, books and booksellers had a -very prosperous period. At this time, the following publishers and -booksellers had a large number of titles in their catalogues, and -in many instances they were very important publications. Among them -are Sir Richard Phillips (Lord Mayor of London), Darton & Harvey (10 -Crosby Square), Joseph Johnson, J. Walker, F. & C. Rivington, Murray -& Highley (the predecessors of the celebrated house of John Murray), -Longman, Hurst Rees & Orme (who at this period had a very miscellaneous -catalogue of books, including plays), Wilson & Spence of York, Henry -Mozley of Gainsborough, Cadell & Davies, J. Stock<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>dale of Piccadilly, -Scotcherd & Letterman, W. Miller, C. Law, Constable, Vernor & Hood, G. -& J. Robinson, and R. Baldwin. Most of these catalogues contain books -which had been issued by a combination of bookseller publishers; the -shares in the publication of a particular book were divided up by those -interested in the book; and the profits were divided between those who -contributed to its publication.</p> - -<p>A catalogue, dated April 1805, of Joseph Maurnan, agent to the -University of Cambridge, besides enumerating Bibles of various sizes, -from folio to twelves and twenty-fours, and Common Prayers of a like -character (these were sold 5 for 4, 9 for 7, 12 for 10, and other -numbers with a similar reduction), also contained such books as "Lambe -on Constitutional Diseases"; Ruddiman's "Rudiments," new edition; -Ruffhead's "Statutes," 18 vols., £38; New Geographical Game upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> cards -in a box, 7<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; also a collection of Plays and Farces.</p> - -<p>Another catalogue, dated June 1805, shows that at this period women -held a position amongst the booksellers. This catalogue was issued -by Elizabeth Mathews, 18 Strand, and the terms of the sale were four -months' credit for £10; four and eight months' for £20; four, eight, -and twelve months' for £50; four, eight, twelve, and sixteen for £100: -money was evidently not of the same value then as now. Some of the most -important books in this catalogue were "Annual Register," 33 vols.; -Buffon's "Natural History," 15 vols.; Sheraton's "Cabinet Maker's -Drawing Book," 18<i>s.</i>; "Encyclopædia Britannica," 20 vols. Another of -the same period also contained many important works such as "Johnson's -Dictionary," in 4 vols., Mavor's "Voyages and Travels," 25 vols., -Radcliffe's "Mysteries of Udolpho," 4 vols.; "Pinder's Works," 5 vols.; -Pope's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> "Homer," 5 vols. "Shakespeare's Works," in 21 vols., and with -four different editions in 10 vols. and two in 9 vols., are all in this -catalogue. From this period onward the same characteristics appear in -catalogues, but by degrees, when publishers only sold the books they -published, the constitution of the catalogue and the sales greatly -changed and the business done was more ordinary and commonplace. I have -spent many most enjoyable occasions when attending these sales, and -also met there many distinguished people connected both with the trade -and also with the making of literature.</p> - -<p>As a few samples of the characteristics and the business done at -some of the sale dinners when the custom was drawing to a close, I -may mention that at Murray's sale, in 1885, the completing volume -of the "Speaker's Commentary" was among the works offered, and some -2,500 copies were sold within the first ten minutes; of that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> great -traveller Du Chaillu's "Land of the Midnight Sun," in 2 vols., about -1,800 copies were sold. The educational works of Dr. Smith were then in -great demand, and there were disposed of at this sale some 7,500 copies -of his "English Course," and of the Latin 16,000, while of "Little -Arthur's History of England," 12,500 copies were sold.</p> - -<p>At another sale, when Bishop Wilberforce's Life was the leading book -offered, the principal sales were as follows: 1,000 Mudie's Library, -900 Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 450 Hamilton & Co., 250 Smith & Son, 100 -W. Kent, and 100 Hatchard's, whilst 22,500 of Smith's Latin Course were -quickly purchased.</p> - -<p>Times and the methods of education have greatly changed, but there -are two things respecting these sales which strike me very forcibly. -These are the comparatively small sales to-day of the above-mentioned -educational works, also whether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> the publisher has been wise to stop -these trade sales. They undoubtedly not only brought publishers and -booksellers together, but offered an inducement to the booksellers -which does not exist to the same extent to-day to make up stock orders -and interest themselves in books.</p> - -<p>Personally, as I have suggested in other chapters, I should be -delighted to see some organized association brought into existence of -which all those interested in the making and selling of books could -become members, so that representatives of the different departments -of the trade might meet together and talk over or discuss questions -connected with it. This I am sure would lead to a greater and more -satisfactory prosperity in all departments of the publishers' and -booksellers' trade than has ever yet been attained.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII</a></p> - -<p class="center">Limited Editions and the Pleasures of Collecting</p> - - -<p class="drop">I<span class="uppercase">t</span> would be quite impossible within the limits of a short chapter to -deal with such a great subject as the above title represents. The -subject, however, is fascinating not only to the book collector but to -those in the trade, both new and second-hand, through whose hands the -books pass.</p> - -<p>Until the introduction of printing, what may be termed books or -literature were all limited editions, as in olden times it was only -by the industry of the scribes that other copies could be produced. -Privately printed originally meant printed in a university or private -residence and not in the offices of an ordinary printer. Now,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> however, -privately printed and limited editions have each much the same meaning, -as they are both practically limited in the numbers printed.</p> - -<p>I must confess that I have a profound sympathy with all collectors -of this particular class of book-producing, for it is with great -pride that one takes down from the shelves a volume of this class -of literature and reads how many copies of it were printed, and any -history that may be connected with it. This attraction is from my -point of view as far apart as the poles from that of collecting works -produced before the origin of printing or even those in the centuries -afterwards, where frequently the mistakes in printing make the value of -the book. Such, for instance, as that of the Bible where the word "not" -is left out in one of the commandments, or where a chance misprint or -mistake is noted in some of Shakespeare's or other Elizabethan plays. A -long list could easily<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> be made of the small things that render some of -these ancient volumes valuable.</p> - -<p>To-day, these limited editions are produced in the most careful, -complete, and perfect manner possible. From a real book-lover's point -of view, the beauty of the type, the excellency of the paper and the -artistic merit of its binding, coupled with the literary value of the -book itself, make a volume which one is proud to possess and have upon -one's shelves. For some years past there has been a considerable demand -for the limited issue of well-illustrated books numbered and signed by -such artists as Rackham, Dulac, and others; these are widely sought -after and collected; so also are those works issued by private presses -of which the past fifty years has seen some splendid developments. -Take, for instance, the Ashenden Press, with its beautiful edition of -Dante; the Kelmscott Press, under the guidance of William Morris, which -issued many of his own books (the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> wood-blocks of his works are now in -the keeping of the British Museum, with whom they were deposited on -the understanding that no one is to be at liberty to print from them -for a hundred years); the Vale Press, which limited its editions to -200 copies; the Cardoc Press; the Eragny Press; the Essex House Press; -the Dove Press, which finished its course in 1917 by the type being -"cast" into the Thames and "distributed" at the bottom of the river; -and Mr. Daniel's Press at Oxford. Although these various presses appeal -to the collector, first editions and rare books have a greater number -of collectors, whose lives are frequently passed in hunting after and -trying to discover and secure lost old volumes.</p> - -<p>This pleasurable following to-day has not the advantages that -existed in the middle of the past century, as not only are there -now more seekers after these treasures of the past, but America has -so<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> many collectors of old books that the demand is greater and the -prices higher. These drawbacks will greatly interfere with both the -business and the enjoyment of future collectors. The chances, too, -of the old-book collector are not nearly so great as formerly, for -the changes which have taken place, particularly in London, have -certainly swept away many of their favourite haunts. It is to many a -very great pleasure to look back in memory upon old Holywell Street, -with its scores of book-hunters turning over the boxes and seeking -for treasures. Mr. W.E. Gladstone and many dignitaries of the Church -could often be seen there. Fleet Street, the Strand, Holborn, and many -of the by-streets between Oxford Street and Trafalgar Square, were -great thoroughfares for the book-hunter; and although the barrows of -Farringdon Street are still in existence, either the bookstall man now -knows his business better than his predecessor or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> the gems are sold -before he places these precious books on his barrow. Many times I have -turned over the stock of old books on these Farringdon Street barrows, -but have never yet been able to find anything of value, although others -have been more fortunate. We have now no such opportunities as those of -Charles Lamb; and I cannot say if we would avail ourselves of them even -if we had. Lamb writes (March 25, 1829):—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p>"I have just come from town where I have been to get my bit of -quarterly pension. I have brought home from stalls in Barbican the old -'Pilgrims Progress' with the prints Vanity Fair, etc., now scarce, -four shillings, cheap. And also one of whom I have oft heard and had -dreams, but never saw it in the flesh—that is in sheep-skin—'The -whole Theological works of Thomas Aquinas.' My arms ached with lugging -it a mile to the stage, but the burden was a pleasure."</p></blockquote> - -<p>All lovers of books must at some time feel the fascination of the -second-hand bookseller's shop, and especially when it has a "Tuppenny -Box" attached to it. At such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> shops, you may examine every book in -the place, read a little, look at the pictures and the binding, have -a gossip with the intelligent bookseller, and never be asked to spend -a penny. The keeper of such books usually knows his business and the -origin and history of much of his stock, and is able to tell some good -bookish stories in keeping with his profession. A true lover of books -thinks little of their monetary value but treasures a volume because of -its contents, or perhaps for some association or memory connected with -the author.</p> - -<p>One cannot get away from the feeling, when surrounded by old books, -that there is probably some unsuspected treasure hidden among the -volumes handled with so much pleasure. What a thrill would pass through -you if you discovered one of Shakespeare's original plays or some other -of the many precious dramas of the Elizabethan age. Or a first edition -of Scott, Lamb, Burns, Blake, or even one of Dr.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> Watts' Divine Songs -containing "Let dogs delight to bark and bite," a copy of which was -sold for £155. It is said that the bibliomaniac fever generally begins -at the bookstall. Of all kinds of human weakness, the craze for buying -and collecting old books is the most excusable. In the early phases -of this complaint, the book-lover is content to purchase only books -which he reads; next, he buys books which he means to read, and, as -his stores accumulate, hopes to read; by and by he takes home books in -beautiful bindings, or artistic illustrations, or of an early date, and -sometimes printed in a language which he cannot read. Once a lover, -always a lover, is a true saying, particularly when applied to a lover -of books. As old age draws near, the lover of books finds a solace -and joy in the companionship of his silent friends, which not only -increases as the years pass on but undoubtedly helps to maintain his -interest in life. He may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> retire from active business at any time, and -still in his retirement be as happy and contented as at any period of -his more strenuous days.</p> - -<p>In my own case many of these ideals have been realized. Numberless -volumes have been written on the pleasures of book-hunting and its -results. Some glory in their collection of books upon certain subjects, -such as Angling and all other kinds of sport; some have libraries -on Philosophy, History, Biography, Architecture, and other branches -of intellectual study; others collect fiction and first editions of -celebrated authors, many of which have only a fleeting value. In -whatever way we regard book-collecting, there can be no doubt that -if carried through from an intellectual point of view, there are few -things in life which are so rich in quiet satisfaction or which give -such gratifying results to both mind and body.</p> - -<p>It has been well said by Mr. J.A. Lang<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>ford in his interesting volume -entitled "The Praise of Books": "A wise man will select his books, for -he would not wish to class them all under the sacred name of friends. -Some can be accepted only as acquaintances. The best books of all kinds -are taken to the heart and cherished as his most precious possession. -Others to be chatted with for a time, to spend a few pleasant hours -with, and laid aside, but not forgotten."</p> - -<p>Such are some of the pleasures and the profits to be derived from -collecting, be it first editions, scarce books, or limited editions.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="ph2"><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX</a></p> - -<p class="center">The Whitefriars Club</p> - - -<p class="drop">O<span class="uppercase">f</span> all the institutions with which I have been associated, not one has -given me so much pleasure, or of which I feel so proud in belonging -to, as The Whitefriars Club. This Club was founded in 1865, and is -a survival of the old Bohemian life of London; it knows no sect or -politics, and its ambition is to create true fellowship amongst its -members.</p> - -<p>The Club has a room and meets at Anderton's Hotel in that highway of -letters, Fleet Street. During the autumn and winter months it has -always been their custom to hold meetings each Friday to hear an -address from some distinguished publicist upon a subject of common -interest<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> and importance. After the introductory speech by the guest -of the evening, the subject is open to discussion, and each member is -invited to express his views and convictions as freely as possible. -While listening to these speeches, I have often wished that reporters -had been allowed to be present, as I am sure those connected with -newspapers would have found these debates of more interest than -those taking place in a building of a greater national importance. -During the temporary retirement of our present excellent secretary, -Mr. W.N. Shansfield, I had the honour and pleasure of acting as the -Club's secretary for three years. At the end of my term of office, I -was delighted to receive a beautiful pair of candelabra as a present -from the Club, the greatly revered Lord Roberts being the guest of -the evening on this occasion. I can safely say that this presentation -was one of the most interesting events in my life, as after it had -been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> made, Lord Roberts rose from his seat, came round to me, shook -hands, and uttered some pleasant words of congratulation. To me the -occasion was a memorable one. There are, however, so many interesting -associations connected with this Club that I must go back to 1901, the -year of my becoming a member.</p> - -<p>At the time of my joining the Hon. Secretary was Sir Arthur Spurgeon, -who has always been most loyal and helpful to members of the Club, and -to whom every one is deeply indebted for the interest and support he -has given to it. He it was who helped to develop the Club and made it -one of the great centres of journalistic and literary London. The Club -can never have a better or more thorough and efficient officer than the -present secretary, my good friend, Mr. W.N. Shansfield. He is always -at his post, and by his many amiable qualities greatly stimulates and -carries on the friendly intercourse at which the Club<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> aims. Every -member of the Club is entitled to the distinction of being a Friar, -and the one who presides at our festivities is for the evening the -Prior, so that discipline and order among the Brotherhood is a foregone -conclusion.</p> - -<p>The following toast is always given at each meeting by the Prior and -is heartily responded to by the Friars and guests present: "Friars and -Guests,—By this wine we commemorate the White Friars of old, fortified -with spirit—the spirit of admiration for their services to charity -and good learning—and sweetened by sympathy for those who, broken by -fortune, dwell in Alsatia. It is left for me, as Prior of the day, to -add the cordial—a cordial welcome to the guests of the Brotherhood -assembled at our board. Gentlemen, I bid a hearty welcome to you -all, and invite you to join with the Brothers of a gracious order in -drinking to the prosperity of the Whitefriars Club."</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> - -<p>Among the Priors who have presided at our gatherings memory calls -up many who were leaders in the world of Literature and Journalism, -such as William Senior, Richard Whiteing, G. Manville Fenn, Sir F. -Carruthers Gould, Sir J. Foster Fraser, Sir Arthur Spurgeon, Sir -Anthony Hope, G.B. Burgin (who also edits "The Whitefriars Journal"), -Edward Clodd, Clement K. Shorter, Sir W. Robertson Nicoll and Sir -William Treloar, who have all distinguished themselves by their -aptitude and eloquence. It would be a breach of the rules of our -Order to give any account of the various nobles and gentlemen who -have honoured the Club by their presence. Sufficient to say that, be -the invited guest ever so exalted, the Club's invitation is seldom -declined. Many times I have heard from a guest what a delightful -evening he has spent and the enjoyment he has experienced in the good -fellowship which dominates the members and the proceedings of the Club.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> - -<p>On two occasions during the year, we have what is termed "Ladies' -Nights." This may appear strange to those who think that the monastic -order is carried out in its entirety, but I am sure the evening is -always as enjoyable to the ladies as it is to the Friars. On these -occasions, we have the toast of "Mere Man," proposed by a lady, and, as -a set off, the toast of "Sov'ram Woman," of course proposed by a Friar; -and each is equally appreciated. A volume which would be of great -interest to the public generally, might easily be compiled of extracts -from the Journals of the Club, but as it is understood by the members -that no reporters are present at our meetings, and that the proceedings -are for the members only and that no publicity is given to them, I must -not depart from this order of secrecy.</p> - -<p>One of my early associations with the Club was on the visit of Mark -Twain to this country. He was invited to accompany<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> some of the -members to Lambeth Palace, to hear an address from the Librarian upon -the many beautiful MSS. which the Library contained. This was most -interesting, as was also the visit to the Lollards' Tower, with its -many religious associations. After our visit to the Palace we were -invited to take tea, if I remember rightly, at the Authors' Club. Here -a number of notable authors and others were assembled to welcome the -American guest, among them being Dr. Stubbs, Bishop of Oxford, and -Canon Barnett. I was one of a group who were narrating some of their -interesting experiences, when the Rev. Canon told a story which greatly -amused his hearers and especially the members of our Club. The story -caused shouts of laughter and the Bishop held up his hands in apparent -surprise, and made some remark respecting it. I happened to suggest -that the rev. gentleman should be called to order by the Bishop, but he -again held up his hands and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> said, "Not in my Diocese," a retort which -caused more laughter than the story.</p> - -<p>There is one association in connexion with the Whitefriars Club which -I shall not be breaking their rules by mentioning. This is our "Summer -Outing" in June or July, to which ladies were always invited. One -of these "Outings"—and certainly to me the one in which I found my -greatest anticipations realized—was that made to the home of our great -novelist, George Meredith, in 1902. I give, therefore, the following -sketch from notes made by myself and a small extract from the Club's -Journal.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>It was on a cloudy, windy, but exhilarating day that a company of -"Whitefriars" started on a pilgrimage to Burford Bridge and Box Hill to -visit one of England's greatest novelists, George Meredith. The railway -journey proved far too short, as we spent the time in discussing with -some of our gifted fellow-travellers questions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> social and political, -one topic being "Would England become peopled by an effeminate race -should it cease to foster a jingo or warlike spirit." Needless to say, -no final discussion upon this stupendous subject was reached before -arriving at our destination. At Burford Bridge a capital lunch had -been provided, after which the Prior for the day, Mr. Robert Leighton, -proposed the health of Friar George Meredith. Other toasts were -proposed or responded to by Madam Sarah Grand, Mr. T.P. O'Connor, M.P., -and Friar Sir Arthur Spurgeon.</p> - -<p>After luncheon, a short walk over one of Surrey's most beautiful -hills brought us to the haven of our desires. Here, nestled under -the shade of hill and foliage, stood Flint Cottage, the charming but -unpretentious residence of Friar George Meredith.</p> - -<p>Above the house stands the Châlet, the workshop of the great novelist, -eloquent in its stillness and solitude. In this Châlet many of his -masterpieces have been written.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p> - -<p>Every one at some period in their lives has probably experienced that -extreme tension of feelings when they are about to realize that which -a vivid imagination has created and built up until it has become a -veritable brain picture.</p> - -<p>We entered the grounds surrounding Flint Cottage, passing in single -file along the paths of a well-kept garden to a rustic seat in a small -meadow-like enclosure where the great novelist sat. With a hearty -shake of the hand as each visitor was introduced and a cheery word of -greeting to many an old friend, we passed before our host, then stood -about in groups or sat buoyantly expectant of what was to follow.</p> - -<p>While waiting for the sound of a voice that will never be forgotten, -time was given to reflect upon our first impression of the man whose -name is honoured wherever English literature is known or read. To -the mind which admires all that is great in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> the world of reality or -imagination, it almost savours of sacrilege to attempt to describe -or analyse that which one looks up to and venerates. It is therefore -with the greatest humility that reference is here made to that lofty -embodied intelligence which until then had been known only through the -medium of George Meredith's writings.</p> - -<p>Judging from appearances, the world-renowned novelist was quite an -ordinary-looking man of between sixty and seventy years of age. He was -dressed in a dark blue holiday suit, with a red tie, and held a grey -wideawake hat in his hand. His white but luxuriant hair partly covered -a high and noble forehead, which indexed a striking and characteristic -personality. All these details, however, were the outside man. It was -when he began to talk that our attention became riveted, for in the -deep resonant flexibility of his voice one became almost electrified. -Its penetration,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> as it conveyed the measured periods of the speaker, -immediately attracted attention, and a hush of expectancy stole over -the listening company. Early in the proceedings, Prior Robert Leighton -read the following address:</p> - -<p>"Friar George Meredith,—We, members of the Whitefriars Club and our -friends, are gratefully conscious of the honour you accord to us in -permitting us a second time to call upon you here at your home. Be -assured we come to you to-day not with any feeling approaching vulgar -curiosity to invade and peep within the sanctities of your chosen -seclusion. We come with the reverence of pilgrims journeying to a -hallowed shrine; content if you do but allow us to enter at your gates -to offer you our respectful homage, to take your hand and listen for -some moments to the living voice of one to whom we individually and the -world in general owe so much.</p> - -<p>"The work that you have done has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> become a part of English life and of -our own personal lives. It represents the highest blossom of the tree -of civilization, and it has come to mean so much that to-day no man or -woman can attain to a maturity of culture without having absorbed your -teaching and your spirit. You have taught us to appreciate everything -that is good in life, enhancing its sparkle and flavour. You have -sharpened our wits, polished our manners, advanced our happiness by -widening our comprehension. You have given us a new perception of the -social structure, and especially have you given us a key to the maze -and mystery of women's souls.</p> - -<p>"You yourself, sir, in your splendid solitude, can hardly apprehend -what the name of George Meredith means to the best intelligences -of your era. It is a name honoured and venerated above all titles, -signifying to us, your disciples, the sum of all your imaginative -genius and your noble example have conferred. We, men and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> women -alike, who are privileged to see you to-day, are sensible of the added -understanding which comes of personal association with you, and we -shall remember the privilege as one of the most cherished benefits of -our lives."</p> - -<p>Friar George Meredith said: "I cannot rise, but I wish to speak and -say: Ladies and Gentlemen, after a shower of honey from the busiest -bees of the bees around me, my wings are clogged, and I cannot fly. I -have no words to thank you. But look at the tops of those trees: from -that short height the measure of us is seen to be pretty equal. Each -does his work in his own way. I find so many people in different walks -that can do what I cannot do. Respect is a very great thing, but I -think we are in the habit of falling into a kind of delirium in regard -to men who after seventy years or more have made a name. We take them -as brandy—(laughter)—it is better to make a kind of dilution, and -therefore I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> mix a considerable amount of water with your compliments. -(Laughter.) However, I thank you heartily for coming to see me. If I -had the eloquence of that true Irishman, Mr. T.P. O'Connor, I should be -making an impression now—(laughter)—but I am only half Irish—half -Irish and half Welsh—I halt therefore rather on one leg. The Welsh are -admirable singers, but bad dancers. Mr. O'Connor would say not only the -words most appropriate, but his language would flow on, and you would -not be able to stop him. (Laughter.) I have not that gift, I can only -thank you for your kindness. (Loud applause.)"</p> - -<p>Some of the visitors left their host to visit the Châlet, which, -judging from its dusty appearance, now rarely received a visit from -its master. This literary workshop consists of two rooms, one for -work and the other for rest and refreshment. The former contained a -well-selected library of English and foreign books, all exhibiting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> -the appearance of having been well used. Brockhaus's Great Lexicon -was a prominent feature in the library, which also contained first -editions of several of Meredith's own books and various autograph -presentation works from some of his literary friends. On the writing -table there were many well-used quill pens and scraps of MS., which to -the relic hunter were objects of great temptation, but reverence forbad -sacrilege. Through fear of our tiring a body which Nature has made far -too weak for such a mind, the pilgrimage had to be brought to an early -close, so with minds stimulated and trying to hold some of the wise -thoughts and expressions which had fallen from the great novelist's -lips, we returned to our hotel.</p> - -<p>After the tea provided by our always practical secretary, a few short -and thoughtful speeches were delivered by the Prior, Sir William -Treloar and the Rev. W.J. Dawson; then, with cordial farewells and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> -those pleasing amenities which help so much in making such outings as -these doubly enjoyable, we journeyed back to the station and to town. -So ended what to others beside myself will always be remembered as one -of the red-letter days of our lives.</p> - -<p>Another delightful outing was to Colchester and Constable's country. -There, we were not entertained with "Oysters and Erings Roots," but -with the historical memorials for which this town and district are -famous. After going over the Abbey, the Town Hall, and admiring the -four bronze Ravens which are supposed to be relics of the tenth -century, we drove through the Constable country, visiting "The Vale of -Dedham," passing the Elizabethan Grammar School where John Constable -was educated, "Willy Lotts House" and "Flatford Mill." During another -summer, our journey was to the Dickens country. After alighting at Sole -Street station and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> visiting the Leather Bottle, with its numerous -Dickens relics, and Cobham Church, we drove to Rochester and lunched at -the celebrated Bull Hotel, so humorously associated with Mr. Winkle. -Later on in the day we visited the Cathedral and Dean Hole's delightful -garden of roses.</p> - -<p>The House of the Seven Poor Travellers fascinated us greatly, as here -we were shown Dickens' signature when he spent the night getting -material for his Christmas story of the "Seven Poor Travellers." We -also inspected the outbuildings in which he and the other travellers -slept. Among other journeys of very great interest, was one by train -to Oxford and from thence by boat up the Thames to Goring: the scenery -through which we passed is well known for its bewildering beauty.</p> - -<p>Most interesting to me, as I happened to be at the time the Hon. -Secretary, was our pilgrimage to Hatfield House. Upon arriving at -Hatfield House and being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> received with a kindly shake of the hand by -the Countess of Salisbury, she showed us through the rooms in which -are located many wonderful historical treasures. More especially to be -admired was the collection of arms, many of which had been captured -from the Spanish Armada. The great library and the wonderful pictures -by Holbein, Van Dyck, Reynolds, and others, fascinated us all, but -perhaps the most interesting were the various relics connected with -Queen Elizabeth: the oak-tree under which she was seated when the news -came of Queen Mary's death and of her own accession to the throne; the -cradle once occupied by Elizabeth; and a pair of her silk stockings, -and a garden bonnet which she wore when walking in the surrounding -woods.</p> - -<p>On leaving Hatfield House we drove over to St. Albans, where we visited -the old and delightful Cathedral, rich in its historical associations, -and, after an enjoy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>able dinner at one of the hotels, returned home -with minds full of the events which have helped to make the greatness -of England.</p> - -<p>I might mention other delightful "outings" and events, but those which -I have given show the many fascinating episodes associated with the -Whitefriars Club.</p> - - - - -<p class="ph2">INDEX</p> - - -<p> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Agricultural Hall, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Alexandra Palace, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Alice in Wonderland," <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"A.L.O.E.," <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Amberley School (Glos.), <a href="#Page_14">14</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">American Copyright, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Annual Register," <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Appleton & Co., <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Arber, Edward, <a href="#Page_169">169</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Argosy, The," <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Arnold, E., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Arnold, Matthew, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Arnold, Mr. W.H., <a href="#Page_160">160</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Arthur Bonnicastle," <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ashenden Press, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Asquith, Right Hon. H.H., <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Astley's Theatre, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Aunt Judy's Magazine," <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Authors' Club, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ave Maria Lane, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Balfour, Lord, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ballantyne, R.M., <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Baring-Gould, Rev. S., <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Barnett, Canon, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Baxter, Richard, his "Saints Rest," <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>-5</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Baxter, Mr. Wynne, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Baynes' "Lyra Anglicana," <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Beaconsfield, Lord, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Beale's "Sixpenny Library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Beecher, Henry Ward, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Belgravia," <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bellew, Rev. J.C.M., <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bennett, A.W., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bennett, J., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bentley & Son R., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bentley's "Standard Library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bible: Caxton Celebration Edition, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bible: Revised Version, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Biblical Cabinet, The, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bickers, Messrs., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bickersteth, Rev. Edward, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>-6</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bickersteth, Rev. Robert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Blackmore, R.D., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Blackwood & Sons, William, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Blake, William, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Blondin, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bohn's "Libraries," <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bonar, Rev. Horatius, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Book Auction Sales, <a href="#Page_175">175</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Booksellers' Association, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Booksellers' Provident Institution, <a href="#Page_131">131</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Booksellers' Provident Retreat, <a href="#Page_131">131</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Booksellers' Society, London, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Bookseller, The," <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Booth, L., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Boston's "Crook in the Lot," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bosworth, Thomas, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bradbury, Evans & Co., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Braddon, Miss, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Brassey, Lord, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Brewer, E.C., "Guide to Knowledge," <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bright, John, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"British Almanac and Companion," <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Broadway, The," <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Brook, Mrs. Carey, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Brockhaus, F., his "Great Lexicon," <a href="#Page_213">213</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Brontë, Charlotte, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Browning, Mrs. E.B. <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Browning, Robert, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bryce, Lord, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bucknell, Mr., <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Buffon, George, his "Natural History," <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Bunyan, John, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Burgin, G.B., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Burns, Robert, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Butter's "Spelling Book," <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Byron, Lord, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Cadell & Davies, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Caine, Mr. W.S., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Caine, Sir T. Hall, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Cambridge University Press, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Campbell, Lord, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Camps' Library, The, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Caradoc Press, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Carnegie Trust, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Carpenter, Bishop, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Cassell & Co., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Catalogues of Books, The term, <a href="#Page_171">171</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Caxton Celebration, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Caxton, William, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Chatto & Windus, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Child's Guide to Knowledge, The," <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Christian Biography, The Library of, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Christian Classics, Pickering's, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Christian's Fireside Library, The, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Churchill, A. & J., <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">City Temple, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Clark, Mr. John, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>-9</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Clark, Mrs., <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Clavel, Robert, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Clodd, Edward, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Colburn, H., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Colenso, Bishop, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Collins & Son, W., <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Collins, Wilkie, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Constable & Co., <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Constable, John, R.A., <a href="#Page_214">214</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Cooper, Sidney, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Copyright, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Cornwell's "Geography," <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Cottage Library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Cowper, William, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Craik, Mrs. (Miss Muloch), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Creed Lane, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Cremorne Gardens, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Crockett, S.R., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Crosby, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>-4</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Crosby, Lockwood & Co., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Crystal Palace, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Cummings, Dr., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Daily Courant," <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dale, Rev. R.W., <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dalziel, The Brothers, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Daniel's Press, Canon, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dante, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Darton & Harvey, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Darwin, Charles, his "Origin of Species," <a href="#Page_90">90</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dawson, George, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dawson, Rev. J.W., <a href="#Page_213">213</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Day & Sons, W., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dent, J.M., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Derby, The, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>-9</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dickens, Charles, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>-5</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dilke, Sir Charles, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Doré, Gustave, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dove Press, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Doyle, Richard, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Drury Lane Theatre, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Du Chaillu, Paul, his "Land of the Midnight Sun," <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Duckwork & Co., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Dulac, Edmund, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Early Closing Association, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Edward VII, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Elementary Education Act, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Eliot, George, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Encyclopædia Britannica," <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Enquire Within," <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Eragny Press, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Erckmann-Chatrian, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Essays and Reviews," <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Essex House Press, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Everyman's Library," <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Family Prayers, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Farringdon Street, <a href="#Page_192">192</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Faulkner & Co., C.W., <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Fenn, G. Manville, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Figuier, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Finsbury Park, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Fisher, Mr. Paul Hawkins, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Forster, Rt. Hon. W.E., <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Fortnightly Review, The," <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Foster, Birket, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Fraser, Sir J. Foster, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Free Libraries, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Frowde, H., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Gatty, Mrs., <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">George V, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">George, Right Hon. D. Lloyd, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Gilbert and Sullivan, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Gilbert, Sir John, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Gladstone, Right Hon. W.E., <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>; <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-5, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Good Words," <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Gore, Canon, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Gould, Sir F.C. Carruthers, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Gouldburn, Dean, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Grace's Court, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Grand, Madam Sarah, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Grant, James, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Greenaway, Kate, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Griffin, C., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Griffith & Farran, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Griffiths, William, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Groombridge & Co., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Grossmith, George, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Grote, George, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Guthrie, Dr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hall, Rev. Newman, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hamilton, Rev. James, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hamilton Adams & Co., <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hampton Court, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hampton, Dame Alice, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hannay's Almanac, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>-7</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Harcourt, Sir William, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hardwick, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hardy, Thomas, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Harris, Mrs. Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Harrup, G., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Harte, Bret., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hatchards, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hatfield House, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Havergal, Francis Ridley, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hawker's "Daily Portion," <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hearn, Tom, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Heenan, J.C., <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Heinemann, W., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Helmore, Mr., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Helmore, Rev. T., <a href="#Page_24">24</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Her Majesty's Theatre, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>-8</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Highbury Barn, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Highbury Congregational Church, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hodder & Stoughton, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Holywell Street, <a href="#Page_192">192</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Home and Colonial Library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hope, Sir Anthony, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Horsman, Edward, M.P., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hospital Fund, King Edward's, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hotten, J. Camden, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Houghton, A.B., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Houlston & Wright, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Howitt, William and Mary, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hughes, Arthur, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hugo, Victor, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Humphreys, Noel, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hunt, W., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hurst & Blackett, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Hutchinson & Co., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Huxley, Professor, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Iddesleigh, Lord, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ivy Lane, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Janes, Rev. John Angell, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Jay, Rev. W., <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Jenkins, H., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Johnson's "Dictionary," <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Johnson, Joseph, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Keats, John, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Keble, John, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Keith, Dr., <a href="#Page_99">99</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Kelmscott Press, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ken, Bishop, his "Divine Love," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Kent & Co., W., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Kingsley, Charles, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Kit's Coty House (Kent), <a href="#Page_50">50</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Knight, Charles, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lady's Closet Library, The, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lamb, Charles, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>-4</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lambe's "Constitutional Diseases," <a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lambeth Place, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lane, John, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Langford, J.A., "The Praise of Books," <a href="#Page_197">197</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lardner, Nathaniel <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lardner's "Scientific library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Laurie, T. Werner, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Law, C., <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Law, William, his "Serious Call," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Layton, C., <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Leighton, Robert, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Leighton, T., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lever, Charles, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lewes, G.H., <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Library of Puritan Divines, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Liddon, Canon, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Line upon Line," <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">London County Council, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"London Society," <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Longfellow, H.W., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Longmans, Green & Co., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-2</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lyall, Edna, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Lytton, Lord, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Macduff, Rev. J.R., <a href="#Page_62">62</a>-3</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">McGregor, John, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Mackay, Mr. Charles, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">MacKenzie, Mr. A.W., <a href="#Page_129">129</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Mackintosh, W., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Macmillan & Co., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-1, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Macmillan, Sir Frederick, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Magazines, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Magee, Archbishop <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Marconi, Chevalier, <a href="#Page_121">121</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Marriott, Miss, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Marsh, Miss, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Mary Powell," <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Mary, Queen, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Masters, J., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Mathews, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Maurnan, Joseph, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Mavor, William F., his "Voyages and Travels," <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Maxwell, John, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Melrose, A., <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Menken, Adah Isaacs, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Meredith, George, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Merriman, H.S., <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Methuen & Co., <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Miles, Messrs. John, Frederick and William, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Miles, John, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Milford, Humphrey, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Millais, Sir J.E., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Miller, Hugh, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Miller, W., <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Milman, Dean, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Milner, Joseph, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Milner, Lord, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Milton, John, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Minchinhampton Common, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Montgomery, James, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Moore, George, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Moore, Thomas, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Morley, Lord, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Morris, Lewis, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Morris, W., <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Moxon, E, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Mozley, Henry, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Mozley, J. & C., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Mudie's Library, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Muloch, Miss. <i>See</i> Mrs. Craik.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Murray & Highley, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Murray, John, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>-2</span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Nash, Eveleigh, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Nelson & Son, T., <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Newbery, John, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Newby, J.C., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Newgate, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Newgate Market, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Newman, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">New Vagabond Club, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Nicholl, Sir W. Robertson, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Nicholson, John, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Nimmo, J.C., <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Nineteenth Century, The," <a href="#Page_106">106</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Northcote, Sir Stafford. <i>See</i> Iddesleigh.</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Nunn, James, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">O'Connor, T.P., M.P., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Old Bailey, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>-2</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Old Moore's Almanac, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Oliphant, Mrs., <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Osborne, Thomas, <a href="#Page_177">177</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Oxenden, Ashton (Bp. of Montreal), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>-4</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Oxford Bible Warehouse, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Oxford University Press, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Paley, William, his "Evidences," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Parker, Dr., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>-4</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Parkinson, Thomas, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Parlour Library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Paternoster Row, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Paternoster Square, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Patti, Carlotta, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Peep of Day", <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Penny Cyclopædia, The," <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Pepys's Diary," <a href="#Page_171">171</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Perks, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Phelps, Samuel, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Phillips, Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Pickering's Christian Classics," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Pinder, Peter, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Pinnock's "Catechisms," <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Pinwell, G.J., <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Playgoers' Club, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Pope, Alexander, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Practical Christian's Library," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Priestley, Joseph, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Publishers Association, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Publishers' Circular," <a href="#Page_145">145</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Pusey, Dr., <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Quaritch, Bernard, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Rackham, Arthur, <a href="#Page_190">190</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Radcliffe, Ann, her "Mysteries of Udolpho," <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Railway Library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Reade, Charles, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Reader, Mr. William, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Reeves, Sims, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Reid, Captain Mayne, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ritchie, Lord, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>-5</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Rivington & Co., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Roberts, Lord, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>-1</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Robinson, G. & J., <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Rochester Cathedral, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Rosebery, Lord, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Rose Cottage (Mrs. Craik's residence), <a href="#Page_16">16</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Routledge & Sons, George, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ruddiman, Thomas,his "Rudiments," <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ruffhead, Owen, his "Statutes," <a href="#Page_18">18</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Run and Read Library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Russell, Lord John, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ryle, Rev. J.C., <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sacred Family Library, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sadlers Wells Theatre, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>-3</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">St. Albans, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>-7</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">St. George's Chapel, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">St. Paul's Cathedral, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Santley, Kate, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Saunders & Ottley, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sayers, Tom, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>-3</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Scotcherd & Letterman, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Scott, Sir W., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Scrope, G. Poulet, M.P., <a href="#Page_22">22</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Seeley & Burnside, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Seeley, Sir J.R., his "Ecce Homo," <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Select Library of Fiction, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Selous, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Selwyn & Blount, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Senior, William, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sewell, Mrs., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shakespeare, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shakespeare, Cassell's edition of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>-4</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shakespeare, Globe edition of, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>-1</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shakespeare, his "Hamlet," <a href="#Page_32">32</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shaylor, Joseph, his contributions and publications, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>-7</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shansfield, Mr. W.N., <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shelley, P.B., <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sheraton, Thomas, his "Cabinet Makers' Drawing Book," <a href="#Page_184">184</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Shorter, Clement K., <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sidgwick & Jackson, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Simpkin, Marshall & Co., <a href="#Page_52">52</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Smiles, Samuel, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Smith & Son, W.H., <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Smith, Dr. Pye, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Smith, Dr. William, his "Educational Works," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Smith, Elder & Co., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Smith, J. Russell, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Smith, Sir Christopher, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Smithfield, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Southey, Robert, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Spencer, Herbert, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Spiritual Library, The," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Spurgeon, Rev. C.H., <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Spurgeon, Sir Arthur, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stalker, Mr., <a href="#Page_114">114</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Statesman's Year Book, The," <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stationers' Hall, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stationers' Hall Court, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stationers, Worshipful Company of, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stockdale, J., <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stoke Newington, <a href="#Page_128">128</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Strahan, A., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stroud Valley (Glos.), <a href="#Page_11">11</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Stubbs, Dr., Bp. of Oxford, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Sunday Magazine, The," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Suttaby, R. & A., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Sutton's "Learning to Live," etc., <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Swinburne, A.C., <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tait, Dr., Abp. of Canterbury, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tate, Mr. Henry, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Taylor, Jeremy, "Holy Living and Dying," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tegg, W., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tenniel, Sir John, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tennyson, Lord, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Thackeray, W.M., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Thumb, General Tom, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Timbs, John, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tinsley Brothers, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Tinsley's Magazine," <a href="#Page_74">74</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tonson, Jacob and Richard, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tractarian Movement, The, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"Travellers' Library," <a href="#Page_73">73</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Treloar, Sir William, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Trollope, Anthony, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Trübner, N., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Tupper, Martin, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Twain, Mark, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">University Extension, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Unwin, T. Fisher, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ussher, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vale Press, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Valentine, Edward, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vaughan, Dr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Verne, Jules, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vernor & Hood, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Victoria, Queen, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Virtue & Co., <a href="#Page_84">84</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vizetelly, Henry, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Vyse's "Spelling Book," <a href="#Page_72">72</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Waddy, Mr. S.D., <a href="#Page_127">127</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Walker, John, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Walpole, Right Hon. Spencer, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>-5</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Walton & Maberley, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Walton, Lawson, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ward, Artemus, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Ward Lock & Co., <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Warne & Co., Frederick, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Warren, Minnie, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Warwick Court, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Warwick Lane, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-7</span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Watson, Bishop, and his "Apology," <a href="#Page_67">67</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Watts, Dr., <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Weale's "Series," <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Weaver, Richard, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Webb, Mrs., <a href="#Page_76">76</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Welsh, Mr. Charles, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Whitaker's Almanac, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Whitefriars Club, <a href="#Page_198">198</a> <i>et seq.</i></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Whiteing, Richard, <a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Whitfield, George, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Whittaker & Co., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Wilberforce, Bishop, his "Life," <a href="#Page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Williams & Co., Henry, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Williams, Mr. Carvel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Wilson, Bishop, his "Sacra Privata," <a href="#Page_70">70</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Wilson & Spence, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Wilson's "Catechisms," <a href="#Page_71">71</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Winslow, Dr., <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Wolseley, Lord, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Wood, Mrs. Henry, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Woodchester (Glos.), <a href="#Page_17">17</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Y.M.C.A., books sent to the troops by, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Yonge, Miss C.M., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></span><br /> -</p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sixty Years a Bookman, by Joseph Shaylor - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIXTY YEARS A BOOKMAN *** - -***** This file should be named 61453-h.htm or 61453-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/4/5/61453/ - -Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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