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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8bfacf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #61127 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61127) diff --git a/old/61127-0.txt b/old/61127-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 135c71d..0000000 --- a/old/61127-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8520 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of London and Its Environs Described, Vol. 4 -(of 6), by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: London and Its Environs Described, Vol. 4 (of 6) - Containing an Account of whatever is most remarkable for - Grandeur, Elegance, Curiosity or Use - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: January 7, 2020 [EBook #61127] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS, VOL 4 *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - LONDON - AND ITS - ENVIRONS - DESCRIBED. - VOL. IV. - - - - - LONDON - AND ITS - ENVIRONS - DESCRIBED. - - CONTAINING - - An Account of whatever is most remarkable for GRANDEUR, ELEGANCE, - CURIOSITY or USE, - - In the CITY and in the COUNTRY Twenty Miles round it. - - COMPREHENDING ALSO - - Whatever is most material in the History and Antiquities of this great - Metropolis. - - Decorated and illustrated with a great Number of Views in Perspective, - engraved from original Drawings, taken on purpose for this Work. - -Together with a PLAN of LONDON, A Map of the ENVIRONS, and several other - useful CUTS. - - VOL. IV. - - - LONDON: - Printed by R. and J. DODSLEY in Pall-Mall. - - M DCC LXI. - -[Illustration: A New and Correct PLAN of LONDON, WESTMINSTER and -SOUTHWARK, _with several Additional Improvements, not in any former -Survey._] - - - - - LONDON - AND ITS - ENVIRONS - DESCRIBED, &c. - - -LONDON, the metropolis of Great Britain, and one of the largest and -richest cities upon earth, is of such antiquity that it is impossible to -give any certain account of its origin. It probably existed in the time -of the ancient Britons, before the art of writing was brought into -England, and when there were no other monuments of ancient facts, than -what were found in the songs of the bards, which were preserved only by -memory. - -It would be ridiculous therefore to lay any stress on the fabulous tales -of Geffry of Monmouth, who pretends that it was founded by Brutus, the -second nephew of the famous Æneas, and called _Trinovantum_, or New -Troy, and that it was at length walled by King Lud, when it obtained the -name of _Caer Lud_, or _Lud’s Town_. Upon which suppositions some of our -later historians have had the weakness to compute, that it had its -origin 1107 years before the birth of Christ; 600 years before the fall -of the Assyrian empire by the death of Belshazzar, and 350 before the -building of Rome. - -But to leave these fabulous tales. Camden supposes that this city -derived the name of London from the British words _Llhwn_ a wood, and -_Dinas_ a town; by which etymology of the word, London signifies _a town -in a wood_: this exactly agrees with the manner in which the Britons -formed their towns, by building them in the midst of woods, and fencing -them with trees cut down: but lest this derivation should not please, -the same learned writer gives another, from the British word _Lhong_, a -ship, and _Dinas_ a city, and then the word London will signify a city -or harbour for ships: and indeed it has been supposed by many learned -authors, that before Cæsar’s time London was the ancient emporium or -mart of the British trade with the Phœnicians, Greeks and Gauls. - -London had however no buildings either of brick or stone, till it was -inhabited by the Romans; for the dwellings of the Britons were only huts -formed of twigs wattled together; however, Tacitus observes, that in the -year 26, Londinum was very famous for the multitude of its merchants, -and the greatness of its traffic; but soon after Suetonius abandoned the -city to the fury of Boadicea, because it was too large to be defended by -his little army of 10,000 Romans, which is certainly a proof of its -being even then of a considerable extent. That British Princess however -burnt this great city, and put all the inhabitants to the sword. - -London soon recovered from this dreadful catastrophe, and in a few years -increased so much in the number of its inhabitants, its trade and -buildings, that _Herodian_, in the life of the Emperor Severus, calls it -a great and wealthy city, and about this time it changed the name of -_Londinum_, for that of _Augusta_; probably from its being the capital -of the British dominions, and was made a prefecture by the Romans, in -imitation of Rome itself: but it soon after changed the name of Augusta -for that of _Caer-Llundain_. - -It will not be improper here to observe, that a dispute has arisen about -the situation of this city in these early times; the Rev. and learned -Dr. Gale, Dean of York, and Mr. Salmon, having offered many arguments to -prove that it was a Roman station erected in St. George’s Fields, to -secure their conquests on that side the river, before they reduced the -Trinobantines; particularly from the great quantities of Roman -antiquities found in St. George’s Fields; from the name of Cyningston, -or Kennington, which Dr. Gale supposes was an ancient town and castle -belonging to the Kings of England, and therefore probably a Roman -station, because the Saxons generally used to settle in such places; and -from the authority of Ptolemy, who has placed London on the south side -of the Thames. In answer to these arguments, it has been very justly -observed by Mr. Maitland, that the Romans were too wise to make use of -so noisome and unhealthful a place for a station, as St. George’s Fields -then was, from their being overflowed by every spring tide; as they must -have been before the river was confined by artificial banks, and before -the building of London bridge, where, upon an ordinary spring tide, the -water rises upwards of nineteen inches higher on the east side than on -the west: that, if the antiquities discovered are any proof, above -twenty times the quantity of Roman antiquities have been found on the -north side of the river. With respect to the argument produced from the -name of Kennington, the learned Mr. Woodward observes, that the Kings of -England were, from our oldest notices of things, intitled to all such -lands as were gained from the sea, or from such rivers as ebbed and -flowed; and that with respect to the authority of Ptolemy, he had not -only misplaced several other towns in Britain, but in countries much -nearer to him. - -The time when the city wall was first erected, is very uncertain, some -authors ascribing this work to Constantine the Great, and others to his -mother Helena; but Mr. Maitland brings several arguments to prove, that -it was erected by Valentinian, about the year 368, and that it entirely -surrounded the city, to secure it from being invaded by water as well as -by land. - -This wall was composed alternately of layers of flat Roman brick, and -rag stones, and had many lofty towers. Those on the land side were -fifteen in number. The remains of one of these is still to be seen in -Shoemaker row, fronting the passage into Duke’s Place; and there is -another a little nearer Aldgate, twenty-one feet high. From the remains -of the Roman work in the city wall, Mr. Maitland supposes, that, at the -time of its erection, it was twenty-two feet in height, and that of the -towers about forty feet. See LONDON WALL. - -During the Saxon heptarchy, London was the metropolis of the kingdom of -the East Saxons, and was then, as we are told by Bede, a princely -mart-town, governed by a magistrate called a Portreve, that is, a -governor or guardian of a port. We find this city then first called -London-Byrig, which they soon after changed into Lunden-Ceaster, -Lunden-Wye, Lundenne, Lunden-Berk, or Lunden-Burgh. At length Augustine -the Monk, having introduced christianity into England, in the year 400, -he was made Archbishop of Canterbury, when he ordained Mellitus bishop -of the East Saxons, who had a church erected for him in this city by -Ethelbert, King of Kent. Thus London first became the seat of a bishop; -but this prelate was afterwards expelled, and paganism again for some -time publicly established. - -The history of the heptarchy is so very defective, that no mention is -made of this city from the year 616, to that of 764. After this last -period we find that London frequently suffered by fires, and was twice -plundered by the Danes; the last time they transported an army in 350 -ships up the Thames, and landing near London, soon reduced and plundered -it; when looking upon it as a convenient fortress, whence they might at -pleasure invade the kingdom of Wessex, made it a place of arms, and left -in it a considerable garrison; but the wise and brave Alfred recovered -the city, drove out the invaders, and then not only repaired the wall -and towers, but embellished the city with additional buildings. But we -have no account of the nature of the buildings or the edifices erected, -only that in the year 961, there were but few houses within the city -walls, and those irregularly dispersed; most of them being without -Ludgate, so that Canterbury, York, and other places, contained more -houses than London. The city having no bridge, the citizens cross’d the -Thames by means of ferries. - -But between the years 993, and 1016, a wooden bridge was erected. This -great work was performed in the reign of Ethelred, and in the last -mentioned year, Canute King of Denmark sailing up the river, in order to -plunder the city, and finding that he could not pass the bridge with his -ships, caused a canal to be cut through the marshes on the south side of -the river, which probably began at the place now called Dockhead, and -extending in a semicircle by Margaret’s Hill, entered the Thames about -St. Saviour’s Dock, a little above the bridge. This work being -accomplished, Canute brought his ships to the west of London bridge, and -attacked the city on all sides; however the citizens exerting themselves -with extraordinary bravery, he was repulsed with considerable loss, and -obliged to raise the siege. Yet he afterwards renewed it with greater -vigour than before, but with no better success. At last a peace was -concluded between King Edmund and Canute, by which the kingdom was -divided between them, when Mercia, of which London was the capital, -falling to Canute’s share, the city submitted to him; and Edmund dying a -few months after, Canute summoned a parliament to meet in London, who -chose that prince sole monarch of England. - -Canute now, resolving to win the hearts of his new subjects, disbanded -his army, and threw himself entirely upon the affections of the English, -at which the above parliament were so pleased, that they granted him -83,000l. a prodigious sum at that time! for, according to the price of -land and provisions then, it must have been equal to nine millions at -present; and of this immense sum, London alone raised 11,000l. which is -a convincing proof of the opulence of the city, since it must be -possessed of above one seventh part of the wealth of the whole kingdom. - -But we are not writing a history of England, but of its capital, we -shall therefore pass over the following reigns, till we come to the -invasion of William the Conqueror, who laid Southwark in ashes; but the -Londoners afterwards submitting to him, he, in the year 1067, granted -them his first charter in their own language, which consists of little -more than four lines, beautifully written in the Saxon character on a -slip of parchment, six inches long, and one broad, and is still -preserved in the city archives. - -In 1077 happened the greatest casual fire, that till this time ever -befel the city, by which the greatest part of it was laid in ashes; and -about two years after, the Conqueror beginning to suspect the fidelity -of his subjects, caused the present square tower of London to be -erected, to keep them in awe. See the TOWER OF LONDON. - -In this reign were several other dreadful fires, and London bridge was -in 1091 carried away by a land flood; but a few years after another -wooden bridge was built in its room. In 1099 a high flood caused the -Thames to overflow its banks, by which a great number of villages were -laid under water, and many of their inhabitants drowned: at this time -part of the lands belonging to Godwin Earl of Kent, were swallowed up by -the sea, and are now denominated Goodwin’s Sands; and this being a reign -of prodigies, there happened fifteen years after such a defect of water -in the river Thames, that numbers of people crossed not only above and -below London bridge, but even through some of the arches, without -wetting their feet. - -We have already mentioned the first charter granted by William the -Conqueror to the city; he afterwards granted them another; but London -obtained one much more extensive from Henry I. by which the citizens not -only had their ancient customs and immunities confirmed, but the county -of Middlesex added to their jurisdiction, on paying the quit rent of -300l. a year; with a power of appointing not only a Sheriff but a -Justiciary from among themselves. This was granted to prevent that -county’s being any longer an asylum for bankrupts, and fraudulent -persons, who having deserted London with the goods and effects of their -creditors, lived there in open defiance of those they had injured. - -By this charter the citizens were allowed the privilege of not being -compelled to plead without the walls of the city, and excused from -paying scot, lot, and danegelt, duties payable to the King by all his -other subjects. The city was not to be amerced for the escape of a -murderer; nor any citizen, when accused of a crime, be obliged to -vindicate his innocence by a duel. They were exempted from paying toll -in fairs or markets in any part of the kingdom; and if any was exacted, -they might make reprisals in London, upon the inhabitants of the town -where it was exacted, &c. - -Before the grant of this charter, London seems to have been entirely -subject to the arbitrary will of the King. But the liberties of the -citizens being now guarded by so strong a fence, they endeavoured to -secure their customs by converting them into written laws; and the -several bodies professing the arts and mysteries of trade and -manufacture, which had hitherto been kept up by prescription only, were -now strengthened by being formed into established companies. The King -however reserved to himself the power of appointing the Portreve, or -chief officer of the city. - -Upon the death of Henry I. the citizens assisted King Stephen in his -endeavours to obtain the crown, and in 1135 received him into the city; -but the next year, a dreadful fire laid the greatest part of the city in -ashes; for according to Mr. Stow, it began near London Stone, and -consumed all the buildings east to Aldgate, and west to St. Erkenwald’s -shrine in St. Paul’s cathedral; both of which it destroyed, together -with London bridge, which was then of wood. - -In the year 1139, the citizens purchased of King Stephen, for an hundred -marks of silver, the right of chusing their own Sheriffs; but that -prince being soon after defeated and taken prisoner by the Empress -Matilda, the daughter of Henry I. she resolved to be revenged on the -citizens, for the assistance they had given to that usurper; and -therefore, entering into a convention with Geffrey, Earl of Essex, she -granted him all the possessions and places which either his grandfather, -father, or himself had held of the crown, among which were the -sheriffwicks of London and Middlesex: and also the office of Judiciary -of the city and county, so that no person could hold pleas in either, -without his permission. This compact was executed with the greatest -solemnity; and thus the citizens were divested of some of their most -valuable privileges. - -The citizens soon after humbly entreated Matilda to re-establish the -laws of King Edward the Confessor, which had been confirmed to them by -the Conqueror’s charter, and to ease them of their insupportable taxes: -but instead of granting either of these requests, she, with a disdainful -countenance, told them, that since they had assisted her enemy to the -utmost of their power, they were to expect no favour from her. - -From this haughty answer, they concluded that they had no other -treatment to expect from this imperious Princess, than that of slaves. -To prevent this, it was resolved, to seize her person; she however -escaped; but the populace plundered her palace; after which Stephen was -restored, and she compelled to fly the kingdom. - -King Henry II. some years after, granted the citizens a charter, by -which he confirmed their liberties and immunities. - -The 2d of September 1189, the day preceding the coronation of Richard I. -surnamed Coeur de Lyon, was remarkable for the dreadful massacre of the -Jews in this city. Intimation was given to that people not to appear at -the ceremony; but many endeavouring to satisfy their curiosity, by -carrying presents to the King, attempted to get into the abbey church of -St. Peter’s Westminster: but being repulsed by his Majesty’s domestics, -a rumour spread among the populace, that the King had given orders for -the entire destruction of that people. Upon which the mob, barbarously -falling upon these poor defenceless wretches, murdered all who fell in -their way, and then hastening to the city, with a more than diabolical -fury massacred all they could find, and then plundered and burnt their -houses. However, the next day, the wicked ringleaders of these horrid -barbarities were seized, and immediately hanged. - -In the year 1197, the citizens purchased of King Richard a charter, for -15,000 marks, by which they were impowered to remove all wears out of -the river Thames, and the King resigned all his right to the annual -duties arising from them. This is the first charter from which the city -claims its jurisdiction and conservacy of that river. - -In the next reign the citizens obtained several charters from King John, -by which this and all their other privileges were confirmed: and in the -year 1207, Henry Fitz-Alwyn took the title of Mayor, instead of Custos -and Bailiff, under which names he had held that dignity for twenty years -successively. - -In the year 1211, the citizens, as an additional security, began to -encompass the wall with a deep ditch 200 feet wide; a work in which a -vast number of hands was employed. The same year London bridge was -consumed by a dreadful fire. - -In the beginning of the reign of King Henry III. the city obtained from -that Prince five charters, on condition of paying him a fifteenth of -their personal estates, by which all their former privileges were -confirmed, and some others added. But these were only made to be broken; -for this perfidious Monarch frequently extorted money from the citizens, -and upon the slightest pretences imprisoned the Mayor and Sheriffs. He -seized the charters he had granted, and made the citizens purchase new -ones; and in the whole of his behaviour acted like a sharper, void of -every principle of honour and justice, or the least regard to his word, -his promises, or his oaths. - -In this reign the forest of Middlesex being disforested, the citizens -obtained an opportunity of purchasing land, and building houses upon it, -by which the suburbs of the city were greatly increased, and soon -enlarged to a considerable extent without the walls, though all the -ground within them was far from being converted into regular streets. - -It will not be unentertaining if we give a description of the city as it -appeared about this time. The houses were mostly built of wood, and -thatched with straw or reeds, which was the occasion of very frequent -fires; and the city was supplied with water by men who brought it in -carriages from the Thames, and from the brooks which ran through many of -the principal streets. Thus the river of Wells, so called from many -springs or wells uniting to supply its stream, arose in the north west -part of the city, and ran into Fleet Ditch, at the bottom of Holborn -hill. This small river, or brook, supplied several water mills, and at -length from thence obtained the name of Turnmill Brook. - -The Olborn, or Holborn, which arose where Middle row now stands, and -flowed down the hill, also fell into Fleet Ditch; and a few houses on -its banks were called a village, and distinguished by the name of this -rivulet. While the Fleet ran down Fleet street, and also fell into Fleet -Ditch. - -Wall brook entered the city through the wall between Bishopsgate and -Moorgate, and after many turnings emptied itself into the Thames at -Dowgate. - -The brook Langbourn rose near the east end of Fenchurch street, where -mixing with the soil, it rendered it marshy; but ran from thence with a -swift current to Sherborne lane, and then dividing into several rills, -was lost in the Wall brook on Dowgate hill. - -The springs from whence all these streams arose were pretty numerous, -and several of them at their source formed deep ponds; particularly -there was a large pond in Smithfield, supplied by its own spring; and -near Cripplegate a deep and dangerous pool, formed by Crowder’s Well. - -At length the citizens being deprived of their usual supplies of water -from the above brooks, by the encroachments of buildings, and other -ways, water was brought from six springs in the town of Tyburn, by a -leaden pipe of a six-inch bore, which was made to supply leaden cisterns -castellated with stone. The first and largest of these conduits was -erected in West-cheap, in the year 1285, and afterwards the number of -these conduits were increased to about twenty. Mr. Stow informs us, that -it was customary for the Lord Mayor, accompanied by the Aldermen, and -principal citizens on horseback, to visit the heads from whence the -conduits were supplied, on the 18th of September, when they hunted a -hare before dinner, and a fox after it, in the fields beyond St. -Giles’s. - -About this time the city was divided into twenty four wards, under the -government of the Aldermen; and each ward chose some of the inhabitants -as Common Council men, who were sworn into their office; these were to -be consulted by the Aldermen, and their advice followed, in all public -affairs relating to the city. - -The above regulation was made in the reign of King Edward I. who also -granted the citizens a charter, by which he confirmed all their ancient -privileges. Some years before their receiving this favour, the Lord -Treasurer summoned the Mayor, Aldermen, and citizens, to attend him in -the Tower, to give an account how the peace of the city had been kept; -but Gregory Rockesley, the Mayor, resolving not to attend in that -quality, laid aside the ensigns of his office at Barking church, and -repaired to the Tower as a private gentleman; which was so highly -resented by the Treasurer, that he committed him and several of the -principal citizens to prison. This proceeding the King so far approved, -that though he discharged the Mayor, he seized the city liberties, and -having appointed a Custos of the city, there was no Mayor of London for -twelve years after. - -In 1306, sea-coal beginning to be much used in the suburbs of London, by -brewers, dyers, and others requiring great fires; the nobility and -gentry complained to King Edward II. that the air was infected by the -noisome smell, and the thick clouds of smoke it occasioned, to the -endangering of the health of the inhabitants; upon which a proclamation -was issued; forbidding it to be used: but little regard being paid to -it, the King appointed a commission of oyer and terminer, to enquire -after those who had acted in open defiance of this injunction. - -In the beginning of the next reign, the city obtained a very great -addition to its privileges; for in the year 1327, King Edward III. -granted the citizens two charters; the first of which contained not only -a confirmation of the ancient and valuable liberties and immunities of -the citizens, but also the following additional privileges. - -1. That the Mayor shall be constantly one of the Judges of oyer and -terminer, for the trial of criminals confined in Newgate. - -2. The citizens to have the privilege of trying a thief or robber within -the jurisdiction of the city, and the power of reclaiming a citizen -apprehended elsewhere for felony, in order to try him within the city; -with a right to all the goods and chattels of all felons, convicted -within the jurisdiction of the city. - -3. The office of Escheator is conferred upon, and given in perpetuity to -the Mayor. - -4. The King’s Marshal, Steward, and Clerk of the houshold, are exempted -from having any authority in the city. - -5. For the greater convenience of citizens resorting to country fairs, -they are granted the privilege of holding a court of Pye-powder in such -places, for the determination of all contests that happen in each of -those fairs. - -6. That the citizens should be only assessed in common with their fellow -subjects, towards general subsidies, grants, and contributions. - -7. That no market be kept within seven miles of the city of London. - -8. And that the city liberties shall not be seized for a personal -offence, or iniquitous judgment of any of its magistrates, &c. - -By the second charter, Southwark is granted for the good and benefit of -the citizens. - -The same Prince, in the year 1354, granted the city the privilege of -having gold or silver maces carried before the chief magistrate; a -privilege then peculiar to London; for all other cities and towns in the -kingdom were, by a royal precept, expresly commanded not to use maces of -any other metal than copper; and this is the time when, it is supposed -by some, that the title of _Lord_ was first added to that of Mayor. - -In the year 1348, the city was visited by a most terrible pestilence, -which continued to rage till the church yards were found not capacious -enough to receive the bodies. This induced several persons to purchase -ground to supply that defect; and in one of these burying grounds, -bought by Sir Walter Manny, were interred the next year 50,000 persons; -an amazing number, considering the small extent of this metropolis at -that time: by this dreadful pestilence 100,000 persons are said to have -died in this city. This is a very convincing proof that London was at -that time extremely populous. - -By this terrible pestilence provisions were reduced so low, that the -best fed ox was sold for 4s. the best cow at 1s. the best heifer or -steer at 6d. the best wether at 4d. the best ewe at 3d. the best lamb at -2d. the best hog at 5d. and a fine horse, formerly worth 40s. at 6s. 8d. -_Arnold’s Chronicle._ - -But notwithstanding this deplorable calamity, the wealth and dignity of -the city were soon after so great, that in the year 1363, the Kings of -Scotland, France, and Cyprus, who came into England to visit King Edward -III. were entertained at dinner, with his Majesty, the Prince of Wales -his son, and most of the nobility, by Henry Picard, late Mayor of -London. - -In the fifth year of the reign of King Richard II. the city suffered -greatly by the rebellion of Wat Hilliard, commonly called Wat Tyler, -from his employment; he being a tyler of Dartford in Kent. This fellow, -exasperated at the impudence and insolence of the collectors of the poll -tax, one of whom pulled up his daughter’s cloaths to see if she was -arrived at the age of puberty; after killing the collector, excited the -people to join him, in defence of their daughters, and to abolish the -laws and taxes, which were thought extremely burthensome. They readily -entered into this proposal, marched to Black Heath, and were soon -increased to 100,000 men. - -This prodigious mob entered Southwark on the 10th of June 1381, set at -liberty the prisoners in the King’s Bench and Marshalsea prisons, and -levelled to the ground the houses of all lawyers and questmen, and while -one party went to Lambeth, where they burnt the archiepiscopal palace, -with the rich furniture, books and registers, another destroyed the -common stews along the bankside, then kept by Flemish bawds, who farmed -them of the city. - -In this dreadful confusion, the Lord Mayor caused the bridge gate to be -shut, and fortified; but the next day they were admitted into the city, -and the shambles and wine cellars set open for their accommodation. -Being now joined by the city rabble, they hasted to the Savoy, the Duke -of Lancaster’s palace, which was the most magnificent edifice in the -kingdom, and setting fire to it, caused proclamation to be made, that -none should appropriate any thing to his own use, upon pain of death. -They then ran to the Temple, which at that time belonged to the Lord -High Treasurer; that edifice they also burnt, with all the records in -Chancery, and the books and papers belonging to the students of the law; -and all the inns of court they served in the same manner. - -After this, dividing themselves into three bodies, one proceeded to the -rich priory of St. John of Jerusalem, near Smithfield, which they -likewise burnt; and then marching to the stately mansion house at -Highbury, beyond Islington, set fire to that edifice, through hatred to -Sir Robert Hales, the High Treasurer, who was prior of the one, and -proprietor of the other. - -The second division marched to the Tower, which they entered, -notwithstanding its being guarded by six hundred men at arms, and the -same number of archers, and there seizing Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of -Canterbury, and the above Sir Robert Hales, caused them both to be -beheaded on Tower hill. - -The third division, which were the Essex party, proceeded to Mile-end, -where being met by the King, who agreed to all their demands, they the -same day dispersed, and returned home. - -Wat Tyler, with the rest of his desperate crew, however, continued -committing the greatest disorders in London and Westminster, and, under -the plausible pretence of reforming public abuses, they set open the -prisons of the Fleet and Newgate, murdered many of the most eminent -citizens, and dragging the Flemish merchants from the churches, where -they had fled for refuge, beheaded them in the streets. Nor did their -monstrous cruelty stop here; for they proceeded murdering and burning in -a most horrid manner in many parts of the city; and not only made -proclamation for the beheading of all lawyers, and persons concerned in -the Exchequer, but even of all who were able to write. - -At length King Richard, encouraged by his success at Mile-end, sent to -let Wat Tyler know that he would have a conference with him in -Smithfield, upon which that rebel marched slowly thither, at the head of -his forces; but no sooner saw the King, than setting spurs to his horse, -he boldly rode up to his Majesty, leaving all his companions behind. His -behaviour and proposals were equally brutish and absurd, for he would be -satisfied with nothing less than a commission to behead all lawyers, and -the abolition of all the ancient laws of the kingdom; at which, William -Walworth, the Lord Mayor, was ordered to arrest him, when that brave -magistrate gave him such a blow on the head with his sword, that he fell -wounded from his horse, and was soon dispatched. - -The rebels, in the mean time, observing what was done, cried out, Our -Captain is murdered, let us revenge his death, and immediately bent -their bows: when Richard, though but fifteen years of age, with -astonishing prudence and bravery rode up to them, crying, “My friends, -will you kill your King? be not troubled for the loss of your leader. I -will be your captain, and grant what you desire.” Upon which they -changed their resolution, and marched under his conduct to St. George’s -Fields, where finding a thousand citizens completely armed, they were -struck with such an amazing panic, that, throwing down their arms, they -begged for mercy, which being granted, they immediately dispersed. - -Several writers ascribe to the action of this day, the addition of the -dagger to the arms of the city, in remembrance of the good service done -by them, and particularly by the Lord Mayor. - -This, and other rebellions, being suppressed, King Richard, in the year -1390, appointed a great tournament to be held in Smithfield, on the -Sunday after Michaelmas; and having caused it to be proclaimed in all -the principal courts of Europe, several princes and noblemen from -Germany, France, the Netherlands, and other countries, came to -distinguish themselves by their courage and military skill. On the day -appointed, which was Sunday in the afternoon, a pompous cavalcade of -sixty ladies set out from the Tower, all richly dressed, and mounted on -fine horses, each leading an armed Knight by a silver chain, attended by -their Esquires, who passing through Cheapside proceeded to Smithfield, -where the justs continued four days, in the presence of the King, the -Queen, and the whole court; his Majesty himself giving proofs of his -skill and dexterity on the second day. During the whole time open house -was kept at the King’s expence, at the Bishop of London’s palace, for -the entertainment of all persons of distinction, and every night the -diversions concluded with a ball. - -Two years after, the city refusing to lend the King a sum of money, and -some of the citizens beating and abusing a Lombard merchant, for -offering to advance the sum required, the King was so exasperated, that -he sent for the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and twenty four of the -principal commoners of the city, to attend him at Nottingham, which -having done, the Mayor was committed prisoner to Windsor castle, and the -rest to other prisons. A commission, under the great seal, was then -granted to the Dukes of York and Gloucester, the King’s uncles, to -enquire into that and other offences, of which the above persons being -found guilty, they were not only fined 3000 marks, but the liberties of -the city were seized; the Mayor was degraded from his office, and a -Custos appointed in his room; the Sheriffs were also degraded, and -others chosen; and, by the King’s precept, seventeen persons were -appointed Aldermen, during the royal pleasure. As a farther -mortification to the city, the King not only withdrew, with the -nobility, to York, but removed the courts of justice to that city. - -However, upon payment of the fine of 3000 marks, all the city liberties -were restored, except the privilege of chusing her own Mayor. And the -King, returning to London, was met at Shene, or Richmond Heath, by four -hundred citizens on horseback, dressed in a rich uniform, with the -Recorder at their head, who made a speech, in which he humbly begged -pardon for their past offences, and earnestly entreated his Majesty to -honour the Chamber of London with his presence; to which he consenting, -they attended him to St. George’s church in Southwark, where he was -received by a solemn procession of the clergy, and five hundred boys in -surplices, with the Bishop of London at their head. At London bridge he -was presented with a fine horse, adorned with trappings of gold brocade, -and his Queen with a fine pad, and very noble furniture. - -Never was the city more richly embellished than on this occasion, for -the citizens of all ranks strove to outvie each other, in honour of -their reconciled Sovereign; the streets were lined with the city -companies in their formalities, and the conduits all the while ran with -variety of wines. - -At the standard in Cheapside, a boy dressed in white, to represent an -angel, stood in a magnificent pageant, and upon the King’s approach, -presented him with wine in a gold cup, and placed on his head a crown of -gold, adorned with a variety of pearls and precious stones, and likewise -another on the head of the Queen. After which their Majesties were -conducted to their palace at Westminster, by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, -and Sheriffs, who, the next day, made his Majesty a present of two -silver basons gilt, with 1000 nobles of gold in each, curious pictures -of the Trinity, valued at 800l. and several other valuable presents. But -after all, they were obliged to pay him 10,000l. before he would restore -them the right of chusing their own magistrates. - -The King, and his royal consort Isabella, a daughter of France, were -some years after again conducted, with extraordinary magnificence, thro’ -the city; but in 1398, the citizens petitioning to have their taxes -taken off, and against entering into a treaty with the French King, -about the delivering up of Calais, Richard was so exasperated against -them, that he obliged many of the richest of the citizens to sign and -seal several blank papers sent them by the ministry, who afterwards -filled them up at their pleasure, with such sums as would effectually -drain them; and this rendered him so odious to the citizens, that when -Henry Duke of Lancaster arrived from France, they received him with open -gates, and expressed their joy by magnificent shews, solemn processions -of the clergy, and loud acclamations; and, in short, after the late King -was made prisoner, Henry was received in great pomp by the Lord Mayor, -Aldermen, Sheriffs, and all the several companies in their formalities. - -The reign of Henry IV. was not distinguished by any remarkable disputes -between that King and the citizens; but in the year 1407, a dreadful -plague carried off 30,000 of the inhabitants, whereby corn became so -cheap, that wheat sold at 3s. 4d. the quarter. - -In the reign of Henry V. the citizens chiefly distinguished themselves -by the splendid cavalcade, with which they conducted that brave Prince -through the city, after the glorious battle of Agincourt, In this reign -Moorgate was first built, and Sir Henry Barton, the Lord Mayor, first -ordered lanthorns to be hung out, for illuminating the streets by night. -Indeed it is surprizing, that so useful and necessary a regulation was -not made much earlier, considering the multitude and wealth of the -inhabitants, the brooks which still ran through some of the streets, and -the dirt occasioned by their lying much lower than at present. - -After the death of this great conqueror, his young son Henry VI. being -crowned King of France at Paris, the citizens, on his return, expressed -their loyalty in a very extraordinary manner; for the royal infant was -met on Black Heath by the Lord Mayor of London, dressed in crimson -velvet, with a large furred hat, a girdle of gold about his waist, and a -bawdrick of gold about his neck, waving down his back. He was followed -by three horsemen, dressed in scarlet and silver, and attended by the -Aldermen in scarlet gowns, and crimson hoods, while the citizens were -cloathed in white gowns, and scarlet hoods, with the symbol belonging to -each mystery, richly embroidered upon their sleeves. They were all on -horseback, and from thence preceded his Majesty to London, where he was -received with the utmost pomp. The city on this occasion was decorated -with rich silks and carpets, and on the bridge, and in the streets, -through which the cavalcade passed, were erected a variety of stately -pageants, filled with persons representing the Muses, Graces, and -Sciences; and from these pageants, orations were made, and concerts -performed of vocal and instrumental music. Two days after, the Lord -Mayor and Aldermen attended the King at Westminster, and presented him -with a golden hamper, containing 1000l. in nobles. - -It is impossible, in the short compass allotted to this part of the -work, to give an account of the several rebellions and revolutions -during the life of this unhappy Sovereign, and of the manner in which -the citizens interested themselves in each: it is sufficient to add, -that notwithstanding these early professions of loyalty, the ill success -and weakness of Henry, made them almost constantly join his enemies, and -was one principal cause of his ruin. - -King Edward IV. therefore, in the second year of his reign, shewed his -gratitude for the favours he had received from them, by granting the -city a charter, by which all the ancient rights and privileges of the -citizens were confirmed, and the following additional privileges -bestowed. - -1. The Lord Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen past the chair, are appointed -perpetual justices of peace in the city; and are constituted justices of -oyer and terminer, for the trial of all malefactors within their own -jurisdiction. - -2. For the better ascertaining the customs of the city, when a plea is -brought in any of the superior courts, relating to those customs, the -Lord Mayor and Aldermen are impowered to declare, by the mouth of their -Recorder, whether the point in controversy be a custom of London, or -not; and if, upon enquiry, it be found to be such, then it is to be -recorded, and remain an established custom to all futurity. - -3. The Lord Mayor and Aldermen are for ever exempted from serving in all -foreign assizes, juries, or attaints, and from the offices of assessor, -collector of taxes, overseer, or comptroller of all public duties -without the jurisdiction of the city. - -4. The citizens are allowed the privilege of holding an annual fair in -the borough of Southwark, together with a court of Pye-powder, with the -rights and customs thereto belonging, &c. all at the ancient fee farm of -10l. _per annum_. - -Afterwards, in the year 1479, the city gave the same Prince 1923l. 19s. -8d. for the liberty of purchasing lands, &c. in mortmain, to the value -of 200 marks _per annum_; and also purchased of the King, for 7000l. the -offices of package, portage, garbling, gauging, wine-drawer and coroner, -to be enjoyed by them and their successors for ever. - -In the same year, a dreadful pestilence raged in London, which swept -away an incredible number of people. - -On the death of Edward IV. the Duke of Buckingham strove in vain to make -the citizens join in raising the Duke of Gloucester to the throne, to -the prejudice of the young Prince, Edward V. by making a long speech to -them in Guildhall. The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and some of the Common -Council, were, however, prevailed upon to go and persuade that inhuman -monster to accept of the crown; and afterwards the Lord Mayor contested -with the citizens of Winchester the right of being chief Butler at the -coronation of a man who was a disgrace to human nature: but the Mayor of -London had for some ages enjoyed this privilege, and was not now denied -it. - -In the beginning of the reign of Henry VII. the sweating sickness first -raged in London, carrying off great numbers within twenty-four hours; -but those who survived that time generally recovered; and of this -disease died two Lord Mayors and one of the Sheriffs, in the space of -the year. - -The next year the privileges of the citizens were struck at by their own -magistrates, in a very extraordinary act of Common Council, which -enjoined the citizens, under the penalty of an hundred pounds, not to -carry any goods or merchandize to any fair or market within the kingdom, -for the term of seven years; but this scandalous and unjust by-law was -the next year set aside by act of Parliament. - -In the year 1500, the plague carried off 20,000 persons in London; and -during this reign the city also suffered greatly by the oppressions of -the King’s ministers Empson and Dudley; Alderman Capel was, upon several -penal laws, condemned to pay a fine of 2700l. but by the intercession of -friends, it was mitigated to 1600l. Thomas Knesworth, who had been -Mayor, with Richard Shoare and Roger Grove, his Sheriffs, were accused -of abuses committed in their offices, for which they were dragged to the -Marshalsea, and confined without any legal process, till they redeemed -themselves by paying 14,000l. and, in short, Sir Laurence Aylmer was, in -the next year after he had served the office of Mayor, also imprisoned -by these rapacious ministers, in order to extort a sum of money for his -liberty: but the death of Henry VII. delivered him and many others from -their troubles. - -King Henry VIII. the year after his accession to the throne, came in the -habit of one of the yeomen of the guard, to see the march of the city -watch; it being an ancient custom for the watch, who were then a body of -military forces, to make a pompous march on the vigils of St. John -Baptist, and St. Peter and Paul. His Majesty was a spectator on St. -John’s eve, and was so highly delighted with the sight, that he returned -on the eve of St. Peter, accompanied by his royal consort, and the -principal nobility, and staid in Mercer’s Hall, Cheapside, to see the -procession repeated. - -The march was begun by the city music, followed by the Lord Mayor’s -officers, in party-coloured liveries; then the swordbearer, on -horseback, in beautiful armour, preceded the Lord Mayor, mounted on a -stately horse adorned with rich trappings, attended by a giant and two -pages on horseback, three pageants, morrice dancers and footmen; next -came the Sheriffs, preceded by their officers, and attended by their -giants, pages, pageants, and morrice dancers. Then marched a great body -of demi-lancers in bright armour, on stately horses: next followed a -body of carabineers in white fustian coats, with the city arms on their -backs and breasts: then marched a body of archers with their bows bent, -and shafts of arrows by their sides; followed by a party of pikemen with -their corslets and helmets; after whom marched a body of halberdiers in -their corslets and helmets; and the march was closed by a great party of -billmen, with helmets and aprons of mail. - -The whole body, which consisted of about 2000 men, had between every -division a certain number of musicians, who were answered in their -proper places by the like number of drums, with standards and ensigns, -in the same manner as veteran troops. This nocturnal march was lighted -by 940 cressets, which were large lanthorns fixed at the end of poles, -and carried over mens shoulders; two hundred of which were at the city -expence, five hundred at that of the companies, and two hundred and -forty were found by the city constables. - -The march began at the conduit in Cheapside, and passed through that -street, Cornhill, and Leadenhall street to Aldgate; whence it returned -by Fenchurch street, Gracechurch street, Cornhill, and Cheapside, to the -conduit. - -During this march, the houses on each side the streets were decorated -with greens and flowers wrought into garlands, and intermixed with a -great number of lamps. _Stow._ - -This splendid procession constantly repeated twice a year, is not only a -proof of the fondness for shew which then prevailed, but lets us see -that the city was then watched by men completely armed; a body of troops -of a peculiar kind, raised and maintained by the city. - -The same year, Sir William Fitz-William, Alderman of Bread street ward, -was disfranchised for refusing to serve the office of Sheriff. _Fabian’s -Chronicle._ - -And in 1512, the Sheriffs of London and Middlesex were first impowered -to impannel juries for the city courts, each juror so impannelled to be -a citizen worth an hundred marks. - -As the history of the city of London must necessarily include that of -the manners of the inhabitants, we have given some instances of their -fondness for pompous and splendid processions, and it may hereafter be -necessary to add others, to enable the reader to form an idea of the -difference between the past times and the present. I shall here mention -amusements of a different kind, graced with the presence of a sovereign -Prince, and which cannot fail of entertaining the reader. - -It was usual, on the first of May, for all the citizens who were able, -to divert themselves in the woods and meadows with May-games, diversions -not confined to the lower class, but equally the entertainment of -persons of the highest rank; a remarkable instance of which is inserted -in _Hall’s Chronicle_, under the year 1515, when that author observes, -that King Henry VIII. and Queen Catharine, accompanied by many Lords and -Ladies, rode a maying from Greenwich to the high ground of Shooter’s -Hill, where, as they passed along, they saw a company of 200 tall -yeomen, all cloathed in green, with green hoods and bows and arrows. -One, who was their Chieftain, was called Robin Hood, and desired the -King and all his company to stay and see his men shoot, to which the -King agreeing, he whistled, and all the two hundred discharged their -arrows at once, which they repeated on his whistling again. Their arrows -had something placed in the heads of them that made them whistle as they -flew, and all together made a loud and very uncommon noise, at which the -King and Queen were greatly delighted. The gentleman who assumed the -character of Robin Hood then desired the King and Queen, with their -retinue, to enter the Green Wood, where, in arbours made with boughs -intermixed with flowers, they were plentifully served with venison and -wine, by Robin Hood and his men. - -About two years after an event happened, which occasioned the epithet of -Evil to be added to this day of rejoicing. The citizens being extremely -exasperated at the encouragement given to foreigners, a Priest named -Bell was persuaded to preach against them at the Spital, and in a very -inflaming sermon he incited the people to oppose all strangers; this -occasioned frequent quarrels in the streets, for which some Englishmen -were committed to prison. - -Suddenly a rumour arose, that on Mayday all the foreigners would be -assassinated, and several strangers fled; this coming to the knowledge -of the King’s Council, Cardinal Wolsey sent for the Lord Mayor and -several of the City Council, told them what he had heard, and exhorted -them to preserve the peace. Upon this affair a court of Common Council -was assembled at Guildhall, on the evening before Mayday, in which it -was resolved to order every man to shut up his doors and keep his -servants at home; and this advice being immediately communicated to the -Cardinal, met with his approbation. - -Upon this every Alderman sent to inform his ward, that no man should -stir out of his house after nine o’clock, but keep his doors shut and -his servants within, till nine in the morning. This order had not been -long given, when one of the Aldermen, returning from his ward, observed -two young men at play in Cheapside, and many others looking at them. He -would have sent them to the Compter, but they were soon rescued, and the -cry raised of _’Prentices, ’Prentices! Clubs, Clubs!_ Instantly the -people arose; by eleven o’clock they amounted to six or seven hundred; -and the crowd still increasing, they rescued from Newgate and the -Compter the prisoners committed for abusing the foreigners: while the -Mayor and Sheriffs, who were present, made proclamation in the King’s -name; but, instead of obeying it, they broke open the houses of many -Frenchmen and other foreigners, and continued plundering them till three -in the morning, when beginning to disperse, the Mayor and his attendants -took 300 of them, and committed them to the several prisons. While this -riot lasted, the Lieutenant of the Tower discharged several pieces of -ordnance against the city, but without doing much mischief; and about -five in the morning, several of the nobility marched thither with all -the forces they could assemble. - -On the 4th of May, the Lord Mayor, the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of -Surry, and others, sate upon the trial of the offenders at Guildhall, -the Duke of Norfolk entering the city with 1300 men. That day several -were indicted, and on the next thirteen were sentenced to be hanged, -drawn and quartered, for the execution of whom ten gallowses were set up -in several parts of the city, upon wheels, to be removed from street to -street, and from door to door. - -On the 7th of May several others were found guilty, and received the -same sentence as the former, and soon after were drawn upon hurdles to -the standard in Cheapside; but when one was executed, and the rest about -to be turned off, a respite came, and they were remanded back to prison. - -After this the soldiers who had kept watch in the city were withdrawn, -which making the citizens flatter themselves that the King’s displeasure -against them was not so great as they had imagined, the Lord Mayor, -Recorder, and several Aldermen, went in mourning gowns to wait upon the -King at Greenwich, when, having attended for some time at the privy -chamber door, his Majesty with several of the nobility came forth, upon -which, all of them falling upon their knees, the Recorder, in the name -of the rest, in the most humble and submissive terms, begged that he -would have mercy on them for their negligence, and compassion on the -offenders, whom he represented as a small number of light persons. His -Majesty let them know that he was really displeased, and that they ought -to wail and be sorry for it; for as they had not attempted to fight with -those whom they pretended were so small a number of light persons, they -must have winked at the matter; he therefore ordered them to repair to -the Lord Chancellor, who would give them an answer. Upon which they -retired deeply mortified. - -Being informed that the King was to be at Westminster Hall on the 22d of -May, they resolved to repair thither, which they did with the consent of -Cardinal Wolsey Lord High Chancellor. The King sat at the upper end of -Westminster Hall, under a cloth of state, with the Cardinal and several -of the nobility: and the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Recorder, and several of -the Common-Council attended; the prisoners, who then amounted to about -400, were brought in their shirts bound together with cords, and with -halters about their necks, and among these were eleven women. The -Cardinal, having sharply rebuked the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty for -their negligence, told the prisoners, that, for their offences against -the laws of the realm, and against his Majesty’s crown and dignity, they -had deserved death; upon which they all set up a piteous cry, of “Mercy, -gracious Lord, mercy!” which so moved the King, that, at the earnest -intreaty of the Lords, he pronounced them pardoned; upon which giving a -great shout, they threw up their halters towards the top of the hall, -crying God save the King! After this affair the May-games were not so -commonly used as before. - -By the following account the reader will see, that our hospitable -ancestors were not less fond of the pleasures of the table, than of -outward pomp. Mr. Stow observes, that in the year 1531, eleven gentlemen -of the law being promoted to the dignity of the coif, they gave a -splendid and elegant entertainment in the Bishop of Ely’s palace in -Holborn, for five days successively, at which were present the King, -Queen, foreign Ministers, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the Judges, the -Master of the rolls, the Masters in chancery, the Serjeants at law, the -principal Merchants of London, with many Knights and Esquires, and a -certain number of citizens belonging to the chief companies of the city. - -This being one of the greatest entertainments recorded in history, an -account of it cannot be unacceptable to the reader: but as there were -three poulterers concerned in providing the poultry, and only one of -their accounts which we are able to communicate, it will be very -deficient; however, as this great entertainment was given but about two -hundred and thirty years ago, the subjoined account will shew the vast -disparity between the prices of provisions then and now, and -consequently the great disproportion between the scarcity of money at -that time, and its plenty at present. - -Twenty-four large oxen, at 1l. 6s. 8d. each. - -The carcase of a large ox from the market, 1l. 4s. - -One hundred sheep, at 2s. 10d. each. - -Fifty-one calves, at 4s. 8d. each. - -Thirty-four hogs, at 3s. 8d. each. - -Ninety-one pigs, at 6d. each. - -Fourteen dozen of swans, no price set down. - -Capons of Greece, ten dozen, each at 1s. 8d. - -Kentish capons, nine dozen and a half, at 1s. each. - -Nineteen dozen of common capons, at 6d. each. - -Seven dozen and nine heathcocks, at 8d. each. - -Fourteen dozen and eight common cocks, at 3d. each. - -The best pullets (no number mentioned) at 2½d. each. - -Common ditto, 2d. each. - -Thirty-seven dozen of pigeons, at 10d. a dozen. - -Three hundred and forty dozen of larks, at 5d. a dozen. - -In the year 1532, a general muster of the citizens was held at Mile-End, -when the names of all capable of bearing arms were taken down, from the -age of sixteen to that of sixty; as were also an account of the weapons, -armour, and other military accoutrements belonging to the city. - -Upon this occasion the principal citizens were dressed in white, with -caps and feathers of the same colour; the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, -Recorder, and Sheriffs, wore white armour, and coats of black velvet, -embroidered with the city arms; they had velvet caps on their heads, and -rode on fine horses adorned with magnificent trappings, with gold chains -about their necks, and battle-axes in their hands. Each of the Aldermen -and the Recorder, was attended with four halberdiers in white silk or -buff coats, with gilt halberts; and the Lord Mayor, by sixteen men in -white sattin jackets, with gold chains, caps and feathers, and long gilt -halberts; he had also four footmen in white sattin, and two pages in -crimson velvet, with gold brocade waistcoats; these pages were mounted -on fine horses, adorned with rich furniture, one of them carrying the -Lord Mayor’s helmet, and the other his pole-ax, both richly gilt, Most -of the citizens of distinction were, on this occasion, dressed in white -silk, and wore gold chains with a variety of rich jewels. - -The citizens rendezvoused and were mustered early in the morning at Mile -End, and before nine in the forenoon began their march, when entering -Aldgate, they proceeded through the city, in admirable order, to -Westminster; where they passed in review before the King and most of the -nobility, who were highly delighted at their splendid appearance. From -thence they marched round St. James’s Park, and down Holborn to -Leadenhall, where they separated at five o’clock in the evening. So far -our author. - -But if we add to this splendid cavalcade, that every man wore his beard -and hair, which were probably neatly curled and powdered, we must be -sensible that the citizens, in this procession, had a strange mixture of -gravity and foppery, and that, fond as we are of dress, we were greatly -outdone in this particular by our ancestors. King Henry however loved -shew, and the citizens took great pains to please him, of which the -following is another remarkable instance, which, tho’ very long, we -shall insert, in order to give our readers an idea of the taste of the -citizens of that age, in regard to elegance and grandeur: and we chuse -to select this instance, as the city appears to have been decorated with -greater pomp than at any time before or since. - -The King having divorced Queen Catharine, and married Anne Boleyn, or -Boloine, who was descended from Godfrey Boloine, Mayor of this city, and -intending her coronation, sent to order the Lord Mayor, not only to make -all the preparations necessary for conducting his royal consort from -Greenwich, by water, to the Tower of London; but to adorn the city after -the most magnificent manner, for her passage through it to Westminster. - -In obedience to the royal precept, Mr. Stow observes, that the Mayor and -Common Council not only ordered the company of Haberdashers, of which -the Lord Mayor was a member, to prepare a magnificent state barge; but -enjoined all the city corporations to provide themselves with barges, -and to adorn them in the most superb manner, and especially to have them -supplied with good bands of music. - -On the 29th of May, the time prefixed for this pompous procession by -water, the Mayor, Aldermen and Commons assembled at St. Mary Hill; the -Mayor and Aldermen in scarlet, with gold chains, and those who were -knights, with the collars of SS. At one they went on board the city -barge at Billingsgate, which was most magnificently decorated; and -attended by fifty noble barges, belonging to the several companies of -the city, with each its own corporation on board; and, for the better -regulation of this procession, it was ordered, that each barge should -keep twice their lengths asunder. - -Thus regulated, the city barge was preceded by another mounted with -ordnance, and the figures of dragons and other monsters, incessantly -emitting fire and smoke, with much noise. Then the city barge, attended -on the right by the Haberdashers state barge, called the Bachelors, -which was covered with gold brocade, and adorned with sails of silk, -with two rich standards of the King’s and Queen’s arms at her head and -stern, besides a variety of flags and streamers, containing the arms of -that company, and those of the Merchant Adventurers; besides which the -shrouds and ratlines were hung with a number of small bells: on the left -was a barge that contained a very beautiful mount, on which stood a -white falcon crowned, perching upon a golden stump encircled with roses, -being the Queen’s emblem; and round the mount sat several beautiful -virgins, singing, and playing upon instruments. The other barges -followed in regular order, till they came below Greenwich. On their -return the procession began with that barge which was before the last, -in which were the Mayor’s and Sheriff’s officers, and this was followed -by those of the inferior companies, ascending to the Lord Mayor’s, which -immediately preceded that of the Queen, who was attended by the -Bachelors or state barge, with the magnificence of which her Majesty was -much delighted; and being arrived at the Tower, she returned the Lord -Mayor and Aldermen thanks, for the pomp with which she had been -conducted thither. - -Two days after, the Lord Mayor, in a gown of crimson velvet, and a rich -collar of SS, attended by the Sheriffs and two domestics in red and -white damask, went to receive the Queen at the Tower of London, whence -the Sheriffs returned to see that every thing was in order. The streets -were just before new gravelled from the Tower to Temple Bar, and railed -in on each side; within the rails near Grasschurch, stood a body of -Anseatic merchants, and next to them the several corporations of the -city in their formalities, reaching to the Aldermens station at the -upper end of Cheapside. On the opposite side were placed the city -constables dressed in silk and velvet, with staffs in their hands, to -prevent the breaking in of the mob, or any other disturbance. On this -occasion, Gracechurch street and Cornhill were hung with crimson and -scarlet cloth, and the sides of the houses of a place then called -Goldsmith’s row, in Cheapside, were adorned with gold brocades, velvet -and rich tapestry. - -The procession began from the Tower with twelve of the French -Ambassador’s domestics in blue velvet, the trappings of their horses -being blue sarsnet, interspersed with white crosses; after whom marched -those of the equestrian order, two and two, followed by the Judges in -their robes, two and two; then came the Knights of the Bath in violet -gowns, purfled with menever. Next came the Abbots, Barons, Bishops, -Earls and Marquises, in their robes, two and two. Then the Lord -Chancellor, followed by the Venetian Ambassador and the Archbishop of -York: next the French Ambassador and the Archbishop of Canterbury, -followed by two gentlemen representing the Dukes of Normandy and -Aquitain; after whom rode the Lord Mayor of London with his mace, and -Garter in his coat of arms; then the Duke of Suffolk, Lord High Steward, -followed by the Deputy Marshal of England, and all the other officers of -state in their robes, carrying the symbols of their several offices: -then others of the nobility in crimson velvet, and all the Queen’s -officers in scarlet, followed by her Chancellor uncovered, who -immediately preceded his mistress. - -The Queen was dressed in silver brocade, with a mantle of the same -furred with ermine; her hair was dishevelled, and she wore a chaplet -upon her head set with jewels of inestimable value. She sat in a litter -covered with silver tissue, and carried by two beautiful pads cloathed -in white damask, and led by her footmen. Over the litter was carried a -canopy of cloth of gold, with a silver bell at each corner, supported by -sixteen Knights alternately, by four at a time. - -After her Majesty came her Chamberlain, followed by her Master of Horse, -leading a beautiful pad, with a side-saddle and trappings of silver -tissue. Next came seven ladies in crimson velvet, faced with gold -brocade, mounted on beautiful horses with gold trappings. Then followed -two chariots covered with cloth of gold, in the first of which were the -Duchess of Norfolk and the Marchioness of Dorset, and in the second four -ladies in crimson velvet; then followed seven ladies dressed in the same -manner, on horseback, with magnificent trappings, followed by another -chariot all in white, with six ladies in crimson velvet; this was -followed by another all in red, with eight ladies in the same dress with -the former: next came thirty gentlewomen, attendants to the Ladies of -honour; they were on horseback, dressed in silks and velvet; and the -cavalcade was closed by the horse guards. - -This pompous procession being arrived in Fenchurch street, the Queen -stopped at a beautiful pageant, crouded with children in mercantile -habits; who congratulated her Majesty upon the joyful occasion of her -happy arrival in the city. - -Thence she proceeded to Grace church corner, where was erected a very -magnificent pageant, at the expence of the company of Anseatic -Merchants, in which was represented Mount Parnassus, with the fountain -of Helicon, of white marble, out of which arose four springs about four -feet high, centering at the top in a small globe, from which issued -plenty of Rhenish wine till night. On the Mount sat Apollo, at his feet -was Calliope, and beneath were the rest of the Muses, surrounding the -Mount, and playing upon a variety of musical instruments, at whose feet -were inscribed several epigrams suitable to the occasion, in letters of -gold. - -Her Majesty then proceeded to Leadenhall, where stood a pageant, -representing a hill encompassed with red and white roses; and above it -was a golden stump, upon which a white falcon, descending from above, -perched, and was quickly followed by an angel, who put a crown of gold -upon his head. A little lower on the hilloc sat St. Anne, surrounded by -her progeny, one of whom made an oration, in which was a wish that her -Majesty might prove extremely prolific. - -The procession then advanced to the conduit in Cornhill; where the -Graces sat enthroned, with a fountain before them incessantly -discharging wine; and underneath, a Poet, who described the qualities -peculiar to each of these amiable deities, and presented the Queen with -their several gifts. - -The cavalcade thence proceeded to a great conduit that stood opposite to -Mercers Hall in Cheapside, and, upon that occasion, was painted with a -variety of emblems, and during the solemnity and remaining part of the -day, ran with different sorts of wine, for the entertainment of the -populace. - -At the end of Wood street, the standard there was finely embellished -with royal portraitures and a number of flags, on which were painted -coats of arms and trophies, and above was a concert of vocal and -instrumental music. - -At the upper end of Cheapside was the Aldermens station, where the -Recorder addressed the Queen in a very elegant oration, and, in the name -of the citizens, presented her with a thousand marks in a purse of gold -tissue, which her Majesty very gracefully received. - -At a small distance, by Cheapside conduit, was a pageant, in which were -seated Minerva, Juno, and Venus; before whom stood the god Mercury, who, -in their names, presented the Queen a golden apple. - -At St. Paul’s gate was a fine pageant, in which sat three ladies richly -dressed, with each a chaplet on her head, and a tablet in her hand, -containing Latin inscriptions. - -At the east end of St. Paul’s cathedral, the Queen was entertained by -some of the scholars belonging to St. Paul’s school, with verses in -praise of the King and her Majesty, with which she seemed highly -delighted. - -Thence proceeding to Ludgate, which was finely decorated, her Majesty -was entertained with several songs adapted to the occasion, sung in -concert by men and boys upon the leads over the gate. - -At the end of Shoe lane, in Fleet street, a handsome tower with four -turrets was erected upon the conduit, in each of which stood one of the -cardinal Virtues, with their several symbols; who, addressing themselves -to the Queen, promised they would never leave her, but be always her -constant attendants. Within the tower was an excellent concert of music, -and the conduit all the while ran with various sorts of wine. - -At Temple Bar she was again entertained with songs, sung in concert by a -choir of men and boys; and having from thence proceeded to Westminster, -she returned the Lord Mayor thanks for his good offices, and those of -the citizens that day. _Stow’s Annals._ - -The day after, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriffs, performed their -several offices at the coronation; and, in return for the great expence -the city had been at upon the above occasion, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, -and forty of the principal citizens, had the honour of being afterwards -invited to the christening of the Princess Elizabeth. - -In the year 1551, King Edward VI. gave the city a charter, by which he -not only confirmed all its former privileges, but granted the Lord -Mayor, Aldermen, and citizens, several lands and tenements in Southwark, -with the manor thereof, and its appurtenances; the assize of bread, -wine, beer, and ale; a fair for three days; and the offices of Coroner, -Escheator, and Clerk of the market, which are for ever vested in the -Lord Mayor and his successors. - -In the beginning of the year 1552, the celebrated company of the -Anseatic merchants, called here the merchants of the Steelyard, were -dissolved, they having engrossed almost the whole trade of the kingdom; -for in the preceding year they exported 40,000 pieces of cloth, while -all the English merchants together did not export 1100. - -Upon the breaking out of the rebellion under Sir Thomas Wyat, occasioned -by the report of Queen Mary’s intended marriage with Philip of Spain, -the city was thrown into a violent commotion, and on his marching to -Deptford, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and citizens, had not only -recourse to arms; but, it being term time, the Judges sat, and the -Council pleaded in Westminster Hall in armour. In this general confusion -the Queen came to Guildhall, where she was attended by the Lord Mayor, -Aldermen, Sheriffs, and several of the city companies in their -formalities, to whom she made a long and flattering speech, in which she -professed, that she loved them as a mother loves her child, and that she -would not engage in this marriage, if she thought it inconsistent with -the happiness of her loving subjects: but that she desired to leave -_some fruit of her body_ to be their governor. - -This had such an effect, that they cut down the drawbridge, and shut the -gates against Wyat, as he arrived in Southwark; he therefore marched up -the river, crossed the Thames at Kingston, and proceeded through -Westminster to Ludgate; but not being admitted by his friends in the -city, as he expected, he generously surrendered himself, to prevent -bloodshed, and was soon after beheaded on Tower hill. - -The rest of this reign exhibited a dreadful scene of religious bigotry, -by a most cruel persecution of the Protestants; for the principal -instance she gave of her tender maternal love to the citizens, was, her -causing many of them to be burnt in Smithfield, in order to put a stop -to the reformation begun by her father, and continued by her brother: -but Providence soon interposed; her reign was short; and the fires which -were then kindled for the holy martyrs, who sealed their faith with -their blood, were the last effort, under the sanction of law, made by -religious tyranny in this kingdom to overthrow the reformation. Happy -would it have been for the Protestants, if this cruel spirit had never -prevailed amongst them; if, upon this change, universal benevolence had -taken place, and every Briton would have allowed his neighbour the same -liberty of enquiry, which he claimed for himself! but though both the -national church and the dissenters from it, have disclaimed the -pretended infallibility they so justly censured in the church of Rome, -and have even constantly owned that they themselves are fallible, yet, -contrary to the mild, the humane spirit of the Gospel, they have -absurdly persecuted those who would not allow them to be infallible, and -have presumed to differ from the unerring standard of their judgment! - -We are now come to the period when our streets were no longer to be -crouded with monks and friars of various orders, and in very different -and uncouth habits, walking with their heads shaven and bare, with long -beards, and a rosary hanging at their girdles; when our nobility and -gentry were to be no longer affronted in the streets by Cardinals, -attended by a great retinue of servants: by the lordly Knights of -religious orders, or the wealthy Priors of convents: when our streets -were no longer to be adorned with crosses and the images of the saints, -the objects of much superstition; and when many of our largest, most -conspicuous, and stately buildings, were no longer to consist of -priories, friaries, nunneries, and guilds of religious fraternities. - -Thus the appearance of the city, with respect to its buildings, -ornaments, and inhabitants, received a considerable alteration from the -abolition of popery in these kingdoms; and the reader will probably be -pleased at seeing, at one view, a list of these religious houses, which -will the better enable him to form an idea of the difference between -London at that time and the present. - -The priories then were, that of St. John of Jerusalem, near Clerkenwell. - -That of the Holy Trinity of Christ church, or Creechurch, within -Aldgate. - -That of St. Bartholomew the Great, between Newgate street and West -Smithfield. - -The priory or abbey of Bermondsey, Southwark. - -The priory of the Knights Templars, in Fleet street. And - -The old Temple of Holborn. - -The friaries were, that of the crutched or crossed friars, in St. -Olave’s, Hart street. - -That of the brethren _de sacca_, or _de pœnitentia Jesu Christi_, in the -Old Jewry. - -The Charter house monks, or the house of the Carthusians, between St. -John’s street and Goswell street. - -The New Abbey, by East Smithfield. - -And that of Westminster Abbey. - -The five following were convents of begging friars; - -Black friars in Holborn, and - -The black friars, Dominicans, or preaching friars, near Ludgate. - -The gray friars, or Franciscans, near Newgate. - -The Augustine friars, in Broad street. - -And the white friars, or Carmelites, in Fleet street. - -The convents of women were, that of Clerkenwell. - -That of St. Helen, within Bishopsgate. - -That of St. Clare, in the Minories. - -And that of Holiwell by Shoreditch. - -The guilds or fraternities were, the brotherhood of St. Fabian and St. -Sebastian, in St. Botolph’s, Aldgate. - -The fraternity and chapel of the Holy Trinity, in Leadenhall; and -innumerable others, founded in most churches. - -In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the far greatest part of this -metropolis was contained within the walls, and even in these narrow -limits were many gardens, which have been since converted into lanes, -courts, and alleys. The buildings of London were, on the west, bounded -by the monastery of St. Catharine’s; East Smithfield was open to Tower -hill, and Rosemary lane was unbuilt. The Minories were built only on the -east side, which fronted the city wall: cattle grazed in Goodman’s -Fields, and Whitechapel extended but a little beyond the bars, and had -no houses to the north; for Spitalfields, which of themselves would now -compose a very large town, were then really fields, separated from each -other by hedges and rows of trees. Houndsditch consisted only of a row -of houses fronting the city wall, and the little yards and gardens -behind them also opened into those fields. Bishopsgate street, Norton -Falgate, and the street called Shoreditch, were then however built as -far as the church, but there were only a few houses and gardens on each -side, and no streets or lanes on either hand. Moorfields lay entirely -open to the village of Hoxton; and Finsbury Fields, in which were -several windmills, extended to the east side of Whitecross street. -Chiswell street was not erected, and St. John’s street extended by the -side of the priory of St. John of Jerusalem, to the monastery of -Clerkenwell, and Cow Cross, which opened into the fields. - -But on leaving the city walls, the buildings were much less extensive; -for though the village of Holborn was now joined to London, the backs of -the houses, particularly on the north side, opened into gardens and -fields; part of Gray’s Inn lane were the only houses that extended -beyond the main street; great part of High Holborn had no existence, and -St. Giles’s was a village contiguous to no part of London. - -If we turn to the Strand, we also find, that spacious street had gardens -on each side, and to the north, fields behind those gardens, except a -few houses where is now the west end of Drury lane. On the south side of -the street, the gardens generally extended to the Thames; though some of -the nobility had houses on the back of their gardens, next the water -side. Covent Garden, so called from its belonging to the convent at -Westminster, extended to St. Martin’s lane, and the field behind it -reached to St. Giles’s. That lane had few edifices besides the church; -for Covent Garden wall was on one side, and a wall which inclosed the -Mews, on the other, and all the upper part was a lane between two -hedges, which extended a little to the west of the village of St. -Giles’s. Hedge lane was also a lane between two hedges; the extensive -street now called the Hay Market, had a hedge on one side, and a few -bushes on the other. Neither Pall Mall, St. James’s street, Piccadilly, -or any of the streets or fine squares in that part of the town, were -built; and Westminster was a small town on the south west, and south -sides of St. James’s Park. - -Lambeth was, at that time, a little village at a considerable distance -from Southwark, and there were no buildings on the south bank of the -Thames, till a row of houses began opposite to White Friars, and -extended along the river, with gardens, fields, or groves behind them, -till almost opposite the Steel Yard, where several streets began: the -Borough extended a considerable distance from the bridge to the south, -and the buildings to the east as far as the Tower. - -This was the state of this great metropolis, so lately as in the reign -of Queen Elizabeth; and how inconsiderable soever it must appear, when -compared with its present dimensions, yet, by order of that Queen, a -proclamation was published, by which all persons were forbid to build -upon new foundations, and this order was twice repeated in the following -reign. - -On the 1st of January 1559, the Litany, as now used, was first read in -all the churches of London; and about this time the populace not only -destroyed all the statues and pictures of the saints in the churches, -but most of their rich robes, altar cloths, books, and sepulchral -banners. - -In the year 1582, expence in dress having prevailed in the city, among -people of all ranks, particularly among apprentices, which was then -apprehended might prove of dangerous consequence to their masters, the -following orders were published by the Lord Mayor and Common Council, -which will be now thought very extraordinary, viz. That from thence -forward no apprentice whatsoever should presume, - -To wear any apparel but what he receives from his master. - -To wear no hat within the city and liberty thereof, nor any thing -instead of it but a woollen cap, without any silk about it. - -To wear no ruffles, cuffs, loose collar, nor any thing more than a ruff -at the collar, and that only of a yard and a half long. - -To wear no doublets but what were made of canvas, sackcloth, fustian, -English leather, or woollen cloth, without being enriched in any manner -with gold, silver, or silk. - -To wear no other coloured cloth or kersey, in hose or stockings, than -white, blue, or russet. - -To wear little breeches of the same stuffs as the doublets, without -being stitched, laced, or bordered. - -To wear a plain upper coat of cloth or leather, without pinking, -stitching, guarding, lace, or silk about it. - -To wear no other surtout than a cloth gown or cloak, lined or faced with -cloth, cotton, or bays, with a fixed round collar, without stitching, -guarding, lace, or silk. - -To wear no pumps, slippers, nor shoes, but of English leather, without -being pinked, edged, or stitched; nor girdles nor garters except of -crewel, woollen, thread, or leather, without being garnished. - -And to wear no sword, dagger, or other weapon, but a knife; nor neither -a ring, nor a jewel, gold, silver, nor silk in any part of his apparel. - -Rigorous as these laws were, and unsufferable as they would be now -thought, yet any apprentice offending against any of the above -particulars, was, for the first offence, to be punished at the -discretion of his master; for the second he was to be publickly whipped -at the hall of his company; and for the third, to serve six months -longer than specified in his indentures. And every master conniving at -his apprentice’s violating the above severe decree, was to forfeit 6s. -8d. to the poor of the parish in which he dwelt. - -The plague, which had broke out many times in the reign of Queen -Elizabeth, appeared afresh in 1603, on the accession of King James I. to -the throne, and made such dreadful devastation, that, within the space -of a year, it swept away 30,578 persons: but it having at length happily -ceased, the King, Queen, and Prince Henry, made their public entry from -the Tower on the 15th of March 1604, on which occasion the city was -embellished with seven magnificent triumphal arches, numerous pageants, -and other pompous decorations. The streets were adorned with the richest -silks and carpets, and lined with the stands of the several -corporations, with their flags and bands of music. - -In the year 1608, King James I. granted the city a charter, by which he -not only confirmed all the ancient rights, liberties, and immunities of -the citizens, but added to the bounds and jurisdiction of the city the -precincts of Duke’s Place, St. Bartholomew’s the Great and Less, Black -and White Friars, and Cold Harbour. That King also granted the city two -other charters. - -In 1613, the water of the New River, brought from Ware by the great Sir -Hugh Middleton, was let into the lower reservoir at Islington, with -great ceremony: the next year Smithfield was first paved, and in 1615, -the sides of the streets of this city being paved with pebble stones, -which had hitherto rendered walking very troublesome, the inhabitants of -the principal streets first began to pave their doors with broad free -stone and flags. - -In the year 1625, when King Charles I. ascended the throne, a most -dreadful pestilence raged in London; the fatal effects of this distemper -had been frequently felt; but it now carried off, within the space of a -year, in the city and suburbs, 35,417 persons, besides those who died of -other distempers, which, in the whole, amounted to 54,265, said to be -one third of the inhabitants. - -It is remarkable that in the year 1629, the goldsmiths shops in the -south row of Cheapside, reached from the Old Change to Buckler’s Bury, -exclusive of only four shops of other trades in all that space; but -these four shops gave King Charles I. and his Privy Council such -offence, that they sent an order to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, -commanding them to turn out the tenants, and to oblige all the -goldsmiths in the city, to settle in Cheapside and Lombard street. This -arbitrary order however not being complied with, several others were -sent, both by the Council and the court of Star-chamber, in which they -were commanded to commit the tenants to prison, if they refused to give -security to quit their houses by a certain day: and the court of -Star-chamber even threatened the Alderman of the ward, that if he or his -deputy did not immediately cause every such shop to be shut up, he or -his deputy should be sent to prison, by warrant from the Board. - -In 1633, King Charles I. being returned from his progress into Scotland, -the gentlemen of the four Inns of Court entertained their Majesties with -a pompous masque, which excelled every thing of the kind that had been -seen in England, the expence amounting to 21,000l. the greatest sum -probably ever expended in this kingdom in mere shew, except at a -coronation; we shall therefore give it our readers, as a specimen of the -taste of the times; the following account being the more curious, as -these kinds of entertainments are now entirely laid aside. - -The masquers, musicians, and all who were actors, met on Candlemas day -in the afternoon, at Ely House in Holborn, where the Committee for the -management of it sat all day, and in the evening they set forward, in -the following order, down Chancery lane to Whitehall. - -The march began with twenty footmen in scarlet liveries, trimmed with -silver lace, each having his sword by his side, a baton in one hand, and -a lighted torch in the other. These were the Marshal’s men, who cleared -the streets, and were about the Marshal, waiting his commands. After -them, and sometimes in the midst of them, came Mr. Darrel the Marshal, a -very handsome gentleman, of Lincoln’s Inn, mounted upon one of the -King’s best horses, and richest saddles. He was magnificently dressed, -and, besides his Marshal’s men, had two lacquies who carried torches, -and a page in livery carrying his cloak. - -He was followed by an hundred of the handsomest young gentlemen of the -Inns of Court, twenty-five chosen out of each house, all of them mounted -on the best horses, and with the best furniture that the King’s stables, -and those of all the noblemen in town could afford. These hundred -gentlemen were so richly dressed, that scarce any thing but gold and -silver lace could be seen, and every one of them had two lacquies, in -his own livery, carrying torches by his horse’s side, and a page -carrying his cloak. These gentlemen had about a dozen of the best -trumpeters, in their own livery, sounding before them. - -After this noble troop, came the antimasquers; preceded by the sound of -keys and tongs, playing in concert. The first antimasque consisted of -beggars and cripples, mounted on the poorest leanest jades that could be -got out of the dust carts or elsewhere, a change, which from the -nobleness of the music, the fineness of the horses, and the magnificent -appearance of the gentlemen, afforded a very odd and surprizing -contrast; the habits and every thing belonging to these cripples and -beggars being ingeniously fitted by the direction of the commissioners, -among whom were Mr. Attorney Noy, Sir John Finch, Sir Edward Herbert, -and Mr. Selden. - -After the beggars antimasque, came men on horseback, playing upon pipes, -whistles, and instruments, imitating the notes of all sorts of birds, -and playing in excellent concert. - -These were followed by an antimasque of birds, consisting of an owl in -an ivy bush, with many different sorts of birds, in a cluster gazing -upon her; these were little boys put in covers in the shape of those -birds, nicely fitted, sitting on small horses, with footmen going before -them with torches in their hands, and others to look after them, to -prevent their falling. - -After this antimasque, came other musicians on horseback, playing upon -bagpipes and other kinds of Northern music, to shew that the following -projectors were Scots; and these, like the rest, had many footmen with -torches waiting on them. - -First in this antimasque rode a fellow upon a little horse with a great -bit in his mouth, carrying upon his head a bit with a headstall and -reins; a projector, who begged a patent, that none in the kingdom might -ride their horses, without such bits as they should buy of him. - -Then came another fellow with a capon upon his fist, and a bunch of -carrots upon his head, representing a projector, who begged a patent of -monopoly, as the first inventor of the art of feeding capons fat with -carrots. - -Several other projectors were personated in this antimasque, which -pleased the spectators the more, because an information was thus -covertly given to the King, of the unfitness and ridiculousness of these -projects against the law. The Attorney Noy, who had most knowledge of -them, had a great hand in this antimasque of the projectors. - -After this and the rest of the antimasques, came six of the chief -musicians on horseback upon foot-cloths, and in the habits of Heathen -priests, footmen carrying torches by their sides. These were followed by -a large open chariot, drawn by six fine horses with large plumes of -feathers on their heads and cruppers. In this chariot were about a dozen -persons, in the habits of Gods and Goddesses, many footmen walking an -all sides with torches. - -This chariot was followed by six more of the musicians on horseback, -dressed and attended with torches like the former, proceeding before -another large open chariot, drawn by six fine horses, with feathers, -liveries, and torches, like the other. Within it were twelve musicians, -as variously dressed as the others, to represent, like them, Pagan -deities. These chariots were made for this occasion, and, preceding the -grand masquers chariots, played upon excellent loud music all the way. - -After this chariot came six more musicians, dressed and attended like -the former, followed by the first chariot of the grand masquers, which -was not so large as those that went before, but was curiously carved and -painted. It was in the form of a Roman triumphal chariot, and richly -painted with crimson and silver all over, not excepting the wheels. It -was drawn by four horses all in a breast, covered to the heels with -crimson and silver tissue, and with huge plumes of red and white -feathers on their heads and cruppers. The coachman’s cap and feather, -his long coat, his cushion, and his very whip, were of the same stuff -and colour. In this chariot sat the four grand masquers of Gray’s Inn, -who were handsome young gentlemen. Their habits, doublets, trunk hose -and caps, were of the richest tissue, covered as thick with silver -spangles as they could be placed; large white silk stockings up to their -trunk hose, and very fine sprigs in their caps. - -On each side of the chariot were four footmen, in liveries of the colour -of the chariot, carrying huge flambeaus, which, with the torches, gave -the greatest lustre to the paintings, spangles and habits. - -After this chariot came six more musicians, in habits like the former, -followed by the second chariot, which differed only from the other in -its being painted silver and blue. The chariot and horses were covered -with tissue of blue and silver, as the former was with silver and -crimson. - -In this second triumphal chariot were four grand masquers of the Middle -Temple, in the same habits as the other masquers, and had the like -attendance, torches and flambeaus, as the former. - -After these followed the third and fourth triumphal chariots, with six -musicians between each; both they and their horses dressed as before. -The triumphal chariots were all of the same make, and alike carved and -painted, only differing in the colours. In the third of these chariots -rode the grand masquers of the Inner Temple, and in the fourth those of -Lincoln’s Inn; each taking the place assigned them by lot. - -In this order they proceeded to Whitehall, where the King and Queen, -from a window of the Banquetting house, beheld this procession, and were -so highly delighted with it, that the King sent to desire the Marshal to -take a turn round the Tilt Yard, that he and his consort might have a -second view of this pompous procession; which being accordingly -performed, they entered the palace, and were conducted to several -apartments prepared for their entertainment; where the Ladies of honour, -and even the Queen herself, danced with the principal masquers. - -With this fine cavalcade her Majesty was so delighted, that she desired -to have it repeated, which being intimated to the Lord Mayor, he invited -the King and Queen, with the above masquers, to an entertainment in -Merchant Taylors Hall; and on this occasion they came in procession into -the city, in exactly the same order, and with equal splendor and -applause as at Whitehall. _Whitlock’s Memoirs._ - -During this unhappy reign, great disputes arose between the King and the -city, in relation to ship-money, loans, &c. the city was deprived not -only of the new plantation of Ulster in Ireland, which had been granted -to the Lord Mayor and citizens by King James I. but fined 50,000l. -Several of the Aldermen were imprisoned, for neglecting to send to court -an account of such persons as were able to lend his Majesty money, and -the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs prosecuted in the Star-chamber; the five -members whom the King himself went with a guard to seize in the -Parliament House, took refuge in the city, and were conducted back by -water to the House of Commons, by a great number of citizens, while the -Trained-Bands, as a farther guard, marched by land to Westminster. But -even in the midst of these disputes, while the King was actually -opposing the liberties of the citizens, he granted them several -charters, by which he confirmed all their former privileges, and added -some new ones. At length the Lord Mayor, contrary to an order of -Parliament, endeavouring by proclamation to raise troops for his -Majesty, he was committed to the Tower; and several articles of -impeachment being brought against him, he was, by the sentence of the -House of Peers, degraded from the Mayoralty, and rendered incapable of -bearing any office, or receiving any farther honour. - -There being some time after but little prospect of an agreement between -the King and Parliament, and the greatest part of the city being averse -to all thoughts of an accommodation, the Common Council passed an act -for fortifying the city with out-works; agreed that all the ways leading -to the city should be shut up, except those entering at Charing Cross, -St. Giles’s in the Fields, St. John’s street, Shoreditch, and -Whitechapel, and that the exterior ends of those streets should be -fortified with breastworks and turnpikes, musket proof; that the several -courts of guards, and rails at the extreme parts of the liberty of the -city, should be fortified with turnpikes, musket proof; that all the -sheds and buildings contiguous to the outside of London Wall should be -taken down; and that the city wall with its bulwarks should be not only -repaired and mounted with artillery, but that several new works should -be added to it, at the places most exposed. - -This act of Common Council being soon after confirmed by an order of -Parliament, the following forts were raised, 1. A bulwark and a half, at -the north end of Gravel lane. 2. A hornwork, near the windmill in -Whitechapel road. 3. A redoubt with two flanks, near Brick lane. 4. A -redoubt with four flanks, in Hackney road, Shoreditch. 5. A redoubt with -four flanks, in Kingsland road. 6. A battery and breast-work, at -Mountmill. 7. A battery and breast-work, at the end of St. John’s -street. 8. A small redoubt, near Islington pound. 9. A large fort with -four half bulwarks, near New River head. 10. A battery and breast-work, -on the hill, east of the place afterwards called Black Mary’s Hole. 11. -Two batteries and a breast-work, at Southampton, now Bedford-house. 12. -A redoubt with two flanks, near St. Giles’s pound. 13. A small fort, at -the east end of Tyburn road. 14. A large fort with four half bulwarks, -across the road where Wardour street is now built. 15. A small bulwark, -at the place now called Oliver’s Mount. 16. A large fort with four -bulwarks, at Hyde Park Corner. 17. A small redoubt and battery on -Constitution Hill. 18. A court of guard at Chelsea turnpike. 19. A -battery and breast-work, in Tothill Fields. 20. A quadrant fort with -four half bulwarks, at Vauxhall. 21. A fort with four half bulwarks, at -the Dog and Duck in St. George’s Fields. 22. A large fort with four -bulwarks, near the end of Blackman street. 23. A redoubt with four -flanks, near the Lock Hospital. - -These forts were all joined by a line of communication, formed by a -rampart of earth, which on all sides surrounded the cities of London and -Westminster, and the borough of Southwark, This was done at the expence -of the city, and the whole was immediately executed with the greatest -alacrity. - -After this, the city entered heartily into the measures of the -Parliament, though the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council -frequently sollicited that body to settle the peace of the kingdom: but -soon after the King’s death, an order being sent to the Lord Mayor and -Sheriff, to proclaim the abolition of monarchy, he refused to comply, -upon which he was brought to the bar of the House of Commons, committed -prisoner to the Tower for two months, and another Mayor chosen in his -room. - -At the inauguration of Cromwell in 1657, as Lord Protector, the Lord -Mayor carried the city sword before him, accompanied by the Earl of -Warwick, who carried the sword of state, and during the ceremony stood -on the right side of Cromwell’s chair, while the Lord Mayor stood on the -left. - -But after the death of Cromwell, the Common Council opposing the -Committee of Safety, declaring for a free Parliament, and refusing to -pay or advance money to the Parliament, General Monk was ordered to -march with his army into the city, and the streets became planted with -soldiers; when several of the Aldermen and Common Council were taken -into custody, the whole body disqualified, and a new Common Council -ordered to be chosen; after which the city gates were broke and cut to -pieces, the portcullises taken down and destroyed, and the posts and -chains taken down. - -After this, the city heartily and zealously joined with General Monk, in -bringing about the restoration. The Lord Mayor and Aldermen, on the 29th -of May 1660, went out to meet Charles II. in St. George’s Fields, where -the city had erected a magnificent pavilion, provided with a sumptuous -collation, of which that Prince having participated, was conducted -through the city by a very noble cavalcade, the Lord Mayor carrying the -sword bare-headed before the King, accompanied by the Duke of Buckingham -and General Monk, who were also bare. Upon this occasion the city was -adorned with the richest silks and tapestries, and the streets lined -with the city corporations and Trained Bands, while the conduits flowed -with wine, and the windows, balconies, and scaffolds were crouded with -an infinite number of spectators. - -In the year 1663, King Charles II. granted the city a confirmation of -all their former charters, privileges, liberties, rights and customs; -and the next year the city, in return, advanced several considerable -sums for his Majesty, to enable him to carry on a war with the Dutch, -for which the citizens received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament. - -About the beginning of May 1665, one of the most terrible plagues that -ever was inflicted on this, or perhaps any other kingdom, broke out in -this city: and as this was happily the last visitation of this kind, it -may be proper to give a short account of its rise and progress. - -The week wherein this most dreadful distemper was first discovered, it -carried off nine persons, whereby the citizens were so greatly alarmed, -that an universal dread diffused itself amongst people of all ranks: but -the week after, the number, according to the bill of mortality, being -reduced to three, the fears of the citizens were greatly alleviated. The -next week, however, the number increasing to fourteen, and progressively -to forty-three, the people were struck with consternation, and many of -them had thoughts of leaving the city: but in the month of June, the -number having gradually increased to 470 a week, the nobility, gentry, -and principal citizens fled for safety, all being instantly in an -amazing hurry, and the city emptying itself into the country, the -streets and roads were excessively crouded with carriages and -passengers. In July the bill increasing to 2010, all houses were shut -up, the streets deserted, and scarce any thing to be seen therein but -grass growing, innumerable fires made to purify the air, coffins, -pest-carts, red crosses upon doors, with the inscription of _Lord, have -mercy upon us!_ and poor women in tears, with dismal aspects, and woeful -lamentations, carrying their infants to the grave! and scarce any other -sounds to be heard than those incessantly repeated from the windows, -_Pray for us!_ and the dismal call of, _Bring out your dead!_ with the -groans of the dying, and the melancholy tolling of bells for bodies -ready for the grave! But what greatly added to this distressful scene, -was, the spectator’s own reflections, that he himself should perhaps -soon make one among the dismal objects, whose groans resounded in his -ears. - -Under these deplorable circumstances, the citizens, when in the greatest -want of spiritual guides, were forsaken by their parochial Ministers, -when those who had been just before ejected from the pulpits, -considering their indispensible duty in this dreadful visitation, were -induced, though contrary to law, to supply their place; upon which the -people, laying aside the distinction of churchmen and dissenters, -joyfully resorted to church, where the concourse was so exceeding great, -that these non-conformist Ministers were frequently obliged to clamber -over the pews to get to the pulpit; and if ever preaching had a better -effect than ordinary, it was at this time, when the people listened with -the utmost eagerness, and attended as if their salvation depended upon -every word they heard. - -In the month of September Death rode triumphant, for the burials then -amounted in one week to 6988; but the week after the bill falling to -6544, gave some glimmering hopes that this dreadful distemper was past -its crisis: however, the great increase the week following to 7165, -re-immerged the survivors into an abyss of horror and despair; for now -they were struck with the dreadful apprehensions, that in a few days the -living would not be sufficient to bury the dead. They were, however, -happily mistaken; for after this, the contagion gradually decreased, -till it pleased the Almighty to restore this desolate city to its -pristine state of health; after the direful ravages of this distemper -had swept off 68,596 persons, which, together with those who died of -other diseases, made the bill of mortality for this year amount to -97,306. _Echard’s Hist._ _Vincent’s God’s terrible voice._ - -As to the natural causes of this pestilence, Physicians differ greatly; -however, Dr. Baynard observes, that during the havock made by it, there -was a general calmness and serenity of weather, without the least wind -or rain; that through the great scarcity of nitre in the air, the fires -in the streets were with great difficulty made to burn; and by its -extreme rarefaction, which was doubtless increased by these fires, the -birds panted for breath, and those of the larger sort were observed to -fly more heavily than usual. - -The above calamity was scarcely ceased, and those who had fled returned -to their houses, when on Sunday the 2d of September 1666, a dreadful -fire broke out at one in the morning, in the house of Mr. Farryner, a -baker, in Pudding lane; a time when the eyes and senses of all were -locked in sleep. The house was a wooden building pitched on the outside, -as were all the rest in the lane, which was exceeding narrow, and by the -jutting over of the several stories, the buildings on each side almost -met at the top; and in this manner were built most of the houses in this -metropolis. The house in which the fire began, containing much brush and -faggot wood, the fire soon got ahead, and furiously seized on the -neighbouring houses on all sides, running four ways at once; it -presently set New Fish street all in a flame; while another branch -raging down Pudding lane, laid hold on Thames street, the repository of -all combustibles, as hemp, flax, rosin, oil, butter, pitch, tar, -brimstone, cordage, hops, sugar, brandy, wood, and coals; where dividing -itself, it ran both eastward and westward with inexpressible fury, into -the adjacent lanes, consuming all before it; and its two main branches -meeting at London bridge, soon reduced all the buildings upon it to -ashes, together with the water engines under it; by which means the -people were deprived of the assistance of that element; for the New -River water was not then laid into those parts. - -The pulling down houses every way, at some distance, was first proposed; -and this was the only method that could have been of any service in -stopping the progress of the flames; for had there been water, the fire -was too fierce to be mastered by engines, or to suffer any body to work -near it; but this was objected to, and while the affair was debated, the -flames spread still farther. - -Unhappily they were increased by a violent easterly wind; and that day -and the following night spread up Gracechurch street, and downwards from -Cannon street to the water side, as far as the Three Cranes. - -The people in all parts were distracted at seeing the progress of the -fire, and by the care of carrying off their goods. However, many -attempts were now made to prevent its spreading, by pulling down houses, -and making great intervals; but not having time to remove the materials, -the fire seized upon the timber, boards, laths, and rubbish, and -extended itself over these spaces to the neighbouring houses; raging in -a bright flame all Monday and Tuesday, without any endeavours to stop it -proving effectual; though his Majesty, the Duke of York, and great -numbers of the nobility and gentry came with the guards, who were -employed in endeavouring to extinguish it. - -The wind, however, slackened a little on Tuesday night, when the fire, -meeting at the Temple with brick buildings, it by little and little lost -its force on that side, so that on Wednesday morning a stop was put to -it on the west, at the Temple church, and also at Holborn bridge and Pye -corner. On the north, it stopped at Aldersgate, Cripplegate, near the -north end of Basinghall street, and in Coleman street: on the east, at -the south corner of Bishopsgate street and Leadenhall street, at the -church in Fenchurch street, and at the Tower dock, after its having -consumed all the buildings within these limits, quite down to the water -side. - -On Thursday the flames were extinguished; but that evening the fire -burst out again at the Temple, by the falling of some sparks upon a pile -of wooden buildings; but upon blowing up the houses around it with -gunpowder, it was extinguished the next morning. - -By this dreadful conflagration were consumed 400 streets and lanes, -13,200 houses, the cathedral church of St. Paul, 86 parish churches, 6 -chapels, the Royal Exchange, Blackwell Hall, and the Custom House, -several hospitals and libraries, 52 of the Companies halls, and a vast -number of other stately edifices, together with three of the city gates, -four stone bridges, and four prisons; the loss of which, with that of -the merchandize and houshold furniture, amounted, according to the best -calculation, to ten millions, seven hundred and thirty thousand, five -hundred pounds: but it is amazing, that in this terrible devastation, -only six persons lost their lives by the fire. - -As by the dreadful ravages of the plague the preceding year, the city -was depopulated, and the houses deprived of their inhabitants, so by -this conflagration the surviving citizens were deprived of their -habitations, and many thousands of them compelled to retire to the -fields, with such of their effects as they were able to save, where they -continued destitute of the conveniencies, and almost all the necessary -accommodations of life; lying in the open air, till tents and slight -wooden huts could be erected, to secure them from the inclemencies of -the weather. Meanwhile the King had the goodness to order a considerable -quantity of naval bread to be immediately distributed among the poor, -and a proclamation was wisely published, ordering the neighbouring -Justices to encourage the bringing in of all sorts of provisions. - -It has been much disputed, whether this dismal catastrophe was -occasioned by accident or design. An attempt was first made to fix it -upon the dissenters, who suffered as much by this calamity, as any other -body of men; but having not the least colour for such a pretence, it -dropped of course; and the English being then at war with the French and -the Dutch, the latter were charged with concerting this diabolical -scheme; but this was found to be only an injurious aspersion: however, -Robert Hubert, a Frenchman, of the Romish church, confessed, that he, at -the sollicitation of one Stephen Piedloe, set fire to the baker’s house -in Pudding lane, by means of a fire-ball which he fixed to the end of a -long pole, and lighting it a match, put it in at a window; and that for -this villainy he was to be rewarded on his return to France; but it is -generally allowed, that this man was at that time disordered in his -senses; and great pains have been taken to prove that he had no hand in -that calamity: however, he was condemned and executed, though he -surrendered himself, and though there was no other evidence of his guilt -than that of his own confession. - -It is observable, that the preceding spring and summer had been the -dryest in the memory of man; whereby the houses, which were all built of -wood, and without party walls, were prepared, as it were, by Heaven, to -become fuel for this terrible conflagration, which, together with the -east wind abovementioned, might possibly be alone sufficient to reduce -the city to a heap of ashes. - -But whatever the unhappy citizens of London might then suffer; it is -evident, that this was one of the greatest blessings that could have -happened for the good of posterity; for, instead of very narrow and -incommodious streets; instead of dark, irregular, and ill contrived -wooden houses, with their several stories projecting over, obstructing -the circulation of the air, and harbouring those noxious particles that -occasioned the frequent return of the plague, and often fires of the -most dreadful kind; by the modern way of building, and the enlarging of -many of the streets, offensive vapours are expelled; and this, added to -the cleanliness produced by the great quantities of the water brought -into London by the New River, has freed this city from all pestilential -symptoms for above ninety years together. - -The reduction of this great and opulent city to a heap of rubbish, -greatly affected the whole nation; and the King desiring it should be -now erected with greater magnificence, uniformity, and safety than -before, prohibited for some time the rebuilding of the houses; and the -Judges were ordered by Parliament to hear and determine all disputes -between landlords, tenants, and lessees, concerning the rebuilding and -repairing of houses, &c. without fee or reward. - -London indeed might now have been rebuilt in such a manner, as to have -exceeded in beauty all the cities upon earth; and this would have been -the case, had either of the following plans been followed. The first was -formed by Sir Christopher Wren, who, pursuant to the royal commands, -traced over the great plain of ashes and ruins, and thence formed his -plan of a new city, free from all the deformities and inconveniencies of -the old one; by enlarging the streets and lanes, and rendering them as -nearly parallel to each other as possible; by seating all the parish -churches in a conspicuous manner; by forming the most public places into -large piazzas, the centers of eight ways; by uniting the halls of the -twelve Companies into one regular square annexed to Guildhall; by making -a spacious and commodious key along the whole bank of the river, without -any interruptions, from Black Friars to the Tower, with some large docks -for barges deep laden. - -The streets were to be of three magnitudes; the three principal leading -straight through the city, and one or two cross streets to be at least -ninety feet wide; others sixty feet, and the lanes about thirty feet, -excluding all narrow dark alleys, thoroughfairs, and courts. - -The Exchange to stand free in the middle of a piazza, and to be the -center of the town, from whence the streets should proceed to all the -principal parts of the city; the building to be after the form of a -Roman forum, with double porticos. - -Many streets were also to radiate upon the bridge. Those of the first -and second magnitude to be carried on as straight as possible, and to -center in four or five areas surrounded with piazzas. - -The churches were to be designed according to the best forms for -capacity and hearing; and those of the larger parishes adorned with -porticos and lofty ornamental towers and steeples: but all church yards, -gardens, and unnecessary vacuities, and all trades that use great fires, -or yield noisome smells, were to be placed out of the town. - -This plan, which that great architect laid before the King and the House -of Commons, is thus explained: from that part of Fleet street which -remained unburned, a straight street of 90 feet wide was to extend, and, -passing by the south side of Ludgate, was to end gracefully in a piazza -on Tower hill. - -In the middle of Fleet street was to be a circular area surrounded with -a piazza, the center of eight ways, where, at one station, were to meet -the following streets. - -The first, straight forward, quite thro’ the city: the second, obliquely -towards the right hand, to the beginning of the key that was to be run -from Bridewell dock to the Tower: the third, obliquely on the left, to -Smithfield: the fourth, straight on the right, to the Thames: the fifth, -straight on the left, to Hatton Garden and Clerkenwell: the sixth, -straight backwards to Temple Bar: the seventh, obliquely on the right, -to the walks of the Temple: and the eighth, obliquely on the left, to -Cursitor’s alley. - -Passing down Fleet street, at the bottom of which the ditch was to be -rendered a beautiful canal, passable by as many bridges as there were -streets to cross it, and leaving Ludgate prison on the left side of the -street; where a triumphal arch was to be formed, instead of the gate, in -honour of King Charles II. the founder of the new city: St. Paul’s was -to be situated where it is at present, and surrounded by a triangular -piazza. - -On leaving that cathedral on the left, a straight street was to extend -directly to the Tower, adorned all the way, at proper distances, with -parish churches; and leaving that edifice to the right, the other great -branch was to lead to the Royal Exchange, which was to be seated in the -middle of a piazza, between two great streets; the one from Ludgate -leading to the south front, and another from Holborn, thro’ Newgate, and -thence straight to the north front of the Exchange. - -This noble scheme was demonstrated to be practicable, without the -infringement of any man’s property; for, by leaving out the -church-yards, &c. which were to be removed out of town, there would have -been sufficient room both for the augmentation of the streets, the -disposition of the churches, halls, and all public buildings, and to -have given every proprietor full satisfaction: for though few of them -would have been seated upon exactly the very same ground they possessed -before the fire, yet none would have been thrust at any considerable -distance from it: but the obstinacy of great part of the citizens, in -refusing to recede from the right, of rebuilding their houses on the old -foundations, was an unsurmountable obstacle to the execution of this -noble scheme. _Parentalia._ - -Soon after this, Sir John Evelyn produced another plan, in which he -proposed that some of the deepest vallies should be filled up, or at -least made with less sudden declivities. That a new and spacious key -should run from the Tower to the Temple, and extend itself as far as the -low water mark; by which means the channel of the river would be kept -constantly full; the irregularity and deformity of the stairs, and the -dirt and nastiness left at every ebb would also be prevented. - -To create variety in the streets, he also proposed, that there should be -breaks and enlargements, by spacious openings at proper distances, -surrounded with piazzas, and uniformly built with beautiful fronts; and -that some of these openings should be square, some circular, and others -oval. He would have none of the principal streets less than an hundred -feet in breadth, nor any of the narrowest less than thirty. He would -have three or four large streets between the Thames and London Wall, -reckoning that of Cheapside for the chief, which might extend from -Temple Bar to the upper part of Tower hill, or to Crutched Friars, -bearing the cathedral of St. Paul’s upon a noble eminence. - -Among these he would have the parochial churches, which he thought might -be reduced to half the number, as some of the parishes were then no less -than two hundred times larger than others: and these he would have so -interspersed as to adorn the profile of the city at all its avenues. -Most of them he would have in the center of spacious areas, adorned with -piazzas, &c. so as to be seen from several streets, and others at the -abutments and extremities of them. - -About the church piazzas, the stationers and booksellers were to have -their shops, and the Ministers their houses; as about that of St. Paul’s -was to be the episcopal palace, the Dean and Prebends houses, St. Paul’s -school, a public library, the prerogative and first fruits office, all -which were to be built at an ample distance from the cathedral, and with -more stately fronts, in honour of that august pile. In some of these -openings, surrounded with piazzas, he proposed to have the several -markets. In others the coaches might wait; and in some might be public -fountains constantly playing. - -The College of Physicians he would have in one of the best parts of the -town, incircled with a handsome piazza, for the dwellings of those -learned persons, with the surgeons, apothecaries, and druggists in the -streets about them; for he would have all of a mystery in the same -quarters: those of the better sort of the shopkeepers in the sweetest -and most eminent streets and piazzas; and the artificers in the more -ordinary houses, in the intermediate and narrow passages; the taverns -and victualling houses were to be placed amongst them, and be built -accordingly; but so as to preserve the most perfect uniformity. - -Between the piazzas, market places, and churches, might be placed the -halls for the Companies; and these, if fronted with stone, and adorned -with statues and other ornaments, would infinitely inrich the streets, -and render this city as famous for architecture of the most refined -gusto, as any city in Europe; among which should be distinguished -Guildhall, by its being more pompous and magnificent than the rest: near -this edifice he would have a magnificent house for the Lord Mayor, and -others for the two Sheriffs. - -The Royal Exchange he thought might front the Thames about the -Steelyard, in an area surrounded on three sides with piazzas, with -vaults for warehouses underneath; and for such merchandize as could not -be well preserved under ground, might be erected buildings fronting the -Thames on the other side of the river, with wharfs before and yards -behind for the placing of cranes; the laying of timber, coals, &c. and -other gross commodities, while the key over against it should be built -for the owners, and the dwellings of the principal merchants: but if the -warehouses must needs be on this side, they should be made to front -Thames street rather than the river, because of the dull and heavy -aspect of those buildings. - -The little bay at Queenhithe should have the key continued around it, -and cloistered about for the marketmen and fruiterers; and where the -wharf then was, a stately avenue was to extend to St. Paul’s. - -Four great streets were to extend along the city: the first from Fleet -ditch, (which was to be formed into a noble canal) to the Tower: the -second, from the Strand to the most eastern part of the city, where -should be a noble triumphal arch in honour of Charles II. the third, -from Newgate to Aldgate: and the fourth and shortest, from Aldersgate to -Bishopsgate. He proposed that five principal cross streets should extend -from Black Friars stairs into West Smithfield; from the Thames east of -St. Paul’s to Aldersgate; from Queenhithe to Cripplegate; and from the -Royal Exchange to Moorgate: that the street from the bridge should -extend to Bishopsgate: that one from Billingsgate should extend near as -far: and one from the Custom house to Aldgate. - -Instead of houses on the bridge, he proposed to have it adorned with a -substantial iron baluster, decorated, at convenient distances, with -statues on their pedestals, with a footway on each side. - -The hospitals, workhouses to employ the poor, and the prisons, being -built and re-indowed at the public expence, were to be disposed of in -convenient quarters of the city: the hospitals would become one of the -principal streets; but the prisons, and court for the trial of -criminals, might still be built near the entrances of the city. - -The gates were to be in the form of triumphal arches, adorned with -statues, relievos, and apposite inscriptions, not obstructed by sheds, -or mean houses joined to them. - -This gentleman also proposed, that along the wall betwixt Cripplegate -and Aldgate, should be the church-yards of the several parishes, while -the houses opposite to them formed a large street for the common inns, -and served as a station for carriers, &c. These being on the north part -of the city, and nearest the confines of the fields and roads, would -least incumber the town; and there would be a far more commodious and -free access to them, by reason of their immediate approaches through the -traverse streets, than if they were scattered up and down without -distinction. - -But this scheme, which was designed as an improvement of Sir -Christopher’s, also fell to nothing; and by the obstinacy of the -citizens, the opportunity was lost of rendering this city the admiration -of the world, and thereby of drawing the nobility of all Europe to visit -it, and lay out great sums here. - -However, it was ordered by act of Parliament, that many of the streets -and lanes should be widened, and the city was impowered to make a new -street from Cheapside to Guildhall, which obtained the name of King -street, and another from Threadneedle street to Lothbury, called -Prince’s street. And the markets, which till then were held in Newgate -street and Cheapside, were ordered to be removed behind the houses into -commodious market places to be prepared for that purpose. It was also -enacted that all the houses should be built with stone or brick, with -party walls, and the whole finished within three years: that the ground -in several places should be raised, and that a column of brass or stone -should be erected on or near the place where the above dreadful fire -began; whence arose that noble column called the Monument: but had it -been raised near the place where the fire ceased, and in the center of -the fine circular area proposed by Sir Christopher Wren, in Fleet -street, where eight streets would radiate upon it, and where it would be -seen to terminate the view, even from Aldgate and Westminster, it would -have enjoyed a situation vastly more worthy of its beauty, and have -appeared to infinitely greater advantage, than in the corner where it is -now placed. See the article MONUMENT. - -The reader has just seen the city under two of the most dreadful -calamities that could fall upon a people, pestilence, and a general -destruction by fire; he will now see the citizens suffering calamities -of a very different kind, and deprived of all their boasted privileges. -This affair it is necessary to trace from its origin. - -In the beginning of May 1679, a conspiracy of the papists was -discovered, for destroying the city again by fire, occasioned by the -burning of one Bird’s house in Fetter lane; for Elizabeth Oxley, the -servant, being suspected, was committed to prison; where she not only -confessed the fact, but declared, that she was prevailed upon to fire it -by one Stubbs, a papist, upon the promise of 5l. Stubbs being secured, -confessed that he had been excited to this by Father Gifford, his -confessor, who told him, that instead of its being a sin, it would be a -great service to the church to burn and destroy all the houses of -heretics; and that he had several conferences with Gifford, and two -Irishmen, upon that affair; that an insurrection was to be made in -London, and a powerful army expected from France. Five Jesuits were -executed for this plot, the papists banished from the city, and ten -miles round, and afterwards the Lord Stafford was beheaded for the same -crime. - -In revenge, the Romish party trumped up what was called the Meal Tub -plot, to bring an odium upon the presbyterians and the heads of the -country party; but Dangerfield, the chief actor in this farce, being -committed to prison, applied himself to the Lord Mayor, and in an ample -confession laid open the whole scene of iniquity, discovering the -persons who set him to work. - -The citizens not only vigorously pressed the prosecution of all the -persons they had reason to think concerned in the popish plot, in -opposition to the court, who endeavoured to skreen them; but the Lord -Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council presented a petition to his Majesty, -desiring, that all the persons who had been impeached by the Commons, -might be brought to their trials; the Duke of York, as being a papist, -excluded from succeeding to the throne; and the Parliament continued, in -order to make the necessary provisions for the preservation of his -Majesty and his protestant subjects; but this petition not only hastened -the dissolution of the Parliament, but was so highly resented by the -King, that it principally occasioned the loss of all the rights and -privileges belonging to the citizens. - -The Parliament being soon after dissolved, and writs issued for a new -election, the citizens chose their former members, and gave them -directions in writing to continue their search into the popish plot; to -promote the bill of exclusion, and to grant no supplies of money till -they had effectually secured them against popery and arbitrary power; -which example was followed by most of the electors of the kingdom. - -The court now threw the city into confusion, by interfering in the -election of Sheriffs; those the city had chosen, and one of the -Aldermen, were committed to the Tower; while other Sheriffs were elected -by the Lord Mayor, without the consent of the Commons; and soon after a -_quo warranto_ was brought against the city, contrary to justice, the -charters of the city, and the rights of the citizens: the plea and -rejoinder brought by the citizens, were as full and as nervous, as the -arguments brought to support the information were weak and trifling. -However, the ministry having at all events determined to remove the -sacred fence, and destroy the dear bought privileges of the citizens, -removed the Judges who did not approve these proceedings, and chose -others, who would be more obedient, in their room; and on the 12th of -June 1683, the sentence was pronounced, that the city had given just -ground for the forfeiture of their charter. - -After this the King granted the office of Lord Mayor to be held during -pleasure, appointed the Sheriffs, the Recorder, and sixteen of his -favourite Aldermen; degraded eight of those that were in the country -interest, and appointed eight others in their room. - -The death of King Charles II. was far from putting a stop to the -arbitrary measures of the court: for James II. immediately singled out -as a sacrifice to popery, Mr. Cornish, an Alderman of this city, who, -when Sheriff, had exerted himself in an uncommon manner in the detection -and prosecution of those concerned in the popish plot. This gentleman -was apprehended, and committed to Newgate, without the use of pen, ink, -or paper, till Saturday noon, when he received notice, that he was to be -tried for high treason on the Monday following. In the interim, his -children humbly petitioned the King for time, that their father might -prepare for his defence: but they petitioned in vain, though the most -material evidence in his favour was then 140 miles from London. He was -indicted the next Monday, for conspiring to raise a rebellion, to -destroy the King, and subvert the constitution in the late reign. The -only material evidences were two persons of an infamous and profligate -character; one of them an outlaw, who was pardoned, and his testimony -made legal, for his appearing against Cornish; and though what he -deposed did not affect the prisoner, he was condemned, and on the 23d of -the same month, hanged, drawn, and quartered before his own door, at the -end of King street, Cheapside. - -During this short but iniquitous reign, in which the boldest attempts -were made for extirpating the protestant religion, and the religious and -civil liberties of the people, the citizens and the whole nation cast -their eyes on the Prince of Orange as their deliverer. That Prince’s -resolution to grant them his assistance was no sooner known at -Whitehall, than the deluded, weak, and pusillanimous King, prompted by -fear, sent for the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, and with a meanness of -spirit equal to that of enslaving his people, promised to restore their -charter. Accordingly, on the sixth of October 1688, the infamous and -cruel Lord Chancellor Jeffries brought back the charter to the city. - -Upon this, a new Lord Mayor was chosen; the Aldermen restored to their -respective wards; and the Liverymen of the several Companies at the time -when judgment was given against the city upon the _quo warranto_, were -also restored. - -It may be proper to observe, before we conclude this reign, that about -the beginning of December 1683, was a severe frost, which continued till -the 5th of February; the Thames being froze, a great number of streets -with shops were erected upon it. - -In the year 1687, a dreadful persecution raging in France against the -distressed protestants, 13,500 of them came over and settled in this -city, and the parts contiguous, particularly in Spitalfields, by which -they greatly enriched the city and kingdom, by introducing among us new -arts and manufactures. - -As the citizens had contributed very much to the revolution, King -William and Queen Mary were conducted by a noble cavalcade to Guildhall, -where their Majesties and a numerous train of the nobility were -entertained at dinner; and soon after the Parliament reversed the -proceedings of the former reigns on the _quo warranto_, declaring them -to be illegal and arbitrary, and confirmed all the rights and privileges -of the city. - -After the peace of Ryswick, King William III. at the desire of the Lord -Mayor and citizens, made his public entry into the city, with great -magnificence, the Lord Mayor carrying the city sword before his Majesty. - -In the reign of Queen Anne, her Majesty came several times in great -state to St. Paul’s, to return thanks for the glorious victories of the -great Duke of Marlborough; and after the victory of Blenheim, his Grace, -with the Prince of Hesse and many of the nobility, dined with the Lord -Mayor and Aldermen at Goldsmith’s Hall. - -On Friday the 26th of November 1703, happened the most dreadful storm of -wind that perhaps was ever known in any age or nation. For, beginning -about eleven at night, and increasing till about seven in the morning, -it committed the most terrible and amazing devastations, by blowing down -houses, trees, brick walls, and stacks of chimneys; by which many of the -citizens were buried in ruins; a considerable number of whom were -killed, others terribly wounded, while others again were amazingly -preserved unhurt among the rubbish. As an instance of which, it may be -proper to mention the following circumstance: two boys lying in a garret -in the Poultry, a huge stack of chimneys fell in, which making its way -through that and all the other stories to the cellar, it was followed by -the bed with the boys asleep in it, who first awaked in that gloomy -place of confusion, without having suffered the least hurt. Incredible -as this story is, it is nevertheless well attested. - -By the impetuosity of this storm, many spires and turrets were -destroyed; upon the churches and other public buildings, the lead was -rolled up like scrolls, and blown to a considerable distance. At the -approach of day, the houses appeared like so many skeletons, and being -mostly stripped, the damage done to the roofs was so great, that the -price of tiles rose from 1l. 1s. to 6l. a thousand. - -It is not easy to conceive the surprize that appeared in all -countenances in the morning; for the streets were covered with bricks, -broken tiles, signs, and pest-houses; almost all thoughts of trade were -laid aside, and the principal concern was the immediate repair of their -houses, in order to preserve themselves from the inclemency of the -weather in that rigorous season. - -The damage at sea, however, far exceeded that by land; for in that -dreadful night twelve men of war were lost, with above 1800 men on -board; besides the prodigious loss of merchant ships, computed at ten -times the value. At that time the roads near our coast were filled with -ships, especially the Downs, where most of them were swallowed up by the -waves; and even in the Thames, only four from London bridge to -Limehouse, rode it out; for the rest being driven to Limehouse, lay -there, beating against each other, by the irresistible fury of the -tempest, by which they suffered inconceivable damage. _Maitland._ - -The French having unmercifully destroyed the Palatinate, by burning the -cities and towns, near 12,000 Palatines arrived at London, where they -met with the most charitable assistance. Above 3000 of them were sent to -Ireland, and the rest to our plantations, where they have made very -great improvements. - -In the latter end of this reign, great disturbances were occasioned by -two sermons preached by Dr. Sacheverel; in which he represented the -church to be in danger from the dissenters; for these inflaming -discourses he was impeached by the Commons, and tried by the Lords, at -which the mob were so exasperated, that they pulled down several meeting -houses, and occasioned great disturbances. - -Soon after the death of Queen Anne, King George I. made his public entry -into London, the Lord Mayor carrying the city sword before him, from St. -Margaret’s hill to St. James’s palace. - -In 1715 happened a total eclipse; and the same year a severe frost began -in November, and continued with short intermissions till the middle of -February; by which the Thames was frozen over, and a great number of -booths erected upon it. - -The next year great disturbances were caused by the enemies of the -government, who, on the King’s birth day, accession to the crown, and -coronation, assembled in the streets in a tumultuous manner, and with -the most amazing assurance, by expressions and representations, in the -grossest manner dishonoured his Majesty. This induced the friends of the -government, under some persons of the highest distinction, to form -themselves into societies, at certain alehouses, which, from the vessels -out of which they drank, were denominated _mughouses_, at each of which -were deposited a great number of cudgels. At this the rabble were so -exasperated, that many thousands of them assembled, and attacking one of -those houses in Salisbury court, Fleet street, the landlord, in -defending his property, killed one of the assailants; but this did not -prevent their rifling the house, before they could be dispersed. -However, several rioters being taken, they were soon after tried, when -five of them were condemned and executed at the end of Salisbury court; -which put an effectual stop to all tumultuous practices for many years. - -It is observable, that in 1716, by a long dry season, the river Thames -was reduced so low, that by a violent storm of wind at west south west, -it was blown so dry, during the recess of the tide, that many thousands -of people passed it on foot, both above and below bridge, and walked -thro’ most of the arches. - -The year 1720 will be ever famous in this city, for the destructive -South Sea scheme, by which many thousands of the wealthy citizens and -others were impoverished, while others acquired immense riches. See -SOUTH SEA COMPANY. - -The year 1733 was rendered memorable by the effectual opposition made by -the citizens against a scheme for a general excise. - -In 1734, two spacious arches, ten feet high and six wide, were erected -as a common sewer over the Fleet ditch, from Holborn to the end of Fleet -street; and a neat market house being since erected in the same place, -by the name of Fleet market, was opened in the year 1737; and the next -year the buildings and sheds of Stocks market, at the end of the -Poultry, were cleared away, in order to lay the foundation of a mansion -house for the Lord Mayor, which was afterwards erected. See MANSION -HOUSE. - -The present reign is indeed rendered remarkable by the multitude of -magnificent buildings, fine streets, and spacious squares, that have -been added, and still are adding to this metropolis. A taste for -elegance in architecture, and a desire to improve and adorn the city, -have produced one of the finest bridges in the world at Westminster; -have caused London bridge to be stripped of its ruinous buildings that -encumbered the passage, and will soon render it as commodious and -beautiful as possible. Another elegant bridge is erecting at Black -Friars, in so grand a taste as to do honour to the city. We are become -sensible of the absurdity of building magnificent structures in holes -and narrow passages, where they cannot be seen to advantage; and now -resolve to make what is beautiful in itself, an ornament to the city. - -But this is not all; charity and humanity now triumph over bigotry and -superstition, and the rage of party is on all sides ready to expire; -churchmen and dissenters mingle in the same company without animosity, -and friendships are contracted between those of different sentiments, -both with respect to religion and government; while party zeal is almost -confined to the ignorant and the vulgar. - -During this reign the wealthy have shewn their humanity and pity for the -distresses of their fellow creatures, by erecting a great number of -infirmaries and hospitals, for the relief of those afflicted with any of -the diseases to which human nature is subject; while others are -appropriated to the cure of particular distempers. The deserted infant -is received into an hospital founded for its education and support; the -young, innocent, friendless girl finds an asylum; even the repenting -prostitute has an opportunity of returning to virtue. The poor married -woman is relieved and supported in the time of her greatest difficulty, -distress and danger; she who is under the same distress, with the -additional pangs of guilt, has a receptacle in which she also may be -delivered, and supported during her lying-in, without the least expence. -Those under the small-pox, who were formerly sent to pest-houses, and -treated as if they had the plague, are now happily accommodated in -places prepared for their relief; and there is even an hospital for -inoculating the young who never had this formidable disease, in order to -prevent the fatal effects which commonly attend its being caught in a -riper age. In short, the last charitable foundation I shall mention, as -an honour to the present age and nation, is the Marine Society; a -society formed for increasing our mariners, by clearing our streets of -poor vagabond boys, and men destitute of the means of procuring an -honest support; thus those are made to contribute to the glory and -safety of the nation, who would otherwise be brought up to plunder and -rapine, who would live in misery and vice, and probably end their days -with ignominy. See an account of each of these societies under their -several articles, ASYLUM, LYING-IN HOSPITAL, MARINE SOCIETY, &c. - -The arms of the City of London are, _Argent_, a cross _Gules_, with a -sword the same. Some say this was the sword of St. Paul; and others, -that it is the sword of William Walworth Lord Mayor of London, who -killed the rebel Wat Tyler, anno 1381, in the presence and defence of -Richard II. - - -LONDON ASSURANCE, in Birchin lane, Cornhill, for assuring houses and -other buildings, houshold furniture, goods, wares, and merchandize, from -loss or damage by fire: except glass and china ware, not in trade, and -all manner of writings, books of accompts, notes, bills, bonds, tallies, -ready money, jewels, plate, pictures, gunpowder, hay, straw, and corn -unthreshed; and for assurance of lives. - -This society was incorporated by letters patent granted by King George -I. for assuring ships and merchandize at sea; and for lending money upon -bottomry; in consideration of which grant the Corporation were to -advance his Majesty 300,000l. without interest, for the term of thirty -years: towards the raising of which, and paying the just demands that -might be made upon their respective policies, the Company were impowered -to raise a sum, not exceeding 1,500,000l. to be called the stock of the -Corporation: by a second charter, granted to this Corporation in the -year 1721, they were impowered not only to insure ships, but houses, -goods, and even lives. - -This society is under the direction of a Governor, Sub-governor, and -Deputy Governor, and twenty-four directors. - -They assure houses and goods upon the following terms and conditions. - -I. All manner of brick and stone buildings covered with slate, tile, or -lead, wherein no hazardous trades are carried on, nor any hazardous -goods deposited, are termed _Common assurances_, and are assured for the -following premiums, viz. any sum not exceeding 200l. at 4s. _per annum_; -any sum above 200l. and not exceeding 1000l. at 2s. _per cent. per -annum_; and any sum above 1000l. and not exceeding 3000l. at 2s. 6d. -_per cent. per annum_; and goods and merchandize not hazardous, in brick -or stone buildings, after the same rates. - -II. For the accommodation of such persons as are desirous of being -assured for a term of years, this Corporation will assure (on such -buildings or goods as aforesaid) any sum not exceeding 1000l. at the -rate of 12s. _per cent._ for seven years, and as far as 2000l. at the -rate of 14s. _per cent._ for the like term of seven years, without -subjecting the assured to any calls or contributions to make good -losses. - -III. Assurances on buildings and goods, are deemed distinct and separate -adventures; so that the premium on goods is not advanced by reason of -any assurance on the building wherein the goods are kept, nor the -premium on the building by reason of any assurance on the goods. - -IV. Timber or plaister buildings covered with slate, tile, or lead, -wherein no hazardous trades are carried on, nor any hazardous goods -deposited: and goods or merchandize not hazardous, in such buildings, -are termed _Hazardous assurances_, and assured as follows; any sum not -exceeding 200l. at 6s. _per annum_: any sum above 200l. and not -exceeding 1000l. at 3s. _per cent. per annum_: any sum above 1000l. and -not exceeding 2000l. at 4s. _per cent. per annum_: and any sum above -2000l. and not exceeding 3000l. at 5s. _per cent. per annum_. - -V. Hazardous trades, such as apothecaries, bread and bisket bakers, -colourmen, ship and tallow-chandlers, innholders and stable-keepers, -carried on in brick or stone buildings, covered with slate, tile, or -lead; and hazardous goods, such as hemp, flax, pitch, tar, tallow, and -turpentine, deposited in such buildings, may be assured at the annual -premiums, set down under the head of hazardous assurances, in the above -article. - -VI. Any of the above hazardous trades carried on, or hazardous goods -deposited in timber or plaister buildings; earthen, glass, and china -ware, in trade; and thatched buildings, or goods therein, are termed -_Double hazardous assurances_, and may be assured upon the following -conditions: any sum not exceeding 200l. at 10s. _per annum_: any sum -above 200l. and not exceeding 1000l. at 5s. _per cent. per annum_: and -any sum above 1000l. and not exceeding 2000l. at 7s. 6d. _per cent. per -annum_. - -VII. Deal yards, also chymists, distillers, sugar-bakers, maltsters, or -any other assurances more than ordinarily hazardous, by reason of the -trade, nature of the goods, narrowness of the place, or other dangerous -circumstances, may be made by special agreement. - -VIII. Two dwelling-houses, or any one dwelling-house, and the out-houses -thereunto belonging, or any one dwelling-house and goods therein, may be -included in the sum of 200l. But when several buildings, or buildings -and goods, are assured in the same policy, the sum assured on each is to -be particularly mentioned. - -IX. To prevent frauds, if any buildings or goods assured with this -Corporation, are, or shall be assured with any other corporation or -society, the policy granted by this Corporation is to be null and void, -unless such other assurance is allowed by endorsement on the policy. - -X. No policy is to be of any force, till the premium for one year is -paid. And for all subsequent annual premiums, the assured are to take -receipts, stamped with the seal of the Corporation, no other being -allowed of. - -XI. No policy is to be extended, or construed to extend to the assurance -of any hazardous buildings or goods, unless they are expressly mentioned -in the policy, and the proper premium for such assurances be paid for -the same. - -XII. No loss or damage by fire happening by any invasion, foreign enemy, -or any military or usurped power whatsoever, is to be made good. - -XIII. All persons assured by this Corporation, are upon any loss or -damage by fire, forthwith to give notice thereof, by letter, or -otherwise, to the Directors or Secretary, at their house in London: and -within fifteen days after such fire, deliver in as particular an account -of their loss or damage, as the nature of the case will admit of, and -make proof of the same, by the oath or affirmation of themselves, their -domestics or servants, or by their books of accounts, or other proper -vouchers, as shall be required; and also to procure a certificate under -the hands of the Minister and Church-wardens, together with some other -reputable inhabitants of the parish, not concerned in such loss; -importing, that they are well acquainted with the character and -circumstances of the sufferer or sufferers; and do know, or verily -believe, that he, she, or they, have really, and by misfortune, -sustained by such fire the loss and damage therein mentioned. And in -case any difference shall arise between the Corporation and the assured, -touching any loss or damage, such difference shall be submitted to the -judgment and determination of arbitrators indifferently chosen, whose -award in writing shall be conclusive and binding to all parties. And -when any loss or damage is settled and adjusted, the sufferer or -sufferers are to receive immediate satisfaction for the same. - -XIV. In adjusting losses on houses, no wainscot, sculpture or -carved-work, is to be valued at more than 3s. _per_ yard. - -_N. B._ There is no average clause in the policies of this Corporation; -but the assured, in case of loss, receive the full damage sustained, -deducing only three _per cent._ according to the terms of the policy. - -Persons assured by this Corporation do not depend upon an uncertain fund -or contribution, nor are they subject to any covenants or calls to make -good losses which may happen to themselves or others. The capital stock -of this Corporation being an unquestionable security to the assured in -case of loss or damage by fire, and in case of such loss or damage the -assured have as easy methods of recovery as can be had against any -person or society whatsoever. - -For the timely assistance of such as are assured by this Corporation, -they have provided several engines and watermen, with proper instruments -to extinguish fires, and porters for removing goods, all cloathed in -green; and having every one a badge, with the figure of Britannia, -holding a harp, and supported by the London arms, to distinguish them -from servants belonging to other offices, and the badges are all -numbered; of which all persons are desired to take notice, who intrust -them with goods, or have any complaint to make. - -The same figure as on the badges is affixed on buildings, &c. assured by -this Corporation. _The proposals printed for the Corporation, in 1758._ - - -LONDON BRIDGE, appears to have been originally built between the years -993, and 1016, since in the first-mentioned year, Anlaf, the Dane, -sailed up the Thames, with a fleet of ninety-three ships, as far as -Stanes; and in the last, Canute, King of Denmark, caused a canal to be -formed on the south side of the Thames, for conveying his ships above -the bridge. - -If the traditionary account of the origin of the ancient wooden bridge, -delivered by Bartholomew Linstead, alias Fowle, the last Prior of St. -Mary Overy’s convent, is worthy of credit, we are indebted to the public -spirit of that religious house for this structure: “A ferrie being kept, -says he, in a place where now the bridge is builded; at length the -ferrieman and his wife deceasing, left the same ferrie to their only -daughter, a maiden, named Marie, which, with the goods left by her -parents, as also from the profits arising from the ferrie, builded a -house of sisters in a place where now standeth the east part of St. Mary -Overie’s church, unto which house she gave the oversight and profits of -the ferrie: but afterwards the said house of sisters being converted -into a college of priests, they builded the bridge of timber, as all -other the great bridges of this land were, and from time to time kept -the same in good reparations; till at length, considering the great -charges of repairing the same, there was, by aid of the citizens of -London and others, a bridge builded with arches of stone.” - -However, the continuators of Stow imagine, that Linstead, in this -account, exceeds the truth, in ascribing all the praise of so public a -work to a small house of religious, who might probably only consent to -its being built, upon the monks receiving a sufficient recompence for -the loss of the ferry, by which they had always been supported; the -probability of this appears from there being lands appropriated for the -repairs of the bridge so early as in the reign of Henry I. Besides, it -can scarcely be supposed, that a petty convent could be able to erect -and support such an edifice, which, besides other accidents, was burnt -down in 1136, and was again so ruinous in 1163, that it was obliged to -be new built, under the inspection of Peter, Curate of St. Mary -Colechurch, in London; a person who had obtained great reputation for -his skill in architecture. - -At length, the continual and large expence in maintaining a wooden -bridge becoming burthensome to the people, who, when the lands -appropriated to that use fell short of their produce, were taxed to make -up the deficiencies, it was resolved in 1176, to build one of stone, a -little to the west of the other, which in the time of William the -Conqueror began at Botolph’s wharf; and this structure was completed in -1209. - -The foundation is, by the vulgar, generally believed to be laid upon -woolpacks, which opinion probably arose from a tax being laid upon every -pack of wool, towards its construction. Mr. Stow is of opinion, that -before the bridge was erected, they were obliged to turn the Thames into -a large canal made for that purpose, which began at Battersea, and -returned into the bed of the river at Rotherhithe; but this supposition -has not the least foundation. Mr. Maitland justly observes, that the -purchase of the ground through which this spacious water course was to -run; the expence of digging and raising the banks of sufficient -strength; and the prodigious expence of damming off the river above and -below the intended bridge, would have amounted to treble the sum of -erecting the bridge itself; and that the space of thirty-three years, -which the bridge took up in building, is sufficient to destroy so wild a -notion; since if the people concerned in erecting it had dry ground to -build upon, it might have been finished in a tenth part of the time, and -in a much more durable manner. - -The same gentleman observes, that having carefully surveyed the bridge -in the year 1730, in company with Mr. Sparruck, the water carpenter -thereof, he observed in many places where the stones were washed from -the sterlings, the vast frames of piles, whereon the stone piers were -founded. The exterior part of these piles were extremely large, and -driven as close as art could effect, and on the top were laid long beams -of timber of the thickness of ten inches, strongly bolted; whereon was -placed the base of the stone piers, nine feet above the bed of the -river, and three below the sterlings; and that on the outside of this -foundation were driven the piles called the sterlings. - -Mr. Sparruck informed him, that he and the bridge-mason had frequently -taken out of the lowermost layers of stones in the piers, several of the -original stones, which had been laid in pitch instead of mortar; and -that this occasioned their being of opinion, that all the outside stones -of the piers, as high as the sterlings, were originally laid in the same -matter, to prevent the waters damaging the work. This Mr. Maitland -naturally supposes, was done at every tide of ebb, till the work was -raised above the high water mark. - -It is remarkable, that the master mason of this great work erected at -his own expence a chapel on the east side of the ninth pier from the -north end, and endowed it for two priests, four clerks, &c. This chapel, -which was dedicated to St. Thomas, was a beautiful arched Gothic -structure, sixty-five feet long, twenty feet and a half broad, and -fourteen in height. Great part of this edifice lately remained very -perfect; it was paved with black and white marble, and in the middle was -a sepulchral monument in which was probably interred Peter, curate of -Colechurch, the architect, or master mason, who began the work, but died -before it was completed. Clusters of small pillars arise at equal -distances on the sides, and bending over the roof, meet in the center of -the arch, where they are bound together by large flowers cut in the same -stone: between these pillars were the windows, which afforded a view of -the Thames on each side, and were arched, and far from being unhandsome: -but these have long been closed up with brick-work. It had an entrance -from the river as well as the street, from which last there was a -descent to it by a winding pair of stone steps twisting round a pillar. -These stairs opened into a short passage, on the right hand of which was -a cavity in the wall for holding the bason of holy water. On the 30th of -September 1758, when we had the pleasure of seeing it, this edifice -existed in the above form, only a part of the arch was obliged to make -way for a shop floor, and some of the body was divided into an upper and -lower story for the convenience of warehouse room, it then belonging to -an eminent stationer. - -But notwithstanding all this art and expence in building the bridge with -stone, it was soon in great want of repairs: for about four years after -it was finished, a fire broke out in Southwark, which taking hold of the -church of our Lady of the Canons, or St. Mary Overy’s, a south wind -communicated the flames to the houses on the north side of the bridge, -which interrupted the passage, and stopped the return of a multitude of -people who had run from London to help to extinguish the fire in -Southwark: and while the amazed croud were endeavouring to force a -passage back to the city through the flames on the north end of the -bridge, the fire broke out at the south end also; so that being inclosed -between two great fires, above three thousand people perished in the -flames, or were drowned by overloading the vessels that ventured to come -to their assistance. - -By this dreadful accident, and other circumstances, this new stone -bridge was in so ruinous a condition, that King Edward I. granted the -bridgekeeper a brief to ask and receive the charity of his subjects -throughout the kingdom, towards repairing it: besides which, he caused -letters to be wrote to the clergy of all degrees, earnestly pressing -them to contribute to so laudable a work; but these methods proving -ineffectual, he granted a toll, by which every foot passenger carrying -merchandize over the bridge, was to pay one farthing; every horseman -with merchandize, 1d. and every saleable pack carried and palling over, -a halfpenny. - -But while these affairs were in agitation, the ruin of the bridge was -completed, by five arches being borne down and destroyed by the ice and -floods, after a great frost and deep snow in the year 1282. - -However, the drawbridge, which had at first a tower on the north side, -and was contrived to afford a passage for ships with provisions to -Queenhithe, as well as to prevent the attempts of an enemy, was begun to -be built in the year 1426; but about ten years after two of the arches -at the south end, together with the bridgegate, fell down; and the ruins -of the latter still remaining, one of the locks or passages for the -water, was almost rendered useless; whence it received the name of the -rock lock, which has occasioned the citizens to take it for a natural -rock; and indeed though these ruins have lain in the water for above -three centuries, they are still as impenetrable as a solid rock. - -From that time the buildings on the bridge increased slowly; for in -1471, when Thomas Fauconbridge the Bastard, besieged the bridge, there -were no more than thirteen houses besides the gate, and a few other -buildings erected upon it. - -However, in Stow’s time, both sides were built up, and it had the -appearance of a regular street, there being only left three openings, -with stone walls and iron rails over them, to afford a prospect east and -west of the Thames. These were over three of the widest arches, usually -called the navigable locks. - -Thus we see that the bridge in Stow’s time nearly resembled what it was -before the houses were lately pulled down: and the continuator of Mr. -Stow observes, that it continued in the same state till the year 1632; -when on the 13th of February, the buildings on the north end of the -bridge to the vacancy on both sides, containing forty-two houses, were -burnt down by a maid servant’s carelessness, in setting a tub of hot -sea-coal ashes under a pair of stairs, at a needle-maker’s near St. -Magnus’s church: this fire burnt very furiously, and there being a -scarcity of water, occasioned by the Thames being almost frozen over, -these buildings were all consumed within eight hours. - -In this condition the bridge continued for several years; the confusions -in the state interrupting the government of the city, and putting a stop -to all farther improvements. However, some of the houses next the city -were rebuilt of timber in the years 1645 and 1646; these edifices were -three stories high; they had flat roofs adorned with balustrades, and -had cellars contrived within and between the piers. - -The bridge had not indeed intirely recovered from its ruinous condition -in 1666, when it again suffered in the general conflagration of the -city, most of the buildings being totally consumed, except a few at the -south end, erected in the reign of King John; and the very stone work of -the bridge was so injured and weakened by this melancholy event, that it -cost the bridge-house 1500l. to make good the damage of the piers and -arches. - -The stone work was, however, no sooner secured, than a sufficient number -of tenants offered, who agreed with the bridge-house for building leases -of sixty-one years, paying to the city the annual rent of ten shillings -per foot running, and to build in such a form and manner as was -prescribed. This was carried into execution with such dispatch, that -within five years the north end was completely finished, with houses -four stories high, and a street twenty feet broad between side and side: -after which all the old buildings at the south end were rebuilt in the -same manner. - -In the year 1722, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, being -sensible of the great inconveniences and mischiefs which happened by the -disorderly driving of coaches, carts, and other carriages, over the -bridge, published an order, that all carriages coming out of Southwark -into the city, should keep all along on the west side of the bridge, and -those going out of the city on the east side; appointing three persons -at each end to see this order executed: and this method is still -observed. - -Three years after this order, the gate at the south end being greatly -damaged by a fire which broke out at a brush-maker’s, and destroyed -several of the adjacent houses, it was built with stone, with two -posterns for the convenience of foot passengers. This gate was finished -at the expence of the city in the year 1728. - -At length the building leases being expired, the city was sensible of -the inconvenience of not having a footway, which had occasioned the loss -of many lives, from the number of carriages continually passing and -repassing, projected a plan for rebuilding the street over the bridge -with colonades on each side, by which foot passengers might be both -secured from the horses and carriages, and sheltered from the weather. -Part of this plan was a few years ago carried into execution, from the -first opening on the north-east end, and its advantages were so obvious, -that every body was desirous of seeing it completed. - -However, in 1746 the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, -considering the many lives that were lost thro’ the streightness of the -arches, and the enormous size of the sterlings, which took up one fourth -of the water way, and occasioned the fall at low water to be no less -than five feet; as well as the great expence of repairing the bridge, -which for several years had annually amounted to 2000l. came to the -resolution of taking down all the houses, and to widen and enlarge one -or more of the arches. Accordingly the Court ordered their surveyor to -draw a plan, and make an estimate of the expence; which having done, the -total amounted to 95,000l. when it was immediately agreed not to grant -or renew any lease or leases of the houses, but to let those unexpired -run out, and consequently the houses run to ruin. _Stow._ _Maitland._ - -Indeed this scheme was in part proposed immediately after the fire of -London, by both Sir Christopher Wren and Sir John Evelyn; these -ingenious gentlemen proposing, instead of houses, to have a substantial -balustrade on each side; and after them, the author of the _Review of -the public buildings_ had the following remarks, “As some people are -ignorant enough to admire the bridge merely because it is encumbered -with houses from end to end; it will not be amiss to observe, that -nothing can be more ridiculous than this invention; nothing can possibly -offend the eye more, or extinguish so many beauties as might take place, -in case this popular nuisance was removed: suppose the present structure -of the bridge was still to continue as it is, there would, at least, be -room for a magnificent breast-work and balustrade above, and the top -would afford one of the finest prospects in the world: on one hand a -fleet of merchant ships, equal in value and importance to half a nation; -on the other, two of the most considerable cities in Europe, stretching -along the banks of a beautiful river, and ending with a distant view of -the adjacent landscape.” - -At length the leaning houses on each side seemed ready to fall into the -river, and the passenger could scarcely forbear shuddering, when he -observed that any of them was inhabited. At the same time, the structure -of the noble bridge at Westminster, with the magnitude, safety, and -convenience of the arches, convinced the citizens more and more of the -advantages that would arise from the resolution of pulling down the -houses; and in the year 1756, every one was pleased, that the Lord -Mayor, Aldermen and Common Council, had applied to parliament to enable -them to put this resolution in practice. In short, an act was obtained, -and they were enabled to provide for the expence, by collecting a toll -for every horse and carriage that passed over it, except those used for -tillage, till the principal and interest of the money that should be -borrowed and laid out upon it, should be repaid. - -These measures being taken, orders were soon given for taking down the -houses on both sides of the way, for a considerable distance north of -the gate. This not only pleased every inhabitant of the city of London -and the borough of Southwark, but every one who had occasion to pass and -repass over this useful bridge; and all whose business leads them to -pass in any kind of craft thro’ the arches, began to please themselves -with the thought, that their lives would hereafter be secure in the -exercise of their lawful employments. - -The houses and arches that extended across the bridge being taken down, -in all the middle part of that structure a strong temporary bridge, made -of wood, was with amazing expedition erected upon the western sterlings -of the old structure, for the passage of carriages, horsemen, and foot -passengers, till the intended alterations should be completed; and this -edifice, which was rendered as safe and convenient as possible, was -opened in October 1757. - -But when the pavement was dug up, and an opening made into the cavities -of all the piers; when some of them were demolished almost to the -water’s edge, and the whole space where the houses had been taken down -was a confused heap of ruins, that had not the least resemblance of a -bridge, the temporary structure burst into a flame, and was intirely -consumed. - -The fire began on Tuesday the 11th of April 1758, at about eleven at -night; and by nine o’clock the next morning, the whole temporary bridge -was consumed; though the drawbridge and some pieces of timber among the -ruins of the old structure continued burning all the next day. - -Various have been the reports of the manner in which this useful -structure was set on fire. Some have said, that about ten in the evening -they saw several persons who appeared in liquor, coming over the bridge -with a torch, and endeavouring to get it from him who held it, while he -strove, in play, to defend himself by burning them, at last threw it -over the boarded fence of the bridge, when the light disappeared, till -the timber below burst into a flame. On the other hand, the watchmen on -the Customhouse key on the east side, and at the Steelyard on the west, -with many others, are said to have observed about eleven, some lights -under the bridge, which appeared in several places like candles in -lanthorns; and that soon after, the bridge, from one end to the other, -burst into flames: but those who first saw the progress of the fire, -observe, that it began in one spot, and extended itself both ways -progressively. - -At this disaster the citizens were filled with consternation, imagining -that the communication between the city and borough of Southwark would -for a long time be in a great measure cut off; and every body naturally -concluded, that this dreadful disaster was occasioned by some vile -incendiaries. The Lord Mayor, who had attended almost the whole time of -the conflagration, and did his utmost to stop it, waited in the morning -on Mr. Pitt with the dreadful account; and having immediately obtained -his Majesty’s pardon for any person who would discover the authors of -the calamity, except the identical perpetrators of it, called a court of -Common Council, who came to the resolution to offer a reward of 200l. -for discovering the base and villainous incendiaries. But though a -considerable time is elapsed, no discovery has yet been made. - -This prudent step being first taken, the builders of the bridge were -asked, how soon they could possibly render it passable for carriages; -when they promised to complete it within three weeks, on condition of -being allowed to work on Sundays, and to employ a sufficient number of -men. This news filled the people with equal joy and surprize; but this -surprize was greatly increased, when they found that by keeping men -constantly at work day and night, this great work was completed and the -old bridge opened again in less than a fortnight; and that in this short -time those arches that had been taken down, and the deep cavities in all -the piers lately used for cellars, were covered over; the piers which -had been demolished had stages formed of large beams of timber raised to -support the upper works, and the whole track of ruins was covered with -rows of strong beams placed close together; these were gravelled over to -a considerable depth; and a strong wooden fence, on each side, raised -about six feet high, with places formed for foot passengers to stand in -at proper distances, to secure themselves from being hurt by the -carriages. - -This great work was no sooner finished with such amazing expedition, -than preparations were made for a new temporary bridge, which was soon -after begun, and in a short time was opened. - -The great loss the city had suffered by the burning of the temporary -bridge, induced the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, to apply -to Parliament for relief; when that body, rendering the repairing and -the beautifying of London bridge a national concern, an act was passed -the same year for granting the city 15,000l. towards the carrying on of -that work; upon which two toll booths that had been erected for -receiving the toll granted by a former act, were immediately taken down, -and all horses and carriages suffered to go toll free. - -To prevent posterity being deceived by the pompous elogiums bestowed on -this bridge, which has been stiled _The wonder of the world_, _The -bridge of the world_, and _The bridge of wonders_, the following -faithful description of it, we apprehend, will not be improper. And -indeed this is the more necessary, as no accurate description of this -bridge has ever yet been published. The Thames in this part is 915 feet -broad, and that is the length of the bridge, which was forty-three feet -seven inches in height. The street, which before the houses fell to -decay, consisted of handsome lofty edifices, pretty regularly built; it -was twenty feet broad, and the houses on each side generally 26½ feet -deep. Across the middle of the street ran several lofty arches extending -from side to side, the bottom part of each arch terminating at the first -story, and the upper part reaching near the top of the buildings, the -work over the arches extending in a strait line from side to side. These -arches were designed to prevent the houses giving way. They were -therefore formed of strong timbers bolted into the timbers of the houses -on each side, and being covered with laths and plaister, appeared as if -built with stone; and in some of them a closet, or little room, was -formed in the cavities next the houses, with a window to the north, and -another to the south. - -It has been already observed, that this street had three openings on -each side, adorned with iron rails, to afford the passengers a view of -the river, and placed over three of the widest arches, called navigable -locks; because vessels of considerable burthen have been used to pass -thro’ them. That arch next the gate has obtained the name of the rock -lock, from the cause already mentioned: that under the drawbridge was -called the drawbridge lock; and the third, near the chapel (which could -not easily be distinguished from the rest of the houses) was called St. -Mary’s lock: and there was a fourth between St. Magnus’s church at the -foot of the bridge, and the first vacancy northward, called the King’s -lock; from its being customary for the King to go thro’ it in his -passage through the bridge. - -Thus the street on the bridge had nothing to distinguish it from a -common handsome narrow street; but the high arches towards the middle, -and the three openings on each side, which afforded an agreeable view of -the river. But on the outside the view from the water, and from the -keys, was as disagreeable as possible. Nineteen unequilateral arches, -with sterlings increased to a monstrous size by frequent repairs, -supported the street above. These arches were of very different sizes, -and several that were low and narrow, were placed between others that -were broad and lofty. The back part of the houses next the Thames had -neither uniformity nor any degree of beauty; the line was broken by a -great number of closets projecting from the buildings, and by mean -necessary houses hanging over the sterlings. This deformity was -increased by the houses extending a considerable distance over the sides -of the bridge, and by some of them projecting farther over it than -others: by which means the tops of almost all the arches, except those -that were nearest, were concealed from the view of the passengers on the -keys, and gave the bridge the appearance of a multitude of rude piers, -with only an arch or two at the end, and the rest consisting of beams -extending from the tops of flat piers, without any other arches, quite -across the river. - -But most of these deformities will be soon removed. Instead of a narrow -street of twenty feet wide, there will be a passage of thirty-one feet -broad for carriages; with a handsome raised pavement of stone on each -side, seven feet broad, for the use of foot passengers; and, instead of -houses projecting over the river, the sides will be secured and adorned -by an elegant balustrade. Like Westminster bridge, it will be handsomely -enlightened with lamps from sun-setting to sun-rising, and guarded in -the night by a number of watchmen; the expences of both which are to be -defrayed out of the bridge-house estate. - - -LONDON BRIDGE WATER WORKS. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth were erected -in the arches at the south end of this bridge, mills for grinding corn, -in order that the city might supply the poor with meal, at a reasonable -rate, in a time of scarcity, or when the price was unjustly raised by -avaricious badgers and mealmen. Afterwards, in the year 1582, Peter -Morice, a Dutchman, contrived a water engine to supply the citizens with -Thames water: this was, about fifty years ago, improved by Mr. Sorocold; -and, since that time, by that great master of hydraulics, Mr. Hadley, -who rendered it far superior to the so much famed water-engine at Marli -in France; which is so ill contrived in its cranks, that it is said to -cost 25,000l. sterling _per annum_ to keep it in repair. - -This machine was at first made to force the water no higher than -Gracechurch street. The first engineer obtained from the city a lease -for 500 years, at the annual rent of 10s. for the use of the Thames, and -one arch, with a place for fixing his mill upon. The citizens soon -experienced the benefit of this invention, and granted him a like lease, -two years after, for another arch: by which means he grew very wealthy; -and it continued in his family, under various improvements, till the -year 1701; when the property was sold to one Richard Soams, a citizen -and goldsmith. Morice having first, at the purchaser’s request, obtained -another lease of the fourth arch, for the further improvement of the -said works, after selling the whole property thereof for 36,000l. Mr. -Soams, to prevent all disputes with the citizens, then applied to the -city for a confirmation of his bargain with Mr. Morice, and obtained a -fresh lease from them for the term unexpired of that gentleman’s lease, -at the yearly rent of 20s. and 300l. fine. After which he divided the -whole property into three hundred shares, at 500l. each share, and made -it a Company. - -The wheels placed under the arches are moved by the common stream of the -tidewater of the river Thames. The axle-tree of the water wheel is -nineteen feet long, and three feet diameter; in which are four sets of -arms, eight in each place, whereon are fixed four rings on sets of -felloes, twenty feet in diameter, and twenty-six floats, fourteen inches -long, and eighteen inches deep. - -The wheel lies, with its two gudgeons or center pins, upon two brasses, -fixed on two great levers, whose _fulcrum_ or top, is an arched piece of -timber, the levers being made circular on their lower sides to an arch, -and kept in their places by two arching studs, fixed with a sock through -two mortises in the lever. - -By these levers the wheel is thus made to rise and fall with the tide: -the levers are sixteen feet long, that is, from the fulcrum to the -gudgeon of the water wheel six feet, and thence to the arch ten feet. To -the bottom of this arch is fixed a strong triple chain, made like a -watch chain, but the links are arched to a circle of one foot diameter, -having notches or teeth to take hold of the leaves of a pinion of cast -iron, ten inches diameter, with eight teeth in it, moving on an axis. -The other loose end of this chain has a large weight hanging at it, to -help to counterpoise the wheel, and to preserve the chain from sliding -on the pinion. On the same axis is fixed a cog-wheel, six feet in -diameter, with forty-eight cogs; to this is applied a trundle or pinion -of six rounds or teeth; and upon the same axis is fixed another -cog-wheel of fifty-one cogs, into which a trundle of six rounds works, -on whose axis is a winch or windlass, by which one man with the two -windlasses raises or lets down the wheel, as there is occasion. - -By means of this machine, the strength of an ordinary man will raise -about fifty tons weight. But, besides these levers and wheels, there is -a cog-wheel eight feet diameter, fixed near the end of the great axis, -and working into a trundle of four feet and a half diameter, and twenty -rounds; whose axis or spindle is of cast iron, four inches diameter, and -lying in brass at each end: a quadruple crank of cast iron, six inches -square, each of the necks being turned one foot from the center, which -is fixed in brass at each end, in two head-stocks fastened down by caps. -The end of one of these cranks is placed close abutting to the end of -the axle-tree last mentioned, and fixed thereunto by an iron wedge drove -through a slit in them both for that purpose. The four necks of the -crank have each an iron spear or rod fixed at their upper ends to the -respective lever, within three feet of the end; which levers are -twenty-four feet long, moving on centers in a frame, at the end of which -are jointed four rods, with their forcing-plugs, working into four iron -cylinders, cast four feet three quarters long, seven inches bore above, -and nine below, where the valves lie, fastened by screwed flanches over -the four holes of a hollow trunk of cast iron, having four valves in it, -just at the joining-on at the bottom of the barrels or cylinders, and at -one end a sucking pipe or grate, going into the water, which supplies -all the four cylinders alternately. - -From the lower part of these cylinders come out necks, turning upwards -archwise, whose upper parts are cast with flanches to screw up to a -trunk; which necks have bores of seven inches diameter, and holes in the -trunk above, communicating with each of them; at which joining are -placed four valves. This trunk is cast with four bosses, or -protuberances, standing out against the valves, to give room for their -opening and shutting; and on the upper side are four holes stopped with -plugs, which take out, on occasion, to cleanse the valves. One end of -the trunk is stopped by a plug; and iron pipes are joined by flanches to -the other end, thro’ which the water is forced up to any height or place -required. - -Besides these four forcers, there are four more placed at the other ends -of the levers, which work in the same manner, with rods and cylinders, -as above. And the same works are repeated at the other end of the -water-wheel, viz. a cog-wheel, a trundle, a spindle, a crank, -sucking-pipes, four levers, eight forcing-rods, eight cylinders, &c. -four trunks, and two forcing-pipes: so that one single wheel works -sixteen pumps. - -In the first arch next the city, is one wheel with double work of -sixteen forcers. In the third arch, where the first wheel has double -work at the one end, and single at the other, there are twelve forcers: -the second wheel, placed in the middle, has eight forcers; and the third -wheel sixteen forcers. In all fifty-two forcers. - -One turn of the four wheels makes 114 strokes; and when the river is at -best, the wheels go six times round in a minute, and but four and a half -at middle water; so that the number of strokes in a minute are 684; and -as the stroke is two feet and a half in a seven inch bore, which raises -three ale gallons, they raise 2052 gallons in a minute; that is, 123,120 -gallons, or 1954 hogsheads in an hour, which is at the rate of 46,896 -hogsheads _per_ day, to the height of 120 feet, including the waste, -which may be settled at a fifth part of the whole. _Desaguliers -Mathematics._ - - -LONDON BRIDGE _yard_, Tooley street. - - -LONDON _court_, 1. London street. 2. Rosemary lane. - - -LONDON HOUSE, on the west side of Aldersgate street, was anciently -called Dorchester House, and afterwards Petre’s House, from its having -been possessed by the Marquis of Dorchester, and afterwards by the Lord -Petre: but after the restoration being purchased for the residence of -the Bishop of London, it obtained the name of London House. It is a -large commodious brick building, with a neat chapel belonging to it; but -being deserted by the Prelates of this see, is now let out into several -tenements and warehouses. - - -LONDON HOUSE _yard_, 1. Aldersgate street. 2. St. Paul’s church yard. - - -LONDON INFIRMARY, on the south side of Whitechapel, is one of the many -foundations that distinguish our country and the present age. It is -supported by charitable and voluntary contributions, for the relief of -all sick and diseased persons; and, in particular, manufacturers, seamen -in the merchants service, and their wives and children. - -This charity was instituted on the 2d of November 1740, in a large house -in Prescot street, Goodman’s Fields, which is now the Magdalen hospital; -but that becoming too small for this extensive charity, a new, more -capacious, and more commodious building was erected by the voluntary -contributions of several Governors, in an airy situation, near the Mount -in Whitechapel road. - -This is a very neat brick building, contrived to be plain and yet -elegant, without being very expensive; and it consisting of one extended -front, without either wings or inner courts, the whole is seen at one -view. To the middle door is an ascent by a flight of steps, and over -this part extends a very large angular pediment, within which is a dial. -Above the ground floor extend two series, of each twenty-three sash -windows, their number and the length of the building giving it an air of -dignity. The architect has properly considered the use for which it is -designed, and has suited every thing to convenience. It is properly -furnished, and fitted up with about 160 beds for the reception of the -patients. - -The society for carrying on this laudable undertaking, consists of a -President, two Vice Presidents, and a Treasurer, annually elected out of -the most considerable benefactors to this charity, and of such persons, -who by giving a benefaction of thirty guineas or more at one time, -become Governors for life; and those who subscribe five guineas or more -a year, are Governors during such subscription. - -A general court of Governors is held in the months of March, June, -September, and December, to take the report of the committees, elect a -house committee for the ensuing quarter, inspect accounts, and transact -such other business as may be then laid before them. The anniversary -feast of this charity is held between the first of February and the last -day of April, when a printed account of the general state of the -hospital, the number of patients received and discharged, and an -abstract of the accounts for the year past, is laid before them. - -A house committee of thirteen Governors is appointed at every general -quarterly court, who at their first meeting elect a Chairman to preside -for the first quarter; who meet at the hospital, on Tuesdays weekly, at -eleven in the forenoon, to receive and dismiss patients, to order and -inspect the provisions and furniture sent in, and such necessaries that -may be wanting, and to examine and regulate the conduct of the servants -and patients; and other matters which come before them, according to the -constitution of this charity. All Governors that please to attend, have -a vote at this committee, and their attendance is esteemed a favour. - -A committee of accounts, consisting of twelve Governors, is appointed at -the general quarterly court in June, for one year, who meet at the -hospital once a quarter, to examine and audit tradesmens bills, which -are paid by the Treasurer within a fortnight after. The accounts are -open at all times for the inspection of the Governors, - -A physical committee, consisting of all such Governors who practise -physic, surgery, or pharmacy, or are conversant in the knowledge of -drugs or medicines (excepting such as shall be directly or indirectly -concerned in serving the hospital with such necessaries) are summoned by -order of the Chairman of the house committee for the time being every -first Thursday in the month, and have power to order and inspect the -necessary drugs and medicines, and report their proceedings to the -general quarterly court by their Chairman. - -Two Governors are appointed visitors by the house committee, for one -fortnight, to attend twice a week, or oftener, if they think proper, to -inspect into the management and conduct of the house, during the -interval of the meetings of the house committee. - -A Clergyman of the church of England reads prayers every day, and -preaches every Sunday, and reads prayers morning and afternoon; -administers the sacrament regularly every month; and is ready to visit, -pray by, and administer the sacrament at all times when required, to the -patients in the wards. - -Three Physicians attend alternately; two of the Surgeons daily, from -eleven o’clock till one, without fee or reward, and give their advice -and assistance to all such objects as come within those hours, whether -recommended or accidental. A Surgeon extraordinary attends in -consultation, in all dangerous cases. The Surgeons in waiting have an -apprentice, or pupil, constantly in the house, to receive, and, if -necessary, to call the Surgeon to such accidents as shall be brought in -at any hour of the day or night. - -An apothecary (with an assistant) constantly resides at the hospital, -who compounds and dispenses all medicines used there, and solely attends -the business thereof. - -A steward, (for whose fidelity proper security is given) has the charge -of the house and furniture, keeps an account of every thing brought to -or expended in the house, and subjects the same to the examination of -the visitors, and house committee, and has the inspection likewise of -the conduct of all the men-servants. Two matrons have the direction of -the nurses and other women-servants, and see the diet and medicines -administered according to order. Under them, are nurses, and watchers, -in proportion to the number of patients, who are guided by written -orders to prevent any misconduct. Proper diet for the patients has been -settled by the Physicians and Surgeons engaged in this charity, and is -fixed up in the wards for the satisfaction of the patients and their -friends. - -No officers or servants are permitted upon pain of expulsion to take of -any tradesmen, patients, or other persons, any fee, reward, or gratuity -of any kind, directly or indirectly, for any service done, or to be -done, on account of this hospital. - -Every Governor is intitled to send one in-patient at a time, and -out-patients without limitation. Subscribers of smaller sums may -likewise send what number of out-patients they please. All subscriptions -are during pleasure, and any small sums from well-disposed persons will -be thankfully received; but in order to carry on this undertaking, all -persons are desired to pay their subscription at the time of -subscribing. - -The poor objects recommended as in-patients, if there are beds empty, -are received at any hour without difficulty or expence, and are supplied -with advice, medicine, diet, washing, lodging, and every comfortable -assistance during their cure; nor is any security required against -future contingencies, they being, in case of death, buried at the -expence of the charity, if not removed by their friends. All -out-patients have advice and medicines administered from eleven till -one. - -All accidents, whether recommended or not, are received at any hour of -the day or night. - -This is the plan of this noble charity; and though this work has -subsisted but eighteen years, yet such has been the extraordinary -encouragement given to it, that since the 3d of November 1740, to the -1st of January 1759, the sums generously contributed to its support -amount to 79,153l. a great part of which is laid out in government -securities. But what is still more extraordinary, 137,252 distressed -objects have been relieved at this hospital; and from labouring under -the oppression of some of the most malignant diseases, and unhappy -accidents, have been reinstated in their honest and industrious -capacities of working, and, so far as our observation reaches, their -morals much amended, whereby the public again enjoy the benefit of their -labour, and they, and their poor families, are preserved from perishing, -and prevented from being an incumbrance to the community. And, -notwithstanding the great number of objects relieved by this charity, it -has not lessened the number of patients relieved by other hospitals. - -The subscribers are desired to take notice, that if any patients do not -conform to the rules of the house, or are guilty of any misbehaviour, -they will be discharged, and never more relieved by this charity: and -not to send any patient unable to walk, till they are first assured of -room in the house; and when they recommend an in-patient, whose -settlement is in the country, it is further requested, that they will -satisfy the house committee, concerning the removal of such patient, -when cured or judged incurable. - -“No persons of known ability to pay for their cure, are allowed to -partake of this charity; nor any with infectious distempers, or deemed -incurable by the Physicians and Surgeons, or any in consumptive or -asthmatic condition, are admitted into the house, being more capable, of -relief as out-patients.” - -The patients, being admitted without any expence, are required to be -constant in their attendance on the Physicians, or Surgeons, at the -hospital, before eleven o’clock; and, at nine o’clock, to return thanks -at the chapel, and at the weekly committee next after their cure; and -those only who attend their cure, and return thanks, will receive a -certificate thereof, which will entitle them to future relief. _The -Account published by order of the Governors in 1759._ - - -LONDON LYING IN HOSPITAL, at Shaftesbury house, on the east side of -Aldersgate street; an edifice built with brick and ornamented with -stone, in a most noble and elegant taste. The front to the street is -adorned with Ionic pilasters; the door is arched, and has a balcony -supported by scrolls. This opens into a small area encompassed with -buildings, within which are accommodations for the patients. This house, -which was built by the masterly hand of Inigo Jones, was formerly the -residence of the Earls of Shaftesbury, and deserves a much better -situation. The polite part of the town is now so far removed from hence, -that this edifice is neither known nor admired so much as it deserves. -This structure, having been converted to several mechanic uses, was -going to decay, but has, however, been thoroughly repaired, and happily -applied to this noble charity; and in this house, support and every -necessary accommodation and assistance are furnished for married women -in the last stage of their pregnancy, time of labour, and month of -lying-in. - -[Illustration: - - _The Centre of the West Side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, late the Duke of - Ancaster’s, by Inigo Jones._ -] - -[Illustration: - - _Shaftesbury House, now the Lying-in Hospital, by Inigo Jones._ -] - -This excellent charity was instituted on the 30th of March 1750, by -several generous and humane persons; and has met with suitable -encouragement from many of both sexes, who justly deserve that -character. But so many distressed objects daily present themselves for -the relief of this charity, which has been attended with a more than -ordinary expence, by the reception of the wives of many seamen and -soldiers in the public service, that its income, supported only by -voluntary contributions, is not equal to its wants; and therefore the -Governors find it still necessary to apply for the assistance of the -charitable and humane. The conditions are, - -I. Such persons as subscribe thirty guineas are Governors for life, and -may recommend one pregnant woman to be upon the books at a time. - -II. Those who subscribe five or three guineas _per annum_, are Governors -so long as they continue their subscriptions, and intitled to recommend -as in the first article. - -III. Annual Governors may make up their subscriptions thirty guineas, -within one year from their last payment, and thereupon become Governors -for life. - -IV. All ladies are at liberty in all elections of officers, to vote by -proxy signified in writing. - -_N. B._ All lesser benefactions are thankfully received. And for the -satisfaction of the public, that the women are well and properly taken -care of, ladies, though not Governesses, are permitted to go into the -wards. - - - _Rules of the Hospital._ - -A general court of the Governors is held four times a year; namely, in -the months of March, June, September, and December, to receive the -report of the quarterly committees, elect a new committee, and transact -such other business as may then be laid before them. - -A house committee is appointed at every general quarterly court, -consisting of thirteen Governors, three of whom are a _quorum_. This -committee meets every Tuesday morning at eleven o’clock in the forenoon, -at the hospital, to receive and discharge women, inspect the diet and -provisions, order any furniture and conveniences that may from time to -time be wanted, and to examine into and regulate the conduct of all the -servants and patients of the house. These committees are to make their -reports to the general quarterly courts. - -The number of beds at present in the hospital is thirty-three. - -A Physician, a Man-midwife, and a Surgeon in ordinary, attend daily at -the hospital; besides whom the house is supplied with a Physician and -Man-midwife extraordinary, a Surgeon extraordinary, and an apothecary, -who supplies the patients with such medicines as shall be found -necessary in their respective cases. And that the patients may not want -necessary comfort under their afflictions, a Clergyman has undertaken -the kind and charitable office of attending the house as Chaplain, -baptizes the children born there, churches the women, and reads prayers -publickly twice a week. All these gentlemen attend without fee or -reward. - -A matron, who is a skilful midwife, constantly resides in the hospital, -and acts as such in all natural and easy labours. - -There are a sufficient number of nurses and other servants to take care -of the lying-in women, and do the common business of the house. - -Also a beadle, who constantly resides at the hospital, to be ready to go -on all messages, on sudden emergencies, and summon the Governors, &c. - -Note, the servants of the house are forbid to take any fee or reward -from the lying-in women, on any pretence whatsoever, on pain of being -discharged. - -Married women admitted into this hospital, must previously produce a -certificate of their marriage from a lawful Minister, or in case they -cannot, then an affidavit of their being married, and the time when and -the place where, and also of the settlement of their husbands, and by -what means such settlement was obtained. And no woman is to be taken -into the house, who hath any contagious distemper, or has been -accustomed to receive alms of a parish. - -Such gentlemen and ladies as chuse to favour this laudable charity, are -desired to send their subscriptions, with their names and places of -abode, to the Treasurer, Charles Maynard, Esq; in Aldersgate street; to -Messrs. Vere, Glyn, and Halifax, bankers, in Birchin lane; or to the -weekly committee, on Tuesday in the forenoon, at the said hospital, -where proper receipts will be given, - - ACCOUNT _of_ WOMEN _delivered, from the institution of the hospital to - the 17th Jan. 1758_. - - Women delivered, 19 of whom had twins, and one delivered - of three children 1914 - - Children born 1935 - - Males 961 - Females 974 - ———— - 1935 - ———— - - - Monies received from the institution of the hospital to - the 13th. Jan. 1758 7010 13 0¾ - - Monies expended from the institution of the - hospital to 29th Sept. 1757 5774 3 6 - - £1000 Old South Sea annuities, which cost 1064 12 6 - - Cash in Treasurer’s hands 171 17 0¾ - ——————— - 7010 13 0¾ - - _The account published by order of the Governors._ - -See an account of the other hospitals of the same kind, under the -articles LYING-IN HOSPITAL in Brownlow street, and LYING-IN HOSPITAL for -unmarried as well as married women in Duke street. - - -LONDON ’PRENTICE _yard_, in the Minories.* - - -LONDON STONE, a very great piece of antiquity, that has been carefully -preserved from age to age, and is mentioned by the same name so early as -in the time of Ethelstan, King of the West Saxons. - -This stone, which stands close under the south wall of St. Swithin’s -church, was formerly a little nearer the channel facing the same place, -and being fixed very deep in the ground was so strongly fastened by bars -of iron, as to be in no danger from the carriages. - -It seems very surprizing that so great a piece of antiquity has been -constantly preserved with such care, and yet so little has been said of -it, that the original cause of its erection, and the use for which it -was intended, are entirely unknown. A very ingenious author observes, -that as London appears to have been a Roman city, it will be no -improbable conjecture, that this stone was the center, from whence they -extended its dimensions, and might serve as the standard at which they -began to compute their miles. Of this opinion was also Mr. Maitland, and -the great Sir Christopher Wren, who grounded his conjecture upon proofs -which are not every day to be obtained, for by rebuilding many of the -churches after the fire of London, he had an opportunity of discovering -and tracing the ancient boundaries of London, with a greater nicety than -is ever to be expected again: on clearing the foundations of St. Mary le -Bow in Cheapside, he found, upon opening the ground, the walls with the -windows and pavement of a Roman temple, entirely buried under the level -of the present street; this temple stood about forty feet backwards; but -having occasion to bring the steeple of the new church to range with the -high street, he again began to dig through the made ground, till having -proceeded eighteen feet deep, to his surprize he discovered a Roman -causeway of rough stone four feet thick, close and well rammed, with -Roman brick and rubbish at the bottom, all firmly cemented; he was -therefore of opinion, that this was the northern boundary of the Roman -colony, and that the breadth from north to south was from this causeway, -now Cheapside, to the Thames; the extent east and west from Tower hill -to Ludgate: the principal or Prætorian Way, he supposed to be Watling -street; whence London Stone appears to have been nearly in the center of -the ancient city before it was destroyed by Boadicea, and when it was -not encompassed with walls. _Curiosities of London and Westminster._ -_Parentalia._ - - -LONDON _street_, 1. A spacious, handsome, and well-built street, on the -south side of Fenchurch street. 2. Mill street, Rotherhith. 3. Rose -lane, Ratcliff. - - -LONDON WALL, the wall which formerly surrounded the city of London, as a -defence against the attacks of an enemy. It was strengthened with lofty -towers, and had originally only four gates, tho’ the making of new roads -has increased the number to seven, which are now standing, viz. Aldgate, -Bishopsgate, Moorgate, Cripplegate, Aldersgate, Newgate, and Ludgate. -See each of these described in their proper places. - -This wall, which is by some supposed to have been built by Constantine -the Great, and by others by his mother Helena, was probably not erected -till the time of Valentinian I. about the year 368. Britain had been -reduced to very great misery, by the joint attacks of the Scots, Picts, -Attacots, Saxons, and Franks; and the Romans, till the arrival of -Theodosius the Elder, were defeated in several engagements: but that -General having routed some parties of the enemy, entered the city of -London in triumph. And we are told by _Am. Marcel, lib. 27._ that -Theodosius, by repairing some cities and castles, and fortifying others, -left every thing in so good a situation, that peace was preserved in -Britain till the departure of the Romans in the reign of the Emperor -Honorius. - -Dr. Woodward, in the year 1707, had an opportunity of narrowly observing -its fabrick and composition, by a part of the wall near Bishopsgate -being pulled down, to make way for new buildings; and this learned -antiquary observes, that “From the foundation, which lay eight feet -below the present surface, quite up to the top of the oldest part, which -was in all near ten feet, it was compiled alternately of layers of broad -flat bricks and rag-stones. The bricks lay in double ranges, and each -brick being but one inch and three tenths in thickness, the whole layer, -with the mortar, exceeded not three inches. The layers of stone were not -two feet thick of our measure. It is probable they were intended for two -of the Roman, their rule being somewhat shorter than ours. To this -height the workmanship was after the Roman manner, and these were the -remains of the ancient wall. In this it was very observable, that the -mortar was so very firm and hard, that the stone itself as easily broke. -It was thus far, from the foundation upwards, nine feet in thickness. -The above broad thin bricks were all of Roman make, and of the very sort -we learn from Pliny, that were in common use among the Romans. Measuring -some of these (says Mr. Woodward) I found them seventeen inches and four -tenths in thickness, and eleven inches and six tenths in breadth. - -“The old wall, on its being repaired, was carried up of the same -thickness to eight or nine feet in height; or if higher, there was no -more of that work now standing. All this was apparently additional, and -of a make later than the other part underneath it, which was levelled -and brought to a plane for the raising of this new work upon it. The -outside, or that towards the suburbs, was faced with a coarse sort of -stone, not compiled with any great care or skill, nor disposed into a -regular method; but on the inside there appeared more marks of -workmanship and art. At the bottom were five layers composed of flint -and free stone; though they were not so in all parts, yet in some the -squares were near equal, about five inches diameter, and ranged in a -quincunx order. Over these were a layer of brick, then of hewn free -stone, and so alternately brick and stone to the top. These bricks, of -which there were four courses, were of the shape of those now in use, -but much larger, being near eleven inches in length, five in breadth, -and somewhat above two and a half in thickness. There was not one of the -Roman bricks above mentioned in all this part, nor was the mortar here -near so hard, as in that below; but from the description may be easily -collected, that this part when first made, with so various and orderly a -disposition of the materials, flint, stone, and brick, could not but -carry a very handsome aspect. Whether this was done at the expence of -the Barons in the reign of King John; or of the citizens in the reign of -King Henry III. or of King Richard II. or at what other time, I cannot -take upon me to ascertain, from accounts so defective and obscure as are -those which at this day remain of this affair. - -“Upon the additional work now described, was raised a wall wholly of -brick, only that it terminating in battlements, these were topped with -copings of stone. It was two feet four inches in thickness, and somewhat -above eight feet in height. The bricks of these were of the same module -and size with those of the part underneath, How long they have been in -use is uncertain.” _Woodward’s Roman Antiquities, and Present State of -London._ - -A tower of the same construction, twenty-six feet in height, is still -remaining, and is situated almost opposite the end of Gravel lane, on -the west side of Houndsditch, tho’ much decayed. There is a door within -the wall of this tower, in Shoemaker row, fronting the passage into -Duke’s Place. Mr. Maitland observes, that in searching for this tower, -about eighty paces south east, towards Aldgate, he discovered another of -the same construction, twenty-one feet high, perfectly found, and much -more beautiful than the former; the bricks being as found as if but -newly laid, while the stones in most parts are become a sacrifice to -time. Mr. Maitland also observes, that on the south of Aldgate, at the -lower end of a street denominated the Vineyard, is the basis of another -Roman tower, about eight feet high, which supports a new building of -three stories in height. He conjectures, that the wall, when first -erected, was about twenty-two feet high, and the towers about forty -feet; and adds, that the ancients thought it so necessary to preserve -them from ruin and all incumbrances, that they made an act, that no -tenement should be erected nearer the walls, than the distance of -sixteen feet. - -The remains of the walls are at present much more extensive than is -generally imagined. They still subsist in part between the houses on the -east side of Poor Jewry lane, and the Minories, almost all the way along -the back of Houndsditch, from Aldgate to Bishopsgate. The ruins of the -wall are from thence visible to every passenger in the street, from -where Little Moorgate lately stood to the end of Aldermanbury, and from -thence extending behind the houses, it reaches to Cripplegate; from -whence it extends on the back of St. Giles’s church, and runs along the -back of the houses in Crowder’s well alley, where several lofty towers -are still to be seen, and is visible almost to Aldersgate; from thence -it extends along the back of the houses in Bull and Mouth street; but -from thence little of it is to be seen till we come to Newgate; after -which it in some places rises to a considerable height, and extends in a -pretty regular line on the back of the houses in the Old Bailey almost -to Ludgate. - - -LONDON WALL, a long street, so called from its fronting the city wall; -it having a range of houses on the south, and the ruins of the wall on -the north. This street, which extends from Wormwood street to -Cripplegate, is the only place where the wall is not concealed by -buildings: but here the wall may be justly considered as a nuisance, it -being little better than a disagreeable heap of rubbish, in which hardly -any of the Roman structure is now to be seen. - - -LONDON WORKHOUSE, a large and commodious brick building, at the south -east corner of Half Moon alley in Bishopsgate street, was founded by act -of Parliament in the year 1649, for the relief and employment of the -poor, and the punishing of vagrants and other disorderly persons, within -the city and liberties of London. However, in the year 1662, the -continual increase of the poor, and the defects in the laws relating to -the settlement of them, occasioned another act, by which the Governors -were constituted a body corporate with a common seal; the Lord Mayor for -the time being was appointed President, and the President and Governors -were allowed to purchase lands or tenements to the annual value of 300l. -The Common Council were allowed to rate the several parishes of the city -for the support of this workhouse, and on this account a considerable -sum is paid by each parish, raised on the inhabitants by a regular -assessment. Besides which, this charity has received many considerable -benefactions. - -However, it was agreed by the Governors, that no child should be -received from any benefactor who gave a less sum than 50l. but whoever -gave 70l. might put in a child from any place he thought fit. _Account -of this Corporation published in 1713._ - -The several parishes, besides their assessments, formerly paid 1s. a -week for parish children; but in 1751 the Governors came to a -resolution, that no more children paid for by the parishes to which they -belong, should be taken into the house; and since that time it has been -resolved, that only such children should be taken in, as were committed -by the Magistrates of the city, found begging in the streets, pilfering -on the keys, or lying about in glass houses and uninhabited places: the -receptacles of the wretched and the wicked. - -These once poor abandoned children are educated according to the usage -of the church of England, and meet at six in the morning and evening in -a large room, which serves them both for a chapel and dining room, where -they hear prayers: they are taught the Catechism; have a Minister who -attends upon them; and on Sundays they all go to church at Great St. -Helen’s. A part of the day is appropriated to their learning to read, -write, and to their obtaining some knowledge of arithmetic; the rest of -their time is spent in weaving nets for the British fishery; and the -girls are employed in sewing, knitting, and other labour, by which they -are qualified for service. The boys making twenty-five yards of netting -a week, at 1s. 6d. for twenty yards; and, as an encouragement to -industry, every boy who makes above twenty-four yards, receives a penny -a week. There are here seldom less than four hundred children thus -employed, all of whom are dressed in russet cloth, and wear a round -badge upon their breasts, representing a poor boy and a sheep, with the -motto, _God’s providence is our inheritance_. - -These children thus saved from the miseries of vice and beggary; from -becoming pick-pockets and house-breakers, and from ending their days at -the gallows; after being thus instructed and inured to labour, are put -out apprentice, the boys to the sea service or to trades, and the girls -to service in honest families. - -It will be no unpleasing amusement, if we here give the speech of John -Trusty, one of these poor boys, to her Majesty Queen Anne, upon her -coming to dine at Guildhall, on Thursday the 29th of October 1702, the -Lord Mayor’s day; nor can we better conclude what we have said of these -children. - -“May it please your most excellent Majesty, to pardon this great -presumption in us poor children, who throw ourselves at your royal feet, -among the rest of your glad subjects, that here in crouds appear to -behold your sacred Majesty. - -“We, Madam, have no fathers, no mothers, no friends; or, which is next -to none, those who, through their extreme poverty, cannot help us. God’s -providence is our inheritance [_pointing to the motto on his breast_.] -All the support we have is from the unexhausted charities of your loyal -citizens of London, and others your good subjects, and the pious care of -our Governors, who are now teaching our little hands to work, and our -fingers to spin. - -“These threads, Madam, [_holding out some yarn, which he held in his -hand_] are some of the early fruits of our industry. We are all daily -employed on the staple manufacture of England, learning betimes to be -useful to the world. And there seemed nothing wanting to complete our -happiness, but the opportunity which this day affords us, of being the -objects of your tender pity and compassion. One gracious smile from your -Majesty on this new foundation will make us live——and live to call you -blessed. - -“And may God Almighty long preserve your Majesty, for the good of these -your kingdoms, and your Royal Consort the Prince. So pray we, your -little children: and let all your people say, _Amen_.” - -In another part of the house, called _the Keeper’s Side_, are kept -beggars, vagrants, dissolute and abandoned sturdy fellows, who have no -honest means of support; and the lewd women who are taken up in the -streets, where they spread debauchery and contagion among unwary youth: -all these are kept to hard labour, and employed in beating of hemp and -washing of linen. Many of these have been brought to a sense of their -crimes, while others have voluntarily transported themselves to the -plantations. - -All these are not only supported, but in case of sickness, broken limbs, -sores, or wounds, have advice, physic and surgery gratis. - -Some years ago the Governors built a very large, strong and useful -building, with three long rooms or galleries one over another, which are -filled with boys and girls at work, who have a proper number of men and -women to instruct them. They have here also a large and convenient -brewhouse for brewing their own drink, and over that a malthouse. In -short, every thing here is managed with the greatest prudence and -œconomy. _Maitland._ - - -LONDON WORKHOUSE _yard_, by the London Workhouse in Bishopsgate street. - - -LONG ACRE, so called from its being built on a long narrow piece of -ground, anciently called The Seven Acres. It begins at Drury lane, by -the end of Great Queen street, and reaches to St. Martin’s lane. - - -LONG ALLEY, 1. Black Friars. 2. Cable street. 3. Moor fields. 4. In the -Strand. - - -LONG BOW STRING MAKERS, a company by prescription, and not by charter: -but which still subsists, though bows and arrows have been so long out -of use. It has, however, a coat of arms, and is governed by two Wardens -and nineteen Assistants; but this fraternity have neither hall nor -livery. _Maitland._ - - -LONG CELLAR _court_, 1. Lower East Smithfield. 2. St. Catharine’s. - - -LONG _court_, near Whitechapel. - - -LONG _ditch_, Tothill street, Westminster. This street took its name -from a water course there so called. _Maitland._ - - -LONG _lane_, 1. Aldersgate street. 2. Barnaby street. 3. Shoreditch. - - -LONG _walk_, 1. Christ’s hospital. 2. Cross Keys court, Whitecross -street, Cripplegate. 3. King John’s court, Barnaby street. - - -LONG’S _alley_, Roper lane in Crucifix lane, Barnaby street.† - - -LONG’S _court_, 1. Jamaica street, Rotherhith.† 2. Near Leicester -fields.† - - -LONG’S _yard_, 1. East Smithfield.† 2. In the Green Walk.† - - -LOOKER’S _court_, King’s street, Oxford street.† - - -LOOM _alley_, Old Bethlem. - - -LORD MAYOR. See _Lord_ MAYOR. - - -LORD MAYOR’S _court_. See _Lord_ MAYOR’S COURT. - - -LORD MAYOR AND ALDERMENS COURT. Also see under the article MAYOR. - - -_House of_ LORDS, an edifice situated near Westminster Hall, by the -Painted Chamber and Court of Requests. The print represents the stairs -up which his Majesty enters, and adjoining is the office of ordnance. - -Formerly the parliaments of England were held in Westminster Hall; but -King Richard II. having occasion to call one in the year 1397, when that -building was in a very ruinous condition, erected an house on purpose in -the middle of the palace court, at a small distance from the gate of the -old Hall. This was a plain and mean structure, open to the common -people, that all might hear what passed; while the King’s person, and -those assembled there for the service of the nation, were secured by a -guard of archers maintained at the public expence. Two years after, -Westminster Hall being rebuilt and sufficiently accommodated for the -meeting of this great assembly, they met there again; till at length a -taste for regularity and magnificence increasing with our improvements -in arts, this noble room was taken for the great assembly of the -national senate. - -This room is spacious, lofty, and every thing within it is disposed with -great regularity. It is hung with tapestry, representing the defeat of -the Spanish armada, which is shewn in various designs; as, the first -appearance of the Spanish fleet; the several forms in which it lay at -different times on our coasts, and before the comparatively handful of -English which pursued it; the place and disposition of the fleets when -engaged; and, in fine, its departure. These are the great subjects. The -whole is excellently performed, and as the materials in that original -state are perishable, the late Mr. Pine has perpetuated them in very -fine engravings. _English Architecture._ These designs are certainly -well adapted to the place, as they perpetually present to view the -importance of our navy, on which our principal strength depends. - -At the upper end of the room is the throne, upon which the King is -seated on solemn occasions, in his robes, with the crown on his head, -and adorned with all the ensigns of majesty. - -On the right hand of the throne is a seat for the Prince of Wales, and -on the left, for the next person of the Royal Family. - -Behind the throne are places for the young Peers who have no votes in -the house. - -At a small distance below the throne, on the King’s right hand, are the -seats of the two Archbishops, and a little below them the bench of -Bishops. On the opposite side of the house, sit those Peers who rank -above Barons; the President of the King’s Council, and the Lord Privy -Seal, if they are Barons, here sit above all Dukes, Marquises, and -Earls; and the Marshal, Lord Steward, and Lord Chamberlain, sit above -all others of the same degree of nobility with themselves. - -Just before the throne are the woolpacks across the room, on which are -seated the Dignitaries of the law. The Lord High Chancellor, or Keeper -of the Great Seal, sits on that nearest the throne, with his great seal -and mace by him; he is Speaker of the house of Lords. On the other two -woolpacks which are placed parallel to this, sit the Lord Chief Justice, -the Master of the Rolls, and the other Judges. These have no vote in the -house, but they are advised with in points of law, on all occasions -wherein a knowledge of the laws is necessary. The reason why all these -sages are placed on woolpacks, may probably be to remind them of the -great importance of wool and sheep to this nation. - -The Clerk of the Crown, who is concerned in all writs of Parliament, and -the Clerk of the Parliament, who records every thing done there, sit on -a form behind a table. - -Without the bar sits the King’s first Gentleman Usher, called the Black -Rod, from a black wand he carries in his hand. Under him is a Yeoman -Usher, who waits at the inside of the door, a Crier without, and a -Serjeant at Mace, who always attends the Lord Chancellor. - -When the King is present with the crown on his head, the Lords sit -uncovered, and the Judges stand till his Majesty gives them leave to -sit. - -In the King’s absence the Lords, at their entrance, do reverence to the -throne, as is done by all who enter the presence chamber. The Judges -then may sit, but may not be covered, till the Lord Chancellor or Keeper -signifies to them, that the Lords give them leave to be so. The King’s -Counsel and Masters in Chancery also sit; but may on no account be -covered. - -Upon the days when the King goes in state to the house, either at the -opening or breaking up of the sessions, the Park guns are discharged; -and his Majesty arriving at the house of Lords, enters a room adjoining -to it, called the Prince’s Chamber, where he puts on his robes and -crown, and from thence is conducted into the house by the Lord -Chamberlain, where all the Lords are dressed in their scarlet robes, and -being seated on the throne, sends for the Commons by the Gentleman Usher -of the Black Rod. On their appearing, his Majesty’s speech is read by -the Lord Chancellor to this grand united Assembly; after which his -Majesty returns in the same manner as he came, in his state coach drawn -by eight fine horses, attended by his guards, and the guns firing. - -A stranger cannot any way form a more just notion of the dignity of the -English nation, than by attending this noble and august Assembly, when -the King is present, with the crown upon his head, and not only his -Majesty, but all the Lords are in their robes, and the Commons attending -without the bar. - -This house, in conjunction with the King and Commons, has the power not -only of making and repealing laws; but of constituting the supreme -judicature of the kingdom; the Lords here assembled take cognizance of -treasons and high crimes committed by their Peers, and others; try all -who are impeached by the Commons; and acquit or condemn without taking -an oath, only laying the right hand upon their breasts, and saying -_Guilty_, or _Not guilty upon my honour_. They receive appeals from all -other courts, and even sometimes reverse the decrees of Chancery: and -from this highest tribunal lies no appeal. - -All the Lords Spiritual and Temporal have the peculiar privilege of -appointing proxies to vote in their stead, when from sickness or any -other cause, they cannot conveniently appear: but such as would make -proxies are obliged, at the beginning of every Parliament, to enter them -in person. - -The Lords give their suffrages or votes, beginning at the puisne, or -lowest Baron, and then proceeding in a regular series, every one -answering apart, _Content_, or _Not content_. If the affirmatives and -negatives are equal, it passes in the negative, the Speaker not being -allowed a voice, unless he be a Peer of the realm. _Chamberlain’s -Present State._ See _House of_ COMMONS. - - -LORINERS, or _Bitt-makers_, appear to have been an ancient company, -though they were not incorporated by letters patent till the tenth of -Queen Anne, in the year 1712, by the name of _The Master, Wardens, -Assistants, and Commonalty of Lorimers, London_. They are governed by a -Master, two Wardens, and twenty-four Assistants, with a livery of -sixty-nine members. - -They have a small but convenient hall, adjoining to London Wall, at the -end of Basinghall street. - - -LOTHBURY, extends from Cateaton street to Throgmorton street. This -street, which Mr. Stow says was anciently called _Lathbery_ and -_Loadbery_, he imagines took its name from its being chiefly possessed -by founders, who cast candlesticks, chafing dishes, &c. which they -afterwards turned with the foot to make them smooth and bright; and -making a _loathsome_ noise in the opinion of the passengers who were -unused to it, the street was thence called _Loathbury_: but it more -probably took its name from these things being turned by the lath, as -they evidently were, even from his description; and that Lathbery was -afterwards corrupted to Loathbury. - - -LOVE _court_, 1. George alley, Shoe lane. 2. Gravel lane. 3. Love lane, -Mutton lane. 4. Old Horselydown. 5. Petticoat lane. 6. St. Olave street. - - -LOVE _lane_, 1. Bank side, Southwark. 2. Broad Sanctuary. 3. Old Gravel -lane. 4. Rotherhith Wall. 5. Thames street. 6. Willow street, Bank side. -7. Wood street, Cheapside. - - -LOVEL’S _court_, Pater noster row, so called from the family of the -Lovels, who had a large house in Ivy lane, called Lovel’s Inn, which -formerly belonged to the Earls of Britain. _Stow._ - - -LOVEL’S _rents_, Gravel lane.† - - -LOVEL’S _yard_, Whitecross street, Old street.† - - -LOVER GUN _alley_, Green Bank, Wapping. - - -LOVE’S _yard_, Old Horselydown lane.† - - -LOW LEYTON or LEIGHTON, a village pleasantly situated on the side of a -hill near Walthamstow, at the foot of which runs the river Lee. In this -parish are several handsome seats belonging to wealthy citizens, and -other gentlemen; especially the ancient manor house and seat of -Ruckholts, which some time ago belonged to Benjamin Collyer, Esq; of -whom it was purchased by the Earl Tylney: but of late years this seat -has been deserted by its owners, and not long since was converted into a -public breakfasting house, and so continued for about six years, during -which it was much frequented by gentlemen and ladies. But it is now -pulled down, and the materials sold. - -Goring House, also called the Forest House, is loftily situated fronting -the forest. It once belonged to the Abbot of Waltham, and afterwards -came to the Gorings Earls of Norwich; after which it was in the -possession of Sir Gilbert Heathcote, whole descendant sold it to Mr. -Bosanquet of London, merchant. - -The beautiful seat of the late Sir Fisher Tench, Bart. is a more modern -structure, adorned with large and delightful gardens, with plantations, -walks, groves, mounts, and canals stocked with fish and fowl: but Sir -Fisher’s successors have lately sold it to Mr. John Stanniland of -London, haberdasher. - -The manor house of Leyton has a fine prospect over the marsh and river -towards Hackney; this, together with a paddock, was sold by Mr. David -Gansel, Lord of the manor, to the late Sir John Strange, who improved -this seat with additional buildings and handsome gardens; but his son -John Strange, Esq; has lately parted with his interest in it to Mr. -Bladen. - -This parish is washed on one side by the river Lee or Ley, from which -the village obtains its name, and rises in a gentle ascent for about two -miles, from the river to Waltham Forest: on which side lies one ward of -the parish called Leyton Stone, in a pleasant and healthful situation, -insomuch that the number of the inhabitants being greatly increased, a -chapel of ease has been lately built for their convenience. - -The parish church is a small building consisting of a chancel and two -isles. It is dedicated to the Virgin Mary; and the patronage of the -vicarage is vested in Mr. Gansel. - - -LOWER _court_, Little Minories. - - -LOWER GUN _alley_, Green Bank, Wapping. - - -LOWER SHADWELL, near Shadwell dock. - - -LOWER _street_, 1. East Smithfield. 2. Islington. 3. Shadwell. - - -LOWER TURNING _lane_, Shadwell. - - -LOWER WELL _alley_, Green Bank, Wapping. - - -LOWER WET DOCK, near Deptford. - - -LOWER’S _yard_, Long Walk, King John’s court.† - - -LOWMAN’S _pond_, a narrow street or lane in Southwark, so called from -its being built on a spot which was before a pond. In this street is the -house of ——— Clark, Esq; the front of which faces the garden. It is -remarkable, that this front, which has a mixture of Gothic and modern -architecture, is completely covered with flints and shells; as are also -the garden walls, which are crowned with little turrets of grotto work; -the garden is laid out with great order, and every thing has a neat, -whimsical, and grotesque appearance. - - -LOWMAN’S _street_, Gravel lane.† - - -LUCAS’S _alley_, Quaker street, Spitalfields.† - - -LUCAS’S _street_, Rotherhith.† - - -LUCAS’S _yard_, Cock alley, Wapping.† - - -LUDGATE, is situated 797 feet south of Newgate, and according to Geffry -of Monmouth, took its name from King Lud; but as that historian has -justly forfeited all credit among the learned, his assertion has no -weight; for it is certain that the ancient Britons had no walled towns. -The name of this gate is therefore with much greater propriety derived -from its situation near the rivulet Flood, Flud, Vloet, Fleote or Fleet, -which ran into Fleet Ditch. - -The present gate was erected in the year 1586, with the statue of Queen -Elizabeth on the west front, and those of the pretended King Lud, and -his two sons Androgeus and Theomantius or Temanticus on the east. -_Strypes edit. of Stow._ - - -LUDGATE PRISON. This gate was in the year 1373, constituted a prison for -poor debtors, who were free of the city, and was afterwards greatly -enlarged by Sir Stephen Forster. This gentleman had been a poor -prisoner, and was begging at the gate, when a rich widow going by, asked -him what sum would procure his discharge? To which he replied, Twenty -pounds. This sum, which at that time was a very considerable one, she -generously disbursed; and taking him into her service, he, by his -indefatigable application to business, and his obliging behaviour, -gained the affections of his mistress, and married her; after which he -had such extraordinary success in trade, that he became Lord Mayor of -London, and was honoured with Knighthood. Sir Stephen, in the midst of -his great prosperity, thought of the place of his confinement, and -having acquainted his Lady with a design he had formed of enlarging the -prison, she also resolved to contribute to its execution. They caused -several of their houses near the gate to be pulled down, and in their -stead erected a strong, square stone building, containing the following -rooms, viz. the porch, the paperhouse, the watch-hall, the upper and -lower lumberies, the cellar, the long ward, and the chapel, in which -last there is the following inscription: - -“This chapel was erected and ordained for the divine worship and service -of God, by the Right Honourable Sir Stephen Forster, Knight, some time -Lord Mayor of this honourable city, and by Dame Agnes his wife, for the -use and godly exercise of the prisoners in this prison of Ludgate, -_anno_ 1454.” - -These worthy founders not only settled a salary for a Chaplain of this -prison, which our author supposes is in the hands of the Lord Mayor and -Court of Aldermen, or some others by their appointment; but ordered that -all the rooms in these additional buildings should be for ever free to -all unfortunate citizens, and that they, on providing their own bedding, -should pay nothing at their discharge for lodging or chamber rent: but -the avaricious keepers have long ago broke thro’ this appointment, and -contrary to the express orders of the donor, take rent for the rooms he -built for the sole use of the poor. - -As the domestic government of this prison is very singular and -remarkable, we shall give a compendious account of it, from a work -published some time ago, by one who had been long a prisoner there. - -For the government of the prison, and the punishment of crimes and -misdemeanors committed therein, the master keeper and prisoners chuse -from among themselves a reader of divine service; an upper steward, -called the master of the box; an under steward; seven assistants, who by -turns officiate daily; a running assistant; two church-wardens; a -scavenger; a chamberlain; a running post; and the criers or beggars at -the grates, who are generally six in number. - -The reader is chosen by the master keeper, stewards, and assistants, and -not at a general election, as the other officers are. Besides reading -prayers, he was formerly obliged to ring the bell twice a day for -prayers, and also for the space of a quarter of an hour before nine at -night, as a warning for all strangers to depart the prison; but on -account of the dignity of his office, he is now exempted from these -servile employments, and others in his stead are appointed to perform -them. The reader’s salary is 2s. 8d. _per_ month; a penny of every -prisoner at his entrance, if his garnish amount to sixteen pence; and a -dish of meat out of the Lord Mayor’s basket. - -The upper steward, or master of the box, is by all the prisoners held in -equal esteem with the keeper of the prison. To him is committed the -keeping of all the several orders of the house, with the accounts of -cash received upon legacies; the distribution of all the provisions sent -in by the Lord Mayor, and others; and the cash received by garnish and -begging at the grates, which he weekly lays out in bread, candles, and -other necessaries. He also keeps a list of all the prisoners, as well -those that are upon the charity, as those that are not; to each of whom, -by the aid of the assistant for the day, he distributes their several -proportions of bread and other provisions. He receives the gifts of the -fishmongers, poulterers, and other market people, sent in by the clerk -of the market, by the running post, for which he gives a receipt; and -afterwards, in the presence of the assistant for the day, exposes all to -sale to the charity men, by way of market; and the money arising thereby -is deposited in the common stock. - -This officer, with the under steward, assistants, and church-wardens, -are elected monthly by the suffrages of the prisoners; but all the other -officers, except the chamberlain, are appointed by the master keeper, -stewards, and assistants. These frequent elections are designed to -prevent frauds and abuses in the respective officers; but when they are -known to be men of probity, they are generally re-elected, and often -continue in their posts many months. - -The under steward is an assistant to the upper steward, in whose absence -or indisposition, he performs the several functions of his office. - -The assistants, who are seven in number, are chosen monthly with the -stewards, and one of them officiates daily. His business is, to attend -in the hall, to enter all charities, and keep an account of the money -taken out of the boxes, which are opened at five o’clock in the -afternoon, and at nine at night. This money he pays to the upper -steward, at the passing of whose accounts the stewards are auditors. - -Every person nominated for the office of an assistant, on refusing to -serve, forfeits one shilling to the use of the public, or instead -thereof is put in fetters for three days. The officiating assistant is -invested with the power of a magistrate, and can commit a prisoner to -the stocks or shackles, for the abuse of any person. He is to see the -cellar cleared every night, by ten o’clock, of all the prisoners; for -which he receives 6d. out of the charity money; 2d. of which is for his -own use; 2d. for the upper steward; and 2d. for the running assistant. -This office was anciently in such esteem, that the assistant at his -entering upon it, used to be ushered into the hall at eight o’clock at -night, by forty or fifty great candles lighted, and carried by so many -prisoners. - -The running assistant attends upon the criers at the grates to change -money; he opens the boxes; puts up candles in their respective places; -attends upon the stewards and assistants; looks after the clock; rings -the bell for prayers, and is crier at the sale of provisions. His salary -is 4s. 8d. _per_ month, and an eighth part of the garnish. - -The church-wardens are chosen from among the youngest prisoners. The -upper warden’s business is to call to prayers on Sundays, after the bell -has done ringing; and the under warden’s is to call the prisoners to -prayers all other days. They likewise take cognizance of all persons -upon the charitable foundation; who in default of attendance are fined -one penny each. For this service the under warden has a salary of 4d. -_per_ month; and when duly elected, the penalty for not serving is 4d. - -The scavenger’s office is to keep clean the prison, and to fetter, or -put offenders in the stocks: for which he is intitled to receive one -penny from each criminal, together with a salary of 5s. 8d. _per_ month, -and 2d. out of every sixteen pence of the garnish money. - -The chamberlain, who is chosen by the keeper of the prison, takes care -of all the bedding and linen belonging to the keeper; places men at -their coming in; furnishes them with sheets, and gives notice to the -strangers to leave the prison by ten o’clock at night. This officer was -formerly obliged to make the charity mens beds, for which he received -two pence a month. - -The running post’s employment is fetching in a basket the broken meat -from the Lord Mayor’s table, provisions from the clerk of the market, -private families, and charities given in the streets; which when so -inconsiderable as not to admit of being divided among them all, are -publicly sold, as before. The salary annexed to this office is 4s. a -month; one penny out of each man’s dividend, and one penny out of every -sixteen pence of garnish money. - -The criers are six in number; two of whom daily beg at the grates: he at -the grate within, is allowed one fourth of what is given, and he at that -on Blackfriars side, one half of what is given there. - -The Monday after every monthly election, the accounts are audited and -passed, and the balance divided; but if it amounts to 3s. 4d. _per_ man, -the keeper of the prison, says our author, arbitrarily extorts from each -prisoner 2s. 4d. without the least colour of right: but if the dividend -rises not so high, he then only takes 1s. 2d. the other moiety of the -2s. 4d. being charged to the prisoners account, to be paid at the time -of his discharge. Another great grievance the prisoners labour under, -is, their being obliged to pay the turnkey 12s. _per_ month, for no -other service than that of opening the door to let in gifts and -charities sent to the prison, which often amount to little more than -what he receives. _Johnson’s Description of Ludgate._ - -It is, however, necessary to inform the reader, that this account was -printed many years ago; and indeed it is to be hoped that these -grievances are already remedied; if they are not, it is high time that -they were; for here justice and humanity loudly call for a reformation. - -The annual sums paid to this prison by the several companies, and other -regular benefactions, amount to upwards of 62l. besides a hind quarter -of beef and a peck of oatmeal from the tallow chandlers company; -nineteen stone of beef and five dozen of bread from the ironmongers -company, and the provisions sent in by the Lord Mayor and other -benefactors. - - - _The fees to be taken by the keeper of Ludgate, and the turnkeys under - him, allowed of, and confirmed at a court of Aldermen, held on the - 19th of January 1686._ - -At the coming in of every prisoner 1s. to the turnkey, and 2d. to the -officer who conducts him thither. - -The keeper finding and providing beds, bedding, mats and cords, sheets, -blankets, and coverlets, the prisoners pay him for the bed lodging 3d. -_per_ night; for the second lodging 2d. and for the third or meanest -lodging 1d. _per_ night. - -The keeper is to provide clean sheets every month for all his beds, and -the prisoners who lie in them are to pay monthly to the chamberlain for -washing them, 8d. between them, and no more. - -But when the prisoners find their own beds and bedding, which the keeper -is by no means to hinder, the prisoner is only to pay 3d. _per_ week for -bed-room; or for chamber-room 4d. at the most _per_ week; and not above -two to lie in a bed. - -If the prisoner by his inability can go no farther than a couch, he is -to pay only one penny _per_ week for chamber-room, and only one penny -_per_ week for lamps and candles, which the keeper is to provide. - -For every prisoner’s discharge the keeper is to receive 2s. and no more. -For all actions and writs against him he is to pay the keeper only 1s. -and not 1s. for every action, and 2s. 6d. for every writ, as was -formerly taken. - -The keeper shall not presume to take any other fees upon any pretence, -demand, or allowance whatsover, for execution-money, action-money, or -writ-money. - - -By the following account the reader may see how these orders are now -obeyed. - - _The charges of prisoners at their entrance into Ludgate; and - dismission from thence._ - -A freeman of London being arrested by an action entered in either of the -Compters, may refuse to go thither, and insist on being carried -immediately to Ludgate; but the officers will extort from him 4 or 5s. -as their fee for carrying him thither, though their due is but 2d. - -On his being brought to Ludgate, the turnkey enters his name and -addition in a book kept for that purpose; for which entry the prisoner -pays 1s. 2d. after which the chamberlain furnishes him with a lodging at -the rate of 1d. 2d, or 3d. _per_ night; but demands 1s. 6d. for sheets; -and before he goes to rest, his fellow prisoners demand 4s. for garnish, -which, if he does not pay, his cloaths are privately taken from him at -night, and not returned till he has raised the money the next day. The -steward also demands 1s. 6d. of him for coals, candles, and the use of -the house. - -He is however allowed the liberty of going abroad; which he may do -either with a keeper, or upon giving good security to return at night. -If he goes out with a keeper, he must pay 2s. 6d. to the head turnkey, -and 1s. 6d. to the keeper who attends him; and every day he goes abroad -afterwards, 1s. to the keeper, and as much to the turnkey. A bond is -also given for the payment of his lodging to the master keeper, for -which the turnkey takes at least 5s. as his fee. - -If the prisoner pays the debt, and discharges all other actions against -him in either Compter, he, upon his dismission, pays 2s. to the master -keeper; 1s. 2d. to the turnkey; 1s. for every action entered against -him; and if he is charged in execution, 2s. 6d. for every action against -him. These fees and his lodging sometimes amount to as much as the debt. -_Maitland, the last edit. printed in 1757._ - - -LUDGATE _hill_, a spacious and handsome street, which extends from -Ludgate down to Fleet bridge. - - -LUDGATE _street_, begins at the west end of St. Paul’s, and ends at -Ludgate. It is a very spacious and handsome street, chiefly inhabited by -silk mercers and woollen drapers. - - -_St._ LUKE’S, in Old street, was erected on account of the great -increase of buildings in the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate; for -notwithstanding there being a chapel of ease, and several -meeting-houses, the parish church could not contain half the inhabitants -who were desirous of assembling there to attend divine worship. The -Commissioners for erecting the fifty new churches taking this into -consideration, purchased a piece of ground in this parish, and erected -one of those churches upon it; after which the inhabitants applying to -Parliament, had the Middlesex liberty of St. Giles appointed for the -parish; and by the same act 3500l. was granted to be laid out in fee -simple, for the support of a Rector, besides the profits of which the -church-wardens were to pay him annually 120l. to be raised by burial -fees. - -The church was finished in 1732, and was consecrated the next year on -St. Luke’s day, when the name of that saint was given as its patron. -Though the building is convenient and well enlightened with two rows of -windows, it is a very singular structure. In the center of the west -front is the entrance, adorned with coupled Doric pilasters; and to this -door is an ascent by a small strait flight of steps. Over the entrance -is a round window, and on each side a small tower covered with a dome, -and ornamented with two windows in front, one of the usual form, and -another over it, answering to that over the door. The tower is carried -up square, and behind it the roof of the church forms to the west a kind -of pediment, broken by the rise of the tower to which it joins on each -side. The uppermost stage of the tower diminishes very considerably, and -this, which is the base of an obelisk, supports on each side a dial. -From hence rises, as a steeple, a fluted obelisk, which reaches to a -great height, diminishing slowly, and being of a considerable thickness -towards the top, the upper edges are sloped off. In short, the whole is -terminated by a ball and fane. - -The advowson of this church is in the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s, -and it is not to be held _in commendam_; all licences and dispensations -for that purpose being declared void by the act abovementioned. - - -_St._ LUKE’S HOSPITAL _for lunatics_, a neat and very plain structure, -at the north end of Moorfields. Nothing is here expended in ornament, -and we only see a building of considerable length plaistered over and -whitened, with ranges of small square windows, on which no decorations -have been bestowed. - -This hospital, which takes its name from its being situated in St. -Luke’s parish, is supported by private subscriptions, and is designed as -an improvement upon Bethlem, which was incapable of receiving and -providing for the relief of all the unhappy objects for whom application -was made. - -Some of the reasons for setting on foot this kind and generous design, -were, the expence and difficulty attending the admission of a patient -into the hospital of Bethlem, which had discouraged many applications -for the benefit of that charity, particularly on the behalf of the more -necessitous objects, and of such who resided in the remote parts of this -kingdom. By this unavoidable exclusion and delay many useful members -have been lost to society, either by the disease gaining strength beyond -the reach of physic, or by the patients falling into the hands of -persons unskilled in the treatment of this disorder. And many of the -unhappy persons afflicted with it, have from this delay, and the want of -being put under the care of those experienced in guarding against their -attempts, frequently committed the most fatal acts of violence on -themselves, their relations and attendants. Had they joined this to -Bethlem hospital, it would have deprived it of two of its principal -advantages, the being under the immediate inspection and government of -its own patrons and supporters; and of introducing more gentlemen of the -faculty to the study and practice of one of the most important branches -of physic. - -In this hospital patients are taken in according to the order of time in -which the petitions of their friends have been delivered to the -Secretary, without favour or partiality. They are even admitted without -any expence, except only such as are parish poor must have their bedding -provided, and this they are at liberty to take away at their discharge. - -On the admission of every patient, two responsible housekeepers, -residing within the bills of mortality, must enter into a bond to the -Treasurer for the time being, in the penalty of 100l. to take away such -patient within seven days after notice given them for that purpose by -the committee, or their Secretary. These securities must leave their -names with their places of abode in writing, delivered to the Secretary -at least four days before such admission, and must be approved of by the -committee: but no Governor is to be security for any patient. - -The patients in this hospital are not exposed to public view; and no -money received for the use of this charity, is expended in entertaining -the general court of committee at any of their meetings. - -But no person is to be admitted who has been a lunatic above twelve -calendar months; or has been discharged as incurable from any other -hospital for the reception of lunatics; or who has the venereal disease; -is troubled with epileptic or convulsive fits, or is deemed an ideot; -nor any woman with child. - -The general committee receive immediately into the hospital any patient -who shall have been discharged cured, in case such patient relapses -within two months. The general committee also take in by rotation such -patients as are discharged uncured; but each of them is to pay 5s. _per_ -week, till the charity is enabled to lessen that expence: but the number -of these in the house are not to exceed twenty. - - - _An abstract of the rules with respect to the Governors, &c._ - -I. Every person paying twenty guineas or upwards, or paying five -guineas, and signing an agreement to pay the same sum for the four next -succeeding years, is admitted a Governor, except all persons acting as -Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, or Secretary to this hospital, (other -than the six Apothecaries declared Governors at the general meeting held -on the 29th of June 1750.) - -II. For transacting the business of this hospital, a general court is -held twice every year, viz. on the second Wednesday in the months of -February and August, and at such general courts as are herein after -mentioned, and every general court consists of nine Governors. - -III. At the general court held annually on the second Wednesday in the -month of February, one President, four Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a -general Committee, Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, and Secretary, are -elected for the year ensuing. And no person acting as Physician, -Surgeon, or Apothecary to any other hospital or infirmary, can be -Physician, Surgeon, or Apothecary to this hospital. - -IV. All questions are determined by the majority of Governors present, -on holding up of hands, or by a division, or by a ballot, in case it is -required by seven or more Governors before a division is begun; and in -all cases of an equality of votes, the person presiding for the time -being has the casting vote. In all debates the person speaking stands -up, and addresses himself to the chair, and no person is to speak more -than once to the same question without leave. - -V. At the general court to be held annually on the second Wednesday in -August, a special committee of seven Governors, who are not of the -general committee, are appointed to audit and examine the several -accounts relating to this hospital, and report their opinion of such -accounts to the general court held on the second Wednesday in February -following, - -VI. The President has power to order special general courts to be -summoned as often as he thinks necessary: and, upon every vacancy in the -office of Treasurer, Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, or Secretary, a -general court is summoned to meet, in order to fill up the vacancy. But -no person is intitled to vote at such general court, unless he has paid -his subscription money on or before the day in which the vacancy is -declared. - -VII. The general committee consists of the President, Vice-Presidents, -and Treasurer for the time being, and of the five Governors named as -lessees in the lease of the ground on which the hospital is built, and -of all persons who have paid 100l. or upwards for the use of the -hospital; and of such twenty-four Governors residing within the bills of -mortality, as are annually elected for that purpose at the general court -held on the second Wednesday in February, of which committee five at -least are necessary to do business. They meet one stated day in every -month, or oftener if they see convenient, and at such other times as the -Treasurer, or any sub-committee for the time being appoint. And have -power to hire, govern, and discharge the domestic servants of this -hospital, to keep the buildings properly repaired, and purchase -provisions, furniture, and other necessaries for the same: To admit and -discharge patients: To see that the several books relating to the -hospital be regularly kept: That all debts, legacies, annual -subscriptions, and other revenues of this hospital be received and -recovered as the same shall respectively become due: That all moneys in -the hands of the Treasurer, above what is necessary in the opinion of -the said committee for defraying the current expences of the hospital, -be from time to time placed out in transferable government securities, -and no other, in the names of the Treasurer for the time being, and two -of the Vice-Presidents, or of two such other Governors as the general -court shall appoint for that purpose: and that all just demands be -regularly discharged at least once in six months. The committee have -power to relieve any patient at his or her discharge with any sum not -exceeding 20 s. - -VIII. For the more easy dispatch of business, this committee has power -to summon sub-committees, one of which is called the house committee; -and such sub-committees have power to summon the general committee as -often as they think proper. - -IX. All purchases of provisions, and other materials for the use of the -hospital, are to be made as often as possible by contract. But no -contract is to be made by which any member of the committee is directly -or indirectly concerned, - -X. A book intitled The Visitor’s book, is kept in the hospital, for the -Governors to enter complaints of any neglect or misconduct in the -officers or servants, these complaints being signed by such Governor’s -name, are taken into consideration, and redressed by the committee. - -XI. The Physician, who is allowed to have the liberty of pupils, attends -every committee day, and one other day in the week, and as often -otherwise as there is occasion. The Surgeon also attends the hospital -every weekly committee day, and as often as there is occasion; and the -six Apothecaries who generously attend and administer their medicines -gratis, are there monthly by rotation, attending every weekly committee -day, and two other days in the week, and as often at other times as -there is occasion. - -XII. That every officer or servant who shall take any fee, gratuity or -reward, directly or indirectly, from any tradesman or other person -dealing with this hospital, patient, or friend of any patient, in -respect of any service done or to be done, shall forthwith be -discharged, and rendered incapable of being received again into the -service of this hospital. Except that it shall be lawful for the -Secretary of this hospital, upon his waiting on every Governor with a -staff and a printed copy of the rules and orders of this hospital, to -accept of a fee not exceeding one guinea. - -Before we conclude this article it is proper to observe, that though -this hospital was opened so lately as the 30th of July 1751, yet so -great has been the encouragement it has met with, that on the 18th of -August 1758, the clear estate of the hospital amounted to 14,502l. of -which 14,200l. were in three _per cent._ East India annuities. At that -time the number of discharged cured, amounted to 247, and those uncured -to 138. Fifty patients were in the house; besides 20 patients who had -been before discharged, and received again at 5s. _per_ week. - - -LUKENER’S _lane_, Drury lane.† - - -LUMBER _court_, West street, Soho. - - -LUMLEY’S _Almshouse_, in Pest-house fields, near Old street, was erected -by the Viscountess Lumley, in the year 1672, for the accommodation of -six poor women of the parishes of Bishopsgate and Aldgate; to each of -whom she granted an allowance of 4l. and twelve bushels of coals _per -annum_. - - -LUMLEY’S _court_, in the Strand.† - - -LUMLEY’S _street_, Marsham street.† - - -LUNN’S _court_, White’s yard.† - - -LUTKIN’S _corner_, Mill street.† - - -LYING-IN HOSPITAL, for married women, in Brownlow street, Long Acre. -Amidst the variety of charities that are the distinction and glory of -this age and nation, perhaps none has been proposed to the public more -extensive in its benefits than the hospitals in this city for lying-in -women. It is natural to observe, that the arguments for establishing any -hospital, are at least as strong when applied to these. Poverty is an -object of pity; sickness and poverty united seem to comprehend all the -natural evils of life, and how great is the calamity of those poor who -are frequently or periodically afflicted with sickness; and though their -labour is at other times a bare support, are annually disqualified for -providing for themselves and families! During the latter part of their -pregnancy, and the time of their lying-in, the needy family is wholly -taken up in attendance upon them; and the joys natural at such a season, -are suppressed by the wants which surround them. Or if they be destitute -of this attendance, how great is the hazard that the helpless mother, or -the child, or perhaps both, may by their deaths become melancholy -instances of the evils of real poverty! - -By the plan of this hospital, every convenience these distressed objects -can require, is amply provided; commodious apartments and beds, good -nursing, plain suitable diet, proper medicines, the charitable -assistance of gentlemen of skill and experience in midwifery, and, on -due occasions, the spiritual comfort of a sober and pious divine. - -Between the 7th of December 1749, when women were first admitted, and -the 12th of April 1751, 299 patients received orders of admission; and -the number of patients greatly increasing, four small houses contiguous -to the back of the hospital were added to it, and fitted up at a great -expence. - -Women are received into this hospital in the last month of their -pregnancy, on producing a letter of recommendation from a Governor, and -making an affidavit of their marriage and their husband’s settlement, -which affidavit is prepared for them _gratis_ by the Secretary; and -where the husband cohabits with the wife, he is to join in the -affidavit, unless prevented by sickness, or some other reasonable -impediment. It is also required, that the women produce a testimonial of -their honesty and poverty, under the hands of two substantial -housekeepers in the neighbourhood where they lodge or reside, in case -the weekly board shall, on examination, doubt of their being in such -circumstances as to be proper objects of the charity. - -Friday being the day appointed for the admission of women, they are to -be at the hospital by ten o’clock in the forenoon, no letters of -recommendation being received after that hour, it being necessary, for -the dispatch of the business of the hospital, that their affidavits -should be prepared and sworn to, before the weekly board sits, who enter -upon business at eleven. - -During their continuance in the house, necessaries are provided for them -and their children, at the sole charge of the hospital; no money or -other gratuity is to be taken of them by the nurses, or by any of the -officers or servants of the house, on any pretence whatsoever. - -That this excellent charity may be rendered more extensively useful to -the public, and that not only this great metropolis, but the remotest -parts of the kingdom may be supplied with well-instructed and -experienced midwives, four female pupils at a time are permitted to -attend the hospital, in order to their being instructed in midwifery. -These pupils must be widows or married women, not less than twenty-five -years of age, of a sober character, and such as are approved of by the -committee. These are allowed to stay and board six months in the -hospital, during which they dine at the steward’s and matron’s table. -The gentlemen of the faculty who attend the hospital, at stated times, -give them lectures in midwifery, and instruct them how to act in all -natural and difficult births. And when they are thoroughly instructed, -and sufficiently experienced, they receive from these gentlemen, on -their leaving the hospital, certificates of their qualification. The -expences of their instruction and board in the hospital have been -settled at a general court; the particulars of which any persons -desirous of becoming pupils may be informed of, by applying to the -matron of the hospital. But no pupils of the male sex are permitted to -attend this hospital. - -The officers of this hospital, are, a perpetual President, four -Vice-Presidents, and a Treasurer, who are chosen annually. - -Two Physicians, and two Surgeons, practising midwifery, deliver the -women in difficult cases. These gentlemen also meet at the hospital in -consultation every Tuesday morning. - -A Chaplain reads divine service in the hospital, baptizes the children, -churches the women, and performs the necessary duties belonging to his -function. - -An Apothecary prepares such medicines as are prescribed for the women -and children. - -A Secretary keeps the accounts of the hospital, attends at general -meetings, and weekly boards, and does all other business commonly done -by the Secretaries, Clerks, or Registers at other hospitals. - -A Steward takes care of the provisions and furniture, and does such -other business as belongs to his office. - -A Matron, well skilled in midwifery, delivers the women in easy, natural -labours, takes care of the women, superintends the nurses, and sees -every thing necessary for the women and children provided according to -the direction of the Physicians and Surgeons. She has under her an -assistant matron. - -All officers and servants of the hospital, above the rank of assistant -matron, a messenger, and nurses, are elected by ballot at a general -court of the Governors: and on any vacancy, the day of election for -filling it up is appointed at least one month, and not more than three -months, from the day such vacancy happens, unless directed otherwise by -an express order of a general court: but the inferior servants are -appointed by a weekly committee. - -The qualification of an annual Governor of this charity is a -subscription of three guineas or upwards _per annum_; and of a perpetual -Governor, the payment of thirty guineas at one time, which intitles the -subscriber to recommend, and have in the house one woman at a time. A -subscription of six guineas a year, or a payment at once of sixty, -intitles the subscriber to have in the house two women at a time, and -so, in proportion, for larger sums. - -Ladies subscribing the like sums have the privilege of recommending -women in the same manner as Governors. They have likewise a right of -voting in all elections at general courts, for officers and servants, by -proxy, provided such proxy be a Governor of this charity; or they may -send a letter to the board without a proxy, naming the person they vote -for, which is regarded as their vote: but no Governor is to be proxy for -more than one lady at a time. - -Benefactions or subscriptions of smaller sums than those abovementioned, -are thankfully received, and properly applied to the use of the charity. - -A general meeting of the Governors is held every quarter; and the sole -power of making laws and rules for the government of the hospital is -lodged in this general court. - -A committee of fifteen Governors is chosen at each quarterly general -court; of whom the Treasurer for the time being is always one, and any -number of these may transact business. Every Friday morning they meet at -the hospital, to receive the women recommended, and to direct the -ordinary affairs of the house. Temporary orders are made by this -committee for the service of the hospital; but a report of these and all -their other proceedings, are made to the quarterly general court. Any -Governor of the charity may be present at this weekly committee; but -none have a right of voting there, except those who are members of the -committee, and the President or Vice-Presidents, if present. The same -rule extends to all other committees. - -A special general court may, on a fortnight’s notice, be called at any -time between the quarterly courts, either by order of a general court, -or of the weekly committee; or at the demand of the Treasurer, or of any -five of the Governors; this demand being delivered in writing at the -weekly board, and signed with their respective names; the business of -such special court to be expressed in this writing, and in the summons -to the Governors. _From the account of this hospital published by order -of the Governors._ See LONDON LYING-IN HOSPITAL. - -This, and the London hospital for lying-in women, must be allowed to be -truly noble charities; but many have thought them too limited, as the -relief afforded to poor distressed women in a situation that calls upon -humanity to lend them help, ease, and comfort, is confined to those who -are married: and the more unhappy women, who have the sting of guilt -added to pain, are excluded from receiving the least benefit from those -foundations. The following hospital has therefore been founded on a more -extensive plan. - - -LYING-IN HOSPITAL, in Duke street, Grosvenor square, for unmarried as -well as married women, who are here received and relieved, in order to -prevent the unhappy consequences that too often proceed from their -situation; such as perjuries, false affidavits, and that most formidable -and unnatural of all crimes, the murder of their poor guiltless infants. -To prevent these dreadful effects, every convenience is here amply -provided for them, commodious apartments and beds, good nursing, plain, -suitable diet, proper medicines, the charitable assistance of gentlemen -of skill and experience in midwifery, and, on due occasions, the -spiritual comfort of a sober, pious, and exemplary divine. - -This hospital, which first began in Jermyn street, St. James’s, and was -from thence removed into Duke street, is governed by a President, a -Vice-President, and a Treasurer, annually elected out of the Governors, -greatest benefactors to this charity; by a general court of Governors -held in the months of March, June, September, and December, to take the -reports of the committees; and by a house committee who inspect accounts -and transact such business as is laid before them. - -At the general quarterly courts a physical committee is appointed out of -the Physicians, Men-midwives, Surgeons, and Apothecaries, who are to -meet once a month to examine the medicines and drugs brought into the -dispensatory, and none are suffered to be used without their -approbation. - -Two Physicians and two Surgeons attend twice a week on extraordinary -cases; a Surgeon and Man-midwife, in great business in the -neighbourhood, gives attendance at any hour of the day or night he is -called for, particularly from eleven of the clock till one, every day; -and such objects as come within these hours, have advice in physic and -surgery, without fee or reward, whether recommended or accidental. - -No officers or servants are permitted, on pain of expulsion, to take any -fee, reward, or gratuity whatsoever, of patients or other persons, for -any service done or to be done in this hospital. - -Every Governor or subscriber is intitled to send one in-patient at a -time, and out-patients without limitation. All subscriptions are during -pleasure; but all persons are requested to pay at the time of -subscribing. Those who contribute two guineas a year are Governors while -they continue their subscription, and those who give 20l. at one -payment, are Governors during life, and have a vote and interest at the -committees, and their attendance is esteemed a favour; but those who -subscribe less than two guineas _per annum_, are only subscribers. - -The poor women recommended by the Governors and subscribers are received -on Wednesdays and Fridays, from eleven o’clock till one. _From the -account of this hospital published by order of the Governors._ - -For the other lying-in hospitals, besides the two above mentioned, see -the articles LONDON LYING-IN HOSPITAL, and MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL. - - -LYON’S INN. See _Lion’s Inn_. - -[Illustration] - - - - - M. - - -MACCLESFIELD _street_, Gerrard street, Soho. - - -MADDOX _street_, Swallow street.† - - -MAGGOT’S _court_, Piccadilly.† - - -MAGDALEN HOUSE, for the reception of penitent prostitutes, in Prescot -street, Goodman’s fields, is a plain, neat building, with a wall and a -small area before it. To prevent these penitents being exposed to the -public eye, the windows next the street are concealed by wood work -sloping up from the bottom of each, so as to admit the light only at the -top; the sides are also inclosed, so that there is no possibility of -these once unhappy women either seeing or being seen by any person who -passes by. This sloping projection of the blinds, placed in a regular -series before all the windows in each story, and painted white like the -walls, has a very singular appearance; for, at a distance, the house -seems falling into the street. - -Though this is one of the latest of those excellent charitable -foundations that do honour to the present age, it being proposed and -carried into execution in the year 1758, there is reason to believe that -it will not be the least useful. It is obvious that there cannot be -greater objects of compassion than poor, young, thoughtless females, -plunged into ruin by those temptations to which their youth and personal -advantages expose them, no less than those passions implanted by nature -for wise, good, and great ends; surrounded by snares the most artfully -and industriously laid; snares laid by those endowed with superior -faculties, and all the advantages of education and fortune; who offer -too commonly to transport the thoughtless girls from want, confinement, -and restraint of passions, to luxury, liberty, gaiety and joy: but when -once seduced, how soon do their golden dreams vanish! abandoned by the -seducer, deserted by their friends, contemned by the world, they are not -only deprived of their innocence, and every pleasing hope of domestic -happiness, but are left to struggle with want, despair and scorn, and -even, in their own defence, to plunge deeper and deeper in sin, till -disease and death conclude a miserable being. It is too well known that -this is, sooner or later, the case with most of the prostitutes, in -their several degrees, from those pampered in private stews, to the -common dregs infesting our streets: and that far the greatest part of -those, who having taken to this dreadful life, are thus seeking disease, -death, and eternal destruction, not through choice, but necessity. The -seeds of virtue would frequently have exerted themselves; but alas! -before this foundation was formed, the possibility was removed; and the -same necessity obliging them to prey on the unwary, to diffuse -contagion, to propagate profligacy, and to spread ruin, disease, and -death, through a great part of the human species. - -This godlike proposal of giving an opportunity of repentance to guilt -and shame met with a suitable encouragement, and many were willing to -afford them the means of recovering themselves from their otherwise lost -state; and instead of being pests, becoming useful members of society. - -Influenced by such noble motives, a set of gentlemen, distinguished by -their humanity and generosity, entered into a private subscription, -making themselves at the same time accountable for such benefactions as -should flow in from the public. Numbers liberally contributed, and in -about three or four months time, the sums advanced by the subscribers -amounted to 3593 l. 19 s. while a great number of these unhappy guilty -objects of commiseration solicited for admission. - -At a general meeting of the subscribers, a committee was appointed, and -it was determined to take the house in Prescot street which had been -lately the London infirmary; which being done, it was fitted up in the -manner above mentioned; and at another general meeting on the 28th of -June 1758, the several officers of the house were chosen, and the rules, -of which the following are an abstract, were ordered to be published. - - - _Rules and regulations of the Governors and Officers._ - -I. That a President, four Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, and committee of -twenty-one, be annually chosen the last Wednesday in June, and that -seven of the committee go out yearly. - -II. The general courts shall consist of at least ten Governors, the -President, or Vice-President, and the Treasurer. These general courts -shall be held quarterly, viz. on the last Wednesday in March, June, -September, and December. The annual general court, in which is to be -examined all the transactions of the year, and the general state of the -hospital, and at which time the officers shall be chosen, is to be held -on the last Wednesday in June. - -III. The general committee is to consist of twenty-one, five of whom -shall constitute a quorum, and the President, Vice-President, and -Treasurer shall be always of this general committee, one of whom shall -be Chairman, when present; but if none of them be present, then the said -committee may chuse their Chairman. They are to meet once a week, or -oftener, as they shall think proper: when they shall have power to -receive the persons petitioning for admittance, and to dismiss those -already admitted: to give orders in relation to the manner in which the -persons admitted shall be employed: to inspect the cloathing, furniture, -and provisions: to examine into the conduct of all the officers and -servants: and every week a sub-committee of three are jointly to visit -the wards, and make their report. - -IV. A subscription of twenty guineas shall be a qualification for a -Governor for life: and an annual subscription of five guineas shall be a -qualification for a Governor for that year; this subscription, when it -shall amount to twenty-five guineas, shall be a qualification for a -Governor for life, and every such subscriber be intitled to one vote -only: but if any annual subscriber shall be more than two years in -arrear, his power as Governor shall cease till such arrears be paid. And -every lady subscribing as above, shall be intitled to vote personally, -or by proxy, provided that proxy be brought by a Governor: but no -Governor to be possessed of more than one proxy. Any five Governors -shall have power to require a general meeting, provided they address -themselves to the Treasurer by letter, expressing the business for which -that meeting is required, and signed by them respectively. All elections -to be by holding up of hands, except a ballot be required, and if there -shall be an equality of votes, the Chairman is to have the casting vote. - -V. The Chaplain is to read prayers morning and evening; to pray and -preach twice every Sunday, and to administer the sacrament every month; -to attend the sick and ignorant, and to instruct them in the principles -and duties of the protestant religion. He is to attend all committees, -and make reports of what he thinks necessary for the good conduct and -benefit of the undertaking. - -VI. There are two Physicians, two Surgeons, and three Apothecaries, who -are required to behave with the utmost humanity and prudence. One of -each is to attend the committee, and make weekly reports. They are all -to attend in their own persons, and no pupil, apprentice, or servant, -shall at any time be admitted into the wards; and even when the -Physicians, Surgeons, and Apothecaries visit the wards, they shall be -attended by the matron. - -VII. The Matron is to direct the œconomy of the house, and constantly to -reside in it. She is to see that all the women are neat and decent in -their cloaths and persons, and properly employed; that they discharge -their duty, and constantly attend divine service: she is to receive from -the steward the materials for their work, and deliver it back to him. -She is to take care of the houshold linen, and what belongs to the -cloathing: to require from the steward such provisions as are necessary -for the house, and to see that they are not given away or wasted. She is -to keep the keys of the outward doors, which are to be delivered into -her hands after the doors are locked, at seven in the winter, and nine -in the summer; and she is to take care that the rules of the house be -strictly observed, with regard to the time of rest, diet, hours of -devotion, and every thing that relates to good order. - -VIII. The Secretary is to keep the books, take minutes at all meetings, -to collect the annual subscriptions, and to give notice to such -subscribers as are more than one year in arrears, &c. - -IX. The Steward is to reside constantly in the house, and to follow no -other employment than what relates to this charity. He is to receive the -respective provisions and materials for the employment of the women, -ordered by the committee, and inspect the weight, measures and quality -thereof, and to make regular entries of them; to keep an exact account -of all the work done by every respective woman, as the matron shall -deliver it to him. - -X. The Porter is not to receive any letter, message, or other thing into -the house, or send out any thing without the knowledge or inspection of -the matron: he is to reside in the house, and strictly to observe the -instructions that shall be given him, in regard to visitors, letters, -&c. - -XI. The Messenger is also to dwell in the house, and to be employed in -errands, and out-door business: but he is not to bring any letter, -verbal message, or other thing into the house, or to carry out any -message or other thing, without the knowledge or inspection of the -matron. - -Neither the steward, porter, or messenger, shall have any communication -with the wards. - -No officer, or servant of the house shall receive any money, fee, -gratuity, or reward, besides their wages. - - - _Rules and regulations relating to the Penitents._ - -I. That the method of admission be by petition to the committee, the -printed form of which, with proper blanks to be filled up, may be had -_gratis_ by application at the house. That every petitioner be examined -as to her health, by the Physician, Surgeon, and Matron. When any -petition is approved, it shall be wrote upon, _Found proper_, and signed -by the Chairman. Every person upon admission shall subscribe to the -rules of the house, and also enter into an agreement to pay the sum of -10l. _per annum_ for her board, lodgings, and necessaries, which is to -be void, provided such person continues in the house three years, or -less time, at the option of the committee. No person admitted shall be -allowed to go out of the house without special leave in writing, signed -by the Treasurer or Chairman, and two of the committee. - -II. One or more wards are to be allotted for persons newly admitted, -where they are to remain some time for a trial of their behaviour. There -shall be superiority of wards, according to the education or behaviour -of the persons admitted; and the inferior wards shall consist of meaner -persons, and of those degraded for misbehaviour. In each ward they shall -be classed, and one appointed to preside and be accountable for the -conduct and behaviour of the rest; and they shall by rotation do the -necessary offices in their respective wards, excepting the person -appointed to preside. They are also to perform the necessary offices of -the house, as they shall be directed by the matron; and an allowance -shall be made to such as perform these offices, out of the general -produce of the work done in the house, according to the proportion of -the value of their duty and labour. - -III. Each person is to lie in a separate bed, and have a chest for her -cloaths and linen, under lock and key, to be kept by herself; and where -the rooms will admit of it, a small closet or apartment is to be -provided for the retirement of the most serious and best behaved, in the -intervals of their employment, and these also considered as the reward -of good conduct. - -IV. Their true names must be registered, but if desirous of concealing -themselves, they may have liberty to assume a feigned name. As no -reproaches must be made for past irregularities, under the severest -injunctions; neither shall there be any inquiries made into names or -families; but all possible discouragement given to every kind of -discovery that the parties themselves do not chuse to make. - -V. Upon their admission, if their apparel is in any tolerable condition, -it is to be cleaned, ticketed, and laid by, in order to be returned them -whenever they leave the house: but if such apparel be too fine for their -station, it shall be sold, and the produce brought to their account. -They are to wear an uniform of light grey, and in their whole dress to -be plain and neat. - -VI. Each ward is to dine at a separate table. The matron is to dine at -the head of the table of the superior ward; and the head of each ward is -to dine at the upper end of each table, and to say grace. - -VII. Each person is to be employed in some work or business according to -her ability, and have such part of the benefit arising from her labour -and ingenuity as the committee shall judge she deserves; which sum may -be increased by the bounty of the house, as favourable opportunities may -offer, for establishing them in the world. The articles proposed for -their employment are, making their own cloaths both linen and woollen; -knitting, spinning, making bone lace, black lace, artificial flowers, -childrens toys, winding silk, drawing patterns, making women and -childrens shoes, mantuas, stays, coats, &c. but no part of their labour -is to be sold in the house, but at some other place appointed by the -committee. In their work, as in every other circumstance, the utmost -care and delicacy, humanity and tenderness will be observed, that this -establishment may not be thought a house of correction, or even of hard -labour, but a safe retreat from their distressful circumstances. - -VIII. From Lady-day to Michaelmas they are to rise at six and be in bed -at ten; and from Michaelmas to Lady-day are to rise at seven and be in -bed at nine; and after that time no fire or candle shall be allowed, -except in the sick ward. - -IX. They are to breakfast at nine o’clock, and be allowed half an hour; -and are to dine at one o’clock, and be allowed an hour; they may leave -off work at six in the winter, and seven in summer. - -X. No Governor, or any other person shall be permitted to visit the -wards, or any of the women, without leave in writing first obtained from -the Treasurer or Chairman, and two of the committee, except in cases -provided for, and in all cases the matron to attend them. - -XI. Abusive or reproachful language, insolence or disobedience to the -officers, indecent or profane expressions, and such kind of turbulent -conduct, shall subject them to confinement in a room for six hours for -the first offence. For the second offence they shall be admonished -publicly by the Chaplain and the Matron; and the rest of their own ward -may be also appealed to for their disapprobation of such conduct. The -third offence shall subject them to be confined for twelve hours, and to -have but one spare meal during the whole day; and if found to be -incorrigible, then to forfeit a certain proportion, or the whole of what -hath been acquired by their labour, at the discretion of the committee, -and be subject to the consequences of their agreement; and to be -dismissed the house, and never re-admitted. - -XII. After the continuance of any woman in the house for three years, -upon the modest and virtuous demeanor, and industrious conduct of such -woman, or upon application of her parents or friends, or any -house-keeper of sufficient credit, if such friends declare they will -forgive the past offences of such woman, and will provide for her; or, -if such house-keeper will receive such woman as a servant; in either of -these cases the Governors may discharge such woman with her consent. - -XIII. Upon the discharge of such woman, her cloaths, or if sold, the -produce of them, shall be returned to her, together with whatever may be -due upon her account, and a certificate given her under the hands of the -Treasurer, or the President, and two or more of the committee, of her -conduct and behaviour during the time of her being in the house. - -XIV. Every woman who shall be placed in a service from this house, and -shall continue one whole year in such service to the intire approbation -of such master or mistress, upon its being made appear to the -satisfaction of the committee, they may give that woman a gratuity not -exceeding two guineas, as a reward for her good behaviour. - -XV. The committee will, upon the good behaviour of the women, interest -themselves to obtain a reconciliation with their parents and friends, -when their contract will be cancelled. - -XVI. Besides the vouchers abovementioned, and the advantages arising -from their labour, a bounty may be given, at the discretion of the -committee, to such as shall be properly discharged. This gift shall be -presented not only to those who marry in a manner satisfactory to the -committee, but also to such as shall set up trades in whatever way they -shall have gained a proficiency; so that nothing shall be omitted which -can promote the great ends of preserving life, of rendering that life -useful, and of recovering those who are now lost to the community. - -This plan is to be improved as experience may hereafter dictate. - - -_St._ MAGNUS’S _Church_, at the north east corner of London bridge, owes -its name to its dedication to St. Magnus, who suffered martyrdom under -the Emperor Aurelian, in the city of Cæsarea, for his steady adherence -to the Christian religion. The Abbots of Westminster and Bermondsey had -alternately the donation of the church, till the suppression of -monasteries; it then devolved to the Crown, and in 1553 was placed under -the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. The ancient edifice was laid -in ruins by the dreadful conflagration in 1666; and ten years after, the -present structure was erected in its room, though the steeple was not -added till several years after. - -It is a spacious and massy stone building; plain, and yet well -ornamented. The corners have rustic quoins, and the body is enlightened -by tall arched windows, over each of which is a cornice supported by -scrolls, and between these is a cherub over the center of each window. -At the west end coupled pilasters rise on each side the door, from a -plain course, and support a pediment. The door on the north side is also -placed under a pediment, but without the particular decorations of the -other. Over each door is an oval window, and this last is decorated with -festoons. The roof is hid by a kind of Attic course, from which the -tower rises square and plain; and from this the dial, which is very -richly ornamented, projects over the street. The course above this is -adorned at the corners with coupled pilasters of the Ionic order, -supporting an open work in the place of a balustrade, with large urns at -the corners, of an uncommon shape. From within this open work rises the -lanthorn, which has also Ionic pilasters, and arched windows in all the -intercolumniations. The dome rests upon these pilasters, and on its -crown is placed a piece of open work like that which surrounds the base -of the lanthorn. On this is raised the turret which supports the fane. - -This church is a rectory, and to this parish that of St. Margaret’s, New -Fish street, is united. The Rector, besides glebes, casualties, &c. -receives 170l. a year in lieu of tithes. - - -MAGNUS _court_, Butcher row. - - -MAGPYE _alley_. 1. Aldersgate street.* 2. Ashentree court.* 3. -Bishopsgate street without.* 4. Crutched-friars.* 5. Fenchurch street.* -6. Fetter lane.* 7. Gray’s Inn lane.* 8. Phœnix street.* 9. Wheeler -street.* 10. White-friars.* - - -MAGPYE _court_, Great Old Bailey.* - - -MAID _court_, Maiden lane, Bow lane. - - -MAID _lane_, Gravel lane. - - -MAIDEN _lane_, 1. Church street, Lambeth.* 2. Extending from Deadman’s -Place to Gravel lane; a long stragling place with ditches on each side; -the passages to the houses being over little bridges.* 3. Halfmoon -street, Covent Garden.* 4. Long Ditch.* 5. Queen street, Cheapside.* 6. -Wood street, Cheapside.* - - -MAIDENHEAD _alley_, 1. Ratcliff.* 2. Wapping.* - - -MAIDENHEAD _court_, 1. Aldersgate street.* 2. Cartwright street.* 3. St. -Catharine’s.* 4. Chiswell street, Moorfields.* 5. Church lane, -Whitechapel.* 6. St. Ermin’s hill. 7. Great Eastcheap.* 8. Great -Gardens, St. Catharine’s lane.* 9. Grub street, by Fore street, -Cripplegate.* 10. London Wall.* 11. Maiden lane.* 12. Moor lane.* 13. -Saltpetre bank.* 14. St. Thomas Apostle’s.* 15. Wheeler street.* 16. -Wood street, Cheapside.* - - -MAIDENHEAD _passage_, Berwick street.* - - -MAIDENHEAD _street_, Dyot street.* - - -MAIDENHEAD _yard_, Dyot street.* - - -MAINHARD’S _court_, Anchor and Hope alley, Green Bank, near Wapping.† - - -MAINHARD’S _street_, Bembridge street, St. Giles’s pound.† - - -MAIN’S _yard_, Castle lane, Southwark.† - - -MALAGA _court_, Nightingale lane, East Smithfield. - - -MALDEN, a village in Surry, about three miles from Kingston, has a -powder mill on a stream that runs from Ewel to Kingston. - - -MALLET’S _court_, 1. Blackboy alley, Chick lane.† 2. Buckeridge street.† - - -MALLMILL _court_, Whitecross street.† - - -MANBY _court_, Montague street.† - - -MANCHESTER _court_, Canon row, Westminster; so called from the house of -the Earls of Manchester adjoining. - - -MANCHESTER _stairs_, Canon row, Westminster. - - -MAN-IN-THE-MOON _yard_, Chiswell street.* - - -MANLEY’S _wharf_, Mill bank, Westminster.† - - -MANNACK’S _alley_, Shoreditch.† - - -MANOR’S _street_, St. Giles’s.† - - -MANSEL _street_, Goodman’s fields.† - - -MANSION HOUSE of the Lord Mayor, a very noble edifice erected in the -place where Stocks market was formerly held. As the private houses of -the citizens advanced to the dignity of Lord Mayor, were generally -improper places, as well as too small, for transacting the great -business belonging to this important office, it was customary for the -chief magistrate of the city to hold his mayoralty at one or other of -the halls belonging to the twelve principal companies. This however was -long perceived very inconvenient; and therefore it was at last found -expedient for the honour of the city, and the more regular discharge of -that high office, to erect a house, as the mansion of the Lord Mayor for -the time being. - -This being determined by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, -several places were proposed, as the end of Pater noster row fronting -Cheapside, Moorfields, and Stocks market, and the latter was chosen, -from its being situated nearly in the center of the city; at a small -distance from the Royal Exchange, and in the heart of business: Stocks -market was therefore removed to Fleet ditch, and the earth dug up for -laying the foundation, when the ground was found so full of springs, -that it became necessary to erect this spacious edifice upon piles. -Meanwhile many plans and designs were drawn and examined, and that from -which this edifice was erected, had the preference. - -In short, a vast number of strong piles being driven close together, the -first stone of the foundation was laid upon them, by the Right -Honourable Micajah Perry, Esq; Lord Mayor, on the 25th of October 1739, -in the presence of several of the Aldermen and Common Council, and this -great work was finished in 1753, Sir Crisp Gascoigne being the first -Lord Mayor who resided in it. - -This edifice is very substantially built of Portland stone, and has a -portico of six lofty fluted columns of the Corinthian order in the -front; the same order being continued in pilasters both under the -pediment, and on each side. The basement story is very massy and built -in rustic. In the center of this story is the door which leads to the -kitchens, cellars, and other offices; and on each side rises a flight of -steps of very considerable extent, leading up to the portico, in the -middle of which is the door which leads to the apartments and offices -where business is transacted. The stone balustrade of the stairs is -continued along the front of the portico, and the columns, which are -wrought in the proportions of Palladio, support a large angular -pediment, adorned with a very noble piece in bas relief, representing -the dignity and opulence of the city of London, by Mr. Taylor. - -In the center stands a very graceful woman crowned with turrets, -representing the city, her left foot placed upon the figure of Envy, who -lies on her back, and seems endeavouring to rise. Her left arm rests -upon a large shield, which has the city arms, and in her right hand she -holds a wand. This being the principal figure, is done in alto relievo: -she seems ready to step forwards, her head and right arm, which are -completely finished, project forward from the back ground, and her wand -extends beyond the cornice of the pediment. Near her, on her right side, -stands a Cupid holding the cap of Liberty over his shoulder at the end -of a short staff, in the manner of a mace; and a little farther, a river -God, representing the Thames, lies reclined, pouring a stream of water -from a large vase; and near him an anchor fastened to its cable, with -shells lying on the shore. On the left hand of London is Plenty, -kneeling and holding out her hand in a supplicating posture, as if -beseeching her to accept of the fruits she is pouring from her -cornucopia; and behind her are two naked boys with bales of goods, as -emblems of commerce. - -[Illustration: - - _S. Wale delin._ _B. Green sculp._ - _The Mansion House._ -] - -It is, however, very obvious, that the principal figures in this -pediment are too large, which obliges London to stand, and Plenty to -kneel, in a less graceful manner than they might otherwise do; and, -besides their extraordinary size, renders them too crouded. - -Beneath this portico are two series of windows, which extend along the -whole front, and above these is an Attic story with square windows -crowned with a balustrade. - -The building is an oblong, and its depth is the long side; it has an -area in the middle, and the farthest end is an Egyptian hall, which is -the length of the front, very high and designed for public -entertainments. To make it regular in flank, the architect has raised a -similar building on the front, which is the upper part of a dancing -gallery. This rather hurts than adorns the face of the building. - -Near the ends at each side is a window of extraordinary height, placed -between coupled Corinthian pilasters, and extending to the top of the -Attic story. - -The apartments are extremely noble; but this edifice has the misfortune -to be so crouded with houses, especially on the sides, that the rooms -are dark, and even in the front there is not a sufficient area to -enlighten the building; nor can it ever be viewed to advantage, unless -in some future time the heavy load at the top should be taken off, and a -broad street, as wide as the edifice itself, opened before it into -Lothbury. - - -MARE _street_, Hackney. - - -MARGARET’S _alley_, Margaret street. - - -_St._ MARGARET’S HILL, extends from the court of justice, which faces -the street thus named, to the farther corner of St. George’s church. -Where this court is now kept, was anciently a church named St. -Margaret’s on the hill, which gave its name to the street. The -court-house has a small colonade that leads to a tavern, over which is -the court-room, where the Lord Mayor of London tries causes. On the -front of this edifice is the statue of King Charles II. under which is -the following inscription: - - _Combustum anno 1670, re-ædificatum annis 1685 & 1686._ Jacobo Smyth, - _Mil. &_ Roberto Geffery, _Mil. Prætoribus. Impensis S. P. Q. L._ - -_St._ MARGARET’S _lane_, Old Palace yard; thus named from its situation -near St. Margaret’s church, Westminster. - - -_St._ MARGARET’S _Lothbury_. This church received its name from its -being dedicated to St. Margaret, a virgin saint of Antioch, who suffered -martyrdom in the reign of the Emperor Decius; and the additional -appellation of Lothbury is to point out its situation, and distinguish -it from the other churches in this city of the same name. - -The old church which was built in 1440, being destroyed by the general -conflagration in 1666, the present stone edifice was erected in its -room, and completed in 1690. It stands upon the ancient course of -Wallbrook, on the north side of Lothbury, and is a plain and neat -building. It is sixty-six feet in length, fifty-four in breadth, the -height to the roof is thirty-six, and the height of the steeple 140 -feet. The body is well enlightened by a row of lofty windows; over which -the wall is terminated by a balustrade; and the principal door is -ornamented with Corinthian columns which support an angular pediment. -The tower has large windows in the uppermost stage, and is terminated a -little above by a plain cornice, upon which is raised a small dome that -supports a slender spire. - -A row of despicable shops was formerly built before this church; but a -few years ago they were taken down, and a neat pavement of broad stone -has been lately raised the whole length of the church, to which there is -an ascent of a few plain steps at each end, and to the principal door; -but as this pavement is in some places upwards of two feet above the -street, a regard to the safety of the passengers as well as to ornament, -ought to have induced the persons who formed this pavement to have -secured it by a neat balustrade. - -The advowson of this rectory was anciently in the Abbess and Nuns of -Barking in Essex; but at the dissolution of their convent it came to the -Crown, and the church is still in his Majesty’s gift. - -The Rector, besides the profits arising from casualties, &c. receives -100l. _per annum_ in lieu of tithes. - - -_St._ MARGARET MOSES, a church which formerly stood at the south west -corner of Little Friday street, opposite Distaff lane, and was thus -named from its being dedicated to St. Margaret abovementioned, and from -one Moses its rebuilder: but suffering by the dreadful fire of London, -and not being rebuilt, the parish has been annexed to that of St. -Mildred’s Bread street. - - -_St._ MARGARET _New Fish street_, stood on the east side of Fish street -hill, where the Monument is situated; but being burnt with the rest of -the buildings in London, and not rebuilt, the parish is joined to that -of St. Magnus. _Stow._ - - -_St._ MARGARET _Pattens_, owes its additional epithet to its ancient -situation among patten-makers. This church is situated in Rood lane, at -the corner of Little Tower street, and in Billingsgate ward. The old -church, which was built in 1538, was destroyed by the fire of London, -and the present edifice raised in 1687. _Maitland._ - -It consists of a plain body sixty-six feet in length, fifty-two in -breadth, and the height of the roof is thirty-two feet. It is well -enlightened by a range of arched windows, with porthole windows over -them; and over the door in the front is a large Doric window, with a -cherubim’s head and a large festoon over it, above which a pediment -stretches from the steeple to the end of the church. The tower rises -square to a considerable height, and is terminated by four plain -pinacles crowned with balls, and a balustrade, within which rises a very -solid spire, terminated by a ball and fane. - -This church is a rectory in the gift of the Lord Mayor, commonalty, and -citizens; and the Rector, besides glebe, casualties, &c. receives 120l. -_per annum_ in lieu of tithes. - - -_St._ MARGARET’S _street_, Cavendish square; so called in honour of the -Lady Oxford. - - -_St._ MARGARET’S _Westminster_. King Edward the Confessor having -resolved to rebuild the conventual church of St. Peter with great -magnificence, imagined that it would be a dishonour to his new and -stately edifice, to have the neighbouring people assemble in it as -usual, for the performance of religious worship, as well as prove -troublesome and inconvenient to the monks; therefore about the year -1064, he caused a church to be erected on the north side of St. Peter’s, -for the use of the neighbouring inhabitants, and dedicated it to St. -Margaret, the virgin and martyr of Antioch. - -This church, which is situated only thirty feet to the north of the -abbey, was rebuilt in the reign of King Edward I. by the parishioners -and merchants of the staple, except the chancel, which was erected at -the expence of the Abbot of Westminster. At length, in the year 1735, -this church was not only beautifully repaired, but the tower cased, and -mostly rebuilt, at the expence of 3500l. granted by parliament, on -account of its being in some measure a national church, for the use of -the house of Commons. _Stow._ - -It is a plain, neat, and not inelegant Gothic structure, well -enlightened by a series of large windows: it has two handsome galleries -of considerable length, adorned in the front with carved work; these are -supported by slender pillars which rise to the roof, and have four small -black pillars running round each of them, adorned with gilded capitals -both at the galleries and at the top, where the flat roof is neatly -ornamented with stucco. The steeple consists of a tower, which rises to -a considerable height, and is crowned with a turret at each corner, and -a small lanthorn, much ornamented with carved work in the center, from -whence rises a flag staff. - -This church in 1758, underwent a thorough repair, on the inside a new -vault was built through the whole body of the edifice, and the whole is -ornamenting with new gilding and painting. A small view of it is in the -same plate with that of Westminster ABBEY, which see. - -The patronage of this church, which is a curacy, was anciently in the -Abbot and Convent of Westminster, as it is at present in the Dean and -Chapter. - -On the south side of the altar is an ancient tomb, erected in the depth -of popish ignorance and superstition, on which is the portraiture of -Mary Bylling standing between the Virgin Mary and an angel, and over her -is engraved the figure of an old man, to represent the omnipresent -Deity, emitting rays of light upon the head of the Virgin, from whose -mouth proceeds a label with these words, _Ecce ancilla Domini; fiat mihi -secundum verbum tuum_. Out of Mary Bylling’s mouth issues a scroll with -these words: _Blessyd Lady, for thy glorious salutacion, bryng our -sowles to everlasting salvation_: and on two scrolls on each side of -her, _Blessyd Triniti, on me have mercy. Blessyd Triniti, on me have -mercy._ These four figures, with the several inscriptions, are engraven -on small brass plates inlaid in the stone, as is also an inscription -which gives the names of her three husbands, and lets us know that she -died on the 14th of March 1429. _Maitland._ - -There is also here a whimsical inscription on the tomb of Skelton, the -merry Poet Laureat to Henry VII. and VIII. who died on the 21st of June -1529. - - Come, Alecto, and lend me thy torch, - To find a church-yard in a church-porch. - Poverty and poetry this tomb doth inclose, - Therefore, gentlemen, be merry in prose. - -We shall conclude these odd monumental inscriptions with the following, -which as well as the former, is mentioned by Weaver in his Funeral -monuments. - - Sancta Maria, virgo virginum, - Pray for the soul of Jone Pymichum. - - -MARIGOLD _alley_, Barnaby street, Southwark.* - - -MARIGOLD _court_, in the Strand.* - - -MARIGOLD _lane_, Upper Ground.* - - -MARIGOLD _stairs_, Upper Ground.* - - -MARIGOLD _street_, Rotherhith Wall.* - - -MARINE SOCIETY, for furnishing the navy with sea boys and landmen, in -order to increase the number of our mariners. This society was founded -soon after the breaking out of the present war, by a number of gentlemen -animated by a generous love of their country, and an ardent desire to -increase its glory, as well as from compassion for the many ragged and -miserable objects seen in our streets. This noble scheme was chiefly -conducted by a gentleman distinguished by those accomplishments which -most adorn human nature; who, besides a generous subscription, joined -his indefatigable industry in promoting this noble scheme, and even -wrote a very judicious pamphlet to shew the public advantages that would -result from it. He presented the first impression, consisting of a -thousand copies, to the society; and by his assiduity, and that of a -famous magistrate, great numbers of the lowest of the people, who would -probably have ended their days ignominiously at Tyburn, have filled the -court of France with terror, and revived the drooping glory of their -country. From this pamphlet we shall give an account of this society. - -It must be observed, that every man of war, privateer, and merchant -ship, is obliged to take a certain number of boys, which are considered -both as necessary to the ship, and a nursery for seamen; thus in every -sixty gun ship of 400 men, the Captain and officers require thirty -servants. - -These it was impossible to obtain at the breaking out of the war; the -society therefore sought for them among the vagrants, the pilferers, and -those whose extreme poverty and ignorance rendered them pernicious to -the community; and also endeavoured to assist the Captains and officers -in the sea service, by encouraging the industrious poor to send their -children to sea; and by inviting all who were fit for the sea service to -enter into it: stout lads who were covered with nastiness and had no -means of support, were cleaned, well fed, and provided with lodgings; -and if any of the men or boys were distempered, as sometimes happened, -by mere wretchedness, filth, hunger, or the use of bad food, they were -properly physicked and put in a condition to go on board; while those -who were more happy in having friends to provide for them, were -appointed to come to the office, where they were to be cloathed, and all -were fitted with cloathing and bedding by the society, and sent clean, -as well as properly dressed, on board his Majesty’s ships. - -Of these boys they took some of thirteen years of age; but chiefly -invited stout lads of sixteen and upwards, because they would soon -become able seamen; and now they take none who are less than four feet -four inches in height. - -The greatest care imaginable is taken not to give any master, mistress, -or parent, the least reason to complain. These have been always invited -to see the boys when they are cloathed, on Thursday mornings at Mr. -Fielding’s house; and again when they are examined and sent to their -respective ships by the society, at the Seamens office over the Royal -Exchange; and if any apprentice or son is required by his master or -parents, he is delivered up immediately. - -As to the landmen, they are required to be hardy, active, and robust; -these, to prevent their being despised by the sailors, are immediately -cloathed as seamen, and so divided among the messes of the mariners, as -will soonest enable them to learn their language and duty, and they are -completely fitted out without being obliged to expend any part of the -bounty of thirty shillings, granted by his Majesty to all the landmen -who enter into the service. - -What gives the higher idea of this society, is, that several of its -members are active, and particularly Mr. Fielding, in collecting many of -the boys who are in the most abject condition: they assist and relieve -each other in a task by which they are to gain nothing, but the applause -of their own hearts. - -To prevent imposition, the society keeps a sample of the cloathing at -their office, which is sealed with the seals of several of the -committee, and shewn to the men and boys when they are cloathed, that -the society may be sure the slopseller keeps up to his engagement. -Besides, as it is the steady purpose of the society to preserve the -health of the men and boys whom they clothe, as far as it depends on -such raiment, they are not contented with such manufactures as they find -in the shops, but buy them of the manufacturer in Yorkshire, which being -well wetted and milled on the spot, make what is called pea jackets, -that last twice as long, and resist the weather four times as much as -the common sort of pea jackets. And as they think the severity of the -winter season renders common thin flannel waistcoats insufficient, they -make waistcoats of white or other coloured kerseys, that are of the -greatest service and duration. The breeches or drawers for the men and -boys are made of half thicks or thin kerseys, which the society also -provides from Yorkshire. In order also to make the most of the money, -and provide the best things, these jackets, waistcoats, and breeches are -brown instead of blue, the former being found the most durable colour; -and such jackets cost ten _per cent._ less than blue, on account of the -excessive price of indigo. - -The cloathing and bedding given each of the boys, are a felt hat, a -worsted cap, a kersey pea jacket, a kersey pair of breeches, a striped -flannel or kersey waistcoat, a pair of trowsers, two pair of hose, two -pair of shoes, two handkerchiefs, three shirts; a bed, pillow, blanket, -and coverlet; a pair of buckles and buttons; thread, worsted, and -needles; a knife, a Prayer Book and Testament to those whose Captains -desire them, and a bag to put their cloaths in. - -The cloathing given each of the men is, a felt seaman’s hat, a kersey -pea jacket, a waistcoat and drawers of the same, a pair of drab -breeches, a pair of thin trowsers, a pair of worsted hose, a pair of -yarn hose, two shirts, two worsted caps, one pair of shoes, one pair of -buckles, one pair of buttons, a knife, thread, worsted, and needles, -with a bag for their cloaths. - -A note of these cloaths is given to every man and boy, by which he may -see what he has, but nothing is delivered till they are actually on -board the tender in the river Thames, or in their respective ships at -the ports; except to the boys, who are attended to the ships. - -Our author, who was one of the committee, observes, that from this -society may be seen the great business that may be done for a trifling -expence; for the Treasurer, Commissioners, Secretary, and Clerks; the -house-rent and entertainments; the fire and candle, paper, pens and ink, -do not all together cost the society an hundred pounds _per annum_; and -if, by an additional Clerk, he adds, it should happen to swell to 150l. -“greater good with less money, I will be bold to say, is not done by any -society in this kingdom: for exclusive of the charge of cloathing, -feeding, and sending boys to Portsmouth, the expence is very little more -than the rent of two rooms at about 25l. _per annum_, the salary of a -secretary, not exceeding 50l. _per annum_, and a Porter 10l. _per -annum_.” - -There is a general meeting every three months, viz. the first Thursday -in January, the first in April, the first in July, and the first in -October, or oftener, if the committee desire it; when an account of -receipts and disbursements are laid before the subscribers under the -direction of the committee, which consists of a considerable number of -them. Of this committee not less than three persons act, who meet every -Thursday at eleven o’clock at the Merchants Seamens office over the -Royal Exchange; and any other day, if necessary, at the Secretary’s -house in Prince’s street, where any two of the committee may transact -the business when it is very urgent. - - -MARINERS _alley_, Fore street, Lambeth. - - -MARINERS _street_, Shadwell. - - -MARK _lane_, extends from Fenchurch street to Tower street, and is -chiefly inhabited by merchants. Maitland says it was originally called -Mart lane, it being once used as a public mart. On the east side of this -lane is the Corn Exchange. - - -MARKET _court_, 1. By Oxford market. 2. By Shepherd’s market. - - -MARKET _hill_, Upper Shadwell. - - -MARKET _lane_, Pallmall. - - -MARKET _passage_, 1. Lime street, leading into Leadenhall market. 2. -Oxford street, leading into Oxford market. 3. Paternoster row, leading -into Newgate market. - - -MARKET _street_, 1. Jermain street. 2. Newport street. 3. Millbank, -Westminster. - - -MARKETS. As one of the principal advantages of a city are commodious -markets, this metropolis may, in this particular, be said to exceed -most, if not all the cities in Europe: some account of these is -dispersed through this work; notwithstanding which, it may be proper, -under this article, to gratify the reader’s curiosity, by giving a list -of them, that the whole may be seen at one view. - - Bear Key, the great corn market. - - Billingsgate, the great fish, and coal market. - - Bishopsgate street market, for hay. - - Blackwell hall, the great cloth market. - - Bloomsbury market, for meat, &c. - - Borough market, a new market for meat and greens. - - Brook’s market, for meat. - - Carnaby market, for meat, &c. - - Clare market, for meat, &c. - - Covent Garden market, for herbs and fruit. - - Fleet market, for meat, fruit, herbs, &c. - - Hay market, Pallmall, for hay and straw. - - Honey lane market, for meat, &c. - - Hoxton market, for meat, &c. - - Hungerford market, for meat, &c. - - Leadenhall market, for leather, hides, and all kinds of provisions. - - Mark lane market, for corn. - - Newgate market, for all kinds of provisions. - - Newport market, for meat, &c. - - Oxford market, for meat, &c. - - Queenhithe, the great meal market. - - Red Lion market, for meat, &c. - - St. James’s market, for meat, &c. - - St. Margaret’s Hill market, for hay and straw. - - Shadwell market, for meat, &c. - - Smithfield market, for cattle. - - Spitalfields market, for meat, greens, &c. - - Westminster market, for meat, &c. - - Whitechapel market, for meat by wholesale and retail. - - White Horse Inn meal market, near Holborn bridge. - - Wood’s Close market, for sheep skins. - -[Illustration: - - _S. Wale delin._ _C. Grignion sculp._ - _Marlborough House._ -] - - -MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, situated behind the houses on the west side of -Pallmall, is a very large brick edifice, ornamented with stone, and -built in a peculiar taste. The front, which is very extensive, has only -two series of windows, and on each side the wings are ornamented at the -corners, with a kind of stone rustic, and the edifice is terminated by a -balustrade, in the manner it appears in the print. On the sides of the -area next the wings a small colonade extends on each side, and the side -opposite to the abovementioned area is taken up with the offices. The -late Duchess of Marlborough, when this structure was finished, intended -to have opened a way to it from Pallmall, directly in the front, as is -evident from the manner in which the court yard is finished; but Sir -Robert Walpole having purchased the house before it, and being upon no -good terms with the Duchess, she was prevented in her design. The front -towards the Park resembles this, only instead of the two middle windows -in the wings, there are niches for statues, and instead of the area in -front, you descend by a flight of steps into the garden. - -This structure is, however, greatly censured by the critics in -architecture. - -The apartments however are noble, and well disposed, and the furniture -is rich. In the vestibule at the entrance, is painted the battle of -Hochstet, in which the most remarkable scene is the taking Marshal -Tallard, the French General, and several other officers of great -distinction, prisoners. The figures of the great Duke of Marlborough, of -Prince Eugene of Savoy, and General Cadogan, are finely executed. - - -MARLBOROUGH _court_, 1. Berwick street. 2. Petticoat lane. - - -MARLBOROUGH, or _Carnaby market_, by Marlborough street. See CARNABY -MARKET. - - -MARLBOROUGH _mews_, by Oxford street; so called from the Dukes of -Marlborough formerly keeping their hawks there. - - -MARLBOROUGH _row_, Carnaby or Marlborough market. - - -MARLBOROUGH _street_, a very handsome street, extending from the end of -Argyle buildings. - - -MARSH _street_, Ratcliff highway.† - - -MARSH _yard_, Wapping.† - - -_Earl_ MARSHAL _of England_, the eighth great officer of the kingdom, -hereditary in the family of the Dukes of Norfolk ever since the year -1553. This officer had formerly great authority; for he took cognizance -of all matters of war and arms, determined contracts relating to deeds -of arms out of the realm upon land, and matters concerning wars within -the realm, that could not be determined by common law, in which he was -generally guided by the civil law. Indeed he had several courts, among -which was the Marshalsea court in the Borough, so called from its being -under his jurisdiction. But the house of Norfolk being of the Romish -religion, is incapable by law of performing these offices. See -MARSHALSEA PRISON. The Earl Marshal has however held several courts at -Doctors Commons, to inquire into the right several people had assumed of -bearing arms. _Chamberlain’s Present State._ - - -_City_ MARSHAL, an officer of considerable authority, dignity, and -profit. His business is to see the laws of the city put in execution; -and in solemn processions he rides before the Lord Mayor, on a horse -richly caparisoned. The sum of fifteen hundred pounds is usually given -for this place. - - -MARSHAL _street_, 1. Maiden lane, Deadman’s place. 2. Silver street, -Bloomsbury. - - -MARSHALSEA COURT. See the following article. - - -MARSHALSEA PRISON, on St. Margaret’s Hill, Southwark, is a place of -confinement for persons who have committed crimes at sea, as pirates, -&c. and for debtors. In this prison is the Marshalsea court, the Judges -of which are, the Lord Steward of his Majesty’s houshold for the time -being; the Steward of the court, who must be a barrister at law; and a -Deputy Steward. In all civil actions tried in this court, both the -plaintiff and defendant must belong to his Majesty’s houshold, The -persons confined in this prison for crimes at sea, take their trials at -the Old Bailey. - -In the same prison is the _Palace Court_, the jurisdiction of which -extends twelve miles round the palace of Westminster, the city of London -only excepted; and the debtors within any part of Westminster, and -twelve miles round, may be carried to this prison for a debt of 40s. -Actions for debt are tried in this court every Friday, and there are the -same Judges, Counsellors and Attorneys here as in the Marshalsea court; -these are, besides the Judges already mentioned, a Prothonotary, a -Secondary, and Deputy Prothonotary; four Counsellors, and six Attorneys, -But in this court neither the plaintiff nor defendant must belong to his -Majesty’s houshold. - -The buildings are mean and ruinous; but the court-room is pretty -spacious and convenient. - - -MARSHAM _court_, Hog lane, St. Giles’s.† - - -MARSHAM _street_, Market street, Westminster.† - - -MARTIN’S _court_, 1. Whitechapel.† 2. Chick lane, Smithfield.† - - -_St._ MARTIN’S _in the Fields_, in St. Martin’s lane, near Charing -Cross. This church received its name from St. Martin, an Hungarian, who -was sainted for the cruelty with which he persecuted the Arians, and its -being formerly situated in the fields. Though the present structure is -of a modern date, there was very early a church upon the same spot, -dedicated to the same saint; for there are authentic records of a -dispute in 1222, between the Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of -London, concerning the exemption of the church of St. Martin’s in the -Fields from the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London, How long before -this a building for the service of religion was erected there, is not -easy to determine; but it was probably a chapel for the monks of -Westminster, when they visited their convent garden, which then extended -to it. However, the endowments of this church sell with the monks who -possessed it, and in Henry the VIIIth’s reign a small church was built -there at the King’s expence, the inhabitants being then too poor to pay -for it; but this structure not being capacious enough to accommodate the -parishioners, it was greatly enlarged in 1607. At length, after many -expensive repairs, that structure was taken down in the year 1721, and -soon after the first stone of the present edifice was laid. Five years -completed the building, and in 1726 it was consecrated. - -It is observable, that on the laying of the first stone, his Majesty -King George I. gave an hundred guineas to be distributed among the -workmen, and some time after 1500l. to purchase an organ. The whole -expence of building and decorating this church, amounted to 36,891l. -10s. 4d. of which 33,450l. was granted by Parliament, and the rest -raised by the above royal benefaction, a subscription, and the sale of -seats in the church. - -St. Martin’s in the Fields is an elegant edifice built with stone. In -the west front is an ascent by a very long flight of steps to a very -noble portico of Corinthian columns, which support a pediment in which -is the royal arms in has relief. The same order is continued round in -pilasters, and in the intercolumniations are two series of windows -surrounded with rustic. On each side the doors, on the sides which are -near the corners, are lofty Corinthian columns; the roof is concealed by -a handsome balustrade, and the spire is stately and elegant. - -The decorations on the inside are extremely fine; the roof is richly -adorned with fret-work; slender Corinthian columns raised on high -pedestals, rising in the front of the galleries, serve to support both -them and the roof, which on the sides rests upon them in a very -ornamental arch-work. The east end is richly adorned with fret-work and -gilding, and over the altar is a large window finely painted. - -This church was repaired and beautified in 1758. - -With respect to this noble edifice, says the author of the _Review_, “I -could wish that a view was opened from the Mews to St. Martin’s church; -I don’t know any of the modern buildings about town which better -deserves such an advantage. The portico is at once elegant and august, -and if the steps arising from the street to the front could have been -made regular, and on a line from end to end, it would have given it a -very considerable grace; but as the situation of the ground would not -allow it, this is to be esteemed a misfortune rather than a fault. The -round columns at each angle of the church are very well contrived, and -have a very fine effect in the profile of the building; the east end is -remarkably elegant, and very justly challenges a particular applause. In -short, if there is any thing wanting in this fabric, ’tis a little more -elevation, which, I presume, is apparently wanted within, and would -create an additional beauty without. I can’t help thinking too that, in -complaisance to the galleries, the architect has reversed the order of -the windows, it being always usual to have the large ones nearer the -eye, and the small, by way of Attic story, on the top.” - -This church is a vicarage, in the gift of the Bishop of London. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S _Church yard_, St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S _court_, a large, handsome court, with a free stone -pavement in St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S IRONMONGER LANE, a church which stood at the corner of -Church alley, in Ironmonger lane, and in Cheap ward; but being destroyed -by the dreadful fire of London, and not rebuilt, the parish was united -to St. Olave Jewry. _Newc. Rep. Eccles._ - - -_St._ MARTIN’S _lane_, 1. Opposite Northumberland house in the Strand; -thus named from the church of St. Martin’s in the Fields. 2. Canon -street, Walbrook; so named from the church of St. Martin’s Orgar, which -was formerly on the east side of it. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S LE GRAND, extends from the corner of Blowbladder street -to Aldersgate. This street, as far as Bell court near St. Anne’s lane, -as well as all the courts on each side, is within its own liberty, and -in the government of Westminster. It took its name from a collegiate -church founded here by one Ingalricus and his brother Edward, in the -year 1056, for a Dean, secular Canons, and Priests, and dedicated to St. -Martin. Afterwards the addition of _le Grand_ was added, from the -extraordinary privileges of sanctuary granted to it by several Monarchs. -Hither thieves, ruffians, and murderers used to fly for safety; here -robbers brought their stolen goods, which they shared among themselves, -or sold to the inhabitants: here also lived the makers of picklocks; the -counterfeiters of keys and seals; the forgers of false evidence; those -who made chains, beads, and plate of gilt copper, which they sold for -gold; and, in short, gamesters, bawds, and strumpets. To so great a -height of licentiousness was this sanctuary grown, that in the reign of -Henry VII. the Sheriffs of London venturing to take from thence by -violence a person who had taken sanctuary there, the Abbot of -Westminster exhibited a bill to the King against them, upon which the -cause was heard in the Star-chamber, and the Sheriff severely fined. -_Maitland._ - -Though this place is in a manner in the heart of the city, it is still -in the liberty of Westminster; and the inhabitants are governed, and -vote accordingly. The courts and alleys are now chiefly inhabited by -taylors and others who are not free of the city; for all foreigners -carry on their trades, and professions there without molestation. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S LE GRAND COURT. As St. Martin’s le Grand is a liberty -distinct from the government of London, and subject to the Deanery of -Westminster, it has a court of record kept every Wednesday, for the -trial of all personal actions of what nature soever, and there is a -court-house and a prison. - -In this court the leading process is a _capias_ against the body, or an -attachment against the goods; so that a man’s goods may be seized in his -own house, upon the first process, if he himself be not taken: which is -according to the practice of all ancient liberties or franchises. -_Stow._ - - -_St._ MARTIN’S _Ludgate_, on the north side of Ludgate street, almost -contiguous to the gate, and in the ward of Faringdon within. The old -church being consumed by the fire of London, the present edifice was -erected in its place. The body is not seen from the street; but is -tolerably enlightened. The steeple consists of a plain tower, and a -pretty lofty spire raised on a substantial arcade, so that it has at -once the appearance of strength and lightness. - -The patronage of this rectory was anciently in the Abbot and Convent of -Westminster; but on the suppression of their monastery, King Henry VIII. -erected Westminster into a bishopric, and gave the advowson of this -church to the Bishop; but the new see being dissolved by Edward VI. -Queen Mary granted it to the Bishop of London, and his successors, in -whom it still remains. - -The Rector receives, by act of Parliament, in lieu of tithes, 160l. _per -annum_. _Newcomb’s Eccles. Rep._ - -Mr. Strype, in his edition of Stowe’s Survey, gives several monumental -inscriptions in this church, from which we shall select the two -following; the first to the memory of William Yeardley and his wife, the -former of whom died on the 28th of October 1523, and the latter on the -20th of July 1533. - - William Yeardley, and Elizabeth his wife, - Who lived on earth free from strife, - Not farre from this, in earth doth lye, - To shew that all that live must dye. - Where they do quietly expect - To rise again as God’s elect. - They left four daughters and a sonne, - Who left them this when they were gone. - -The other is on Florens Caldwell, Esq; citizen and haberdasher, and Mary -his wife, the latter of whom died June 19, 1590. - - Earth goes to earth, as mold to mold, - Earth treads on earth, glittering in gold, - Earth as to earth returne neare should, - Earth shall to earth goe ere he would, - Earth upon earth consider may, - Earth goes to earth naked away. - Earth, though on earth be stout and gay, - Shall from earth pass poore away. - Be merciful and charitable, - Relieve the poor as thou art able; - A shrowd to thy grave - Is all thou shalt have. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S ORGARS, a rectory, the church of which was situated on -the east side of St. Martin’s lane near Canon street, in Candlewick -ward, and is so named from its dedication to St. Martin; and the -additional epithet of _Orgars_, from Odgarus or Ordgarus, who was -probably its founder or patron: but this church being destroyed with the -rest of the public edifices in the fire of London in 1666, and not -rebuilt, the parish was annexed to the church of St. Clement Eastcheap. -_Newc. Rep. Eccles. Paroch._ - -In this church was a tomb with the following epitaph, mentioned by Mr. -Strype in his edition of Stowe’s Survey, on Sir Allen Cotton, Knt. -Alderman, and sometime Lord Mayor of London, who died on the 24th of -September 1628, leaving three sons and two daughters; and these sons -caused his monument to be erected, - - When he left earth, rich bounty dy’d, - Mild courtesie gave place to pride: - Soft Mercie to bright Justice said, - O sister! we are both betray’d; - White Innocence lay on the ground - By Truth, and wept at either’s wound. - The sons of Levi did lament, - Their lamps went out, their oil was spent. - Heav’n hath his soul, and only we - Spin out our lives in misery. - So, Death, thou missest of thy ends, - And kill’st not him, but kill’st his friends. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S OUTWICH, at the south east angle of Threadneedle street, -in Broad street ward, owes its additional epithet to William and John de -Oteswich, who were some time the proprietors thereof. The patronage of -this church was indeed anciently in the family of the Earls of Surry; -but afterwards coming to the de Oteswiches, they conferred it upon the -company of Merchant Taylors, in whom it still remains. The Rector -receives only 40l. a year in tithes. _Maitland._ - -This is one of those few churches that escaped the fire in 1666, and -with some repairs has stood ever since, and may stand much longer, -though it is already above 220 years old. - -This edifice is an old Gothic structure of the meaner style; it is -sixty-six feet long, and forty-two broad; the height of the roof is -thirty-one feet, and the height of the steeple, sixty-five feet. The -body is of brick, strengthened at the corners by a massy rustic: the -windows, which are large, are of the coarse Gothic kind, and the top is -surrounded with plain square battlements. From the tower, which is -extremely plain and simple, rises a turret, that is open, arched, and -supported by four piers; and from the dome rises a ball and fane. - -The New View of London has the following epitaph in this church. - - In memory of John Wright, _anno sal._ 1633, aged 24. - - Reader, thou may’st forbear to put thine eyes - To charge for tears, to mourn these obsequies; - Such charitable drops would best be given - To those who late, or never come to heav’n. - But here you would, by weeping on this dust, - Allay his happiness with thy mistrust; - Whose pious closing of his youthful years - Deserves thy imitation, not thy tears. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S POMARY, or Ironmonger lane, Cheapside, is supposed by Mr. -Stowe to have derived its additional epithet of _Pomary_, from apple -trees growing about it; which is the more probable, as in his time there -were large void spaces near it. This church stood at the corner of -Ironmonger lane, and in Cheap ward; but suffering by the dreadful fire -of London, the parish was united to the church of St. Olave’s Jewry. - - -MARTIN’S _rents_, Queen street, New Gravel lane.† - - -MARTIN’S _street_, Thames street. - - -_St._ MARTIN’S VINTRY, stood in Thames street, near the south east -corner of Queen street, and in Vintry ward. This church, which was a -rectory, received its additional denomination from its being situated -among the wine tunners, wine merchants, and coopers: but sharing the -common fate in the dreadful catastrophe of 1666, and not being rebuilt, -the parish was united to that of St. Michael’s Royal, and 120l. a year -was settled upon the Rector in lieu of tithes. _Maitland._ - - -MARTLET’S _court_, Bow street, Covent Garden.† - - -_St._ MARY ABCHURCH, in Abchurch lane, Candlewick ward, owes its name to -its dedication to the Virgin Mary, and the additional appellation of -_Ab_ or _Upchurch_, was given it on account of its elevation in -comparison of the neighbouring ground towards the Thames, and to -distinguish it from the many other churches of the same name in this -city. A church dedicated to St. Mary has stood here from very early -times; and we find that in the year 1448, it was in the patronage of the -Prior and Canons of St. Mary Overy’s; but devolving to the crown in the -reign of Queen Elizabeth, her Majesty granted the perpetual advowson to -_Corpus Christi_ college in Cambridge, wherein it still remains, though -in ecclesiastical affairs, it is subject to the Archdeacon. _Maitland._ - -The old church stood till it was consumed by the fire in 1666, after -which the present structure was raised in its room in the year 1686. - -The building is of brick, strengthened by rustic quoins of stone at the -corners, with three windows on each side, of which the middle one is the -principal, that rising higher, and taking up the space above, while the -others, which are smaller, have round windows over them; these have all -stone cases. The tower rises square with the corners strengthened with -rustic; and a large window in the center of each face, ornamented like -the rest. From this tower rises a kind of dome, and upon its summit -stands a plain spire supported by a lanthorn base. - - -_St._ MARY ALDERMANBURY, by the north east corner of Love lane, has a -fine situation, with a large area, besides the church yard in the front. -A church of the same name appears from ancient records to have been -situated there so early as about the year 1300; however, great part of -the old structure was taken down in 1633, and rebuilt at a considerable -expence; but thirty three years afterwards it was destroyed by the fire -of London, and ten years after that dreadful event, it was finished in -the present form. - -It is a plain stone building, likely to stand for ages; the body is well -enlightened by a range of large well-proportioned windows, and the -corners are wrought with rustic: it is 72 feet long, and 45 broad; the -roof is 38 feet high, and the steeple about 90 feet. It has a plain -solid tower, constructed in the same manner as the body of the church; -and the angles in the upper stage are adorned with rustic: the cornice -is supported by scrolls, and above it is a plain Attic course: in this -rises a turret with a square base that supports the dial; this turret is -arched, but the corners are massy: its roof is terminated in a point on -which is placed the fane. - -The patronage of this church appears to have been anciently in the Dean -and Chapter of St. Paul’s; but the parishioners have ever since the -reformation had the right of chusing their own Minister, who must -however be licenced by the Bishop of London; but in matters -ecclesiastical it is subject to the Archdeacon, except as to wills and -administrations, which belong to the Commissary. The Incumbent receives -by act of Parliament 150l. a year from the parish. - - -_St._ MARY ALDERMARY, on the east side of Bow lane, in Cordwainer street -ward, has its additional epithet of Aldermary, or Elder Mary, from its -being the most ancient church in this city dedicated to the Virgin Mary. -The last church, which was erected at the expence of Henry Keeble, was -destroyed by the fire of London in 1666; but it was afterwards erected -at the expence of Henry Rogers, Esq; who generously gave 5000l. towards -rebuilding it. - -This Gothic edifice is very spacious, it being an hundred feet in length -and sixty-three in breadth; the height of the roof is forty-five feet, -and that of the steeple an hundred and thirty-five. The body is -enlightened by a single series of large Gothic windows. The wall has -well-contrived buttresses and battlements; these buttresses run up -pilaster fashion, in two stages, not projecting in the old manner from -the body of the building. The tower, which is full of ornament, consists -of five stages, each of which, except the lowest, has one Gothic window; -and the pinacles, which are properly so many turrets, are continued at -each corner down to the ground, divided into stages as the body of the -tower, and cabled with small pillars bound round it, with a kind of -arched work, and subdivisions between. _English Architecture._ - -This rectory is one of the thirteen peculiars belonging to the -Archbishop of Canterbury; and the parish of St. Thomas Apostles being -annexed to this church by an act of Parliament granted in the reign of -King Charles II. the profits of the Rector are greatly augmented, he -receiving 150l. _per annum_ in lieu of tithes, and about 100l. a year by -glebe. - - -_St._ MARY AT HILL, on the west side of St. Mary Hill, in Billingsgate -ward, owes its additional epithet to its situation on an eminence. This -church is of considerable antiquity, since a chantry was founded in it -so early as about the year 1336. - -It is remarkable, that in the year 1497, digging in this church for the -foundation of a wall, the corpse of Alice Hackney, who died about the -year 1322, was discovered in a very rotten coffin; and that the skin was -sound and flexible, and the joints pliable, though buried about 175 -years. The body was kept above ground three or four days, without any -noisome smell, but then beginning to be tainted was again laid in the -ground. - -Though this church was not destroyed by the fire of London, every thing -combustible in it was consumed; it was however soon after repaired, and -the parish of St. Andrew Hubbard annexed to it. It is a -well-proportioned Gothic structure, consisting of a plain body -enlightened by large windows, and a tower crowned by a pretty handsome -turret. - -The advowson of this church appears to have been in private hands, till -about the year 1638, when it was purchased by the parish; but since the -parish of St. Andrew Hubbard was united to it, the Duke of Somerset, who -is patron thereof, presents in his turn. The Rector receives 200l. a -year in lieu of tithes, and about 24l. _per annum_ by glebe. - - -_St._ MARY AX, a street on the north side of Leadenhall street. Here was -anciently a church dedicated not only to the Virgin Mary, but to St. -Ursula and her eleven thousand virgins; but it was commonly called _St. -Mary at the Ax_, from the sign of the _Ax_ over against the east end of -the church; and sometimes it was named St. Mary Papillar, from a plat of -ground belonging to the Skinners company, that lay on the north side of -it; but this parish being, about the year 1565, united to the parish -church of St. Andrew Undershaft, St. Mary at the Ax was let out as a -warehouse to a merchant; but the street however in which this edifice -stood, still retains its name. _Maitland._ - - -MARYBON. See _St._ MARY LA BONNE. - - -MARYBON _Fields_, the fields between London and Marybon, or St. Mary la -Bonne. - - -MARYBON _lane_, Tyburn road. - - -MARYBON _passage_, Oxford street. - - -MARYBON _place_, Little Castle street. - - -MARYBON _road_, Oxford street. - - -MARYBON _street_, near Warwick street, Marybon. - - -_St._ MARY BOTHAW, stood on the east side of Turnwheel lane near Dowgate -hill, and took its additional name, according to the surmise of Mr. -Stowe, from its vicinity to a _Boat haw_, or boat-builder’s yard in that -neighbourhood. This church, which was one of the thirteen peculiars -belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury, having suffered greatly by -the fire of London, and not being rebuilt, the parish was annexed to -that of St. Swithin. - - -MARY CLARKE’S _yard_, Gravel lane.† - - -_St._ MARY COLECHURCH, stood in the Poultry, at the south west corner of -the Old Jewry, in Cheap ward, and owed its additional epithet of -Colechurch, to one Cole, its founder: but suffering the fate of most of -the other public buildings in 1666, and not being rebuilt, the parish -was united to the neighbouring church of St. Mildred. _Stow._ - - -_St._ MARY OF GRACE, an abbey of Cistertian monks, founded in the reign -of Edward III. on Tower hill, where the victualling office is now -situated. - - -MARY GRAY’S _yard_, Gravel lane.† - - -_St._ MARY LA BONNE, thus called from its being supposed to signify _St. -Mary the Good_; though its original name, according to Maitland, was -Maryborne. This gentleman gives the following account of the rise of -this village, which is now almost united to this great metropolis: the -village of Tyborne going to decay, and its church, named St. John the -Evangelist, left alone by the side of the highway, it was robbed of its -books, vestments, bells, images, and other decorations; on which the -parishioners petitioned the Bishop of London for leave to take down -their old, and erect a new church elsewhere, which being readily granted -in the year 1400, they erected a new church where they had some time -before built a chapel, and that structure being dedicated to the Virgin -Mary, received the additional epithet of Borne, from its vicinity to the -neighbouring brook or bourn. - -This village, if it may be still called by that name, is almost joined -by new buildings to this metropolis; and the new buildings this way are -now increasing so very fast, that it will undoubtedly in a very short -time be quite joined, and become a part of it. The old church, which was -a mean edifice, was pulled down, and a one erected in 1741. This -structure is built with brick in as plain a manner as possible. It has -two series of small arched windows on each side, and the only ornaments -are a vase at each corner, and a turret at the west end. There are here -also a French meeting-house, a charity school, and a place of public -entertainment, which has a pleasant garden, and a band of vocal and -instrumental music. This may be considered as a kind of humble imitation -of Vauxhall. - - -_St._ MARY LE BOW, near the corner of Bow lane in Cheapside, received -the epithet _le Bow_, from its being the first church in this city built -with arches: for so early as in the time of William the Conqueror a -church of the same name stood in this place; a massy Gothic pile, -decorated with lofty arches, which the vulgar of that time called bows, -and this name has been continued through all its succeeding changes. -Here the court of Arches used to meet, and from these arches received -its name. _Stowe._ - -In the history of the ancient edifice we find, that in the year 1271, a -great number of people were destroyed, and many more maimed by the -falling of the steeple, after which it remained without one till the -year 1512, when it was finished upon the old plan, with stone brought -from Caen in Normandy; and thus continued till it was destroyed with the -other buildings in the city, by the fire in 1666. - -The present edifice, which was built by the great Sir Christopher Wren, -was finished in 1673, and is a handsome structure, chiefly admired for -the elegance of its steeple, which is extremely light in its aspect, and -though very high and full of openings, is secure from any second fall by -the geometrical proportion and lightness of its several parts. It is -thought to be the most beautiful thing of its kind in Europe. - -The tower is square from the ground, and in this form rises to a -considerable height; but with more ornament as it advances. The -principal decoration of the lower part is the entrance, which is a -lofty, noble, and well-proportioned arch, on two of the sides faced with -a bold rustic, and raised on a plain solid course from the foundation. -Within the arch is a portal of the Doric order; the freeze ornamented -with trigliphs, and with sculpture in the metopes; over this arch is an -opening with a small balcony, which answers to a window on the other -face. The first stage is terminated by an elegant cornice, over which -again rises a plain course, where a dial projects into Cheapside. Above -this is in each face, large arched windows, with coupled Ionic pilasters -at the sides, near the corners. The cornice over these windows supports -an elegant balustrade, with Attic pillars over the Ionic columns, -supporting turrets, each composed of four handsome scrolls, which join -at the top, where are placed urns with flames. - -From this part, the steeple rises circular. There is a plain course to -the height of half the scrolls, and upon this are raised a circular -range of Corinthian columns, while the body of the steeple is continued -round and plain within them. These support a second balustrade, with -very large scrolls extending from it to the body of the steeple. Above -these is placed a series of Composite columns, and from the entablature -rises another set of scrolls, supporting the spire which rests upon four -balls, and is terminated by a globe, whence rises a fane in the form of -a dragon. The view here given will help to illustrate this description. - -[Illustration: - - _S. Wale delin._ _J. Green sc. Oxon._ - _Bow Steeple._ -] - -The author of the Critical Review of the public Buildings, says, “The -steeple of Bow church is a master-piece in a peculiar kind of building, -which has no fixed rules to direct it, nor is it to be reduced to any -settled laws of beauty: without doubt if we consider it only as a part -of some other building, it can be esteemed no other than a delightful -absurdity: but if either considered in itself, or as a decoration of a -whole city in prospect, it is not only to be justified, but admired. -That which we have now mentioned is beyond question as perfect as human -imagination can contrive or execute; and till we see it outdone, we -shall hardly, think it to be equalled.” - -This church is a rectory, and the chief of the thirteen peculiars in -this city belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury. To it are united -the parishes of Alhallows Honey lane, and St. Pancras, by which the -Incumbent’s profits are much increased; he receiving, besides glebe, -casualties, and three parsonage houses, 200l. _per annum_, in lieu of -tithes. - - -_St._ MARY LE STRAND, so called from its being situated in the middle of -the Strand. The old church belonging to this parish is mentioned so -early as the year 1222, when it was named _St. Mary and the Innocents of -the Strand_; but how long it stood before that time is uncertain. It was -then situated in a pleasant church yard on the south side of the Strand, -where the east end of Somerset house is placed; and for the erecting of -this last edifice it was taken down in 1549, by order of Edward Seymour, -Duke of Somerset, Prime Minister to Edward VI. which depriving the -parishioners of a place of worship, they joined themselves to the church -of St. Clement’s Danes, and afterwards to that of St. John Baptist in -the Savoy, where they continued till the year 1723. At length, the act -having passed for erecting the fifty new churches within the bills of -mortality, one was appointed for this parish, and the first stone laid -on the 25th of February 1714; it was finished in three years and a half, -though it was not consecrated till the 1st of January 1723, when, -instead of its ancient name, it was called St. Mary le Strand. It was -the first finished of any of the fifty new churches. - -This is a very superb, though not a very extensive edifice; massy, -without the appearance of being heavy, and formed to stand for ages. At -the entrance on the west end is an ascent by a flight of steps cut in -the sweep of a circle. These lead to a circular portico of Ionic columns -covered with a dome, which is crowned with an elegant vase. These -columns are continued along the body of the church, with pilasters of -the same order at the corners, and in the intercolumniations are niches -handsomely ornamented. Over the dome is a pediment supported by -Corinthian columns, which are also continued round the body of the -structure; over those of the Ionic order beneath; between these are the -windows placed over the niches. These columns are supported on -pedestals, and have pilasters behind with arches sprung from them, and -the windows have angular and circular pediments alternately. In short, a -handsome balustrade is carried round the top, and its summit is adorned -with vases. The steeple is light though solid, and ornamented with -Composite columns and capitals. - -This structure, in the opinion of some, will shew late posterity, that -the period when it was built afforded architects who might have done -honour to Italy; while others condemn it, as little more than a cluster -of ornaments without a proper plan or model to be adorned. - -We shall not here decide which of these opinions is most judicious; but -shall leave it to the decision of each person’s judgment who examines -the edifice itself: we cannot however help observing, that the situation -of the west front is as happy as can be wished for being viewed at a -distance; and yet it has not this advantage in perfection, a watch house -being erected in the middle of the street directly before it, which in a -great measure spoils the prospect, and prevents its terminating the -vista so agreeably as it otherwise would. - -This church is a rectory in the gift of the Bishop of Worcester; the -value of the living is 225l. _per annum_, besides surplice fees; of this -sum one hundred pounds has been given and settled by Parliament, and an -hundred and twenty-five pounds is raised by the inhabitants by a rate of -four pence in the pound, in lieu of tithes. _Newc. Rep. Eccles. Paroch._ - -_St._ MARY MAGDALEN’S BERMONDSEY, near the south west corner of -Bermondsey street, which we vulgarly call Barnaby street, in Southwark. -It is dedicated to Mary Magdalen the sister of Lazarus, who was -celebrated for her beauty, and still more for her piety. It appears from -the _Conqueror’s Survey_, that a church of the same name was situated in -this place so early as the time of the Saxons. - -The present edifice, which was built in 1680, is seventy-six feet in -length, and sixty-one in breadth; the height to the roof is thirty feet, -and the height of the steeple eighty-seven feet. It is a plain structure -enlightened by a single series of arched windows with cherubs heads on -the top. The walls are of brick plaistered over, and the door-cases and -windows cased with stone. The tower, which rises square, is covered with -a kind of dome crowned with a turret, whence rises a ball and fane. - -The advowson of this church is in lay patrons, and the profits of the -rectory are said to amount to about 200l. _per annum_. - - -_St._ MARY MAGDALEN’S, Milk-street. This church was situated at the west -end of Honey lane market, in the ward of Cripplegate within; but being -destroyed by the fire of London in 1666, and not rebuilt, the parish was -annexed to that of St. Laurence Jewry. - - -_St._ MARY MAGDALEN’S, Old Fish street, is seated on the north side of -Knight Rider’s street, in the ward of Baynard’s castle, and is thus -denominated from its vicinity to Old Fish street. There are records of a -church in the same place three hundred and fifty years ago. The old -edifice was destroyed by the fire of London, and the present singular -structure arose from its ruins, and was built in the year 1685. - -It is a small well-proportioned church, built with stone, sixty feet in -length, forty-eight in breadth, and thirty in height to the roof. It is -enlightened by a single series of arched windows, each ornamented with a -cherub and scrolls, supporting a cornice, which runs round the building; -but these windows are of such an unusual height from the ground, that -the doors, which are low and plain, open completely under them: both -these and the windows are of the same general construction, and the wall -is terminated by a balustrade. The tower is divided into two stages, in -the upper of which is a large window on each side. From the top of this -tower the work suddenly diminishes in the manner of high steps on each -side, and on the top of these is placed a turret, crowned with a very -short spire, on which is placed a fane with flames. - -To this church the parish of St. Gregory is annexed, by which the -rectoral profits are much increased, the Incumbent receiving, besides -other profits, 120l. in lieu of tithes. - - -_St._ MARY MOUNTHAW, situated on the west side of Fish street hill, in -Queenhithe ward, received its name from its dedication to the Virgin -Mary, and the family of Montalto or Mounthauts, in the county of -Norfolk, who were the original founders: but being destroyed in the -dreadful fire of London in 1666, and not rebuilt, the parish was, by act -of Parliament, annexed to the church of St. Mary Somerset. _Stowe._ - - -_St._ MARY, Newington Butts. See NEWINGTON BUTTS. - - -_St._ MARY OVERIES. See _St._ SAVIOUR’S. - - -_St._ MARY OVERIES _Church yard_, in the Borough. - - -_St._ MARY OVERIES _dock_, at the end of Church way, in the Borough. - - -_St._ MARY OVERIES _stairs_, Deadman’s place. - - -_St._ MARY, Rotherhith, is situated near the bank of the Thames, and is -distinguished from other churches dedicated to the Virgin Mary, by the -name of the place in which it is situated. The old church had stood -above 200 years, when in 1736, it was in so ruinous a condition, that -the inhabitants applied to Parliament for leave to pull it down, which -being granted, the present structure was finished in 1739. - -This edifice is built with brick and ornamented with stone. It is -enlightened by a double range of windows, and the corners both in the -tower and body, are strengthened with a handsome rustic. The tower -consists of two stages; in the lower are a door and window, in the upper -a window and dial, and the whole is terminated by a balustrade, from -which rises a circular base that supports a kind of lanthorn, very -elegantly constructed with Corinthian columns; over these are urns with -flames; and from the roof of this lanthorn rises a well-constructed -spire terminated by a ball and fane. - -This church is a rectory in the gift of a lay patron. The profits -arising to the Incumbent are said to amount to above 150l. _per annum_. - - -_The Hospital of St._ MARY ROUNCIVAL, a cell to a priory of that name in -Navarre in Spain, situated opposite the end of St. Martin’s lane, where -Northumberland house now stands. It was founded and endowed by William -Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, in the reign of Henry III. but this hospital -was however suppressed by Henry V. and re-founded by Edward IV. in 1476, -for a fraternity or brotherhood. At length it was suppressed, with the -other religious houses, by King Henry VIII. and afterwards coming to -Henry Howard, Earl of Northampton, he caused it to be demolished, and -erected upon the site thereof the edifice then named Northampton house. -See the article NORTHUMBERLAND HOUSE. - - -_St._ MARY SOMERSET, opposite Broken wharf in Thames street, and in -Queenhithe ward, owes the additional epithet of Somerset (according to -Mr. Stowe’s conjecture) to its vicinity to _Sumner’s het_ or _hithe_, a -small port or haven resembling that of Queenhithe. A church was situated -in this place before the year 1335; but the old edifice sharing the fate -of most of the other public buildings, in the fire of London, the -present structure was erected in its room. - -The body of this edifice is enlightened by a range of lofty arched -windows, and the wall is terminated by a balustrade. A well-proportioned -square tower rises to a considerable height, and is crowned with a -handsome vase at each corner, supported on a very ornamental pedestal, -with a handsome turret between in the form of an obelisk, each supported -on the same kind of pedestal as the vases, and crowned with a ball. - -The patronage of the church is in lay hands, and the parish of St. Mary -Mounthaw being annexed to it, the Incumbent’s profits are considerably -increased; he having, besides casualties and two parsonage houses, 110l. -a year in lieu of tithes, and about 30l. in glebe. - - -_St._ MARY SPITAL, a priory and hospital founded by Sir Walter Brune, -and Rosia, his lady, in the year 1197, who dedicated it to the honour of -Jesus Christ and his Mother the Virgin Mary, by the name of _Domus Dei & -beatæ Mariæ extra Bishopsgate_. - -This hospital surrendered to Henry VIII. when its revenue was found to -amount to 478l. a year; and besides the ornaments of the church and -other goods belonging to the hospital, there were an hundred and eighty -beds for the use of the poor. - -A part of a large church yard belonging to this hospital, separated from -the rest by a brick wall, was for a long time remaining, with a pulpit -cross in it, somewhat like that which formerly stood in St. Paul’s -church yard; and on the south side was a handsome house in which the -Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and other persons of distinction sat to -hear the sermons preached in Easter holidays. - -It was anciently the custom for some learned man, appointed by the -Bishops, to preach a sermon at St. Paul’s Cross, relating to Christ’s -passion, on Good Friday in the afternoon; and upon Easter Monday, -Tuesday, and Wednesday, other sermons were preached in the forenoon at -the Spital, on Christ’s resurrection: on Low Sunday in the forenoon a -rehearsal was made of these four sermons at St. Paul’s Cross, in which -they were either commended or censured; and, after all, the Priest made -a sermon himself. - -At these sermons the Lord Mayor and Aldermen were usually present, with -their wives; and since the reformation these sermons are continued by -the name of _Spital Sermons_ at St. Bride’s in Fleet street, on Easter -Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. - -The pulpit cross was broke down in the grand rebellion. _Maitland._ - - -_St._ MARY’S STAINING, a small church, formerly seated on the north side -of Oat lane, in the ward of Aldersgate within. The reason why it -received the additional epithet of _Staining_, is very uncertain; some -imagining it to be derived from the painter stainers, who might probably -live near it; while others suppose that it was originally called _Stany_ -or _Stony_ from its being built with stone, to distinguish it from those -in the city built with wood, &c. This ancient edifice, however, being -destroyed by the fire of London, and not rebuilt, the parish was united -to St. Michael’s Wood street. _Stowe._ - - -_St._ MARY WHITECHAPEL, was originally erected as a chapel of ease to -the church of St. Dunstan, Stepney; and from its external appearance -probably received the additional epithet of _White_. We read of this -church in 1329, and the first chapel was probably of much greater -antiquity. - -The church was anciently denominated _St. Mary Matsellon_, a name which -some have ridiculously supposed was derived from the women of the parish -having killed a Frenchman, about the year 1428, for murdering and -robbing his benefactress, a religious widow, who had generously brought -him up almost from his infancy: but this church was known by this name -above an hundred years before this bloody catastrophe. Mr. Strype, -therefore, in his edition of _Stowe’s Survey_, with greater appearance -of reason derives the name from the Hebrew or Syriac word _Matsel_ which -signifies a woman who has lately brought forth a son; alluding to Mary’s -being delivered of our Saviour: however, this name has given way to the -more ancient one of Whitechapel, which is even given to the long street -by which the edifice is situated. - -The old church being in a very ruinous condition in 1673, it was taken -down and rebuilt in the present form. It is a coarse and very irregular -building. The body, which is built with brick, and ornamented with stone -rustic work at the corners, is ninety-three feet in length; sixty-three -in breadth; and the height of the tower and turret eighty feet. The -principal door is adorned with a kind of rustic pilasters, with -cherubims heads by way of capitals, and a pediment above. The body has -many windows, which are of various forms and different sizes, a sort of -Venetian, oval and square. The square windows have ill-proportioned -circular pediments, and the oval, or more properly elliptic windows -(some of which stand upright, and others crosswise) are surrounded with -thick festoons. The steeple, which is of stone, and appears to be a part -of the old structure, rises above the principal door, and is crowned -with a plain square battlement; in the center of which rises a small -turret with its dome and fane. _English Architecture._ - -This church is a rectory, in the gift of the Principal and Scholars of -King’s Hall and Brazen Nose College, Oxford. The Incumbent’s profits, -according to Mr. Maitland, amount to about 350l. _per annum_. - - -_St._ MARY WOOLCHURCH-HAW, stood on the east side of Stocks market, in -Walbrook ward, and received its additional appellation from a beam in -the church yard for the weighing of wool; for in that church yard was -anciently kept the wool staple: but this church being destroyed by the -fire of London, and not rebuilt, the parish was annexed to the church of -St. Mary Woolnoth. _Maitland._ - - -_St._ MARY WOOLNOTH, at the corner of Sherborne lane, and adjoining to -the Post Office in Lombard street, is supposed to derive its additional -epithet of Woolnoth from its being almost contiguous to the above wool -staple, whence it might be called _Woolneah_ or _Woolnigh_, which, by an -easy transition, might pass into Woolnoth. - -We read of a church with the same addition in 1355. The last suffered by -the fire in 1666, when every thing within it was destroyed but the -walls; however, being soon after repaired, it continued in a very crazy -condition, till it was appointed to be one of the fifty new churches to -be erected within the bills of mortality. - -In digging a foundation for the present church in 1716, there were -discovered, at the depth of fifteen, and twenty-two feet, a great -variety of Roman earthen vessels, both for sacred and profane uses; but -all broken, together with a considerable number of the tusks and bones -of boars and goats, with several medals and pieces of metal; some -tesselated work, a part of an aqueduct, and at the bottom of all a well -full of dirt, which was no sooner removed, than a fine spring arose, in -which is placed a pump with an iron bason. By the great quantity of -pot-sheards, &c. found in this place, Mr. Maitland is of opinion, that -here was a pottery; and from the tusks and bones he imagines, that near -this place stood the temple of Concord, mentioned by the Romans. - -The new church was finished in the year 1719, and is a very handsome -structure built with stone. On the north side which fronts Lombard -street, instead of windows there are three very large and lofty niches -adorned with Ionic columns, and surrounded with a bold rustic. Over -these is a large cornice, upon which is placed a balustrade. The -entrance is at the well end by a lofty rustic arch, over which rises an -oblong tower, ornamented with six Composite columns in the front, and -two on the sides; upon this is raised a lesser tower of the same form -crowned with a balustrade, from the center of which rises a flag staff -with a fane. The windows are on the south side, where the edifice is -intirely surrounded with houses. - -It would be impossible, perhaps, to find a place in the whole city where -the principal ornaments of a building could be more completely -concealed. The tower can no where be seen to advantage, and can scarce -any where be seen at all, except on the roofs of the neighbouring houses -and the opposite garret windows: a great deal of expence has therefore -been here thrown away in ornaments, to very little purpose. - -The advowson of this church was in the Prioress and Convent of St. -Helen’s in Bishopsgate street, till at their dissolution they fell to -the Crown; when King Henry VIII. granted it to Sir Martin Bowes, in -whose family it has ever since continued. The Rector, besides -casualties, receives about 22l. a year in glebe, and 160l. _per annum_, -in lieu of tithes. - - -MASONS. This company had their arms granted by Clarencieux, King at -arms, in the year 1477, though the members were not incorporated by -letters patent, till they obtained them from King Charles II. in 1677. -This fraternity is governed by a Master, two Wardens, twenty-two -Assistants, and seventy Liverymen, whose fine on admission is 5l. They -have a small convenient hall in Masons alley, Basinghall street. -_Maitland._ - - -MASONS _alley_, Basinghall street; so called from Masons hall within it. - - -MASONS _arms yard_, Madox street.* - - -MASON’S _court_, Brick lane, Spitalfields.† - - -MASON’S _stairs_, Bankside.† - - -MASON’S _yard_. North Audley street.† - - -MAST _yard_, 1. Ratcliff highway. 2. Wapping. - - -MASTER OF THE CEREMONIES, an officer appointed by King James I. for the -more honourable reception of Ambassadors and strangers of quality. As a -badge of his office he wears a gold chain, to which hangs a medal that -has on one side an emblem of Peace placed under the crown of England, -with King James’s motto BEATI PACIFICI, and on the other an emblem of -War, with the words DIEU ET MON DROIT. His salary is 300l. a year. He -has under him an Assistant and a Marshal, the latter of whom has 6s. 8d. -a day. _Chamberlain’s Present State._ - - -MASTERS IN CHANCERY. See the article _Masters in_ CHANCERY. - - -MASTER OF THE HORSE, the third great officer of the King’s court, has -the management and disposal of all the King’s stables and breed of -horses; he has authority over the equeries and pages, coachmen, footmen, -grooms, riders of the great horse, farriers and smiths; he appoints all -the other tradesmen who work for the King’s stables, and by his warrant -to the avenor makes them give an oath to be true and faithful. In short, -he is intrusted with all the lands and revenues, appropriated for the -King’s breed of horses, the expences of the stable, and of the coaches, -litters, &c. - -He alone has the privilege of making use of any of the horses, pages, or -footmen belonging to his Majesty’s stables; and at any solemn cavalcade -he rides next the King, and leads a horse of state. His salary is 1276l. -13s. 4d. _per annum_. - - -MASTER OF THE HOUSHOLD, an officer under the Lord Treasurer of the -King’s house, whose office is to survey the accounts of the house. - - -MASTER OF THE JEWEL HOUSE, an officer who has the care of all the gold -and silver plate used at the King’s table; as also of all the loose -jewels, chains, &c. in the Tower of London. - - -MASTER OF THE REVELS, an officer under the Lord Chamberlain, has the -management of all the masques and comedies at court, and has a salary of -100l. a year. - - -MASTER OF THE ROBES, an officer who orders all his Majesty’s robes, as -those of his coronation, of St. George’s feast, and of Parliament, and -of his wearing apparel. He has a salary of 500l. _per annum_, and under -him is a yeoman, three grooms, a page, a brusher, a sempstress, &c. - - -MATCH _walk_, Upper Shadwell. - - -MATHAM’S _court_, Threadneedle alley, Little Moorfields.† - - -MATTHAS’S _court_, Great Hermitage street.† - - -_St._ MATTHEW’S, Bethnal Green. See BETHNAL GREEN. - - -_St._ MATTHEW’S _Friday street_, is situated on the west side of that -street in the ward of Faringdon within, and owes its name to its -dedication to St. Matthew the Evangelist, and its situation. The old -church being destroyed by the fire of London in 1666, the present -structure was erected in its place. It is a plain stone building, with -one series of large arched windows, and at the east end is the steeple, -which consists of a square brick tower, void of all ornament. - -The patronage of this rectory was anciently in the Abbot and Convent of -Westminster, and upon their suppression, when the conventual church was -converted into a cathedral, Henry VIII. conferred it upon the Bishop; -but the new bishopric being soon after dissolved, King Edward VI. -granted it to the Bishop of London, in whom the advowson still -continues. To this church the parish of St. Peter Cheap is united. - - -MAUDLIN’S _rents_, Nightingale lane, East Smithfield.† - - -MAUL’S _court_, Fore street, Cripplegate.† - - -MAXHAM’S _court_, Long alley.† - - -MAXIMUS _court_, Moorfields.† - - -MAXIN’S _court_, Moorfields.† - - -MAY FAIR, near Hyde Park; so called from a fair annually held there in -the month of May. - - -MAY FAIR _street_, near Hyde Park. - - -MAYFIELD’S _buildings_, near Rag Fair. - - -_Lord_ MAYOR. The chief magistrate of this metropolis was, before the -Norman conquest, called the Portreve, or Portgrave, which title in the -reign of Henry II. was changed for that of Mayor, a name by which the -chief magistrate of the city of Roan, the capital of Normandy, was then -distinguished. In 1215 the citizens obtained from King John a charter -which granted them the privilege of chusing this magistrate, which was -afterwards confirmed by several other royal grants; and the Mayors were -elected by the court of Aldermen, and a number of Commons summoned by -them, out of each of the wards; but the number thus summoned being -occasionally varied at the discretion of the Aldermen, gave great -uneasiness to the commonalty, for the removing of which the method of -election was altered by an act of Common Council in the year 1476, and -the present manner of electing by the Livery of the several companies -was established: by virtue of which the Lord Mayor is annually chosen on -Michaelmas day. - -For this purpose the Liverymen on that day assemble in Guildhall, where, -by holding up of hands, they usually chuse two of the senior Aldermen -below the chair, who being returned to the court of Lord Mayor and -Aldermen, the senior is generally declared Lord Mayor elect. - -Some time after, the Lord Mayor elect, accompanied by the Recorder and -several of the Aldermen, is presented to the Lord Chancellor, as his -Majesty’s representative, for his approbation, without which the person -elected has no legal authority to perform the office: but this being -obtained, he is on the eighth of November sworn into his office at -Guildhall, and the following day before the Barons of the Exchequer at -Westminster. - -The ninth of November being the day on which the Lord Mayor elect enters -upon his office, the Aldermen and Sheriffs attend him to Guildhall in -their coaches, and about noon proceed from thence in their coaches to -the Three Cranes stairs, where the Lord Mayor, the Lord Mayor elect, the -Aldermen, Recorder, and Sheriffs, go on board the city barge, and -attended by the several city companies in their several barges, adorned -with flags and pendants, proceed by water to Westminster, where his -Lordship having taken the oaths prescribed, returns in the same pompous -manner to Black Friars stairs, whence the livery of many of the city -companies, preceded by colours and bands of music, march to their -stands, which are erected on both sides the streets through which his -Lordship is to pass. - -The Lord Mayor being at length landed at Black Friars, he is preceded by -the Artillery company, which is followed by the company of which the -Lord Mayor is free. After them follow several others with their music, -flags, and streamers, and among the rest the armourers have a person -riding on horseback, completely dressed in polished armour. At length -march the Lord Mayor’s domestics and servants, followed by his Lordship -in the coach of state, and after him come the Aldermen, Recorder, -Sheriffs, Chamberlain, Common Serjeant, Town Clerk, &c. in their several -coaches and chariots, and in this manner proceed to Guildhall, where a -noble entertainment is provided, as there is also for the several -Companies at their respective halls. - -The power of this great officer is at present much more considerable -than it was formerly, for he is not only the King’s representative in -the civil government of the city, but also First Commissioner of the -lieutenancy, perpetual Coroner and Escheator within the city and -liberties of London and the borough of Southwark; Chief Justice of oyer, -terminer and goal-delivery of Newgate; Judge of the court of wardmote at -the election of Aldermen; Conservator of the rivers Thames and Medway; -so that if any citizen or apprentice of London be carried away, and by -force detained on ship-board, he can, by his warrant, compel the Captain -or Master of such vessel to release such citizen: he is also perpetual -Commissioner in all affairs relating to the river Lea, and chief Butler -of the kingdom at all coronations, when his fee for that service is a -gold cup and cover, with a golden ewer. - -The Lord Mayor upon public occasions wears either scarlet or purple -robes richly furred, with a velvet hood and gold chain or collar of SS. -When he goes abroad in his state coach, the Mace-bearer sits upon a -stool in the middle facing one of the windows, and the Sword-bearer upon -another stool facing the other, and when on foot his train is supported -by a page, and the mace and sword carried before him. - -The principal officers for the support of his dignity, are the -Sword-bearer, the Common Hunt, Common Crier, and Water Bailiff, who have -all great salaries or perquisites, with each the title of Esquire. He -has also three Serjeant Carvers, three Serjeants of the chamber, a -Serjeant of the channel, two Yeomen of the chamber, four Yeomen of the -water side, a Yeoman of the channel, an Under Water Bailiff, six Yeomen -waiters, three Meal weighers, two Yeomen of the wood wharf, and an -officer called a Foreign taker. _Maitland._ - - -_Lord_ MAYOR’S COURT. This is a court of record held before the Lord -Mayor, Aldermen, and Recorder, every Tuesday in Guildhall, wherein -actions of debt, trespass, attachments, covenants, &c. arising within -the city and liberties, of any value, may be tried, and actions from the -Sheriff’s court removed hither, before the jury be sworn. - -This is also a court of equity, relating to affairs transacted within -the city and liberties; it giving relief when judgment is obtained in -the Sheriff’s court for more than the just debt. - -This court is, in several respects, the best to commence a process in; -since an action, exclusive of stamps, may be entered for so small a sum -as four pence; and yet, though not proceeded upon, it never dies, as -those in other courts. Besides, a suit may be begun and ended here -within the space of fourteen days, for thirty shillings. - -The juries for trying causes in this and the Sheriff’s courts, are -annually returned at Christmas by the several courts of wardmote, when -each ward appoints a sufficient number of persons to serve on those -juries for every month of the year. - -This court has an office peculiar to itself, consisting of four -Attorneys, by whom all actions cognizable therein are entered; for the -execution thereof there are six Serjeants at mace. _Lex Lond._ - - -_Court of Lord_ MAYOR AND ALDERMEN. This is also a court of record, in -which is lodged a great part of the executive power of the city, whereby -all leases and other instruments that pass the city seal are executed; -the assize of bread ascertained; contests relating to water courses and -party walls, adjusted; and the city officers suspended and punished, -according to the nature of their offences. - -This court has a power of annually electing eleven overseers or rulers -of the fraternity of watermen; and a right of fixing their several taxes -with the approbation of the Privy Council; and likewise a right of -disposing of most of the places belonging to the city officers. - - -MAYPOLE _alley_, 1. Fenchurch street. 2. Holiwell street. 3. St. -Margaret’s Hill. 4. St. Olave street. 5. Wych street. - - -MAY’S _alley_, Wheeler street.† - - -MAY’S _buildings_, Bedfordbury.† - - -MAY’S FARM, Dog row, Mile End.† - - -MAY’S _yard_, Barnaby street.† - - -MAZE _court_, Tooley street. - - -MAZE _pond_, near Snow fields, Southwark. - - -MAZE POND _street_, Southwark. - - -MAZE _street_, Tooley street. - - -MEAD’S _court_, Bond street. - - -MEAL _yard_, Fleet market. - - -MEARD’S _court_, 1. Dean street.† 2. Wardour street.† - - -MEAT _wharf_, Mill bank. - - -MEDIFORD _court_, a handsome large court in Fenchurch street.† - - -MEETING HOUSE _alley_, 1. Greenbank.⸸ Johnson’s street.⸸ 3. Queen -street, Rotherhith.⸸ - - -MEETING HOUSE _court_, 1. Black Friars.⸸ 2. Drury lane.⸸ 3. St. -Michael’s lane, Canon street.⸸ 4. Stony lane.⸸ - - -MEETING HOUSE _yard_, 1. Broad street, London Wall.⸸ 2. Deadman’s place, -Southwark.⸸ 3. Devonshire square, Bishopsgate street without.⸸. 4. Five -foot lane.†. 5. Gravel lane, Houndsditch.⸸ 6. Little St. Helen’s, -Bishopsgate street within.⸸ 7. St. Michael’s lane, Canon street.⸸ 8. -Nightingale lane.⸸ 9. Old Horselydown lane.⸸ 10. Old Jewry.⸸ 11. Silver -street, Wood street, Cheapside.⸸ 12. Water lane.⸸ 13. Wentworth street.⸸ -14. West lane.⸸ - - -MEETING HOUSES. Of these there are above an hundred and twenty within -the bills of mortality. See a particular account of them under the names -of the several denominations of Protestant Dissenters, as BAPTISTS, -INDEPENDENTS, PRESBYTERIANS, &c. - - -MEGGS’ _Almshouse_, on the south side of Whitechapel, was founded about -sixty-five years ago, by William Meggs, Esq; for the reception of twelve -widows, each of whom has a room, and annually receives 5l. 4s. and a -chaldron of coals. - - -MELANCHOLY _walk_, St. George’s fields. - - -MERCERS, the first of the twelve principal companies, was incorporated -by letters patent granted by King Richard II. in the year 1393. The -members are not only exempt from quarterage, but upon their admission to -the livery, pay only a fine of 2l. 13s. 4d. - -This fraternity is governed by a Prime and three other Wardens, with -forty Assistants, and 232 Liverymen. - - -MERCERS HALL, and Chapel, are situated in Cheapside, between the Old -Jewry and Ironmonger lane, on the spot where anciently stood an hospital -dedicated to St. Thomas of Acars or Acons. They were both destroyed by -the fire of London; after which they were rebuilt by the company. The -front, which is towards Cheapside, is adorned with a very handsome -entrance; the door case is enriched with the figures of two Cupids -mantling the company’s arms, and with festoons, &c. and over it the -balcony is adorned with two pilasters of the Ionic order, and a -pediment; with the figures of Faith, Hope and Charity, and other -enrichments. - -The inner court is adorned with piazzas, formed of columns of the Doric -order; the hall room and great parlour are wainscoted with oak, and -ornamented with Ionic pilasters; and the ceiling with fret-work. - -The chapel is neatly wainscoted, and paved with black and white marble. - - -MERCERS _court_, 1. St. Mary hill. 2. Tower hill. 3. Tower street. - - -MERCERS SCHOOL, in the Old Jewry, was, as well as their hall and chapel, -a part of the hospital of St. Thomas of Acons; but that hospital being -surrendered to Henry VIII. in 1531, it was purchased by the company of -Mercers, and the ancient school continued; the Master having a salary of -40l. _per annum_, with a commodious dwelling house, for which he is -obliged to teach twenty-five boys grammatical learning. _Maitland._ - - -MERCERS _street_, Long Acre; so called from its belonging to that -company. - - -MERCHANT ADVENTURERS. See HAMBURGH MERCHANTS. - - -MERCHANT TAYLORS, the seventh of the twelve principal companies, was -incorporated by Edward IV. in the year 1466; and was anciently -denominated _Taylors and Linen Armourers_: but many of the company being -great merchants, and Henry VII. one of the members, that Prince in the -year 1503 re-incorporated it, by the name of, _The Master and Wardens of -the Merchant Taylors of the fraternity of St. John the Baptist, in the -city of London_. - -This fraternity is governed by a Master, four Wardens, thirty-eight -Assistants, and 394 Liverymen, who upon their admission pay a fine of -20l. The company is possessed of a great estate, out of which they pay -to charitable uses, pursuant to the wills of the respective donors, -about 2000l. _per annum_. - -This company has a spacious hall on the south side of Threadneedle -street. _Strype’s Stowe._ - - -MERCHANT TAYLORS _Almshouse_, near the west end of Rosemary lane, -contains twenty-six apartments for so many poor widows, the relicts of -deceased members, who annually receive 6l. and a chaldron of coals each, -with a gown every third year. _Maitland._ - - -MERCHANT TAYLORS _rents_, Moor lane. - - -MERCHANT TAYLORS SCHOOL, in Suffolk lane, Thames street, was founded by -the company of Merchant Taylors in the year 1568, for the education of -boys. It was anciently kept in a house which belonged to the Duke of -Buckingham, and was called the Manor of the Rose; but that edifice being -destroyed by the fire of London in 1666, the present structure was -erected upon the same spot. - -The school is a long and spacious building, supported on the east by -many stone pillars that form an handsome cloister, within which are -apartments for the three Ushers. Adjoining to the school is a library -supported also by stone pillars, and well furnished with books. And on -the south of the library is the part called the chapel. Contiguous to -these is a large house appropriated to the use of the head Master. - -The school consists of eight forms, in which near three hundred boys -have their education; an hundred of whom, according to the constitutions -of the company, are taught _gratis_; an hundred more at 5s. and fifty at -2s. 6d. a quarter. - -The head Master receives from the company a salary of 10l. 6s. _per -annum_, and thirty shillings for water; besides the quarterage from the -scholars, which renders his salary very considerable. The first Usher -has 30l. a year, and the two last 25l. _per annum_, and all of them have -proper apartments. - -Several of the scholars are annually sent to St. John’s College, Oxford, -which seems to have been founded by Sir Thomas White chiefly for their -use, as they have no less than forty-six fellowships in that college. - -For the better inquiry into the proficiency of all the scholars, there -are four probations in the year performed only by the Master and Ushers; -the first on the 11th of March; the second on the 15th of June; the -third on the 11th of September; and the fourth on the 11th of December, -not being Sundays, and then upon the next day following. - -For the farther satisfaction of the Master, Wardens, and court of -Assistants of the Merchant Taylors, the probations themselves undergo an -examination twice every year, by two judicious men well learned in -Hebrew, Greek and Latin, appointed by the Master and Wardens of the -company. Upon these days, which are between the 11th and 21st of March, -and September, the Master and Wardens, or at least two of them, are -present. The examination, which is performed in the chapel, begins at -six in the morning and ends at eleven. These are called the Doctors -days. After the examination is finished, the audience, which is -generally pretty numerous, returns into the school, where certain public -exercises are performed by the eight senior scholars, or monitors of the -school. - -There is yet another public examination of the scholars of the upper -form, by the President and Fellows of St. John’s College, Oxford, -annually performed upon the 11th of June, previous to the election of -scholars to be made upon that day, to fill up the vacant fellowships in -that college: and after the public exercises are finished, the Dean of -the college addresses himself to the scholars, out of whose number the -vacancy is to be filled up, in a Latin speech suited to the occasion. - -At this time an account is usually printed, containing the names and -order of the head scholars, their births, admission, and continuance in -the head form; and also an account of the subjects of the orations. -_Stowe’s Survey, last edit._ _Maitland._ - - -MERCHANTS WATERWORKS for raising water. To this office belong three -engines, a windmill in Tottenham court road fields, and lately by two -water mills, turned by the common sewer, one at Tom’s coffee-house in -St. Martin’s lane, and the other in Northumberland street, late -Hartshorn lane, in the Strand. From these engines issue three main pipes -of six and seven inch bore, from which the neighbourhood of those places -are supplied with water. - -This company, after defraying all charges, divide the profits every half -year. Their office is kept in Rathbone place, Oxford street. - - -MERMAID _alley_, in the Borough.* - - -MERMAID _court_, 1. Charing Cross.* 2. Great Carter lane.* 3. St. -Margaret’s hill.* 4. Pater noster row, Cheapside.* 5. Ratcliff Cross.* - - -MERRICK _street_, New Bond street.† - - -MESSENGER’S _rents_, Still alley.† - - -METCALF’S _court_, Jacob’s street, Rotherhith.† - - -METHODISTS, a body of Dissenters from the church of England, who have -several meeting houses in this metropolis: 1. At the Foundery, Windmill -hill. 2. Beech lane. 3. Bull and Mouth street. 4. Marybon fields, which -is more properly a chapel of the church of England, the service of the -church being performed by one of the principal founders of the sect of -Methodists. 5. St. Agnes le Clare. 6. West street, Seven Dials. - - -MEWS, the stables for the King’s horses near Charing Cross, is a place -of considerable antiquity, and is thus denominated from _Mew_, a term -used among falconers, signifying to moult or cast feathers; for this -place was used for the accommodation of the King’s falconers and hawks, -so early as the year 1377; but the King’s stables at Lomesbury, since -called Bloomsbury, being destroyed by fire in the year 1537, King Henry -VIII. caused the hawks to be removed, and the Mews enlarged and fitted -up for the reception of his Majesty’s horses, where they have been kept -ever since: the building going to decay, the north side was rebuilt in a -magnificent manner by his present Majesty, in the year 1732. - -[Illustration: - - _S. Wale delin._ _B. Green sculp._ - _Part of the Meuse and S^t. Martins Church._ -] - -There is something in this part of the intended building of the Mews -very noble, particularly the center, which is enriched with columns and -a pediment, and the continuity of the architecture preserved. The -smaller pediment and rustic arch under the cupolas or lanthorns are -properly subordinate, but set so close to the balustrade that its -intent, as a gallery, is thereby destroyed. In the view given in the -print scarce half the front is seen: and over some old houses you see -the beautiful steeple and part of the portico of St. Martin’s church, -which has the general fate of our public buildings, to be so incumbered -with houses as to have no place to view them to advantage. - -Upon viewing this edifice, it is impossible not to be offended at the -wretched buildings which form the other sides of the square. It is -indeed much to be wished that they were made to correspond with the main -building; this, if it were done, and a suitable regular entrance made -from Charing Cross, would make the royal stables one of the greatest -ornaments of this metropolis. Some of the finest horses in the kingdom, -both for the coach and saddle, may here be seen. - - -MEWS, Devonshire square, Bishopsgate street. - - -_St._ MICHAEL’S _alley_, by the side of St. Michael’s church, Cornhill. - - -_St._ MICHAEL BASSISHAW, a church on the west side of Basinghall street, -so denominated from its dedication to St. Michael the Archangel, and its -situation near _Basing’s haw_ or hall. A church dedicated to the same -patron has stood here from about the year 1140, but the last edifice -being destroyed by the fire of London, the present structure was erected -in its place. _Newc. Rep. Eccles._ - -The walls are strengthened with rustic work at the corners, and the body -well enlightened by a single series of large windows; at the east end, -where the top is terminated by an arch, the light is given by three -windows, one of them tall and upright, the two others circular. The -steeple is a tower crowned with a turret, from which rises a kind of -spire. - -The patronage of this rectory appears to have been anciently in the -Bishop of London; after which it fell into lay hands; but at last came -to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s, where it has ever since -continued, but is subject to the Archdeacon. The Rector receives 132l. -11s. _per annum_ in lieu of tithes. - - -_St._ MICHAEL’S, an ancient parochial chapel, which stood at the end of -Leadenhall street, where is now the row of houses fronting Aldgate; and -the remains of this chapel are still to be seen under the corner house -of Leadenhall street. They extend thirty-six feet from north to south, -and sixteen from east to west, and there is still standing the Gothic -arched roof, which is supported by handsome pillars; the whole built -with square brick, chalk, and stone. _Maitland._ - - -_St._ MICHAEL’S CORNHILL, on the east side of St. Michael’s alley. We -find that a church was situated here, dedicated to the same holy angel, -so early as before the year 1133; but the last edifice being destroyed -with the other public buildings by the fire of London, the present -Gothic structure was raised in its stead. _Stowe._ - -The body is seventy feet long and sixty broad, the height to the roof is -thirty-five feet, and that of the tower an hundred and thirty feet. The -lower part of the tower occupies the center, and on each side there is a -regular extent of building. The principal door opens in the lower stage -of the tower, which rises with angulated corners from the ground, -forming a kind of base, terminated at the height of the body of the -church. The second stage, which is plain and lofty, has two tall -windows, one over the other, properly shaped for the style of the -building; this is terminated with a truly Gothic cornice. The third -stage is exactly in the form of the two others, only they are plain, and -this is covered with ornaments, the angulated corners are fluted, and -terminated by cherubims heads under a cornice: the plain face between -has four windows in two series. Above the cornice, over the uppermost of -these windows, runs a battlement on the plain faces of the tower, and -from the corners are carried up four beautiful fluted turrets, cased a -part of their height with Doric turrets; these terminate in pinacle -heads, from within which rises a spire at each corner crowned with a -fane. The author of the _Critical Review of the public buildings_ -observes, that this Gothic tower is very magnificent, and justly -deserves to be esteemed the finest thing of that sort in London. - -The advowson of this church was anciently in the Abbot and Canons of -Evesham; but in 1503 they conveyed it to the Drapers company, who -settled upon that convent a perpetual annuity of 5l. 6s. 8d. and that -company have been its patrons ever since. The Rector, instead of -uncertain tithes, has by act of Parliament a settled stipend of 140l. a -year. - - -_St._ MICHAEL’S CROOKED LANE, on the east side of St. Michael’s lane, in -Candlewick ward, receives its additional epithet from its vicinity to -Crooked lane. A church dedicated to St. Michael stood in the same place -before the year 1304; but suffering by the fire of London in 1666 was -soon after rebuilt. - -It is a plain Structure built with stone, and enlightened by a series of -large arched windows. The tower, which is at the west end, is carried -square to a considerable height, and the uppermost window in the center -of each face, is ornamented with a head, and handsome festoons. From -hence, instead of a balustrade, is a range of open work of the Gothic -kind, with vases at the corners. From within this part, the tower rises -circular, diminishing in three stages, with an open buttress rising from -each corner of the square tower, to the top of the first stage; from -this buttress rises a large scroll to the top of the second, and a -smaller to the top of the third stage, above which rises a kind of short -round spire of a peculiar kind, it swelling out at the bottom, and then -rounding off, rises to a small height, where it is terminated by a gilt -ball and fane. - -The patronage of this church was anciently in the Prior and Convent of -Canterbury, in whom it continued till the year 1408, since which time it -has been in the Archbishops of that see, and is one of the thirteen -peculiars in this city belonging to Canterbury. The Rector, in -conformity to an act of Parliament granted in the reign of King Charles -II. receives, besides his other profits, 100l. _per annum_ in lieu of -tithes. - -Among the several monuments in this church, is that of Sir William -Walworth who slew Wat Tyler. See the article LONDON. The inscription, as -given by Mr. Weaver, in his Funeral Monuments, is as follows: - - Here under lyth a man of fame, - William Walworth callyd by name; - Fishmonger he was in life time here, - And twise Lord Mayor, as in bookes appere; - Who with courage stout and manly might, - Slew Wat Tyler in King Richard’s sight; - For which act done, and trew intent, - The King made him Knight incontinent: - And gave him armes, as here may see, - To declare his fact and chivalrie. - He left this life the yere of our God - Thirteene hundryd fourscore and three od. - -Here is also a monument erected to the honour of Queen Elizabeth; and -the following very concise inscription on the tomb of William Wray. - - Here lyeth, wrapt in clay, - The body of William Wray, - I have no more to say. - - -_St._ MICHAEL’S _lane_, in Great Eastcheap, by the above church. - - -_St._ MICHAEL’S QUEENHITHE, situated on the north side of Thames street, -in the ward of Queenhithe, opposite to the great wharf and buildings of -that name, was about the year 1181, denominated St. Michael de -Cornhithe, which may lead us to the origin of the name by which we at -present call that wharf, and this church from its situation near it; as -the quantities of corn brought thither down the Thames might occasion -the original name, and Queenhithe be only a corrupt way of speaking it. - -The old church being consumed by the dreadful fire in 1666, the present -structure was erected in its room. It consists of a well-proportioned -body, enlightened by two series of windows, the first a range of tall -arched ones, and over these a range of large porthole windows, above -which are cherubims heads, and underneath festoons, that adorn the lower -part, and fall between the tops of the under series. The tower is plain -but well-proportioned, and is terminated by a spire crowned with a fane -in the form of a little ship. - -This church has all along been in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of -St. Paul’s, and is subject to the Archdeacon. On its being rebuilt the -parish of the Trinity was united to it, by which the Rector’s fees were -considerably augmented, who, besides his other advantages, receives -160l. _per annum_, in lieu of tithes. - - -_St._ MICHAEL QUERNE, a church which stood at the west end of Cheapside, -between Blowbladder street and Pater noster row, and had a narrow -passage at the west end. We have an account of this edifice so early as -the year 1181, when it appears to have been only a chapel, since the -first Rector was buried in it in 1461. in old records it is called _St. -Michael ad Bladum_; that is, _At the Corn_, which was corrupted to -Querne. It was also sometimes denominated _St. Michael de Macello_, from -its vicinity to the flesh market. - -This ancient edifice being burnt by the fire of London, the place on -which it stood was, by act of Parliament, laid into the street, in order -to enlarge it, and the parish united to the church of St. Vedast, in -Foster lane. _Stowe’s Survey._ _Newc. Rep. Eccles._ - - -_St._ MICHAEL ROYAL, on the east side of College hill, in Vintry ward, -is thus denominated from its being anciently near the Tower Royal. This -was a parish church before the year 1285, when it was under the -patronage of the Prior and Canons of Canterbury, in whom it continued -till it was converted into a college by Sir Richard Whittington, mercer, -four times Lord Mayor, who rebuilt the church; but even then the monks -of Canterbury so far continued its patrons, as to present a person -nominated by the Master and Wardens of the Mercers company. This church -being consumed with the other public buildings by the fire of London, -the present structure was erected in its room, and the parish of St. -Martin Vintry united to it. _Newc. Rep. Eccles._ _Stowe’s Survey._ - -This structure is a plain, decent, and substantial stone building, -enlightened by a single series of large arched windows, placed so high -that the doors open under the level of their bottoms. The tower consists -of three stages, and at the top is surrounded with carved open work -instead of a balustrade: from hence rises a light and elegant turret -adorned with Ionic columns, and ending in a fine diminution, which -supports the fane. - -This church is one of the thirteen peculiars belonging to the Archbishop -of Canterbury, and the Rector, besides his other profits, receives 140l. -a year in lieu of tithes. Among the several monumental inscriptions, was -one in memory of the above Sir Richard Whittington. - - -_St._ MICHAEL’S WOOD STREET, is seated on the west side of Wood street, -in Cripplegate ward. An old church, dedicated to the same patron, stood -there in the year 1392, and probably another succeeded it towards the -close of the fifteenth century; however, in 1666 the church then -standing was destroyed by the fire of London, and the present structure, -which rose in its place, was finished a few years after, and the Parish -of St. Mary Staining united to it. - -As the east end of this edifice is the most conspicuous part, it is -ornamented with four Ionic columns raised upon a continued pedestal, -with arches between, and supporting a handsome pediment, in the middle -of which is a circular window. Between the columns are three upright -arched windows, that fill the whole space. The rest of the body is -plain, and the windows are raised so high that the doors open under -them. - -The tower consists of three plain stages with large windows, from the -uppermost of which rises a small square course, the foundation of the -base of the turret. This base is cut away from the breadth of the tower -gradually to the diameter of the turret, which is plain, but handsome; -and from its top rises a ball that supports the fane. - -The patronage of this church was in the Abbot and Convent of St. Alban’s -till the suppression of that monastery, when Henry VIII. sold it to -William Barwell, who in the year 1588, conveyed it to several persons in -trust for the parish, in which it still continues. The Rector, besides -his other profits, receives 100l. a year in lieu of tithes. - - -MIDDLE _court_, 1. Bernard’s Inn, Holborn. 2. Clement’s Inn. - - -MIDDLE _row_, 1. St. Giles’s. 2. Goswell street. 3. Holborn. 4. Gray’s -Inn lane. - - -MIDDLE SCOTLAND _yard_, Whitehall. - - -MIDDLE SHADWELL, near Shadwell market. - - -MIDDLE SHADWELL _lane_, Middle Shadwell. - - -MIDDLE _Street_, 1. Cloth Fair. 2. Horselydown. - - -MIDDLE TEMPLE, Fleet street. See the article TEMPLE. - - -MIDDLE TEMPLE _lane_, a lane that leads from Fleet street to the Middle -Temple. - - -MIDDLE TURNING _lane_, Shadwell. - - -MIDDLESEX _court_, 1. Drury lane. 2. Little Bartholomew close. - - -MIDDLESEX HOSPITAL, for the reception of the sick and the lame, and for -lying-in married women, in Marybon Fields near Oxford road. This is a -neat, plain, and not inelegant brick building: it has the decent -appearance and all the accommodations one would wish in a house devoted -to charity, without that ostentatious magnificence which too often in a -great measure defeats the humane and noble end of such pious and -charitable institutions, where those sums are squandered away in useless -decorations, that ought to be employed in administering health to the -sick, and giving feet to the lame. - -Nature and religion patronize every instance of distress, but most -powerfully befriend that deepest of all distresses, sickness in poverty. -Sickness itself will excite compassion, though alleviated by every -comfort and advantage of wealth. How much stronger a sympathy must then -arise at the sight or idea of sickness imbittered by poverty! or -considered in another view, of poverty disabled by sickness! Most men -are inclined, but very few, in comparison, have the power to relieve it. -Public contributions, therefore, seemed the most likely to effect what -the private bounty of individuals could not. This gave rise, in the -present charitable age, to infirmaries, and in particular to this, which -has the merit and the honour of being the first hospital in this kingdom -for lying-in women; and of setting an example which has been so happily -followed. - -The charitable designs of this hospital were carried on for several -years in two convenient houses adjoining to each other, in Windmill -street, Tottenham court road, where the first institution in August -1745, was intended only for the relief of the indigent sick and lame: -but in July 1747, the Governors willing to render it more worthy of the -notice of the public, extended their plan to the relief of the pregnant -wives of the industrious poor: when the great increase of patients, -occasioned by the reputation of this twofold charity, soon obliged the -Governors to think of enlarging their edifice, as well as their plan; -and the kind benevolence of the public by donations, legacies, &c. -enabled them in 1755, to erect a much larger and more convenient -building in Marybon Fields, wherein the apartments for the reception of -the lying-in women are in a separate part of the building, remote from -the sick and lame; and that ladies may visit the lying-in patients, -without being incommoded by the sick and lame, different stair-cases -lead to each, the lying-in wards having no communication with the sick -and lame. - -The qualification of a Governor of this charity is an annual -subscription of three guineas; which also intitles the subscriber to -recommend, and have in the house at one time, either one sick or lame -patient, or one lying-in woman, and to recommend out-patients, A -subscription of five guineas _per annum_ intitles the subscriber to -recommend one sick or lame in-patient, out-patients, and one lying-in -woman. A subscription of thirty guineas at one payment, constitutes the -subscriber a Governor for life, with the last mentioned privileges. -Contributions of lesser sums than three guineas _per annum_ are -thankfully received, and intitle the contributors to recommend one sick -or lame in-patient, and one out-patient at the same time. - -A committee of the Governors (appointed quarterly) meet at the hospital -every Tuesday, at ten of the clock, to receive and discharge patients, -and to transact the other necessary business of the house; where every -Governor, though not of the committee, has a right to be present, and -his attendance is received as a favour. A report of their proceedings is -made to the general court held every quarter, when the resolutions of -this committee are approved or rejected. - -The patients are attended without fee or reward by three eminent -Physicians, a Man-midwife, three Surgeons, and a reverend Divine. - -The Physicians visit the patients every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, -and on intermediate days, when particular cases require it. The Surgeons -attend every day. - -Patients are admitted on a letter of recommendation from a Governor or -Contributor, who may recommend in-patients, and have out-patients on the -books, according to the regulation abovementioned: and when in-patients -are recommended, and there is not room in the house to receive them, -they are put on the list to be admitted on the first vacancy, and in the -mean time are prescribed for as out-patients. - -No security is required for burials. - -All accidents are admitted without recommendation. - -Tuesday being the day appointed for the admission of patients, they are -expected to be at the hospital, with their recommendations, at ten of -the clock. - -The Physicians and Surgeons meet every Saturday at twelve of the clock, -at the hospital, where they give advice _gratis_ to all such diseased -poor who shall come, though unrecommended, and require it. - -Married women only are admitted (in the last month of their pregnancy) -after they have been examined by the weekly board, and on their -producing an affidavit made before a Justice of the peace, of the time -and place of their marriage, and of the settlement of the husband, with -the manner the said settlement was obtained, whether by birth, -servitude, or otherwise. And that this useful branch of the charity, the -midwifery ward, may be made every way beneficial, and not liable to any -objection, no pupils will be admitted; the whole being under the -direction of Dr. Brudenell Exton, Physician and Man-midwife: and no -woman whatsoever, who has been able to prove her marriage, and her -husband’s settlement, so as to avoid burthening the parish wherein the -hospital stands, has been refused admittance. - -The number of beds at present are sixty-four. - -The patients admitted from the first institution of this hospital, in -August 1745, to the 1st of June 1758, are as follow: - - In-patients, sick and lame 1829 - Out-patients 11785 - Lying-in women 1425 - ————— - 15039 - -The servants of the house are forbid to take any gratuity of the -patients or their friends, on any pretence whatsoever, on pain of -expulsion. - -Such persons who are inclined to favour this charitable design, are -desired to send their subscriptions, with their names and places of -abode, to the Treasurers, at the weekly committee, held every Tuesday in -the forenoon at the hospital; and in order to supply the current expence -of this charity, the subscribers are requested to continue to pay their -yearly subscriptions in advance. - -Subscriptions and benefactions are likewise taken in at Messrs. -Honywood, Fuller, and Co. bankers in Birchin lane; and at Mr. Gislingham -Cooper’s, banker in the Strand. _From the account published by the -Society in June 1758._ - -The reader may find the other hospitals for lying-in women, founded -after the example set by this excellent charity, under the articles -LONDON LYING-IN HOSPITAL, LYING-IN HOSPITAL in Brownlow street, and -LYING-IN HOSPITAL in Duke street. - - -MIDDLESEX _row_, St. Giles’s Broadway. - - -MIDLEY’S _wharf_, Ratcliff.† - - -MILBORNE’S _Almshouse_, on the west side of Woodrof lane, Crutched -Friars, was erected by Sir John Milborne in the year 1535, for the -reception of thirteen poor members of the Drapers company, whom he -allowed 7d. _per_ week, which was at that time a sufficient support. In -the front of the building is the following inscription: - - _Ad laudem_ Dei, _& gloriosæ_ Virginis Mariæ, _hoc opus erexit - Dominus_ Johannes Milborne, _Miles & Alderman. bujus civitatis, A. - D. 1535_. - - That is, - - ‘To the praise of God, and the glory of the Virgin, this edifice was - erected by John Milborne, Mayor of this city in the year 1535.’ - -The Drapers company, to whom the management of this almshouse was -intrusted, have not only increased the number of the pensioners to -fifteen; but have doubled their pensions, with a load of coals, and -twenty or more shillings annually, out of the money left to be -distributed by that company at discretion. - - -_St._ MILDRED’S BREAD STREET, a church situated on the east side of -Bread street, and in the ward of that name, is thus denominated from its -being dedicated to St. Mildred, a Saxon lady, the daughter of Merwaldus, -brother to Penda King of the Mercians. This Princess despising the -gaieties of a court, retired to a convent at Hale in France, whence -returning to England, accompanied by seventy virgins, she was -consecrated Abbess of a new monastery in the isle of Thanet, where she -died in the year 676. - -A church under the same tutelary name stood in that spot in the year -1333: but the last structure being destroyed by the fire of London, the -present edifice was created in its room in 1670. - -It consists of a spacious body, and a light tower divided into four -stages, whence rises a tall spire. - -The advowson of this church was anciently in the Prior and Canons of St. -Mary Overie’s, but it afterwards came to Sir Nicholas Crispe, in whose -family it may perhaps still remain. On the present edifice being built, -the parish of St. Margaret Moses was annexed to it. The Rector, besides -his other profits, receives 130l. _per annum_ in lieu of tithes. - - -_St._ MILDRED’S POULTRY, at the corner of Scalding alley, in Cheap ward. -A church of the same name stood in this place before the year 1325; but -the last edifice sharing the fate of most of the other public buildings -at the fire of London, this was built in its room. - -It is a plain, substantial stone building, enlightened by a series of -large windows, and strengthened with rustic at the corners. The tower is -crowned with a plain course, without either pinacles, turret, or any -other ornament. - -The patronage of this church was in the Prior and Canons of St. Mary -Overie’s in Southwark, till their suppression; and it has ever since -been in the King’s gift. After its being rebuilt, the parish of St. Mary -Cole was annexed to it, by which the profits of the Rector were -considerably increased. Besides his other profits, he receives 170l. a -year in lieu of tithes. - - -MILE END, so called from its being a mile from Aldgate, is situated near -Stepney, in the road to Bow. Here anciently stood a Lazaretto, or -hospital of lepers, denominated the house of our Saviour Jesus Christ, -and Mary Magdalene, to whom Edward VI. granted letters patent, allowing -them to beg for their support. - - -MILE END GREEN, Stepney. - - -MILE END OLD TOWN, near Stepney. - - -MILE’S _lane_, 1. By Crooked lane. † 2. New Fish street.† - - -MILE’S _rents_, 1. Dog lane, Barnaby street. † 2. Powell’s alley, Beech -lane, Whitecross street.† - - -MILFORD _lane_, extends from the Strand to the Thames.† - - -MILFORD _stairs_, at the bottom of Milford lane. † - - -MILITARY _mews_, Prince’s street, Soho. - - -MILK _alley_, 1. Dean street, Soho. 2. Long Ditch, Westminster. 3. Milk -yard, near Gravel lane. 4. Peter street, Clare market. 5. Wapping. 6. -Winchester yard, Winchester street. - - -MILK _street_, Cheapside; so called from a market for milk formerly kept -there. - - -MILK _yard_, 1. New Gravel lane, Shadwell. 2. Popping’s alley, Fleet -street. 3. Rag Fair, Rosemary lane. - - -MILLBANK, Westminster horse ferry. - - -MILLER’S _court_, Aldermanbury.† - - -MILL _lane_, Tooley street. - - -MILLMAN’S _street_, near Red Lion street, Holborn.† - - -MILLPOND BRIDGE, Rotherhith. - - -MILLPOND BRIDGE _lane_, Rotherhith. - - -MILLPOND _row_, Rotherhith. - - -MILL _street_, 1. Conduit street. 2. Rotherhith wall. 3. St. Saviour’s -dock. - - -MILL _yard_, runs from Rosemary lane into Goodman’s fields. - - -MILLS’S _yard_, Rotherhith wall.† - - -MILXAN’S _wharf_, Durham yard.† - - -MIMS, there are two villages of this name; North Mims, situated in -Hertfordshire, on the east side of Colney, and two miles from Hatfield. -In its neighbourhood is the seat of the late Sir Joseph Jekyll, Master -of the Rolls, in right of his Lady, who was heir to her late brother the -great Lord Somers. It has a most delightful prospect. The body of that -Nobleman lies interred in the chancel of the church, without any -inscription. This seat now belongs to the Duke of Leeds, who is Lord of -the manor. - -South Mims is situated two miles from the former, in the most northern -corner of Middlesex. Here is an almshouse built and endowed for six poor -people, by James Hickson, Esq; who died in 1689, when he gave by his -will to fifteen poor people of this parish two shifts, one pair of hose, -and a pair of shoes annually; for the payment of these, and other -benefactions, he left several estates in this parish to the Brewers -company in London. - - -MINCING _lane_, on the south side of Fenchurch street, extends to Tower -street, is well built, and chiefly inhabited by merchants. - - -MINE AND BATTERY WORKS COMPANY, for the discovery of mines and minerals. -In order to give a just idea of the origin of this and the following -company, it is necessary to observe, that the English, in the reign of -Queen Elizabeth, being but little acquainted with the manner of working -and discovering mines, she, by the advice of her Council, sent for -several Germans, well skilled both in these works, and in smelting and -refining of minerals; who on their arrival were no sooner naturalized, -than they obtained a licence to search for mines. - -Among these, that Princess in the year 1565, impowered William Humfreys -and Christopher Schutz a German, to search for all mines, minerals, and -subterraneous treasure, except allum and copperas, in the several -royalties throughout England, exclusive of the following eight counties, -York, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Cornwall, Lancashire, Devon, Gloucester, -and the principality of Wales, for their sole use and profit; her -Majesty only reserving to herself a tenth part of all gold, silver, and -quicksilver ores, and the pre-emption of refined gold and silver, the -former at 8d. and the latter at 1d. _per_ ounce lower than the current -price of those metals; and 6d. for every hundred weight of copper. - -Afterwards her Majesty, in the year 1568, incorporated this society by -the name of, _The Governors, Assistants, and Society of the Mineral and -Battery Works_. The number of shares belonging to this company at first -amounted to thirty-six; which being divided into half and quarter parts, -they are at present increased to an hundred and forty four. - - -MINES ROYAL COMPANY. This society owed its origin to the same cause as -the former, and was founded a year before it: for in 1564 Queen -Elizabeth, by her letters patent granted to Thomas Thurland and Daniel -Houghsetter, and their heirs for ever, impowered them to search for -mines of gold, silver, copper, and quicksilver, in the several royalties -in the counties of York, Lancashire, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Cornwall, -Devon, Gloucester, Worcester, and the principality of Wales, to be held -of the crown upon the same terms as those abovementioned, with respect -to the Mine and Battery Works company. - -At length Thurland and Houghsetter having in virtue of the powers -granted them, sold several parts or shares of their said privileges, -they, with the purchasers, were, by letters patent, dated the 22d of May -1568, incorporated by the stile of, _The Governors, Assistants, and -Commonalty of the Mines Royal_. The shares of this company at first -consisted of twenty-four; but they have since been increased to -ninety-six. _Sir John Pettus’s Fodinæ Regale._ - - -MINORIES. This street extends from Aldgate street to Tower hill. The -middle part of the east side is called the Little Minories; this part is -railed in, and is out of the liberties of the city. Here anciently stood -an abbey of nuns of the order of St. Clare, called the Minoresses; -whence the street obtained the name of the Minories. See the article -TRINITY _in the Minories_. - - -MINT, an office kept in the Tower for coining money. Before the Norman -conquest the Kings of England set apart certain monasteries for mints; -presuming that the coinage would in those places be best secured from -frauds and corruption. Edward I. however ordered a mint of thirty -furnaces to be erected in the Tower of London, and others in Canterbury, -Kingston upon Hull, Newcastle upon Tyne, Bristol and Exeter. From that -time the mint was kept sometimes in one place, and sometimes in another, -according to the will and pleasure of the Prince, who, for a sum of -money, was frequently prevailed upon to grant the privilege of coining -to some Nobleman, Bishop, or Corporation; which being attended with many -inconveniencies to the public, Queen Elizabeth, in the beginning of her -reign, endeavoured to rectify those abuses, by confining the mint to the -Tower of London, which has ever since been appropriated to the coinage -of money, except when King Charles I. by the confusion of the times, was -obliged to erect new mints at Oxford, York, and Newark upon Trent, where -being with his army, he was reduced to the necessity of coining money to -supply his present wants: and when King William III. having called in -all the base and clipped money, for the sake of expedition, and for the -service of distant parts of the nation, was obliged to erect mints at -Bristol, Exeter, York and Winchester. - -The mint office is on the left hand on entering into the Tower, and at a -small distance from the gate. There is no possibility of describing the -particular processes that the different metals undergo before they -receive the impression. - -The manner of stamping is all you are permitted to see, and this is done -with surprizing expedition, by means of an engine, worked sometimes by -three, and sometimes by four men. The manner of making the impression on -gold, silver, and copper, is exactly the same, only a little more care -is necessary in the one, than in the other, to prevent waste. - -This engine, which makes the impression on both sides of a piece of -money, in the same moment, works by a worm-screw terminating in a -spindle; just in the same manner as the letter press for printing books. -To the point of this spindle the head of the die is fastened by a small -screw, and in a little sort of a cup directly underneath it, is placed -the reverse. Between these the piece of metal already cut round, or cast -to the size, and if gold, exactly weighed, is placed; and by once -pulling down the spindle with a jerk, is completely stamped. The whole -process is performed with amazing dexterity; for as fast as the men who -work the engine can turn the spindle, so fast does another twitch out -with his middle finger that which was stamped, while with his finger and -thumb he places another that is unstamped. The silver and gold thus -stamped, are delivered to be milled round the edges, the manner of -performing which is a secret never shewn to any body. - -The mint is managed by several officers formed into a corporation. These -are a Warden, a Master and Worker, a Comptroller, the King’s Assay -Master, the chief Engraver, the Surveyor of the meltings, a Clerk of the -irons, a Weigher and Teller, a Provost, Melters, Blanchers, Moneyers, -&c. - -The Warden receives the silver, &c. from the goldsmiths, pays for it, -and oversees all that belong to his office. His salary amounts to 450l. -a year for himself and clerk. He has also another clerk who receives -100l. a year. - -The Master and Worker receives the silver, &c. from the Warden, orders -it to be melted, delivers it to the Moniers, and receives it back from -them again. His salary is 650l. a year for himself and three clerks. - -The Comptroller sees that the money be made of the just assize; oversees -the officers, and controlls them, if the money does not prove as it -ought. His salary for himself and clerk is 535l. _per annum_. - -The King’s Assay Master, takes care that the bullion is according to -standard. He has a salary of 225l. a year for himself and clerk: and the -Assistant Assay Master has 100l. _per annum_. - -The chief Engraver, engraves the stamps for the money. He has a salary -of 200l. a year, and his Assistant 80l. - -The Surveyor of the meltings, is to see the bullion cast out, and that -the metal be not altered after the Assay Master has made trial of it, -and it is delivered to the melter. - -The business of the Clerk of the irons, is to see that the working irons -are kept clean, and fit for the work. These two last offices are -frequently enjoyed by the same person, who has a salary of 130l. 10s. a -year. - -The Weigher weighs the bullion. - -The Teller counts the number of pieces. These two last offices are also -frequently enjoyed by the same person, who has a salary of 142l. 10s. a -year for himself and clerk. - -The Provost to the company of Moneyers, provides for all the Moneyers, -and oversees them. His salary is 100l. a year. - -The Moneyers cast the money, and sheer it; some beat it broad, others -round it, and others stamp or coin it. These have 40l. a year each. - -Besides these there are the King’s Clerk, and Clerk of the papers, who -has 100l. a year; a Surveyor of the money presses, who has 40l. a year; -and several deputies and clerks. - - -MINT, opposite the west end of St. George’s church, Southwark. Here -anciently stood a magnificent structure belonging to the Duke of -Suffolk, which coming to Henry VIII. he erected a mint in it, from which -that neighbourhood is still denominated. This place was for many years a -famous asylum for debtors, who fled thither with their effects, in order -to defraud their creditors: till this was carried to such a height, that -the Parliament found it necessary to take away the privilege of -sanctuary in order to destroy this nest of spoilers. - - -MINT _street_, extends west from the corner of Blackman street, opposite -St. George’s church, Southwark. - - -MINT _square_, in the Mint, Southwark. - - -MITCHELL’S _court_, 1. Milk street, Cheapside† 2. Mitchell street, Old -street.† - - -MITCHELL’S _street_, Brick lane, Old street.† - - -MITRE _court_, 1. Cheapside.* 2. Cornhill.* 3. Fenchurch street.* 4. -Fish street hill.* 5. Fleet street.* 6. Friday street.* 7. Gutter lane, -Cheapside.* 8. High street, Aldgate.* 9. St. John’s street, West -Smithfield.* 10. Milk street, Cheapside.* 11. St. Paul’s Church yard.* - - -MITRE _court buildings_, Inner Temple.* - - -MITRE _yard_, Shoemaker row, Aldgate.* - - -MOLDSTRAND DOCK _stairs_, Willow street, Bank side. - - -MOLIN’S _court_, Shoe lane, Fleet street.† - - -MONEYBAG _alley_, Blue Anchor yard, Rosemary lane. - - -MONEYBAG _yard_, Anchor alley. - - -MONEY _court_, Mile’s lane. - - -MONGER’S _Almshouse_, in Well street, Hackney, was founded by Henry -Monger, Esq; in the year 1699, for six poor old men, who are allowed -forty shillings _per annum_ each. _Maitland._ - - -MONKWELL _street_, Silver street, near Cripplegate. It took its name -from the monks lodging in it, and a well belonging to them. _Maitland._ - - -MONMOUTH _court_, 1. Hedge lane, Charing Cross. 2. High Holborn. 3. -Monmouth street, St. Giles’s. - - -MONMOUTH _street_, 1. Quaker street, Spitalfields. 2. Seven Dials. This -street is famous for the sale of old cloaths. 3. Shadwell market. 4. -Spitalfields. - - -MONTAGUE _alley_, Clare street, Clare market. - - -MONTAGUE _close_, in Southwark. - - -MONTAGUE _court_, 1. Bishopsgate street. 2. Little Britain. 3. Montague -street, Spitalfields. 4. Petticoat lane. - - -MONTAGUE HOUSE, in Great Russel street, a noble building, with a very -spacious court yard before it. His Grace the late Duke of Montague -having built another house in the Privy Garden at Whitehall, this -edifice was let for the use of the King’s great wardrobe, and is since -purchased by authority of Parliament, to be a repository for the Cotton -library, and for the natural and artificial curiosities, medals, coins, -printed books, and manuscripts, bought by the public of the executors of -the late Sir Hans Sloane, the late Lord Oxford, &c. _Stowe’s Survey, -last edition._ See the article BRITISH MUSEUM. - - -MONTAGUE _street_, Brick lane, Spitalfields. - - -MONTH’S _alley_, St. Catharine’s lane. - - - - - _The End of the_ FOURTH VOLUME. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. P. 112, changed “pent-houses” to “pest-houses”. - 2. P. 310, changed “Town Clerk, &c. their several coaches” to “Town - Clerk, &c. in their several coaches”. - 3. All spelling errors were left uncorrected. - 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - 5. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: London and Its Environs Described, Vol. 4 (of 6) - Containing an Account of whatever is most remarkable for - Grandeur, Elegance, Curiosity or Use - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: January 7, 2020 [EBook #61127] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS, VOL 4 *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='tnotes covernote'> - -<p class='c000'><b>Transcriber’s Note:</b></p> - -<p class='c000'>The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> - -</div> - -<div class='section ph1'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>LONDON</div> - <div><span class='large'>AND ITS</span></div> - <div><span class='xlarge'>ENVIRONS</span></div> - <div><span class='large'>DESCRIBED.</span></div> - <div><span class='large'>VOL. IV.</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='titlepage'> - -<div> - <h1 class='c002'>LONDON<br /> <span class='c003'>AND ITS</span><br /> ENVIRONS<br /> <span class='xlarge'>DESCRIBED.</span><br /> <br /> <span class='small'>CONTAINING</span><br /> <br /> <span class='c003'>An Account of whatever is most remarkable for <span class='sc'>Grandeur</span>, <span class='sc'>Elegance</span>, <span class='sc'>Curiosity</span> or <span class='sc'>Use</span>,</span><br /> <br /> <span class='large'>In the <span class='sc'>City</span> and in the <span class='sc'>Country</span> Twenty Miles round it.</span><br /> <br /> <span class='small'>COMPREHENDING ALSO</span><br /> <br /> <span class='c003'>Whatever is most material in the History and Antiquities of this great Metropolis.<br /> <br /> Decorated and illustrated with a great Number of Views in Perspective, engraved from original Drawings, taken on purpose for this Work.</span><br /> <br /> <span class='large'>Together with a <span class='sc'>Plan</span> of LONDON, A Map of the <span class='sc'>Environs</span>, and several other useful <span class='sc'>Cuts</span>.<br /> <br /> VOL. IV.</span></h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div>LONDON:</div> - <div>Printed by R. and J. <span class='sc'>Dodsley</span> in Pall-Mall.</div> - <div class='c005'>M DCC LXI.</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='click'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div>[Click anywhere on map for high resolution image.]</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<a href='images/i006full.jpg'><img src='images/i006.jpg' alt='A New and Correct PLAN of LONDON, WESTMINSTER and SOUTHWARK, _with several Additional Improvements, not in any former Survey._' class='ig001' /></a> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c006'>LONDON<br /> <span class='large'>AND ITS</span><br /> ENVIRONS<br /> <span class='large'>DESCRIBED, &c.</span></h2> -</div> -<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c007'><span class='sc'>London</span>, the metropolis of Great -Britain, and one of the largest and -richest cities upon earth, is of such antiquity -that it is impossible to give any certain -account of its origin. It probably existed in -the time of the ancient Britons, before the -art of writing was brought into England, -and when there were no other monuments -of ancient facts, than what were -found in the songs of the bards, which -were preserved only by memory.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It would be ridiculous therefore to lay -any stress on the fabulous tales of Geffry -of Monmouth, who pretends that it was -founded by Brutus, the second nephew -of the famous Æneas, and called <em>Trinovantum</em>, -or New Troy, and that it was -at length walled by King Lud, when -it obtained the name of <em>Caer Lud</em>, or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span><em>Lud’s Town</em>. Upon which suppositions -some of our later historians have had the -weakness to compute, that it had its origin -1107 years before the birth of Christ; -600 years before the fall of the Assyrian -empire by the death of Belshazzar, and -350 before the building of Rome.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But to leave these fabulous tales. Camden -supposes that this city derived the -name of London from the British words -<em>Llhwn</em> a wood, and <em>Dinas</em> a town; by -which etymology of the word, London signifies -<em>a town in a wood</em>: this exactly -agrees with the manner in which the Britons -formed their towns, by building them -in the midst of woods, and fencing them -with trees cut down: but lest this derivation -should not please, the same learned -writer gives another, from the British -word <em>Lhong</em>, a ship, and <em>Dinas</em> a city, -and then the word London will signify -a city or harbour for ships: and indeed -it has been supposed by many learned authors, -that before Cæsar’s time London -was the ancient emporium or mart of the -British trade with the Phœnicians, Greeks -and Gauls.</p> - -<p class='c008'>London had however no buildings either -of brick or stone, till it was inhabited -by the Romans; for the dwellings -of the Britons were only huts formed of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>twigs wattled together; however, Tacitus -observes, that in the year 26, Londinum -was very famous for the multitude of its -merchants, and the greatness of its traffic; -but soon after Suetonius abandoned the -city to the fury of Boadicea, because it was -too large to be defended by his little army -of 10,000 Romans, which is certainly a -proof of its being even then of a considerable -extent. That British Princess however -burnt this great city, and put all the -inhabitants to the sword.</p> - -<p class='c008'>London soon recovered from this dreadful -catastrophe, and in a few years increased -so much in the number of its inhabitants, -its trade and buildings, that -<em>Herodian</em>, in the life of the Emperor Severus, -calls it a great and wealthy city, -and about this time it changed the name -of <em>Londinum</em>, for that of <em>Augusta</em>; probably -from its being the capital of the -British dominions, and was made a prefecture -by the Romans, in imitation of -Rome itself: but it soon after changed -the name of Augusta for that of <em>Caer-Llundain</em>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It will not be improper here to observe, -that a dispute has arisen about the situation -of this city in these early times; the -Rev. and learned Dr. Gale, Dean of York, -and Mr. Salmon, having offered many -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>arguments to prove that it was a Roman -station erected in St. George’s Fields, to -secure their conquests on that side the -river, before they reduced the Trinobantines; -particularly from the great quantities -of Roman antiquities found in St. -George’s Fields; from the name of Cyningston, -or Kennington, which Dr. Gale -supposes was an ancient town and castle -belonging to the Kings of England, and -therefore probably a Roman station, because -the Saxons generally used to settle -in such places; and from the authority of -Ptolemy, who has placed London on the -south side of the Thames. In answer to -these arguments, it has been very justly -observed by Mr. Maitland, that the Romans -were too wise to make use of so -noisome and unhealthful a place for a station, -as St. George’s Fields then was, -from their being overflowed by every -spring tide; as they must have been before -the river was confined by artificial -banks, and before the building of London -bridge, where, upon an ordinary -spring tide, the water rises upwards of -nineteen inches higher on the east side -than on the west: that, if the antiquities -discovered are any proof, above twenty -times the quantity of Roman antiquities -have been found on the north side of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>the river. With respect to the argument -produced from the name of Kennington, -the learned Mr. Woodward observes, that -the Kings of England were, from our oldest -notices of things, intitled to all such -lands as were gained from the sea, or from -such rivers as ebbed and flowed; and that -with respect to the authority of Ptolemy, -he had not only misplaced several other -towns in Britain, but in countries much -nearer to him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The time when the city wall was first -erected, is very uncertain, some authors -ascribing this work to Constantine the -Great, and others to his mother Helena; -but Mr. Maitland brings several arguments -to prove, that it was erected by Valentinian, -about the year 368, and that it -entirely surrounded the city, to secure it -from being invaded by water as well as -by land.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This wall was composed alternately -of layers of flat Roman brick, and rag -stones, and had many lofty towers. Those -on the land side were fifteen in number. -The remains of one of these is still to -be seen in Shoemaker row, fronting the -passage into Duke’s Place; and there is -another a little nearer Aldgate, twenty-one -feet high. From the remains of the -Roman work in the city wall, Mr. Maitland -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>supposes, that, at the time of its -erection, it was twenty-two feet in height, -and that of the towers about forty feet. -See <span class='sc'>London Wall</span>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>During the Saxon heptarchy, London -was the metropolis of the kingdom of -the East Saxons, and was then, as we are -told by Bede, a princely mart-town, governed -by a magistrate called a Portreve, -that is, a governor or guardian of a port. -We find this city then first called London-Byrig, -which they soon after changed into -Lunden-Ceaster, Lunden-Wye, Lundenne, -Lunden-Berk, or Lunden-Burgh. -At length Augustine the Monk, having -introduced christianity into England, in -the year 400, he was made Archbishop -of Canterbury, when he ordained Mellitus -bishop of the East Saxons, who had a -church erected for him in this city by -Ethelbert, King of Kent. Thus London -first became the seat of a bishop; but -this prelate was afterwards expelled, and -paganism again for some time publicly -established.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The history of the heptarchy is so very -defective, that no mention is made of this -city from the year 616, to that of 764. -After this last period we find that London -frequently suffered by fires, and was twice -plundered by the Danes; the last time -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>they transported an army in 350 ships -up the Thames, and landing near London, -soon reduced and plundered it; -when looking upon it as a convenient -fortress, whence they might at pleasure -invade the kingdom of Wessex, made it -a place of arms, and left in it a considerable -garrison; but the wise and brave -Alfred recovered the city, drove out the -invaders, and then not only repaired the -wall and towers, but embellished the city -with additional buildings. But we have no -account of the nature of the buildings or -the edifices erected, only that in the year -961, there were but few houses within -the city walls, and those irregularly dispersed; -most of them being without -Ludgate, so that Canterbury, York, and -other places, contained more houses than -London. The city having no bridge, -the citizens cross’d the Thames by means -of ferries.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But between the years 993, and 1016, -a wooden bridge was erected. This great -work was performed in the reign of Ethelred, -and in the last mentioned year, -Canute King of Denmark sailing up the -river, in order to plunder the city, and -finding that he could not pass the bridge -with his ships, caused a canal to be cut -through the marshes on the south side of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>the river, which probably began at the -place now called Dockhead, and extending -in a semicircle by Margaret’s Hill, entered -the Thames about St. Saviour’s -Dock, a little above the bridge. This -work being accomplished, Canute brought -his ships to the west of London bridge, -and attacked the city on all sides; however -the citizens exerting themselves with -extraordinary bravery, he was repulsed with -considerable loss, and obliged to raise the -siege. Yet he afterwards renewed it with -greater vigour than before, but with no -better success. At last a peace was concluded -between King Edmund and Canute, -by which the kingdom was divided -between them, when Mercia, of which -London was the capital, falling to Canute’s -share, the city submitted to him; -and Edmund dying a few months after, -Canute summoned a parliament to meet -in London, who chose that prince sole -monarch of England.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Canute now, resolving to win the hearts -of his new subjects, disbanded his army, -and threw himself entirely upon the affections -of the English, at which the -above parliament were so pleased, that -they granted him 83,000l. a prodigious -sum at that time! for, according to the -price of land and provisions then, it must -<span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span>have been equal to nine millions at present; -and of this immense sum, London -alone raised 11,000l. which is a convincing -proof of the opulence of the city, -since it must be possessed of above one seventh -part of the wealth of the whole -kingdom.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But we are not writing a history of England, -but of its capital, we shall therefore -pass over the following reigns, till we -come to the invasion of William the -Conqueror, who laid Southwark in ashes; -but the Londoners afterwards submitting -to him, he, in the year 1067, granted -them his first charter in their own language, -which consists of little more than -four lines, beautifully written in the -Saxon character on a slip of parchment, -six inches long, and one broad, and is -still preserved in the city archives.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In 1077 happened the greatest casual -fire, that till this time ever befel the city, -by which the greatest part of it was -laid in ashes; and about two years after, -the Conqueror beginning to suspect the -fidelity of his subjects, caused the present -square tower of London to be erected, -to keep them in awe. See the <span class='sc'>Tower -of London</span>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In this reign were several other dreadful -fires, and London bridge was in 1091 -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>carried away by a land flood; but a few -years after another wooden bridge was -built in its room. In 1099 a high flood -caused the Thames to overflow its banks, -by which a great number of villages were -laid under water, and many of their inhabitants -drowned: at this time part of -the lands belonging to Godwin Earl of -Kent, were swallowed up by the sea, and -are now denominated Goodwin’s Sands; -and this being a reign of prodigies, there -happened fifteen years after such a defect -of water in the river Thames, that numbers -of people crossed not only above and -below London bridge, but even through -some of the arches, without wetting their -feet.</p> - -<p class='c008'>We have already mentioned the first -charter granted by William the Conqueror -to the city; he afterwards granted -them another; but London obtained one -much more extensive from Henry I. by -which the citizens not only had their ancient -customs and immunities confirmed, -but the county of Middlesex added to -their jurisdiction, on paying the quit rent -of 300l. a year; with a power of appointing -not only a Sheriff but a Justiciary -from among themselves. This was granted -to prevent that county’s being any -longer an asylum for bankrupts, and fraudulent -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>persons, who having deserted London -with the goods and effects of their -creditors, lived there in open defiance of -those they had injured.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By this charter the citizens were allowed -the privilege of not being compelled -to plead without the walls of the city, -and excused from paying scot, lot, and -danegelt, duties payable to the King by -all his other subjects. The city was not -to be amerced for the escape of a murderer; -nor any citizen, when accused of -a crime, be obliged to vindicate his innocence -by a duel. They were exempted -from paying toll in fairs or markets in -any part of the kingdom; and if any was -exacted, they might make reprisals in -London, upon the inhabitants of the -town where it was exacted, &c.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Before the grant of this charter, London -seems to have been entirely subject -to the arbitrary will of the King. But -the liberties of the citizens being now -guarded by so strong a fence, they endeavoured -to secure their customs by converting -them into written laws; and the -several bodies professing the arts and mysteries -of trade and manufacture, which -had hitherto been kept up by prescription -only, were now strengthened by being -formed into established companies. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>King however reserved to himself the -power of appointing the Portreve, or -chief officer of the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Upon the death of Henry I. the citizens -assisted King Stephen in his endeavours -to obtain the crown, and in 1135 -received him into the city; but the next -year, a dreadful fire laid the greatest part -of the city in ashes; for according to -Mr. Stow, it began near London Stone, -and consumed all the buildings east to -Aldgate, and west to St. Erkenwald’s -shrine in St. Paul’s cathedral; both of -which it destroyed, together with London -bridge, which was then of wood.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1139, the citizens purchased -of King Stephen, for an hundred -marks of silver, the right of chusing their -own Sheriffs; but that prince being soon -after defeated and taken prisoner by the -Empress Matilda, the daughter of Henry I. -she resolved to be revenged on the -citizens, for the assistance they had given -to that usurper; and therefore, entering -into a convention with Geffrey, Earl of -Essex, she granted him all the possessions -and places which either his grandfather, -father, or himself had held of the crown, -among which were the sheriffwicks of -London and Middlesex: and also the -office of Judiciary of the city and county, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>so that no person could hold pleas in either, -without his permission. This compact -was executed with the greatest solemnity; -and thus the citizens were divested -of some of their most valuable privileges.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The citizens soon after humbly entreated -Matilda to re-establish the laws -of King Edward the Confessor, which -had been confirmed to them by the Conqueror’s -charter, and to ease them of -their insupportable taxes: but instead of -granting either of these requests, she, -with a disdainful countenance, told them, -that since they had assisted her enemy to -the utmost of their power, they were to -expect no favour from her.</p> - -<p class='c008'>From this haughty answer, they concluded -that they had no other treatment -to expect from this imperious Princess, -than that of slaves. To prevent this, it -was resolved, to seize her person; she -however escaped; but the populace -plundered her palace; after which Stephen -was restored, and she compelled to -fly the kingdom.</p> - -<p class='c008'>King Henry II. some years after, granted -the citizens a charter, by which he -confirmed their liberties and immunities.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The 2d of September 1189, the day -preceding the coronation of Richard I. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>surnamed Coeur de Lyon, was remarkable -for the dreadful massacre of the Jews -in this city. Intimation was given to -that people not to appear at the ceremony; -but many endeavouring to satisfy -their curiosity, by carrying presents to the -King, attempted to get into the abbey -church of St. Peter’s Westminster: but -being repulsed by his Majesty’s domestics, -a rumour spread among the populace, -that the King had given orders -for the entire destruction of that people. -Upon which the mob, barbarously falling -upon these poor defenceless wretches, -murdered all who fell in their way, and -then hastening to the city, with a more -than diabolical fury massacred all they -could find, and then plundered and burnt -their houses. However, the next day, -the wicked ringleaders of these horrid -barbarities were seized, and immediately -hanged.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1197, the citizens purchased -of King Richard a charter, for -15,000 marks, by which they were impowered -to remove all wears out of the -river Thames, and the King resigned -all his right to the annual duties arising -from them. This is the first charter from -which the city claims its jurisdiction and -conservacy of that river.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span>In the next reign the citizens obtained -several charters from King John, by -which this and all their other privileges -were confirmed: and in the year 1207, -Henry Fitz-Alwyn took the title of Mayor, -instead of Custos and Bailiff, under which -names he had held that dignity for twenty -years successively.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1211, the citizens, as an -additional security, began to encompass -the wall with a deep ditch 200 feet wide; -a work in which a vast number of hands -was employed. The same year London -bridge was consumed by a dreadful fire.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the beginning of the reign of King -Henry III. the city obtained from that -Prince five charters, on condition of paying -him a fifteenth of their personal estates, -by which all their former privileges were -confirmed, and some others added. But -these were only made to be broken; for -this perfidious Monarch frequently extorted -money from the citizens, and upon -the slightest pretences imprisoned the -Mayor and Sheriffs. He seized the charters -he had granted, and made the citizens -purchase new ones; and in the -whole of his behaviour acted like a sharper, -void of every principle of honour and -justice, or the least regard to his word, -his promises, or his oaths.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>In this reign the forest of Middlesex -being disforested, the citizens obtained an -opportunity of purchasing land, and building -houses upon it, by which the suburbs -of the city were greatly increased, and -soon enlarged to a considerable extent -without the walls, though all the ground -within them was far from being converted -into regular streets.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It will not be unentertaining if we give -a description of the city as it appeared -about this time. The houses were mostly -built of wood, and thatched with straw -or reeds, which was the occasion of very -frequent fires; and the city was supplied -with water by men who brought it in -carriages from the Thames, and from the -brooks which ran through many of the -principal streets. Thus the river of Wells, -so called from many springs or wells -uniting to supply its stream, arose in the -north west part of the city, and ran into -Fleet Ditch, at the bottom of Holborn -hill. This small river, or brook, supplied -several water mills, and at length from -thence obtained the name of Turnmill -Brook.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Olborn, or Holborn, which arose -where Middle row now stands, and flowed -down the hill, also fell into Fleet -Ditch; and a few houses on its banks -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>were called a village, and distinguished -by the name of this rivulet. While the -Fleet ran down Fleet street, and also fell -into Fleet Ditch.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Wall brook entered the city through the -wall between Bishopsgate and Moorgate, -and after many turnings emptied itself into -the Thames at Dowgate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The brook Langbourn rose near the -east end of Fenchurch street, where mixing -with the soil, it rendered it marshy; -but ran from thence with a swift current -to Sherborne lane, and then dividing into -several rills, was lost in the Wall brook on -Dowgate hill.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The springs from whence all these -streams arose were pretty numerous, and -several of them at their source formed -deep ponds; particularly there was a large -pond in Smithfield, supplied by its own -spring; and near Cripplegate a deep -and dangerous pool, formed by Crowder’s -Well.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At length the citizens being deprived -of their usual supplies of water from the -above brooks, by the encroachments of -buildings, and other ways, water was -brought from six springs in the town of -Tyburn, by a leaden pipe of a six-inch -bore, which was made to supply leaden -cisterns castellated with stone. The first -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>and largest of these conduits was erected -in West-cheap, in the year 1285, and afterwards -the number of these conduits -were increased to about twenty. Mr. Stow -informs us, that it was customary for the -Lord Mayor, accompanied by the Aldermen, -and principal citizens on horseback, -to visit the heads from whence the conduits -were supplied, on the 18th of September, -when they hunted a hare before dinner, -and a fox after it, in the fields beyond -St. Giles’s.</p> - -<p class='c008'>About this time the city was divided -into twenty four wards, under the government -of the Aldermen; and each ward -chose some of the inhabitants as Common -Council men, who were sworn into their -office; these were to be consulted by the -Aldermen, and their advice followed, in -all public affairs relating to the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The above regulation was made in the -reign of King Edward I. who also granted -the citizens a charter, by which he confirmed -all their ancient privileges. Some -years before their receiving this favour, -the Lord Treasurer summoned the Mayor, -Aldermen, and citizens, to attend him in -the Tower, to give an account how the -peace of the city had been kept; but -Gregory Rockesley, the Mayor, resolving -not to attend in that quality, laid aside the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>ensigns of his office at Barking church, -and repaired to the Tower as a private -gentleman; which was so highly resented -by the Treasurer, that he committed him -and several of the principal citizens to -prison. This proceeding the King so far -approved, that though he discharged the -Mayor, he seized the city liberties, and -having appointed a Custos of the city, there -was no Mayor of London for twelve years -after.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In 1306, sea-coal beginning to be much -used in the suburbs of London, by brewers, -dyers, and others requiring great fires; -the nobility and gentry complained to -King Edward II. that the air was infected -by the noisome smell, and the thick clouds -of smoke it occasioned, to the endangering -of the health of the inhabitants; upon -which a proclamation was issued; forbidding -it to be used: but little regard being -paid to it, the King appointed a commission -of oyer and terminer, to enquire after -those who had acted in open defiance of -this injunction.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the beginning of the next reign, the -city obtained a very great addition to its -privileges; for in the year 1327, King Edward -III. granted the citizens two charters; -the first of which contained not only -a confirmation of the ancient and valuable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>liberties and immunities of the citizens, -but also the following additional privileges.</p> - -<p class='c008'>1. That the Mayor shall be constantly -one of the Judges of oyer and terminer, -for the trial of criminals confined in Newgate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>2. The citizens to have the privilege -of trying a thief or robber within the jurisdiction -of the city, and the power of reclaiming -a citizen apprehended elsewhere -for felony, in order to try him within the -city; with a right to all the goods and -chattels of all felons, convicted within the -jurisdiction of the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>3. The office of Escheator is conferred -upon, and given in perpetuity to the -Mayor.</p> - -<p class='c008'>4. The King’s Marshal, Steward, and -Clerk of the houshold, are exempted from -having any authority in the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>5. For the greater convenience of citizens -resorting to country fairs, they are -granted the privilege of holding a court -of Pye-powder in such places, for the determination -of all contests that happen in -each of those fairs.</p> - -<p class='c008'>6. That the citizens should be only assessed -in common with their fellow subjects, -towards general subsidies, grants, and -contributions.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>7. That no market be kept within seven -miles of the city of London.</p> - -<p class='c008'>8. And that the city liberties shall not -be seized for a personal offence, or iniquitous -judgment of any of its magistrates, -&c.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By the second charter, Southwark is -granted for the good and benefit of the -citizens.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The same Prince, in the year 1354, -granted the city the privilege of having -gold or silver maces carried before the -chief magistrate; a privilege then peculiar -to London; for all other cities and towns -in the kingdom were, by a royal precept, -expresly commanded not to use maces of -any other metal than copper; and this is -the time when, it is supposed by some, -that the title of <em>Lord</em> was first added to -that of Mayor.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1348, the city was visited -by a most terrible pestilence, which continued -to rage till the church yards were -found not capacious enough to receive the -bodies. This induced several persons to -purchase ground to supply that defect; -and in one of these burying grounds, bought -by Sir Walter Manny, were interred the -next year 50,000 persons; an amazing -number, considering the small extent of -this metropolis at that time: by this dreadful -<span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>pestilence 100,000 persons are said to -have died in this city. This is a very -convincing proof that London was at that -time extremely populous.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By this terrible pestilence provisions were -reduced so low, that the best fed ox was -sold for 4s. the best cow at 1s. the best -heifer or steer at 6d. the best wether at -4d. the best ewe at 3d. the best lamb at -2d. the best hog at 5d. and a fine horse, -formerly worth 40s. at 6s. 8d. <cite>Arnold’s -Chronicle.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>But notwithstanding this deplorable calamity, -the wealth and dignity of the city -were soon after so great, that in the year -1363, the Kings of Scotland, France, and -Cyprus, who came into England to visit -King Edward III. were entertained at dinner, -with his Majesty, the Prince of Wales -his son, and most of the nobility, by Henry -Picard, late Mayor of London.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the fifth year of the reign of King -Richard II. the city suffered greatly by the -rebellion of Wat Hilliard, commonly -called Wat Tyler, from his employment; -he being a tyler of Dartford in Kent. -This fellow, exasperated at the impudence -and insolence of the collectors of the poll -tax, one of whom pulled up his daughter’s -cloaths to see if she was arrived at the age -of puberty; after killing the collector, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>excited the people to join him, in defence -of their daughters, and to abolish the laws -and taxes, which were thought extremely -burthensome. They readily entered into -this proposal, marched to Black Heath, and -were soon increased to 100,000 men.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This prodigious mob entered Southwark -on the 10th of June 1381, set at liberty -the prisoners in the King’s Bench and -Marshalsea prisons, and levelled to the -ground the houses of all lawyers and -questmen, and while one party went to -Lambeth, where they burnt the archiepiscopal -palace, with the rich furniture, -books and registers, another destroyed the -common stews along the bankside, then -kept by Flemish bawds, who farmed them -of the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In this dreadful confusion, the Lord -Mayor caused the bridge gate to be shut, -and fortified; but the next day they were -admitted into the city, and the shambles -and wine cellars set open for their accommodation. -Being now joined by the city -rabble, they hasted to the Savoy, the Duke -of Lancaster’s palace, which was the most -magnificent edifice in the kingdom, and -setting fire to it, caused proclamation to -be made, that none should appropriate any -thing to his own use, upon pain of death. -They then ran to the Temple, which at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>that time belonged to the Lord High -Treasurer; that edifice they also burnt, with -all the records in Chancery, and the books -and papers belonging to the students of the -law; and all the inns of court they served -in the same manner.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this, dividing themselves into -three bodies, one proceeded to the rich -priory of St. John of Jerusalem, near -Smithfield, which they likewise burnt; -and then marching to the stately mansion -house at Highbury, beyond Islington, set -fire to that edifice, through hatred to Sir -Robert Hales, the High Treasurer, who -was prior of the one, and proprietor of -the other.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The second division marched to the -Tower, which they entered, notwithstanding -its being guarded by six hundred -men at arms, and the same number of -archers, and there seizing Simon Sudbury, -Archbishop of Canterbury, and the above -Sir Robert Hales, caused them both to be -beheaded on Tower hill.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The third division, which were the -Essex party, proceeded to Mile-end, where -being met by the King, who agreed to all -their demands, they the same day dispersed, -and returned home.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Wat Tyler, with the rest of his desperate -crew, however, continued committing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>the greatest disorders in London and -Westminster, and, under the plausible pretence -of reforming public abuses, they set -open the prisons of the Fleet and Newgate, -murdered many of the most eminent -citizens, and dragging the Flemish merchants -from the churches, where they had -fled for refuge, beheaded them in the -streets. Nor did their monstrous cruelty -stop here; for they proceeded murdering -and burning in a most horrid manner in -many parts of the city; and not only made -proclamation for the beheading of all -lawyers, and persons concerned in the Exchequer, -but even of all who were able to -write.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At length King Richard, encouraged -by his success at Mile-end, sent to let -Wat Tyler know that he would have a -conference with him in Smithfield, upon -which that rebel marched slowly thither, -at the head of his forces; but no sooner -saw the King, than setting spurs to his -horse, he boldly rode up to his Majesty, -leaving all his companions behind. His -behaviour and proposals were equally brutish -and absurd, for he would be satisfied -with nothing less than a commission to -behead all lawyers, and the abolition of -all the ancient laws of the kingdom; at -which, William Walworth, the Lord -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>Mayor, was ordered to arrest him, when -that brave magistrate gave him such a -blow on the head with his sword, that he -fell wounded from his horse, and was soon -dispatched.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The rebels, in the mean time, observing -what was done, cried out, Our Captain -is murdered, let us revenge his death, -and immediately bent their bows: when -Richard, though but fifteen years of age, -with astonishing prudence and bravery -rode up to them, crying, “My friends, -will you kill your King? be not troubled -for the loss of your leader. I will -be your captain, and grant what you -desire.” Upon which they changed -their resolution, and marched under his -conduct to St. George’s Fields, where finding -a thousand citizens completely armed, -they were struck with such an amazing -panic, that, throwing down their arms, -they begged for mercy, which being -granted, they immediately dispersed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Several writers ascribe to the action of -this day, the addition of the dagger to the -arms of the city, in remembrance of the -good service done by them, and particularly -by the Lord Mayor.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This, and other rebellions, being suppressed, -King Richard, in the year 1390, -appointed a great tournament to be held -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>in Smithfield, on the Sunday after Michaelmas; -and having caused it to be proclaimed -in all the principal courts of Europe, -several princes and noblemen from -Germany, France, the Netherlands, and -other countries, came to distinguish themselves -by their courage and military skill. -On the day appointed, which was Sunday -in the afternoon, a pompous cavalcade of -sixty ladies set out from the Tower, all -richly dressed, and mounted on fine -horses, each leading an armed Knight by -a silver chain, attended by their Esquires, -who passing through Cheapside proceeded -to Smithfield, where the justs continued -four days, in the presence of the King, -the Queen, and the whole court; his Majesty -himself giving proofs of his skill and -dexterity on the second day. During the -whole time open house was kept at the -King’s expence, at the Bishop of London’s -palace, for the entertainment of all persons -of distinction, and every night the diversions -concluded with a ball.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Two years after, the city refusing to -lend the King a sum of money, and some -of the citizens beating and abusing a -Lombard merchant, for offering to advance -the sum required, the King was so -exasperated, that he sent for the Lord -Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and twenty -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>four of the principal commoners of the -city, to attend him at Nottingham, which -having done, the Mayor was committed -prisoner to Windsor castle, and the rest to -other prisons. A commission, under the -great seal, was then granted to the Dukes -of York and Gloucester, the King’s uncles, -to enquire into that and other offences, -of which the above persons being found -guilty, they were not only fined 3000 -marks, but the liberties of the city were -seized; the Mayor was degraded from -his office, and a Custos appointed in his -room; the Sheriffs were also degraded, -and others chosen; and, by the King’s -precept, seventeen persons were appointed -Aldermen, during the royal pleasure. -As a farther mortification to the city, -the King not only withdrew, with the nobility, -to York, but removed the courts -of justice to that city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>However, upon payment of the fine of -3000 marks, all the city liberties were restored, -except the privilege of chusing her -own Mayor. And the King, returning to -London, was met at Shene, or Richmond -Heath, by four hundred citizens on horseback, -dressed in a rich uniform, with the -Recorder at their head, who made a -speech, in which he humbly begged pardon -for their past offences, and earnestly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span>entreated his Majesty to honour the -Chamber of London with his presence; -to which he consenting, they attended -him to St. George’s church in Southwark, -where he was received by a solemn procession -of the clergy, and five hundred -boys in surplices, with the Bishop of -London at their head. At London bridge -he was presented with a fine horse, adorned -with trappings of gold brocade, and -his Queen with a fine pad, and very noble -furniture.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Never was the city more richly embellished -than on this occasion, for the -citizens of all ranks strove to outvie each -other, in honour of their reconciled Sovereign; -the streets were lined with the city -companies in their formalities, and the -conduits all the while ran with variety of -wines.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the standard in Cheapside, a boy -dressed in white, to represent an angel, -stood in a magnificent pageant, and upon -the King’s approach, presented him with -wine in a gold cup, and placed on his -head a crown of gold, adorned with a variety -of pearls and precious stones, and -likewise another on the head of the -Queen. After which their Majesties were -conducted to their palace at Westminster, -by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Sheriffs, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>who, the next day, made his Majesty -a present of two silver basons gilt, with -1000 nobles of gold in each, curious pictures -of the Trinity, valued at 800l. and -several other valuable presents. But after -all, they were obliged to pay him 10,000l. -before he would restore them the right of -chusing their own magistrates.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The King, and his royal consort Isabella, -a daughter of France, were some -years after again conducted, with extraordinary -magnificence, thro’ the city; but -in 1398, the citizens petitioning to have -their taxes taken off, and against entering -into a treaty with the French King, about -the delivering up of Calais, Richard was -so exasperated against them, that he obliged -many of the richest of the citizens -to sign and seal several blank papers sent -them by the ministry, who afterwards -filled them up at their pleasure, with such -sums as would effectually drain them; and -this rendered him so odious to the citizens, -that when Henry Duke of Lancaster arrived -from France, they received him with -open gates, and expressed their joy by -magnificent shews, solemn processions of -the clergy, and loud acclamations; and, -in short, after the late King was made prisoner, -Henry was received in great pomp -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, -and all the several companies in their formalities.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The reign of Henry IV. was not distinguished -by any remarkable disputes between -that King and the citizens; but in -the year 1407, a dreadful plague carried -off 30,000 of the inhabitants, whereby -corn became so cheap, that wheat sold at -3s. 4d. the quarter.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the reign of Henry V. the citizens -chiefly distinguished themselves by the -splendid cavalcade, with which they conducted -that brave Prince through the city, -after the glorious battle of Agincourt, In -this reign Moorgate was first built, and -Sir Henry Barton, the Lord Mayor, first -ordered lanthorns to be hung out, for illuminating -the streets by night. Indeed it -is surprizing, that so useful and necessary a -regulation was not made much earlier, -considering the multitude and wealth of -the inhabitants, the brooks which still ran -through some of the streets, and the dirt -occasioned by their lying much lower than -at present.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After the death of this great conqueror, -his young son Henry VI. being crowned -King of France at Paris, the citizens, on -his return, expressed their loyalty in a -very extraordinary manner; for the royal -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>infant was met on Black Heath by the -Lord Mayor of London, dressed in crimson -velvet, with a large furred hat, a girdle -of gold about his waist, and a bawdrick -of gold about his neck, waving down his -back. He was followed by three horsemen, -dressed in scarlet and silver, and attended -by the Aldermen in scarlet gowns, -and crimson hoods, while the citizens -were cloathed in white gowns, and scarlet -hoods, with the symbol belonging to each -mystery, richly embroidered upon their -sleeves. They were all on horseback, -and from thence preceded his Majesty to -London, where he was received with the -utmost pomp. The city on this occasion -was decorated with rich silks and carpets, -and on the bridge, and in the streets, -through which the cavalcade passed, were -erected a variety of stately pageants, filled -with persons representing the Muses, -Graces, and Sciences; and from these -pageants, orations were made, and concerts -performed of vocal and instrumental -music. Two days after, the Lord Mayor -and Aldermen attended the King at Westminster, -and presented him with a golden -hamper, containing 1000l. in nobles.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is impossible, in the short compass -allotted to this part of the work, to give -an account of the several rebellions and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>revolutions during the life of this unhappy -Sovereign, and of the manner in which -the citizens interested themselves in each: -it is sufficient to add, that notwithstanding -these early professions of loyalty, the -ill success and weakness of Henry, made -them almost constantly join his enemies, -and was one principal cause of his ruin.</p> - -<p class='c008'>King Edward IV. therefore, in the second -year of his reign, shewed his gratitude -for the favours he had received from -them, by granting the city a charter, by -which all the ancient rights and privileges -of the citizens were confirmed, and the -following additional privileges bestowed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>1. The Lord Mayor, Recorder, and -Aldermen past the chair, are appointed -perpetual justices of peace in the city; -and are constituted justices of oyer and -terminer, for the trial of all malefactors -within their own jurisdiction.</p> - -<p class='c008'>2. For the better ascertaining the customs -of the city, when a plea is brought -in any of the superior courts, relating to -those customs, the Lord Mayor and Aldermen -are impowered to declare, by the -mouth of their Recorder, whether the -point in controversy be a custom of -London, or not; and if, upon enquiry, it -be found to be such, then it is to be recorded, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>and remain an established custom -to all futurity.</p> - -<p class='c008'>3. The Lord Mayor and Aldermen are -for ever exempted from serving in all foreign -assizes, juries, or attaints, and from -the offices of assessor, collector of taxes, -overseer, or comptroller of all public duties -without the jurisdiction of the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>4. The citizens are allowed the privilege -of holding an annual fair in the borough -of Southwark, together with a -court of Pye-powder, with the rights and -customs thereto belonging, &c. all at the -ancient fee farm of 10l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Afterwards, in the year 1479, the city -gave the same Prince 1923l. 19s. 8d. for -the liberty of purchasing lands, &c. in -mortmain, to the value of 200 marks <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per -annum</span></i>; and also purchased of the King, -for 7000l. the offices of package, portage, -garbling, gauging, wine-drawer and coroner, -to be enjoyed by them and their successors -for ever.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the same year, a dreadful pestilence -raged in London, which swept away an -incredible number of people.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the death of Edward IV. the Duke -of Buckingham strove in vain to make -the citizens join in raising the Duke of -Gloucester to the throne, to the prejudice -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>of the young Prince, Edward V. by making -a long speech to them in Guildhall. -The Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and some -of the Common Council, were, however, -prevailed upon to go and persuade that inhuman -monster to accept of the crown; -and afterwards the Lord Mayor contested -with the citizens of Winchester the right -of being chief Butler at the coronation of -a man who was a disgrace to human nature: -but the Mayor of London had for -some ages enjoyed this privilege, and was -not now denied it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the beginning of the reign of Henry -VII. the sweating sickness first raged in -London, carrying off great numbers within -twenty-four hours; but those who survived -that time generally recovered; and -of this disease died two Lord Mayors and -one of the Sheriffs, in the space of the -year.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next year the privileges of the citizens -were struck at by their own magistrates, -in a very extraordinary act of -Common Council, which enjoined the citizens, -under the penalty of an hundred -pounds, not to carry any goods or merchandize -to any fair or market within the -kingdom, for the term of seven years; -but this scandalous and unjust by-law was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>the next year set aside by act of Parliament.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1500, the plague carried off -20,000 persons in London; and during -this reign the city also suffered greatly by -the oppressions of the King’s ministers -Empson and Dudley; Alderman Capel -was, upon several penal laws, condemned -to pay a fine of 2700l. but by the intercession -of friends, it was mitigated to -1600l. Thomas Knesworth, who had -been Mayor, with Richard Shoare and -Roger Grove, his Sheriffs, were accused -of abuses committed in their offices, for -which they were dragged to the Marshalsea, -and confined without any legal process, -till they redeemed themselves by -paying 14,000l. and, in short, Sir Laurence -Aylmer was, in the next year after -he had served the office of Mayor, also -imprisoned by these rapacious ministers, -in order to extort a sum of money for his -liberty: but the death of Henry VII. -delivered him and many others from their -troubles.</p> - -<p class='c008'>King Henry VIII. the year after his accession -to the throne, came in the habit of -one of the yeomen of the guard, to see -the march of the city watch; it being an -ancient custom for the watch, who were -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>then a body of military forces, to make a -pompous march on the vigils of St. John -Baptist, and St. Peter and Paul. His Majesty -was a spectator on St. John’s eve, and -was so highly delighted with the sight, -that he returned on the eve of St. Peter, -accompanied by his royal consort, and the -principal nobility, and staid in Mercer’s -Hall, Cheapside, to see the procession repeated.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The march was begun by the city music, -followed by the Lord Mayor’s officers, -in party-coloured liveries; then the swordbearer, -on horseback, in beautiful armour, -preceded the Lord Mayor, mounted on a -stately horse adorned with rich trappings, -attended by a giant and two pages on -horseback, three pageants, morrice dancers -and footmen; next came the Sheriffs, preceded -by their officers, and attended by -their giants, pages, pageants, and morrice -dancers. Then marched a great body of -demi-lancers in bright armour, on stately -horses: next followed a body of carabineers -in white fustian coats, with the city -arms on their backs and breasts: then -marched a body of archers with their bows -bent, and shafts of arrows by their sides; -followed by a party of pikemen with their -corslets and helmets; after whom marched -a body of halberdiers in their corslets -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>and helmets; and the march was closed -by a great party of billmen, with helmets -and aprons of mail.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The whole body, which consisted of -about 2000 men, had between every division -a certain number of musicians, who -were answered in their proper places by -the like number of drums, with standards -and ensigns, in the same manner as veteran -troops. This nocturnal march was lighted -by 940 cressets, which were large lanthorns -fixed at the end of poles, and carried -over mens shoulders; two hundred of -which were at the city expence, five hundred -at that of the companies, and two -hundred and forty were found by the city -constables.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The march began at the conduit in -Cheapside, and passed through that street, -Cornhill, and Leadenhall street to Aldgate; -whence it returned by Fenchurch street, -Gracechurch street, Cornhill, and Cheapside, -to the conduit.</p> - -<p class='c008'>During this march, the houses on each -side the streets were decorated with greens -and flowers wrought into garlands, and -intermixed with a great number of lamps. -<cite>Stow.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>This splendid procession constantly repeated -twice a year, is not only a proof -of the fondness for shew which then prevailed, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>but lets us see that the city was -then watched by men completely armed; -a body of troops of a peculiar kind, raised -and maintained by the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The same year, Sir William Fitz-William, -Alderman of Bread street ward, was -disfranchised for refusing to serve the office -of Sheriff. <cite>Fabian’s Chronicle.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>And in 1512, the Sheriffs of London -and Middlesex were first impowered to -impannel juries for the city courts, each -juror so impannelled to be a citizen worth -an hundred marks.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As the history of the city of London -must necessarily include that of the manners -of the inhabitants, we have given some -instances of their fondness for pompous -and splendid processions, and it may hereafter -be necessary to add others, to enable -the reader to form an idea of the difference -between the past times and the -present. I shall here mention amusements -of a different kind, graced with -the presence of a sovereign Prince, and -which cannot fail of entertaining the -reader.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was usual, on the first of May, for all -the citizens who were able, to divert themselves -in the woods and meadows with -May-games, diversions not confined to -the lower class, but equally the entertainment -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>of persons of the highest rank; a -remarkable instance of which is inserted -in <cite>Hall’s Chronicle</cite>, under the year 1515, -when that author observes, that King -Henry VIII. and Queen Catharine, accompanied -by many Lords and Ladies, -rode a maying from Greenwich to the -high ground of Shooter’s Hill, where, as -they passed along, they saw a company of -200 tall yeomen, all cloathed in green, -with green hoods and bows and arrows. -One, who was their Chieftain, was called -Robin Hood, and desired the King and all -his company to stay and see his men shoot, -to which the King agreeing, he whistled, -and all the two hundred discharged their -arrows at once, which they repeated on -his whistling again. Their arrows had -something placed in the heads of them -that made them whistle as they flew, and -all together made a loud and very uncommon -noise, at which the King and Queen -were greatly delighted. The gentleman -who assumed the character of Robin Hood -then desired the King and Queen, with -their retinue, to enter the Green Wood, -where, in arbours made with boughs -intermixed with flowers, they were plentifully -served with venison and wine, by -Robin Hood and his men.</p> - -<p class='c008'>About two years after an event happened, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>which occasioned the epithet of Evil -to be added to this day of rejoicing. -The citizens being extremely exasperated -at the encouragement given to foreigners, -a Priest named Bell was persuaded to -preach against them at the Spital, and in -a very inflaming sermon he incited the -people to oppose all strangers; this occasioned -frequent quarrels in the streets, for -which some Englishmen were committed -to prison.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Suddenly a rumour arose, that on Mayday -all the foreigners would be assassinated, -and several strangers fled; this coming -to the knowledge of the King’s Council, -Cardinal Wolsey sent for the Lord Mayor -and several of the City Council, told them -what he had heard, and exhorted them -to preserve the peace. Upon this affair a -court of Common Council was assembled -at Guildhall, on the evening before Mayday, -in which it was resolved to order -every man to shut up his doors and keep -his servants at home; and this advice being -immediately communicated to the -Cardinal, met with his approbation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Upon this every Alderman sent to inform -his ward, that no man should stir out -of his house after nine o’clock, but keep -his doors shut and his servants within, till -nine in the morning. This order had not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>been long given, when one of the Aldermen, -returning from his ward, observed -two young men at play in Cheapside, and -many others looking at them. He would -have sent them to the Compter, but they -were soon rescued, and the cry raised of -<em>’Prentices, ’Prentices! Clubs, Clubs!</em> Instantly -the people arose; by eleven o’clock -they amounted to six or seven hundred; -and the crowd still increasing, they rescued -from Newgate and the Compter the -prisoners committed for abusing the foreigners: -while the Mayor and Sheriffs, -who were present, made proclamation in -the King’s name; but, instead of obeying -it, they broke open the houses of many -Frenchmen and other foreigners, and continued -plundering them till three in the -morning, when beginning to disperse, the -Mayor and his attendants took 300 of -them, and committed them to the several -prisons. While this riot lasted, the Lieutenant -of the Tower discharged several -pieces of ordnance against the city, but -without doing much mischief; and about -five in the morning, several of the nobility -marched thither with all the forces they -could assemble.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the 4th of May, the Lord Mayor, -the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Surry, -and others, sate upon the trial of the offenders -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>at Guildhall, the Duke of Norfolk -entering the city with 1300 men. -That day several were indicted, and on -the next thirteen were sentenced to be -hanged, drawn and quartered, for the execution -of whom ten gallowses were set up -in several parts of the city, upon wheels, -to be removed from street to street, and -from door to door.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the 7th of May several others were -found guilty, and received the same -sentence as the former, and soon after -were drawn upon hurdles to the standard -in Cheapside; but when one was executed, -and the rest about to be turned -off, a respite came, and they were remanded -back to prison.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this the soldiers who had kept -watch in the city were withdrawn, which -making the citizens flatter themselves that -the King’s displeasure against them was -not so great as they had imagined, the -Lord Mayor, Recorder, and several Aldermen, -went in mourning gowns to wait -upon the King at Greenwich, when, having -attended for some time at the privy -chamber door, his Majesty with several -of the nobility came forth, upon -which, all of them falling upon their -knees, the Recorder, in the name of the -rest, in the most humble and submissive -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>terms, begged that he would have mercy -on them for their negligence, and -compassion on the offenders, whom he -represented as a small number of light -persons. His Majesty let them know that -he was really displeased, and that they -ought to wail and be sorry for it; for as -they had not attempted to fight with -those whom they pretended were so small -a number of light persons, they must have -winked at the matter; he therefore ordered -them to repair to the Lord Chancellor, -who would give them an answer. -Upon which they retired deeply mortified.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Being informed that the King was to -be at Westminster Hall on the 22d of -May, they resolved to repair thither, -which they did with the consent of Cardinal -Wolsey Lord High Chancellor. -The King sat at the upper end of Westminster -Hall, under a cloth of state, -with the Cardinal and several of the nobility: -and the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, -Recorder, and several of the Common-Council -attended; the prisoners, who then -amounted to about 400, were brought -in their shirts bound together with -cords, and with halters about their necks, -and among these were eleven women. -The Cardinal, having sharply rebuked -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty -for their negligence, told the prisoners, -that, for their offences against the laws -of the realm, and against his Majesty’s -crown and dignity, they had deserved -death; upon which they all set up a piteous -cry, of “Mercy, gracious Lord, -mercy!” which so moved the King, that, -at the earnest intreaty of the Lords, he -pronounced them pardoned; upon which -giving a great shout, they threw up their -halters towards the top of the hall, crying -God save the King! After this affair -the May-games were not so commonly -used as before.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By the following account the reader -will see, that our hospitable ancestors were -not less fond of the pleasures of the table, -than of outward pomp. Mr. Stow observes, -that in the year 1531, eleven -gentlemen of the law being promoted to -the dignity of the coif, they gave a splendid -and elegant entertainment in the Bishop -of Ely’s palace in Holborn, for five -days successively, at which were present -the King, Queen, foreign Ministers, the -Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the Judges, -the Master of the rolls, the Masters in -chancery, the Serjeants at law, the principal -Merchants of London, with many -Knights and Esquires, and a certain number -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>of citizens belonging to the chief companies -of the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This being one of the greatest entertainments -recorded in history, an account -of it cannot be unacceptable to the -reader: but as there were three poulterers -concerned in providing the poultry, and -only one of their accounts which we are -able to communicate, it will be very deficient; -however, as this great entertainment -was given but about two hundred -and thirty years ago, the subjoined account -will shew the vast disparity between -the prices of provisions then and -now, and consequently the great disproportion -between the scarcity of money at -that time, and its plenty at present.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Twenty-four large oxen, at 1l. 6s. 8d. -each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The carcase of a large ox from the -market, 1l. 4s.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One hundred sheep, at 2s. 10d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Fifty-one calves, at 4s. 8d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thirty-four hogs, at 3s. 8d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Ninety-one pigs, at 6d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Fourteen dozen of swans, no price set -down.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Capons of Greece, ten dozen, each at -1s. 8d.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Kentish capons, nine dozen and a half, -at 1s. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>Nineteen dozen of common capons, at -6d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Seven dozen and nine heathcocks, at -8d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Fourteen dozen and eight common -cocks, at 3d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The best pullets (no number mentioned) -at 2½d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Common ditto, 2d. each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thirty-seven dozen of pigeons, at 10d. -a dozen.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Three hundred and forty dozen of -larks, at 5d. a dozen.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1532, a general muster of -the citizens was held at Mile-End, when -the names of all capable of bearing arms -were taken down, from the age of sixteen -to that of sixty; as were also an account -of the weapons, armour, and other military -accoutrements belonging to the -city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Upon this occasion the principal citizens -were dressed in white, with caps -and feathers of the same colour; the -Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Recorder, and -Sheriffs, wore white armour, and coats -of black velvet, embroidered with the -city arms; they had velvet caps on their -heads, and rode on fine horses adorned -with magnificent trappings, with gold -chains about their necks, and battle-axes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>in their hands. Each of the Aldermen -and the Recorder, was attended with four -halberdiers in white silk or buff coats, -with gilt halberts; and the Lord Mayor, -by sixteen men in white sattin jackets, -with gold chains, caps and feathers, and -long gilt halberts; he had also four footmen -in white sattin, and two pages in -crimson velvet, with gold brocade waistcoats; -these pages were mounted on fine -horses, adorned with rich furniture, one -of them carrying the Lord Mayor’s helmet, -and the other his pole-ax, both -richly gilt, Most of the citizens of distinction -were, on this occasion, dressed -in white silk, and wore gold chains with -a variety of rich jewels.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The citizens rendezvoused and were -mustered early in the morning at Mile -End, and before nine in the forenoon began -their march, when entering Aldgate, -they proceeded through the city, in admirable -order, to Westminster; where -they passed in review before the King and -most of the nobility, who were highly -delighted at their splendid appearance. -From thence they marched round St. -James’s Park, and down Holborn to -Leadenhall, where they separated at five -o’clock in the evening. So far our author.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>But if we add to this splendid cavalcade, -that every man wore his beard and -hair, which were probably neatly curled -and powdered, we must be sensible that -the citizens, in this procession, had a -strange mixture of gravity and foppery, -and that, fond as we are of dress, we were -greatly outdone in this particular by our -ancestors. King Henry however loved -shew, and the citizens took great pains -to please him, of which the following is -another remarkable instance, which, tho’ -very long, we shall insert, in order to give -our readers an idea of the taste of the citizens -of that age, in regard to elegance -and grandeur: and we chuse to select this -instance, as the city appears to have been -decorated with greater pomp than at any -time before or since.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The King having divorced Queen Catharine, -and married Anne Boleyn, or -Boloine, who was descended from Godfrey -Boloine, Mayor of this city, and intending -her coronation, sent to order the -Lord Mayor, not only to make all the -preparations necessary for conducting his -royal consort from Greenwich, by water, -to the Tower of London; but to adorn -the city after the most magnificent manner, -for her passage through it to Westminster.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>In obedience to the royal precept, Mr. -Stow observes, that the Mayor and Common -Council not only ordered the company -of Haberdashers, of which the -Lord Mayor was a member, to prepare a -magnificent state barge; but enjoined all -the city corporations to provide themselves -with barges, and to adorn them -in the most superb manner, and especially -to have them supplied with good -bands of music.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the 29th of May, the time prefixed -for this pompous procession by water, the -Mayor, Aldermen and Commons assembled -at St. Mary Hill; the Mayor and -Aldermen in scarlet, with gold chains, -and those who were knights, with the -collars of SS. At one they went on -board the city barge at Billingsgate, -which was most magnificently decorated; -and attended by fifty noble barges, belonging -to the several companies of the -city, with each its own corporation on -board; and, for the better regulation of -this procession, it was ordered, that each -barge should keep twice their lengths asunder.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus regulated, the city barge was -preceded by another mounted with ordnance, -and the figures of dragons and -other monsters, incessantly emitting fire -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>and smoke, with much noise. Then the -city barge, attended on the right by the -Haberdashers state barge, called the Bachelors, -which was covered with gold -brocade, and adorned with sails of silk, -with two rich standards of the King’s -and Queen’s arms at her head and stern, -besides a variety of flags and streamers, -containing the arms of that company, -and those of the Merchant Adventurers; -besides which the shrouds and ratlines -were hung with a number of small bells: -on the left was a barge that contained -a very beautiful mount, on which stood -a white falcon crowned, perching upon -a golden stump encircled with roses, being -the Queen’s emblem; and round the -mount sat several beautiful virgins, singing, -and playing upon instruments. The -other barges followed in regular order, till -they came below Greenwich. On their -return the procession began with that -barge which was before the last, in which -were the Mayor’s and Sheriff’s officers, -and this was followed by those of the inferior -companies, ascending to the Lord -Mayor’s, which immediately preceded that -of the Queen, who was attended by the -Bachelors or state barge, with the magnificence -of which her Majesty was much -delighted; and being arrived at the Tower, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>she returned the Lord Mayor and Aldermen -thanks, for the pomp with which she -had been conducted thither.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Two days after, the Lord Mayor, in a -gown of crimson velvet, and a rich collar -of SS, attended by the Sheriffs and two -domestics in red and white damask, went -to receive the Queen at the Tower of -London, whence the Sheriffs returned to -see that every thing was in order. The -streets were just before new gravelled from -the Tower to Temple Bar, and railed in -on each side; within the rails near Grasschurch, -stood a body of Anseatic merchants, -and next to them the several corporations -of the city in their formalities, -reaching to the Aldermens station at the -upper end of Cheapside. On the opposite -side were placed the city constables dressed -in silk and velvet, with staffs in their -hands, to prevent the breaking in of the -mob, or any other disturbance. On this -occasion, Gracechurch street and Cornhill -were hung with crimson and scarlet cloth, -and the sides of the houses of a place then -called Goldsmith’s row, in Cheapside, -were adorned with gold brocades, velvet -and rich tapestry.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The procession began from the Tower -with twelve of the French Ambassador’s -domestics in blue velvet, the trappings of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>their horses being blue sarsnet, interspersed -with white crosses; after whom marched -those of the equestrian order, two and two, -followed by the Judges in their robes, two -and two; then came the Knights of the -Bath in violet gowns, purfled with menever. -Next came the Abbots, Barons, Bishops, -Earls and Marquises, in their robes, -two and two. Then the Lord Chancellor, -followed by the Venetian Ambassador -and the Archbishop of York: next -the French Ambassador and the Archbishop -of Canterbury, followed by two -gentlemen representing the Dukes of Normandy -and Aquitain; after whom rode -the Lord Mayor of London with his mace, -and Garter in his coat of arms; then the -Duke of Suffolk, Lord High Steward, -followed by the Deputy Marshal of England, -and all the other officers of state in -their robes, carrying the symbols of their -several offices: then others of the nobility -in crimson velvet, and all the Queen’s officers -in scarlet, followed by her Chancellor -uncovered, who immediately preceded -his mistress.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Queen was dressed in silver brocade, -with a mantle of the same furred -with ermine; her hair was dishevelled, -and she wore a chaplet upon her head set -with jewels of inestimable value. She sat -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>in a litter covered with silver tissue, and -carried by two beautiful pads cloathed in -white damask, and led by her footmen. -Over the litter was carried a canopy of -cloth of gold, with a silver bell at each -corner, supported by sixteen Knights alternately, -by four at a time.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After her Majesty came her Chamberlain, -followed by her Master of Horse, -leading a beautiful pad, with a side-saddle -and trappings of silver tissue. Next came -seven ladies in crimson velvet, faced with -gold brocade, mounted on beautiful horses -with gold trappings. Then followed two -chariots covered with cloth of gold, in the -first of which were the Duchess of Norfolk -and the Marchioness of Dorset, and -in the second four ladies in crimson velvet; -then followed seven ladies dressed in the -same manner, on horseback, with magnificent -trappings, followed by another chariot -all in white, with six ladies in crimson -velvet; this was followed by another -all in red, with eight ladies in the same -dress with the former: next came thirty -gentlewomen, attendants to the Ladies of -honour; they were on horseback, dressed -in silks and velvet; and the cavalcade was -closed by the horse guards.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This pompous procession being arrived -in Fenchurch street, the Queen stopped -<span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>at a beautiful pageant, crouded with -children in mercantile habits; who congratulated -her Majesty upon the joyful -occasion of her happy arrival in the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thence she proceeded to Grace church -corner, where was erected a very magnificent -pageant, at the expence of the company -of Anseatic Merchants, in which was -represented Mount Parnassus, with the -fountain of Helicon, of white marble, -out of which arose four springs about four -feet high, centering at the top in a small -globe, from which issued plenty of Rhenish -wine till night. On the Mount sat -Apollo, at his feet was Calliope, and beneath -were the rest of the Muses, surrounding -the Mount, and playing upon a -variety of musical instruments, at whose -feet were inscribed several epigrams suitable -to the occasion, in letters of gold.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Her Majesty then proceeded to Leadenhall, -where stood a pageant, representing -a hill encompassed with red and white -roses; and above it was a golden stump, -upon which a white falcon, descending -from above, perched, and was quickly -followed by an angel, who put a crown -of gold upon his head. A little lower on -the hilloc sat St. Anne, surrounded by her -progeny, one of whom made an oration, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>in which was a wish that her Majesty -might prove extremely prolific.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The procession then advanced to the -conduit in Cornhill; where the Graces -sat enthroned, with a fountain before -them incessantly discharging wine; and -underneath, a Poet, who described the -qualities peculiar to each of these amiable -deities, and presented the Queen with their -several gifts.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The cavalcade thence proceeded to a -great conduit that stood opposite to Mercers -Hall in Cheapside, and, upon that -occasion, was painted with a variety of -emblems, and during the solemnity and -remaining part of the day, ran with different -sorts of wine, for the entertainment -of the populace.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the end of Wood street, the standard -there was finely embellished with royal -portraitures and a number of flags, on -which were painted coats of arms and trophies, -and above was a concert of vocal -and instrumental music.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the upper end of Cheapside was the -Aldermens station, where the Recorder -addressed the Queen in a very elegant oration, -and, in the name of the citizens, -presented her with a thousand marks in a -purse of gold tissue, which her Majesty -very gracefully received.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>At a small distance, by Cheapside conduit, -was a pageant, in which were seated -Minerva, Juno, and Venus; before -whom stood the god Mercury, who, in -their names, presented the Queen a golden -apple.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At St. Paul’s gate was a fine pageant, -in which sat three ladies richly dressed, -with each a chaplet on her head, and a tablet -in her hand, containing Latin inscriptions.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the east end of St. Paul’s cathedral, -the Queen was entertained by some of the -scholars belonging to St. Paul’s school, -with verses in praise of the King and her -Majesty, with which she seemed highly -delighted.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thence proceeding to Ludgate, which -was finely decorated, her Majesty was entertained -with several songs adapted to the -occasion, sung in concert by men and boys -upon the leads over the gate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the end of Shoe lane, in Fleet street, -a handsome tower with four turrets was -erected upon the conduit, in each of -which stood one of the cardinal Virtues, -with their several symbols; who, addressing -themselves to the Queen, promised -they would never leave her, but be always -her constant attendants. Within the tower -was an excellent concert of music, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>the conduit all the while ran with various -sorts of wine.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At Temple Bar she was again entertained -with songs, sung in concert by a -choir of men and boys; and having from -thence proceeded to Westminster, she returned -the Lord Mayor thanks for his -good offices, and those of the citizens -that day. <cite>Stow’s Annals.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>The day after, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, -and Sheriffs, performed their several -offices at the coronation; and, in return -for the great expence the city had been at -upon the above occasion, the Lord Mayor, -Aldermen, and forty of the principal citizens, -had the honour of being afterwards -invited to the christening of the Princess -Elizabeth.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1551, King Edward VI. -gave the city a charter, by which he -not only confirmed all its former privileges, -but granted the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, -and citizens, several lands and tenements -in Southwark, with the manor thereof, -and its appurtenances; the assize of -bread, wine, beer, and ale; a fair for -three days; and the offices of Coroner, -Escheator, and Clerk of the market, which -are for ever vested in the Lord Mayor and -his successors.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the beginning of the year 1552, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>the celebrated company of the Anseatic -merchants, called here the merchants of -the Steelyard, were dissolved, they having -engrossed almost the whole trade of the -kingdom; for in the preceding year they -exported 40,000 pieces of cloth, while all -the English merchants together did not -export 1100.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Upon the breaking out of the rebellion -under Sir Thomas Wyat, occasioned by -the report of Queen Mary’s intended marriage -with Philip of Spain, the city was -thrown into a violent commotion, and on -his marching to Deptford, the Lord Mayor, -Aldermen, Sheriffs, and citizens, had -not only recourse to arms; but, it being -term time, the Judges sat, and the Council -pleaded in Westminster Hall in armour. -In this general confusion the -Queen came to Guildhall, where she was -attended by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, -Sheriffs, and several of the city companies -in their formalities, to whom she made a -long and flattering speech, in which she -professed, that she loved them as a mother -loves her child, and that she would not -engage in this marriage, if she thought it -inconsistent with the happiness of her loving -subjects: but that she desired to leave -<em>some fruit of her body</em> to be their governor.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>This had such an effect, that they cut -down the drawbridge, and shut the gates -against Wyat, as he arrived in Southwark; -he therefore marched up the river, -crossed the Thames at Kingston, and proceeded -through Westminster to Ludgate; -but not being admitted by his friends in -the city, as he expected, he generously surrendered -himself, to prevent bloodshed, and -was soon after beheaded on Tower hill.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The rest of this reign exhibited a dreadful -scene of religious bigotry, by a most -cruel persecution of the Protestants; for -the principal instance she gave of her tender -maternal love to the citizens, was, her -causing many of them to be burnt in -Smithfield, in order to put a stop to the -reformation begun by her father, and continued -by her brother: but Providence -soon interposed; her reign was short; and -the fires which were then kindled for the -holy martyrs, who sealed their faith with -their blood, were the last effort, under the -sanction of law, made by religious tyranny -in this kingdom to overthrow the reformation. -Happy would it have been -for the Protestants, if this cruel spirit had -never prevailed amongst them; if, upon -this change, universal benevolence had -taken place, and every Briton would have -allowed his neighbour the same liberty of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>enquiry, which he claimed for himself! -but though both the national church and -the dissenters from it, have disclaimed the -pretended infallibility they so justly censured -in the church of Rome, and have -even constantly owned that they themselves -are fallible, yet, contrary to the -mild, the humane spirit of the Gospel, -they have absurdly persecuted those who -would not allow them to be infallible, -and have presumed to differ from the unerring -standard of their judgment!</p> - -<p class='c008'>We are now come to the period when -our streets were no longer to be crouded -with monks and friars of various -orders, and in very different and uncouth -habits, walking with their heads shaven -and bare, with long beards, and a rosary -hanging at their girdles; when our nobility -and gentry were to be no longer affronted -in the streets by Cardinals, attended -by a great retinue of servants: by the -lordly Knights of religious orders, or the -wealthy Priors of convents: when our -streets were no longer to be adorned with -crosses and the images of the saints, the -objects of much superstition; and when -many of our largest, most conspicuous, -and stately buildings, were no longer to -consist of priories, friaries, nunneries, and -guilds of religious fraternities.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>Thus the appearance of the city, with -respect to its buildings, ornaments, and inhabitants, -received a considerable alteration -from the abolition of popery in -these kingdoms; and the reader will probably -be pleased at seeing, at one view, -a list of these religious houses, which will -the better enable him to form an idea of -the difference between London at that -time and the present.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The priories then were, that of St. John -of Jerusalem, near Clerkenwell.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That of the Holy Trinity of Christ -church, or Creechurch, within Aldgate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That of St. Bartholomew the Great, -between Newgate street and West Smithfield.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The priory or abbey of Bermondsey, -Southwark.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The priory of the Knights Templars, -in Fleet street. And</p> - -<p class='c008'>The old Temple of Holborn.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The friaries were, that of the crutched -or crossed friars, in St. Olave’s, Hart -street.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That of the brethren <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">de sacca</span></i>, or -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">de pœnitentia Jesu Christi</span></i>, in the Old -Jewry.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Charter house monks, or the house -of the Carthusians, between St. John’s -street and Goswell street.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>The New Abbey, by East Smithfield.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And that of Westminster Abbey.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The five following were convents of -begging friars;</p> - -<p class='c008'>Black friars in Holborn, and</p> - -<p class='c008'>The black friars, Dominicans, or -preaching friars, near Ludgate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The gray friars, or Franciscans, near -Newgate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Augustine friars, in Broad street.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And the white friars, or Carmelites, in -Fleet street.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The convents of women were, that of -Clerkenwell.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That of St. Helen, within Bishopsgate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That of St. Clare, in the Minories.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And that of Holiwell by Shoreditch.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The guilds or fraternities were, the -brotherhood of St. Fabian and St. Sebastian, -in St. Botolph’s, Aldgate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The fraternity and chapel of the Holy -Trinity, in Leadenhall; and innumerable -others, founded in most churches.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, the -far greatest part of this metropolis was -contained within the walls, and even in -these narrow limits were many gardens, -which have been since converted into -lanes, courts, and alleys. The buildings -of London were, on the west, bounded -by the monastery of St. Catharine’s; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>East Smithfield was open to Tower hill, -and Rosemary lane was unbuilt. The -Minories were built only on the east side, -which fronted the city wall: cattle grazed -in Goodman’s Fields, and Whitechapel -extended but a little beyond the bars, and -had no houses to the north; for Spitalfields, -which of themselves would now -compose a very large town, were then really -fields, separated from each other by hedges -and rows of trees. Houndsditch consisted -only of a row of houses fronting the city -wall, and the little yards and gardens behind -them also opened into those fields. Bishopsgate -street, Norton Falgate, and the -street called Shoreditch, were then however -built as far as the church, but there -were only a few houses and gardens on -each side, and no streets or lanes on either -hand. Moorfields lay entirely open to the -village of Hoxton; and Finsbury Fields, -in which were several windmills, extended -to the east side of Whitecross street. -Chiswell street was not erected, and St. -John’s street extended by the side of the -priory of St. John of Jerusalem, to the -monastery of Clerkenwell, and Cow -Cross, which opened into the fields.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But on leaving the city walls, the buildings -were much less extensive; for though -the village of Holborn was now joined to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>London, the backs of the houses, particularly -on the north side, opened into -gardens and fields; part of Gray’s Inn -lane were the only houses that extended -beyond the main street; great part of -High Holborn had no existence, and St. -Giles’s was a village contiguous to no part -of London.</p> - -<p class='c008'>If we turn to the Strand, we also find, -that spacious street had gardens on each -side, and to the north, fields behind those -gardens, except a few houses where is -now the west end of Drury lane. On the -south side of the street, the gardens generally -extended to the Thames; though -some of the nobility had houses on the -back of their gardens, next the water side. -Covent Garden, so called from its belonging -to the convent at Westminster, extended -to St. Martin’s lane, and the field -behind it reached to St. Giles’s. That -lane had few edifices besides the church; -for Covent Garden wall was on one side, -and a wall which inclosed the Mews, on -the other, and all the upper part was a -lane between two hedges, which extended -a little to the west of the village of St. -Giles’s. Hedge lane was also a lane between -two hedges; the extensive street -now called the Hay Market, had a hedge -on one side, and a few bushes on the other. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>Neither Pall Mall, St. James’s street, Piccadilly, -or any of the streets or fine squares -in that part of the town, were built; and -Westminster was a small town on the -south west, and south sides of St. James’s -Park.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Lambeth was, at that time, a little village -at a considerable distance from Southwark, -and there were no buildings on the -south bank of the Thames, till a row of -houses began opposite to White Friars, -and extended along the river, with gardens, -fields, or groves behind them, till -almost opposite the Steel Yard, where several -streets began: the Borough extended -a considerable distance from the bridge -to the south, and the buildings to the east -as far as the Tower.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This was the state of this great metropolis, -so lately as in the reign of Queen -Elizabeth; and how inconsiderable soever -it must appear, when compared with its -present dimensions, yet, by order of that -Queen, a proclamation was published, by -which all persons were forbid to build upon -new foundations, and this order was -twice repeated in the following reign.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the 1st of January 1559, the Litany, -as now used, was first read in all the -churches of London; and about this time -the populace not only destroyed all the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>statues and pictures of the saints in the -churches, but most of their rich robes, altar -cloths, books, and sepulchral banners.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1582, expence in dress having -prevailed in the city, among people of -all ranks, particularly among apprentices, -which was then apprehended might prove -of dangerous consequence to their masters, -the following orders were published by the -Lord Mayor and Common Council, which -will be now thought very extraordinary, -viz. That from thence forward no apprentice -whatsoever should presume,</p> - -<p class='c008'>To wear any apparel but what he receives -from his master.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To wear no hat within the city and liberty -thereof, nor any thing instead of it -but a woollen cap, without any silk about -it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To wear no ruffles, cuffs, loose collar, -nor any thing more than a ruff at the collar, -and that only of a yard and a half -long.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To wear no doublets but what were -made of canvas, sackcloth, fustian, English -leather, or woollen cloth, without being -enriched in any manner with gold, silver, -or silk.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To wear no other coloured cloth or -kersey, in hose or stockings, than white, -blue, or russet.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>To wear little breeches of the same -stuffs as the doublets, without being -stitched, laced, or bordered.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To wear a plain upper coat of cloth or -leather, without pinking, stitching, guarding, -lace, or silk about it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To wear no other surtout than a cloth -gown or cloak, lined or faced with cloth, -cotton, or bays, with a fixed round collar, -without stitching, guarding, lace, or silk.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To wear no pumps, slippers, nor shoes, -but of English leather, without being -pinked, edged, or stitched; nor girdles -nor garters except of crewel, woollen, -thread, or leather, without being garnished.</p> - -<p class='c008'>And to wear no sword, dagger, or other -weapon, but a knife; nor neither a ring, -nor a jewel, gold, silver, nor silk in any -part of his apparel.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Rigorous as these laws were, and unsufferable -as they would be now thought, -yet any apprentice offending against any -of the above particulars, was, for the first -offence, to be punished at the discretion -of his master; for the second he was to -be publickly whipped at the hall of his -company; and for the third, to serve six -months longer than specified in his indentures. -And every master conniving at his -apprentice’s violating the above severe -<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>decree, was to forfeit 6s. 8d. to the poor -of the parish in which he dwelt.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The plague, which had broke out many -times in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, -appeared afresh in 1603, on the accession -of King James I. to the throne, and made -such dreadful devastation, that, within the -space of a year, it swept away 30,578 -persons: but it having at length happily -ceased, the King, Queen, and Prince -Henry, made their public entry from the -Tower on the 15th of March 1604, on -which occasion the city was embellished -with seven magnificent triumphal arches, -numerous pageants, and other pompous -decorations. The streets were adorned -with the richest silks and carpets, and -lined with the stands of the several corporations, -with their flags and bands of -music.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1608, King James I. granted -the city a charter, by which he not only -confirmed all the ancient rights, liberties, -and immunities of the citizens, but -added to the bounds and jurisdiction of the -city the precincts of Duke’s Place, St. -Bartholomew’s the Great and Less, Black -and White Friars, and Cold Harbour. -That King also granted the city two other -charters.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In 1613, the water of the New River, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>brought from Ware by the great Sir -Hugh Middleton, was let into the lower -reservoir at Islington, with great ceremony: -the next year Smithfield was first -paved, and in 1615, the sides of the -streets of this city being paved with -pebble stones, which had hitherto rendered -walking very troublesome, the inhabitants -of the principal streets first began -to pave their doors with broad free stone -and flags.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1625, when King Charles I. -ascended the throne, a most dreadful pestilence -raged in London; the fatal effects -of this distemper had been frequently felt; -but it now carried off, within the space of -a year, in the city and suburbs, 35,417 -persons, besides those who died of other -distempers, which, in the whole, amounted -to 54,265, said to be one third of the -inhabitants.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is remarkable that in the year 1629, -the goldsmiths shops in the south row of -Cheapside, reached from the Old Change -to Buckler’s Bury, exclusive of only four -shops of other trades in all that space; but -these four shops gave King Charles I. and -his Privy Council such offence, that they -sent an order to the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, -commanding them to turn out -the tenants, and to oblige all the goldsmiths -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>in the city, to settle in Cheapside -and Lombard street. This arbitrary order -however not being complied with, several -others were sent, both by the -Council and the court of Star-chamber, -in which they were commanded to commit -the tenants to prison, if they refused to -give security to quit their houses by a certain -day: and the court of Star-chamber -even threatened the Alderman of the -ward, that if he or his deputy did not -immediately cause every such shop to be -shut up, he or his deputy should be sent -to prison, by warrant from the Board.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In 1633, King Charles I. being returned -from his progress into Scotland, the -gentlemen of the four Inns of Court entertained -their Majesties with a pompous -masque, which excelled every thing of -the kind that had been seen in England, -the expence amounting to 21,000l. the -greatest sum probably ever expended in -this kingdom in mere shew, except at a -coronation; we shall therefore give it our -readers, as a specimen of the taste of the -times; the following account being the -more curious, as these kinds of entertainments -are now entirely laid aside.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The masquers, musicians, and all who -were actors, met on Candlemas day in the -afternoon, at Ely House in Holborn, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>where the Committee for the management -of it sat all day, and in the evening -they set forward, in the following order, -down Chancery lane to Whitehall.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The march began with twenty footmen -in scarlet liveries, trimmed with silver -lace, each having his sword by his -side, a baton in one hand, and a lighted -torch in the other. These were the Marshal’s -men, who cleared the streets, and -were about the Marshal, waiting his commands. -After them, and sometimes in -the midst of them, came Mr. Darrel the -Marshal, a very handsome gentleman, of -Lincoln’s Inn, mounted upon one of the -King’s best horses, and richest saddles. -He was magnificently dressed, and, besides -his Marshal’s men, had two lacquies who -carried torches, and a page in livery carrying -his cloak.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He was followed by an hundred of the -handsomest young gentlemen of the Inns -of Court, twenty-five chosen out of each -house, all of them mounted on the best -horses, and with the best furniture that -the King’s stables, and those of all the -noblemen in town could afford. These -hundred gentlemen were so richly dressed, -that scarce any thing but gold and silver -lace could be seen, and every one of them -had two lacquies, in his own livery, carrying -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>torches by his horse’s side, and a page -carrying his cloak. These gentlemen had -about a dozen of the best trumpeters, in -their own livery, sounding before them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this noble troop, came the antimasquers; -preceded by the sound of keys -and tongs, playing in concert. The first -antimasque consisted of beggars and cripples, -mounted on the poorest leanest jades -that could be got out of the dust carts or -elsewhere, a change, which from the nobleness -of the music, the fineness of the -horses, and the magnificent appearance of -the gentlemen, afforded a very odd and -surprizing contrast; the habits and every -thing belonging to these cripples and beggars -being ingeniously fitted by the direction -of the commissioners, among whom -were Mr. Attorney Noy, Sir John Finch, -Sir Edward Herbert, and Mr. Selden.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After the beggars antimasque, came -men on horseback, playing upon pipes, -whistles, and instruments, imitating the -notes of all sorts of birds, and playing in -excellent concert.</p> - -<p class='c008'>These were followed by an antimasque -of birds, consisting of an owl in an ivy -bush, with many different sorts of birds, -in a cluster gazing upon her; these were -little boys put in covers in the shape of -those birds, nicely fitted, sitting on small -<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>horses, with footmen going before them -with torches in their hands, and others to -look after them, to prevent their falling.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this antimasque, came other musicians -on horseback, playing upon bagpipes -and other kinds of Northern music, -to shew that the following projectors were -Scots; and these, like the rest, had many -footmen with torches waiting on them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>First in this antimasque rode a fellow -upon a little horse with a great bit in his -mouth, carrying upon his head a bit with -a headstall and reins; a projector, who -begged a patent, that none in the kingdom -might ride their horses, without such -bits as they should buy of him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Then came another fellow with a capon -upon his fist, and a bunch of carrots upon -his head, representing a projector, who -begged a patent of monopoly, as the first -inventor of the art of feeding capons fat -with carrots.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Several other projectors were personated -in this antimasque, which pleased the -spectators the more, because an information -was thus covertly given to the King, -of the unfitness and ridiculousness of these -projects against the law. The Attorney -Noy, who had most knowledge of them, -had a great hand in this antimasque of the -projectors.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>After this and the rest of the antimasques, -came six of the chief musicians -on horseback upon foot-cloths, and in the -habits of Heathen priests, footmen carrying -torches by their sides. These were -followed by a large open chariot, drawn -by six fine horses with large plumes of -feathers on their heads and cruppers. In -this chariot were about a dozen persons, in -the habits of Gods and Goddesses, many -footmen walking an all sides with torches.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This chariot was followed by six more -of the musicians on horseback, dressed and -attended with torches like the former, -proceeding before another large open chariot, -drawn by six fine horses, with feathers, -liveries, and torches, like the other. -Within it were twelve musicians, as variously -dressed as the others, to represent, -like them, Pagan deities. These chariots -were made for this occasion, and, preceding -the grand masquers chariots, played -upon excellent loud music all the way.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this chariot came six more musicians, -dressed and attended like the former, -followed by the first chariot of the -grand masquers, which was not so large -as those that went before, but was curiously -carved and painted. It was in the -form of a Roman triumphal chariot, and -richly painted with crimson and silver -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>all over, not excepting the wheels. It was -drawn by four horses all in a breast, covered -to the heels with crimson and silver -tissue, and with huge plumes of red and -white feathers on their heads and cruppers. -The coachman’s cap and feather, -his long coat, his cushion, and his very -whip, were of the same stuff and colour. -In this chariot sat the four grand masquers -of Gray’s Inn, who were handsome -young gentlemen. Their habits, doublets, -trunk hose and caps, were of the richest -tissue, covered as thick with silver spangles -as they could be placed; large white silk -stockings up to their trunk hose, and very -fine sprigs in their caps.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On each side of the chariot were four -footmen, in liveries of the colour of the -chariot, carrying huge flambeaus, which, -with the torches, gave the greatest lustre -to the paintings, spangles and habits.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this chariot came six more musicians, -in habits like the former, followed -by the second chariot, which differed only -from the other in its being painted silver -and blue. The chariot and horses -were covered with tissue of blue and silver, -as the former was with silver and -crimson.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In this second triumphal chariot were -four grand masquers of the Middle -<span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span>Temple, in the same habits as the other -masquers, and had the like attendance, -torches and flambeaus, as the former.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After these followed the third and -fourth triumphal chariots, with six musicians -between each; both they and their -horses dressed as before. The triumphal -chariots were all of the same make, and -alike carved and painted, only differing in -the colours. In the third of these chariots -rode the grand masquers of the Inner -Temple, and in the fourth those of Lincoln’s -Inn; each taking the place assigned -them by lot.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In this order they proceeded to Whitehall, -where the King and Queen, from a -window of the Banquetting house, beheld -this procession, and were so highly delighted -with it, that the King sent to desire -the Marshal to take a turn round the Tilt -Yard, that he and his consort might have -a second view of this pompous procession; -which being accordingly performed, they -entered the palace, and were conducted to -several apartments prepared for their entertainment; -where the Ladies of honour, -and even the Queen herself, danced with -the principal masquers.</p> - -<p class='c008'>With this fine cavalcade her Majesty -was so delighted, that she desired to have -it repeated, which being intimated to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>Lord Mayor, he invited the King and -Queen, with the above masquers, to an -entertainment in Merchant Taylors Hall; -and on this occasion they came in procession -into the city, in exactly the same -order, and with equal splendor and applause -as at Whitehall. <cite>Whitlock’s Memoirs.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>During this unhappy reign, great disputes -arose between the King and the city, -in relation to ship-money, loans, &c. the -city was deprived not only of the new -plantation of Ulster in Ireland, which -had been granted to the Lord Mayor and -citizens by King James I. but fined -50,000l. Several of the Aldermen were -imprisoned, for neglecting to send to court -an account of such persons as were able to -lend his Majesty money, and the Lord -Mayor and Sheriffs prosecuted in the Star-chamber; -the five members whom the -King himself went with a guard to seize -in the Parliament House, took refuge in -the city, and were conducted back by water -to the House of Commons, by a great -number of citizens, while the Trained-Bands, -as a farther guard, marched by -land to Westminster. But even in the -midst of these disputes, while the King -was actually opposing the liberties of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>citizens, he granted them several charters, -by which he confirmed all their former -privileges, and added some new ones. -At length the Lord Mayor, contrary to an -order of Parliament, endeavouring by -proclamation to raise troops for his Majesty, -he was committed to the Tower; -and several articles of impeachment being -brought against him, he was, by the -sentence of the House of Peers, degraded -from the Mayoralty, and rendered incapable -of bearing any office, or receiving -any farther honour.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There being some time after but little -prospect of an agreement between the -King and Parliament, and the greatest -part of the city being averse to all thoughts -of an accommodation, the Common Council -passed an act for fortifying the city with -out-works; agreed that all the ways leading -to the city should be shut up, except -those entering at Charing Cross, St. Giles’s -in the Fields, St. John’s street, Shoreditch, -and Whitechapel, and that the exterior -ends of those streets should be fortified -with breastworks and turnpikes, -musket proof; that the several courts of -guards, and rails at the extreme parts of -the liberty of the city, should be fortified -with turnpikes, musket proof; that all -the sheds and buildings contiguous to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>outside of London Wall should be taken -down; and that the city wall with its bulwarks -should be not only repaired and -mounted with artillery, but that several -new works should be added to it, at the -places most exposed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This act of Common Council being -soon after confirmed by an order of Parliament, -the following forts were raised, -1. A bulwark and a half, at the north end -of Gravel lane. 2. A hornwork, near -the windmill in Whitechapel road. 3. A -redoubt with two flanks, near Brick lane. -4. A redoubt with four flanks, in Hackney -road, Shoreditch. 5. A redoubt with -four flanks, in Kingsland road. 6. A -battery and breast-work, at Mountmill. -7. A battery and breast-work, at the end -of St. John’s street. 8. A small redoubt, -near Islington pound. 9. A large fort -with four half bulwarks, near New River -head. 10. A battery and breast-work, -on the hill, east of the place afterwards -called Black Mary’s Hole. 11. Two -batteries and a breast-work, at Southampton, -now Bedford-house. 12. A redoubt -with two flanks, near St. Giles’s pound. -13. A small fort, at the east end of Tyburn -road. 14. A large fort with four -half bulwarks, across the road where -Wardour street is now built. 15. A -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>small bulwark, at the place now called -Oliver’s Mount. 16. A large fort with -four bulwarks, at Hyde Park Corner. 17. -A small redoubt and battery on Constitution -Hill. 18. A court of guard at Chelsea -turnpike. 19. A battery and breast-work, -in Tothill Fields. 20. A quadrant -fort with four half bulwarks, at Vauxhall. -21. A fort with four half bulwarks, at the -Dog and Duck in St. George’s Fields. -22. A large fort with four bulwarks, near -the end of Blackman street. 23. A redoubt -with four flanks, near the Lock -Hospital.</p> - -<p class='c008'>These forts were all joined by a line of -communication, formed by a rampart -of earth, which on all sides surrounded -the cities of London and Westminster, -and the borough of Southwark, -This was done at the expence of the city, -and the whole was immediately executed -with the greatest alacrity.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this, the city entered heartily into -the measures of the Parliament, though -the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common -Council frequently sollicited that body to -settle the peace of the kingdom: but soon -after the King’s death, an order being -sent to the Lord Mayor and Sheriff, to -proclaim the abolition of monarchy, he -refused to comply, upon which he was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>brought to the bar of the House of -Commons, committed prisoner to the -Tower for two months, and another -Mayor chosen in his room.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the inauguration of Cromwell in -1657, as Lord Protector, the Lord Mayor -carried the city sword before him, accompanied -by the Earl of Warwick, who -carried the sword of state, and during the -ceremony stood on the right side of -Cromwell’s chair, while the Lord Mayor -stood on the left.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But after the death of Cromwell, the -Common Council opposing the Committee -of Safety, declaring for a free Parliament, -and refusing to pay or advance -money to the Parliament, General Monk -was ordered to march with his army into -the city, and the streets became planted -with soldiers; when several of the Aldermen -and Common Council were taken -into custody, the whole body disqualified, -and a new Common Council -ordered to be chosen; after which the -city gates were broke and cut to pieces, -the portcullises taken down and destroyed, -and the posts and chains taken down.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this, the city heartily and zealously -joined with General Monk, in -bringing about the restoration. The Lord -Mayor and Aldermen, on the 29th of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>May 1660, went out to meet Charles II. -in St. George’s Fields, where the city had -erected a magnificent pavilion, provided -with a sumptuous collation, of which that -Prince having participated, was conducted -through the city by a very noble cavalcade, -the Lord Mayor carrying the sword -bare-headed before the King, accompanied -by the Duke of Buckingham and -General Monk, who were also bare. Upon -this occasion the city was adorned with -the richest silks and tapestries, and the -streets lined with the city corporations -and Trained Bands, while the conduits -flowed with wine, and the windows, -balconies, and scaffolds were crouded with -an infinite number of spectators.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1663, King Charles II. -granted the city a confirmation of all their -former charters, privileges, liberties, rights -and customs; and the next year the city, -in return, advanced several considerable -sums for his Majesty, to enable him to -carry on a war with the Dutch, for which -the citizens received the thanks of both -Houses of Parliament.</p> - -<p class='c008'>About the beginning of May 1665, -one of the most terrible plagues that ever -was inflicted on this, or perhaps any other -kingdom, broke out in this city: and as -this was happily the last visitation of this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>kind, it may be proper to give a short -account of its rise and progress.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The week wherein this most dreadful -distemper was first discovered, it carried -off nine persons, whereby the citizens -were so greatly alarmed, that an universal -dread diffused itself amongst people of all -ranks: but the week after, the number, -according to the bill of mortality, being -reduced to three, the fears of the citizens -were greatly alleviated. The next week, -however, the number increasing to fourteen, -and progressively to forty-three, the -people were struck with consternation, and -many of them had thoughts of leaving the -city: but in the month of June, the number -having gradually increased to 470 a week, -the nobility, gentry, and principal citizens -fled for safety, all being instantly in an -amazing hurry, and the city emptying itself -into the country, the streets and roads -were excessively crouded with carriages -and passengers. In July the bill increasing -to 2010, all houses were shut up, the -streets deserted, and scarce any thing to be -seen therein but grass growing, innumerable -fires made to purify the air, coffins, -pest-carts, red crosses upon doors, with the -inscription of <em>Lord, have mercy upon us!</em> -and poor women in tears, with dismal aspects, -and woeful lamentations, carrying -<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>their infants to the grave! and scarce any -other sounds to be heard than those incessantly -repeated from the windows, <em>Pray -for us!</em> and the dismal call of, <em>Bring out -your dead!</em> with the groans of the dying, -and the melancholy tolling of bells for -bodies ready for the grave! But what -greatly added to this distressful scene, was, -the spectator’s own reflections, that he -himself should perhaps soon make one -among the dismal objects, whose groans -resounded in his ears.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Under these deplorable circumstances, -the citizens, when in the greatest want of -spiritual guides, were forsaken by their parochial -Ministers, when those who had -been just before ejected from the pulpits, -considering their indispensible duty in this -dreadful visitation, were induced, though -contrary to law, to supply their place; upon -which the people, laying aside the -distinction of churchmen and dissenters, -joyfully resorted to church, where the -concourse was so exceeding great, that -these non-conformist Ministers were frequently -obliged to clamber over the pews -to get to the pulpit; and if ever preaching -had a better effect than ordinary, it was -at this time, when the people listened -with the utmost eagerness, and attended -<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>as if their salvation depended upon every -word they heard.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the month of September Death rode -triumphant, for the burials then amounted -in one week to 6988; but the week -after the bill falling to 6544, gave some -glimmering hopes that this dreadful distemper -was past its crisis: however, the -great increase the week following to 7165, -re-immerged the survivors into an abyss of -horror and despair; for now they were -struck with the dreadful apprehensions, -that in a few days the living would not -be sufficient to bury the dead. They -were, however, happily mistaken; for after -this, the contagion gradually decreased, -till it pleased the Almighty to restore this -desolate city to its pristine state of health; -after the direful ravages of this distemper -had swept off 68,596 persons, which, together -with those who died of other diseases, -made the bill of mortality for this -year amount to 97,306. <cite>Echard’s Hist.</cite> -<cite>Vincent’s God’s terrible voice.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>As to the natural causes of this pestilence, -Physicians differ greatly; however, -Dr. Baynard observes, that during the -havock made by it, there was a general -calmness and serenity of weather, without -the least wind or rain; that through the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>great scarcity of nitre in the air, the fires -in the streets were with great difficulty -made to burn; and by its extreme rarefaction, -which was doubtless increased by -these fires, the birds panted for breath, -and those of the larger sort were observed -to fly more heavily than usual.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The above calamity was scarcely ceased, -and those who had fled returned to their -houses, when on Sunday the 2d of September -1666, a dreadful fire broke out at -one in the morning, in the house of Mr. -Farryner, a baker, in Pudding lane; a -time when the eyes and senses of all were -locked in sleep. The house was a wooden -building pitched on the outside, as were -all the rest in the lane, which was exceeding -narrow, and by the jutting over of the -several stories, the buildings on each side -almost met at the top; and in this manner -were built most of the houses in this -metropolis. The house in which the fire -began, containing much brush and faggot -wood, the fire soon got ahead, and furiously -seized on the neighbouring houses -on all sides, running four ways at once; -it presently set New Fish street all in a -flame; while another branch raging down -Pudding lane, laid hold on Thames street, -the repository of all combustibles, as -hemp, flax, rosin, oil, butter, pitch, tar, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>brimstone, cordage, hops, sugar, brandy, -wood, and coals; where dividing itself, it -ran both eastward and westward with inexpressible -fury, into the adjacent lanes, -consuming all before it; and its two main -branches meeting at London bridge, soon -reduced all the buildings upon it to ashes, -together with the water engines under it; -by which means the people were deprived -of the assistance of that element; for the -New River water was not then laid into -those parts.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The pulling down houses every way, -at some distance, was first proposed; and -this was the only method that could have -been of any service in stopping the progress -of the flames; for had there been -water, the fire was too fierce to be mastered -by engines, or to suffer any body to -work near it; but this was objected to, -and while the affair was debated, the -flames spread still farther.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Unhappily they were increased by a -violent easterly wind; and that day and -the following night spread up Gracechurch -street, and downwards from Cannon -street to the water side, as far as the -Three Cranes.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The people in all parts were distracted -at seeing the progress of the fire, and by -the care of carrying off their goods. However, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>many attempts were now made to -prevent its spreading, by pulling down -houses, and making great intervals; but -not having time to remove the materials, -the fire seized upon the timber, boards, -laths, and rubbish, and extended itself -over these spaces to the neighbouring -houses; raging in a bright flame all Monday -and Tuesday, without any endeavours -to stop it proving effectual; though his -Majesty, the Duke of York, and great -numbers of the nobility and gentry came -with the guards, who were employed in -endeavouring to extinguish it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The wind, however, slackened a little -on Tuesday night, when the fire, meeting -at the Temple with brick buildings, -it by little and little lost its force on that -side, so that on Wednesday morning a stop -was put to it on the west, at the Temple -church, and also at Holborn bridge and -Pye corner. On the north, it stopped at -Aldersgate, Cripplegate, near the north -end of Basinghall street, and in Coleman -street: on the east, at the south corner of -Bishopsgate street and Leadenhall street, -at the church in Fenchurch street, and at -the Tower dock, after its having consumed -all the buildings within these limits, -quite down to the water side.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On Thursday the flames were extinguished; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>but that evening the fire burst -out again at the Temple, by the falling of -some sparks upon a pile of wooden buildings; -but upon blowing up the houses -around it with gunpowder, it was extinguished -the next morning.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By this dreadful conflagration were -consumed 400 streets and lanes, 13,200 -houses, the cathedral church of St. Paul, -86 parish churches, 6 chapels, the Royal -Exchange, Blackwell Hall, and the Custom -House, several hospitals and libraries, -52 of the Companies halls, and a vast -number of other stately edifices, together -with three of the city gates, four stone -bridges, and four prisons; the loss of -which, with that of the merchandize and -houshold furniture, amounted, according -to the best calculation, to ten millions, -seven hundred and thirty thousand, five -hundred pounds: but it is amazing, that -in this terrible devastation, only six persons -lost their lives by the fire.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As by the dreadful ravages of the plague -the preceding year, the city was depopulated, -and the houses deprived of their inhabitants, -so by this conflagration the surviving -citizens were deprived of their habitations, -and many thousands of them -compelled to retire to the fields, with -such of their effects as they were able to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>save, where they continued destitute of the -conveniencies, and almost all the necessary -accommodations of life; lying in the -open air, till tents and slight wooden huts -could be erected, to secure them from the -inclemencies of the weather. Meanwhile -the King had the goodness to order -a considerable quantity of naval bread to -be immediately distributed among the -poor, and a proclamation was wisely published, -ordering the neighbouring Justices -to encourage the bringing in of all sorts -of provisions.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It has been much disputed, whether -this dismal catastrophe was occasioned by -accident or design. An attempt was first -made to fix it upon the dissenters, who -suffered as much by this calamity, as any -other body of men; but having not the -least colour for such a pretence, it dropped -of course; and the English being then at -war with the French and the Dutch, the -latter were charged with concerting this -diabolical scheme; but this was found to -be only an injurious aspersion: however, -Robert Hubert, a Frenchman, of the Romish -church, confessed, that he, at the -sollicitation of one Stephen Piedloe, set -fire to the baker’s house in Pudding lane, -by means of a fire-ball which he fixed to -the end of a long pole, and lighting it -<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>a match, put it in at a window; and that -for this villainy he was to be rewarded on -his return to France; but it is generally -allowed, that this man was at that time -disordered in his senses; and great pains -have been taken to prove that he had no -hand in that calamity: however, he was -condemned and executed, though he surrendered -himself, and though there was -no other evidence of his guilt than that -of his own confession.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is observable, that the preceding -spring and summer had been the dryest in -the memory of man; whereby the houses, -which were all built of wood, and without -party walls, were prepared, as it were, -by Heaven, to become fuel for this terrible -conflagration, which, together with -the east wind abovementioned, might possibly -be alone sufficient to reduce the city -to a heap of ashes.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But whatever the unhappy citizens of -London might then suffer; it is evident, -that this was one of the greatest blessings -that could have happened for the good of -posterity; for, instead of very narrow and -incommodious streets; instead of dark, -irregular, and ill contrived wooden houses, -with their several stories projecting over, -obstructing the circulation of the air, and -harbouring those noxious particles that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>occasioned the frequent return of the -plague, and often fires of the most dreadful -kind; by the modern way of building, -and the enlarging of many of the -streets, offensive vapours are expelled; and -this, added to the cleanliness produced by -the great quantities of the water brought -into London by the New River, has freed -this city from all pestilential symptoms for -above ninety years together.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The reduction of this great and opulent -city to a heap of rubbish, greatly affected -the whole nation; and the King desiring -it should be now erected with greater -magnificence, uniformity, and safety than -before, prohibited for some time the rebuilding -of the houses; and the Judges -were ordered by Parliament to hear and -determine all disputes between landlords, -tenants, and lessees, concerning the rebuilding -and repairing of houses, &c. -without fee or reward.</p> - -<p class='c008'>London indeed might now have been -rebuilt in such a manner, as to have exceeded -in beauty all the cities upon earth; -and this would have been the case, had -either of the following plans been followed. -The first was formed by Sir Christopher -Wren, who, pursuant to the royal -commands, traced over the great plain of -ashes and ruins, and thence formed his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>plan of a new city, free from all the deformities -and inconveniencies of the old one; -by enlarging the streets and lanes, and -rendering them as nearly parallel to each -other as possible; by seating all the parish -churches in a conspicuous manner; by -forming the most public places into large -piazzas, the centers of eight ways; by -uniting the halls of the twelve Companies -into one regular square annexed to -Guildhall; by making a spacious and -commodious key along the whole bank -of the river, without any interruptions, -from Black Friars to the Tower, with -some large docks for barges deep laden.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The streets were to be of three magnitudes; -the three principal leading straight -through the city, and one or two cross -streets to be at least ninety feet wide; -others sixty feet, and the lanes about -thirty feet, excluding all narrow dark alleys, -thoroughfairs, and courts.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Exchange to stand free in the -middle of a piazza, and to be the center -of the town, from whence the streets -should proceed to all the principal parts -of the city; the building to be after the -form of a Roman forum, with double porticos.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Many streets were also to radiate upon -the bridge. Those of the first and second -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>magnitude to be carried on as straight as -possible, and to center in four or five -areas surrounded with piazzas.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The churches were to be designed according -to the best forms for capacity and -hearing; and those of the larger parishes -adorned with porticos and lofty ornamental -towers and steeples: but all church -yards, gardens, and unnecessary vacuities, -and all trades that use great fires, or yield -noisome smells, were to be placed out of -the town.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This plan, which that great architect -laid before the King and the House of -Commons, is thus explained: from that -part of Fleet street which remained unburned, -a straight street of 90 feet wide -was to extend, and, passing by the south -side of Ludgate, was to end gracefully in -a piazza on Tower hill.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the middle of Fleet street was to be -a circular area surrounded with a piazza, -the center of eight ways, where, at -one station, were to meet the following -streets.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The first, straight forward, quite thro’ -the city: the second, obliquely towards -the right hand, to the beginning of the -key that was to be run from Bridewell -dock to the Tower: the third, obliquely -on the left, to Smithfield: the fourth, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>straight on the right, to the Thames: -the fifth, straight on the left, to Hatton -Garden and Clerkenwell: the sixth, -straight backwards to Temple Bar: the -seventh, obliquely on the right, to the -walks of the Temple: and the eighth, -obliquely on the left, to Cursitor’s alley.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Passing down Fleet street, at the bottom -of which the ditch was to be rendered -a beautiful canal, passable by as -many bridges as there were streets to -cross it, and leaving Ludgate prison on the -left side of the street; where a triumphal -arch was to be formed, instead of the -gate, in honour of King Charles II. the -founder of the new city: St. Paul’s was -to be situated where it is at present, and -surrounded by a triangular piazza.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On leaving that cathedral on the left, a -straight street was to extend directly to the -Tower, adorned all the way, at proper -distances, with parish churches; and -leaving that edifice to the right, the other -great branch was to lead to the Royal -Exchange, which was to be seated in the -middle of a piazza, between two great -streets; the one from Ludgate leading to -the south front, and another from Holborn, -thro’ Newgate, and thence straight -to the north front of the Exchange.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This noble scheme was demonstrated to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>be practicable, without the infringement -of any man’s property; for, by leaving out -the church-yards, &c. which were to be -removed out of town, there would have -been sufficient room both for the augmentation -of the streets, the disposition of the -churches, halls, and all public buildings, -and to have given every proprietor full satisfaction: -for though few of them would -have been seated upon exactly the very -same ground they possessed before the fire, -yet none would have been thrust at any -considerable distance from it: but the -obstinacy of great part of the citizens, in -refusing to recede from the right, of rebuilding -their houses on the old foundations, -was an unsurmountable obstacle to -the execution of this noble scheme. <cite><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parentalia.</span></cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>Soon after this, Sir John Evelyn produced -another plan, in which he proposed -that some of the deepest vallies should be -filled up, or at least made with less sudden -declivities. That a new and spacious -key should run from the Tower to the -Temple, and extend itself as far as the -low water mark; by which means the -channel of the river would be kept constantly -full; the irregularity and deformity -of the stairs, and the dirt and nastiness left -at every ebb would also be prevented.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>To create variety in the streets, he also -proposed, that there should be breaks and -enlargements, by spacious openings at -proper distances, surrounded with piazzas, -and uniformly built with beautiful fronts; -and that some of these openings should be -square, some circular, and others oval. -He would have none of the principal -streets less than an hundred feet in breadth, -nor any of the narrowest less than thirty. -He would have three or four large streets -between the Thames and London Wall, -reckoning that of Cheapside for the chief, -which might extend from Temple Bar to -the upper part of Tower hill, or to Crutched -Friars, bearing the cathedral of St. -Paul’s upon a noble eminence.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Among these he would have the parochial -churches, which he thought might -be reduced to half the number, as some -of the parishes were then no less than two -hundred times larger than others: and -these he would have so interspersed as to -adorn the profile of the city at all its avenues. -Most of them he would have in -the center of spacious areas, adorned with -piazzas, &c. so as to be seen from several -streets, and others at the abutments and -extremities of them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>About the church piazzas, the stationers -and booksellers were to have their -<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>shops, and the Ministers their houses; as -about that of St. Paul’s was to be the -episcopal palace, the Dean and Prebends -houses, St. Paul’s school, a public library, -the prerogative and first fruits office, all -which were to be built at an ample distance -from the cathedral, and with more -stately fronts, in honour of that august -pile. In some of these openings, surrounded -with piazzas, he proposed to have -the several markets. In others the coaches -might wait; and in some might be public -fountains constantly playing.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The College of Physicians he would -have in one of the best parts of the town, -incircled with a handsome piazza, for the -dwellings of those learned persons, with -the surgeons, apothecaries, and druggists -in the streets about them; for he would -have all of a mystery in the same quarters: -those of the better sort of the shopkeepers -in the sweetest and most eminent streets -and piazzas; and the artificers in the more -ordinary houses, in the intermediate and -narrow passages; the taverns and victualling -houses were to be placed amongst -them, and be built accordingly; but so -as to preserve the most perfect uniformity.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Between the piazzas, market places, -and churches, might be placed the halls -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>for the Companies; and these, if fronted -with stone, and adorned with statues and -other ornaments, would infinitely inrich -the streets, and render this city as famous -for architecture of the most refined gusto, -as any city in Europe; among which -should be distinguished Guildhall, by its -being more pompous and magnificent than -the rest: near this edifice he would have -a magnificent house for the Lord Mayor, -and others for the two Sheriffs.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Royal Exchange he thought might -front the Thames about the Steelyard, in -an area surrounded on three sides with piazzas, -with vaults for warehouses underneath; -and for such merchandize as could -not be well preserved under ground, might -be erected buildings fronting the Thames -on the other side of the river, with -wharfs before and yards behind for the -placing of cranes; the laying of timber, -coals, &c. and other gross commodities, -while the key over against it should be -built for the owners, and the dwellings of -the principal merchants: but if the warehouses -must needs be on this side, they -should be made to front Thames street rather -than the river, because of the dull -and heavy aspect of those buildings.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The little bay at Queenhithe should -have the key continued around it, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>cloistered about for the marketmen and -fruiterers; and where the wharf then -was, a stately avenue was to extend to -St. Paul’s.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Four great streets were to extend along -the city: the first from Fleet ditch, -(which was to be formed into a noble canal) -to the Tower: the second, from the -Strand to the most eastern part of the -city, where should be a noble triumphal -arch in honour of Charles II. the third, -from Newgate to Aldgate: and the fourth -and shortest, from Aldersgate to Bishopsgate. -He proposed that five principal -cross streets should extend from Black -Friars stairs into West Smithfield; from -the Thames east of St. Paul’s to Aldersgate; -from Queenhithe to Cripplegate; -and from the Royal Exchange to Moorgate: -that the street from the bridge -should extend to Bishopsgate: that one -from Billingsgate should extend near as -far: and one from the Custom house to -Aldgate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Instead of houses on the bridge, he -proposed to have it adorned with a substantial -iron baluster, decorated, at convenient -distances, with statues on their pedestals, -with a footway on each side.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The hospitals, workhouses to employ -the poor, and the prisons, being built -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>and re-indowed at the public expence, -were to be disposed of in convenient -quarters of the city: the hospitals would -become one of the principal streets; but -the prisons, and court for the trial of criminals, -might still be built near the entrances -of the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The gates were to be in the form of -triumphal arches, adorned with statues, -relievos, and apposite inscriptions, not obstructed -by sheds, or mean houses joined -to them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This gentleman also proposed, that along -the wall betwixt Cripplegate and -Aldgate, should be the church-yards of -the several parishes, while the houses opposite -to them formed a large street for -the common inns, and served as a station -for carriers, &c. These being on the -north part of the city, and nearest the -confines of the fields and roads, would -least incumber the town; and there would -be a far more commodious and free access -to them, by reason of their immediate approaches -through the traverse streets, than -if they were scattered up and down without -distinction.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But this scheme, which was designed -as an improvement of Sir Christopher’s, -also fell to nothing; and by the obstinacy -of the citizens, the opportunity was lost of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span>rendering this city the admiration of the -world, and thereby of drawing the nobility -of all Europe to visit it, and lay out -great sums here.</p> - -<p class='c008'>However, it was ordered by act of Parliament, -that many of the streets and lanes -should be widened, and the city was -impowered to make a new street from -Cheapside to Guildhall, which obtained -the name of King street, and another -from Threadneedle street to Lothbury, -called Prince’s street. And the markets, -which till then were held in Newgate -street and Cheapside, were ordered to be -removed behind the houses into commodious -market places to be prepared for -that purpose. It was also enacted that all -the houses should be built with stone or -brick, with party walls, and the whole -finished within three years: that the -ground in several places should be raised, -and that a column of brass or stone should -be erected on or near the place where the -above dreadful fire began; whence arose -that noble column called the Monument: -but had it been raised near the place where -the fire ceased, and in the center of the -fine circular area proposed by Sir Christopher -Wren, in Fleet street, where eight -streets would radiate upon it, and where -it would be seen to terminate the view, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>even from Aldgate and Westminster, it -would have enjoyed a situation vastly more -worthy of its beauty, and have appeared -to infinitely greater advantage, than in the -corner where it is now placed. See the -article <span class='sc'>Monument</span>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The reader has just seen the city under -two of the most dreadful calamities that -could fall upon a people, pestilence, and a -general destruction by fire; he will now -see the citizens suffering calamities of a -very different kind, and deprived of all -their boasted privileges. This affair it is -necessary to trace from its origin.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the beginning of May 1679, a conspiracy -of the papists was discovered, for -destroying the city again by fire, occasioned -by the burning of one Bird’s house in -Fetter lane; for Elizabeth Oxley, the servant, -being suspected, was committed to -prison; where she not only confessed the -fact, but declared, that she was prevailed -upon to fire it by one Stubbs, a papist, -upon the promise of 5l. Stubbs being -secured, confessed that he had been excited -to this by Father Gifford, his confessor, -who told him, that instead of its -being a sin, it would be a great service to -the church to burn and destroy all the -houses of heretics; and that he had several -conferences with Gifford, and two -<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>Irishmen, upon that affair; that an insurrection -was to be made in London, -and a powerful army expected from -France. Five Jesuits were executed for -this plot, the papists banished from the -city, and ten miles round, and afterwards -the Lord Stafford was beheaded for -the same crime.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In revenge, the Romish party trumped -up what was called the Meal Tub plot, to -bring an odium upon the presbyterians and -the heads of the country party; but Dangerfield, -the chief actor in this farce, being -committed to prison, applied himself -to the Lord Mayor, and in an ample confession -laid open the whole scene of iniquity, -discovering the persons who set -him to work.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The citizens not only vigorously pressed -the prosecution of all the persons they -had reason to think concerned in the popish -plot, in opposition to the court, who -endeavoured to skreen them; but the -Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Common -Council presented a petition to his Majesty, -desiring, that all the persons who -had been impeached by the Commons, -might be brought to their trials; the -Duke of York, as being a papist, excluded -from succeeding to the throne; and the -Parliament continued, in order to make -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>the necessary provisions for the preservation -of his Majesty and his protestant subjects; -but this petition not only hastened -the dissolution of the Parliament, but was -so highly resented by the King, that it -principally occasioned the loss of all the -rights and privileges belonging to the -citizens.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Parliament being soon after dissolved, -and writs issued for a new election, -the citizens chose their former members, -and gave them directions in writing to -continue their search into the popish plot; -to promote the bill of exclusion, and to -grant no supplies of money till they had -effectually secured them against popery -and arbitrary power; which example was -followed by most of the electors of the -kingdom.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The court now threw the city into confusion, -by interfering in the election of -Sheriffs; those the city had chosen, and one -of the Aldermen, were committed to the -Tower; while other Sheriffs were elected -by the Lord Mayor, without the consent of -the Commons; and soon after a <em>quo warranto</em> -was brought against the city, contrary -to justice, the charters of the city, -and the rights of the citizens: the plea -and rejoinder brought by the citizens, -were as full and as nervous, as the arguments -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>brought to support the information -were weak and trifling. However, the -ministry having at all events determined -to remove the sacred fence, and destroy -the dear bought privileges of the citizens, -removed the Judges who did not approve -these proceedings, and chose others, who -would be more obedient, in their room; -and on the 12th of June 1683, the sentence -was pronounced, that the city had -given just ground for the forfeiture of their -charter.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this the King granted the office -of Lord Mayor to be held during pleasure, -appointed the Sheriffs, the Recorder, -and sixteen of his favourite Aldermen; -degraded eight of those that were in the -country interest, and appointed eight others -in their room.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The death of King Charles II. was far -from putting a stop to the arbitrary measures -of the court: for James II. immediately -singled out as a sacrifice to popery, -Mr. Cornish, an Alderman of this city, -who, when Sheriff, had exerted himself -in an uncommon manner in the detection -and prosecution of those concerned in the -popish plot. This gentleman was apprehended, -and committed to Newgate, without -the use of pen, ink, or paper, till Saturday -noon, when he received notice, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>that he was to be tried for high treason on -the Monday following. In the interim, -his children humbly petitioned the King -for time, that their father might prepare -for his defence: but they petitioned in -vain, though the most material evidence -in his favour was then 140 miles from -London. He was indicted the next Monday, -for conspiring to raise a rebellion, to -destroy the King, and subvert the constitution -in the late reign. The only material -evidences were two persons of an infamous -and profligate character; one of -them an outlaw, who was pardoned, and -his testimony made legal, for his appearing -against Cornish; and though what he -deposed did not affect the prisoner, he was -condemned, and on the 23d of the same -month, hanged, drawn, and quartered before -his own door, at the end of King -street, Cheapside.</p> - -<p class='c008'>During this short but iniquitous reign, -in which the boldest attempts were made -for extirpating the protestant religion, and -the religious and civil liberties of the -people, the citizens and the whole nation -cast their eyes on the Prince of Orange as -their deliverer. That Prince’s resolution -to grant them his assistance was no sooner -known at Whitehall, than the deluded, -weak, and pusillanimous King, prompted -<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>by fear, sent for the Lord Mayor and Aldermen, -and with a meanness of spirit -equal to that of enslaving his people, promised -to restore their charter. Accordingly, -on the sixth of October 1688, the -infamous and cruel Lord Chancellor Jeffries -brought back the charter to the -city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Upon this, a new Lord Mayor was -chosen; the Aldermen restored to their -respective wards; and the Liverymen of -the several Companies at the time when -judgment was given against the city upon -the <em>quo warranto</em>, were also restored.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It may be proper to observe, before we -conclude this reign, that about the beginning -of December 1683, was a severe -frost, which continued till the 5th of February; -the Thames being froze, a great -number of streets with shops were erected -upon it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1687, a dreadful persecution -raging in France against the distressed -protestants, 13,500 of them came over -and settled in this city, and the parts contiguous, -particularly in Spitalfields, by -which they greatly enriched the city and -kingdom, by introducing among us new -arts and manufactures.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As the citizens had contributed very -much to the revolution, King William -<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>and Queen Mary were conducted by a -noble cavalcade to Guildhall, where their -Majesties and a numerous train of the nobility -were entertained at dinner; and -soon after the Parliament reversed the -proceedings of the former reigns on the -<em>quo warranto</em>, declaring them to be illegal -and arbitrary, and confirmed all the -rights and privileges of the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After the peace of Ryswick, King -William III. at the desire of the Lord -Mayor and citizens, made his public entry -into the city, with great magnificence, -the Lord Mayor carrying the city sword -before his Majesty.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the reign of Queen Anne, her Majesty -came several times in great state to -St. Paul’s, to return thanks for the glorious -victories of the great Duke of Marlborough; -and after the victory of Blenheim, -his Grace, with the Prince of Hesse -and many of the nobility, dined with the -Lord Mayor and Aldermen at Goldsmith’s -Hall.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On Friday the 26th of November -1703, happened the most dreadful storm -of wind that perhaps was ever known in -any age or nation. For, beginning about -eleven at night, and increasing till about -seven in the morning, it committed the -most terrible and amazing devastations, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>by blowing down houses, trees, brick -walls, and stacks of chimneys; by which -many of the citizens were buried in ruins; -a considerable number of whom were -killed, others terribly wounded, while -others again were amazingly preserved -unhurt among the rubbish. As an instance -of which, it may be proper to mention -the following circumstance: two -boys lying in a garret in the Poultry, a -huge stack of chimneys fell in, which -making its way through that and all the -other stories to the cellar, it was followed -by the bed with the boys asleep in it, who -first awaked in that gloomy place of confusion, -without having suffered the least -hurt. Incredible as this story is, it is nevertheless -well attested.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By the impetuosity of this storm, many -spires and turrets were destroyed; upon -the churches and other public buildings, -the lead was rolled up like scrolls, and -blown to a considerable distance. At the -approach of day, the houses appeared like -so many skeletons, and being mostly stripped, -the damage done to the roofs was so -great, that the price of tiles rose from -1l. 1s. to 6l. a thousand.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is not easy to conceive the surprize -that appeared in all countenances in the -morning; for the streets were covered -<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>with bricks, broken tiles, signs, and pest-houses;<a id='t112'></a> -almost all thoughts of trade were -laid aside, and the principal concern was -the immediate repair of their houses, in -order to preserve themselves from the inclemency -of the weather in that rigorous -season.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The damage at sea, however, far exceeded -that by land; for in that dreadful -night twelve men of war were lost, with -above 1800 men on board; besides the -prodigious loss of merchant ships, computed -at ten times the value. At that -time the roads near our coast were filled -with ships, especially the Downs, where -most of them were swallowed up by the -waves; and even in the Thames, only -four from London bridge to Limehouse, -rode it out; for the rest being driven to -Limehouse, lay there, beating against each -other, by the irresistible fury of the tempest, -by which they suffered inconceivable -damage. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>The French having unmercifully destroyed -the Palatinate, by burning the -cities and towns, near 12,000 Palatines -arrived at London, where they met with -the most charitable assistance. Above -3000 of them were sent to Ireland, and -the rest to our plantations, where they have -made very great improvements.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>In the latter end of this reign, great -disturbances were occasioned by two sermons -preached by Dr. Sacheverel; in -which he represented the church to be in -danger from the dissenters; for these inflaming -discourses he was impeached by -the Commons, and tried by the Lords, at -which the mob were so exasperated, that -they pulled down several meeting houses, -and occasioned great disturbances.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Soon after the death of Queen Anne, -King George I. made his public entry into -London, the Lord Mayor carrying the -city sword before him, from St. Margaret’s -hill to St. James’s palace.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In 1715 happened a total eclipse; and -the same year a severe frost began in November, -and continued with short intermissions -till the middle of February; by -which the Thames was frozen over, and a -great number of booths erected upon it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next year great disturbances were -caused by the enemies of the government, -who, on the King’s birth day, accession -to the crown, and coronation, assembled in -the streets in a tumultuous manner, and -with the most amazing assurance, by expressions -and representations, in the grossest -manner dishonoured his Majesty. This -induced the friends of the government, -under some persons of the highest distinction, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>to form themselves into societies, at -certain alehouses, which, from the vessels -out of which they drank, were denominated -<em>mughouses</em>, at each of which were -deposited a great number of cudgels. At -this the rabble were so exasperated, that -many thousands of them assembled, and -attacking one of those houses in Salisbury -court, Fleet street, the landlord, in defending -his property, killed one of the assailants; -but this did not prevent their -rifling the house, before they could be -dispersed. However, several rioters being -taken, they were soon after tried, when -five of them were condemned and executed -at the end of Salisbury court; -which put an effectual stop to all tumultuous -practices for many years.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is observable, that in 1716, by a long -dry season, the river Thames was reduced -so low, that by a violent storm of wind at -west south west, it was blown so dry, during -the recess of the tide, that many thousands -of people passed it on foot, both -above and below bridge, and walked thro’ -most of the arches.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The year 1720 will be ever famous in -this city, for the destructive South Sea -scheme, by which many thousands of the -wealthy citizens and others were impoverished, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>while others acquired immense -riches. See <span class='sc'>South Sea Company</span>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The year 1733 was rendered memorable -by the effectual opposition made by the -citizens against a scheme for a general -excise.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In 1734, two spacious arches, ten feet -high and six wide, were erected as a -common sewer over the Fleet ditch, from -Holborn to the end of Fleet street; and -a neat market house being since erected -in the same place, by the name of Fleet -market, was opened in the year 1737; -and the next year the buildings and sheds -of Stocks market, at the end of the -Poultry, were cleared away, in order to -lay the foundation of a mansion house for -the Lord Mayor, which was afterwards -erected. See <span class='sc'>Mansion House</span>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The present reign is indeed rendered -remarkable by the multitude of magnificent -buildings, fine streets, and spacious -squares, that have been added, and still -are adding to this metropolis. A taste -for elegance in architecture, and a desire -to improve and adorn the city, have produced -one of the finest bridges in the -world at Westminster; have caused London -bridge to be stripped of its ruinous -buildings that encumbered the passage, -and will soon render it as commodious -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>and beautiful as possible. Another elegant -bridge is erecting at Black Friars, -in so grand a taste as to do honour to the -city. We are become sensible of the absurdity -of building magnificent structures -in holes and narrow passages, where they -cannot be seen to advantage; and now -resolve to make what is beautiful in itself, -an ornament to the city.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But this is not all; charity and humanity -now triumph over bigotry and superstition, -and the rage of party is on all sides -ready to expire; churchmen and dissenters -mingle in the same company without animosity, -and friendships are contracted between -those of different sentiments, both -with respect to religion and government; -while party zeal is almost confined to the -ignorant and the vulgar.</p> - -<p class='c008'>During this reign the wealthy have -shewn their humanity and pity for the -distresses of their fellow creatures, by -erecting a great number of infirmaries and -hospitals, for the relief of those afflicted -with any of the diseases to which human -nature is subject; while others are appropriated -to the cure of particular distempers. -The deserted infant is received into -an hospital founded for its education -and support; the young, innocent, friendless -girl finds an asylum; even the repenting -<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>prostitute has an opportunity of -returning to virtue. The poor married -woman is relieved and supported in the -time of her greatest difficulty, distress and -danger; she who is under the same distress, -with the additional pangs of guilt, -has a receptacle in which she also may be -delivered, and supported during her lying-in, -without the least expence. Those -under the small-pox, who were formerly -sent to pest-houses, and treated as if they -had the plague, are now happily accommodated -in places prepared for their relief; -and there is even an hospital for inoculating -the young who never had this -formidable disease, in order to prevent the -fatal effects which commonly attend its -being caught in a riper age. In short, the -last charitable foundation I shall mention, -as an honour to the present age and nation, -is the Marine Society; a society -formed for increasing our mariners, by -clearing our streets of poor vagabond boys, -and men destitute of the means of procuring -an honest support; thus those are -made to contribute to the glory and safety -of the nation, who would otherwise be -brought up to plunder and rapine, who -would live in misery and vice, and probably -end their days with ignominy. See -an account of each of these societies under -<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>their several articles, <span class='sc'>Asylum</span>, <span class='sc'>Lying-in -Hospital</span>, <span class='sc'>Marine Society</span>, &c.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The arms of the City of London are, -<em>Argent</em>, a cross <em>Gules</em>, with a sword the -same. Some say this was the sword of -St. Paul; and others, that it is the sword -of William Walworth Lord Mayor of -London, who killed the rebel Wat Tyler, -anno 1381, in the presence and defence -of Richard II.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Assurance</span>, in Birchin lane, -Cornhill, for assuring houses and other -buildings, houshold furniture, goods, wares, -and merchandize, from loss or damage by -fire: except glass and china ware, not in -trade, and all manner of writings, books -of accompts, notes, bills, bonds, tallies, -ready money, jewels, plate, pictures, gunpowder, -hay, straw, and corn unthreshed; -and for assurance of lives.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This society was incorporated by letters -patent granted by King George I. for assuring -ships and merchandize at sea; and -for lending money upon bottomry; in -consideration of which grant the Corporation -were to advance his Majesty 300,000l. -without interest, for the term of thirty -years: towards the raising of which, and -paying the just demands that might be -made upon their respective policies, the -Company were impowered to raise a sum, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>not exceeding 1,500,000l. to be called the -stock of the Corporation: by a second -charter, granted to this Corporation in the -year 1721, they were impowered not only -to insure ships, but houses, goods, and even -lives.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This society is under the direction of a -Governor, Sub-governor, and Deputy Governor, -and twenty-four directors.</p> - -<p class='c008'>They assure houses and goods upon the -following terms and conditions.</p> - -<p class='c008'>I. All manner of brick and stone buildings -covered with slate, tile, or lead, -wherein no hazardous trades are carried -on, nor any hazardous goods deposited, -are termed <em>Common assurances</em>, and are -assured for the following premiums, viz. -any sum not exceeding 200l. at 4s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per -annum</span></i>; any sum above 200l. and not exceeding -1000l. at 2s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent. per annum</span></i>; -and any sum above 1000l. and not exceeding -3000l. at 2s. 6d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent. per -annum</span></i>; and goods and merchandize not -hazardous, in brick or stone buildings, after -the same rates.</p> - -<p class='c008'>II. For the accommodation of such -persons as are desirous of being assured -for a term of years, this Corporation will -assure (on such buildings or goods as aforesaid) -any sum not exceeding 1000l. at the -rate of 12s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent.</span></i> for seven years, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>as far as 2000l. at the rate of 14s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per -cent.</span></i> for the like term of seven years, without -subjecting the assured to any calls or -contributions to make good losses.</p> - -<p class='c008'>III. Assurances on buildings and goods, -are deemed distinct and separate adventures; -so that the premium on goods is -not advanced by reason of any assurance -on the building wherein the goods are -kept, nor the premium on the building -by reason of any assurance on the goods.</p> - -<p class='c008'>IV. Timber or plaister buildings covered -with slate, tile, or lead, wherein no -hazardous trades are carried on, nor any -hazardous goods deposited: and goods or -merchandize not hazardous, in such buildings, -are termed <em>Hazardous assurances</em>, and -assured as follows; any sum not exceeding -200l. at 6s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>: any sum above -200l. and not exceeding 1000l. at 3s. -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent. per annum</span></i>: any sum above 1000l. -and not exceeding 2000l. at 4s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent. -per annum</span></i>: and any sum above 2000l. -and not exceeding 3000l. at 5s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent. -per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>V. Hazardous trades, such as apothecaries, -bread and bisket bakers, colourmen, -ship and tallow-chandlers, innholders -and stable-keepers, carried on in -brick or stone buildings, covered with -slate, tile, or lead; and hazardous goods, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>such as hemp, flax, pitch, tar, tallow, and -turpentine, deposited in such buildings, -may be assured at the annual premiums, -set down under the head of hazardous assurances, -in the above article.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VI. Any of the above hazardous trades -carried on, or hazardous goods deposited -in timber or plaister buildings; earthen, -glass, and china ware, in trade; and -thatched buildings, or goods therein, are -termed <em>Double hazardous assurances</em>, and -may be assured upon the following conditions: -any sum not exceeding 200l. at -10s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>: any sum above 200l. -and not exceeding 1000l. at 5s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent. -per annum</span></i>: and any sum above 1000l. -and not exceeding 2000l. at 7s. 6d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per -cent. per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VII. Deal yards, also chymists, distillers, -sugar-bakers, maltsters, or any other -assurances more than ordinarily hazardous, -by reason of the trade, nature of the -goods, narrowness of the place, or other -dangerous circumstances, may be made -by special agreement.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VIII. Two dwelling-houses, or any one -dwelling-house, and the out-houses thereunto -belonging, or any one dwelling-house -and goods therein, may be included -in the sum of 200l. But when several -buildings, or buildings and goods, are assured -<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>in the same policy, the sum assured -on each is to be particularly mentioned.</p> - -<p class='c008'>IX. To prevent frauds, if any buildings -or goods assured with this Corporation, -are, or shall be assured with any -other corporation or society, the policy -granted by this Corporation is to be null -and void, unless such other assurance is -allowed by endorsement on the policy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>X. No policy is to be of any force, till -the premium for one year is paid. And -for all subsequent annual premiums, the -assured are to take receipts, stamped with -the seal of the Corporation, no other being -allowed of.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XI. No policy is to be extended, or -construed to extend to the assurance of -any hazardous buildings or goods, unless -they are expressly mentioned in the policy, -and the proper premium for such assurances -be paid for the same.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XII. No loss or damage by fire happening -by any invasion, foreign enemy, or any -military or usurped power whatsoever, is -to be made good.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XIII. All persons assured by this Corporation, -are upon any loss or damage by -fire, forthwith to give notice thereof, by -letter, or otherwise, to the Directors or Secretary, -at their house in London: and -within fifteen days after such fire, deliver -<span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>in as particular an account of their loss or -damage, as the nature of the case will admit -of, and make proof of the same, by -the oath or affirmation of themselves, their -domestics or servants, or by their books -of accounts, or other proper vouchers, as -shall be required; and also to procure a -certificate under the hands of the Minister -and Church-wardens, together with some -other reputable inhabitants of the parish, -not concerned in such loss; importing, -that they are well acquainted with the -character and circumstances of the sufferer -or sufferers; and do know, or verily -believe, that he, she, or they, have really, -and by misfortune, sustained by such fire -the loss and damage therein mentioned. -And in case any difference shall arise between -the Corporation and the assured, -touching any loss or damage, such difference -shall be submitted to the judgment -and determination of arbitrators indifferently -chosen, whose award in writing -shall be conclusive and binding to all parties. -And when any loss or damage is -settled and adjusted, the sufferer or sufferers -are to receive immediate satisfaction -for the same.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XIV. In adjusting losses on houses, no -wainscot, sculpture or carved-work, is to -be valued at more than 3s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> yard.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span><em>N. B.</em> There is no average clause in -the policies of this Corporation; but the -assured, in case of loss, receive the full -damage sustained, deducing only three -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent.</span></i> according to the terms of the -policy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Persons assured by this Corporation do -not depend upon an uncertain fund or -contribution, nor are they subject to any -covenants or calls to make good losses -which may happen to themselves or others. -The capital stock of this Corporation being -an unquestionable security to the assured -in case of loss or damage by fire, -and in case of such loss or damage the -assured have as easy methods of recovery -as can be had against any person or society -whatsoever.</p> - -<p class='c008'>For the timely assistance of such as are -assured by this Corporation, they have -provided several engines and watermen, -with proper instruments to extinguish fires, -and porters for removing goods, all cloathed -in green; and having every one a -badge, with the figure of Britannia, holding -a harp, and supported by the London -arms, to distinguish them from servants -belonging to other offices, and the badges -are all numbered; of which all persons -are desired to take notice, who intrust -<span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span>them with goods, or have any complaint -to make.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The same figure as on the badges is -affixed on buildings, &c. assured by this -Corporation. <cite>The proposals printed for -the Corporation, in 1758.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Bridge</span>, appears to have been -originally built between the years 993, -and 1016, since in the first-mentioned -year, Anlaf, the Dane, sailed up the -Thames, with a fleet of ninety-three ships, -as far as Stanes; and in the last, Canute, -King of Denmark, caused a canal to be -formed on the south side of the Thames, -for conveying his ships above the bridge.</p> - -<p class='c008'>If the traditionary account of the origin -of the ancient wooden bridge, delivered -by Bartholomew Linstead, alias Fowle, -the last Prior of St. Mary Overy’s convent, -is worthy of credit, we are indebted -to the public spirit of that religious -house for this structure: “A ferrie being -kept, says he, in a place where now the -bridge is builded; at length the ferrieman -and his wife deceasing, left the -same ferrie to their only daughter, a -maiden, named Marie, which, with the -goods left by her parents, as also from -the profits arising from the ferrie, builded -a house of sisters in a place where now -standeth the east part of St. Mary -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>Overie’s church, unto which house she -gave the oversight and profits of the -ferrie: but afterwards the said house of -sisters being converted into a college of -priests, they builded the bridge of timber, -as all other the great bridges of -this land were, and from time to time -kept the same in good reparations; till -at length, considering the great charges -of repairing the same, there was, by aid -of the citizens of London and others, a -bridge builded with arches of stone.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>However, the continuators of Stow -imagine, that Linstead, in this account, -exceeds the truth, in ascribing all the -praise of so public a work to a small house -of religious, who might probably only -consent to its being built, upon the monks -receiving a sufficient recompence for the -loss of the ferry, by which they had always -been supported; the probability of -this appears from there being lands appropriated -for the repairs of the bridge so -early as in the reign of Henry I. Besides, -it can scarcely be supposed, that a petty -convent could be able to erect and support -such an edifice, which, besides other accidents, -was burnt down in 1136, and -was again so ruinous in 1163, that it was -obliged to be new built, under the inspection -of Peter, Curate of St. Mary Colechurch, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>in London; a person who had -obtained great reputation for his skill in -architecture.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At length, the continual and large expence -in maintaining a wooden bridge -becoming burthensome to the people, -who, when the lands appropriated to that -use fell short of their produce, were taxed -to make up the deficiencies, it was resolved -in 1176, to build one of stone, a little to -the west of the other, which in the time -of William the Conqueror began at Botolph’s -wharf; and this structure was -completed in 1209.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The foundation is, by the vulgar, generally -believed to be laid upon woolpacks, -which opinion probably arose from -a tax being laid upon every pack of wool, -towards its construction. Mr. Stow is of -opinion, that before the bridge was erected, -they were obliged to turn the Thames -into a large canal made for that purpose, -which began at Battersea, and returned -into the bed of the river at Rotherhithe; -but this supposition has not the least foundation. -Mr. Maitland justly observes, -that the purchase of the ground through -which this spacious water course was to -run; the expence of digging and raising -the banks of sufficient strength; and the -prodigious expence of damming off the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>river above and below the intended bridge, -would have amounted to treble the sum -of erecting the bridge itself; and that the -space of thirty-three years, which the -bridge took up in building, is sufficient to -destroy so wild a notion; since if the -people concerned in erecting it had dry -ground to build upon, it might have -been finished in a tenth part of the time, -and in a much more durable manner.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The same gentleman observes, that having -carefully surveyed the bridge in the -year 1730, in company with Mr. Sparruck, -the water carpenter thereof, he observed -in many places where the stones -were washed from the sterlings, the vast -frames of piles, whereon the stone piers -were founded. The exterior part of these -piles were extremely large, and driven as -close as art could effect, and on the top -were laid long beams of timber of the -thickness of ten inches, strongly bolted; -whereon was placed the base of the stone -piers, nine feet above the bed of the river, -and three below the sterlings; and -that on the outside of this foundation -were driven the piles called the sterlings.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Mr. Sparruck informed him, that he -and the bridge-mason had frequently taken -out of the lowermost layers of stones -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>in the piers, several of the original stones, -which had been laid in pitch instead of -mortar; and that this occasioned their -being of opinion, that all the outside -stones of the piers, as high as the sterlings, -were originally laid in the same matter, -to prevent the waters damaging the work. -This Mr. Maitland naturally supposes, was -done at every tide of ebb, till the work -was raised above the high water mark.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is remarkable, that the master mason -of this great work erected at his own expence -a chapel on the east side of the -ninth pier from the north end, and endowed -it for two priests, four clerks, &c. -This chapel, which was dedicated to St. -Thomas, was a beautiful arched Gothic -structure, sixty-five feet long, twenty feet -and a half broad, and fourteen in height. -Great part of this edifice lately remained -very perfect; it was paved with black and -white marble, and in the middle was a -sepulchral monument in which was probably -interred Peter, curate of Colechurch, -the architect, or master mason, who began -the work, but died before it was completed. -Clusters of small pillars arise at -equal distances on the sides, and bending -over the roof, meet in the center of the -arch, where they are bound together by -<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>large flowers cut in the same stone: between -these pillars were the windows, -which afforded a view of the Thames on -each side, and were arched, and far from -being unhandsome: but these have long -been closed up with brick-work. It had -an entrance from the river as well as the -street, from which last there was a descent -to it by a winding pair of stone steps -twisting round a pillar. These stairs -opened into a short passage, on the right -hand of which was a cavity in the wall -for holding the bason of holy water. On -the 30th of September 1758, when we -had the pleasure of seeing it, this edifice -existed in the above form, only a part -of the arch was obliged to make way -for a shop floor, and some of the body -was divided into an upper and lower story -for the convenience of warehouse room, -it then belonging to an eminent stationer.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But notwithstanding all this art and expence -in building the bridge with stone, -it was soon in great want of repairs: for -about four years after it was finished, a -fire broke out in Southwark, which taking -hold of the church of our Lady of the -Canons, or St. Mary Overy’s, a south -wind communicated the flames to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>houses on the north side of the bridge, -which interrupted the passage, and stopped -the return of a multitude of people who -had run from London to help to extinguish -the fire in Southwark: and while the -amazed croud were endeavouring to force -a passage back to the city through the -flames on the north end of the bridge, the -fire broke out at the south end also; so -that being inclosed between two great -fires, above three thousand people perished -in the flames, or were drowned by -overloading the vessels that ventured to -come to their assistance.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By this dreadful accident, and other -circumstances, this new stone bridge was -in so ruinous a condition, that King Edward -I. granted the bridgekeeper a brief -to ask and receive the charity of his subjects -throughout the kingdom, towards -repairing it: besides which, he caused -letters to be wrote to the clergy of all degrees, -earnestly pressing them to contribute -to so laudable a work; but these -methods proving ineffectual, he granted a -toll, by which every foot passenger carrying -merchandize over the bridge, was to -pay one farthing; every horseman with -merchandize, 1d. and every saleable pack -carried and palling over, a halfpenny.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>But while these affairs were in agitation, -the ruin of the bridge was completed, by -five arches being borne down and destroyed -by the ice and floods, after a great -frost and deep snow in the year 1282.</p> - -<p class='c008'>However, the drawbridge, which had -at first a tower on the north side, and was -contrived to afford a passage for ships with -provisions to Queenhithe, as well as to -prevent the attempts of an enemy, was -begun to be built in the year 1426; but -about ten years after two of the arches at -the south end, together with the bridgegate, -fell down; and the ruins of the -latter still remaining, one of the locks or -passages for the water, was almost rendered -useless; whence it received the -name of the rock lock, which has occasioned -the citizens to take it for a natural -rock; and indeed though these ruins have -lain in the water for above three centuries, -they are still as impenetrable as a solid -rock.</p> - -<p class='c008'>From that time the buildings on the -bridge increased slowly; for in 1471, -when Thomas Fauconbridge the Bastard, -besieged the bridge, there were no more -than thirteen houses besides the gate, and -a few other buildings erected upon it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>However, in Stow’s time, both sides -<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>were built up, and it had the appearance -of a regular street, there being only left -three openings, with stone walls and iron -rails over them, to afford a prospect east -and west of the Thames. These were -over three of the widest arches, usually -called the navigable locks.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus we see that the bridge in Stow’s -time nearly resembled what it was before -the houses were lately pulled down: and -the continuator of Mr. Stow observes, -that it continued in the same state till the -year 1632; when on the 13th of February, -the buildings on the north end of -the bridge to the vacancy on both sides, -containing forty-two houses, were burnt -down by a maid servant’s carelessness, in -setting a tub of hot sea-coal ashes under -a pair of stairs, at a needle-maker’s near -St. Magnus’s church: this fire burnt very -furiously, and there being a scarcity of -water, occasioned by the Thames being -almost frozen over, these buildings were -all consumed within eight hours.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In this condition the bridge continued -for several years; the confusions in the -state interrupting the government of the -city, and putting a stop to all farther improvements. -However, some of the houses -next the city were rebuilt of timber in the -years 1645 and 1646; these edifices were -<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>three stories high; they had flat roofs -adorned with balustrades, and had cellars -contrived within and between the piers.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The bridge had not indeed intirely recovered -from its ruinous condition in -1666, when it again suffered in the general -conflagration of the city, most of the -buildings being totally consumed, except -a few at the south end, erected in the reign -of King John; and the very stone work -of the bridge was so injured and weakened -by this melancholy event, that it cost the -bridge-house 1500l. to make good the -damage of the piers and arches.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The stone work was, however, no sooner -secured, than a sufficient number of -tenants offered, who agreed with the -bridge-house for building leases of sixty-one -years, paying to the city the annual -rent of ten shillings per foot running, and -to build in such a form and manner as was -prescribed. This was carried into execution -with such dispatch, that within five -years the north end was completely finished, -with houses four stories high, and -a street twenty feet broad between side -and side: after which all the old buildings -at the south end were rebuilt in the same -manner.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the year 1722, the Lord Mayor, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>Aldermen, and Common Council, being -sensible of the great inconveniences and -mischiefs which happened by the disorderly -driving of coaches, carts, and other -carriages, over the bridge, published an -order, that all carriages coming out of -Southwark into the city, should keep all -along on the west side of the bridge, and -those going out of the city on the east -side; appointing three persons at each -end to see this order executed: and this -method is still observed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Three years after this order, the gate at -the south end being greatly damaged by a -fire which broke out at a brush-maker’s, -and destroyed several of the adjacent -houses, it was built with stone, with two -posterns for the convenience of foot passengers. -This gate was finished at the expence -of the city in the year 1728.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At length the building leases being expired, -the city was sensible of the inconvenience -of not having a footway, which -had occasioned the loss of many lives, -from the number of carriages continually -passing and repassing, projected a plan for -rebuilding the street over the bridge with -colonades on each side, by which foot passengers -might be both secured from the -horses and carriages, and sheltered from -the weather. Part of this plan was a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>few years ago carried into execution, from -the first opening on the north-east end, -and its advantages were so obvious, that -every body was desirous of seeing it completed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>However, in 1746 the Lord Mayor, -Aldermen, and Common Council, considering -the many lives that were lost thro’ -the streightness of the arches, and the -enormous size of the sterlings, which took -up one fourth of the water way, and occasioned -the fall at low water to be no -less than five feet; as well as the great -expence of repairing the bridge, which -for several years had annually amounted -to 2000l. came to the resolution of taking -down all the houses, and to widen and enlarge -one or more of the arches. Accordingly -the Court ordered their surveyor to -draw a plan, and make an estimate of the -expence; which having done, the total -amounted to 95,000l. when it was immediately -agreed not to grant or renew -any lease or leases of the houses, but to let -those unexpired run out, and consequently -the houses run to ruin. <cite>Stow.</cite> <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>Indeed this scheme was in part proposed -immediately after the fire of London, by -both Sir Christopher Wren and Sir John -Evelyn; these ingenious gentlemen proposing, -instead of houses, to have a substantial -<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>balustrade on each side; and after -them, the author of the <cite>Review of the -public buildings</cite> had the following remarks, -“As some people are ignorant enough to -admire the bridge merely because it is -encumbered with houses from end to -end; it will not be amiss to observe, -that nothing can be more ridiculous -than this invention; nothing can possibly -offend the eye more, or extinguish -so many beauties as might take place, -in case this popular nuisance was removed: -suppose the present structure -of the bridge was still to continue as it -is, there would, at least, be room for a -magnificent breast-work and balustrade -above, and the top would afford one of -the finest prospects in the world: on -one hand a fleet of merchant ships, -equal in value and importance to half a -nation; on the other, two of the most -considerable cities in Europe, stretching -along the banks of a beautiful river, -and ending with a distant view of the -adjacent landscape.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>At length the leaning houses on each side -seemed ready to fall into the river, and the -passenger could scarcely forbear shuddering, -when he observed that any of them was -inhabited. At the same time, the structure -of the noble bridge at Westminster, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>with the magnitude, safety, and convenience -of the arches, convinced the citizens -more and more of the advantages -that would arise from the resolution of -pulling down the houses; and in the year -1756, every one was pleased, that the -Lord Mayor, Aldermen and Common -Council, had applied to parliament to enable -them to put this resolution in practice. -In short, an act was obtained, and -they were enabled to provide for the expence, -by collecting a toll for every horse -and carriage that passed over it, except -those used for tillage, till the principal -and interest of the money that should be -borrowed and laid out upon it, should be -repaid.</p> - -<p class='c008'>These measures being taken, orders were -soon given for taking down the houses on -both sides of the way, for a considerable -distance north of the gate. This not only -pleased every inhabitant of the city of -London and the borough of Southwark, -but every one who had occasion to -pass and repass over this useful bridge; -and all whose business leads them to -pass in any kind of craft thro’ the arches, -began to please themselves with the -thought, that their lives would hereafter -be secure in the exercise of their lawful -employments.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span>The houses and arches that extended -across the bridge being taken down, in -all the middle part of that structure a -strong temporary bridge, made of wood, -was with amazing expedition erected upon -the western sterlings of the old structure, -for the passage of carriages, horsemen, -and foot passengers, till the intended -alterations should be completed; and this -edifice, which was rendered as safe and -convenient as possible, was opened in October -1757.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But when the pavement was dug up, -and an opening made into the cavities of -all the piers; when some of them were -demolished almost to the water’s edge, -and the whole space where the houses had -been taken down was a confused heap of -ruins, that had not the least resemblance -of a bridge, the temporary structure burst -into a flame, and was intirely consumed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The fire began on Tuesday the 11th of -April 1758, at about eleven at night; and -by nine o’clock the next morning, the -whole temporary bridge was consumed; -though the drawbridge and some pieces -of timber among the ruins of the old -structure continued burning all the next -day.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Various have been the reports of the -manner in which this useful structure was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>set on fire. Some have said, that about -ten in the evening they saw several persons -who appeared in liquor, coming over -the bridge with a torch, and endeavouring -to get it from him who held it, while he -strove, in play, to defend himself by burning -them, at last threw it over the -boarded fence of the bridge, when the -light disappeared, till the timber below -burst into a flame. On the other hand, -the watchmen on the Customhouse key on -the east side, and at the Steelyard on the -west, with many others, are said to have -observed about eleven, some lights under -the bridge, which appeared in several -places like candles in lanthorns; and that -soon after, the bridge, from one end to the -other, burst into flames: but those who -first saw the progress of the fire, observe, -that it began in one spot, and extended itself -both ways progressively.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At this disaster the citizens were filled -with consternation, imagining that the -communication between the city and borough -of Southwark would for a long -time be in a great measure cut off; and -every body naturally concluded, that this -dreadful disaster was occasioned by some -vile incendiaries. The Lord Mayor, who -had attended almost the whole time of the -conflagration, and did his utmost to stop -<span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>it, waited in the morning on Mr. Pitt -with the dreadful account; and having -immediately obtained his Majesty’s pardon -for any person who would discover -the authors of the calamity, except the -identical perpetrators of it, called a court -of Common Council, who came to the -resolution to offer a reward of 200l. for -discovering the base and villainous incendiaries. -But though a considerable time -is elapsed, no discovery has yet been -made.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This prudent step being first taken, the -builders of the bridge were asked, how -soon they could possibly render it passable -for carriages; when they promised to -complete it within three weeks, on condition -of being allowed to work on Sundays, -and to employ a sufficient number -of men. This news filled the people -with equal joy and surprize; but this surprize -was greatly increased, when they -found that by keeping men constantly at -work day and night, this great work was -completed and the old bridge opened again -in less than a fortnight; and that in this -short time those arches that had been taken -down, and the deep cavities in all the -piers lately used for cellars, were covered -over; the piers which had been demolished -had stages formed of large beams -<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>of timber raised to support the upper -works, and the whole track of ruins was -covered with rows of strong beams placed -close together; these were gravelled over -to a considerable depth; and a strong -wooden fence, on each side, raised about -six feet high, with places formed for foot -passengers to stand in at proper distances, -to secure themselves from being hurt by -the carriages.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This great work was no sooner finished -with such amazing expedition, than -preparations were made for a new temporary -bridge, which was soon after begun, -and in a short time was opened.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The great loss the city had suffered by -the burning of the temporary bridge, induced -the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and -Common Council, to apply to Parliament -for relief; when that body, rendering the -repairing and the beautifying of London -bridge a national concern, an act was -passed the same year for granting the city -15,000l. towards the carrying on of that -work; upon which two toll booths that -had been erected for receiving the toll -granted by a former act, were immediately -taken down, and all horses and carriages -suffered to go toll free.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To prevent posterity being deceived by -the pompous elogiums bestowed on this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>bridge, which has been stiled <em>The wonder -of the world</em>, <em>The bridge of the world</em>, and -<em>The bridge of wonders</em>, the following -faithful description of it, we apprehend, -will not be improper. And indeed this is -the more necessary, as no accurate description -of this bridge has ever yet been -published. The Thames in this part is -915 feet broad, and that is the length of -the bridge, which was forty-three feet -seven inches in height. The street, which -before the houses fell to decay, consisted -of handsome lofty edifices, pretty regularly -built; it was twenty feet broad, and -the houses on each side generally 26½ -feet deep. Across the middle of the -street ran several lofty arches extending -from side to side, the bottom part of -each arch terminating at the first story, -and the upper part reaching near the top -of the buildings, the work over the arches -extending in a strait line from side to side. -These arches were designed to prevent the -houses giving way. They were therefore -formed of strong timbers bolted into -the timbers of the houses on each side, -and being covered with laths and plaister, -appeared as if built with stone; and -in some of them a closet, or little room, -was formed in the cavities next the houses, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>with a window to the north, and another -to the south.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It has been already observed, that this -street had three openings on each side, -adorned with iron rails, to afford the -passengers a view of the river, and placed -over three of the widest arches, called navigable -locks; because vessels of considerable -burthen have been used to pass thro’ -them. That arch next the gate has obtained -the name of the rock lock, from -the cause already mentioned: that under -the drawbridge was called the drawbridge -lock; and the third, near the chapel -(which could not easily be distinguished -from the rest of the houses) was called St. -Mary’s lock: and there was a fourth between -St. Magnus’s church at the foot of -the bridge, and the first vacancy northward, -called the King’s lock; from its -being customary for the King to go thro’ -it in his passage through the bridge.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus the street on the bridge had nothing -to distinguish it from a common -handsome narrow street; but the high -arches towards the middle, and the three -openings on each side, which afforded an -agreeable view of the river. But on the -outside the view from the water, and from -the keys, was as disagreeable as possible. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>Nineteen unequilateral arches, with sterlings -increased to a monstrous size by -frequent repairs, supported the street -above. These arches were of very different -sizes, and several that were low and -narrow, were placed between others that -were broad and lofty. The back part of -the houses next the Thames had neither -uniformity nor any degree of beauty; the -line was broken by a great number of closets -projecting from the buildings, and by -mean necessary houses hanging over the -sterlings. This deformity was increased -by the houses extending a considerable -distance over the sides of the bridge, and -by some of them projecting farther over it -than others: by which means the tops of -almost all the arches, except those that -were nearest, were concealed from the -view of the passengers on the keys, and -gave the bridge the appearance of a multitude -of rude piers, with only an arch or -two at the end, and the rest consisting of -beams extending from the tops of flat -piers, without any other arches, quite -across the river.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But most of these deformities will be -soon removed. Instead of a narrow street -of twenty feet wide, there will be a passage -of thirty-one feet broad for carriages; -with a handsome raised pavement of stone -<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>on each side, seven feet broad, for the use -of foot passengers; and, instead of houses -projecting over the river, the sides will be -secured and adorned by an elegant balustrade. -Like Westminster bridge, it will -be handsomely enlightened with lamps -from sun-setting to sun-rising, and guarded -in the night by a number of watchmen; -the expences of both which are -to be defrayed out of the bridge-house -estate.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Bridge Water Works.</span> In the -reign of Queen Elizabeth were erected in -the arches at the south end of this bridge, -mills for grinding corn, in order that the -city might supply the poor with meal, at -a reasonable rate, in a time of scarcity, or -when the price was unjustly raised by avaricious -badgers and mealmen. Afterwards, -in the year 1582, Peter Morice, a Dutchman, -contrived a water engine to supply -the citizens with Thames water: this was, -about fifty years ago, improved by Mr. -Sorocold; and, since that time, by that -great master of hydraulics, Mr. Hadley, -who rendered it far superior to the so -much famed water-engine at Marli in -France; which is so ill contrived in its -cranks, that it is said to cost 25,000l. -sterling <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> to keep it in repair.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This machine was at first made to force -<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>the water no higher than Gracechurch -street. The first engineer obtained from -the city a lease for 500 years, at the annual -rent of 10s. for the use of the -Thames, and one arch, with a place for -fixing his mill upon. The citizens soon -experienced the benefit of this invention, -and granted him a like lease, two years after, -for another arch: by which means he -grew very wealthy; and it continued in -his family, under various improvements, -till the year 1701; when the property was -sold to one Richard Soams, a citizen and -goldsmith. Morice having first, at the -purchaser’s request, obtained another lease -of the fourth arch, for the further improvement -of the said works, after selling -the whole property thereof for 36,000l. -Mr. Soams, to prevent all disputes with -the citizens, then applied to the city for a -confirmation of his bargain with Mr. Morice, -and obtained a fresh lease from them -for the term unexpired of that gentleman’s -lease, at the yearly rent of 20s. and 300l. -fine. After which he divided the whole -property into three hundred shares, at 500l. -each share, and made it a Company.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The wheels placed under the arches are -moved by the common stream of the tidewater -of the river Thames. The axle-tree -of the water wheel is nineteen feet -<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>long, and three feet diameter; in which -are four sets of arms, eight in each place, -whereon are fixed four rings on sets of -felloes, twenty feet in diameter, and -twenty-six floats, fourteen inches long, -and eighteen inches deep.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The wheel lies, with its two gudgeons -or center pins, upon two brasses, fixed on -two great levers, whose <em>fulcrum</em> or top, is -an arched piece of timber, the levers being -made circular on their lower sides to -an arch, and kept in their places by two -arching studs, fixed with a sock through -two mortises in the lever.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By these levers the wheel is thus made -to rise and fall with the tide: the levers -are sixteen feet long, that is, from the fulcrum -to the gudgeon of the water wheel -six feet, and thence to the arch ten feet. -To the bottom of this arch is fixed a strong -triple chain, made like a watch chain, -but the links are arched to a circle of one -foot diameter, having notches or teeth to -take hold of the leaves of a pinion of cast -iron, ten inches diameter, with eight teeth -in it, moving on an axis. The other loose -end of this chain has a large weight hanging -at it, to help to counterpoise the -wheel, and to preserve the chain from -sliding on the pinion. On the same axis -is fixed a cog-wheel, six feet in diameter, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>with forty-eight cogs; to this is applied a -trundle or pinion of six rounds or teeth; -and upon the same axis is fixed another -cog-wheel of fifty-one cogs, into which a -trundle of six rounds works, on whose axis -is a winch or windlass, by which one man -with the two windlasses raises or lets down -the wheel, as there is occasion.</p> - -<p class='c008'>By means of this machine, the strength -of an ordinary man will raise about fifty -tons weight. But, besides these levers -and wheels, there is a cog-wheel eight -feet diameter, fixed near the end of the -great axis, and working into a trundle of -four feet and a half diameter, and twenty -rounds; whose axis or spindle is of cast -iron, four inches diameter, and lying in -brass at each end: a quadruple crank of -cast iron, six inches square, each of the -necks being turned one foot from the center, -which is fixed in brass at each end, -in two head-stocks fastened down by caps. -The end of one of these cranks is placed -close abutting to the end of the axle-tree -last mentioned, and fixed thereunto by an -iron wedge drove through a slit in them -both for that purpose. The four necks of -the crank have each an iron spear or rod -fixed at their upper ends to the respective -lever, within three feet of the end; which -levers are twenty-four feet long, moving -<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>on centers in a frame, at the end of which -are jointed four rods, with their forcing-plugs, -working into four iron cylinders, -cast four feet three quarters long, seven -inches bore above, and nine below, where -the valves lie, fastened by screwed flanches -over the four holes of a hollow trunk of -cast iron, having four valves in it, just at -the joining-on at the bottom of the barrels -or cylinders, and at one end a sucking -pipe or grate, going into the water, which -supplies all the four cylinders alternately.</p> - -<p class='c008'>From the lower part of these cylinders -come out necks, turning upwards archwise, -whose upper parts are cast with -flanches to screw up to a trunk; which -necks have bores of seven inches diameter, -and holes in the trunk above, communicating -with each of them; at which joining -are placed four valves. This trunk is -cast with four bosses, or protuberances, -standing out against the valves, to give -room for their opening and shutting; and -on the upper side are four holes stopped -with plugs, which take out, on occasion, -to cleanse the valves. One end of the -trunk is stopped by a plug; and iron pipes -are joined by flanches to the other end, -thro’ which the water is forced up to any -height or place required.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Besides these four forcers, there are four -<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>more placed at the other ends of the levers, -which work in the same manner, with -rods and cylinders, as above. And the -same works are repeated at the other end -of the water-wheel, viz. a cog-wheel, a -trundle, a spindle, a crank, sucking-pipes, -four levers, eight forcing-rods, eight cylinders, -&c. four trunks, and two forcing-pipes: -so that one single wheel works sixteen -pumps.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the first arch next the city, is one -wheel with double work of sixteen forcers. -In the third arch, where the first wheel -has double work at the one end, and single -at the other, there are twelve forcers: -the second wheel, placed in the middle, -has eight forcers; and the third wheel -sixteen forcers. In all fifty-two forcers.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One turn of the four wheels makes 114 -strokes; and when the river is at best, the -wheels go six times round in a minute, -and but four and a half at middle water; -so that the number of strokes in a minute -are 684; and as the stroke is two feet and -a half in a seven inch bore, which raises -three ale gallons, they raise 2052 gallons -in a minute; that is, 123,120 gallons, or -1954 hogsheads in an hour, which is at -the rate of 46,896 hogsheads <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> day, to -the height of 120 feet, including the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>waste, which may be settled at a fifth part -of the whole. <cite>Desaguliers Mathematics.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Bridge</span> <em>yard</em>, Tooley street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London</span> <em>court</em>, 1. London street. 2. Rosemary -lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London House</span>, on the west side of Aldersgate -street, was anciently called Dorchester -House, and afterwards Petre’s -House, from its having been possessed by -the Marquis of Dorchester, and afterwards -by the Lord Petre: but after the restoration -being purchased for the residence of -the Bishop of London, it obtained the -name of London House. It is a large -commodious brick building, with a neat -chapel belonging to it; but being deserted -by the Prelates of this see, is now let out -into several tenements and warehouses.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London House</span> <em>yard</em>, 1. Aldersgate street. -2. St. Paul’s church yard.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Infirmary</span>, on the south side of -Whitechapel, is one of the many foundations -that distinguish our country and -the present age. It is supported by charitable -and voluntary contributions, for -the relief of all sick and diseased persons; -and, in particular, manufacturers, seamen -in the merchants service, and their wives -and children.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This charity was instituted on the 2d of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>November 1740, in a large house in Prescot -street, Goodman’s Fields, which is -now the Magdalen hospital; but that becoming -too small for this extensive charity, -a new, more capacious, and more commodious -building was erected by the voluntary -contributions of several Governors, -in an airy situation, near the Mount in -Whitechapel road.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This is a very neat brick building, contrived -to be plain and yet elegant, without -being very expensive; and it consisting of -one extended front, without either wings -or inner courts, the whole is seen at one -view. To the middle door is an ascent -by a flight of steps, and over this part extends -a very large angular pediment, within -which is a dial. Above the ground -floor extend two series, of each twenty-three -sash windows, their number and the -length of the building giving it an air of -dignity. The architect has properly considered -the use for which it is designed, -and has suited every thing to convenience. -It is properly furnished, and fitted up with -about 160 beds for the reception of the -patients.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The society for carrying on this laudable -undertaking, consists of a President, -two Vice Presidents, and a Treasurer, annually -elected out of the most considerable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>benefactors to this charity, and of such -persons, who by giving a benefaction of -thirty guineas or more at one time, become -Governors for life; and those who -subscribe five guineas or more a year, are -Governors during such subscription.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A general court of Governors is held in -the months of March, June, September, -and December, to take the report of the -committees, elect a house committee for -the ensuing quarter, inspect accounts, and -transact such other business as may be then -laid before them. The anniversary feast -of this charity is held between the first of -February and the last day of April, when -a printed account of the general state of -the hospital, the number of patients received -and discharged, and an abstract of -the accounts for the year past, is laid before -them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A house committee of thirteen Governors -is appointed at every general quarterly -court, who at their first meeting elect -a Chairman to preside for the first quarter; -who meet at the hospital, on Tuesdays -weekly, at eleven in the forenoon, to receive -and dismiss patients, to order and -inspect the provisions and furniture sent -in, and such necessaries that may be wanting, -and to examine and regulate the conduct -of the servants and patients; and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>other matters which come before them, -according to the constitution of this charity. -All Governors that please to attend, -have a vote at this committee, and their -attendance is esteemed a favour.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A committee of accounts, consisting of -twelve Governors, is appointed at the -general quarterly court in June, for one -year, who meet at the hospital once a -quarter, to examine and audit tradesmens -bills, which are paid by the Treasurer -within a fortnight after. The accounts -are open at all times for the inspection of -the Governors,</p> - -<p class='c008'>A physical committee, consisting of all -such Governors who practise physic, surgery, -or pharmacy, or are conversant in -the knowledge of drugs or medicines (excepting -such as shall be directly or indirectly -concerned in serving the hospital -with such necessaries) are summoned by -order of the Chairman of the house -committee for the time being every first -Thursday in the month, and have power -to order and inspect the necessary drugs -and medicines, and report their proceedings -to the general quarterly court by their -Chairman.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Two Governors are appointed visitors -by the house committee, for one fortnight, -to attend twice a week, or oftener, if they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>think proper, to inspect into the management -and conduct of the house, during the -interval of the meetings of the house -committee.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A Clergyman of the church of England -reads prayers every day, and preaches -every Sunday, and reads prayers morning -and afternoon; administers the sacrament -regularly every month; and is ready -to visit, pray by, and administer the sacrament -at all times when required, to the -patients in the wards.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Three Physicians attend alternately; -two of the Surgeons daily, from eleven -o’clock till one, without fee or reward, -and give their advice and assistance to all -such objects as come within those hours, -whether recommended or accidental. A -Surgeon extraordinary attends in consultation, -in all dangerous cases. The Surgeons -in waiting have an apprentice, or -pupil, constantly in the house, to receive, -and, if necessary, to call the Surgeon to -such accidents as shall be brought in at -any hour of the day or night.</p> - -<p class='c008'>An apothecary (with an assistant) constantly -resides at the hospital, who compounds -and dispenses all medicines used -there, and solely attends the business -thereof.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A steward, (for whose fidelity proper -<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>security is given) has the charge of the -house and furniture, keeps an account of -every thing brought to or expended in the -house, and subjects the same to the examination -of the visitors, and house committee, -and has the inspection likewise of -the conduct of all the men-servants. Two -matrons have the direction of the nurses -and other women-servants, and see the -diet and medicines administered according -to order. Under them, are nurses, -and watchers, in proportion to the number -of patients, who are guided by written -orders to prevent any misconduct. -Proper diet for the patients has been settled -by the Physicians and Surgeons engaged -in this charity, and is fixed up in the -wards for the satisfaction of the patients -and their friends.</p> - -<p class='c008'>No officers or servants are permitted -upon pain of expulsion to take of any -tradesmen, patients, or other persons, any -fee, reward, or gratuity of any kind, directly -or indirectly, for any service done, -or to be done, on account of this hospital.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Every Governor is intitled to send one -in-patient at a time, and out-patients -without limitation. Subscribers of smaller -sums may likewise send what number -of out-patients they please. All subscriptions -<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>are during pleasure, and any small -sums from well-disposed persons will be -thankfully received; but in order to carry -on this undertaking, all persons are desired -to pay their subscription at the time of -subscribing.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The poor objects recommended as in-patients, -if there are beds empty, are -received at any hour without difficulty -or expence, and are supplied with advice, -medicine, diet, washing, lodging, and -every comfortable assistance during their -cure; nor is any security required against -future contingencies, they being, in case -of death, buried at the expence of the -charity, if not removed by their friends. -All out-patients have advice and medicines -administered from eleven till one.</p> - -<p class='c008'>All accidents, whether recommended -or not, are received at any hour of the -day or night.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This is the plan of this noble charity; -and though this work has subsisted but -eighteen years, yet such has been the extraordinary -encouragement given to it, -that since the 3d of November 1740, to -the 1st of January 1759, the sums generously -contributed to its support amount -to 79,153l. a great part of which is laid -out in government securities. But what -is still more extraordinary, 137,252 distressed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>objects have been relieved at this -hospital; and from labouring under the -oppression of some of the most malignant -diseases, and unhappy accidents, have -been reinstated in their honest and industrious -capacities of working, and, so far as -our observation reaches, their morals much -amended, whereby the public again enjoy -the benefit of their labour, and they, and -their poor families, are preserved from -perishing, and prevented from being an -incumbrance to the community. And, -notwithstanding the great number of objects -relieved by this charity, it has not -lessened the number of patients relieved -by other hospitals.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The subscribers are desired to take notice, -that if any patients do not conform -to the rules of the house, or are guilty of -any misbehaviour, they will be discharged, -and never more relieved by this charity: -and not to send any patient unable to -walk, till they are first assured of room in -the house; and when they recommend an -in-patient, whose settlement is in the -country, it is further requested, that they -will satisfy the house committee, concerning -the removal of such patient, when -cured or judged incurable.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“No persons of known ability to pay -for their cure, are allowed to partake of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>this charity; nor any with infectious -distempers, or deemed incurable by the -Physicians and Surgeons, or any in consumptive -or asthmatic condition, are -admitted into the house, being more -capable, of relief as out-patients.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patients, being admitted without -any expence, are required to be constant -in their attendance on the Physicians, -or Surgeons, at the hospital, before -eleven o’clock; and, at nine o’clock, -to return thanks at the chapel, and at the -weekly committee next after their cure; -and those only who attend their cure, and -return thanks, will receive a certificate -thereof, which will entitle them to future -relief. <cite>The Account published by order of -the Governors in 1759.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Lying in Hospital</span>, at Shaftesbury -house, on the east side of Aldersgate -street; an edifice built with brick and -ornamented with stone, in a most noble -and elegant taste. The front to the street -is adorned with Ionic pilasters; the door -is arched, and has a balcony supported by -scrolls. This opens into a small area encompassed -with buildings, within which -are accommodations for the patients. -This house, which was built by the masterly -hand of Inigo Jones, was formerly -the residence of the Earls of Shaftesbury, -and deserves a much better situation. The -polite part of the town is now so far removed -from hence, that this edifice is -neither known nor admired so much as it -deserves. This structure, having been -converted to several mechanic uses, was -going to decay, but has, however, been -thoroughly repaired, and happily applied -to this noble charity; and in this house, -support and every necessary accommodation -and assistance are furnished for married -women in the last stage of their pregnancy, -time of labour, and month of lying-in.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i167a.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p><em>The Centre of the West Side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, late the Duke of Ancaster’s, by Inigo Jones.</em></p> -</div> -</div> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i167b.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p><em>Shaftesbury House, now the Lying-in Hospital, by Inigo Jones.</em></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>This excellent charity was instituted on -the 30th of March 1750, by several generous -and humane persons; and has met -with suitable encouragement from many -of both sexes, who justly deserve that character. -But so many distressed objects -daily present themselves for the relief of -this charity, which has been attended -with a more than ordinary expence, by -the reception of the wives of many seamen -and soldiers in the public service, -that its income, supported only by voluntary -contributions, is not equal to its -wants; and therefore the Governors find -it still necessary to apply for the assistance -of the charitable and humane. The conditions -are,</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>I. Such persons as subscribe thirty guineas -are Governors for life, and may recommend -one pregnant woman to be upon -the books at a time.</p> - -<p class='c008'>II. Those who subscribe five or three -guineas <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, are Governors so long -as they continue their subscriptions, and -intitled to recommend as in the first article.</p> - -<p class='c008'>III. Annual Governors may make up -their subscriptions thirty guineas, within -one year from their last payment, and -thereupon become Governors for life.</p> - -<p class='c008'>IV. All ladies are at liberty in all elections -of officers, to vote by proxy signified -in writing.</p> - -<p class='c008'><em>N. B.</em> All lesser benefactions are thankfully -received. And for the satisfaction -of the public, that the women are well -and properly taken care of, ladies, though -not Governesses, are permitted to go into -the wards.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><em>Rules of the Hospital.</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'>A general court of the Governors is -held four times a year; namely, in the -months of March, June, September, and -December, to receive the report of the -quarterly committees, elect a new committee, -and transact such other business as -may then be laid before them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A house committee is appointed at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>every general quarterly court, consisting -of thirteen Governors, three of whom are -a <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quorum</span></i>. This committee meets every -Tuesday morning at eleven o’clock in the -forenoon, at the hospital, to receive and -discharge women, inspect the diet and -provisions, order any furniture and conveniences -that may from time to time be -wanted, and to examine into and regulate -the conduct of all the servants and patients -of the house. These committees are to -make their reports to the general quarterly -courts.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The number of beds at present in the -hospital is thirty-three.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A Physician, a Man-midwife, and a -Surgeon in ordinary, attend daily at the -hospital; besides whom the house is supplied -with a Physician and Man-midwife -extraordinary, a Surgeon extraordinary, -and an apothecary, who supplies the patients -with such medicines as shall be -found necessary in their respective cases. -And that the patients may not want necessary -comfort under their afflictions, a -Clergyman has undertaken the kind and -charitable office of attending the house as -Chaplain, baptizes the children born -there, churches the women, and reads -prayers publickly twice a week. All -these gentlemen attend without fee or reward.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>A matron, who is a skilful midwife, -constantly resides in the hospital, and acts -as such in all natural and easy labours.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There are a sufficient number of nurses -and other servants to take care of the lying-in -women, and do the common business -of the house.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Also a beadle, who constantly resides at -the hospital, to be ready to go on all messages, -on sudden emergencies, and summon -the Governors, &c.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Note, the servants of the house are forbid -to take any fee or reward from the -lying-in women, on any pretence whatsoever, -on pain of being discharged.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Married women admitted into this hospital, -must previously produce a certificate -of their marriage from a lawful Minister, -or in case they cannot, then an affidavit of -their being married, and the time when -and the place where, and also of the settlement -of their husbands, and by what -means such settlement was obtained. -And no woman is to be taken into the -house, who hath any contagious distemper, -or has been accustomed to receive -alms of a parish.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Such gentlemen and ladies as chuse to -favour this laudable charity, are desired -to send their subscriptions, with their -names and places of abode, to the Treasurer, -Charles Maynard, Esq; in Aldersgate -<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>street; to Messrs. Vere, Glyn, and -Halifax, bankers, in Birchin lane; or to -the weekly committee, on Tuesday in the -forenoon, at the said hospital, where proper -receipts will be given,</p> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <th class='c010' colspan='3'><span class='sc'>Account</span> <em>of</em> <span class='sc'>Women</span> <em>delivered, from the institution of the hospital to the 17th Jan. 1758</em>.</th> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011' colspan='2'>Women delivered, 19 of whom had twins, and one delivered of three children</td> - <td class='c012'>1914</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'>Children born</td> - <td class='c013'> </td> - <td class='c012'>1935</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'><span class='pad'>Males </span></td> - <td class='c013'>961</td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'><span class='pad'>Females </span></td> - <td class='c013'>974</td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'> </td> - <td class='c013'><hr /></td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'> </td> - <td class='c013'>1935</td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'> </td> - <td class='c013'><hr /></td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011' colspan='2'>Monies received from the institution of the hospital to the 13th. Jan. 1758</td> - <td class='c012'>7010 13 0¾</td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'>Monies expended from the institution of the hospital to 29th Sept. 1757</td> - <td class='c013'>5774  3 6 </td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'>£1000 Old South Sea annuities, which cost</td> - <td class='c013'>1064 12 6 </td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'>Cash in Treasurer’s hands</td> - <td class='c013'>171 17 0¾</td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'> </td> - <td class='c013'><hr /></td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c011'> </td> - <td class='c013'>7010 13 0¾</td> - <td class='c012'> </td> - </tr> - <tr><td> </td></tr> - <tr> - <th class='c010' colspan='3'><em>The account published by order of the Governors.</em></th> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>See an account of the other hospitals of -the same kind, under the articles <span class='sc'>Lying-in -Hospital</span> in Brownlow street, and -<span class='sc'>Lying-in Hospital</span> for unmarried as -well as married women in Duke street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London ’Prentice</span> <em>yard</em>, in the Minories.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Stone</span>, a very great piece of antiquity, -that has been carefully preserved -from age to age, and is mentioned -by the same name so early as in the time -of Ethelstan, King of the West Saxons.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This stone, which stands close under -the south wall of St. Swithin’s church, -was formerly a little nearer the channel -facing the same place, and being fixed -very deep in the ground was so strongly -fastened by bars of iron, as to be in no -danger from the carriages.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It seems very surprizing that so great a -piece of antiquity has been constantly preserved -with such care, and yet so little -has been said of it, that the original cause -of its erection, and the use for which it -was intended, are entirely unknown. A -very ingenious author observes, that as -London appears to have been a Roman -city, it will be no improbable conjecture, -that this stone was the center, from -whence they extended its dimensions, and -might serve as the standard at which they -began to compute their miles. Of this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>opinion was also Mr. Maitland, and the -great Sir Christopher Wren, who grounded -his conjecture upon proofs which are -not every day to be obtained, for by rebuilding -many of the churches after the -fire of London, he had an opportunity of -discovering and tracing the ancient boundaries -of London, with a greater nicety -than is ever to be expected again: on -clearing the foundations of St. Mary le -Bow in Cheapside, he found, upon opening -the ground, the walls with the windows -and pavement of a Roman temple, -entirely buried under the level of the present -street; this temple stood about forty -feet backwards; but having occasion to -bring the steeple of the new church to -range with the high street, he again began -to dig through the made ground, till -having proceeded eighteen feet deep, to -his surprize he discovered a Roman causeway -of rough stone four feet thick, close -and well rammed, with Roman brick -and rubbish at the bottom, all firmly cemented; -he was therefore of opinion, -that this was the northern boundary of -the Roman colony, and that the breadth -from north to south was from this causeway, -now Cheapside, to the Thames; the -extent east and west from Tower hill to -Ludgate: the principal or Prætorian Way, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>he supposed to be Watling street; whence -London Stone appears to have been nearly -in the center of the ancient city before it -was destroyed by Boadicea, and when it -was not encompassed with walls. <cite>Curiosities -of London and Westminster.</cite> <cite><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Parentalia.</span></cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London</span> <em>street</em>, 1. A spacious, handsome, -and well-built street, on the south side of -Fenchurch street. 2. Mill street, Rotherhith. -3. Rose lane, Ratcliff.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Wall</span>, the wall which formerly -surrounded the city of London, as a defence -against the attacks of an enemy. -It was strengthened with lofty towers, -and had originally only four gates, tho’ -the making of new roads has increased -the number to seven, which are now -standing, viz. Aldgate, Bishopsgate, Moorgate, -Cripplegate, Aldersgate, Newgate, -and Ludgate. See each of these described -in their proper places.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This wall, which is by some supposed -to have been built by Constantine the -Great, and by others by his mother Helena, -was probably not erected till the -time of Valentinian I. about the year -368. Britain had been reduced to very -great misery, by the joint attacks of the -Scots, Picts, Attacots, Saxons, and Franks; -and the Romans, till the arrival of Theodosius -<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>the Elder, were defeated in several -engagements: but that General having -routed some parties of the enemy, entered -the city of London in triumph. And we are -told by <cite>Am. Marcel, lib. 27.</cite> that Theodosius, -by repairing some cities and castles, -and fortifying others, left every thing in -so good a situation, that peace was preserved -in Britain till the departure of the -Romans in the reign of the Emperor -Honorius.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Dr. Woodward, in the year 1707, had -an opportunity of narrowly observing its -fabrick and composition, by a part of the -wall near Bishopsgate being pulled down, -to make way for new buildings; and this -learned antiquary observes, that “From -the foundation, which lay eight feet -below the present surface, quite up to -the top of the oldest part, which was -in all near ten feet, it was compiled alternately -of layers of broad flat bricks -and rag-stones. The bricks lay in -double ranges, and each brick being -but one inch and three tenths in thickness, -the whole layer, with the mortar, -exceeded not three inches. The layers -of stone were not two feet thick of our -measure. It is probable they were intended -for two of the Roman, their -rule being somewhat shorter than ours. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>To this height the workmanship was -after the Roman manner, and these -were the remains of the ancient wall. -In this it was very observable, that the -mortar was so very firm and hard, that -the stone itself as easily broke. It was -thus far, from the foundation upwards, -nine feet in thickness. The above -broad thin bricks were all of Roman -make, and of the very sort we learn -from Pliny, that were in common use -among the Romans. Measuring some -of these (says Mr. Woodward) I found -them seventeen inches and four tenths -in thickness, and eleven inches and six -tenths in breadth.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“The old wall, on its being repaired, -was carried up of the same thickness to -eight or nine feet in height; or if higher, -there was no more of that work -now standing. All this was apparently -additional, and of a make later than -the other part underneath it, which -was levelled and brought to a plane for -the raising of this new work upon it. -The outside, or that towards the suburbs, -was faced with a coarse sort of -stone, not compiled with any great -care or skill, nor disposed into a regular -method; but on the inside there appeared -more marks of workmanship -<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>and art. At the bottom were five -layers composed of flint and free stone; -though they were not so in all parts, -yet in some the squares were near -equal, about five inches diameter, and -ranged in a quincunx order. Over -these were a layer of brick, then of -hewn free stone, and so alternately -brick and stone to the top. These -bricks, of which there were four courses, -were of the shape of those now in use, -but much larger, being near eleven -inches in length, five in breadth, and -somewhat above two and a half in thickness. -There was not one of the Roman -bricks above mentioned in all this -part, nor was the mortar here near so -hard, as in that below; but from the -description may be easily collected, that -this part when first made, with so various -and orderly a disposition of the -materials, flint, stone, and brick, could -not but carry a very handsome aspect. -Whether this was done at the expence -of the Barons in the reign of King -John; or of the citizens in the reign -of King Henry III. or of King Richard -II. or at what other time, I cannot -take upon me to ascertain, from accounts -so defective and obscure as are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span>those which at this day remain of this -affair.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Upon the additional work now described, -was raised a wall wholly of -brick, only that it terminating in battlements, -these were topped with copings -of stone. It was two feet four -inches in thickness, and somewhat -above eight feet in height. The bricks -of these were of the same module and -size with those of the part underneath, -How long they have been in use is uncertain.” -<cite>Woodward’s Roman Antiquities, -and Present State of London.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>A tower of the same construction, -twenty-six feet in height, is still remaining, -and is situated almost opposite the -end of Gravel lane, on the west side of -Houndsditch, tho’ much decayed. There -is a door within the wall of this tower, in -Shoemaker row, fronting the passage into -Duke’s Place. Mr. Maitland observes, -that in searching for this tower, about -eighty paces south east, towards Aldgate, -he discovered another of the same construction, -twenty-one feet high, perfectly -found, and much more beautiful than the -former; the bricks being as found as if -but newly laid, while the stones in most -parts are become a sacrifice to time. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>Mr. Maitland also observes, that on the -south of Aldgate, at the lower end of a -street denominated the Vineyard, is the -basis of another Roman tower, about eight -feet high, which supports a new building -of three stories in height. He conjectures, -that the wall, when first erected, -was about twenty-two feet high, and the -towers about forty feet; and adds, that the -ancients thought it so necessary to preserve -them from ruin and all incumbrances, -that they made an act, that no -tenement should be erected nearer the -walls, than the distance of sixteen feet.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The remains of the walls are at present -much more extensive than is generally -imagined. They still subsist in part between -the houses on the east side of Poor -Jewry lane, and the Minories, almost all -the way along the back of Houndsditch, -from Aldgate to Bishopsgate. The ruins -of the wall are from thence visible to every -passenger in the street, from where Little -Moorgate lately stood to the end of Aldermanbury, -and from thence extending -behind the houses, it reaches to Cripplegate; -from whence it extends on the back -of St. Giles’s church, and runs along the -back of the houses in Crowder’s well alley, -where several lofty towers are still to be -seen, and is visible almost to Aldersgate; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>from thence it extends along the back of -the houses in Bull and Mouth street; but -from thence little of it is to be seen till we -come to Newgate; after which it in some -places rises to a considerable height, and -extends in a pretty regular line on the -back of the houses in the Old Bailey almost -to Ludgate.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Wall</span>, a long street, so called -from its fronting the city wall; it having -a range of houses on the south, and the -ruins of the wall on the north. This -street, which extends from Wormwood -street to Cripplegate, is the only place -where the wall is not concealed by -buildings: but here the wall may be justly -considered as a nuisance, it being little -better than a disagreeable heap of rubbish, -in which hardly any of the Roman structure -is now to be seen.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Workhouse</span>, a large and commodious -brick building, at the south east -corner of Half Moon alley in Bishopsgate -street, was founded by act of Parliament -in the year 1649, for the relief and employment -of the poor, and the punishing -of vagrants and other disorderly persons, -within the city and liberties of London. -However, in the year 1662, the continual -increase of the poor, and the defects in the -laws relating to the settlement of them, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>occasioned another act, by which the -Governors were constituted a body corporate -with a common seal; the Lord -Mayor for the time being was appointed -President, and the President and Governors -were allowed to purchase lands or -tenements to the annual value of 300l. -The Common Council were allowed to -rate the several parishes of the city for the -support of this workhouse, and on this -account a considerable sum is paid by each -parish, raised on the inhabitants by a regular -assessment. Besides which, this -charity has received many considerable -benefactions.</p> - -<p class='c008'>However, it was agreed by the Governors, -that no child should be received -from any benefactor who gave a less sum -than 50l. but whoever gave 70l. might -put in a child from any place he thought -fit. <cite>Account of this Corporation published -in 1713.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>The several parishes, besides their assessments, -formerly paid 1s. a week for -parish children; but in 1751 the Governors -came to a resolution, that no more -children paid for by the parishes to which -they belong, should be taken into the -house; and since that time it has been -resolved, that only such children should -be taken in, as were committed by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>Magistrates of the city, found begging in -the streets, pilfering on the keys, or lying -about in glass houses and uninhabited -places: the receptacles of the wretched -and the wicked.</p> - -<p class='c008'>These once poor abandoned children are -educated according to the usage of the -church of England, and meet at six in the -morning and evening in a large room, -which serves them both for a chapel and -dining room, where they hear prayers: -they are taught the Catechism; have a -Minister who attends upon them; and on -Sundays they all go to church at Great St. -Helen’s. A part of the day is appropriated -to their learning to read, write, -and to their obtaining some knowledge of -arithmetic; the rest of their time is spent -in weaving nets for the British fishery; -and the girls are employed in sewing, -knitting, and other labour, by which they -are qualified for service. The boys making -twenty-five yards of netting a week, -at 1s. 6d. for twenty yards; and, as an -encouragement to industry, every boy -who makes above twenty-four yards, receives -a penny a week. There are here -seldom less than four hundred children -thus employed, all of whom are dressed -in russet cloth, and wear a round badge -upon their breasts, representing a poor -<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>boy and a sheep, with the motto, <em>God’s -providence is our inheritance</em>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>These children thus saved from the miseries -of vice and beggary; from becoming -pick-pockets and house-breakers, and -from ending their days at the gallows; -after being thus instructed and inured to -labour, are put out apprentice, the boys -to the sea service or to trades, and the -girls to service in honest families.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It will be no unpleasing amusement, if -we here give the speech of John Trusty, -one of these poor boys, to her Majesty -Queen Anne, upon her coming to dine at -Guildhall, on Thursday the 29th of October -1702, the Lord Mayor’s day; nor -can we better conclude what we have -said of these children.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“May it please your most excellent -Majesty, to pardon this great presumption -in us poor children, who throw -ourselves at your royal feet, among the -rest of your glad subjects, that here in -crouds appear to behold your sacred -Majesty.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“We, Madam, have no fathers, no -mothers, no friends; or, which is next -to none, those who, through their extreme -poverty, cannot help us. God’s -providence is our inheritance [<em>pointing -to the motto on his breast</em>.] All the support -<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>we have is from the unexhausted -charities of your loyal citizens of London, -and others your good subjects, and -the pious care of our Governors, who -are now teaching our little hands to -work, and our fingers to spin.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“These threads, Madam, [<em>holding out -some yarn, which he held in his hand</em>] are -some of the early fruits of our industry. -We are all daily employed on the staple -manufacture of England, learning betimes -to be useful to the world. And -there seemed nothing wanting to complete -our happiness, but the opportunity -which this day affords us, of being -the objects of your tender pity and -compassion. One gracious smile from -your Majesty on this new foundation -will make us live——and live to call -you blessed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“And may God Almighty long preserve -your Majesty, for the good of -these your kingdoms, and your Royal -Consort the Prince. So pray we, your -little children: and let all your people -say, <em>Amen</em>.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>In another part of the house, called <em>the -Keeper’s Side</em>, are kept beggars, vagrants, -dissolute and abandoned sturdy fellows, -who have no honest means of support; and -the lewd women who are taken up in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>streets, where they spread debauchery and -contagion among unwary youth: all these -are kept to hard labour, and employed in -beating of hemp and washing of linen. -Many of these have been brought to a -sense of their crimes, while others have -voluntarily transported themselves to the -plantations.</p> - -<p class='c008'>All these are not only supported, but in -case of sickness, broken limbs, sores, or -wounds, have advice, physic and surgery -gratis.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Some years ago the Governors built a -very large, strong and useful building, -with three long rooms or galleries one -over another, which are filled with boys -and girls at work, who have a proper -number of men and women to instruct -them. They have here also a large and -convenient brewhouse for brewing their -own drink, and over that a malthouse. -In short, every thing here is managed with -the greatest prudence and œconomy. -<cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>London Workhouse</span> <em>yard</em>, by the London -Workhouse in Bishopsgate street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long Acre</span>, so called from its being built -on a long narrow piece of ground, anciently -called The Seven Acres. It begins -at Drury lane, by the end of Great Queen -street, and reaches to St. Martin’s lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span><span class='sc'>Long Alley</span>, 1. Black Friars. 2. Cable -street. 3. Moor fields. 4. In the -Strand.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long Bow String Makers</span>, a company -by prescription, and not by charter: but -which still subsists, though bows and arrows -have been so long out of use. It -has, however, a coat of arms, and is governed -by two Wardens and nineteen Assistants; -but this fraternity have neither -hall nor livery. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long Cellar</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Lower East Smithfield. -2. St. Catharine’s.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long</span> <em>court</em>, near Whitechapel.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long</span> <em>ditch</em>, Tothill street, Westminster. -This street took its name from a water -course there so called. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long</span> <em>lane</em>, 1. Aldersgate street. 2. Barnaby -street. 3. Shoreditch.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long</span> <em>walk</em>, 1. Christ’s hospital. 2. Cross -Keys court, Whitecross street, Cripplegate. -3. King John’s court, Barnaby street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long’s</span> <em>alley</em>, Roper lane in Crucifix lane, -Barnaby street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long’s</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Jamaica street, Rotherhith.† -2. Near Leicester fields.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Long’s</span> <em>yard</em>, 1. East Smithfield.† 2. In -the Green Walk.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Looker’s</span> <em>court</em>, King’s street, Oxford -street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Loom</span> <em>alley</em>, Old Bethlem.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span><span class='sc'>Lord Mayor.</span> See <em>Lord</em> <span class='sc'>Mayor</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lord Mayor’s</span> <em>court</em>. See <em>Lord</em> <span class='sc'>Mayor’s -Court</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lord Mayor and Aldermens Court.</span> -Also see under the article <span class='sc'>Mayor</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>House of</em> <span class='sc'>Lords</span>, an edifice situated near -Westminster Hall, by the Painted Chamber -and Court of Requests. The print -represents the stairs up which his Majesty -enters, and adjoining is the office of ordnance.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Formerly the parliaments of England -were held in Westminster Hall; but King -Richard II. having occasion to call one in -the year 1397, when that building was in -a very ruinous condition, erected an house -on purpose in the middle of the palace -court, at a small distance from the gate -of the old Hall. This was a plain and -mean structure, open to the common -people, that all might hear what passed; -while the King’s person, and those assembled -there for the service of the nation, -were secured by a guard of archers maintained -at the public expence. Two years -after, Westminster Hall being rebuilt and -sufficiently accommodated for the meeting -of this great assembly, they met there -again; till at length a taste for regularity -and magnificence increasing with our improvements -in arts, this noble room was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>taken for the great assembly of the national -senate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This room is spacious, lofty, and every -thing within it is disposed with great regularity. -It is hung with tapestry, representing -the defeat of the Spanish armada, -which is shewn in various designs; as, the -first appearance of the Spanish fleet; the -several forms in which it lay at different -times on our coasts, and before the comparatively -handful of English which pursued -it; the place and disposition of the -fleets when engaged; and, in fine, its departure. -These are the great subjects. -The whole is excellently performed, and -as the materials in that original state are -perishable, the late Mr. Pine has perpetuated -them in very fine engravings. <cite>English -Architecture.</cite> These designs are certainly -well adapted to the place, as they -perpetually present to view the importance -of our navy, on which our principal -strength depends.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the upper end of the room is the -throne, upon which the King is seated -on solemn occasions, in his robes, with the -crown on his head, and adorned with all -the ensigns of majesty.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the right hand of the throne is a -seat for the Prince of Wales, and on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>left, for the next person of the Royal -Family.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Behind the throne are places for the -young Peers who have no votes in the -house.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At a small distance below the throne, -on the King’s right hand, are the seats of -the two Archbishops, and a little below -them the bench of Bishops. On the opposite -side of the house, sit those Peers -who rank above Barons; the President of -the King’s Council, and the Lord Privy -Seal, if they are Barons, here sit above all -Dukes, Marquises, and Earls; and the -Marshal, Lord Steward, and Lord Chamberlain, -sit above all others of the same -degree of nobility with themselves.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Just before the throne are the woolpacks -across the room, on which are -seated the Dignitaries of the law. The -Lord High Chancellor, or Keeper of the -Great Seal, sits on that nearest the throne, -with his great seal and mace by him; he -is Speaker of the house of Lords. On the -other two woolpacks which are placed parallel -to this, sit the Lord Chief Justice, -the Master of the Rolls, and the other -Judges. These have no vote in the -house, but they are advised with in points -of law, on all occasions wherein a knowledge -of the laws is necessary. The reason -<span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span>why all these sages are placed on -woolpacks, may probably be to remind -them of the great importance of wool and -sheep to this nation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Clerk of the Crown, who is concerned -in all writs of Parliament, and the -Clerk of the Parliament, who records -every thing done there, sit on a form behind -a table.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Without the bar sits the King’s first -Gentleman Usher, called the Black Rod, -from a black wand he carries in his hand. -Under him is a Yeoman Usher, who -waits at the inside of the door, a Crier -without, and a Serjeant at Mace, who always -attends the Lord Chancellor.</p> - -<p class='c008'>When the King is present with the -crown on his head, the Lords sit uncovered, -and the Judges stand till his Majesty -gives them leave to sit.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the King’s absence the Lords, at -their entrance, do reverence to the throne, -as is done by all who enter the presence -chamber. The Judges then may sit, but -may not be covered, till the Lord Chancellor -or Keeper signifies to them, that the -Lords give them leave to be so. The -King’s Counsel and Masters in Chancery -also sit; but may on no account be covered.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Upon the days when the King goes in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>state to the house, either at the opening -or breaking up of the sessions, the Park -guns are discharged; and his Majesty arriving -at the house of Lords, enters a -room adjoining to it, called the Prince’s -Chamber, where he puts on his robes and -crown, and from thence is conducted into -the house by the Lord Chamberlain, -where all the Lords are dressed in their -scarlet robes, and being seated on the -throne, sends for the Commons by the -Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod. On -their appearing, his Majesty’s speech is -read by the Lord Chancellor to this grand -united Assembly; after which his Majesty -returns in the same manner as he came, in -his state coach drawn by eight fine horses, -attended by his guards, and the guns -firing.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A stranger cannot any way form a more -just notion of the dignity of the English -nation, than by attending this noble and -august Assembly, when the King is present, -with the crown upon his head, and -not only his Majesty, but all the Lords -are in their robes, and the Commons attending -without the bar.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This house, in conjunction with the -King and Commons, has the power not -only of making and repealing laws; but of -constituting the supreme judicature of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>kingdom; the Lords here assembled take -cognizance of treasons and high crimes -committed by their Peers, and others; try -all who are impeached by the Commons; -and acquit or condemn without taking an -oath, only laying the right hand upon their -breasts, and saying <em>Guilty</em>, or <em>Not guilty upon -my honour</em>. They receive appeals from -all other courts, and even sometimes reverse -the decrees of Chancery: and from -this highest tribunal lies no appeal.</p> - -<p class='c008'>All the Lords Spiritual and Temporal -have the peculiar privilege of appointing -proxies to vote in their stead, when from -sickness or any other cause, they cannot -conveniently appear: but such as would -make proxies are obliged, at the beginning -of every Parliament, to enter them -in person.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Lords give their suffrages or votes, -beginning at the puisne, or lowest Baron, -and then proceeding in a regular series, -every one answering apart, <em>Content</em>, or -<em>Not content</em>. If the affirmatives and negatives -are equal, it passes in the negative, -the Speaker not being allowed a voice, -unless he be a Peer of the realm. <cite>Chamberlain’s -Present State.</cite> See <em>House of</em> -<span class='sc'>Commons</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Loriners</span>, or <em>Bitt-makers</em>, appear to have -been an ancient company, though they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>were not incorporated by letters patent -till the tenth of Queen Anne, in the year -1712, by the name of <em>The Master, Wardens, -Assistants, and Commonalty of Lorimers, -London</em>. They are governed by a -Master, two Wardens, and twenty-four -Assistants, with a livery of sixty-nine -members.</p> - -<p class='c008'>They have a small but convenient hall, -adjoining to London Wall, at the end of -Basinghall street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lothbury</span>, extends from Cateaton street -to Throgmorton street. This street, which -Mr. Stow says was anciently called <em>Lathbery</em> -and <em>Loadbery</em>, he imagines took its -name from its being chiefly possessed by -founders, who cast candlesticks, chafing -dishes, &c. which they afterwards turned -with the foot to make them smooth and -bright; and making a <em>loathsome</em> noise in -the opinion of the passengers who were -unused to it, the street was thence called -<em>Loathbury</em>: but it more probably took its -name from these things being turned by -the lath, as they evidently were, even -from his description; and that Lathbery -was afterwards corrupted to Loathbury.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Love</span> <em>court</em>, 1. George alley, Shoe lane. -2. Gravel lane. 3. Love lane, Mutton -lane. 4. Old Horselydown. 5. Petticoat -lane. 6. St. Olave street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span><span class='sc'>Love</span> <em>lane</em>, 1. Bank side, Southwark. 2. -Broad Sanctuary. 3. Old Gravel lane. -4. Rotherhith Wall. 5. Thames street. -6. Willow street, Bank side. 7. Wood -street, Cheapside.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lovel’s</span> <em>court</em>, Pater noster row, so called -from the family of the Lovels, who had -a large house in Ivy lane, called Lovel’s -Inn, which formerly belonged to the Earls -of Britain. <cite>Stow.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lovel’s</span> <em>rents</em>, Gravel lane.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lovel’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Whitecross street, Old -street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lover Gun</span> <em>alley</em>, Green Bank, Wapping.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Love’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Old Horselydown lane.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Low Leyton</span> or <span class='sc'>Leighton</span>, a village -pleasantly situated on the side of a hill -near Walthamstow, at the foot of which -runs the river Lee. In this parish are several -handsome seats belonging to wealthy -citizens, and other gentlemen; especially -the ancient manor house and seat of Ruckholts, -which some time ago belonged to -Benjamin Collyer, Esq; of whom it was -purchased by the Earl Tylney: but of -late years this seat has been deserted by its -owners, and not long since was converted -into a public breakfasting house, and so -continued for about six years, during -which it was much frequented by gentlemen -<span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>and ladies. But it is now pulled -down, and the materials sold.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Goring House, also called the Forest -House, is loftily situated fronting the forest. -It once belonged to the Abbot of -Waltham, and afterwards came to the -Gorings Earls of Norwich; after which -it was in the possession of Sir Gilbert -Heathcote, whole descendant sold it to -Mr. Bosanquet of London, merchant.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The beautiful seat of the late Sir Fisher -Tench, Bart. is a more modern structure, -adorned with large and delightful gardens, -with plantations, walks, groves, mounts, -and canals stocked with fish and fowl: -but Sir Fisher’s successors have lately sold -it to Mr. John Stanniland of London, -haberdasher.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The manor house of Leyton has a fine -prospect over the marsh and river towards -Hackney; this, together with a paddock, -was sold by Mr. David Gansel, Lord of -the manor, to the late Sir John Strange, -who improved this seat with additional -buildings and handsome gardens; but his -son John Strange, Esq; has lately parted -with his interest in it to Mr. Bladen.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This parish is washed on one side by -the river Lee or Ley, from which the village -obtains its name, and rises in a gentle -ascent for about two miles, from the river -<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>to Waltham Forest: on which side lies -one ward of the parish called Leyton -Stone, in a pleasant and healthful situation, -insomuch that the number of the inhabitants -being greatly increased, a chapel -of ease has been lately built for their convenience.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The parish church is a small building -consisting of a chancel and two isles. It -is dedicated to the Virgin Mary; and the -patronage of the vicarage is vested in Mr. -Gansel.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lower</span> <em>court</em>, Little Minories.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lower Gun</span> <em>alley</em>, Green Bank, Wapping.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lower Shadwell</span>, near Shadwell dock.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lower</span> <em>street</em>, 1. East Smithfield. 2. Islington. -3. Shadwell.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lower Turning</span> <em>lane</em>, Shadwell.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lower Well</span> <em>alley</em>, Green Bank, Wapping.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lower Wet Dock</span>, near Deptford.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lower’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Long Walk, King John’s -court.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lowman’s</span> <em>pond</em>, a narrow street or lane in -Southwark, so called from its being built -on a spot which was before a pond. In -this street is the house of ——— Clark, -Esq; the front of which faces the garden. -It is remarkable, that this front, which -has a mixture of Gothic and modern architecture, -is completely covered with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>flints and shells; as are also the garden -walls, which are crowned with little turrets -of grotto work; the garden is laid -out with great order, and every thing has -a neat, whimsical, and grotesque appearance.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lowman’s</span> <em>street</em>, Gravel lane.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lucas’s</span> <em>alley</em>, Quaker street, Spitalfields.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lucas’s</span> <em>street</em>, Rotherhith.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lucas’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Cock alley, Wapping.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Ludgate</span>, is situated 797 feet south of -Newgate, and according to Geffry of -Monmouth, took its name from King -Lud; but as that historian has justly forfeited -all credit among the learned, his -assertion has no weight; for it is certain -that the ancient Britons had no walled -towns. The name of this gate is therefore -with much greater propriety derived -from its situation near the rivulet Flood, -Flud, Vloet, Fleote or Fleet, which ran into -Fleet Ditch.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The present gate was erected in the -year 1586, with the statue of Queen Elizabeth -on the west front, and those of -the pretended King Lud, and his two -sons Androgeus and Theomantius or Temanticus -on the east. <cite>Strypes edit. of -Stow.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Ludgate Prison.</span> This gate was in the -year 1373, constituted a prison for poor -<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>debtors, who were free of the city, and -was afterwards greatly enlarged by Sir -Stephen Forster. This gentleman had -been a poor prisoner, and was begging at -the gate, when a rich widow going by, -asked him what sum would procure his -discharge? To which he replied, Twenty -pounds. This sum, which at that time -was a very considerable one, she generously -disbursed; and taking him into her -service, he, by his indefatigable application -to business, and his obliging behaviour, -gained the affections of his mistress, -and married her; after which he had -such extraordinary success in trade, that -he became Lord Mayor of London, and -was honoured with Knighthood. Sir Stephen, -in the midst of his great prosperity, -thought of the place of his confinement, -and having acquainted his Lady with a -design he had formed of enlarging the -prison, she also resolved to contribute to -its execution. They caused several of -their houses near the gate to be pulled -down, and in their stead erected a strong, -square stone building, containing the following -rooms, viz. the porch, the paperhouse, -the watch-hall, the upper and -lower lumberies, the cellar, the long ward, -and the chapel, in which last there is the -following inscription:</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>“This chapel was erected and ordained -for the divine worship and service of -God, by the Right Honourable Sir -Stephen Forster, Knight, some time -Lord Mayor of this honourable city, -and by Dame Agnes his wife, for the -use and godly exercise of the prisoners -in this prison of Ludgate, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anno</span></i> 1454.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>These worthy founders not only settled -a salary for a Chaplain of this prison, -which our author supposes is in the hands -of the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, -or some others by their appointment; -but ordered that all the rooms in -these additional buildings should be for -ever free to all unfortunate citizens, and -that they, on providing their own bedding, -should pay nothing at their discharge for -lodging or chamber rent: but the avaricious -keepers have long ago broke thro’ -this appointment, and contrary to the express -orders of the donor, take rent for the -rooms he built for the sole use of the -poor.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As the domestic government of this -prison is very singular and remarkable, we -shall give a compendious account of it, -from a work published some time ago, by -one who had been long a prisoner there.</p> - -<p class='c008'>For the government of the prison, and -the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors -<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>committed therein, the master -keeper and prisoners chuse from among -themselves a reader of divine service; an -upper steward, called the master of the -box; an under steward; seven assistants, -who by turns officiate daily; a running -assistant; two church-wardens; a scavenger; -a chamberlain; a running post; -and the criers or beggars at the grates, -who are generally six in number.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The reader is chosen by the master -keeper, stewards, and assistants, and not -at a general election, as the other officers -are. Besides reading prayers, he was formerly -obliged to ring the bell twice a day -for prayers, and also for the space of a -quarter of an hour before nine at night, -as a warning for all strangers to depart the -prison; but on account of the dignity of -his office, he is now exempted from these -servile employments, and others in his -stead are appointed to perform them. The -reader’s salary is 2s. 8d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> month; a -penny of every prisoner at his entrance, if -his garnish amount to sixteen pence; and -a dish of meat out of the Lord Mayor’s -basket.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The upper steward, or master of the -box, is by all the prisoners held in equal -esteem with the keeper of the prison. To -him is committed the keeping of all the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>several orders of the house, with the -accounts of cash received upon legacies; -the distribution of all the provisions sent -in by the Lord Mayor, and others; and -the cash received by garnish and begging -at the grates, which he weekly lays out -in bread, candles, and other necessaries. -He also keeps a list of all the prisoners, as -well those that are upon the charity, as -those that are not; to each of whom, by -the aid of the assistant for the day, he distributes -their several proportions of bread -and other provisions. He receives the -gifts of the fishmongers, poulterers, and -other market people, sent in by the clerk -of the market, by the running post, for -which he gives a receipt; and afterwards, -in the presence of the assistant for the day, -exposes all to sale to the charity men, by -way of market; and the money arising -thereby is deposited in the common stock.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This officer, with the under steward, -assistants, and church-wardens, are elected -monthly by the suffrages of the prisoners; -but all the other officers, except the chamberlain, -are appointed by the master -keeper, stewards, and assistants. These -frequent elections are designed to prevent -frauds and abuses in the respective officers; -but when they are known to be men of -probity, they are generally re-elected, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>and often continue in their posts many -months.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The under steward is an assistant to the -upper steward, in whose absence or indisposition, -he performs the several functions -of his office.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The assistants, who are seven in number, -are chosen monthly with the stewards, -and one of them officiates daily. -His business is, to attend in the hall, to -enter all charities, and keep an account of -the money taken out of the boxes, which -are opened at five o’clock in the afternoon, -and at nine at night. This money -he pays to the upper steward, at the passing -of whose accounts the stewards are auditors.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Every person nominated for the office -of an assistant, on refusing to serve, forfeits -one shilling to the use of the public, -or instead thereof is put in fetters for three -days. The officiating assistant is invested -with the power of a magistrate, and can -commit a prisoner to the stocks or shackles, -for the abuse of any person. He is to see -the cellar cleared every night, by ten -o’clock, of all the prisoners; for which he -receives 6d. out of the charity money; -2d. of which is for his own use; 2d. for -the upper steward; and 2d. for the running -assistant. This office was anciently -<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>in such esteem, that the assistant at his -entering upon it, used to be ushered into -the hall at eight o’clock at night, by forty -or fifty great candles lighted, and carried -by so many prisoners.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The running assistant attends upon the -criers at the grates to change money; he -opens the boxes; puts up candles in their -respective places; attends upon the stewards -and assistants; looks after the clock; -rings the bell for prayers, and is crier at -the sale of provisions. His salary is 4s. 8d. -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> month, and an eighth part of the -garnish.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The church-wardens are chosen from -among the youngest prisoners. The upper -warden’s business is to call to prayers -on Sundays, after the bell has done ringing; -and the under warden’s is to call the -prisoners to prayers all other days. They -likewise take cognizance of all persons -upon the charitable foundation; who in -default of attendance are fined one penny -each. For this service the under warden -has a salary of 4d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> month; and when -duly elected, the penalty for not serving -is 4d.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The scavenger’s office is to keep clean -the prison, and to fetter, or put offenders -in the stocks: for which he is intitled to -receive one penny from each criminal, together -<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>with a salary of 5s. 8d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> month, -and 2d. out of every sixteen pence of the -garnish money.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The chamberlain, who is chosen by the -keeper of the prison, takes care of all the -bedding and linen belonging to the keeper; -places men at their coming in; furnishes -them with sheets, and gives notice -to the strangers to leave the prison by ten -o’clock at night. This officer was formerly -obliged to make the charity mens -beds, for which he received two pence a -month.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The running post’s employment is -fetching in a basket the broken meat from -the Lord Mayor’s table, provisions from -the clerk of the market, private families, -and charities given in the streets; which -when so inconsiderable as not to admit of -being divided among them all, are publicly -sold, as before. The salary annexed -to this office is 4s. a month; one penny -out of each man’s dividend, and one penny -out of every sixteen pence of garnish -money.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The criers are six in number; two of -whom daily beg at the grates: he at the -grate within, is allowed one fourth of -what is given, and he at that on Blackfriars -side, one half of what is given -there.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>The Monday after every monthly election, -the accounts are audited and passed, -and the balance divided; but if it amounts -to 3s. 4d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> man, the keeper of the prison, -says our author, arbitrarily extorts -from each prisoner 2s. 4d. without the -least colour of right: but if the dividend -rises not so high, he then only takes -1s. 2d. the other moiety of the 2s. 4d. -being charged to the prisoners account, to -be paid at the time of his discharge. -Another great grievance the prisoners labour -under, is, their being obliged to pay -the turnkey 12s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> month, for no other -service than that of opening the door to -let in gifts and charities sent to the prison, -which often amount to little more than -what he receives. <cite>Johnson’s Description -of Ludgate.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>It is, however, necessary to inform the -reader, that this account was printed many -years ago; and indeed it is to be hoped -that these grievances are already remedied; -if they are not, it is high time that they -were; for here justice and humanity -loudly call for a reformation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The annual sums paid to this prison by -the several companies, and other regular -benefactions, amount to upwards of 62l. -besides a hind quarter of beef and a peck -of oatmeal from the tallow chandlers -<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>company; nineteen stone of beef and five -dozen of bread from the ironmongers -company, and the provisions sent in by -the Lord Mayor and other benefactors.</p> - -<p class='c014'><em>The fees to be taken by the keeper of Ludgate, and the turnkeys under him, allowed of, and confirmed at a court of Aldermen, held on the 19th of January 1686.</em></p> - -<p class='c008'>At the coming in of every prisoner 1s. -to the turnkey, and 2d. to the officer who -conducts him thither.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The keeper finding and providing beds, -bedding, mats and cords, sheets, blankets, -and coverlets, the prisoners pay him for the -bed lodging 3d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> night; for the second -lodging 2d. and for the third or meanest -lodging 1d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> night.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The keeper is to provide clean sheets -every month for all his beds, and the prisoners -who lie in them are to pay monthly -to the chamberlain for washing them, 8d. -between them, and no more.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But when the prisoners find their own -beds and bedding, which the keeper is by -no means to hinder, the prisoner is only to -pay 3d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> week for bed-room; or for -chamber-room 4d. at the most <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> week; -and not above two to lie in a bed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>If the prisoner by his inability can go -<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>no farther than a couch, he is to pay only -one penny <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> week for chamber-room, -and only one penny <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> week for lamps -and candles, which the keeper is to provide.</p> - -<p class='c008'>For every prisoner’s discharge the keeper -is to receive 2s. and no more. For all -actions and writs against him he is to pay -the keeper only 1s. and not 1s. for every -action, and 2s. 6d. for every writ, as was -formerly taken.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The keeper shall not presume to take -any other fees upon any pretence, demand, -or allowance whatsover, for execution-money, -action-money, or writ-money.</p> - -<p class='c009'>By the following account the reader -may see how these orders are now obeyed.</p> - -<p class='c015'><em>The charges of prisoners at their entrance -into Ludgate; and dismission from thence.</em></p> - -<p class='c008'>A freeman of London being arrested -by an action entered in either of the -Compters, may refuse to go thither, and -insist on being carried immediately to -Ludgate; but the officers will extort from -him 4 or 5s. as their fee for carrying him -thither, though their due is but 2d.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On his being brought to Ludgate, the -turnkey enters his name and addition in a -book kept for that purpose; for which -entry the prisoner pays 1s. 2d. after which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>the chamberlain furnishes him with a -lodging at the rate of 1d. 2d, or 3d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> -night; but demands 1s. 6d. for sheets; -and before he goes to rest, his fellow prisoners -demand 4s. for garnish, which, if -he does not pay, his cloaths are privately -taken from him at night, and not returned -till he has raised the money the next day. -The steward also demands 1s. 6d. of him -for coals, candles, and the use of the -house.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He is however allowed the liberty of -going abroad; which he may do either -with a keeper, or upon giving good security -to return at night. If he goes out -with a keeper, he must pay 2s. 6d. to the -head turnkey, and 1s. 6d. to the keeper -who attends him; and every day he goes -abroad afterwards, 1s. to the keeper, and -as much to the turnkey. A bond is also -given for the payment of his lodging to -the master keeper, for which the turnkey -takes at least 5s. as his fee.</p> - -<p class='c008'>If the prisoner pays the debt, and discharges -all other actions against him in -either Compter, he, upon his dismission, -pays 2s. to the master keeper; 1s. 2d. to -the turnkey; 1s. for every action entered -against him; and if he is charged in execution, -2s. 6d. for every action against -him. These fees and his lodging sometimes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>amount to as much as the debt. -<em>Maitland, the last edit. printed in 1757.</em></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Ludgate</span> <em>hill</em>, a spacious and handsome -street, which extends from Ludgate down -to Fleet bridge.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Ludgate</span> <em>street</em>, begins at the west end of -St. Paul’s, and ends at Ludgate. It is a -very spacious and handsome street, chiefly -inhabited by silk mercers and woollen -drapers.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Luke’s</span>, in Old street, was erected on -account of the great increase of buildings -in the parish of St. Giles, Cripplegate; -for notwithstanding there being a chapel -of ease, and several meeting-houses, the -parish church could not contain half the -inhabitants who were desirous of assembling -there to attend divine worship. The -Commissioners for erecting the fifty new -churches taking this into consideration, -purchased a piece of ground in this parish, -and erected one of those churches upon -it; after which the inhabitants applying -to Parliament, had the Middlesex liberty -of St. Giles appointed for the parish; -and by the same act 3500l. was -granted to be laid out in fee simple, for -the support of a Rector, besides the profits -of which the church-wardens were to -pay him annually 120l. to be raised by -burial fees.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>The church was finished in 1732, and -was consecrated the next year on St. -Luke’s day, when the name of that saint -was given as its patron. Though the -building is convenient and well enlightened -with two rows of windows, it is a very -singular structure. In the center of the -west front is the entrance, adorned with -coupled Doric pilasters; and to this door -is an ascent by a small strait flight of steps. -Over the entrance is a round window, -and on each side a small tower covered -with a dome, and ornamented with two -windows in front, one of the usual form, -and another over it, answering to that -over the door. The tower is carried up -square, and behind it the roof of the -church forms to the west a kind of pediment, -broken by the rise of the tower to -which it joins on each side. The uppermost -stage of the tower diminishes very -considerably, and this, which is the base -of an obelisk, supports on each side a -dial. From hence rises, as a steeple, a -fluted obelisk, which reaches to a great -height, diminishing slowly, and being of -a considerable thickness towards the top, -the upper edges are sloped off. In short, the -whole is terminated by a ball and fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The advowson of this church is in the -Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s, and it is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>not to be held <em>in commendam</em>; all licences -and dispensations for that purpose being -declared void by the act abovementioned.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Luke’s Hospital</span> <em>for lunatics</em>, a neat -and very plain structure, at the north end -of Moorfields. Nothing is here expended -in ornament, and we only see a building -of considerable length plaistered over -and whitened, with ranges of small square -windows, on which no decorations have -been bestowed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This hospital, which takes its name -from its being situated in St. Luke’s parish, -is supported by private subscriptions, -and is designed as an improvement upon -Bethlem, which was incapable of receiving -and providing for the relief of all the -unhappy objects for whom application -was made.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Some of the reasons for setting on foot -this kind and generous design, were, the -expence and difficulty attending the admission -of a patient into the hospital of -Bethlem, which had discouraged many -applications for the benefit of that charity, -particularly on the behalf of the -more necessitous objects, and of such who -resided in the remote parts of this kingdom. -By this unavoidable exclusion and -delay many useful members have been lost -to society, either by the disease gaining -<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>strength beyond the reach of physic, or by -the patients falling into the hands of persons -unskilled in the treatment of this disorder. -And many of the unhappy persons -afflicted with it, have from this delay, -and the want of being put under the care -of those experienced in guarding against -their attempts, frequently committed the -most fatal acts of violence on themselves, -their relations and attendants. Had -they joined this to Bethlem hospital, it -would have deprived it of two of its principal -advantages, the being under the immediate -inspection and government of its -own patrons and supporters; and of introducing -more gentlemen of the faculty -to the study and practice of one of the -most important branches of physic.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In this hospital patients are taken in -according to the order of time in which -the petitions of their friends have been delivered -to the Secretary, without favour or -partiality. They are even admitted without -any expence, except only such as are -parish poor must have their bedding provided, -and this they are at liberty to take -away at their discharge.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the admission of every patient, two -responsible housekeepers, residing within -the bills of mortality, must enter into a -bond to the Treasurer for the time being, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>in the penalty of 100l. to take away such -patient within seven days after notice given -them for that purpose by the committee, -or their Secretary. These securities must -leave their names with their places of -abode in writing, delivered to the Secretary -at least four days before such admission, -and must be approved of by the committee: -but no Governor is to be security -for any patient.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patients in this hospital are not -exposed to public view; and no money received -for the use of this charity, is expended -in entertaining the general court -of committee at any of their meetings.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But no person is to be admitted who -has been a lunatic above twelve calendar -months; or has been discharged as incurable -from any other hospital for the reception -of lunatics; or who has the venereal -disease; is troubled with epileptic -or convulsive fits, or is deemed an -ideot; nor any woman with child.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The general committee receive immediately -into the hospital any patient who -shall have been discharged cured, in case -such patient relapses within two months. -The general committee also take in by rotation -such patients as are discharged uncured; -but each of them is to pay 5s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> -week, till the charity is enabled to lessen -<span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>that expence: but the number of these in -the house are not to exceed twenty.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><em>An abstract of the rules with respect to the Governors, &c.</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'>I. Every person paying twenty guineas -or upwards, or paying five guineas, and -signing an agreement to pay the same -sum for the four next succeeding years, is -admitted a Governor, except all persons -acting as Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, -or Secretary to this hospital, (other than -the six Apothecaries declared Governors at -the general meeting held on the 29th of -June 1750.)</p> - -<p class='c008'>II. For transacting the business of this -hospital, a general court is held twice -every year, viz. on the second Wednesday -in the months of February and August, -and at such general courts as are herein -after mentioned, and every general court -consists of nine Governors.</p> - -<p class='c008'>III. At the general court held annually -on the second Wednesday in the month -of February, one President, four Vice-Presidents, -a Treasurer, a general Committee, -Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, -and Secretary, are elected for the year ensuing. -And no person acting as Physician, -Surgeon, or Apothecary to any other hospital -or infirmary, can be Physician, Surgeon, -or Apothecary to this hospital.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>IV. All questions are determined by the -majority of Governors present, on holding -up of hands, or by a division, or by a ballot, -in case it is required by seven or more -Governors before a division is begun; and -in all cases of an equality of votes, the -person presiding for the time being has the -casting vote. In all debates the person -speaking stands up, and addresses himself -to the chair, and no person is to speak -more than once to the same question -without leave.</p> - -<p class='c008'>V. At the general court to be held annually -on the second Wednesday in August, -a special committee of seven Governors, -who are not of the general committee, -are appointed to audit and examine -the several accounts relating to this -hospital, and report their opinion of such -accounts to the general court held on the -second Wednesday in February following,</p> - -<p class='c008'>VI. The President has power to order -special general courts to be summoned as -often as he thinks necessary: and, upon -every vacancy in the office of Treasurer, -Physician, Surgeon, Apothecary, or Secretary, -a general court is summoned to meet, -in order to fill up the vacancy. But no -person is intitled to vote at such general -court, unless he has paid his subscription -<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>money on or before the day in which the -vacancy is declared.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VII. The general committee consists -of the President, Vice-Presidents, and -Treasurer for the time being, and of the -five Governors named as lessees in the -lease of the ground on which the hospital -is built, and of all persons who have paid -100l. or upwards for the use of the hospital; -and of such twenty-four Governors -residing within the bills of mortality, as are -annually elected for that purpose at the general -court held on the second Wednesday -in February, of which committee five at -least are necessary to do business. They -meet one stated day in every month, or -oftener if they see convenient, and at such -other times as the Treasurer, or any sub-committee -for the time being appoint. And -have power to hire, govern, and discharge -the domestic servants of this hospital, to -keep the buildings properly repaired, and -purchase provisions, furniture, and other -necessaries for the same: To admit and -discharge patients: To see that the several -books relating to the hospital be regularly -kept: That all debts, legacies, annual subscriptions, -and other revenues of this hospital -be received and recovered as the same -shall respectively become due: That all -<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>moneys in the hands of the Treasurer, -above what is necessary in the opinion of -the said committee for defraying the current -expences of the hospital, be from -time to time placed out in transferable -government securities, and no other, in -the names of the Treasurer for the time -being, and two of the Vice-Presidents, or -of two such other Governors as the general -court shall appoint for that purpose: -and that all just demands be regularly discharged -at least once in six months. The -committee have power to relieve any patient -at his or her discharge with any sum -not exceeding 20 s.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VIII. For the more easy dispatch of -business, this committee has power to -summon sub-committees, one of which is -called the house committee; and such -sub-committees have power to summon -the general committee as often as they -think proper.</p> - -<p class='c008'>IX. All purchases of provisions, and -other materials for the use of the hospital, -are to be made as often as possible by contract. -But no contract is to be made by -which any member of the committee is -directly or indirectly concerned,</p> - -<p class='c008'>X. A book intitled The Visitor’s book, -is kept in the hospital, for the Governors -to enter complaints of any neglect or misconduct -<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>in the officers or servants, these -complaints being signed by such Governor’s -name, are taken into consideration, -and redressed by the committee.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XI. The Physician, who is allowed to -have the liberty of pupils, attends every -committee day, and one other day in the -week, and as often otherwise as there is -occasion. The Surgeon also attends the -hospital every weekly committee day, and -as often as there is occasion; and the six -Apothecaries who generously attend and -administer their medicines gratis, are there -monthly by rotation, attending every -weekly committee day, and two other -days in the week, and as often at other -times as there is occasion.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XII. That every officer or servant who -shall take any fee, gratuity or reward, directly -or indirectly, from any tradesman or -other person dealing with this hospital, -patient, or friend of any patient, in respect -of any service done or to be done, shall -forthwith be discharged, and rendered incapable -of being received again into the -service of this hospital. Except that it -shall be lawful for the Secretary of this -hospital, upon his waiting on every Governor -with a staff and a printed copy of -the rules and orders of this hospital, to accept -of a fee not exceeding one guinea.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>Before we conclude this article it is proper -to observe, that though this hospital -was opened so lately as the 30th of July -1751, yet so great has been the encouragement -it has met with, that on the -18th of August 1758, the clear estate of -the hospital amounted to 14,502l. of -which 14,200l. were in three <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent.</span></i> -East India annuities. At that time the -number of discharged cured, amounted -to 247, and those uncured to 138. Fifty -patients were in the house; besides 20 -patients who had been before discharged, -and received again at 5s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> week.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lukener’s</span> <em>lane</em>, Drury lane.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lumber</span> <em>court</em>, West street, Soho.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lumley’s</span> <em>Almshouse</em>, in Pest-house fields, -near Old street, was erected by the Viscountess -Lumley, in the year 1672, for -the accommodation of six poor women of -the parishes of Bishopsgate and Aldgate; -to each of whom she granted an allowance -of 4l. and twelve bushels of coals -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lumley’s</span> <em>court</em>, in the Strand.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lumley’s</span> <em>street</em>, Marsham street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lunn’s</span> <em>court</em>, White’s yard.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lutkin’s</span> <em>corner</em>, Mill street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lying-in Hospital</span>, for married women, -in Brownlow street, Long Acre. Amidst -the variety of charities that are the distinction -<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>and glory of this age and nation, -perhaps none has been proposed to the -public more extensive in its benefits than -the hospitals in this city for lying-in women. -It is natural to observe, that the -arguments for establishing any hospital, -are at least as strong when applied to -these. Poverty is an object of pity; sickness -and poverty united seem to comprehend -all the natural evils of life, and how -great is the calamity of those poor who -are frequently or periodically afflicted -with sickness; and though their labour is -at other times a bare support, are annually -disqualified for providing for themselves -and families! During the latter part of -their pregnancy, and the time of their -lying-in, the needy family is wholly taken -up in attendance upon them; and the -joys natural at such a season, are suppressed -by the wants which surround them. Or -if they be destitute of this attendance, -how great is the hazard that the helpless -mother, or the child, or perhaps both, -may by their deaths become melancholy -instances of the evils of real poverty!</p> - -<p class='c008'>By the plan of this hospital, every convenience -these distressed objects can require, -is amply provided; commodious -apartments and beds, good nursing, plain -suitable diet, proper medicines, the charitable -<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>assistance of gentlemen of skill and -experience in midwifery, and, on due occasions, -the spiritual comfort of a sober and -pious divine.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Between the 7th of December 1749, -when women were first admitted, and the -12th of April 1751, 299 patients received -orders of admission; and the number of -patients greatly increasing, four small -houses contiguous to the back of the hospital -were added to it, and fitted up at a -great expence.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Women are received into this hospital -in the last month of their pregnancy, on -producing a letter of recommendation -from a Governor, and making an affidavit -of their marriage and their husband’s -settlement, which affidavit is prepared for -them <em>gratis</em> by the Secretary; and where -the husband cohabits with the wife, he -is to join in the affidavit, unless prevented -by sickness, or some other reasonable impediment. -It is also required, that the -women produce a testimonial of their honesty -and poverty, under the hands of two -substantial housekeepers in the neighbourhood -where they lodge or reside, in case -the weekly board shall, on examination, -doubt of their being in such circumstances -as to be proper objects of the charity.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Friday being the day appointed for the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>admission of women, they are to be at the -hospital by ten o’clock in the forenoon, -no letters of recommendation being received -after that hour, it being necessary, -for the dispatch of the business of the hospital, -that their affidavits should be prepared -and sworn to, before the weekly -board sits, who enter upon business at -eleven.</p> - -<p class='c008'>During their continuance in the house, -necessaries are provided for them and their -children, at the sole charge of the hospital; -no money or other gratuity is to be -taken of them by the nurses, or by any of -the officers or servants of the house, on -any pretence whatsoever.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That this excellent charity may be rendered -more extensively useful to the public, -and that not only this great metropolis, -but the remotest parts of the kingdom -may be supplied with well-instructed -and experienced midwives, four female -pupils at a time are permitted to attend -the hospital, in order to their being instructed -in midwifery. These pupils must -be widows or married women, not less -than twenty-five years of age, of a sober -character, and such as are approved of by -the committee. These are allowed to -stay and board six months in the hospital, -during which they dine at the steward’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span>and matron’s table. The gentlemen of -the faculty who attend the hospital, at -stated times, give them lectures in midwifery, -and instruct them how to act in all -natural and difficult births. And when -they are thoroughly instructed, and sufficiently -experienced, they receive from -these gentlemen, on their leaving the hospital, -certificates of their qualification. -The expences of their instruction and -board in the hospital have been settled at -a general court; the particulars of which -any persons desirous of becoming pupils -may be informed of, by applying to the -matron of the hospital. But no pupils of -the male sex are permitted to attend this -hospital.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The officers of this hospital, are, a perpetual -President, four Vice-Presidents, and -a Treasurer, who are chosen annually.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Two Physicians, and two Surgeons, -practising midwifery, deliver the women -in difficult cases. These gentlemen also -meet at the hospital in consultation every -Tuesday morning.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A Chaplain reads divine service in the -hospital, baptizes the children, churches -the women, and performs the necessary -duties belonging to his function.</p> - -<p class='c008'>An Apothecary prepares such medicines -<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>as are prescribed for the women and -children.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A Secretary keeps the accounts of the -hospital, attends at general meetings, and -weekly boards, and does all other business -commonly done by the Secretaries, Clerks, -or Registers at other hospitals.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A Steward takes care of the provisions -and furniture, and does such other business -as belongs to his office.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A Matron, well skilled in midwifery, -delivers the women in easy, natural labours, -takes care of the women, superintends -the nurses, and sees every thing -necessary for the women and children provided -according to the direction of the -Physicians and Surgeons. She has under -her an assistant matron.</p> - -<p class='c008'>All officers and servants of the hospital, -above the rank of assistant matron, a -messenger, and nurses, are elected by ballot -at a general court of the Governors: -and on any vacancy, the day of election -for filling it up is appointed at least one -month, and not more than three months, -from the day such vacancy happens, unless -directed otherwise by an express order of -a general court: but the inferior servants -are appointed by a weekly committee.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The qualification of an annual Governor -<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>of this charity is a subscription of three -guineas or upwards <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>; and of a -perpetual Governor, the payment of thirty -guineas at one time, which intitles the -subscriber to recommend, and have in the -house one woman at a time. A subscription -of six guineas a year, or a payment at -once of sixty, intitles the subscriber to have -in the house two women at a time, and -so, in proportion, for larger sums.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Ladies subscribing the like sums have -the privilege of recommending women in -the same manner as Governors. They -have likewise a right of voting in all elections -at general courts, for officers and -servants, by proxy, provided such proxy -be a Governor of this charity; or they -may send a letter to the board without a -proxy, naming the person they vote for, -which is regarded as their vote: but no -Governor is to be proxy for more than one -lady at a time.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Benefactions or subscriptions of smaller -sums than those abovementioned, are -thankfully received, and properly applied -to the use of the charity.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A general meeting of the Governors is -held every quarter; and the sole power of -making laws and rules for the government -of the hospital is lodged in this general -court.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>A committee of fifteen Governors is -chosen at each quarterly general court; -of whom the Treasurer for the time being -is always one, and any number of these -may transact business. Every Friday -morning they meet at the hospital, to receive -the women recommended, and to -direct the ordinary affairs of the house. -Temporary orders are made by this committee -for the service of the hospital; but -a report of these and all their other proceedings, -are made to the quarterly general -court. Any Governor of the charity may -be present at this weekly committee; but -none have a right of voting there, except -those who are members of the committee, -and the President or Vice-Presidents, if -present. The same rule extends to all -other committees.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A special general court may, on a fortnight’s -notice, be called at any time between -the quarterly courts, either by order -of a general court, or of the weekly committee; -or at the demand of the Treasurer, -or of any five of the Governors; this demand -being delivered in writing at the -weekly board, and signed with their respective -names; the business of such special -court to be expressed in this writing, -and in the summons to the Governors. -<cite>From the account of this hospital published -<span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span>by order of the Governors.</cite> See <span class='sc'>London -Lying-in Hospital</span>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This, and the London hospital for lying-in -women, must be allowed to be -truly noble charities; but many have -thought them too limited, as the relief -afforded to poor distressed women in a situation -that calls upon humanity to lend -them help, ease, and comfort, is confined -to those who are married: and the more -unhappy women, who have the sting of -guilt added to pain, are excluded from receiving -the least benefit from those foundations. -The following hospital has therefore -been founded on a more extensive -plan.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lying-in Hospital</span>, in Duke street, -Grosvenor square, for unmarried as well -as married women, who are here received -and relieved, in order to prevent the unhappy -consequences that too often proceed -from their situation; such as perjuries, -false affidavits, and that most formidable -and unnatural of all crimes, the murder -of their poor guiltless infants. To prevent -these dreadful effects, every convenience -is here amply provided for them, commodious -apartments and beds, good nursing, -plain, suitable diet, proper medicines, -the charitable assistance of gentlemen of -skill and experience in midwifery, and, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>on due occasions, the spiritual comfort of -a sober, pious, and exemplary divine.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This hospital, which first began in Jermyn -street, St. James’s, and was from -thence removed into Duke street, is governed -by a President, a Vice-President, -and a Treasurer, annually elected out of -the Governors, greatest benefactors to this -charity; by a general court of Governors -held in the months of March, June, September, -and December, to take the reports -of the committees; and by a house -committee who inspect accounts and -transact such business as is laid before -them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the general quarterly courts a physical -committee is appointed out of the -Physicians, Men-midwives, Surgeons, and -Apothecaries, who are to meet once a -month to examine the medicines and -drugs brought into the dispensatory, and -none are suffered to be used without their -approbation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Two Physicians and two Surgeons attend -twice a week on extraordinary cases; -a Surgeon and Man-midwife, in great business -in the neighbourhood, gives attendance -at any hour of the day or night -he is called for, particularly from eleven -of the clock till one, every day; and such -objects as come within these hours, have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>advice in physic and surgery, without fee -or reward, whether recommended or accidental.</p> - -<p class='c008'>No officers or servants are permitted, -on pain of expulsion, to take any fee, reward, -or gratuity whatsoever, of patients -or other persons, for any service done or -to be done in this hospital.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Every Governor or subscriber is intitled -to send one in-patient at a time, and out-patients -without limitation. All subscriptions -are during pleasure; but all persons -are requested to pay at the time of -subscribing. Those who contribute two -guineas a year are Governors while they -continue their subscription, and those who -give 20l. at one payment, are Governors -during life, and have a vote and interest -at the committees, and their attendance -is esteemed a favour; but those who subscribe -less than two guineas <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, -are only subscribers.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The poor women recommended by the -Governors and subscribers are received on -Wednesdays and Fridays, from eleven -o’clock till one. <cite>From the account of this -hospital published by order of the Governors.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>For the other lying-in hospitals, besides -the two above mentioned, see the articles -<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span><span class='sc'>London Lying-in Hospital</span>, and -<span class='sc'>Middlesex Hospital</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Lyon’s Inn.</span> See <em>Lion’s Inn</em>.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id003'> -<img src='images/i232.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 class='c006'>M.</h2> -</div> - -<p class='drop-capa0_0_6 c007'><span class='sc'>Macclesfield</span> <em>street</em>, Gerrard street, -Soho.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maddox</span> <em>street</em>, Swallow street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maggot’s</span> <em>court</em>, Piccadilly.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Magdalen House</span>, for the reception of -penitent prostitutes, in Prescot street, -Goodman’s fields, is a plain, neat building, -with a wall and a small area before -it. To prevent these penitents being exposed -to the public eye, the windows next -the street are concealed by wood work -sloping up from the bottom of each, so as -to admit the light only at the top; the -sides are also inclosed, so that there is no -possibility of these once unhappy women -either seeing or being seen by any person -who passes by. This sloping projection -of the blinds, placed in a regular series -before all the windows in each story, and -painted white like the walls, has a very -singular appearance; for, at a distance, -the house seems falling into the street.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>Though this is one of the latest of those -excellent charitable foundations that do -honour to the present age, it being proposed -and carried into execution in the -year 1758, there is reason to believe that -it will not be the least useful. It is obvious -that there cannot be greater objects -of compassion than poor, young, thoughtless -females, plunged into ruin by those -temptations to which their youth and personal -advantages expose them, no less than -those passions implanted by nature for -wise, good, and great ends; surrounded -by snares the most artfully and industriously -laid; snares laid by those endowed -with superior faculties, and all the advantages -of education and fortune; who offer -too commonly to transport the thoughtless -girls from want, confinement, and restraint -of passions, to luxury, liberty, gaiety -and joy: but when once seduced, how -soon do their golden dreams vanish! -abandoned by the seducer, deserted by -their friends, contemned by the world, -they are not only deprived of their innocence, -and every pleasing hope of domestic -happiness, but are left to struggle with -want, despair and scorn, and even, in their -own defence, to plunge deeper and deeper -in sin, till disease and death conclude a -miserable being. It is too well known -<span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>that this is, sooner or later, the case with -most of the prostitutes, in their several degrees, -from those pampered in private -stews, to the common dregs infesting our -streets: and that far the greatest part of -those, who having taken to this dreadful -life, are thus seeking disease, death, and -eternal destruction, not through choice, -but necessity. The seeds of virtue would -frequently have exerted themselves; but -alas! before this foundation was formed, -the possibility was removed; and the same -necessity obliging them to prey on the unwary, -to diffuse contagion, to propagate -profligacy, and to spread ruin, disease, and -death, through a great part of the human -species.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This godlike proposal of giving an opportunity -of repentance to guilt and shame -met with a suitable encouragement, and -many were willing to afford them the -means of recovering themselves from their -otherwise lost state; and instead of being -pests, becoming useful members of society.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Influenced by such noble motives, a set -of gentlemen, distinguished by their humanity -and generosity, entered into a private -subscription, making themselves at -the same time accountable for such benefactions -as should flow in from the public. -Numbers liberally contributed, and in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>about three or four months time, the sums -advanced by the subscribers amounted to -3593 l. 19 s. while a great number of these -unhappy guilty objects of commiseration -solicited for admission.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At a general meeting of the subscribers, -a committee was appointed, and it was -determined to take the house in Prescot -street which had been lately the London -infirmary; which being done, it was fitted -up in the manner above mentioned; and -at another general meeting on the 28th -of June 1758, the several officers of the -house were chosen, and the rules, of which -the following are an abstract, were ordered -to be published.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><em>Rules and regulations of the Governors and Officers.</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'>I. That a President, four Vice-Presidents, -a Treasurer, and committee of -twenty-one, be annually chosen the last -Wednesday in June, and that seven of the -committee go out yearly.</p> - -<p class='c008'>II. The general courts shall consist of -at least ten Governors, the President, -or Vice-President, and the Treasurer. -These general courts shall be held quarterly, -viz. on the last Wednesday in -March, June, September, and December. -The annual general court, in which is to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>be examined all the transactions of the -year, and the general state of the hospital, -and at which time the officers shall be -chosen, is to be held on the last Wednesday -in June.</p> - -<p class='c008'>III. The general committee is to consist -of twenty-one, five of whom shall -constitute a quorum, and the President, -Vice-President, and Treasurer shall be always -of this general committee, one of -whom shall be Chairman, when present; -but if none of them be present, then the -said committee may chuse their Chairman. -They are to meet once a week, or -oftener, as they shall think proper: when -they shall have power to receive the persons -petitioning for admittance, and to -dismiss those already admitted: to give -orders in relation to the manner in which -the persons admitted shall be employed: -to inspect the cloathing, furniture, and -provisions: to examine into the conduct -of all the officers and servants: and every -week a sub-committee of three are jointly -to visit the wards, and make their report.</p> - -<p class='c008'>IV. A subscription of twenty guineas -shall be a qualification for a Governor for -life: and an annual subscription of five -guineas shall be a qualification for a Governor -for that year; this subscription, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>when it shall amount to twenty-five guineas, -shall be a qualification for a Governor -for life, and every such subscriber be -intitled to one vote only: but if any annual -subscriber shall be more than two -years in arrear, his power as Governor -shall cease till such arrears be paid. And -every lady subscribing as above, shall be intitled -to vote personally, or by proxy, provided -that proxy be brought by a Governor: -but no Governor to be possessed of -more than one proxy. Any five Governors -shall have power to require a general -meeting, provided they address themselves -to the Treasurer by letter, expressing the -business for which that meeting is required, -and signed by them respectively. All -elections to be by holding up of hands, -except a ballot be required, and if there -shall be an equality of votes, the Chairman -is to have the casting vote.</p> - -<p class='c008'>V. The Chaplain is to read prayers -morning and evening; to pray and preach -twice every Sunday, and to administer the -sacrament every month; to attend the -sick and ignorant, and to instruct them in -the principles and duties of the protestant -religion. He is to attend all committees, -and make reports of what he thinks necessary -for the good conduct and benefit of -the undertaking.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>VI. There are two Physicians, two -Surgeons, and three Apothecaries, who -are required to behave with the utmost -humanity and prudence. One of each is -to attend the committee, and make weekly -reports. They are all to attend in their -own persons, and no pupil, apprentice, or -servant, shall at any time be admitted into -the wards; and even when the Physicians, -Surgeons, and Apothecaries visit the wards, -they shall be attended by the matron.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VII. The Matron is to direct the œconomy -of the house, and constantly to reside -in it. She is to see that all the women -are neat and decent in their cloaths -and persons, and properly employed; that -they discharge their duty, and constantly -attend divine service: she is to receive -from the steward the materials for their -work, and deliver it back to him. She -is to take care of the houshold linen, and -what belongs to the cloathing: to require -from the steward such provisions as are -necessary for the house, and to see that -they are not given away or wasted. She -is to keep the keys of the outward doors, -which are to be delivered into her hands -after the doors are locked, at seven in the -winter, and nine in the summer; and she -is to take care that the rules of the house -be strictly observed, with regard to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>time of rest, diet, hours of devotion, and -every thing that relates to good order.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VIII. The Secretary is to keep the -books, take minutes at all meetings, to -collect the annual subscriptions, and to -give notice to such subscribers as are more -than one year in arrears, &c.</p> - -<p class='c008'>IX. The Steward is to reside constantly -in the house, and to follow no other employment -than what relates to this charity. -He is to receive the respective provisions -and materials for the employment of the -women, ordered by the committee, and -inspect the weight, measures and quality -thereof, and to make regular entries of -them; to keep an exact account of all the -work done by every respective woman, as -the matron shall deliver it to him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>X. The Porter is not to receive any -letter, message, or other thing into the -house, or send out any thing without the -knowledge or inspection of the matron: -he is to reside in the house, and strictly to -observe the instructions that shall be given -him, in regard to visitors, letters, &c.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XI. The Messenger is also to dwell in -the house, and to be employed in errands, -and out-door business: but he is not to -bring any letter, verbal message, or other -thing into the house, or to carry out any -<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>message or other thing, without the knowledge -or inspection of the matron.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Neither the steward, porter, or messenger, -shall have any communication with -the wards.</p> - -<p class='c008'>No officer, or servant of the house shall -receive any money, fee, gratuity, or reward, -besides their wages.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c004'> - <div><em>Rules and regulations relating to the Penitents.</em></div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'>I. That the method of admission be by -petition to the committee, the printed -form of which, with proper blanks to be -filled up, may be had <em>gratis</em> by application -at the house. That every petitioner be -examined as to her health, by the Physician, -Surgeon, and Matron. When any -petition is approved, it shall be wrote -upon, <em>Found proper</em>, and signed by the -Chairman. Every person upon admission -shall subscribe to the rules of the house, -and also enter into an agreement to pay -the sum of 10l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> for her board, -lodgings, and necessaries, which is to be -void, provided such person continues in the -house three years, or less time, at the option -of the committee. No person admitted -shall be allowed to go out of the -house without special leave in writing, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>signed by the Treasurer or Chairman, and -two of the committee.</p> - -<p class='c008'>II. One or more wards are to be allotted -for persons newly admitted, where -they are to remain some time for a trial of -their behaviour. There shall be superiority -of wards, according to the education -or behaviour of the persons admitted; and -the inferior wards shall consist of meaner -persons, and of those degraded for misbehaviour. -In each ward they shall be -classed, and one appointed to preside and -be accountable for the conduct and behaviour -of the rest; and they shall by rotation -do the necessary offices in their respective -wards, excepting the person appointed -to preside. They are also to perform -the necessary offices of the house, as -they shall be directed by the matron; and -an allowance shall be made to such as perform -these offices, out of the general produce -of the work done in the house, according -to the proportion of the value of -their duty and labour.</p> - -<p class='c008'>III. Each person is to lie in a separate -bed, and have a chest for her cloaths and -linen, under lock and key, to be kept by -herself; and where the rooms will admit -of it, a small closet or apartment is to be -provided for the retirement of the most -serious and best behaved, in the intervals -<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>of their employment, and these also considered -as the reward of good conduct.</p> - -<p class='c008'>IV. Their true names must be registered, -but if desirous of concealing themselves, -they may have liberty to assume a -feigned name. As no reproaches must -be made for past irregularities, under the -severest injunctions; neither shall there be -any inquiries made into names or families; -but all possible discouragement given to -every kind of discovery that the parties -themselves do not chuse to make.</p> - -<p class='c008'>V. Upon their admission, if their apparel -is in any tolerable condition, it is to -be cleaned, ticketed, and laid by, in order -to be returned them whenever they leave -the house: but if such apparel be too fine -for their station, it shall be sold, and the -produce brought to their account. They -are to wear an uniform of light grey, and -in their whole dress to be plain and neat.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VI. Each ward is to dine at a separate -table. The matron is to dine at the head -of the table of the superior ward; and the -head of each ward is to dine at the upper -end of each table, and to say grace.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VII. Each person is to be employed in -some work or business according to her -ability, and have such part of the benefit -arising from her labour and ingenuity as -the committee shall judge she deserves; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>which sum may be increased by the -bounty of the house, as favourable opportunities -may offer, for establishing them -in the world. The articles proposed for -their employment are, making their own -cloaths both linen and woollen; knitting, -spinning, making bone lace, black lace, -artificial flowers, childrens toys, winding -silk, drawing patterns, making women -and childrens shoes, mantuas, stays, coats, -&c. but no part of their labour is to be -sold in the house, but at some other place -appointed by the committee. In their -work, as in every other circumstance, the -utmost care and delicacy, humanity and -tenderness will be observed, that this establishment -may not be thought a house of -correction, or even of hard labour, but a -safe retreat from their distressful circumstances.</p> - -<p class='c008'>VIII. From Lady-day to Michaelmas -they are to rise at six and be in bed at -ten; and from Michaelmas to Lady-day -are to rise at seven and be in bed at nine; -and after that time no fire or candle shall -be allowed, except in the sick ward.</p> - -<p class='c008'>IX. They are to breakfast at nine -o’clock, and be allowed half an hour; and -are to dine at one o’clock, and be allowed -an hour; they may leave off work at six -in the winter, and seven in summer.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>X. No Governor, or any other person -shall be permitted to visit the wards, or -any of the women, without leave in writing -first obtained from the Treasurer or -Chairman, and two of the committee, except -in cases provided for, and in all cases -the matron to attend them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XI. Abusive or reproachful language, -insolence or disobedience to the officers, -indecent or profane expressions, and such -kind of turbulent conduct, shall subject -them to confinement in a room for six -hours for the first offence. For the second -offence they shall be admonished publicly -by the Chaplain and the Matron; and the -rest of their own ward may be also appealed -to for their disapprobation of such conduct. -The third offence shall subject -them to be confined for twelve hours, and -to have but one spare meal during the -whole day; and if found to be incorrigible, -then to forfeit a certain proportion, or the -whole of what hath been acquired by -their labour, at the discretion of the committee, -and be subject to the consequences -of their agreement; and to be dismissed -the house, and never re-admitted.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XII. After the continuance of any woman -in the house for three years, upon the -modest and virtuous demeanor, and industrious -<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>conduct of such woman, or upon -application of her parents or friends, or -any house-keeper of sufficient credit, if -such friends declare they will forgive the -past offences of such woman, and will -provide for her; or, if such house-keeper -will receive such woman as a servant; in -either of these cases the Governors may -discharge such woman with her consent.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XIII. Upon the discharge of such woman, -her cloaths, or if sold, the produce -of them, shall be returned to her, together -with whatever may be due upon her account, -and a certificate given her under -the hands of the Treasurer, or the President, -and two or more of the committee, -of her conduct and behaviour during the -time of her being in the house.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XIV. Every woman who shall be placed -in a service from this house, and shall continue -one whole year in such service to the -intire approbation of such master or mistress, -upon its being made appear to the -satisfaction of the committee, they may -give that woman a gratuity not exceeding -two guineas, as a reward for her good behaviour.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XV. The committee will, upon the -good behaviour of the women, interest -<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>themselves to obtain a reconciliation with -their parents and friends, when their contract -will be cancelled.</p> - -<p class='c008'>XVI. Besides the vouchers abovementioned, -and the advantages arising from -their labour, a bounty may be given, at -the discretion of the committee, to such as -shall be properly discharged. This gift -shall be presented not only to those who -marry in a manner satisfactory to the committee, -but also to such as shall set up -trades in whatever way they shall have -gained a proficiency; so that nothing shall -be omitted which can promote the great -ends of preserving life, of rendering that -life useful, and of recovering those who -are now lost to the community.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This plan is to be improved as experience -may hereafter dictate.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Magnus’s</span> <em>Church</em>, at the north east -corner of London bridge, owes its name -to its dedication to St. Magnus, who suffered -martyrdom under the Emperor Aurelian, -in the city of Cæsarea, for his -steady adherence to the Christian religion. -The Abbots of Westminster and Bermondsey -had alternately the donation of -the church, till the suppression of monasteries; -it then devolved to the Crown, -and in 1553 was placed under the jurisdiction -<span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>of the Bishop of London. The -ancient edifice was laid in ruins by the -dreadful conflagration in 1666; and ten -years after, the present structure was -erected in its room, though the steeple -was not added till several years after.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is a spacious and massy stone building; -plain, and yet well ornamented. -The corners have rustic quoins, and the -body is enlightened by tall arched windows, -over each of which is a cornice supported -by scrolls, and between these is a cherub -over the center of each window. At the -west end coupled pilasters rise on each side -the door, from a plain course, and support -a pediment. The door on the north side -is also placed under a pediment, but without -the particular decorations of the other. -Over each door is an oval window, and -this last is decorated with festoons. The -roof is hid by a kind of Attic course, -from which the tower rises square and -plain; and from this the dial, which is -very richly ornamented, projects over the -street. The course above this is adorned -at the corners with coupled pilasters of the -Ionic order, supporting an open work in -the place of a balustrade, with large urns -at the corners, of an uncommon shape. -From within this open work rises the lanthorn, -which has also Ionic pilasters, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>arched windows in all the intercolumniations. -The dome rests upon these pilasters, -and on its crown is placed a piece of -open work like that which surrounds the -base of the lanthorn. On this is raised -the turret which supports the fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church is a rectory, and to this -parish that of St. Margaret’s, New Fish -street, is united. The Rector, besides -glebes, casualties, &c. receives 170l. a -year in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Magnus</span> <em>court</em>, Butcher row.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Magpye</span> <em>alley</em>. 1. Aldersgate street.* 2. -Ashentree court.* 3. Bishopsgate street -without.* 4. Crutched-friars.* 5. Fenchurch -street.* 6. Fetter lane.* 7. -Gray’s Inn lane.* 8. Phœnix street.* -9. Wheeler street.* 10. White-friars.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Magpye</span> <em>court</em>, Great Old Bailey.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maid</span> <em>court</em>, Maiden lane, Bow lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maid</span> <em>lane</em>, Gravel lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maiden</span> <em>lane</em>, 1. Church street, Lambeth.* -2. Extending from Deadman’s Place to -Gravel lane; a long stragling place with -ditches on each side; the passages to the -houses being over little bridges.* 3. -Halfmoon street, Covent Garden.* 4. -Long Ditch.* 5. Queen street, Cheapside.* -6. Wood street, Cheapside.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maidenhead</span> <em>alley</em>, 1. Ratcliff.* 2. Wapping.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span><span class='sc'>Maidenhead</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Aldersgate street.* -2. Cartwright street.* 3. St. Catharine’s.* -4. Chiswell street, Moorfields.* 5. Church -lane, Whitechapel.* 6. St. Ermin’s hill. -7. Great Eastcheap.* 8. Great Gardens, -St. Catharine’s lane.* 9. Grub street, by -Fore street, Cripplegate.* 10. London -Wall.* 11. Maiden lane.* 12. Moor -lane.* 13. Saltpetre bank.* 14. St. -Thomas Apostle’s.* 15. Wheeler street.* -16. Wood street, Cheapside.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maidenhead</span> <em>passage</em>, Berwick street.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maidenhead</span> <em>street</em>, Dyot street.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maidenhead</span> <em>yard</em>, Dyot street.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mainhard’s</span> <em>court</em>, Anchor and Hope alley, -Green Bank, near Wapping.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mainhard’s</span> <em>street</em>, Bembridge street, St. -Giles’s pound.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Main’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Castle lane, Southwark.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Malaga</span> <em>court</em>, Nightingale lane, East -Smithfield.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Malden</span>, a village in Surry, about three -miles from Kingston, has a powder mill on -a stream that runs from Ewel to Kingston.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mallet’s</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Blackboy alley, Chick -lane.† 2. Buckeridge street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mallmill</span> <em>court</em>, Whitecross street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Manby</span> <em>court</em>, Montague street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Manchester</span> <em>court</em>, Canon row, Westminster; -so called from the house of the -Earls of Manchester adjoining.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span><span class='sc'>Manchester</span> <em>stairs</em>, Canon row, Westminster.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Man-in-the-Moon</span> <em>yard</em>, Chiswell street.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Manley’s</span> <em>wharf</em>, Mill bank, Westminster.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mannack’s</span> <em>alley</em>, Shoreditch.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Manor’s</span> <em>street</em>, St. Giles’s.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mansel</span> <em>street</em>, Goodman’s fields.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mansion House</span> of the Lord Mayor, a -very noble edifice erected in the place -where Stocks market was formerly held. -As the private houses of the citizens advanced -to the dignity of Lord Mayor, -were generally improper places, as well as -too small, for transacting the great business -belonging to this important office, it -was customary for the chief magistrate of -the city to hold his mayoralty at one or -other of the halls belonging to the twelve -principal companies. This however was -long perceived very inconvenient; and -therefore it was at last found expedient for -the honour of the city, and the more regular -discharge of that high office, to erect -a house, as the mansion of the Lord Mayor -for the time being.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This being determined by the Lord -Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Council, -several places were proposed, as the end -of Pater noster row fronting Cheapside, -Moorfields, and Stocks market, and -the latter was chosen, from its being situated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span>nearly in the center of the city; at -a small distance from the Royal Exchange, -and in the heart of business: Stocks market -was therefore removed to Fleet ditch, -and the earth dug up for laying the foundation, -when the ground was found so -full of springs, that it became necessary to -erect this spacious edifice upon piles. -Meanwhile many plans and designs were -drawn and examined, and that from which -this edifice was erected, had the preference.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In short, a vast number of strong piles -being driven close together, the first stone -of the foundation was laid upon them, by -the Right Honourable Micajah Perry, Esq; -Lord Mayor, on the 25th of October -1739, in the presence of several of the -Aldermen and Common Council, and this -great work was finished in 1753, Sir -Crisp Gascoigne being the first Lord -Mayor who resided in it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This edifice is very substantially built -of Portland stone, and has a portico of -six lofty fluted columns of the Corinthian -order in the front; the same order being -continued in pilasters both under the pediment, -and on each side. The basement -story is very massy and built in rustic. -In the center of this story is the door -which leads to the kitchens, cellars, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>other offices; and on each side rises a flight -of steps of very considerable extent, leading -up to the portico, in the middle of -which is the door which leads to the -apartments and offices where business is -transacted. The stone balustrade of the -stairs is continued along the front of the -portico, and the columns, which are -wrought in the proportions of Palladio, -support a large angular pediment, adorned -with a very noble piece in bas relief, -representing the dignity and opulence of -the city of London, by Mr. Taylor.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the center stands a very graceful -woman crowned with turrets, representing -the city, her left foot placed upon -the figure of Envy, who lies on her back, -and seems endeavouring to rise. Her left -arm rests upon a large shield, which has -the city arms, and in her right hand she -holds a wand. This being the principal -figure, is done in alto relievo: she seems -ready to step forwards, her head and right -arm, which are completely finished, project -forward from the back ground, and -her wand extends beyond the cornice of -the pediment. Near her, on her right -side, stands a Cupid holding the cap of -Liberty over his shoulder at the end of a -short staff, in the manner of a mace; and -a little farther, a river God, representing -the Thames, lies reclined, pouring a -stream of water from a large vase; and -near him an anchor fastened to its cable, -with shells lying on the shore. On the -left hand of London is Plenty, kneeling -and holding out her hand in a supplicating -posture, as if beseeching her to accept of -the fruits she is pouring from her cornucopia; -and behind her are two naked -boys with bales of goods, as emblems of -commerce.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i253.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p><span class='left'><em>S. Wale delin.</em></span> <span class='right'><em>B. Green sculp.</em></span><br /><em>The Mansion House.</em></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>It is, however, very obvious, that the -principal figures in this pediment are too -large, which obliges London to stand, and -Plenty to kneel, in a less graceful manner -than they might otherwise do; and, besides -their extraordinary size, renders them -too crouded.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Beneath this portico are two series of -windows, which extend along the whole -front, and above these is an Attic story -with square windows crowned with a balustrade.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The building is an oblong, and its -depth is the long side; it has an area in -the middle, and the farthest end is an -Egyptian hall, which is the length of the -front, very high and designed for public -entertainments. To make it regular in -flank, the architect has raised a similar -building on the front, which is the upper -<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>part of a dancing gallery. This rather -hurts than adorns the face of the building.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Near the ends at each side is a window -of extraordinary height, placed between -coupled Corinthian pilasters, and extending -to the top of the Attic story.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The apartments are extremely noble; -but this edifice has the misfortune to be so -crouded with houses, especially on the -sides, that the rooms are dark, and even -in the front there is not a sufficient area -to enlighten the building; nor can it ever -be viewed to advantage, unless in some -future time the heavy load at the top -should be taken off, and a broad street, as -wide as the edifice itself, opened before it -into Lothbury.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mare</span> <em>street</em>, Hackney.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Margaret’s</span> <em>alley</em>, Margaret street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Margaret’s Hill</span>, extends from the -court of justice, which faces the street -thus named, to the farther corner of St. -George’s church. Where this court is -now kept, was anciently a church named -St. Margaret’s on the hill, which gave its -name to the street. The court-house has -a small colonade that leads to a tavern, -over which is the court-room, where the -Lord Mayor of London tries causes. On -the front of this edifice is the statue of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>King Charles II. under which is the following -inscription:</p> - -<p class='c015'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Combustum anno 1670, re-ædificatum -annis 1685 & 1686.</em> Jacobo Smyth, -<em>Mil. &</em> Roberto Geffery, <em>Mil. Prætoribus. -Impensis S. P. Q. L.</em></span></p> - -<p class='c008'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Margaret’s</span> <em>lane</em>, Old Palace yard; -thus named from its situation near St. -Margaret’s church, Westminster.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Margaret’s</span> <em>Lothbury</em>. This church -received its name from its being dedicated -to St. Margaret, a virgin saint of Antioch, -who suffered martyrdom in the -reign of the Emperor Decius; and the additional -appellation of Lothbury is to -point out its situation, and distinguish it -from the other churches in this city of the -same name.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The old church which was built in -1440, being destroyed by the general -conflagration in 1666, the present stone -edifice was erected in its room, and completed -in 1690. It stands upon the ancient -course of Wallbrook, on the north -side of Lothbury, and is a plain and neat -building. It is sixty-six feet in length, -fifty-four in breadth, the height to the -roof is thirty-six, and the height of the -steeple 140 feet. The body is well enlightened -by a row of lofty windows; -over which the wall is terminated by a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>balustrade; and the principal door is ornamented -with Corinthian columns which -support an angular pediment. The tower -has large windows in the uppermost stage, -and is terminated a little above by a plain -cornice, upon which is raised a small -dome that supports a slender spire.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A row of despicable shops was formerly -built before this church; but a few years -ago they were taken down, and a neat -pavement of broad stone has been lately -raised the whole length of the church, to -which there is an ascent of a few plain -steps at each end, and to the principal -door; but as this pavement is in some -places upwards of two feet above the -street, a regard to the safety of the passengers -as well as to ornament, ought to have -induced the persons who formed this -pavement to have secured it by a neat balustrade.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The advowson of this rectory was anciently -in the Abbess and Nuns of Barking -in Essex; but at the dissolution of -their convent it came to the Crown, and -the church is still in his Majesty’s gift.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Rector, besides the profits arising -from casualties, &c. receives 100l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per -annum</span></i> in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Margaret Moses</span>, a church which -formerly stood at the south west corner of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>Little Friday street, opposite Distaff lane, -and was thus named from its being dedicated -to St. Margaret abovementioned, -and from one Moses its rebuilder: but -suffering by the dreadful fire of London, -and not being rebuilt, the parish has been -annexed to that of St. Mildred’s Bread -street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Margaret</span> <em>New Fish street</em>, stood on -the east side of Fish street hill, where the -Monument is situated; but being burnt -with the rest of the buildings in London, -and not rebuilt, the parish is joined to that -of St. Magnus. <cite>Stow.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Margaret</span> <em>Pattens</em>, owes its additional -epithet to its ancient situation among -patten-makers. This church is situated -in Rood lane, at the corner of Little -Tower street, and in Billingsgate ward. -The old church, which was built in 1538, -was destroyed by the fire of London, and -the present edifice raised in 1687. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>It consists of a plain body sixty-six feet -in length, fifty-two in breadth, and the -height of the roof is thirty-two feet. It is -well enlightened by a range of arched -windows, with porthole windows over -them; and over the door in the front is a -large Doric window, with a cherubim’s -head and a large festoon over it, above -<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>which a pediment stretches from the -steeple to the end of the church. The -tower rises square to a considerable height, -and is terminated by four plain pinacles -crowned with balls, and a balustrade, -within which rises a very solid spire, terminated -by a ball and fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church is a rectory in the gift of -the Lord Mayor, commonalty, and citizens; -and the Rector, besides glebe, casualties, -&c. receives 120l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> in -lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Margaret’s</span> <em>street</em>, Cavendish square; -so called in honour of the Lady Oxford.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Margaret’s</span> <em>Westminster</em>. King Edward -the Confessor having resolved to rebuild -the conventual church of St. Peter -with great magnificence, imagined that it -would be a dishonour to his new and stately -edifice, to have the neighbouring people -assemble in it as usual, for the performance -of religious worship, as well as prove -troublesome and inconvenient to the -monks; therefore about the year 1064, -he caused a church to be erected on the -north side of St. Peter’s, for the use of the -neighbouring inhabitants, and dedicated it -to St. Margaret, the virgin and martyr of -Antioch.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church, which is situated only -thirty feet to the north of the abbey, was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>rebuilt in the reign of King Edward I. -by the parishioners and merchants of the -staple, except the chancel, which was -erected at the expence of the Abbot of -Westminster. At length, in the year 1735, -this church was not only beautifully repaired, -but the tower cased, and mostly -rebuilt, at the expence of 3500l. granted -by parliament, on account of its being in -some measure a national church, for the -use of the house of Commons. <cite>Stow.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>It is a plain, neat, and not inelegant -Gothic structure, well enlightened by a -series of large windows: it has two handsome -galleries of considerable length, -adorned in the front with carved work; -these are supported by slender pillars which -rise to the roof, and have four small black -pillars running round each of them, adorned -with gilded capitals both at the galleries -and at the top, where the flat roof is -neatly ornamented with stucco. The -steeple consists of a tower, which rises to -a considerable height, and is crowned with -a turret at each corner, and a small lanthorn, -much ornamented with carved -work in the center, from whence rises -a flag staff.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church in 1758, underwent a -thorough repair, on the inside a new -vault was built through the whole body -<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>of the edifice, and the whole is ornamenting -with new gilding and painting. -A small view of it is in the -same plate with that of Westminster -<span class='sc'>Abbey</span>, which see.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of this church, which is -a curacy, was anciently in the Abbot and -Convent of Westminster, as it is at present -in the Dean and Chapter.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the south side of the altar is an ancient -tomb, erected in the depth of popish -ignorance and superstition, on which is -the portraiture of Mary Bylling standing -between the Virgin Mary and an angel, -and over her is engraved the figure of an -old man, to represent the omnipresent -Deity, emitting rays of light upon the -head of the Virgin, from whose mouth -proceeds a label with these words, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ecce -ancilla Domini; fiat mihi secundum verbum -tuum</span></i>. Out of Mary Bylling’s mouth issues -a scroll with these words: <em>Blessyd -Lady, for thy glorious salutacion, bryng our -sowles to everlasting salvation</em>: and on two -scrolls on each side of her, <em>Blessyd Triniti, -on me have mercy. Blessyd Triniti, on me -have mercy.</em> These four figures, with the -several inscriptions, are engraven on small -brass plates inlaid in the stone, as is also an -inscription which gives the names of her -three husbands, and lets us know that she -<span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>died on the 14th of March 1429. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>There is also here a whimsical inscription -on the tomb of Skelton, the merry -Poet Laureat to Henry VII. and VIII. -who died on the 21st of June 1529.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l c016'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Come, Alecto, and lend me thy torch,</div> - <div class='line'>To find a church-yard in a church-porch.</div> - <div class='line'>Poverty and poetry this tomb doth inclose,</div> - <div class='line'>Therefore, gentlemen, be merry in prose.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'>We shall conclude these odd monumental -inscriptions with the following, -which as well as the former, is mentioned -by Weaver in his Funeral monuments.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l c016'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Sancta Maria, virgo virginum,</div> - <div class='line'>Pray for the soul of Jone Pymichum.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marigold</span> <em>alley</em>, Barnaby street, Southwark.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marigold</span> <em>court</em>, in the Strand.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marigold</span> <em>lane</em>, Upper Ground.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marigold</span> <em>stairs</em>, Upper Ground.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marigold</span> <em>street</em>, Rotherhith Wall.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marine Society</span>, for furnishing the navy -with sea boys and landmen, in order to increase -the number of our mariners. This -society was founded soon after the breaking -out of the present war, by a number -<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>of gentlemen animated by a generous love -of their country, and an ardent desire to -increase its glory, as well as from compassion -for the many ragged and miserable -objects seen in our streets. This noble -scheme was chiefly conducted by a gentleman -distinguished by those accomplishments -which most adorn human nature; -who, besides a generous subscription, joined -his indefatigable industry in promoting -this noble scheme, and even wrote a very -judicious pamphlet to shew the public advantages -that would result from it. He -presented the first impression, consisting of -a thousand copies, to the society; and by -his assiduity, and that of a famous magistrate, -great numbers of the lowest of -the people, who would probably have -ended their days ignominiously at Tyburn, -have filled the court of France with terror, -and revived the drooping glory of -their country. From this pamphlet we -shall give an account of this society.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It must be observed, that every man of -war, privateer, and merchant ship, is -obliged to take a certain number of boys, -which are considered both as necessary to -the ship, and a nursery for seamen; thus -in every sixty gun ship of 400 men, the -Captain and officers require thirty servants.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>These it was impossible to obtain at the -breaking out of the war; the society therefore -sought for them among the vagrants, -the pilferers, and those whose extreme -poverty and ignorance rendered them pernicious -to the community; and also endeavoured -to assist the Captains and officers -in the sea service, by encouraging the -industrious poor to send their children to -sea; and by inviting all who were fit for -the sea service to enter into it: stout lads -who were covered with nastiness and had -no means of support, were cleaned, well -fed, and provided with lodgings; and if -any of the men or boys were distempered, -as sometimes happened, by mere wretchedness, -filth, hunger, or the use of bad -food, they were properly physicked and -put in a condition to go on board; while -those who were more happy in having -friends to provide for them, were appointed -to come to the office, where they were -to be cloathed, and all were fitted with -cloathing and bedding by the society, and -sent clean, as well as properly dressed, on -board his Majesty’s ships.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Of these boys they took some of thirteen -years of age; but chiefly invited stout -lads of sixteen and upwards, because they -would soon become able seamen; and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>now they take none who are less than four -feet four inches in height.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The greatest care imaginable is taken -not to give any master, mistress, or parent, -the least reason to complain. These have -been always invited to see the boys when -they are cloathed, on Thursday mornings -at Mr. Fielding’s house; and again when -they are examined and sent to their respective -ships by the society, at the Seamens -office over the Royal Exchange; and if -any apprentice or son is required by his -master or parents, he is delivered up immediately.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As to the landmen, they are required to -be hardy, active, and robust; these, to -prevent their being despised by the sailors, -are immediately cloathed as seamen, and -so divided among the messes of the mariners, -as will soonest enable them to -learn their language and duty, and they -are completely fitted out without being -obliged to expend any part of the bounty -of thirty shillings, granted by his Majesty -to all the landmen who enter into the -service.</p> - -<p class='c008'>What gives the higher idea of this society, -is, that several of its members are -active, and particularly Mr. Fielding, in -collecting many of the boys who are in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>the most abject condition: they assist and -relieve each other in a task by which they -are to gain nothing, but the applause of -their own hearts.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To prevent imposition, the society -keeps a sample of the cloathing at their -office, which is sealed with the seals of -several of the committee, and shewn to -the men and boys when they are cloathed, -that the society may be sure the slopseller -keeps up to his engagement. Besides, as -it is the steady purpose of the society to -preserve the health of the men and boys -whom they clothe, as far as it depends on -such raiment, they are not contented with -such manufactures as they find in the -shops, but buy them of the manufacturer -in Yorkshire, which being well wetted -and milled on the spot, make what is -called pea jackets, that last twice as long, -and resist the weather four times as much -as the common sort of pea jackets. And -as they think the severity of the winter -season renders common thin flannel waistcoats -insufficient, they make waistcoats of -white or other coloured kerseys, that are -of the greatest service and duration. The -breeches or drawers for the men and boys -are made of half thicks or thin kerseys, -which the society also provides from -Yorkshire. In order also to make the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>most of the money, and provide the best -things, these jackets, waistcoats, and -breeches are brown instead of blue, the -former being found the most durable colour; -and such jackets cost ten <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per cent.</span></i> -less than blue, on account of the excessive -price of indigo.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The cloathing and bedding given each -of the boys, are a felt hat, a worsted cap, -a kersey pea jacket, a kersey pair of -breeches, a striped flannel or kersey waistcoat, -a pair of trowsers, two pair of hose, -two pair of shoes, two handkerchiefs, -three shirts; a bed, pillow, blanket, and -coverlet; a pair of buckles and buttons; -thread, worsted, and needles; a knife, a -Prayer Book and Testament to those -whose Captains desire them, and a bag to -put their cloaths in.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The cloathing given each of the men -is, a felt seaman’s hat, a kersey pea jacket, -a waistcoat and drawers of the same, a -pair of drab breeches, a pair of thin -trowsers, a pair of worsted hose, a pair of -yarn hose, two shirts, two worsted caps, -one pair of shoes, one pair of buckles, -one pair of buttons, a knife, thread, worsted, -and needles, with a bag for their -cloaths.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A note of these cloaths is given to every -man and boy, by which he may see what -<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>he has, but nothing is delivered till they -are actually on board the tender in the -river Thames, or in their respective ships -at the ports; except to the boys, who are -attended to the ships.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Our author, who was one of the committee, -observes, that from this society -may be seen the great business that may -be done for a trifling expence; for the -Treasurer, Commissioners, Secretary, and -Clerks; the house-rent and entertainments; -the fire and candle, paper, pens -and ink, do not all together cost the society -an hundred pounds <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>; and if, by -an additional Clerk, he adds, it should -happen to swell to 150l. “greater good -with less money, I will be bold to say, -is not done by any society in this kingdom: -for exclusive of the charge of -cloathing, feeding, and sending boys to -Portsmouth, the expence is very little -more than the rent of two rooms at -about 25l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, the salary of a -secretary, not exceeding 50l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, -and a Porter 10l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>There is a general meeting every three -months, viz. the first Thursday in January, -the first in April, the first in July, -and the first in October, or oftener, if the -committee desire it; when an account of -receipts and disbursements are laid before -<span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>the subscribers under the direction of the -committee, which consists of a considerable -number of them. Of this committee -not less than three persons act, who meet -every Thursday at eleven o’clock at the -Merchants Seamens office over the Royal -Exchange; and any other day, if necessary, -at the Secretary’s house in Prince’s -street, where any two of the committee -may transact the business when it is very -urgent.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mariners</span> <em>alley</em>, Fore street, Lambeth.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mariners</span> <em>street</em>, Shadwell.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mark</span> <em>lane</em>, extends from Fenchurch street -to Tower street, and is chiefly inhabited -by merchants. Maitland says it was originally -called Mart lane, it being once -used as a public mart. On the east side -of this lane is the Corn Exchange.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Market</span> <em>court</em>, 1. By Oxford market. 2. -By Shepherd’s market.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Market</span> <em>hill</em>, Upper Shadwell.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Market</span> <em>lane</em>, Pallmall.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Market</span> <em>passage</em>, 1. Lime street, leading -into Leadenhall market. 2. Oxford street, -leading into Oxford market. 3. Paternoster -row, leading into Newgate market.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Market</span> <em>street</em>, 1. Jermain street. 2. -Newport street. 3. Millbank, Westminster.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span><span class='sc'>Markets.</span> As one of the principal advantages -of a city are commodious markets, -this metropolis may, in this particular, -be said to exceed most, if not all -the cities in Europe: some account of -these is dispersed through this work; notwithstanding -which, it may be proper, -under this article, to gratify the reader’s -curiosity, by giving a list of them, that -the whole may be seen at one view.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Bear Key, the great corn market.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Billingsgate, the great fish, and coal -market.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Bishopsgate street market, for hay.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Blackwell hall, the great cloth market.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Bloomsbury market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Borough market, a new market for meat -and greens.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Brook’s market, for meat.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Carnaby market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Clare market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Covent Garden market, for herbs and -fruit.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Fleet market, for meat, fruit, herbs, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Hay market, Pallmall, for hay and straw.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Honey lane market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Hoxton market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Hungerford market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Leadenhall market, for leather, hides, -and all kinds of provisions.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Mark lane market, for corn.</p> - -<p class='c015'><span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>Newgate market, for all kinds of provisions.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Newport market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Oxford market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Queenhithe, the great meal market.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Red Lion market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>St. James’s market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>St. Margaret’s Hill market, for hay and -straw.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Shadwell market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Smithfield market, for cattle.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Spitalfields market, for meat, greens, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Westminster market, for meat, &c.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Whitechapel market, for meat by wholesale -and retail.</p> - -<p class='c015'>White Horse Inn meal market, near Holborn -bridge.</p> - -<p class='c015'>Wood’s Close market, for sheep skins.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<img src='images/i273.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p><span class='left'><em>S. Wale delin.</em></span> <span class='right'><em>C. Grignion sculp.</em></span><br /><em>Marlborough House.</em></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span><span class='sc'>Marlborough House</span>, situated behind -the houses on the west side of Pallmall, is -a very large brick edifice, ornamented -with stone, and built in a peculiar taste. -The front, which is very extensive, has -only two series of windows, and on each -side the wings are ornamented at the corners, -with a kind of stone rustic, and the -edifice is terminated by a balustrade, in -the manner it appears in the print. On -the sides of the area next the wings a -small colonade extends on each side, and -the side opposite to the abovementioned -area is taken up with the offices. -The late Duchess of Marlborough, -when this structure was finished, intended -to have opened a way to it from -Pallmall, directly in the front, as is evident -from the manner in which the court -yard is finished; but Sir Robert Walpole -having purchased the house before it, and -being upon no good terms with the Duchess, -she was prevented in her design. -The front towards the Park resembles -this, only instead of the two middle windows -in the wings, there are niches for -statues, and instead of the area in front, -you descend by a flight of steps into the -garden.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This structure is, however, greatly censured -by the critics in architecture.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The apartments however are noble, -and well disposed, and the furniture is -rich. In the vestibule at the entrance, is -painted the battle of Hochstet, in which -the most remarkable scene is the taking -Marshal Tallard, the French General, and -several other officers of great distinction, -prisoners. The figures of the great Duke -of Marlborough, of Prince Eugene of -Savoy, and General Cadogan, are finely -executed.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marlborough</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Berwick street. -2. Petticoat lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span><span class='sc'>Marlborough</span>, or <em>Carnaby market</em>, by -Marlborough street. See <span class='sc'>Carnaby -Market</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marlborough</span> <em>mews</em>, by Oxford street; so -called from the Dukes of Marlborough -formerly keeping their hawks there.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marlborough</span> <em>row</em>, Carnaby or Marlborough -market.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marlborough</span> <em>street</em>, a very handsome -street, extending from the end of Argyle -buildings.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marsh</span> <em>street</em>, Ratcliff highway.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marsh</span> <em>yard</em>, Wapping.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>Earl</em> <span class='sc'>Marshal</span> <em>of England</em>, the eighth -great officer of the kingdom, hereditary -in the family of the Dukes of Norfolk -ever since the year 1553. This officer -had formerly great authority; for he took -cognizance of all matters of war and arms, -determined contracts relating to deeds of -arms out of the realm upon land, and -matters concerning wars within the realm, -that could not be determined by common -law, in which he was generally guided -by the civil law. Indeed he had several -courts, among which was the Marshalsea -court in the Borough, so called from its -being under his jurisdiction. But the -house of Norfolk being of the Romish -religion, is incapable by law of performing -these offices. See <span class='sc'>Marshalsea Prison</span>. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>The Earl Marshal has however -held several courts at Doctors Commons, -to inquire into the right several people -had assumed of bearing arms. <cite>Chamberlain’s -Present State.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>City</em> <span class='sc'>Marshal</span>, an officer of considerable -authority, dignity, and profit. His business -is to see the laws of the city put in -execution; and in solemn processions he -rides before the Lord Mayor, on a horse -richly caparisoned. The sum of fifteen -hundred pounds is usually given for this -place.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marshal</span> <em>street</em>, 1. Maiden lane, Deadman’s -place. 2. Silver street, Bloomsbury.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marshalsea Court.</span> See the following -article.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marshalsea Prison</span>, on St. Margaret’s -Hill, Southwark, is a place of confinement -for persons who have committed -crimes at sea, as pirates, &c. and for -debtors. In this prison is the Marshalsea -court, the Judges of which are, the Lord -Steward of his Majesty’s houshold for the -time being; the Steward of the court, -who must be a barrister at law; and a -Deputy Steward. In all civil actions tried -in this court, both the plaintiff and defendant -must belong to his Majesty’s -houshold, The persons confined in this -<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>prison for crimes at sea, take their trials at -the Old Bailey.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the same prison is the <em>Palace Court</em>, -the jurisdiction of which extends twelve -miles round the palace of Westminster, -the city of London only excepted; and -the debtors within any part of Westminster, -and twelve miles round, may be carried -to this prison for a debt of 40s. -Actions for debt are tried in this court -every Friday, and there are the same -Judges, Counsellors and Attorneys here as -in the Marshalsea court; these are, besides -the Judges already mentioned, a -Prothonotary, a Secondary, and Deputy -Prothonotary; four Counsellors, and six -Attorneys, But in this court neither the -plaintiff nor defendant must belong to his -Majesty’s houshold.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The buildings are mean and ruinous; -but the court-room is pretty spacious and -convenient.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marsham</span> <em>court</em>, Hog lane, St. Giles’s.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marsham</span> <em>street</em>, Market street, Westminster.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Whitechapel.† 2. -Chick lane, Smithfield.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <em>in the Fields</em>, in St. Martin’s -lane, near Charing Cross. This church -received its name from St. Martin, an -Hungarian, who was sainted for the cruelty -<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>with which he persecuted the Arians, -and its being formerly situated in the -fields. Though the present structure is -of a modern date, there was very early a -church upon the same spot, dedicated to -the same saint; for there are authentic -records of a dispute in 1222, between the -Abbot of Westminster and the Bishop of -London, concerning the exemption of the -church of St. Martin’s in the Fields from -the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London, -How long before this a building for the -service of religion was erected there, is not -easy to determine; but it was probably a -chapel for the monks of Westminster, -when they visited their convent garden, -which then extended to it. However, -the endowments of this church sell with -the monks who possessed it, and in Henry -the VIIIth’s reign a small church was built -there at the King’s expence, the inhabitants -being then too poor to pay for it; -but this structure not being capacious -enough to accommodate the parishioners, -it was greatly enlarged in 1607. At -length, after many expensive repairs, that -structure was taken down in the year -1721, and soon after the first stone of the -present edifice was laid. Five years completed -the building, and in 1726 it was -consecrated.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>It is observable, that on the laying of -the first stone, his Majesty King George I. -gave an hundred guineas to be distributed -among the workmen, and some time after -1500l. to purchase an organ. The -whole expence of building and decorating -this church, amounted to 36,891l. 10s. -4d. of which 33,450l. was granted by -Parliament, and the rest raised by the -above royal benefaction, a subscription, -and the sale of seats in the church.</p> - -<p class='c008'>St. Martin’s in the Fields is an elegant -edifice built with stone. In the west front -is an ascent by a very long flight of steps -to a very noble portico of Corinthian columns, -which support a pediment in -which is the royal arms in has relief. -The same order is continued round in pilasters, -and in the intercolumniations are -two series of windows surrounded with -rustic. On each side the doors, on the -sides which are near the corners, are -lofty Corinthian columns; the roof is -concealed by a handsome balustrade, and -the spire is stately and elegant.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The decorations on the inside are extremely -fine; the roof is richly adorned -with fret-work; slender Corinthian columns -raised on high pedestals, rising in -the front of the galleries, serve to support -both them and the roof, which on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span>sides rests upon them in a very ornamental -arch-work. The east end is richly adorned -with fret-work and gilding, and over -the altar is a large window finely painted.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church was repaired and beautified -in 1758.</p> - -<p class='c008'>With respect to this noble edifice, -says the author of the <cite>Review</cite>, “I -could wish that a view was opened from -the Mews to St. Martin’s church; I -don’t know any of the modern buildings -about town which better deserves -such an advantage. The portico is at -once elegant and august, and if the steps -arising from the street to the front -could have been made regular, and on -a line from end to end, it would have -given it a very considerable grace; but -as the situation of the ground would -not allow it, this is to be esteemed a -misfortune rather than a fault. The -round columns at each angle of the -church are very well contrived, and -have a very fine effect in the profile of -the building; the east end is remarkably -elegant, and very justly challenges -a particular applause. In short, if there -is any thing wanting in this fabric, ’tis -a little more elevation, which, I presume, -is apparently wanted within, and -would create an additional beauty without. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>I can’t help thinking too that, in -complaisance to the galleries, the architect -has reversed the order of the -windows, it being always usual to have -the large ones nearer the eye, and the -small, by way of Attic story, on the -top.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church is a vicarage, in the gift -of the Bishop of London.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <em>Church yard</em>, St. Martin’s -lane, Charing Cross.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <em>court</em>, a large, handsome -court, with a free stone pavement in St. -Martin’s lane, Charing Cross.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <span class='sc'>Ironmonger lane</span>, a church -which stood at the corner of Church alley, -in Ironmonger lane, and in Cheap ward; -but being destroyed by the dreadful fire of -London, and not rebuilt, the parish was -united to St. Olave Jewry. <cite>Newc. Rep. -Eccles.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <em>lane</em>, 1. Opposite Northumberland -house in the Strand; thus named -from the church of St. Martin’s in the -Fields. 2. Canon street, Walbrook; so -named from the church of St. Martin’s -Orgar, which was formerly on the east -side of it.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s Le Grand</span>, extends from -the corner of Blowbladder street to Aldersgate. -This street, as far as Bell court -<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>near St. Anne’s lane, as well as all the -courts on each side, is within its own liberty, -and in the government of Westminster. -It took its name from a collegiate -church founded here by one Ingalricus -and his brother Edward, in the -year 1056, for a Dean, secular Canons, -and Priests, and dedicated to St. Martin. -Afterwards the addition of <em>le Grand</em> was -added, from the extraordinary privileges -of sanctuary granted to it by several Monarchs. -Hither thieves, ruffians, and -murderers used to fly for safety; here -robbers brought their stolen goods, which -they shared among themselves, or sold to -the inhabitants: here also lived the makers -of picklocks; the counterfeiters of keys -and seals; the forgers of false evidence; -those who made chains, beads, and plate -of gilt copper, which they sold for gold; -and, in short, gamesters, bawds, and -strumpets. To so great a height of licentiousness -was this sanctuary grown, -that in the reign of Henry VII. the Sheriffs -of London venturing to take from -thence by violence a person who had -taken sanctuary there, the Abbot of Westminster -exhibited a bill to the King against -them, upon which the cause was heard -in the Star-chamber, and the Sheriff severely -fined. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>Though this place is in a manner in -the heart of the city, it is still in the liberty -of Westminster; and the inhabitants -are governed, and vote accordingly. The -courts and alleys are now chiefly inhabited -by taylors and others who are not free of -the city; for all foreigners carry on their -trades, and professions there without molestation.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s Le Grand Court</span>. As St. -Martin’s le Grand is a liberty distinct -from the government of London, and -subject to the Deanery of Westminster, it -has a court of record kept every Wednesday, -for the trial of all personal actions of -what nature soever, and there is a court-house -and a prison.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In this court the leading process is a -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">capias</span></i> against the body, or an attachment -against the goods; so that a man’s goods -may be seized in his own house, upon the -first process, if he himself be not taken: -which is according to the practice of all -ancient liberties or franchises. <cite>Stow.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <em>Ludgate</em>, on the north side -of Ludgate street, almost contiguous to -the gate, and in the ward of Faringdon -within. The old church being consumed -by the fire of London, the present edifice -was erected in its place. The body is not -seen from the street; but is tolerably -<span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>enlightened. The steeple consists of a -plain tower, and a pretty lofty spire raised -on a substantial arcade, so that it has at -once the appearance of strength and -lightness.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of this rectory was anciently -in the Abbot and Convent of Westminster; -but on the suppression of their -monastery, King Henry VIII. erected -Westminster into a bishopric, and gave -the advowson of this church to the Bishop; -but the new see being dissolved by -Edward VI. Queen Mary granted it to -the Bishop of London, and his successors, -in whom it still remains.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Rector receives, by act of Parliament, -in lieu of tithes, 160l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>. -<cite>Newcomb’s Eccles. Rep.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>Mr. Strype, in his edition of Stowe’s -Survey, gives several monumental inscriptions -in this church, from which we shall -select the two following; the first to the -memory of William Yeardley and his -wife, the former of whom died on the -28th of October 1523, and the latter on -the 20th of July 1533.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l c016'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>William Yeardley, and Elizabeth his wife,</div> - <div class='line'>Who lived on earth free from strife,</div> - <div class='line'>Not farre from this, in earth doth lye,</div> - <div class='line'>To shew that all that live must dye.</div> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>Where they do quietly expect</div> - <div class='line'>To rise again as God’s elect.</div> - <div class='line'>They left four daughters and a sonne,</div> - <div class='line'>Who left them this when they were gone.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'>The other is on Florens Caldwell, Esq; -citizen and haberdasher, and Mary his -wife, the latter of whom died June 19, -1590.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l c016'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Earth goes to earth, as mold to mold,</div> - <div class='line'>Earth treads on earth, glittering in gold,</div> - <div class='line'>Earth as to earth returne neare should,</div> - <div class='line'>Earth shall to earth goe ere he would,</div> - <div class='line'>Earth upon earth consider may,</div> - <div class='line'>Earth goes to earth naked away.</div> - <div class='line'>Earth, though on earth be stout and gay,</div> - <div class='line'>Shall from earth pass poore away.</div> - <div class='line in2'>Be merciful and charitable,</div> - <div class='line in2'>Relieve the poor as thou art able;</div> - <div class='line in2'>A shrowd to thy grave</div> - <div class='line in2'>Is all thou shalt have.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s Orgars</span>, a rectory, the -church of which was situated on the east -side of St. Martin’s lane near Canon street, -in Candlewick ward, and is so named from -its dedication to St. Martin; and the additional -epithet of <em>Orgars</em>, from Odgarus -or Ordgarus, who was probably its founder -or patron: but this church being destroyed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>with the rest of the public edifices -in the fire of London in 1666, and not -rebuilt, the parish was annexed to the -church of St. Clement Eastcheap. <cite>Newc. -Rep. Eccles. Paroch.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>In this church was a tomb with the -following epitaph, mentioned by Mr. -Strype in his edition of Stowe’s Survey, on -Sir Allen Cotton, Knt. Alderman, and -sometime Lord Mayor of London, who -died on the 24th of September 1628, leaving -three sons and two daughters; and -these sons caused his monument to be -erected,</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l c016'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>When he left earth, rich bounty dy’d,</div> - <div class='line'>Mild courtesie gave place to pride:</div> - <div class='line'>Soft Mercie to bright Justice said,</div> - <div class='line'>O sister! we are both betray’d;</div> - <div class='line'>White Innocence lay on the ground</div> - <div class='line'>By Truth, and wept at either’s wound.</div> - <div class='line'>The sons of Levi did lament,</div> - <div class='line'>Their lamps went out, their oil was spent.</div> - <div class='line'>Heav’n hath his soul, and only we</div> - <div class='line'>Spin out our lives in misery.</div> - <div class='line'>So, Death, thou missest of thy ends,</div> - <div class='line'>And kill’st not him, but kill’st his friends.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s Outwich</span>, at the south east -angle of Threadneedle street, in Broad -street ward, owes its additional epithet to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>William and John de Oteswich, who -were some time the proprietors thereof. -The patronage of this church was indeed -anciently in the family of the Earls of -Surry; but afterwards coming to the -de Oteswiches, they conferred it upon the -company of Merchant Taylors, in whom -it still remains. The Rector receives only -40l. a year in tithes. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>This is one of those few churches that -escaped the fire in 1666, and with some -repairs has stood ever since, and may stand -much longer, though it is already above -220 years old.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This edifice is an old Gothic structure -of the meaner style; it is sixty-six feet -long, and forty-two broad; the height of -the roof is thirty-one feet, and the height -of the steeple, sixty-five feet. The body -is of brick, strengthened at the corners -by a massy rustic: the windows, which -are large, are of the coarse Gothic kind, -and the top is surrounded with plain square -battlements. From the tower, which is -extremely plain and simple, rises a turret, -that is open, arched, and supported by -four piers; and from the dome rises a -ball and fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The New View of London has the -following epitaph in this church.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span>In memory of John Wright, <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">anno sal.</span></i> 1633, aged 24.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='lg-container-l c016'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Reader, thou may’st forbear to put thine eyes</div> - <div class='line'>To charge for tears, to mourn these obsequies;</div> - <div class='line'>Such charitable drops would best be given</div> - <div class='line'>To those who late, or never come to heav’n.</div> - <div class='line'>But here you would, by weeping on this dust,</div> - <div class='line'>Allay his happiness with thy mistrust;</div> - <div class='line'>Whose pious closing of his youthful years</div> - <div class='line'>Deserves thy imitation, not thy tears.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s Pomary</span>, or Ironmonger -lane, Cheapside, is supposed by Mr. Stowe -to have derived its additional epithet of -<em>Pomary</em>, from apple trees growing about -it; which is the more probable, as in his -time there were large void spaces near it. -This church stood at the corner of Ironmonger -lane, and in Cheap ward; but -suffering by the dreadful fire of London, -the parish was united to the church of -St. Olave’s Jewry.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <em>rents</em>, Queen street, New Gravel -lane.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Martin’s</span> <em>street</em>, Thames street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Martin’s Vintry</span>, stood in Thames -street, near the south east corner of Queen -street, and in Vintry ward. This church, -which was a rectory, received its additional -denomination from its being situated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>among the wine tunners, wine merchants, -and coopers: but sharing the common -fate in the dreadful catastrophe of 1666, -and not being rebuilt, the parish was -united to that of St. Michael’s Royal, and -120l. a year was settled upon the Rector -in lieu of tithes. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Martlet’s</span> <em>court</em>, Bow street, Covent -Garden.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Abchurch</span>, in Abchurch lane, -Candlewick ward, owes its name to its -dedication to the Virgin Mary, and the -additional appellation of <em>Ab</em> or <em>Upchurch</em>, -was given it on account of its elevation -in comparison of the neighbouring ground -towards the Thames, and to distinguish -it from the many other churches of the -same name in this city. A church dedicated -to St. Mary has stood here from very -early times; and we find that in the year -1448, it was in the patronage of the Prior -and Canons of St. Mary Overy’s; but -devolving to the crown in the reign of -Queen Elizabeth, her Majesty granted -the perpetual advowson to <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corpus Christi</span></i> -college in Cambridge, wherein it still remains, -though in ecclesiastical affairs, it -is subject to the Archdeacon. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>The old church stood till it was consumed -by the fire in 1666, after which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>the present structure was raised in its -room in the year 1686.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The building is of brick, strengthened -by rustic quoins of stone at the corners, -with three windows on each side, of -which the middle one is the principal, -that rising higher, and taking up the -space above, while the others, which are -smaller, have round windows over them; -these have all stone cases. The tower -rises square with the corners strengthened -with rustic; and a large window in the -center of each face, ornamented like the -rest. From this tower rises a kind of -dome, and upon its summit stands a plain -spire supported by a lanthorn base.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Aldermanbury</span>, by the north -east corner of Love lane, has a fine situation, -with a large area, besides the church yard -in the front. A church of the same name -appears from ancient records to have been -situated there so early as about the year -1300; however, great part of the old -structure was taken down in 1633, and -rebuilt at a considerable expence; but -thirty three years afterwards it was destroyed -by the fire of London, and ten -years after that dreadful event, it was -finished in the present form.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is a plain stone building, likely to -stand for ages; the body is well enlightened -<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>by a range of large well-proportioned -windows, and the corners are wrought -with rustic: it is 72 feet long, and 45 -broad; the roof is 38 feet high, and the -steeple about 90 feet. It has a plain solid -tower, constructed in the same manner -as the body of the church; and the angles -in the upper stage are adorned with rustic: -the cornice is supported by scrolls, and -above it is a plain Attic course: in this -rises a turret with a square base that supports -the dial; this turret is arched, but -the corners are massy: its roof is terminated -in a point on which is placed the -fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of this church appears -to have been anciently in the Dean and -Chapter of St. Paul’s; but the parishioners -have ever since the reformation had -the right of chusing their own Minister, -who must however be licenced by the Bishop -of London; but in matters ecclesiastical -it is subject to the Archdeacon, except -as to wills and administrations, which -belong to the Commissary. The Incumbent -receives by act of Parliament 150l. -a year from the parish.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Aldermary</span>, on the east side of -Bow lane, in Cordwainer street ward, has -its additional epithet of Aldermary, or -Elder Mary, from its being the most -<span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>ancient church in this city dedicated to the -Virgin Mary. The last church, which -was erected at the expence of Henry -Keeble, was destroyed by the fire of London -in 1666; but it was afterwards erected -at the expence of Henry Rogers, Esq; -who generously gave 5000l. towards rebuilding -it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This Gothic edifice is very spacious, it -being an hundred feet in length and sixty-three -in breadth; the height of the roof is -forty-five feet, and that of the steeple an -hundred and thirty-five. The body is -enlightened by a single series of large Gothic -windows. The wall has well-contrived -buttresses and battlements; these -buttresses run up pilaster fashion, in two -stages, not projecting in the old manner -from the body of the building. The -tower, which is full of ornament, consists -of five stages, each of which, except the -lowest, has one Gothic window; and the -pinacles, which are properly so many -turrets, are continued at each corner down -to the ground, divided into stages as the -body of the tower, and cabled with small -pillars bound round it, with a kind of -arched work, and subdivisions between. -<cite>English Architecture.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>This rectory is one of the thirteen peculiars -belonging to the Archbishop of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>Canterbury; and the parish of St. Thomas -Apostles being annexed to this church -by an act of Parliament granted in the -reign of King Charles II. the profits of -the Rector are greatly augmented, he receiving -150l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> in lieu of tithes, -and about 100l. a year by glebe.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary at Hill</span>, on the west side of -St. Mary Hill, in Billingsgate ward, owes -its additional epithet to its situation on an -eminence. This church is of considerable -antiquity, since a chantry was founded in -it so early as about the year 1336.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is remarkable, that in the year 1497, -digging in this church for the foundation -of a wall, the corpse of Alice Hackney, -who died about the year 1322, was discovered -in a very rotten coffin; and that -the skin was sound and flexible, and the -joints pliable, though buried about 175 -years. The body was kept above ground -three or four days, without any noisome -smell, but then beginning to be tainted -was again laid in the ground.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Though this church was not destroyed -by the fire of London, every thing combustible -in it was consumed; it was however -soon after repaired, and the parish of -St. Andrew Hubbard annexed to it. It is -a well-proportioned Gothic structure, consisting -of a plain body enlightened by large -<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>windows, and a tower crowned by a -pretty handsome turret.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The advowson of this church appears -to have been in private hands, till about -the year 1638, when it was purchased by -the parish; but since the parish of St. -Andrew Hubbard was united to it, the -Duke of Somerset, who is patron thereof, -presents in his turn. The Rector receives -200l. a year in lieu of tithes, and -about 24l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> by glebe.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Ax</span>, a street on the north side of -Leadenhall street. Here was anciently a -church dedicated not only to the Virgin -Mary, but to St. Ursula and her eleven -thousand virgins; but it was commonly -called <em>St. Mary at the Ax</em>, from the sign -of the <em>Ax</em> over against the east end of the -church; and sometimes it was named St. -Mary Papillar, from a plat of ground belonging -to the Skinners company, that -lay on the north side of it; but this parish -being, about the year 1565, united to the -parish church of St. Andrew Undershaft, -St. Mary at the Ax was let out as a warehouse -to a merchant; but the street however -in which this edifice stood, still retains -its name. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marybon.</span> See <em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary la Bonne</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marybon</span> <em>Fields</em>, the fields between London -and Marybon, or St. Mary la Bonne.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span><span class='sc'>Marybon</span> <em>lane</em>, Tyburn road.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marybon</span> <em>passage</em>, Oxford street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marybon</span> <em>place</em>, Little Castle street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marybon</span> <em>road</em>, Oxford street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Marybon</span> <em>street</em>, near Warwick street, -Marybon.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Bothaw</span>, stood on the east side -of Turnwheel lane near Dowgate hill, and -took its additional name, according to the -surmise of Mr. Stowe, from its vicinity to -a <em>Boat haw</em>, or boat-builder’s yard in that -neighbourhood. This church, which -was one of the thirteen peculiars belonging -to the Archbishop of Canterbury, -having suffered greatly by the fire of London, -and not being rebuilt, the parish was -annexed to that of St. Swithin.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mary Clarke’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Gravel lane.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Colechurch</span>, stood in the -Poultry, at the south west corner of the -Old Jewry, in Cheap ward, and owed its -additional epithet of Colechurch, to one -Cole, its founder: but suffering the fate -of most of the other public buildings in -1666, and not being rebuilt, the parish -was united to the neighbouring church -of St. Mildred. <cite>Stow.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary of Grace</span>, an abbey of Cistertian -monks, founded in the reign of Edward -III. on Tower hill, where the victualling -office is now situated.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span><span class='sc'>Mary Gray’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Gravel lane.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary la Bonne</span>, thus called from its -being supposed to signify <em>St. Mary the -Good</em>; though its original name, according -to Maitland, was Maryborne. This -gentleman gives the following account of -the rise of this village, which is now almost -united to this great metropolis: the -village of Tyborne going to decay, and -its church, named St. John the Evangelist, -left alone by the side of the highway, it -was robbed of its books, vestments, bells, -images, and other decorations; on which -the parishioners petitioned the Bishop of -London for leave to take down their old, -and erect a new church elsewhere, which -being readily granted in the year 1400, -they erected a new church where they had -some time before built a chapel, and that -structure being dedicated to the Virgin -Mary, received the additional epithet of -Borne, from its vicinity to the neighbouring -brook or bourn.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This village, if it may be still called by -that name, is almost joined by new buildings -to this metropolis; and the new -buildings this way are now increasing so -very fast, that it will undoubtedly in a very -short time be quite joined, and become a -part of it. The old church, which was a -mean edifice, was pulled down, and a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>one erected in 1741. This structure is built -with brick in as plain a manner as possible. -It has two series of small arched windows -on each side, and the only ornaments are -a vase at each corner, and a turret at the -west end. There are here also a French -meeting-house, a charity school, and a -place of public entertainment, which has -a pleasant garden, and a band of vocal and -instrumental music. This may be considered -as a kind of humble imitation of -Vauxhall.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary le Bow</span>, near the corner of -Bow lane in Cheapside, received the epithet -<em>le Bow</em>, from its being the first -church in this city built with arches: for -so early as in the time of William the -Conqueror a church of the same name -stood in this place; a massy Gothic pile, -decorated with lofty arches, which the -vulgar of that time called bows, and this -name has been continued through all its -succeeding changes. Here the court of -Arches used to meet, and from these -arches received its name. <cite>Stowe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>In the history of the ancient edifice we -find, that in the year 1271, a great number -of people were destroyed, and many more -maimed by the falling of the steeple, after -which it remained without one till the -year 1512, when it was finished upon the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>old plan, with stone brought from Caen -in Normandy; and thus continued till it -was destroyed with the other buildings in -the city, by the fire in 1666.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The present edifice, which was built by -the great Sir Christopher Wren, was finished -in 1673, and is a handsome structure, -chiefly admired for the elegance of its -steeple, which is extremely light in its -aspect, and though very high and full of -openings, is secure from any second fall -by the geometrical proportion and lightness -of its several parts. It is thought to -be the most beautiful thing of its kind in -Europe.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The tower is square from the ground, -and in this form rises to a considerable -height; but with more ornament as it -advances. The principal decoration of -the lower part is the entrance, which is a -lofty, noble, and well-proportioned arch, -on two of the sides faced with a bold -rustic, and raised on a plain solid course -from the foundation. Within the arch is -a portal of the Doric order; the freeze -ornamented with trigliphs, and with -sculpture in the metopes; over this arch -is an opening with a small balcony, which -answers to a window on the other face. -The first stage is terminated by an elegant -cornice, over which again rises a plain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>course, where a dial projects into Cheapside. -Above this is in each face, large -arched windows, with coupled Ionic pilasters -at the sides, near the corners. The -cornice over these windows supports an -elegant balustrade, with Attic pillars over -the Ionic columns, supporting turrets, -each composed of four handsome scrolls, -which join at the top, where are placed -urns with flames.</p> - -<p class='c008'>From this part, the steeple rises circular. -There is a plain course to the height of -half the scrolls, and upon this are raised -a circular range of Corinthian columns, -while the body of the steeple is continued -round and plain within them. These -support a second balustrade, with very -large scrolls extending from it to the body -of the steeple. Above these is placed a -series of Composite columns, and from -the entablature rises another set of scrolls, -supporting the spire which rests upon four -balls, and is terminated by a globe, -whence rises a fane in the form of a -dragon. The view here given will help -to illustrate this description.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id004'> -<img src='images/i301.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p><span class='left'><em>S. Wale delin.</em></span> <span class='right'><em>J. Green sc. Oxon.</em></span><br /><em>Bow Steeple.</em></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>The author of the Critical Review of -the public Buildings, says, “The steeple -of Bow church is a master-piece in a -peculiar kind of building, which has -no fixed rules to direct it, nor is it to -be reduced to any settled laws of beauty: -without doubt if we consider it -only as a part of some other building, -it can be esteemed no other than a delightful -absurdity: but if either considered -in itself, or as a decoration of a -whole city in prospect, it is not only to -be justified, but admired. That which -we have now mentioned is beyond -question as perfect as human imagination -can contrive or execute; and till -we see it outdone, we shall hardly, -think it to be equalled.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church is a rectory, and the chief -of the thirteen peculiars in this city belonging -to the Archbishop of Canterbury. -To it are united the parishes of Alhallows -Honey lane, and St. Pancras, by which -the Incumbent’s profits are much increased; -he receiving, besides glebe, casualties, -and three parsonage houses, 200l. -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary le Strand</span>, so called from its -being situated in the middle of the Strand. -The old church belonging to this parish -is mentioned so early as the year 1222, -when it was named <em>St. Mary and the Innocents -of the Strand</em>; but how long it -stood before that time is uncertain. It -was then situated in a pleasant church -yard on the south side of the Strand, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>where the east end of Somerset house is -placed; and for the erecting of this last -edifice it was taken down in 1549, by -order of Edward Seymour, Duke of -Somerset, Prime Minister to Edward -VI. which depriving the parishioners -of a place of worship, they joined -themselves to the church of St. Clement’s -Danes, and afterwards to that of -St. John Baptist in the Savoy, where they -continued till the year 1723. At length, -the act having passed for erecting the fifty -new churches within the bills of mortality, -one was appointed for this parish, -and the first stone laid on the 25th of February -1714; it was finished in three -years and a half, though it was not consecrated -till the 1st of January 1723, when, -instead of its ancient name, it was called -St. Mary le Strand. It was the first finished -of any of the fifty new churches.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This is a very superb, though not a -very extensive edifice; massy, without the -appearance of being heavy, and formed -to stand for ages. At the entrance on -the west end is an ascent by a flight of -steps cut in the sweep of a circle. These -lead to a circular portico of Ionic columns -covered with a dome, which is crowned -with an elegant vase. These columns are -continued along the body of the church, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>with pilasters of the same order at the -corners, and in the intercolumniations are -niches handsomely ornamented. Over -the dome is a pediment supported by Corinthian -columns, which are also continued -round the body of the structure; -over those of the Ionic order beneath; -between these are the windows placed -over the niches. These columns are supported -on pedestals, and have pilasters -behind with arches sprung from them, -and the windows have angular and circular -pediments alternately. In short, a -handsome balustrade is carried round the -top, and its summit is adorned with vases. -The steeple is light though solid, and ornamented -with Composite columns and -capitals.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This structure, in the opinion of some, -will shew late posterity, that the period -when it was built afforded architects who -might have done honour to Italy; while -others condemn it, as little more than a -cluster of ornaments without a proper plan -or model to be adorned.</p> - -<p class='c008'>We shall not here decide which of -these opinions is most judicious; but shall -leave it to the decision of each person’s -judgment who examines the edifice itself: -we cannot however help observing, that -the situation of the west front is as happy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>as can be wished for being viewed at a -distance; and yet it has not this advantage -in perfection, a watch house being erected -in the middle of the street directly before -it, which in a great measure spoils the -prospect, and prevents its terminating the -vista so agreeably as it otherwise would.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church is a rectory in the gift of -the Bishop of Worcester; the value of the -living is 225l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, besides surplice -fees; of this sum one hundred pounds has -been given and settled by Parliament, and -an hundred and twenty-five pounds is -raised by the inhabitants by a rate of four -pence in the pound, in lieu of tithes. -<cite>Newc. Rep. Eccles. Paroch.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Magdalen’s Bermondsey</span>, -near the south west corner of Bermondsey -street, which we vulgarly call Barnaby -street, in Southwark. It is dedicated to -Mary Magdalen the sister of Lazarus, who -was celebrated for her beauty, and still -more for her piety. It appears from the -<cite>Conqueror’s Survey</cite>, that a church of the -same name was situated in this place so -early as the time of the Saxons.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The present edifice, which was built in -1680, is seventy-six feet in length, and -sixty-one in breadth; the height to the -roof is thirty feet, and the height of the -steeple eighty-seven feet. It is a plain -<span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>structure enlightened by a single series of -arched windows with cherubs heads on -the top. The walls are of brick plaistered -over, and the door-cases and windows -cased with stone. The tower, which -rises square, is covered with a kind of -dome crowned with a turret, whence rises -a ball and fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The advowson of this church is in lay -patrons, and the profits of the rectory are -said to amount to about 200l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Magdalen’s</span>, Milk-street. This -church was situated at the west end of -Honey lane market, in the ward of Cripplegate -within; but being destroyed by -the fire of London in 1666, and not rebuilt, -the parish was annexed to that of -St. Laurence Jewry.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Magdalen’s</span>, Old Fish street, -is seated on the north side of Knight -Rider’s street, in the ward of Baynard’s -castle, and is thus denominated from its -vicinity to Old Fish street. There are records -of a church in the same place three -hundred and fifty years ago. The old -edifice was destroyed by the fire of London, -and the present singular structure -arose from its ruins, and was built in the -year 1685.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is a small well-proportioned church, -built with stone, sixty feet in length, forty-eight -<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>in breadth, and thirty in height -to the roof. It is enlightened by a single -series of arched windows, each ornamented -with a cherub and scrolls, supporting a -cornice, which runs round the building; -but these windows are of such an unusual -height from the ground, that the doors, -which are low and plain, open completely -under them: both these and the windows -are of the same general construction, and -the wall is terminated by a balustrade. -The tower is divided into two stages, in -the upper of which is a large window on -each side. From the top of this tower -the work suddenly diminishes in the manner -of high steps on each side, and on the -top of these is placed a turret, crowned -with a very short spire, on which is placed -a fane with flames.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To this church the parish of St. Gregory -is annexed, by which the rectoral -profits are much increased, the Incumbent -receiving, besides other profits, 120l. in -lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Mounthaw</span>, situated on the -west side of Fish street hill, in Queenhithe -ward, received its name from its dedication -to the Virgin Mary, and the family -of Montalto or Mounthauts, in the county -of Norfolk, who were the original founders: -but being destroyed in the dreadful -<span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>fire of London in 1666, and not rebuilt, -the parish was, by act of Parliament, annexed -to the church of St. Mary Somerset. -<cite>Stowe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary</span>, Newington Butts. See <span class='sc'>Newington -Butts</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Overies</span>. See <em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Saviour’s</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Overies</span> <em>Church yard</em>, in the Borough.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Overies</span> <em>dock</em>, at the end of -Church way, in the Borough.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Overies</span> <em>stairs</em>, Deadman’s -place.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary</span>, Rotherhith, is situated near the -bank of the Thames, and is distinguished -from other churches dedicated to the Virgin -Mary, by the name of the place in -which it is situated. The old church had -stood above 200 years, when in 1736, it -was in so ruinous a condition, that the inhabitants -applied to Parliament for leave -to pull it down, which being granted, the -present structure was finished in 1739.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This edifice is built with brick and ornamented -with stone. It is enlightened -by a double range of windows, and the -corners both in the tower and body, are -strengthened with a handsome rustic. The -tower consists of two stages; in the lower -are a door and window, in the upper a -window and dial, and the whole is terminated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>by a balustrade, from which rises a -circular base that supports a kind of lanthorn, -very elegantly constructed with -Corinthian columns; over these are urns -with flames; and from the roof of this -lanthorn rises a well-constructed spire terminated -by a ball and fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church is a rectory in the gift of a -lay patron. The profits arising to the Incumbent -are said to amount to above 150l. -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>The Hospital of St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Rouncival</span>, a -cell to a priory of that name in Navarre in -Spain, situated opposite the end of St. -Martin’s lane, where Northumberland -house now stands. It was founded and -endowed by William Marshal, Earl of -Pembroke, in the reign of Henry III. but -this hospital was however suppressed by -Henry V. and re-founded by Edward IV. -in 1476, for a fraternity or brotherhood. -At length it was suppressed, with the -other religious houses, by King Henry -VIII. and afterwards coming to Henry -Howard, Earl of Northampton, he caused -it to be demolished, and erected upon the -site thereof the edifice then named Northampton -house. See the article <span class='sc'>Northumberland -House</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Somerset</span>, opposite Broken -wharf in Thames street, and in Queenhithe -<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>ward, owes the additional epithet -of Somerset (according to Mr. Stowe’s -conjecture) to its vicinity to <em>Sumner’s het</em> -or <em>hithe</em>, a small port or haven resembling -that of Queenhithe. A church was situated -in this place before the year 1335; -but the old edifice sharing the fate of most -of the other public buildings, in the fire -of London, the present structure was -erected in its room.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The body of this edifice is enlightened -by a range of lofty arched windows, and -the wall is terminated by a balustrade. A -well-proportioned square tower rises to a -considerable height, and is crowned with -a handsome vase at each corner, supported -on a very ornamental pedestal, with a -handsome turret between in the form of -an obelisk, each supported on the same -kind of pedestal as the vases, and crowned -with a ball.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of the church is in lay -hands, and the parish of St. Mary Mounthaw -being annexed to it, the Incumbent’s -profits are considerably increased; -he having, besides casualties and two parsonage -houses, 110l. a year in lieu of -tithes, and about 30l. in glebe.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Spital</span>, a priory and hospital -founded by Sir Walter Brune, and Rosia, -his lady, in the year 1197, who dedicated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>it to the honour of Jesus Christ and his -Mother the Virgin Mary, by the name of -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Domus Dei & beatæ Mariæ extra Bishopsgate</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This hospital surrendered to Henry VIII. -when its revenue was found to amount -to 478l. a year; and besides the ornaments -of the church and other goods belonging -to the hospital, there were an -hundred and eighty beds for the use of the -poor.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A part of a large church yard belonging -to this hospital, separated from the -rest by a brick wall, was for a long time -remaining, with a pulpit cross in it, somewhat -like that which formerly stood in -St. Paul’s church yard; and on the south -side was a handsome house in which the -Lord Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and -other persons of distinction sat to hear the -sermons preached in Easter holidays.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was anciently the custom for some -learned man, appointed by the Bishops, to -preach a sermon at St. Paul’s Cross, relating -to Christ’s passion, on Good Friday in -the afternoon; and upon Easter Monday, -Tuesday, and Wednesday, other sermons -were preached in the forenoon at the -Spital, on Christ’s resurrection: on Low -Sunday in the forenoon a rehearsal was -made of these four sermons at St. Paul’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>Cross, in which they were either commended -or censured; and, after all, the -Priest made a sermon himself.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At these sermons the Lord Mayor and -Aldermen were usually present, with their -wives; and since the reformation these sermons -are continued by the name of <cite>Spital -Sermons</cite> at St. Bride’s in Fleet street, on -Easter Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The pulpit cross was broke down in -the grand rebellion. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary’s Staining</span>, a small church, -formerly seated on the north side of Oat -lane, in the ward of Aldersgate within. -The reason why it received the additional -epithet of <em>Staining</em>, is very uncertain; some -imagining it to be derived from the painter -stainers, who might probably live near it; -while others suppose that it was originally -called <em>Stany</em> or <em>Stony</em> from its being built -with stone, to distinguish it from those in -the city built with wood, &c. This ancient -edifice, however, being destroyed by -the fire of London, and not rebuilt, the -parish was united to St. Michael’s Wood -street. <cite>Stowe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Whitechapel</span>, was originally -erected as a chapel of ease to the church -of St. Dunstan, Stepney; and from its external -appearance probably received the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>additional epithet of <em>White</em>. We read of -this church in 1329, and the first chapel -was probably of much greater antiquity.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The church was anciently denominated -<em>St. Mary Matsellon</em>, a name which -some have ridiculously supposed was derived -from the women of the parish having -killed a Frenchman, about the year -1428, for murdering and robbing his benefactress, -a religious widow, who had -generously brought him up almost from -his infancy: but this church was known -by this name above an hundred years before -this bloody catastrophe. Mr. Strype, -therefore, in his edition of <cite>Stowe’s Survey</cite>, -with greater appearance of reason derives -the name from the Hebrew or Syriac word -<em>Matsel</em> which signifies a woman who has -lately brought forth a son; alluding to -Mary’s being delivered of our Saviour: -however, this name has given way to the -more ancient one of Whitechapel, which -is even given to the long street by which -the edifice is situated.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The old church being in a very ruinous -condition in 1673, it was taken down -and rebuilt in the present form. It is a -coarse and very irregular building. The -body, which is built with brick, and ornamented -with stone rustic work at the -corners, is ninety-three feet in length; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>sixty-three in breadth; and the height of -the tower and turret eighty feet. The -principal door is adorned with a kind of -rustic pilasters, with cherubims heads by -way of capitals, and a pediment above. -The body has many windows, which are -of various forms and different sizes, a sort -of Venetian, oval and square. The square -windows have ill-proportioned circular -pediments, and the oval, or more properly -elliptic windows (some of which stand upright, -and others crosswise) are surrounded -with thick festoons. The steeple, -which is of stone, and appears to be a part -of the old structure, rises above the principal -door, and is crowned with a plain -square battlement; in the center of which -rises a small turret with its dome and fane. -<cite>English Architecture.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>This church is a rectory, in the gift of -the Principal and Scholars of King’s Hall -and Brazen Nose College, Oxford. The -Incumbent’s profits, according to Mr. -Maitland, amount to about 350l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per -annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Woolchurch-Haw</span>, stood on -the east side of Stocks market, in Walbrook -ward, and received its additional -appellation from a beam in the church -yard for the weighing of wool; for in that -church yard was anciently kept the wool -<span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>staple: but this church being destroyed -by the fire of London, and not rebuilt, -the parish was annexed to the church of -St. Mary Woolnoth. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mary Woolnoth</span>, at the corner of -Sherborne lane, and adjoining to the Post -Office in Lombard street, is supposed to -derive its additional epithet of Woolnoth -from its being almost contiguous to the -above wool staple, whence it might be -called <em>Woolneah</em> or <em>Woolnigh</em>, which, by -an easy transition, might pass into Woolnoth.</p> - -<p class='c008'>We read of a church with the same addition -in 1355. The last suffered by the -fire in 1666, when every thing within it -was destroyed but the walls; however, -being soon after repaired, it continued in -a very crazy condition, till it was appointed -to be one of the fifty new churches to -be erected within the bills of mortality.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In digging a foundation for the present -church in 1716, there were discovered, -at the depth of fifteen, and twenty-two -feet, a great variety of Roman earthen -vessels, both for sacred and profane uses; -but all broken, together with a considerable -number of the tusks and bones of -boars and goats, with several medals and -pieces of metal; some tesselated work, a -part of an aqueduct, and at the bottom of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>all a well full of dirt, which was no sooner -removed, than a fine spring arose, in -which is placed a pump with an iron bason. -By the great quantity of pot-sheards, -&c. found in this place, Mr. Maitland is -of opinion, that here was a pottery; and -from the tusks and bones he imagines, -that near this place stood the temple of -Concord, mentioned by the Romans.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The new church was finished in the -year 1719, and is a very handsome structure -built with stone. On the north side -which fronts Lombard street, instead of -windows there are three very large and -lofty niches adorned with Ionic columns, -and surrounded with a bold rustic. Over -these is a large cornice, upon which is -placed a balustrade. The entrance is at -the well end by a lofty rustic arch, over -which rises an oblong tower, ornamented -with six Composite columns in the front, -and two on the sides; upon this is raised a -lesser tower of the same form crowned -with a balustrade, from the center of -which rises a flag staff with a fane. The -windows are on the south side, where -the edifice is intirely surrounded with -houses.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It would be impossible, perhaps, to find -a place in the whole city where the principal -ornaments of a building could be more -<span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>completely concealed. The tower can -no where be seen to advantage, and can -scarce any where be seen at all, except on -the roofs of the neighbouring houses and -the opposite garret windows: a great deal -of expence has therefore been here thrown -away in ornaments, to very little purpose.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The advowson of this church was in the -Prioress and Convent of St. Helen’s in -Bishopsgate street, till at their dissolution -they fell to the Crown; when King Henry -VIII. granted it to Sir Martin Bowes, in -whose family it has ever since continued. -The Rector, besides casualties, receives -about 22l. a year in glebe, and 160l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per -annum</span></i>, in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Masons.</span> This company had their arms -granted by Clarencieux, King at arms, in -the year 1477, though the members were -not incorporated by letters patent, till they -obtained them from King Charles II. in -1677. This fraternity is governed by a -Master, two Wardens, twenty-two Assistants, -and seventy Liverymen, whose fine -on admission is 5l. They have a small -convenient hall in Masons alley, Basinghall -street. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Masons</span> <em>alley</em>, Basinghall street; so called -from Masons hall within it.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Masons</span> <em>arms yard</em>, Madox street.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span><span class='sc'>Mason’s</span> <em>court</em>, Brick lane, Spitalfields.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mason’s</span> <em>stairs</em>, Bankside.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mason’s</span> <em>yard</em>. North Audley street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mast</span> <em>yard</em>, 1. Ratcliff highway. 2. Wapping.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Master of the Ceremonies</span>, an officer -appointed by King James I. for the more -honourable reception of Ambassadors and -strangers of quality. As a badge of his -office he wears a gold chain, to which -hangs a medal that has on one side an emblem -of Peace placed under the crown of -England, with King James’s motto <span class='sc'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Beati -Pacifici</span></span>, and on the other an emblem -of War, with the words <span class='sc'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Dieu et -mon Droit</span></span>. His salary is 300l. a year. -He has under him an Assistant and a -Marshal, the latter of whom has 6s. 8d. -a day. <cite>Chamberlain’s Present State.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Masters in Chancery.</span> See the article -<em>Masters in</em> <span class='sc'>Chancery</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Master of the Horse</span>, the third great -officer of the King’s court, has the management -and disposal of all the King’s -stables and breed of horses; he has authority -over the equeries and pages, coachmen, -footmen, grooms, riders of the great -horse, farriers and smiths; he appoints all -the other tradesmen who work for the -King’s stables, and by his warrant to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>avenor makes them give an oath to be -true and faithful. In short, he is intrusted -with all the lands and revenues, appropriated -for the King’s breed of horses, the -expences of the stable, and of the coaches, -litters, &c.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He alone has the privilege of making -use of any of the horses, pages, or footmen -belonging to his Majesty’s stables; -and at any solemn cavalcade he rides next -the King, and leads a horse of state. His -salary is 1276l. 13s. 4d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Master of the Houshold</span>, an officer -under the Lord Treasurer of the King’s -house, whose office is to survey the accounts -of the house.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Master of the Jewel House</span>, an officer -who has the care of all the gold and -silver plate used at the King’s table; as -also of all the loose jewels, chains, &c. in -the Tower of London.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Master of the Revels</span>, an officer under -the Lord Chamberlain, has the management -of all the masques and comedies -at court, and has a salary of 100l. a -year.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Master of the Robes</span>, an officer who -orders all his Majesty’s robes, as those of -his coronation, of St. George’s feast, and -of Parliament, and of his wearing apparel. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>He has a salary of 500l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, and -under him is a yeoman, three grooms, -a page, a brusher, a sempstress, &c.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Match</span> <em>walk</em>, Upper Shadwell.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Matham’s</span> <em>court</em>, Threadneedle alley, -Little Moorfields.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Matthas’s</span> <em>court</em>, Great Hermitage street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Matthew’s</span>, Bethnal Green. See -<span class='sc'>Bethnal Green</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Matthew’s</span> <em>Friday street</em>, is situated -on the west side of that street in the ward -of Faringdon within, and owes its name -to its dedication to St. Matthew the Evangelist, -and its situation. The old church -being destroyed by the fire of London in -1666, the present structure was erected in -its place. It is a plain stone building, -with one series of large arched windows, -and at the east end is the steeple, which -consists of a square brick tower, void of all -ornament.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of this rectory was anciently -in the Abbot and Convent of -Westminster, and upon their suppression, -when the conventual church was converted -into a cathedral, Henry VIII. conferred -it upon the Bishop; but the new -bishopric being soon after dissolved, King -Edward VI. granted it to the Bishop of -London, in whom the advowson still continues. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span> To this church the parish of -St. Peter Cheap is united.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maudlin’s</span> <em>rents</em>, Nightingale lane, East -Smithfield.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maul’s</span> <em>court</em>, Fore street, Cripplegate.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maxham’s</span> <em>court</em>, Long alley.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maximus</span> <em>court</em>, Moorfields.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maxin’s</span> <em>court</em>, Moorfields.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>May Fair</span>, near Hyde Park; so called -from a fair annually held there in the -month of May.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>May Fair</span> <em>street</em>, near Hyde Park.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mayfield’s</span> <em>buildings</em>, near Rag Fair.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>Lord</em> <span class='sc'>Mayor</span>. The chief magistrate of -this metropolis was, before the Norman -conquest, called the Portreve, or Portgrave, -which title in the reign of Henry II. -was changed for that of Mayor, a name -by which the chief magistrate of the city -of Roan, the capital of Normandy, was -then distinguished. In 1215 the citizens -obtained from King John a charter -which granted them the privilege of chusing -this magistrate, which was afterwards -confirmed by several other royal grants; -and the Mayors were elected by the court -of Aldermen, and a number of Commons -summoned by them, out of each of the -wards; but the number thus summoned -being occasionally varied at the discretion -<span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>of the Aldermen, gave great uneasiness to -the commonalty, for the removing of -which the method of election was altered -by an act of Common Council in the -year 1476, and the present manner of -electing by the Livery of the several companies -was established: by virtue of which -the Lord Mayor is annually chosen on -Michaelmas day.</p> - -<p class='c008'>For this purpose the Liverymen on -that day assemble in Guildhall, where, -by holding up of hands, they usually -chuse two of the senior Aldermen below -the chair, who being returned to the court -of Lord Mayor and Aldermen, the senior -is generally declared Lord Mayor elect.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Some time after, the Lord Mayor elect, -accompanied by the Recorder and several -of the Aldermen, is presented to the Lord -Chancellor, as his Majesty’s representative, -for his approbation, without which the -person elected has no legal authority to -perform the office: but this being obtained, -he is on the eighth of November sworn -into his office at Guildhall, and the following -day before the Barons of the Exchequer -at Westminster.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The ninth of November being the day -on which the Lord Mayor elect enters -upon his office, the Aldermen and Sheriffs -attend him to Guildhall in their coaches, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>and about noon proceed from thence in -their coaches to the Three Cranes stairs, -where the Lord Mayor, the Lord Mayor -elect, the Aldermen, Recorder, and Sheriffs, -go on board the city barge, and attended -by the several city companies in -their several barges, adorned with flags -and pendants, proceed by water to Westminster, -where his Lordship having taken -the oaths prescribed, returns in the -same pompous manner to Black Friars -stairs, whence the livery of many of the -city companies, preceded by colours and -bands of music, march to their stands, -which are erected on both sides the streets -through which his Lordship is to pass.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Lord Mayor being at length landed -at Black Friars, he is preceded by the -Artillery company, which is followed by -the company of which the Lord Mayor is -free. After them follow several others -with their music, flags, and streamers, -and among the rest the armourers have a -person riding on horseback, completely -dressed in polished armour. At length -march the Lord Mayor’s domestics and -servants, followed by his Lordship in the -coach of state, and after him come the -Aldermen, Recorder, Sheriffs, Chamberlain, -Common Serjeant, Town Clerk, &c. -in<a id='t310'></a> their several coaches and chariots, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>in this manner proceed to Guildhall, where -a noble entertainment is provided, as there -is also for the several Companies at their -respective halls.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The power of this great officer is at present -much more considerable than it was formerly, -for he is not only the King’s representative -in the civil government of the city, -but also First Commissioner of the lieutenancy, -perpetual Coroner and Escheator -within the city and liberties of London and -the borough of Southwark; Chief Justice -of oyer, terminer and goal-delivery of -Newgate; Judge of the court of wardmote -at the election of Aldermen; Conservator -of the rivers Thames and Medway; -so that if any citizen or apprentice -of London be carried away, and by force -detained on ship-board, he can, by his -warrant, compel the Captain or Master of -such vessel to release such citizen: he is -also perpetual Commissioner in all affairs -relating to the river Lea, and chief Butler -of the kingdom at all coronations, when -his fee for that service is a gold cup and -cover, with a golden ewer.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Lord Mayor upon public occasions -wears either scarlet or purple robes richly -furred, with a velvet hood and gold chain -or collar of SS. When he goes abroad in -his state coach, the Mace-bearer sits upon -<span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>a stool in the middle facing one of the -windows, and the Sword-bearer upon another -stool facing the other, and when on -foot his train is supported by a page, and -the mace and sword carried before him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The principal officers for the support -of his dignity, are the Sword-bearer, the -Common Hunt, Common Crier, and Water -Bailiff, who have all great salaries or -perquisites, with each the title of Esquire. -He has also three Serjeant Carvers, three -Serjeants of the chamber, a Serjeant of the -channel, two Yeomen of the chamber, -four Yeomen of the water side, a Yeoman -of the channel, an Under Water Bailiff, -six Yeomen waiters, three Meal weighers, -two Yeomen of the wood wharf, and -an officer called a Foreign taker. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>Lord</em> <span class='sc'>Mayor’s Court</span>. This is a court of -record held before the Lord Mayor, Aldermen, -and Recorder, every Tuesday in -Guildhall, wherein actions of debt, trespass, -attachments, covenants, &c. arising -within the city and liberties, of any value, -may be tried, and actions from the Sheriff’s -court removed hither, before the -jury be sworn.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This is also a court of equity, relating to -affairs transacted within the city and liberties; -it giving relief when judgment -<span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>is obtained in the Sheriff’s court for more -than the just debt.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This court is, in several respects, the -best to commence a process in; since an -action, exclusive of stamps, may be entered -for so small a sum as four pence; and -yet, though not proceeded upon, it never -dies, as those in other courts. Besides, a suit -may be begun and ended here within the -space of fourteen days, for thirty shillings.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The juries for trying causes in this and -the Sheriff’s courts, are annually returned -at Christmas by the several courts of wardmote, -when each ward appoints a sufficient -number of persons to serve on those -juries for every month of the year.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This court has an office peculiar to itself, -consisting of four Attorneys, by whom -all actions cognizable therein are entered; -for the execution thereof there are six -Serjeants at mace. <cite>Lex Lond.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>Court of Lord</em> <span class='sc'>Mayor and Aldermen</span>. -This is also a court of record, in which -is lodged a great part of the executive -power of the city, whereby all leases and -other instruments that pass the city seal -are executed; the assize of bread ascertained; -contests relating to water courses -and party walls, adjusted; and the city -<span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>officers suspended and punished, according -to the nature of their offences.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This court has a power of annually -electing eleven overseers or rulers of the -fraternity of watermen; and a right of -fixing their several taxes with the approbation -of the Privy Council; and likewise -a right of disposing of most of the places -belonging to the city officers.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maypole</span> <em>alley</em>, 1. Fenchurch street. 2. -Holiwell street. 3. St. Margaret’s Hill. -4. St. Olave street. 5. Wych street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>May’s</span> <em>alley</em>, Wheeler street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>May’s</span> <em>buildings</em>, Bedfordbury.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>May’s Farm</span>, Dog row, Mile End.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>May’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Barnaby street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maze</span> <em>court</em>, Tooley street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maze</span> <em>pond</em>, near Snow fields, Southwark.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maze Pond</span> <em>street</em>, Southwark.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Maze</span> <em>street</em>, Tooley street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mead’s</span> <em>court</em>, Bond street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Meal</span> <em>yard</em>, Fleet market.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Meard’s</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Dean street.† 2. Wardour -street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Meat</span> <em>wharf</em>, Mill bank.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mediford</span> <em>court</em>, a handsome large court -in Fenchurch street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Meeting House</span> <em>alley</em>, 1. Greenbank.⸸ -Johnson’s street.⸸ 3. Queen street, -Rotherhith.⸸</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span><span class='sc'>Meeting House</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Black Friars.⸸ -2. Drury lane.⸸ 3. St. Michael’s lane, -Canon street.⸸ 4. Stony lane.⸸</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Meeting House</span> <em>yard</em>, 1. Broad street, -London Wall.⸸ 2. Deadman’s place, -Southwark.⸸ 3. Devonshire square, -Bishopsgate street without.⸸. 4. Five -foot lane.†. 5. Gravel lane, Houndsditch.⸸ -6. Little St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate -street within.⸸ 7. St. Michael’s lane, Canon -street.⸸ 8. Nightingale lane.⸸ 9. -Old Horselydown lane.⸸ 10. Old Jewry.⸸ -11. Silver street, Wood street, -Cheapside.⸸ 12. Water lane.⸸ 13. -Wentworth street.⸸ 14. West lane.⸸</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Meeting Houses.</span> Of these there are -above an hundred and twenty within the -bills of mortality. See a particular account -of them under the names of the several -denominations of Protestant Dissenters, -as <span class='sc'>Baptists</span>, <span class='sc'>Independents</span>, -<span class='sc'>Presbyterians</span>, &c.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Meggs’</span> <em>Almshouse</em>, on the south side of -Whitechapel, was founded about sixty-five -years ago, by William Meggs, Esq; -for the reception of twelve widows, each -of whom has a room, and annually receives -5l. 4s. and a chaldron of coals.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Melancholy</span> <em>walk</em>, St. George’s fields.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mercers</span>, the first of the twelve principal -companies, was incorporated by letters -<span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>patent granted by King Richard II. in the -year 1393. The members are not only -exempt from quarterage, but upon their -admission to the livery, pay only a fine of -2l. 13s. 4d.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This fraternity is governed by a Prime -and three other Wardens, with forty Assistants, -and 232 Liverymen.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mercers Hall</span>, and Chapel, are situated -in Cheapside, between the Old Jewry and -Ironmonger lane, on the spot where anciently -stood an hospital dedicated to St. -Thomas of Acars or Acons. They were -both destroyed by the fire of London; -after which they were rebuilt by the company. -The front, which is towards -Cheapside, is adorned with a very handsome -entrance; the door case is enriched -with the figures of two Cupids mantling -the company’s arms, and with festoons, -&c. and over it the balcony is adorned -with two pilasters of the Ionic order, and -a pediment; with the figures of Faith, -Hope and Charity, and other enrichments.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The inner court is adorned with piazzas, -formed of columns of the Doric order; -the hall room and great parlour are -wainscoted with oak, and ornamented -with Ionic pilasters; and the ceiling with -fret-work.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>The chapel is neatly wainscoted, and -paved with black and white marble.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mercers</span> <em>court</em>, 1. St. Mary hill. 2. -Tower hill. 3. Tower street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mercers School</span>, in the Old Jewry, was, -as well as their hall and chapel, a part of -the hospital of St. Thomas of Acons; but -that hospital being surrendered to Henry -VIII. in 1531, it was purchased by the -company of Mercers, and the ancient -school continued; the Master having a -salary of 40l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, with a commodious -dwelling house, for which he is -obliged to teach twenty-five boys grammatical -learning. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mercers</span> <em>street</em>, Long Acre; so called from -its belonging to that company.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Merchant Adventurers.</span> See <span class='sc'>Hamburgh -Merchants</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Merchant Taylors</span>, the seventh of the -twelve principal companies, was incorporated -by Edward IV. in the year 1466; -and was anciently denominated <em>Taylors -and Linen Armourers</em>: but many of the -company being great merchants, and -Henry VII. one of the members, that -Prince in the year 1503 re-incorporated -it, by the name of, <em>The Master and Wardens -of the Merchant Taylors of the fraternity -of St. John the Baptist, in the city of -London</em>.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span>This fraternity is governed by a Master, -four Wardens, thirty-eight Assistants, and -394 Liverymen, who upon their admission -pay a fine of 20l. The company is -possessed of a great estate, out of which -they pay to charitable uses, pursuant to -the wills of the respective donors, about -2000l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This company has a spacious hall on -the south side of Threadneedle street. -<cite>Strype’s Stowe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Merchant Taylors</span> <em>Almshouse</em>, near the -west end of Rosemary lane, contains -twenty-six apartments for so many poor -widows, the relicts of deceased members, -who annually receive 6l. and a chaldron -of coals each, with a gown every third -year. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Merchant Taylors</span> <em>rents</em>, Moor lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Merchant Taylors School</span>, in Suffolk -lane, Thames street, was founded by -the company of Merchant Taylors in the -year 1568, for the education of boys. It -was anciently kept in a house which belonged -to the Duke of Buckingham, and -was called the Manor of the Rose; but -that edifice being destroyed by the fire of -London in 1666, the present structure -was erected upon the same spot.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The school is a long and spacious building, -supported on the east by many stone -<span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span>pillars that form an handsome cloister, -within which are apartments for the three -Ushers. Adjoining to the school is a library -supported also by stone pillars, and -well furnished with books. And on the -south of the library is the part called the -chapel. Contiguous to these is a large -house appropriated to the use of the head -Master.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The school consists of eight forms, in -which near three hundred boys have their -education; an hundred of whom, according -to the constitutions of the company, -are taught <em>gratis</em>; an hundred more at 5s. -and fifty at 2s. 6d. a quarter.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The head Master receives from the -company a salary of 10l. 6s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, -and thirty shillings for water; besides the -quarterage from the scholars, which renders -his salary very considerable. The -first Usher has 30l. a year, and the two -last 25l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, and all of them have -proper apartments.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Several of the scholars are annually sent -to St. John’s College, Oxford, which -seems to have been founded by Sir Thomas -White chiefly for their use, as they -have no less than forty-six fellowships in -that college.</p> - -<p class='c008'>For the better inquiry into the proficiency -of all the scholars, there are four -<span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>probations in the year performed only by -the Master and Ushers; the first on the -11th of March; the second on the 15th -of June; the third on the 11th of September; -and the fourth on the 11th of -December, not being Sundays, and then -upon the next day following.</p> - -<p class='c008'>For the farther satisfaction of the Master, -Wardens, and court of Assistants of -the Merchant Taylors, the probations -themselves undergo an examination twice -every year, by two judicious men well -learned in Hebrew, Greek and Latin, appointed -by the Master and Wardens of -the company. Upon these days, which -are between the 11th and 21st of March, -and September, the Master and Wardens, -or at least two of them, are present. The -examination, which is performed in the -chapel, begins at six in the morning and -ends at eleven. These are called the -Doctors days. After the examination is -finished, the audience, which is generally -pretty numerous, returns into the school, -where certain public exercises are performed -by the eight senior scholars, or -monitors of the school.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There is yet another public examination -of the scholars of the upper form, by -the President and Fellows of St. John’s -College, Oxford, annually performed upon -<span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span>the 11th of June, previous to the -election of scholars to be made upon that -day, to fill up the vacant fellowships in -that college: and after the public exercises -are finished, the Dean of the college addresses -himself to the scholars, out of -whose number the vacancy is to be filled -up, in a Latin speech suited to the occasion.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At this time an account is usually printed, -containing the names and order of the -head scholars, their births, admission, and -continuance in the head form; and also an -account of the subjects of the orations. -<cite>Stowe’s Survey, last edit.</cite> <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Merchants Waterworks</span> for raising -water. To this office belong three engines, -a windmill in Tottenham court -road fields, and lately by two water mills, -turned by the common sewer, one at -Tom’s coffee-house in St. Martin’s lane, -and the other in Northumberland street, -late Hartshorn lane, in the Strand. From -these engines issue three main pipes of six -and seven inch bore, from which the -neighbourhood of those places are supplied -with water.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This company, after defraying all -charges, divide the profits every half year. -Their office is kept in Rathbone place, -Oxford street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span><span class='sc'>Mermaid</span> <em>alley</em>, in the Borough.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mermaid</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Charing Cross.* 2. -Great Carter lane.* 3. St. Margaret’s -hill.* 4. Pater noster row, Cheapside.* -5. Ratcliff Cross.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Merrick</span> <em>street</em>, New Bond street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Messenger’s</span> <em>rents</em>, Still alley.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Metcalf’s</span> <em>court</em>, Jacob’s street, Rotherhith.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Methodists</span>, a body of Dissenters from -the church of England, who have several -meeting houses in this metropolis: 1. At -the Foundery, Windmill hill. 2. Beech -lane. 3. Bull and Mouth street. 4. Marybon -fields, which is more properly a -chapel of the church of England, the -service of the church being performed by -one of the principal founders of the sect of -Methodists. 5. St. Agnes le Clare. 6. -West street, Seven Dials.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mews</span>, the stables for the King’s horses near -Charing Cross, is a place of considerable -antiquity, and is thus denominated from -<em>Mew</em>, a term used among falconers, signifying -to moult or cast feathers; for this -place was used for the accommodation of -the King’s falconers and hawks, so early -as the year 1377; but the King’s stables -at Lomesbury, since called Bloomsbury, -being destroyed by fire in the year 1537, -King Henry VIII. caused the hawks to be -removed, and the Mews enlarged and -fitted up for the reception of his Majesty’s -horses, where they have been kept ever -since: the building going to decay, the -north side was rebuilt in a magnificent -manner by his present Majesty, in the -year 1732.</p> - -<div class='figcenter id004'> -<img src='images/i337.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -<div class='ic002'> -<p><span class='left'><em>S. Wale delin.</em></span> <span class='right'><em>B. Green sculp.</em></span><br /><em>Part of the Meuse and S<sup>t</sup>. Martins Church.</em></p> -</div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span>There is something in this part of the -intended building of the Mews very noble, -particularly the center, which is enriched -with columns and a pediment, and the -continuity of the architecture preserved. -The smaller pediment and rustic arch -under the cupolas or lanthorns are properly -subordinate, but set so close to the -balustrade that its intent, as a gallery, is -thereby destroyed. In the view given in -the print scarce half the front is seen: and -over some old houses you see the beautiful -steeple and part of the portico of St. Martin’s -church, which has the general fate of -our public buildings, to be so incumbered -with houses as to have no place to view -them to advantage.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Upon viewing this edifice, it is impossible -not to be offended at the wretched -buildings which form the other sides of -the square. It is indeed much to be -wished that they were made to correspond -with the main building; this, if it were -done, and a suitable regular entrance -<span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>made from Charing Cross, would make -the royal stables one of the greatest ornaments -of this metropolis. Some of the -finest horses in the kingdom, both for the -coach and saddle, may here be seen.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mews</span>, Devonshire square, Bishopsgate -street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael’s</span> <em>alley</em>, by the side of St. Michael’s -church, Cornhill.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael Bassishaw</span>, a church on -the west side of Basinghall street, so denominated -from its dedication to St. Michael -the Archangel, and its situation near -<em>Basing’s haw</em> or hall. A church dedicated -to the same patron has stood here -from about the year 1140, but the last -edifice being destroyed by the fire of London, -the present structure was erected in -its place. <cite>Newc. Rep. Eccles.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>The walls are strengthened with rustic -work at the corners, and the body well -enlightened by a single series of large windows; -at the east end, where the top is -terminated by an arch, the light is given -by three windows, one of them tall and -upright, the two others circular. The -steeple is a tower crowned with a turret, -from which rises a kind of spire.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of this rectory appears to -have been anciently in the Bishop of London; -after which it fell into lay hands; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span>but at last came to the Dean and Chapter -of St. Paul’s, where it has ever since continued, -but is subject to the Archdeacon. -The Rector receives 132l. 11s. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> -in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael’s</span>, an ancient parochial chapel, -which stood at the end of Leadenhall -street, where is now the row of -houses fronting Aldgate; and the remains -of this chapel are still to be seen under the -corner house of Leadenhall street. They -extend thirty-six feet from north to south, -and sixteen from east to west, and there is -still standing the Gothic arched roof, -which is supported by handsome pillars; -the whole built with square brick, -chalk, and stone. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael’s Cornhill</span>, on the east side -of St. Michael’s alley. We find that a -church was situated here, dedicated to the -same holy angel, so early as before the -year 1133; but the last edifice being destroyed -with the other public buildings -by the fire of London, the present Gothic -structure was raised in its stead. <cite>Stowe.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>The body is seventy feet long and sixty -broad, the height to the roof is thirty-five -feet, and that of the tower an hundred -and thirty feet. The lower part of -the tower occupies the center, and on -each side there is a regular extent of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>building. The principal door opens in -the lower stage of the tower, which rises -with angulated corners from the ground, -forming a kind of base, terminated at the -height of the body of the church. The -second stage, which is plain and lofty, has -two tall windows, one over the other, -properly shaped for the style of the building; -this is terminated with a truly Gothic -cornice. The third stage is exactly -in the form of the two others, only they -are plain, and this is covered with ornaments, -the angulated corners are fluted, -and terminated by cherubims heads under -a cornice: the plain face between has -four windows in two series. Above the -cornice, over the uppermost of these windows, -runs a battlement on the plain faces -of the tower, and from the corners are carried -up four beautiful fluted turrets, cased -a part of their height with Doric turrets; -these terminate in pinacle heads, from -within which rises a spire at each corner -crowned with a fane. The author of the -<cite>Critical Review of the public buildings</cite> -observes, that this Gothic tower is very -magnificent, and justly deserves to be -esteemed the finest thing of that sort in -London.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The advowson of this church was anciently -in the Abbot and Canons of Evesham; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>but in 1503 they conveyed it to -the Drapers company, who settled upon -that convent a perpetual annuity of 5l. -6s. 8d. and that company have been its -patrons ever since. The Rector, instead -of uncertain tithes, has by act of Parliament -a settled stipend of 140l. a year.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael’s Crooked Lane</span>, on the -east side of St. Michael’s lane, in Candlewick -ward, receives its additional -epithet from its vicinity to Crooked lane. -A church dedicated to St. Michael stood -in the same place before the year 1304; -but suffering by the fire of London in -1666 was soon after rebuilt.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is a plain Structure built with stone, -and enlightened by a series of large arched -windows. The tower, which is at the -west end, is carried square to a considerable -height, and the uppermost window -in the center of each face, is ornamented -with a head, and handsome festoons. -From hence, instead of a balustrade, is -a range of open work of the Gothic -kind, with vases at the corners. From -within this part, the tower rises circular, -diminishing in three stages, with an open -buttress rising from each corner of the -square tower, to the top of the first stage; -from this buttress rises a large scroll to the -top of the second, and a smaller to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>top of the third stage, above which rises -a kind of short round spire of a peculiar -kind, it swelling out at the bottom, and -then rounding off, rises to a small height, -where it is terminated by a gilt ball and -fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of this church was anciently -in the Prior and Convent of Canterbury, -in whom it continued till the -year 1408, since which time it has been -in the Archbishops of that see, and is one -of the thirteen peculiars in this city belonging -to Canterbury. The Rector, in -conformity to an act of Parliament granted -in the reign of King Charles II. receives, -besides his other profits, 100l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per -annum</span></i> in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Among the several monuments in this -church, is that of Sir William Walworth -who slew Wat Tyler. See the -article <span class='sc'>London</span>. The inscription, as -given by Mr. Weaver, in his Funeral -Monuments, is as follows:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l c016'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Here under lyth a man of fame,</div> - <div class='line'>William Walworth callyd by name;</div> - <div class='line'>Fishmonger he was in life time here,</div> - <div class='line'>And twise Lord Mayor, as in bookes appere;</div> - <div class='line'>Who with courage stout and manly might,</div> - <div class='line'>Slew Wat Tyler in King Richard’s sight;</div> - <div class='line'><span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span>For which act done, and trew intent,</div> - <div class='line'>The King made him Knight incontinent:</div> - <div class='line'>And gave him armes, as here may see,</div> - <div class='line'>To declare his fact and chivalrie.</div> - <div class='line'>He left this life the yere of our God</div> - <div class='line'>Thirteene hundryd fourscore and three od.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c008'>Here is also a monument erected to -the honour of Queen Elizabeth; and the -following very concise inscription on the -tomb of William Wray.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-l c016'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Here lyeth, wrapt in clay,</div> - <div class='line'>The body of William Wray,</div> - <div class='line'>I have no more to say.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael’s</span> <em>lane</em>, in Great Eastcheap, -by the above church.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael’s Queenhithe</span>, situated on -the north side of Thames street, in the -ward of Queenhithe, opposite to the great -wharf and buildings of that name, was -about the year 1181, denominated St. -Michael de Cornhithe, which may lead -us to the origin of the name by which we -at present call that wharf, and this church -from its situation near it; as the quantities -of corn brought thither down the Thames -might occasion the original name, and -Queenhithe be only a corrupt way of -speaking it.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>The old church being consumed by the -dreadful fire in 1666, the present structure -was erected in its room. It consists of a -well-proportioned body, enlightened by -two series of windows, the first a range of -tall arched ones, and over these a range of -large porthole windows, above which are -cherubims heads, and underneath festoons, -that adorn the lower part, and fall between -the tops of the under series. The -tower is plain but well-proportioned, and -is terminated by a spire crowned with a -fane in the form of a little ship.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church has all along been in the -gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul’s, -and is subject to the Archdeacon. On its -being rebuilt the parish of the Trinity was -united to it, by which the Rector’s fees -were considerably augmented, who, besides -his other advantages, receives 160l. -<i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>, in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael Querne</span>, a church which -stood at the west end of Cheapside, between -Blowbladder street and Pater noster -row, and had a narrow passage at the -west end. We have an account of this -edifice so early as the year 1181, when it -appears to have been only a chapel, since -the first Rector was buried in it in 1461. -in old records it is called <em>St. Michael ad -Bladum</em>; that is, <em>At the Corn</em>, which was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span>corrupted to Querne. It was also sometimes -denominated <em>St. Michael de Macello</em>, -from its vicinity to the flesh market.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This ancient edifice being burnt by the -fire of London, the place on which it -stood was, by act of Parliament, laid into -the street, in order to enlarge it, and the -parish united to the church of St. Vedast, -in Foster lane. <cite>Stowe’s Survey.</cite> <cite>Newc. -Rep. Eccles.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael Royal</span>, on the east side of -College hill, in Vintry ward, is thus denominated -from its being anciently near -the Tower Royal. This was a parish -church before the year 1285, when it was -under the patronage of the Prior and Canons -of Canterbury, in whom it continued -till it was converted into a college by Sir -Richard Whittington, mercer, four times -Lord Mayor, who rebuilt the church; -but even then the monks of Canterbury so -far continued its patrons, as to present a -person nominated by the Master and Wardens -of the Mercers company. This -church being consumed with the other -public buildings by the fire of London, -the present structure was erected in its -room, and the parish of St. Martin Vintry -united to it. <cite>Newc. Rep. Eccles.</cite> <cite>Stowe’s -Survey.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span>This structure is a plain, decent, and -substantial stone building, enlightened by a -single series of large arched windows, -placed so high that the doors open under -the level of their bottoms. The tower -consists of three stages, and at the top is -surrounded with carved open work instead -of a balustrade: from hence rises a light -and elegant turret adorned with Ionic columns, -and ending in a fine diminution, -which supports the fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This church is one of the thirteen peculiars -belonging to the Archbishop of -Canterbury, and the Rector, besides his -other profits, receives 140l. a year in lieu -of tithes. Among the several monumental -inscriptions, was one in memory of the -above Sir Richard Whittington.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Michael’s Wood Street</span>, is seated -on the west side of Wood street, in Cripplegate -ward. An old church, dedicated -to the same patron, stood there in the year -1392, and probably another succeeded it -towards the close of the fifteenth century; -however, in 1666 the church then standing -was destroyed by the fire of London, -and the present structure, which rose in its -place, was finished a few years after, and -the Parish of St. Mary Staining united to -it.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span>As the east end of this edifice is the -most conspicuous part, it is ornamented -with four Ionic columns raised upon a continued -pedestal, with arches between, and -supporting a handsome pediment, in the -middle of which is a circular window. -Between the columns are three upright -arched windows, that fill the whole -space. The rest of the body is plain, and -the windows are raised so high that the -doors open under them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The tower consists of three plain stages -with large windows, from the uppermost -of which rises a small square course, the -foundation of the base of the turret. This -base is cut away from the breadth of the -tower gradually to the diameter of the -turret, which is plain, but handsome; and -from its top rises a ball that supports the -fane.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of this church was in -the Abbot and Convent of St. Alban’s -till the suppression of that monastery, -when Henry VIII. sold it to William -Barwell, who in the year 1588, conveyed -it to several persons in trust for the parish, -in which it still continues. The Rector, -besides his other profits, receives 100l. -a year in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middle</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Bernard’s Inn, Holborn. -2. Clement’s Inn.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span><span class='sc'>Middle</span> <em>row</em>, 1. St. Giles’s. 2. Goswell -street. 3. Holborn. 4. Gray’s Inn lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middle Scotland</span> <em>yard</em>, Whitehall.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middle Shadwell</span>, near Shadwell market.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middle Shadwell</span> <em>lane</em>, Middle Shadwell.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middle</span> <em>Street</em>, 1. Cloth Fair. 2. Horselydown.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middle Temple</span>, Fleet street. See the -article <span class='sc'>Temple</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middle Temple</span> <em>lane</em>, a lane that leads -from Fleet street to the Middle Temple.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middle Turning</span> <em>lane</em>, Shadwell.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middlesex</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Drury lane. 2. Little -Bartholomew close.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middlesex Hospital</span>, for the reception -of the sick and the lame, and for lying-in -married women, in Marybon Fields near -Oxford road. This is a neat, plain, and -not inelegant brick building: it has the -decent appearance and all the accommodations -one would wish in a house devoted -to charity, without that ostentatious magnificence -which too often in a great measure -defeats the humane and noble end of -such pious and charitable institutions, -where those sums are squandered away in -useless decorations, that ought to be employed -in administering health to the sick, -and giving feet to the lame.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_335'>335</span>Nature and religion patronize every instance -of distress, but most powerfully befriend -that deepest of all distresses, sickness -in poverty. Sickness itself will excite compassion, -though alleviated by every comfort -and advantage of wealth. How -much stronger a sympathy must then arise -at the sight or idea of sickness imbittered -by poverty! or considered in another view, -of poverty disabled by sickness! Most men -are inclined, but very few, in comparison, -have the power to relieve it. Public contributions, -therefore, seemed the most -likely to effect what the private bounty of -individuals could not. This gave rise, in -the present charitable age, to infirmaries, -and in particular to this, which has the -merit and the honour of being the first -hospital in this kingdom for lying-in women; -and of setting an example which -has been so happily followed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The charitable designs of this hospital -were carried on for several years in two -convenient houses adjoining to each other, -in Windmill street, Tottenham court -road, where the first institution in August -1745, was intended only for the relief of -the indigent sick and lame: but in July -1747, the Governors willing to render it -more worthy of the notice of the public, -extended their plan to the relief of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_336'>336</span>pregnant wives of the industrious poor: -when the great increase of patients, occasioned -by the reputation of this twofold -charity, soon obliged the Governors to -think of enlarging their edifice, as well as -their plan; and the kind benevolence of -the public by donations, legacies, &c. enabled -them in 1755, to erect a much -larger and more convenient building in -Marybon Fields, wherein the apartments -for the reception of the lying-in women -are in a separate part of the building, remote -from the sick and lame; and that -ladies may visit the lying-in patients, -without being incommoded by the sick -and lame, different stair-cases lead to each, -the lying-in wards having no communication -with the sick and lame.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The qualification of a Governor of -this charity is an annual subscription of -three guineas; which also intitles the -subscriber to recommend, and have in the -house at one time, either one sick or lame -patient, or one lying-in woman, and to -recommend out-patients, A subscription -of five guineas <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> intitles the subscriber -to recommend one sick or lame in-patient, -out-patients, and one lying-in -woman. A subscription of thirty guineas -at one payment, constitutes the subscriber -a Governor for life, with the last mentioned -<span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span>privileges. Contributions of lesser -sums than three guineas <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> are -thankfully received, and intitle the contributors -to recommend one sick or lame -in-patient, and one out-patient at the same -time.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A committee of the Governors (appointed -quarterly) meet at the hospital -every Tuesday, at ten of the clock, to receive -and discharge patients, and to transact -the other necessary business of the -house; where every Governor, though -not of the committee, has a right to be -present, and his attendance is received as -a favour. A report of their proceedings -is made to the general court held every -quarter, when the resolutions of this committee -are approved or rejected.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patients are attended without fee -or reward by three eminent Physicians, -a Man-midwife, three Surgeons, and a reverend -Divine.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Physicians visit the patients every -Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, and on -intermediate days, when particular cases -require it. The Surgeons attend every -day.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Patients are admitted on a letter of recommendation -from a Governor or Contributor, -who may recommend in-patients, -and have out-patients on the books, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span>according to the regulation abovementioned: -and when in-patients are recommended, -and there is not room in the -house to receive them, they are put on the -list to be admitted on the first vacancy, -and in the mean time are prescribed for as -out-patients.</p> - -<p class='c008'>No security is required for burials.</p> - -<p class='c008'>All accidents are admitted without recommendation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Tuesday being the day appointed for -the admission of patients, they are expected -to be at the hospital, with their recommendations, -at ten of the clock.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Physicians and Surgeons meet -every Saturday at twelve of the clock, at -the hospital, where they give advice <em>gratis</em> -to all such diseased poor who shall come, -though unrecommended, and require it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Married women only are admitted -(in the last month of their pregnancy) after -they have been examined by the weekly -board, and on their producing an affidavit -made before a Justice of the peace, -of the time and place of their marriage, -and of the settlement of the husband, with -the manner the said settlement was obtained, -whether by birth, servitude, or -otherwise. And that this useful branch -of the charity, the midwifery ward, may -be made every way beneficial, and not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span>liable to any objection, no pupils will be -admitted; the whole being under the direction -of Dr. Brudenell Exton, Physician -and Man-midwife: and no woman whatsoever, -who has been able to prove her -marriage, and her husband’s settlement, so -as to avoid burthening the parish wherein -the hospital stands, has been refused admittance.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The number of beds at present are -sixty-four.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patients admitted from the first -institution of this hospital, in August 1745, -to the 1st of June 1758, are as follow:</p> - -<table class='table0' summary=''> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>In-patients, sick and lame</td> - <td class='c018'>1829</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>Out-patients</td> - <td class='c018'>11785</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'>Lying-in women</td> - <td class='c018'>1425</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'> </td> - <td class='c018'><hr /></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class='c017'> </td> - <td class='c018'>15039</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p class='c008'>The servants of the house are forbid -to take any gratuity of the patients or -their friends, on any pretence whatsoever, -on pain of expulsion.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Such persons who are inclined to favour -this charitable design, are desired -to send their subscriptions, with their -names and places of abode, to the Treasurers, -at the weekly committee, held every -Tuesday in the forenoon at the hospital; -and in order to supply the current expence -of this charity, the subscribers are requested -<span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>to continue to pay their yearly subscriptions -in advance.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Subscriptions and benefactions are likewise -taken in at Messrs. Honywood, Fuller, -and Co. bankers in Birchin lane; and -at Mr. Gislingham Cooper’s, banker in -the Strand. <cite>From the account published -by the Society in June 1758.</cite></p> - -<p class='c008'>The reader may find the other hospitals -for lying-in women, founded after the -example set by this excellent charity, under -the articles <span class='sc'>London Lying-in -Hospital</span>, <span class='sc'>Lying-in Hospital</span> in -Brownlow street, and <span class='sc'>Lying-in Hospital</span> -in Duke street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Middlesex</span> <em>row</em>, St. Giles’s Broadway.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Midley’s</span> <em>wharf</em>, Ratcliff.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Milborne’s</span> <em>Almshouse</em>, on the west side of -Woodrof lane, Crutched Friars, was -erected by Sir John Milborne in the year -1535, for the reception of thirteen poor -members of the Drapers company, whom -he allowed 7d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> week, which was at -that time a sufficient support. In the -front of the building is the following inscription:</p> - -<p class='c015'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><em>Ad laudem</em> Dei, <em>& gloriosæ</em> Virginis -Mariæ, <em>hoc opus erexit Dominus</em> Johannes -Milborne, <em>Miles & Alderman. -bujus civitatis, A. D. 1535</em>.</span></p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> - <div class='nf-center'> - <div><span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>That is,</div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c015'>‘To the praise of God, and the glory -of the Virgin, this edifice was erected -by John Milborne, Mayor of -this city in the year 1535.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Drapers company, to whom the -management of this almshouse was intrusted, -have not only increased the number -of the pensioners to fifteen; but have -doubled their pensions, with a load of -coals, and twenty or more shillings annually, -out of the money left to be distributed -by that company at discretion.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mildred’s Bread Street</span>, a church -situated on the east side of Bread street, -and in the ward of that name, is thus denominated -from its being dedicated to -St. Mildred, a Saxon lady, the daughter -of Merwaldus, brother to Penda King of -the Mercians. This Princess despising -the gaieties of a court, retired to a convent -at Hale in France, whence returning -to England, accompanied by seventy virgins, -she was consecrated Abbess of a -new monastery in the isle of Thanet, -where she died in the year 676.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A church under the same tutelary name -stood in that spot in the year 1333: but -the last structure being destroyed by the -fire of London, the present edifice was -created in its room in 1670.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>It consists of a spacious body, and a -light tower divided into four stages, -whence rises a tall spire.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The advowson of this church was anciently -in the Prior and Canons of St. -Mary Overie’s, but it afterwards came to -Sir Nicholas Crispe, in whose family it -may perhaps still remain. On the present -edifice being built, the parish of St. Margaret -Moses was annexed to it. The -Rector, besides his other profits, receives -130l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><em>St.</em> <span class='sc'>Mildred’s Poultry</span>, at the corner of -Scalding alley, in Cheap ward. A church -of the same name stood in this place before -the year 1325; but the last edifice sharing -the fate of most of the other public -buildings at the fire of London, this was -built in its room.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is a plain, substantial stone building, -enlightened by a series of large windows, -and strengthened with rustic at the corners. -The tower is crowned with a -plain course, without either pinacles, turret, -or any other ornament.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The patronage of this church was in -the Prior and Canons of St. Mary Overie’s -in Southwark, till their suppression; and -it has ever since been in the King’s gift. -After its being rebuilt, the parish of St. -Mary Cole was annexed to it, by which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>the profits of the Rector were considerably -increased. Besides his other profits, he -receives 170l. a year in lieu of tithes.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mile End</span>, so called from its being a mile -from Aldgate, is situated near Stepney, in -the road to Bow. Here anciently stood -a Lazaretto, or hospital of lepers, denominated -the house of our Saviour Jesus -Christ, and Mary Magdalene, to whom -Edward VI. granted letters patent, allowing -them to beg for their support.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mile End Green</span>, Stepney.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mile End Old Town</span>, near Stepney.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mile’s</span> <em>lane</em>, 1. By Crooked lane. † 2. -New Fish street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mile’s</span> <em>rents</em>, 1. Dog lane, Barnaby street. † -2. Powell’s alley, Beech lane, Whitecross -street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Milford</span> <em>lane</em>, extends from the Strand to -the Thames.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Milford</span> <em>stairs</em>, at the bottom of Milford -lane. †</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Military</span> <em>mews</em>, Prince’s street, Soho.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Milk</span> <em>alley</em>, 1. Dean street, Soho. 2. Long -Ditch, Westminster. 3. Milk yard, near -Gravel lane. 4. Peter street, Clare market. -5. Wapping. 6. Winchester yard, -Winchester street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Milk</span> <em>street</em>, Cheapside; so called from a -market for milk formerly kept there.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span><span class='sc'>Milk</span> <em>yard</em>, 1. New Gravel lane, Shadwell. -2. Popping’s alley, Fleet street. 3. Rag -Fair, Rosemary lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Millbank</span>, Westminster horse ferry.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Miller’s</span> <em>court</em>, Aldermanbury.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mill</span> <em>lane</em>, Tooley street.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Millman’s</span> <em>street</em>, near Red Lion street, -Holborn.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Millpond Bridge</span>, Rotherhith.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Millpond Bridge</span> <em>lane</em>, Rotherhith.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Millpond</span> <em>row</em>, Rotherhith.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mill</span> <em>street</em>, 1. Conduit street. 2. Rotherhith -wall. 3. St. Saviour’s dock.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mill</span> <em>yard</em>, runs from Rosemary lane into -Goodman’s fields.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mills’s</span> <em>yard</em>, Rotherhith wall.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Milxan’s</span> <em>wharf</em>, Durham yard.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mims</span>, there are two villages of this name; -North Mims, situated in Hertfordshire, on -the east side of Colney, and two miles -from Hatfield. In its neighbourhood is -the seat of the late Sir Joseph Jekyll, -Master of the Rolls, in right of his Lady, -who was heir to her late brother the great -Lord Somers. It has a most delightful -prospect. The body of that Nobleman -lies interred in the chancel of the church, -without any inscription. This seat now -belongs to the Duke of Leeds, who is -Lord of the manor.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>South Mims is situated two miles from -the former, in the most northern corner of -Middlesex. Here is an almshouse built -and endowed for six poor people, by -James Hickson, Esq; who died in 1689, -when he gave by his will to fifteen poor -people of this parish two shifts, one pair -of hose, and a pair of shoes annually; -for the payment of these, and other benefactions, -he left several estates in this -parish to the Brewers company in London.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mincing</span> <em>lane</em>, on the south side of Fenchurch -street, extends to Tower street, -is well built, and chiefly inhabited by -merchants.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mine and Battery Works Company</span>, -for the discovery of mines and minerals. -In order to give a just idea of the origin -of this and the following company, it -is necessary to observe, that the English, -in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, being -but little acquainted with the manner of -working and discovering mines, she, by -the advice of her Council, sent for several -Germans, well skilled both in these -works, and in smelting and refining of -minerals; who on their arrival were no -sooner naturalized, than they obtained a -licence to search for mines.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span>Among these, that Princess in the year -1565, impowered William Humfreys and -Christopher Schutz a German, to search -for all mines, minerals, and subterraneous -treasure, except allum and copperas, in the -several royalties throughout England, exclusive -of the following eight counties, -York, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Cornwall, -Lancashire, Devon, Gloucester, and -the principality of Wales, for their sole -use and profit; her Majesty only reserving -to herself a tenth part of all gold, silver, -and quicksilver ores, and the pre-emption -of refined gold and silver, the former at -8d. and the latter at 1d. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per</span></i> ounce lower -than the current price of those metals; -and 6d. for every hundred weight of -copper.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Afterwards her Majesty, in the year -1568, incorporated this society by the -name of, <em>The Governors, Assistants, and -Society of the Mineral and Battery Works</em>. -The number of shares belonging to this -company at first amounted to thirty-six; -which being divided into half and quarter -parts, they are at present increased to an -hundred and forty four.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mines Royal Company.</span> This society -owed its origin to the same cause as the -former, and was founded a year before it: -<span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span>for in 1564 Queen Elizabeth, by her -letters patent granted to Thomas Thurland -and Daniel Houghsetter, and their -heirs for ever, impowered them to search -for mines of gold, silver, copper, and -quicksilver, in the several royalties in the -counties of York, Lancashire, Cumberland, -Westmoreland, Cornwall, Devon, -Gloucester, Worcester, and the principality -of Wales, to be held of the crown upon -the same terms as those abovementioned, -with respect to the Mine and Battery -Works company.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At length Thurland and Houghsetter -having in virtue of the powers granted -them, sold several parts or shares of their -said privileges, they, with the purchasers, -were, by letters patent, dated the 22d of -May 1568, incorporated by the stile of, -<cite>The Governors, Assistants, and Commonalty -of the Mines Royal</cite>. The shares of this -company at first consisted of twenty-four; -but they have since been increased to -ninety-six. <cite>Sir John Pettus’s Fodinæ -Regale.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Minories.</span> This street extends from Aldgate -street to Tower hill. The middle part of the -east side is called the Little Minories; this -part is railed in, and is out of the liberties -of the city. Here anciently stood an abbey -<span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>of nuns of the order of St. Clare, called -the Minoresses; whence the street obtained -the name of the Minories. See the -article <span class='sc'>Trinity</span> <em>in the Minories</em>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mint</span>, an office kept in the Tower for -coining money. Before the Norman conquest -the Kings of England set apart -certain monasteries for mints; presuming -that the coinage would in those places -be best secured from frauds and corruption. -Edward I. however ordered a -mint of thirty furnaces to be erected in -the Tower of London, and others in -Canterbury, Kingston upon Hull, Newcastle -upon Tyne, Bristol and Exeter. -From that time the mint was kept sometimes -in one place, and sometimes in another, -according to the will and pleasure -of the Prince, who, for a sum of -money, was frequently prevailed upon to -grant the privilege of coining to some -Nobleman, Bishop, or Corporation; -which being attended with many inconveniencies -to the public, Queen Elizabeth, -in the beginning of her reign, -endeavoured to rectify those abuses, by -confining the mint to the Tower of London, -which has ever since been appropriated -to the coinage of money, except -when King Charles I. by the confusion of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>the times, was obliged to erect new mints -at Oxford, York, and Newark upon -Trent, where being with his army, he -was reduced to the necessity of coining -money to supply his present wants: and -when King William III. having called in -all the base and clipped money, for the -sake of expedition, and for the service of -distant parts of the nation, was obliged to -erect mints at Bristol, Exeter, York and -Winchester.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The mint office is on the left hand on -entering into the Tower, and at a small -distance from the gate. There is no -possibility of describing the particular processes -that the different metals undergo -before they receive the impression.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The manner of stamping is all you are -permitted to see, and this is done with -surprizing expedition, by means of an -engine, worked sometimes by three, and -sometimes by four men. The manner of -making the impression on gold, silver, -and copper, is exactly the same, only a -little more care is necessary in the one, -than in the other, to prevent waste.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This engine, which makes the impression -on both sides of a piece of money, -in the same moment, works by a worm-screw -terminating in a spindle; just in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span>the same manner as the letter press for -printing books. To the point of this -spindle the head of the die is fastened by -a small screw, and in a little sort of a -cup directly underneath it, is placed the -reverse. Between these the piece of metal -already cut round, or cast to the size, -and if gold, exactly weighed, is placed; -and by once pulling down the spindle -with a jerk, is completely stamped. The -whole process is performed with amazing -dexterity; for as fast as the men who -work the engine can turn the spindle, so -fast does another twitch out with his -middle finger that which was stamped, -while with his finger and thumb he -places another that is unstamped. The -silver and gold thus stamped, are delivered -to be milled round the edges, the manner -of performing which is a secret never -shewn to any body.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The mint is managed by several officers -formed into a corporation. These -are a Warden, a Master and Worker, a -Comptroller, the King’s Assay Master, -the chief Engraver, the Surveyor of the -meltings, a Clerk of the irons, a Weigher -and Teller, a Provost, Melters, Blanchers, -Moneyers, &c.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Warden receives the silver, &c. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>from the goldsmiths, pays for it, and -oversees all that belong to his office. -His salary amounts to 450l. a year for -himself and clerk. He has also another -clerk who receives 100l. a year.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Master and Worker receives the -silver, &c. from the Warden, orders it to -be melted, delivers it to the Moniers, -and receives it back from them again. -His salary is 650l. a year for himself and -three clerks.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Comptroller sees that the money -be made of the just assize; oversees the -officers, and controlls them, if the money -does not prove as it ought. His salary -for himself and clerk is 535l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The King’s Assay Master, takes care -that the bullion is according to standard. -He has a salary of 225l. a year for himself -and clerk: and the Assistant Assay -Master has 100l. <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The chief Engraver, engraves the -stamps for the money. He has a salary -of 200l. a year, and his Assistant 80l.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Surveyor of the meltings, is to -see the bullion cast out, and that the metal -be not altered after the Assay Master -has made trial of it, and it is delivered to -the melter.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span>The business of the Clerk of the irons, -is to see that the working irons are kept -clean, and fit for the work. These two -last offices are frequently enjoyed by the -same person, who has a salary of 130l. -10s. a year.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Weigher weighs the bullion.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Teller counts the number of -pieces. These two last offices are also -frequently enjoyed by the same person, -who has a salary of 142l. 10s. a year for -himself and clerk.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Provost to the company of Moneyers, -provides for all the Moneyers, -and oversees them. His salary is 100l. -a year.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Moneyers cast the money, and -sheer it; some beat it broad, others -round it, and others stamp or coin it. -These have 40l. a year each.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Besides these there are the King’s -Clerk, and Clerk of the papers, who has -100l. a year; a Surveyor of the money -presses, who has 40l. a year; and several -deputies and clerks.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mint</span>, opposite the west end of St. -George’s church, Southwark. Here anciently -stood a magnificent structure belonging -to the Duke of Suffolk, which -coming to Henry VIII. he erected a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>mint in it, from which that neighbourhood -is still denominated. This place -was for many years a famous asylum for -debtors, who fled thither with their effects, -in order to defraud their creditors: -till this was carried to such a height, that -the Parliament found it necessary to take -away the privilege of sanctuary in order -to destroy this nest of spoilers.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mint</span> <em>street</em>, extends west from the corner -of Blackman street, opposite St. George’s -church, Southwark.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mint</span> <em>square</em>, in the Mint, Southwark.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mitchell’s</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Milk street, Cheapside† -2. Mitchell street, Old street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mitchell’s</span> <em>street</em>, Brick lane, Old street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mitre</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Cheapside.* 2. Cornhill.* -3. Fenchurch street.* 4. Fish -street hill.* 5. Fleet street.* 6. Friday -street.* 7. Gutter lane, Cheapside.* -8. High street, Aldgate.* 9. St. John’s -street, West Smithfield.* 10. Milk -street, Cheapside.* 11. St. Paul’s Church -yard.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mitre</span> <em>court buildings</em>, Inner Temple.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Mitre</span> <em>yard</em>, Shoemaker row, Aldgate.*</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Moldstrand Dock</span> <em>stairs</em>, Willow street, -Bank side.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Molin’s</span> <em>court</em>, Shoe lane, Fleet street.†</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span><span class='sc'>Moneybag</span> <em>alley</em>, Blue Anchor yard, Rosemary -lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Moneybag</span> <em>yard</em>, Anchor alley.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Money</span> <em>court</em>, Mile’s lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Monger’s</span> <em>Almshouse</em>, in Well street, Hackney, -was founded by Henry Monger, Esq; -in the year 1699, for six poor old men, -who are allowed forty shillings <i><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">per annum</span></i> -each. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Monkwell</span> <em>street</em>, Silver street, near Cripplegate. -It took its name from the -monks lodging in it, and a well belonging -to them. <cite>Maitland.</cite></p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Monmouth</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Hedge lane, Charing -Cross. 2. High Holborn. 3. Monmouth -street, St. Giles’s.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Monmouth</span> <em>street</em>, 1. Quaker street, Spitalfields. -2. Seven Dials. This street is -famous for the sale of old cloaths. 3. -Shadwell market. 4. Spitalfields.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Montague</span> <em>alley</em>, Clare street, Clare market.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Montague</span> <em>close</em>, in Southwark.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Montague</span> <em>court</em>, 1. Bishopsgate street. -2. Little Britain. 3. Montague street, -Spitalfields. 4. Petticoat lane.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Montague House</span>, in Great Russel -street, a noble building, with a very -spacious court yard before it. His Grace -<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>the late Duke of Montague having built -another house in the Privy Garden at -Whitehall, this edifice was let for the -use of the King’s great wardrobe, and is -since purchased by authority of Parliament, -to be a repository for the Cotton -library, and for the natural and artificial -curiosities, medals, coins, printed books, -and manuscripts, bought by the public of -the executors of the late Sir Hans Sloane, -the late Lord Oxford, &c. <cite>Stowe’s Survey, -last edition.</cite> See the article <span class='sc'>British -Museum</span>.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Montague</span> <em>street</em>, Brick lane, Spitalfields.</p> - -<p class='c009'><span class='sc'>Month’s</span> <em>alley</em>, St. Catharine’s lane.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div><em>The End of the</em> <span class='sc'>Fourth Volume</span>.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c005' /> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - -<div class='section ph2'> - -<div class='nf-center-c0'> -<div class='nf-center c001'> - <div>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES</div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> - - <ol class='ol_1 c004'> - <li>P. <a href='#t112'>112</a>, changed “pent-houses” to “pest-houses”. - - </li> - <li>P. <a href='#t310'>310</a>, changed “Town Clerk, &c. their several coaches” to “Town Clerk, &c. in - their several coaches”. - - </li> - <li>All spelling errors were left uncorrected. - - </li> - </ol> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of London and Its Environs Described, -Vol. 4 (of 6), by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LONDON AND ITS ENVIRONS, VOL 4 *** - -***** This file should be named 61127-h.htm or 61127-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/1/2/61127/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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