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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/6080.txt b/6080.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53d0571 --- /dev/null +++ b/6080.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15019 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of School History of North Carolina, by John W. Moore + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!***** + + +Title: School History of North Carolina + +Author: John W. Moore + +Release Date: July, 2004 [EBook #6080] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on November 3, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, SCHOOL HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA *** + + + + +This eBook was prepared by Bruce Loving + + + +SCHOOL HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA, +FROM 1584 TO THE PRESENT TIME. + +BY JOHN W. MOORE. +REVISED AND ENLARGED. + + + + +PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION. + +In the publication of a fourteenth edition it seems proper that +something should be said as to changes made in this work. At a +session of the North Carolina Board of Education, held November +22d, 1881, it was resolved that "the Board expressly reserve to +itself the right to require further revisions" in Moore's School +History of North Carolina, the second edition of which was then +adopted for use in the public schools. + +Conforming to this requirement of the State Board of Education, +the author has diligently sought aid and counsel in the effort +to perfect this work. To Mrs. C. P. Spencer, E. J. Hale, Esq., +of New York, and Hon. Montford McGehee, Commissioner of +Agriculture, the work is indebted for many valuable suggestions, +but still more largely to Col. W. L. Saunders, Secretary of +State, who has aided assiduously not only in its revision, but +in its progress through the press. + +The teacher of North Carolina History will be greatly aided in +the work by having a wall map of North Carolina before the +class, and to this end the publishers have prepared a good and +accurate school map, which will be furnished at a special low +price. + + + + + + +CONTENTS. + +CHAPTER. +I. Physical Description of North Carolina +II. Physical Description--Continued +III. Geological Characteristics +IV. The Indians +V. Sir Walter Raleigh +VI. Discovery of North Carolina +VII. Governor Lane's Colony +VIII. Governor White's Colony +IX. The Fate of Raleigh +X. Charles II. and the Lords Proprietors +XI. Governor Drummond and Sir John Yeamans +XII. Governor Stephens and the Fundamental Constitutions +XIII. Early Governors and their Troubles +XIV. Lord Carteret adds a New Trouble +XV. Thomas Carey and the Tuscarora War +XVI. Governor Eden and Black-Beard +XVII. Governor Gabriel Johnston +XVIII. The Pirates and Other Enemies +XIX. Governor Arthur Dobbs +XX. Governor Tryon and the Stamp Act +XXI. Governor Tryon and the Regulators +XXII. Governor Martin and the Revolution +XXIII. First Provincial Congress +XXIV. Second Provincial Congress +XXV. The Congress at Hillsboro +XXVI. Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge +XXVII. Fourth Provincial Congress Declares Independence +XXVIII. Adoption of a State Constitution +XXIX. The War Continued +XXX. Stony Point and Charleston +XXXI. Ramsour's Mill and Camden Court House +XXXII. Battle of King's Mountain +XXXIII. Cornwallis's Last Invasion +XXXIV. Battle of Guilford Court House +XXXV. Fanning and his Brutalities +XXXVI. Peace and Independence +XXXVII. The State of Franklin +XXXVIII. Formation of the Union +XXXIX. France and America +XL. The Federalists and the Republicans +XLI. Closing of the Eighteenth Century +XLII. Growth and Expansion +XLIII. Second War with Great Britain +XLIV. After the Storm +XLV. The Whigs and the Democrats +XLVI. The Condition of the State +XLVII. The Courts and the Bar +XLVIII. Origin of the Public Schools +XLIX. Slavery and Social Development +L. The Mexican War +LI. The North Carolina Railway and the Asylums +LII. A Spectre of the Past Re-appears +LIII. The Social and Political Status +LIV. President Lincoln and the War +LV. The War Between the States +LVI. The Combat Deepens +LVII. The War Continues +LVIII. War and its Horrors +LIX. The Death Wound at Gettysburg +LX. General Grant and his Campaign +LXI. North Carolina and Peace-making +LXII The War Draws to a Close +LXIII. Concluding Scenes of the War +LXIV. Refitting the Wreck +LXV. Governor Worth and President Johnson +LXVI. Results of Reconstruction +LXVII Results of Reconstruction--Continued +LXVIII. Impeachment of Governor Holden +LXIX. Resumption of Self-Government +LXX. The Cotton Trade and Factories +LXXI. Progress of Material Development +LXXII. The Railroads and New Towns +LXXIII. Literature and Authors +LXXIV. The Colleges and Schools +LXXV. Conclusion + + + +APPENDIX. + +Constitution of North Carolina +Questions on the Constitution + + + +HINTS TO TEACHERS. + +It is well known that any subject can be more thoroughly taught +when both the eye and the mind of the pupil are used as mediums +for imparting the knowledge; and the teacher of "North Carolina +History" will find a valuable help in a wall map of the State +hung in convenient position for reference while the history +class is reciting. + +Require the pupils to go to the map and point out localities +when mentioned, also places adjoining; trace the courses of the +rivers which have a historical interest, and name important +towns upon their banks. A good, reliable wall map of North +Carolina can he procured at a moderate price from the publishers +of this work. + +It has been deemed proper to make the chapters short, that each +may form one lesson. At the close of each chapter will be found +questions upon the main points of the lesson. These will +furnish thought for many other questions which will suggest +themselves to the teacher. There are many small matters of local +State history which can be given with interest to the class, +from time to time, as appropriate periods are reached. These +minor facts could not be included in the compass of a school +book, but a teacher will be helped by referring occasionally to +"Moore's Library History of North Carolina." + +Inspire your pupils with a spirit of patriotism and love for +their native State. A little effort in this direction will show +you how easily it can be done. In every boy and girl is a +latent feeling of pride in whatever pertains to the welfare of +their native State, and this feeling should be cultivated and +enlarged, and thus the children make better citizens when grown. +The history of our State is filled with events which, told to +the young, will fix their attention, and awaken a desire to know +more of the troubles and noble deeds of the people who laid the +foundation of this Commonwealth. + +The Appendix contains the present "Constitution of North Carolina." +Then follows a series of "Questions on the Constitution," prepared +expressly for this work by Hon. Kemp P. Battle, LL. D., President +of the University of North Carolina. This is an entirely new and +valuable feature in a school book, and contains an analysis of our +State government. This is just the information that every citizen of +North Carolina ought to possess, and teachers should require all +their students of this history to read and study the Constitution +and endeavor to answer the questions thereon. + +No State in the Union possesses a record of nobler achievements +than North Carolina. Her people have always loved liberty for +themselves, and they offered the same priceless boon to all who +came within her borders; and it was a full knowledge of this +trait of our people which made Bancroft say "North Carolina was +settled by the freest of the free." + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF NORTH CAROLINA. + +The State of North Carolina is included between the parallels +34° and 362° north latitude, and between the meridians 752° and +842° west longitude. Its western boundary is the crest of the +Smoky Mountains, which, with the Blue Ridge, forms a part of the +great Appalachian system, extending almost from the mouth of the +St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico; its eastern is the Atlantic +Ocean. Its mean breadth from north to south is about one hundred +miles; its extreme breadth is one hundred and eighty-eight miles. +The extreme length of the State from east to west is five hundred +miles. The area embraced within its boundaries is fifty-two +thousand two hundred and eighty-six square miles. + +2. The climate of North Carolina is mild and equable. This is +due in part to its geographical position; midway, as it were, +between the northern and southern limits of the Union. Two other +causes concur to modify it; the one, the lofty Appalachian chain, +which forms, to some extent, a shield from the bleak winds of the +northwest; the other, the softening influence of the Gulf Stream, +the current of which sweeps along near its shores. + +3. The result of these combined causes is shown in the character +of the seasons. Fogs are almost unknown; frosts occur not until +the middle of October; ice rarely forms of a sufficient thickness +to be gathered; snows are light, seldom remaining on the ground +more than two or three days. The average rainfall is about fifty- +three inches, which is pretty uniformly distributed throughout +the year. The climate is eminently favorable to health and +longevity. + +4. The State falls naturally into three divisions or sections-- +the Western or Mountain section, the Middle or Piedmont section, +and the Eastern or Tidewater section. The first consists of +mountains, many of them rising to towering heights, the highest, +indeed, east of the Rocky Mountains. It is bounded on the east +by the Blue Ridge and on the west by the Smoky Mountains. The +section inclosed within these limits is in shape somewhat like an +ellipse. Its length is about one hundred and eighty miles; its +average breadth from twenty to fifty miles. It is a high +plateau, from the plane of which many lofty mountains everywhere +rise, and on its border the culminating points of the Appalachian +system--the Roau, the Grandfather and the Black--lift their heads +to the sky. Between the mountains are fertile valleys, +plentifully watered by streams, many of them remarkable for their +beauty. The mountains themselves are wooded, except a few which +have prairies on their summits, locally distinguished as "balds." +This section has long been one of the favorite resorts of the +tourist and the painter. + +5. The Middle section lies between the Blue Ridge and the falls +where the rivers make their descent into the great plain which +forms the Eastern section of the State. Its area comprises +nearly one-half of the territory of the State. Throughout the +greater part it presents an endless succession of hills and +dales, though the surface near the mountains is of a bolder and +sometimes of a rugged cast. The scenery of this section is as +remarkable for quiet, picturesque beauty, as that of the Western +is for sublimity and grandeur. + +6. The Eastern section is a Champaign country; relieved, however, +by gentle undulations. Its breadth is about one hundred miles. +Its principal beauty lies in its river scenery and extensive +water prospects. + +7. The cultivated productions of the Mountain section are corn, +wheat, oats, barley, hay, tobacco, fruits and vegetables. Cattle +are also reared quite extensively for market. In the Middle +section are found all the productions of the former, and over the +southern half cotton appears as the staple product. In the +Eastern section cotton, corn, oats and rice are staple crops, and +the "trucking business" (growing fruits and vegetables for the +Northern markets), constitutes a flourishing industry. The +lumber business, and the various industries to which the long- +leaf pine gives rise, tar, pitch and turpentine, have long been, +and still continue to be, great resources of wealth for this +section. Of the crops produced in the United States all are +grown in North Carolina except sugar and some semi-tropical +fruits, as the orange, the lemon and the banana. The wine grapes +of America may be said to have their home in North Carolina; four +of them, the Catawba, Isabella, Lincoln and Scuppernong, +originated here. + +8. The physical characteristics of the State will be better +understood by picturing to the mind its surface as spread out +upon a vast declivity, sloping down from the summits of the Smoky +Mountains, an altitude of near seven thousand feet, to the ocean +level. Through the range of elevation thus afforded, the plants +and trees (or what is comprehended under the term flora) vary +from those peculiar to Alpine regions to those peculiar to semi- +tropical regions. + +9. The variety of trees is most marked, including all those which +yield timber employed in the useful and many of those employed in +the ornamental arts. Indeed, nearly all the species found in the +United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, are found in North +Carolina. Her wealth in this respect will be appreciated when +the striking fact is mentioned that there are more species of +oaks in North Carolina than in all the States north of us, and +only one less than in all the Southern States east of the +Mississippi. This range of elevation affords also a great +variety of medicinal herbs. In fact, the mountains of North +Carolina are the 'storehouse' of the United States for plants of +this description. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Of what does this chapter treat? Give the latitude and +longitude of North Carolina. What are its eastern and western +boundaries? Give its dimensions. + +2. What is said of the climate of North Carolina? Name the +causes of this mildness of climate. + +3. What is said of the seasons? Of fogs, snow and ice? Of the +rainfall? + +4. Into how many natural divisions is the State formed? Name +them. Describe the Mountain section. Point it out on the map. + +5. Give a description of the Middle or Piedmont section. Locate +this section on the map. + +6. What is said of the Eastern or 'Tidewater' section? Point it +out on the map. + +7. What are some of the productions of the Mountain section? Of +the Piedmont? Of the Tidewater? What is said of the grapes of +North Carolina? + +8. How may the physical characteristics of the State be easily understood? + +9. What is said of the plants and trees? What further is said of +this particular branch of North Carolina's wealth? + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION-Continued. + +The mountains of North Carolina may be conveniently classed as +four separate chains: the Smoky, forming the western boundary of +the State; the Blue Ridge, running across the State in a very +tortuous course, and shooting out spurs of great elevation; the +Brushy (which divides, for the greater part of its course, the +waters of the Catawba and Yadkin), beginning at a point near +Lenoir and terminating in the Pilot and Sauratown Mountains; and +an inferior range of much lower elevation, which may be termed, +from its local name at different points, the Uwharrie or +Oconeechee Mountains beginning in Montgomery county and +terminating in the heights about Roxboro, in Person county. + +2. Each of these mountain ranges is marked by distinct +characteristics. The Smoky chain, as contrasted with the next +highest--the Blue Ridge--is more continuous, more elevated, more +regular in its direction and height, and rises very uniformly +from five thousand to nearly six thousand seven hundred feet. +The Blue Ridge is composed of many fragments scarcely connected +into a continuous and regular chain. Its loftier summits range +from five thousand to five thousand nine hundred feet. The Brushy +range presents, throughout the greater part of its course, a +remarkable uniformity in direction and elevation, many of its +peaks rising above two thousand feet. The last, the Oconeechee +or Uwharrie range, sometimes presents a succession of elevated +ridges, then a number of bold and isolated knobs, whose heights +are one thousand feet above the sea level. + +3. There are three distinct systems of rivers in the State: those +that find their way to the Gulf of Mexico through the +Mississippi, those that flow through South Carolina to the sea +and those that reach the sea along our own coast. The divide +between the first and the second is the Blue Ridge chain of +mountains; that between the second and third systems is found in +an elevation extending from the Blue Ridge, near the Virginia +line, just between the sources of the Yadkin and the Roanoke, in +a south-easterly direction some two hundred miles, almost to the +sea-coast below Wilmington. In the divide between the first and +second systems, which is also the great watershed between the +Atlantic slope and the Mississippi Valley, a singular anomaly is +presented, for it is formed not by the lofty Smoky range, but by +the Blue Ridge--not, therefore, at the crest of the great slope +which the surface of the State presents, but on a line lower +down. On the western flank of this lower range the beautiful +French Broad and the other rivers of the first section, including +the headwaters of the Great Khanawha, have their rise. In +their course through the Smoky Mountains to the Mississippi they +pass along chasms or "gaps" from three thousand to four thousand +feet in depth. These chasms or "gaps" are more than a thousand +feet lower than those of the corresponding parts of the Blue +Ridge. + +4. The rivers of the second system rise on the eastern flank of +the Blue Ridge. These rivers--the Catawba and the Yadkin, with +their tributaries stretching from the Broad River, near the +mountains in the west, to the Lumber near the seacoast--water +some thirty counties in the State, a fan-shaped territory, +embracing much the greater portion of the Piedmont section of the +State. + +5. The rivers of the third system are the Chowan, the Roanoke, +the Tar, the Neuse and the Cape Fear, usually navigable some for +fifty and others to near one hundred miles for boats of light +draught. Of these the three last have their rise near the +northern boundary of the State, in a comparatively small area, +near the eastern source of the Yadkin. The Chowan has its rise +in Virginia, below Appomattox Court House. The principal sources +of the Roanoke, also, are in Virginia, in the Blue Ridge, though +some of its head streams are in North Carolina, and very near +those of the Yadkin. Only one of these rivers, the Cape Fear, +flows directly into the ocean in this State; the others, after +reaching the low country, move on with diminished current and +empty into large bodies of water known as sounds. + +6. The great rivers of these three systems, with their network of +countless tributaries, great and small, afford a truly +magnificent water supply. Flat lands border the streams in every +section; they are everywhere exceptionally rich, and in the +Tidewater section, of great breadth. In their course from the +high plateaus to the low country all the rivers of the State have +a descent of many hundred feet, made by frequent falls and +rapids. These falls and rapids afford all unlimited motive power +for machinery of every description; and here many cotton mills +and other factories have been established, and are multiplying +every year. + +7. The sounds, and the rivers which empty into them, constitute a +network of waterway for steam and sailing vessels of eleven +hundred miles. They are separated from the ocean by a line of +sand banks, varying in breadth from one hundred yards to two +miles, and in height from a few feet above the tide level to +twenty-five or thirty feet, on which horses of a small breed, +called "Bank Ponies," are reared in great numbers, and in a half +wild state. These banks extend along the entire shore a distance +of three hundred miles. Through them there are a number of +inlets from the sea to the sounds, but they are usually too +shallow except for vessels of light burden. Along its northern +coast the commerce of the State has, in consequence, been +restricted; it has, however, an extensive commerce through +Beaufort Harbor and the Cape Fear River. + +8. The sounds, and the rivers in their lower courses, abound with +fish and waterfowl. Hunting the canvas-back duck and other fowls +for the Northern cities is a regular and profitable branch of +industry; while herring, shad and rock-fishing is pursued, +especially along Albemarle Sound, with spirit, skill and energy, +and a large outlay of capital. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the subject of this chapter? How may the mountains of +North Carolina be classed? Describe each chain. Point out these +mountains on the map. + +2. Describe the Smoky Mountains. The Blue Ridge. The Brushy. +The Oconeechee. + +3. Describe the river systems of the State. Give the dividing +lines between the systems. Describe the flow of the rivers of +Western North Carolina. Trace the courses of these rivers on the +map. What is said of the mountain gaps? + +4. Where are the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers? What portion of the +State do they water? Point them out on the map. + +5. Describe the rivers of the third system. Where do they empty? + +6. What do our rivers afford? What is said of our water power? + +7. What mention is made of the sounds? Describe the banks. +Point out on the map the sounds and the banks. + +8. With what do the sounds and rivers abound? What important +branches of industry are mentioned? + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS. + +A knowledge of the geology of a State affords the key to its +soils; since the soils are formed by the disintegration of the +underlying rocks, more or less mixed with animal or vegetable +matter. The peculiar geological structure of the State furnishes +the material for every possible variety of soil. In fact, there +is no description or combination unrepresented. There are, +first, the black and deep peaty soils of Hyde county and the +great swamp tracts along the eastern border of the Tidewater +section; then come the alluvious marls and light sandy soils of +the more elevated portions of the same section; then the clayey, +sandy and gravelly soils of the Piedmont and Mountain section, +the result of the decomposition of every variety of rock. + +2. From its western boundary to the last falls of its rivers, the +rocks generally belong to that formation known as "primitive". +Primitive rocks are easily distinguished; they are crystalline in +structure, and have no animal or vegetable remains (called +fossils) imbedded or preserved in them. The soils of this +formation are not very fertile, nor yet are they sterile; they +are of medium quality, and susceptible, under skilful culture, of +the highest improvement. The primitive rocks are chiefly +represented by granite and gneiss. + +3. The rocks of the secondary formation appear in certain +counties of the Piedmont section, and here the coal-fields occur, +embracing many hundred square miles. This formation consists of +the primitive rocks, broken down by natural agents, and +subsequently deposited in beds of a thickness from a few feet to +many hundred, and abounds in organic remains. The soils of this +formation vary more than the former, as the one or the other of +the materials of which they are made up happens to predominate. + +4. The eastern section belongs to that which is known as the +"quaternary" formation. Here no rocks like those mentioned above +are found; indeed, rocks, in the ordinary sense of that term, are +unknown. This formation will be best understood by regarding it +as an ocean bed laid bare by upheaval through some convulsion of +nature, and thus made dry land. Sandy soils predominate somewhat +in this section, though there are tracts in which clay is in +great excess, and other tracts in which vegetable matter is in +great excess. Between these extremes there exist, also, the +usual mixtures in various proportions. + +5. Geology also affords a key to the mineral resources of a +State. Those of the Tidewater section are summed up in its +marls. That whole section is underlaid with marl at a depth of a +few feet, and in quantity sufficient to raise and keep it, when +regularly applied to the surface, for all time to come at the +highest point of productiveness. Of all resources for wealth +this is the most durable; and, on account of the industry to +which it is subservient--the agricultural--is best calculated to +promote the happiness of man. + +6. It is in the primitive rocks, however, that minerals abound. +Those of North Carolina surpass any in the Union. In the last +Report on the Geology of the State one hundred and seventy-eight +are numbered and described. Among these are gold, silver, +copper, lead, iron, mica, corundum, graphite, manganese, kaolin, +mill-stone grits, marble, barytes, oil shale, buhrstones, roofing +slate, etc. The most of these are the subjects of great mining +industries, which are daily developing to greater proportions. + +7. Of some of these minerals, as corundum and mica, North +Carolina has already become the chief source of supply. Among +the principal sources of the future mineral wealth of the State, +copper, gold and iron are clearly indicated. The ores of these +metals are found in abundance over extensive tracts of country. +Lastly, in North Carolina many beautiful specimens of the +precious stones have been found, and a large capital has been +raised to carry on mining as a regular business for one of these-- +the hiddenite gem. + +8. North Carolina will thus be seen to be a State of vast +resources, whether we regard the variety and value of her natural +or cultivated productions, the immense range of her minerals or +her facilities for manufacturing industries. It would, perhaps, +be safe to say that no equal portion of the earth's surface will, +in half a century, be the scene of industries so various and of +such value. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Of what does this chapter treat? What does the knowledge of +the geology of a State afford? Mention the variety of soils +found in North Carolina. + +2. Where are the primitive rocks found? Describe them. How are +they chiefly represented? What are the soils of this division? + +3. Where do the rocks of the secondary formation appear? +Describe this formation. What is said of the soils of the +secondary formation? + +4. To what class do the rocks of the Eastern section belong? +What is said of this section? Describe the quaternary formation. +What is said of the soil? + +5. What else is afforded by geology? Where is marl found and +what is said of it? + +6. Where do the minerals abound? How many kinds of minerals are +located in this State? Can you name the principal ones? What is +said of mining? + +7. What is said of corundum and mica? Of gold and iron? Of +precious gems? + +8. What great resources does North Carolina possess? + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +THE INDIANS. + +That portion of America now known as the State of North +Carolina was once inhabited by Indians. For many ages before +Columbus came across the seas in the year 1492, they had held +undisputed possession of all the Western Continent, except those +Arctic regions where the Esquimaux dwelt. + +2. Nearly a century had gone by since the Spaniards had begun +their settlements, and yet, north of St. Augustine, in Florida, +not a white man was to be found. Cortez and Pizarro had founded +great states in Mexico and Peru, but the vast region stretching +from the Rio Grande to the St. Lawrence was still the home of +only red men and the wild beasts of the forest. + +3. There were many different tribes and languages to be found +among the Indians. In North Carolina, the Tuscaroras lived in +the east, the Catawbas in the middle, and the Cherokees in the +western portion of the territory as now defined. There were +Corees, Meherrins, Chowanokes, and other small tribes in the +east, but they were weak in numbers and occupied but a small +portion of our present State limits. + +4. The treacherous Tuscaroras were a portion of a powerful race +known as the Iroquois. The other five nations of this family +dwelt in the lake country of New York, and were the most daring +and dangerous confederation among all Indians then known to the +white people. These Iroquois of the North were generally +friendly to the English, but waged almost ceaseless war upon the +French and a tribe of Indians called the Algonquins. + +5. The Tuscaroras were generally to be found in the country +watered by the Roanoke and Neuse Rivers, and were the terror of +all other tribes. It is not known when they had separated from +their northern relatives. They kept up amicable relations with +them, and messengers and embassies occasionally passed between +the banks of the Roanoke and the settlements on the northern +lakes. + +6. The Catawbas roamed over the fair regions through which flow +the Catawba and Yadkin Rivers. Westward of them were to be +found, in the mountains, the numerous bands of the Cherokees. +Amid the towering peaks, and along the beautiful French Broad and +other rivers, lived and hunted these simple children of the +hills. They were generally disposed to peace, and were averse to +leaving the paradise they inhabited for the dangerous honor of +the warpath. + +7. The Indians were, in many respects, a peculiar people. Though +ignorant and savage, they were not idolaters. They believed in +one God, whom they called the "Great Spirit." They were not +shepherds or farmers, for they had no domestic animals except +dogs, and their corn fields were but insignificant patches, +cleared and cultivated by their women. They cleared these little +patches of land by burning down the trees, and their plow was a +crooked stick with which they scratched over the ground for +planting the corn. The men hunted, and fought with other tribes, +but disdained to be found engaged in any useful labor. + +8. Such habits made large areas of land necessary for the +subsistence of the people. Thus all of the tribes were jealous +of the intrusion of others upon their hunting grounds, and +whenever one found another getting closer than usual war was +begun. Their lives were filled with terror and apprehension; not +knowing when some enemy would kill and scalp every person in the +tribe. + +9. The Meherrins lived in the fork of Meherrin and Chowan Rivers. +They were long at war with the Nottoways, who lived in Virginia, +south of James River. The Meherrins at last left their old men, +women and children and went on the warpath against their enemies, +who happened to be approaching them on a similar errand. They +chanced to miss each other, and the Nottoways therefore found the +lodges of their foes completely undefended, and they slew every +human being in the captured village. The Meherrins left their +old homes in despair and disappeared in the west. This occurred +after many white people had settled in the Albemarle country. + +10. Such a state of society necessitated the control of one +leader; so the Indian tribes were governed by chiefs, who led +them to battle and in pursuit of game. Some of these chiefs, +like Powhatan and King Philip, were men of marked ability, and +extended their power over other tribes. When a chief died his +son succeeded to his office only when fitted for the place; if +weak or cowardly, some other brave was chosen. In this way the +honor was not strictly hereditary. + +11. The Indians had no knowledge as to the working of iron. They +had only bows, arrows, stone tomahawks and such weapons for war. +They lived in small communities, embracing from ten to thirty +cabins, for protection, but had no large towns, because of the +impossibility of feeding great numbers at one point. They held +it a part of their religion to seek vengeance for all injuries, +real and imaginary, and their general traits of character were as +savage as their habits. In war they had no pity on captives, no +reverence for helpless age, and were strangers to the sentiments +of honor and justice. They were brave, yet much given to cunning +and treachery. They rarely forgot benefits or forgave injuries. + +12. Many relics of these savages are yet to be found in almost +every county throughout the State. Broken pieces of pottery, +arrowheads and tomahawks are often plowed up in the fields; and +mounds of various sizes, made by the Indians, are still seen in +some sections. There had long been a tradition among the Indians +that, in the course of time, pale-faced strangers from beyond the +seas would possess their land; and so, after ages of petty +warfare among themselves, as the sixteenth century drew to its +close, they were confronted by men who built ships that withstood +the ocean's storms, and shook the solid earth with the roar of +their artillery. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who were the original inhabitants of the country now known as +North Carolina? + +2. Who had made settlements on the American continent a century +before the English? What two great men were leaders in making +those settlements? + +3. Give the location of the various tribes of Indians in North +Carolina. + +4. Who were the Tuscaroras? What was the feeling of the Indians +toward the white people? + +5. In what part of North Carolina were the Tuscaroras found? +What were their habits? + +6. What tribes were found in the western portion of the State? +What were their habits? + +7. What kind of people were the Indians? How did they cultivate +the soil? + +8. Give further description of their habits. + +9. Where was the home of the Meherrin Indians? The Nottoways? +What were the relations existing between these two tribes? + +10. Describe the government of the Indians. + +11. How did they live? What were some of their traits in war? + +12. What relics of the Indians are still to be found in the +State? What tradition existed among the Indians? How was that +tradition beginning to be fulfilled ? Point out on the map the +ancient homes of the Tuscarora Indians. The Catawbas. The +Cherokees. The Corees. The Meherrins. The Chowanokes. Trace +the course of the Roanoke River. The Neuse. The Meherrin. The +Chowan. The Catawba. The Yadkin. The French Broad. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +SIR WALTER RALEIGH + +A. D. 1570 TO 1583. + +1570. The sixteenth century of the Christian era was one of the most +wonderful periods in the world's history. The recent invention +of the printing-press had scattered books and knowledge over +Christendom, a larger liberty in religions matters had been +achieved by the Reformation, and daring navigators sailed with +their ships into many regions never before visited by civilized +men. + +2. The Portuguese and Spaniards sent expeditions to many lands. +In America, thousands of men and women were living who had come +from Europe, or had been born of white parents since the first +settlements in the West Indies, Mexico and Peru. As Columbus had +discovered the new world with Spanish ships, the kings of Spain +laid claim to all the continent. + +3. England, in that time, was ruled by Queen Elizabeth, who began +her reign in 1558. Ireland and the small islands in the British +Channel were the only dependencies of the Crown. Scotland was +still an independent monarchy. With a few millions of subjects, +and this small territory as her realm, this queen was in great +danger of dethronement and death. The Pope, the Catholic kings +and her own people belonging to the Church of Rome denied her +title to be queen and sought her overthrow and that of the +Protestant religion she upheld. + +4. Amid so many dangers and difficulties, Queen Elizabeth, by +wisdom and prudence, not only managed to defend herself, but +became one of the greatest rulers of any age. She devoted her +energies to the government of her people, and, though courted by +many princes, would never marry, for fear such a relation would +impair her usefulness as a queen. + +5. Among her greatest gifts as a ruler was her clear insight into +the characters of men. She knew whom to employ as her agents, +and was rarely deceived as to how far she could trust them in a +season so full of treason and danger. But this great queen, who +humbled the most powerful monarchs, and in whose presence the +sternest men would sometimes tremble, was, after all, a very vain +woman. Nothing pleased her more, even in her old age, than +praise of her personal appearance. + +6. One evening she was walking at the head of a procession +composed of ladies and gentlemen of her court, when she +encountered a muddy place in her pathway. The stately queen +paused a moment, seeming in doubt as to whether she should step +in the mud or pass around. A handsome young man, who was +standing near by, snatched a velvet cloak from his shoulders, +and, throwing it in the mud for Her Majesty to step upon, she +passed over with dry feet. + +7. Queen Elizabeth was charmed with the ready gallantry of the +youth. She made inquiries concerning him, and found that it was +young Walter Raleigh, who had just come to London from his home +in the country. It was the beginning of his fortunes at court, +and he soon won the queen's confidence and respect. + +8. Walter Raleigh had many noble and generous qualities. He was, +by nature, brave, ambitious and enterprising, and soon became a +great and learned man. He was a gallant soldier, a skilful +navigator and the statesman who first conceived the plan for +extending the British Empire. While serving as a soldier in +behalf of the French Protestants, on the continent of Europe, he +heard and read so much of the wondrous lands across the Atlantic +Ocean that he resolved that England should share in the glory and +profit of future discoveries. + + +1578-83. + +9. When Raleigh went back to England he communicated his desires +and feelings to his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who had +made reputation as a commander of ships. In the year 1578, the +queen granted leave to these two men to sail in search of lands +yet undiscovered by civilized nations. In 1583 they sent out a +large vessel called the Raleigh, [It is said that the vessel was +commanded by Sir Walter Raleigh in person, and this was the only +attempt ever made by him to visit the shores of North America. ] +which was compelled to return in a few days, on account of +disease among the crew. + +10. English sailors, at that time, were easily discouraged in +efforts to navigate the Atlantic Ocean. They had never crossed +it, and were full of superstition concerning that unknown and +mysterious sea. + +11. Again, in 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, with three ships, +ventured out upon the waste of waters that lay to the west of +their island homes. He discovered the island of Newfoundland, +and thence sailed southward. Off the coast of Maine he was +overtaken by a storm which sunk one of his ships. This disaster +induced him to turn his prows for the voyage homeward; but the +storm continued, and the darkness and horrors of the sea grew +tenfold worse when they found themselves amid drifting icebergs. +Brave Sir Humphrey, from the deck of his ship, the Squirrel, to +the last cheered the men of her consort, crying out, "Cheer up, +my lads! We are as near heaven at sea as on land." + +12. When the terrible night had passed, it was found that Sir +Humphrey Gilbert and his crew had perished, and only the Hind was +left to carry back the disheartening tidings to Raleigh and the +English queen. The vessel which carried Sir Humphrey Gilbert and +his crew was of only ten tons burden, and very poorly able to +stand the gales along the American coast. The Delight, another +one of the fleet, had gone down a few days before the loss of the +Squirrel. + +[NOTE--In the year 1520 a Spanish vessel, commanded by Vasques de +Ayllon, was driven by a violent storm upon the coast of Carolina. +The commander was kindly treated by the natives, and, in return, +he enticed a number of them on board his ship and tried to carry +them to Hispaniola. But the Indians preferred death to +captivity; they all refused to partake of any food, and thus died +of voluntary starvation. The scene of this occurrence is within +the present borders of South Carolina.] + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is said of the sixteenth century of the world's history? + +2. What was the condition of the "new world"? What people laid +claim to the American continent, and why? + +3. Who was Queen of England, and what was the condition of her +kingdom? What was Queen Elizabeth's trouble with the Pope of +Rome? + +4. What is said of Queen Elizabeth as a ruler? + +5. What other traits of character did she possess? + +6. What interesting circumstance is relayed of the queen? + +7. Who was the young man, and what did the queen think of him? + +8. What was the character of Walter Raleigh? + +9. To whom did he communicate his plans? What did the queen +grant to these two men? When was the first expedition started, +and with what result? + +10. How did sailors of that period regard the Atlantic Ocean? + +11. What occurred in 1583? What island was discovered? What +disaster befell the expedition? + +12. What did daylight reveal? Give the names of the three ships. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +DISCOVERY OF NORTH CAROLINA. + +A. D. 1584 TO 1585. + +1584. When the little ship Hind reached England, and it was known +how Sir Humphrey Gilbert and so many of his men had gone down +into the depths of that mysterious ocean which was so much +dreaded, there was great grief; and, possibly many bitter +speeches were made by the people who stayed at home and predicted +disaster to the daring enterprise. Raleigh was sorely afflicted +at the loss of his brother and men, and had he been weak or +selfish this disaster would have unmanned him, and he would have +ventured on no more such projects. + +2. He had lost many thousands of dollars in the foundered ships; +and many a gallant friend that had trusted him and cheered him in +his mighty schemes had perished. But the hearts of heroes are +not cast in common moulds. Instead of abandoning his enterprise, +he obtained, on March 25, 1584, letters-patent from the queen +favoring another expedition, and he at once began to fit out +another fleet. This consisted of two vessels, and they were put +under the command of Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe. + +[NOTE--The queen's "Letters-Patent" to Raleigh gave him "Free +liberty to discover such remote heathen and barbarous lands not +actually possessed by any Christian prince, nor inhabited by +Christian people.] + +3. The fleet sailed from England on the 27th day of April, 1584, +and, avoiding the dangers of drift-ice in the northern waters, +steered for the Canary Islands and the West Indies. They had the +good fortune to escape the Spanish cruisers, which were so +dangerous to English vessels sailing at that day upon this +course. On the 14th day of July they first saw the coast of +North Carolina, probably at a point just below Old Topsail Inlet. +They continued northward along the low, barren barriers of sand +which divide the waters of the ocean from those of Pamlica and +Croatan Sounds, and, two days later, came to anchor off an island +called Wocoken, in what was an inlet at that day. + +4. They called this place Trinity Harbor. Across the desolate +sand ridges were fair landlocked waters, and great forests that +sent far out to sea the odors of countless flowers. The weary +toilers who had sailed so far, with nothing to look upon but the +sky and the great stretches of the sea, were charmed with the +richness of the vegetation, the balmy air, and the ceaseless +songs of the mockingbirds. + +5. For two whole days it seemed that the country was uninhabited, +for no one had been seen by the Englishmen. At the expiration of +that period they saw a canoe approaching from the north, in which +were three Indians. One of them landed and came down the beach +toward the ships. By signs he was invited aboard the vessels, +and went with the white men to survey some of the wonders of +civilization found in various parts of the vessel. + +6. It must have been a notable day in this Indian's life, when, +for the first time, he, who had seen nothing of the kind larger +than his canoe, beheld the tall poops, the towering masts and the +great sails of vessels that had come from such distant lands +beyond the seas. Nothing so astonished the Indians of that day +as the roar of artillery. It was something entirely beyond their +comprehension, and filled them with terror. They had no guns or +knowledge of their use. So, when a cannon was fired, they were +ready to believe that men who could do such things were possessed +of supernatural powers. + +7. The officers of the vessel gave to the Indian a hat, shirt and +several other articles, besides treating him to wine and meat, +which he seemed to greatly relish. As a return for their +kindness, the Indian took his canoe and showed the white men how +to catch fish. In a half hour he had nearly filled his boat with +those delicious fish which have always so remarkably abounded in +all the waters of that portion of North Carolina. By signs he +made known his wish that they should be divided between the men +of the two ships, and then he took his departure. + +8. The next day many Indians, with much ceremony, visited the +ships. Among them was Granganimeo, a brother of the chief who +ruled in that portion of the country. He was an honest and +kindly Indian, faithful to his promises, and affording a strong +contrast to Wingina, the Indian king, who was full of suspicion +and duplicity. The Indians were clothed in mantles and aprons of +deerskins. They were gentle, unsuspicious and hospitable. A few +days later Amadas, with eight of his men in a boat, visited the +home of Granganimeo, about twenty miles distant, on the shore of +Roanoke Island. The chief was not at home, but his wife gave +them a cordial and hospitable reception. She prepared a feast +for them of fruits, melons, fish and venison, and showed them +every kindness. + +9. Amadas and Barlowe proceeded, in the presence of many Indians, +to lay claim to the country for their queen. This whole pageant +was probably a dumb show to the astonished and ignorant natives. +They neither knew nor cared what the white men were celebrating +with beating drums, flaunting banners and salvos of artillery. + +10. This expedition had not been sent with any purpose of +settlement; so, in a few weeks after the ceremony of taking +possession, the fleet weighed anchor and sailed back to England. +They carried with them a large cargo of skins and valuable woods, +which they had obtained in trading with the Indians. For a +bright tin dish the Indians gave twenty skins, worth about thirty- +five dollars, and fifty valuable skins were given for an old +copper kettle. Amadas and Barlowe also carried to England the +first knowledge of the potato and tobacco. + +11. With their own consent, two Indians, named Manteo and +Wanchese, were taken aboard and carried to England, that they +might see something of the world across the sea. They afforded a +singular test of human nature. They were of equal abilities, and +yet, by the visit to England, Manteo became the friend, Wanchese +the implacable enemy of the white men. + +[NOTE--The Indians were greatly amazed at the sight of gunpowder, +the cause of all the noise in the artillery. On one of their +expeditions they captured a quantity of powder from the +colonists, and, to increase the supply, they made rows in the +ground and carefully planted the black grains of powder, +expecting to reap a full harvest of it in season. ] + +12. Queen Elizabeth was greatly pleased by the glowing +descriptions of the new country as given by the returned +mariners, especially by the accounts of the abundance of fruits, +vines hanging with luscious grapes, great forests, rich shrubbery +and bright flowers, and she gave the country the name of +Virginia, in honor of herself, the "Virgin Queen." + +13. Walter Raleigh was, soon after, elected a member of +Parliament in the House of Commons, of which body be became a +leader. The queen, in recognition of his services, confirmed his +patent for prosecuting discoveries in foreign lands, and, in +conferring upon him the honor of knighthood, made him Sir Walter +Raleigh. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How did the people of England receive the news of Sir Humphrey +Gilbert's death? How did it affect Raleigh? + +2. What did the expeditions cost him? Whom did he next send out +to the new world? + +3. When did this fleet leave England? Describe their course and +trace it on the map. When did they reach the coast of North +Carolina? Where did they land? Can you point out this place on +the map? Wocoken? Croatan? Pamlico Sound? + +4. What did they name this place? What is said of the new land? + +5. What occurred on the second day after their arrival? + +6. How did this visit impress the Indians? How were the Indians +affected by the roar of the artillery? + +7. What return did the Indian make for the kindness of the white +men? + +8. Who next visited the ships? What kind of man was he? How did +this Indian's wife treat the white men? Locate Roanoke Island on +the map. + +9. What formal ceremony did Amadas and Barlowe conduct? + +10. What did the ships carry back to Europe? + +11. What two Indians were taken on a visit to England? How was +each of them affected by the visit? + +12. What account did the mariners give of the new country? What +did Queen Elizabeth think of the description? What name did she +give to the new country, and why? + +13. Of what body did Raleigh soon become a member? What title +was then conferred upon him, and why? + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +GOVERNOR LANE'S COLONY. + +A. D. 1585 TO 1586. + +We cannot easily realize, in our day, what excitement and +enthusiasm were felt in England when the two ships returned and +exhibited the Indians, the potatoes, the tobacco and other new +and strange productions that had been gathered by Amadas and +Barlowe, to prove the value and fertility of the newly discovered +land. It is strange, but true, that more value was set upon the +discovery of the sassafras tree than upon anything else, and +wonderful things were expected of its virtues as a tea, a +medicine and for the manufacture of perfume. + +[NOTE--Sir Walter Raleigh planted some of the potatoes upon his +own estate, and found them very palatable. Other people +afterwards obtained seed from him, and now the potato forms a +principal part of the food of Ireland. Raleigh was also the +first Englishman who ever used tobacco. An amusing incident is +related of his using it. His servant entered the room one day, +bringing a mug of ale, while Raleigh was enjoying his pipe and +tobacco, and the smoke was issuing from his mouth and filling the +room. The servant, thinking, that his master was on fire, +immediately dashed the ale in his face and ran out, crying for +help, for his master "would be burnt to ashes."] + +2. Sir Walter Raleigh hastened to send over a colony of men to +take possession of Roanoke. Ralph Lane, a gentleman of courage +and experience, was appointed Governor. The seven ships, +conveying one hundred and eight emigrants and the two Indians who +had visited England, sailed on the 9th of April; they were +commanded by Sir Richard Grenville, who was a cousin of Raleigh, +and famous as a seaman. + +3. This fleet also came over by the southern route, and was in +considerable danger off Cape Fear during a great storm, but the +ships all safely rode out the gale, and, on the 26th of July, 1585, +they dropped their anchors in Trinity Harbor, off the coast +where the fleet had lain during the visit of the previous year. +News of the arrival was at once sent to Wingina, at Roanoke +Island. + +4. Governor Lane had one hundred and eight men to remain with +him, among whom was Thomas Hariot, the celebrated mathematician +and historian. With these colonists he landed upon Roanoke +Island, and began to build and fortify a town upon the northern +part of the island, which he named the "City of Raleigh." The +island is twelve miles long and about four broad, and is to this +day fertile and pleasant as a place of residence. It then +abounded in game, and countless and choice varieties of fish were +to be caught in the sounds and sea at all seasons of the year. + +5. Admiral Grenville was active during his stay at Roanoke in +visiting many Indian towns and in exploring the many broad waters +that are found connected with one another in that portion of +North Carolina. On one of his expeditions he lost a silver cup, +which was stolen from him during his stay at an Indian town. The +passionate seaman, in a rage, demanded its return by the Indians, +whom he charged with stealing it. They did not comply, and he, +with great imprudence and injustice, burned the whole village and +destroyed all the corn. + +6. This was the first taste afforded the Indians of how harshly +they might expect to be treated, and, though no war followed +immediately, they neither forgot nor forgave Grenville's +punishment, and many unexpected injuries were inflicted upon the +poor settlers by the Indians on account of this rash and cruel +act. + +7. Governor Lane, after the admiral's departure, continued his +explorations, in order to learn the geography and nature of the +country. He ascended the Chowan River to near the mouth of the +Nottoway and penetrated the interior as far as the Indian village +of Chowanoke. Instead of clearing fields and making provisions +for his people; he was laboriously searching for gold mines and +jewels. He was told by the chief of the Chowanoke Indians, whom +he held as prisoner for two days, that such things abounded along +the upper reaches of Roanoke River (then called the "Moratock"), +and that the headwaters of that stream extended to within an +arrow's flight of a great ocean to the west, and along the banks +of the river lived a very great and wealthy race of people, whose +walled cities glittered with pearls and gold. + +8. Fired in imagination by this false and wicked Indian story, +preparations were made for a journey in boats, longer than had +yet been attempted. They found the swift current of the Roanoke +difficult to ascend, and their small store of provisions was +exhausted by the time they had reached where the town of +Williamston now stands. They could procure none from the +Tuscaroras, who dwelt upon the banks, and, while in this dilemma, +the savages made a night attack upon their camp, and with great +difficulty the adventurers succeeded in escaping destruction. + +9. Thus perished Governor Lane's dreams of gold. He hurried back +to Roanoke and soon found the hostility of the Tuscaroras +extending to the tribe under Wingina. Granganimeo was dead, and +Manteo was the only Indian of any influence who manifested +friendship for the colonists. They had previously brought an +abundance of fish, game and fruits; but these supplies now +ceased, and Governor Lane realized that he was surrounded by a +people who had become his enemies. + +1586. + +10. By some means he discovered that Wingina was concerting with +the Tuscaroras for an attack upon Roanoke Island. Concealing +this knowledge, he invited the unsuspecting plotter to come, with +certain of his people, to a feast at the City of Raleigh. They +accepted the invitation, and Wingina, with eight of his headmen, +was put to death. This occurred on the first of June, 1586. + +11. This was a stern and bloody punishment of their foes, but it +gave the white men deliverance from attack until Sir Francis +Drake came, with a large fleet, and anchored in Trinity Harbor, +finding the colony almost in a perishing condition. + +12. Ralph Lane was not a hero, but Francis Drake was. If the +Governor lacked resolution, no man ever supposed the great +admiral deficient in this respect. After a long consultation, +Drake approved the resolution of the colonists to abandon the +settlement, and, on the 19th of June, 1586, taking them aboard +his ships, he steered for England, leaving the City of Raleigh +untenanted. Thus failed the first attempt at forming a permanent +settlement upon this great territory forming the present limits +of the United States. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What occurred in England on the return of the ships? Mention +some things exhibited by the mariners. + +2. What did Sir Walter Raleigh next do? Who was appointed +Governor? Who commanded the expedition? + +3. What was the route of the fleet? When and where did they +land? + +4. How many men were landed upon Roanoke Island? What did they +name their city? Describe Roanoke Island. + +5. Mention some of Grenville's exploits during his stay. + +6. What did the Indians think of this treatment? How did the +settlers suffer in consequence? + +7. How did Governor Lane occupy himself? What wonderful story +was told Lane by the Indians? + +8. How did Lane regard this story? Give an account of his +expedition up the Roanoke River. Point out Williamston. + +9. What did Governor Lane find to be the condition of affairs +upon his return to the settlement? + +10. What plot was discovered? How did Governor Lane prevent it? + +11. What was the effect of this treatment? What help arrived +from England? + +12. What did the colonists resolve to do? What is said of this +attempt to found a colony? + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +GOVERNOR WHITE'S COLONY. + +A. D. 1586 TO 1590. + +It must have been a sore trial to Sir Walter Raleigh when he +learned that his colonists had returned to England. He had sent +over a ship with abundant supplies, which reached Roanoke only a +few days after Sir Francis Drake sailed away with his fleet. +Finding no white people upon the island, the ships returned to +England. Sir Richard Grenville also touched at the same point, +with three other ships, about fifteen days later. The folly, +avarice and timidity of agents such as Ralph Lane have, in all +ages, crippled the noblest efforts for human advancement. + +2. Sir Richard Grenville left fifteen men in the fort built at +Roanoke by Lane, lest the English claim to the country should be +lost through want of its being occupied. They soon fell victims +to Indian vengeance after Grenville had hoisted his sails and +gone in search of Spanish treasure ships. + +1587. + +3. Once again, in 1587, Raleigh collected a fleet of transports, +and, with John White as Governor, sent about one hundred and +fifty men, women and children to Roanoke for permanent +settlement. They brought over farming implements, wisely +determining to give up the useless search for gold, and to look +to husbandry as a means of livelihood in their new home. On +arriving at Roanoke, on the 22d of July, Governor White, with +forty of his best men, went ashore for the purpose of finding the +men who had been left there by Grenville. The fort was +destroyed, the houses were in a dilapidated condition and no +trace of the colonists was found except a single skeleton which +lay bleaching in the sun in front of one of the cabins, +indicating that some fearful tragedy had been enacted. + +4. Sir Walter Raleigh had ordered White to go to Hampton Roads, +in the region of Chesapeake Bay, instead of Roanoke, but this +command was disregarded under the plea that, their pilot, a +Spaniard, would not show the way. But as Governor Lane had sent +a party there the year before, the location must have been known +to others of the expedition besides Fernando, the pilot. It was +like everything else done by John White while connected with the +effort of colonization--very foolish and culpable. + +5. Manteo was still the warm friend of the English, and, with his +mother, welcomed them. to his home on Croatan. He was, on the +13th of August, as a reward for his faithful services, baptized +by order of Sir Walter Raleigh, and created a nobleman, with the +title of "Lord of Roanoke," which was the first title of nobility +ever conferred by the English in America. + +6. Governor White had, among the colonists, a daughter named +Eleanor, wife of Ananias Dare, one of his assistants. On August +18th, a few days after their arrival, she gave birth to a little +girl, who, in honor of the land of her birth, was named "Virginia +Dare." This is about all we know of the little girl who will ever +be famous as the first of all the children born to English +speaking people within the borders of the United States. One of +the counties of this State bears the name of "Dare" in honor of +this little girl, and includes in its area the scene of her birth. + +7. Governor White had been at Roanoke only a few weeks, when he +became convinced that he should at once return to England in the +interest of the people he had been sent over here to govern. He +said they would need provisions and additions to their numbers, +and a larger supply of implements of civilized life; therefore, +after a stay of but thirty-six days with the colony, he set sail +for England. + +8. He should have manifested even more haste to return to +America, as members of his own family were included among the +settlers who were at Roanoke looking to him for guidance and +safety amid so many dangers. But when he reached England, and +Raleigh had furnished him with two ships and men and stores for +his speedy return, John White found excuse for long stay before +revisiting the stormy neighborhood of Cape Hatteras. + +9. When he was ready to sail for America a great Spanish fleet, +called the "Invincible Armada," was drawing near the English +coast, with the avowed purpose of dethroning the queen and +subjugating the people. John White preferred to take the chances +of plunder in the coming engagement to fulfilling his duty to the +poor people at Roanoke who were waiting so anxiously for his +return. + +10. British heroism, aided by a severe storm, drove off and +destroyed the great Spanish fleet, and Governor White, with his +two ships which Raleigh had with great difficulty fitted out for +him with stores for the colony, joined in pursuit of the +fugitives. He gained neither gold nor glory, and his ships were +so battered that they had to be carried into port and repaired +before they were fit to venture on a voyage across the Atlantic +Ocean. Sir Walter Raleigh expressed very great displeasure at +the conduct of Governor White. + +1590. + +11. Three years had elapsed before Governor White came back to +Roanoke. He found the "City of Raleigh" as desolate as upon his +first arrival. There was no trace of the colonists left except +the word "CROATAN," carved upon a tree. It had been agreed that +if the colonists should find it necessary to remove before his +return, they would thus designate the place to which they had +gone. Governor White, in his search, found three of his chests +which had been buried by the colonists and afterwards dug up and +partly broken open. They contained books, maps and pictures, all +of which were badly torn and spoiled. + +12. Croatan was a peninsula about fifty miles from Roanoke +Island, and Governor White had good reason to believe that the +people whom he left had gone there; but he sailed down the coast +in sight of the place, and went back to England with no further +efforts to discover the nature of their fate. Thus, again, +Roanoke was left to the savage and the wild beast. It will never +be known what became of the colonists. Sir Walter Raleigh for a +long time did not despair of finding them, and sent out five +expeditions for this purpose, but all were unsuccessful. Their +fate is one of those sealed secrets which will only be known when +all our ignorance shall be enlightened and the sea gives up its +dead. + +[NOTE--There was a tradition among the Indians that these people, +after great suffering for food, were adopted by the Hatteras +tribe of Indians, and became mingled with them; and, it is said +that later generations of these Indians possessed many physical +characteristics which indicated a mixture of the European and +Indian races; but this may be, after all, fanciful surmises of +the early historian. ] + + + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What ships had been sent over to relieve the colony? + +2. How did Grenville continue English claims to Roanoke? What +was the fate of his settlers? + +3. What was Raleigh's next attempt at settlement? Who was +appointed Governor? How many people composed the colony? How was +this colony better prepared for permanent settlement than any of +its predecessors? What became of this colony? + +4. Where had White been ordered to make settlement? Point out +Hampton Roads on the map. Why did he land at Roanoke Island? +What is said of Manteo? + +6. What is said of little Virginia Dare? How is her name still +honored in this State? Point out Dare county on the map. + +7. What did Governor White do in a few weeks after his arrival at +Roanoke? + +8. What was furnished to him on his arrival in England? Did he +at once go back to relieve the colonists? + +9. Why did not Governor White immediately return to his suffering +people? + +10. What became of the "Spanish Armada"? How did Governor White +become engaged in this conflict? + +11. How long was Governor White away from Roanoke? What did he +find on his return? What is supposed to have been the meaning of +the word "Croatan"? What did Governor White find? + +12. Where is "Croatan"? Can you locate it on the map? Did +Governor White go to this place to seek his people? Was any +settlement on Roanoke at this time? What effort did Raleigh make +to find these people? + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + + +THE FATE OF RALEIGH. + +A. D. 1590 TO 1653. + +The story of the attempted settlement on Roanoke Island is the +story of one of the world's tragedies. Misfortune seemed to be +the doom, not only of the colonists, but of many gallant men who +sought to aid Sir Walter Raleigh in his enterprise. Sir Humphrey +Gilbert, with two of his ships, was the first to perish at sea; +Sir Francis Drake and his compeer, Sir John Hawkins, both died of +pestilence in the West Indies; and, to the baffled and broken- +hearted originator of the scheme, the coming years were black +with disaster and death. + +2. With the loss of Governor White's colony, Raleigh found that +his expenditures had greatly impaired his wealth. He had lost +more than two hundred thousand dollars (£40,000 sterling), and, +no longer able to fit out costly and fruitless expeditions, was +forced to solicit aid from others, joining them in the rights and +privileges granted him by the queen in his charter. + +[NOTE--It must also be remembered that money in the sixteenth +century was worth at least five times more than at present. +Forty thousand pounds expended by Sir Walter Raleigh would, at +that time, purchase about what one million dollars would now +command in England or the United States. ] + +1603. + +3. But Raleigh found his greatest disaster in the death of +Elizabeth. After ruling England so wisely and well for more than +fifty years, she died on March 24th, 1603. This great queen left +her throne to one of the most paltry and contemptible of men. + +4. King James I, was an ungainly Scotch pedant, who was incapable +of appreciating heroism and manliness in others, because of his +own deficiency in all such qualities. He lavished favors and +titles on unworthy favorites, and incurred the contempt of wise +men for his follies and vices. + +1618. + +5. Sir Walter Raleigh had long treated the Spaniards as the +enemies of his country. The King of Spain hated him on that +account, and King James, to please His Catholic Majesty and +secure the marriage of Prince Charles to a Spanish princess, +caused the great lawyer, Sir Edward Coke, to procure the wrongful +conviction of Raleigh, his greatest subject. After lying in +prison for twelve years under this conviction, Raleigh was +released by King James, and although not pardoned, was put in +command of an expedition to the coast of Guiana. The expedition +was unsuccessful, and on his return, to satisfy the King of +Spain, James signed the warrant for Raleigh's execution upon his +former sentence. Accordingly, Raleigh was beheaded, at the age +of sixty-five, as a traitor to the land for whose good he had +accomplished more than any one else in all its limits. + +[NOTE--Sir Walter Raleigh occupied the twelve years of his +imprisonment in writing a "history of the world." This work gave +great offence to King James, who endeavored to suppress its +circulation. When Raleigh was carried to execution, while on the +scaffold, he asked to see the axe. He closely examined its +bright, keen edge, and said, with a smile: "This is a sharp +medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases." He then laid his +head composedly on the block, moved his lips as if in prayer, and +gave the signal for the blow. ] + +6. Thus suffered and died the man who first sent ships and men to +the soil of North Carolina. That he failed in what he desired to +accomplish should not detract from the gratitude and reverence +due to his memory. If incompetent and unworthy agents, and the +accidents of fortune, thwarted him in his designs, the fault is +not his. He was the greatest and most illustrious man connected +with our annals as a State, and should ever receive the applause +and remembrance of our people. + +7. After the death of Sir Walter Raleigh no more efforts were +made to plant a colony at Roanoke. The spot was never favorable +for such a purpose. No coast in the world is much more dangerous +to ships than that of North Carolina. Cape Hatteras is even now +the dread of all mariners. It is visited by many storms, and +sends its deadly sandbars for fifteen miles out into the ocean to +surprise and wreck the ill-fated vessel that has approached too +near the coast. + +8. Governor Lane, while at Roanoke, discovered the broad, deep +inlet and safe anchorage at Hampton Roads, within the present +limits of Virginia. This port lies, but little to the north of +that inlet which Amadas and Barlowe entered on the first English +visit to Carolina. Into Hampton Roads, in 1607, went another +colony, sent over by men who had succeeded the unfortunate +Raleigh in the royal permission to plant settlements in America. +To the genius and bravery of the leader, Captain John Smith, was +due the permanence of the settlement at Jamestown. The name of +"Virginia," which had been applied to all the territory claimed +by England under the discoveries of Gilbert and Raleigh, was then +confined to the colony on James River. + +9. In the course of a few years many places on the Atlantic coast +were occupied by expeditions sent out from England and other +countries of Europe. Those of England, at Plymouth, of the +Dutch, at New Amsterdam, and of the Swedes, in New Jersey, were +speedily seen, while yet roamed the Tuscarora in undisturbed +possession of North Carolina. + +10. As Virginia grew more populous there were hardships and +troubles concerning religion. Men and women were persecuted on +account of their religious practices. If people did not conform +to the "English" or Episcopal Church they were punished by fine +and imprisonment. Sometimes cruel whipping became the portion of +men who were found preaching Quaker and Baptist doctrines. + +11. Sir William Berkeley, who was Governor of Virginia, had no +authority over men who dwelt in the region south of a line a few +miles below where the ships approached the inland waters of +Virginia. When this became known many people around the +Nansemond River and adjacent localities went southward, towards +the Albemarle Sound, seeking homes where the tyrant of Virginia +had no jurisdiction. + +1653. + +12. For this cause Roger Green, a clergyman, in 1653, led a +considerable colony to the banks of the Chowan and Roanoke +Rivers; but even before this, there were probably scattered +settlements over most all the region north of the Albemarle +Sound, of which we have no reliable account. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is said of the attempted settlement upon Roanoke Island? + +2. What had the expedition cost Raleigh? + +3. What was Raleigh's greatest loss? + +4. Who succeeded Queen Elizabeth? What kind of a man was King James I. ? + +5. What new trouble came upon Raleigh? Describe his conviction +and death. + +6. How should the people of North Carolina ever think of Sir +Walter Raleigh? + +7. Were any further efforts made to plant a colony at Roanoke? +What is said of the place? + +8. What safe anchorage had Governor Lane discovered? What colony +entered Hampton Roads in 1607? What town was settled in +Virginia, and by whom? To what locality was the name "Virginia" +then confined? + +9. Mention some settlements made on the Atlantic coast about this +time. + +10. What persecutions were common in Virginia? + +11. Over what section of country did Governor Berkeley have no +authority? When this became known to the people what did many of +them do? + +12. What settlement was made by Roger Green, and when? Were +there any settlements in North Carolina before this time? + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +KING CHARLES II. AND THE LORDS PROPRIETORS. + +A. D. 1663. + +After the discovery of North Carolina, in 1584, by Amadas and +Barlowe, many years had gone by before the period now reached in +this narrative. Not only had James succeeded Elizabeth, but +Charles had succeeded James and had been beheaded as a traitor +to the land he pretended to rule. Cromwell had lived, ruled +and died, and Charles II. was on the throne of his fathers, and +thus again royal bounties became possible and fashionable. + +2. Many men in England had heard of the goodly land which was +being peopled around Albemarle Sound, beyond the jurisdiction of +Governor Berkeley. He, too, with his bitter and envenomed soul, +took part in a scheme which was to give him some authority over +the refugees who had imagined themselves beyond the reach of his +cruel rule. + +1663 + +3. In the year 1663, His Majesty Charles II., King of England, +Scotland and Ireland, granted to George, Duke of Albemarle; +Edward, Earl of Clarendon; William, Earl of Craven; John, Lord +Berkeley; Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Carteret, Sir John +Colleton, and Sir William Berkeley, as "Lords Proprietors," all +the territory south of the lands not already granted to the +province of Virginia, down to the Spanish line of Florida. + +4. There were some remarkable men among these titular owners of +the land we now inhabit. The Duke of Albemarle had been General +George Monk before the restoration of King Charles, and was made +a nobleman on account of his part in that transaction. He was +not possessed of very great ability, and only became famous by +the accidents of fortune. + +5. Very different was the astute lawyer, Edward Hyde, who, for +his abilities, was made the Earl of Clarendon and Lord High +Chancellor of England. He was a selfish and crafty man, and +lost his offices in his old age, but had two granddaughters who +became queens of Great Britain. + +6. Lord Ashley, afterward the Earl of Shaftesbury, will ever be +remembered for the part he bore in establishing the writ of +habeas corpus as a part of the British Constitution. He was a +bold, able and profligate man, who marred great abilities by +greater vices. He combined within himself all that is dangerous +and detestable in a demagogue. + +7. Sir William Berkeley, then Governor of the province of +Virginia, was another of these Lords Proprietors. He was the +embodiment of the cruelty and religious prejudice of that age. +He whipped and imprisoned people who worshipped God in a way not +pleasing to himself, and was immortalized by the remark of King +Charles II., who said of him: "That old fool has taken more +lives without offence in that naked country than I, in all +England, for the murder of my father." + +8. To these men, as Lords Proprietors, a great territory was +granted, which they called "Carolina," in compliment to King +Charles II. [Many years before this time the name of "Carolina" +had been applied to the territory between Virginia and Florida, +in honor of King Charles IX. of France. ] All of them except +Governor Berkeley lived in England, but they ruled the new +country and sold the lands at the highest rate of money they +could get, with a tax of seventy-five cents on each hundred +acres to be paid every year. + +9. Many fine promises were made to the English and other people +to induce them to go to Carolina and settle. Freedom to worship +God in the way that seemed best to each individual was +especially held out to poor sufferers like John Bunyan, who, in +those days, were too often kept for long years in loathsome +prisons because of their differing with the civil magistrates as +to certain matters of faith and practice in the churches. + +NOTE--Governor Berkeley exhibited some traits of his character +by saying, while Governor of Virginia: "I thank God there are no +free schools nor printing here, and I hope we shall have none of +them these hundred years." + +10. Religious persecutions were practiced in most of the +American colonies. It had been decreed in some of the New +England colonies that Quakers, upon coming into the province, +should have their tongues bored with a hot iron and be banished. +Any person bringing a Quaker into the province was fined one +hundred pounds sterling (about five hundred dollars), and the +Quaker was given twenty lashes and imprisoned at hard labor. In +Virginia the persecutions were equally as bad, if not worse, and +some of the punishments were almost as severe as Indian +tortures. The Assembly of this colony (Virginia) levied upon +all Quakers a monthly tax of one hundred dollars. + +11. To escape persecution, many men who were Quakers and +Baptists had already gone to the region around the Albemarle +Sound; and others followed from various inducements. Their +settlements were known as the "Albemarle Colony." The whole +country was still roamed over by Indians, and even in Albemarle +the rude farmhouses were widely scattered. + +12. There was not even a village in the new province. No +churches, courthouses or public schools were to be seen; but the +men and women of that day loved liberty. They preferred to +undergo danger from the Indians and the privations of lonely +homes in the forest to the persecution which they found in +England and in many portions of America. + +13. It can hardly be realized amid the present luxuries and +enjoyments of the American people, what dangers and privations +were encountered by the white settlers in North Carolina two +hundred years ago; for while now thronging cities, teeming +fields and busy highways of a people numbering many millions +cover the land, then cruel and crafty Indians, always hostile at +heart to the tread of the white man, surrounded the defenceless +homes of the scattered colonists and filled the great forest +stretching three thousand miles toward the setting sun. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What period have we now reached in our history? +What changes had taken place in the English government? + +2. In what new scheme do we find Governor Berkeley taking part? + +3. What new grant of this territory was made in 1663? +What was the new government called? + +4. What kind of a man was George, Duke of Albemarle? + +5. Who was Edward, Earl of Clarendon? + +6. Who was Lord Ashley? What was his character? + +7. What was Governor Berkeley's character? +What was said of him by King Charles II. ? + +8. What name was given to the territory now granted? In whose honor +was Carolina named? Where did the Lords Proprietors live? +What tax was to be paid to them? + +9. What inducements were offered to the English to go to Carolina +and settle? Why was "religious freedom" an inducement for them to +leave their comfortable homes and settle in a savage country? + +10. What religious persecutions were seen in most of the American colonies? + +11. What two religious sects had emigrated to this section? +What did they call their colony? + +12. What was the condition of the colony? What sacrifices had +the colonists made, and why? + +13. How did the condition of the colonists differ from ours? + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +GOVERNOR DRUMMOND AND SIR JOHN YEAMANS. + +A. D. 1663 TO 1667. + +1. King Charles II., who thus bestowed this vast dominion upon a +few of his friends, was in marked contrast, as a sovereign, to +Queen Elizabeth. He was a gay, dissolute, shameless libertine, +who despised all that is valuable in human duties, and spent his +life in the paltriest amusements. He could be polite and +entertaining in conversation, but abundantly justified Lord +Rochester's remark that "he never did a wise thing or said a +foolish one." + +2. Under instructions from the other Lords Proprietors, Sir +William Berkeley, in 1663, appointed William Drummond the first +"Governor of Albemarle." He was a Scotch settler in Virginia, +and was a man who deserved the respect and confidence of the +people whom he governed. He was plain and prudent in his style +of life, and seems to have given satisfaction to the people who +had been previously uncontrolled by law or magistrate. + +3. After a stay of three years, Governor Drummond returned to +Virginia. A great trouble arose in Virginia at this period, +known as "Bacon's Rebellion." A brave young man, Nathaniel +Bacon, was at the head of a force resisting the presumption and +illegal authority of Governor Berkeley. William Drummond, seeing +the justness of the resistance, warmly supported Bacon's cause. +Mrs. Sarah Drummond, wife of the Governor, nobly sustained her +husband. Bacon died before the close of the "Rebellion," and a +large number of the leaders were put to death. Governor Drummond +was, by order of Berkeley, hanged within two hours after his +capture. The entire property of Mrs. Drummond was confiscated +and herself and five children were turned out to starve. + +4. This tragic culmination of Berkeley's ruthless cruelties was +the occasion of the bitter censure by the king, already recorded. +After the death of Berkeley, Mrs. Drummond brought suit against +his wife, Lady Frances Berkeley, for recovery of her property, +and a verdict in her favor was given by a Virginia jury. +Governor Drummond is commemorated by the lake in the Dismal Swamp +which still bears his name. + +5. It was discovered soon after the king's grant to the Lords +Proprietors, that a belt of land extending southward from the +present Virginia boundary to a point on a line with the month of +Chowan River, and extending indefinitely west, was not included +in that charter; so, in 1665 another charter was granted joining +this strip of territory to North Carolina. + +6. In 1663 there was an expedition formed in the island of +Barbadoes, which came to the shores of Carolina and explored to +the distance of about one hundred and fifty miles the courses of +the northeast branch of the Cape Fear River. This expedition was +under command of an experienced navigator named Hilton, who was +assisted by Long and Fabian, and returned to Barbadoes in +February, 1664. + +7. Among the planters who had fitted out this expedition was John +Yeamans. He was a young man of good connections in England. His +father had been Sheriff of the City of Bristol during the war of +King Charles I. with Parliament, and was put to death by the +order of Fairfax on account of his stubborn defence of his city +in the king's behalf. + +1666. + +8. Yeamans had emigrated to Barbadoes, hoping to mend his broken +fortunes, and being pleased with the report of Captain Hilton's +expedition, he determined to remove to Carolina. He went to +England to negotiate with the Lords Proprietors and receive from +them a grant of large tracts of land, and at the same time he was +knighted by the king in reward for the loyalty and misfortunes of +his family. Returning from England in the autumn of 1665, he led +a band of colonists from Barbadoes to the Cape Fear, and +purchasing from the Indians a tract of land thirty-two miles +square, settled at Old Town, in the present county of Brunswick. +The settlement was afterwards known as the "Clarendon Colony." +This village, which was called Charlestown, soon came to number +eight hundred inhabitants, and they occupied their time in +clearing the land for cultivation and preparing lumber, staves, +hoops and shingles for shipment to Barbadoes. The colony greatly +prospered under the excellent and prudent management of Sir John +Yeamans, but was afterwards deserted, when Yeamans was ordered by +the Lords Proprietors to the government of a colony on Cooper and +Ashley Rivers, South Carolina. + +9. There had been, as early as 1660, a New England settlement for +the purpose of raising cattle, on the Cape Fear; but this colony +incurred the resentment of the Indians, it is said, by kidnapping +their children under the pretence of sending them to Boston to be +educated; and the colonists were all gone when the men from +Barbadoes visited the Cape Fear. Whether the New Englanders were +driven from the settlement by the Indians, or left because their +enterprise was unprofitable, is not known with certainty. These +men left attached to a post a writing discouraging "all such as +should hereafter come into these parts to settle." + +1667. + +10. During Governor Drummond's stay in Albemarle there was entire +satisfaction manifested by the people with his rule, and also +with that of the Lords Proprietors. He exerted himself to +arrange matters so as not to disturb the titles acquired in the +time previous to the king's grant; and there was full sympathy +between him and the class represented by George Durant. + +11. This sturdy Quaker had, some years before, bought from the +Yeoppim Indians the place known as "Durant's Neck," on Perquimans +River; and he was a leader in wealth and influence among the +settlers. He was prosperous in his affairs, and largely +controlled the views of the people belonging to his religious +sect. + +12. The rivers were full of fish every spring, and with little +trouble large supplies were caught in the nets and weirs. Indian +corn, tobacco and lumber were sent in vessels to New England and +the West Indies. In return sugar, coffee and rum were brought to +Albemarle, and an active trade grew up, which was almost wholly +conducted by the New England vessels. + +13. These vessels all passed through the inlet at Nag's Head, +where, as late as 1729, twenty-five feet of water was found upon +the bar. This afforded entrance to ships of considerable +size. Cape Hatteras was then, as now, a place of great peril to +ships, and many were wrecked upon the terrible outlying sand +bars; but this did not deter the brave mariners from the trade +which they found was growing each year more profitable. + + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the character of King Charles II. ? What was said of +him by Lord Rochester? + +2. Who was appointed the first Governor of Albemarle? What kind of man was he? + +3. How long did Governor Drummond stay in North Carolina? Can +you tell something of "Bacon's Rebellion"? What part did +Governor Drummond take, and what was the result? What can you +tell of Mrs. Sarah Drummond? + +4. What further is said of Mrs. Drummond? How is Governor Drummond's +name commemorated in the State? Point out this lake. + +5. What additional piece of land was given to the Lords Proprietors in 1665? + +6. What expedition came to Carolina in 1663? + +7. What is said of Sir John Yeamans? + +8. What was the object of Yeamans' visit? What colony did he form in 1665? +Where was it located? What is the history of this colony? + +9. What previous settlement had been made in this same vicinity? Why was it deserted? + +10. How had the people of Albemarle been pleased with the administration. of Governor Drummond? + +11. Who was George Durant? Point out "Durant's Neck "on the map. + +12. Give some account of the prosperity of Albemarle. What vessels conducted the trade? + +13. Through what inlet did vessels enter the sound? Describe the neighborhood of Cape Hatteras. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +GOVERNOR STEPHENS AND THE FUNDAMENTAL CONSTITUTIONS. + +A. D. 1667 TO 1674. + +After Sir William Berkeley had put Governor Drummond to death +in the manner described, Governor Stephens was sent in 1667 to +take his place. Stephens was a ruler of ordinary abilities, and +probably did his best for the interests of the province, so far +as was consistent with a keen regard for instructions from the +Lords Proprietors. + +1668. + +2. The government, in his day, consisted of the Governor, his +council of twelve, and twelve members of the House of Assembly, +elected by the freeholders. Every white man having an estate of +inheritance, or for life, in fifty acres of land, was a freeholder. +Perfect religious liberty was allowed, and there was +no check at that day upon the government, provided it preserved +its fealty to the King and the Lords Proprietors. + +3. A wide margin was left to the Grand Assembly of Albemarle for +the display of its power. Neither the Legislature nor the +Governor had any capital city for the transaction of business. +The Governor lived on any farm he pleased, and the General +Assembly met at such place as it deemed most convenient. + +1669. + +4. Their earliest known legislation allowed no settlers to be +disturbed for the collection of debts contracted before coming to +live in Albemarle. Another law exempted all newcomers from taxes +for one year; and prohibited the transfer of any land by a +settler during the first two years of his residence. These laws +were evidently passed to encourage immigration. + +5. As there were no Church of England preachers then in the +colony, another statute allowed people to get married by simply +going before the Governor, or any of his council, and declaring +a purpose to become man and wife. + +1670. + +6. Albemarle at that time was divided into the precincts of +Carteret, Berkeley and Shaftesbury. The settlements extended +rapidly down the seacoast, and soon reached as far south as the +present town of Beaufort, on old Topsail Inlet. + +7. Governor Stephens soon reached the conclusion of his +administration and the term of his natural life. The closing +months of his rule were embittered by the nature of the +instructions he received from the Lords Proprietors and the Board +of Trade in London. + +8. One of these instructions, materially changing the simple +government previously existing in the province, was concerning +the colonial trade. English merchants saw that New England +vessels were visiting the scattered settlements on the +watercourses and establishing a lucrative exchange of +manufactured goods for the tobacco, corn and lumber of Carolina. + +9. It was determined in London to stop this, and appropriate to +English factors whatever of profit might be realized. The old +English Navigation Act, passed under Cromwell, to break down the +Dutch trade, was revived against the Boston skippers. Governor +Stephens accordingly told the colonists they must exchange the +products of their farms with none but English traders, but he +quickly found that the people were resolute in refusing obedience +to any such regulations. + +10. It was further announced that a new scheme of rule had been +prepared in England. This was the work of Lord Shaftesbury and a +distinguished philosopher named John Locke. This, familiarly +known as "Locke's Grand Model," was called by the Proprietors +"The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina," and was a cumbrous +and elaborate system, full of titles and dignities. It involved +a large expenditure, and was as unsuited to the Carolina +wilderness as St. Paul's Cathedral in London was for a +meetinghouse for the Quakers of Pasquotank! + +11. The people who were constantly enduring danger and privations +in Albemarle at once resolved that they would have no part in the +titles and pageants concocted by these wise men of England. They +had been promised freedom if they would come to America, both by +the king in the Great Deed of Grant and by the Lords Proprietors, +and nothing less than the privileges of Englishmen would satisfy +them. + +12. The "Navigation Act" was intended to destroy their commerce +and manufactures, and the "Fundamental Constitutions," if +submitted to, would have put an end to their home rule. They +waged a long opposition to these two things, and a century went +by before, in the blood of the Revolution, American commerce +became free. They were denounced as unruly subjects, but they +were, in all truth, wise and resolute patriots. They were +protecting not only themselves, but the generations of the +future. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who succeeded Governor Drummond as Governor of Albemarle? +What kind of a man was Governor Stephens? + +2. In what did the government consist at that time? + +3. What is said of the Grand Assembly? Where did the General +Assembly usually meet? + +4. Mention some of the earliest laws. + +5. What law was enacted concerning marriage? + +6. How was Albemarle divided? How far had the settlement extended? + +7. What trouble came to Governor Stephens? + +8. What kind of trade was carried on between Carolina and New England? + +9. What was determined by the Lords Proprietors? What old law +was revived? How did the people receive the orders from Governor +Stephens? + +10. What two celebrated Englishmen prepared a form of government +for Carolina? What was this system called? State its nature. + +11. What was resolved by the colonists concerning the Grand Model? + +12. What was the intent of the Navigation Act? Of the +Fundamental Constitutions? + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +EARLY GOVERNORS AND THEIR TROUBLES. + +A. D. 1674 TO 1680. + +1674. Samuel Stephens, upon his death in 1674, was succeeded by +George Carteret as Governor of Albemarle. The oldest member of +the council was entitled by law to the place, but the members of +the House of Assembly succeeded in obtaining the position for +their speaker. Governor Carteret found many difficulties in the +office he had assumed; and becoming disgusted with the continued +opposition of the people to the Fundamental Constitutions and the +navigation laws of 1670, he went over to London and resigned his +place as Governor. + +1676. + +2. When he reached England he found Eastchurch, who, as Speaker, +of the House of Assembly, had been sent over to remonstrate with +the Proprietors against the innovations they were proposing. His +friend Miller, who was accused of indulging in rebellious +language, had been carried out of the province for trial at +Williamsburg, in Virginia, and was also in London at this time +seeking redress for his alleged grievances. + +3. Eastchurch was in London as the agent for Albemarle. The +people were paying him to procure the assent of the Proprietors +to some remission in the hard measure of the navigation laws; +also for the abrogation of the Fundamental Constitutions. He and +Miller betrayed their trusts, and became the willing tools of +Lord Shaftesbury and the Board of Trade. + +4. As the price of their subservience, Eastchurch was appointed +Governor of Albemarle and Miller was made Secretary of State. +The authorities in London were fully resolved that the New +England vessels should be excluded from Carolina waters and that +the Fundamental Constitutions should be accepted as the system of +government. + +5. This betrayal of a high trust was to bring its own punishment +on the heads of both Eastchurch and Miller. On their way to +America they stopped at the Island of Nevis, where the new +Governor of Albemarle met a Creole lady. His conduct in London +had been weak enough, but complete insanity seemed to have fallen +upon him at Nevis. For two years he was oblivious to all the +disorders and distresses of the people committed to his +government; and he surrendered everything else to his lovemaking. + +1677. + +6. Miller went on to Albemarle, and in July, 1677, assumed +control of public affairs. There were then in the colony two +thousand taxpayers. Besides Indian corn, which was the staple +production, eight hundred thousand pounds of tobacco were made +that year. The whole colony was enjoying such prosperity as a +fertile soil and good climate always give. + +7. The new Governor conducted matters in an outrageous manner. +He imposed taxes upon all goods sent to other colonies, and in +this way soon realized five thousand dollars on the tobacco which +was sent to Virginia and Boston. + +8. He was particularly emphatic in his orders forbidding trade +with New England vessels. George Durant, with a large majority +of the people, was determined to thwart him in this matter. +Governor Miller, on the other hand, was so determined in +enforcing his orders that he in person boarded a Boston vessel +and arrested the skipper. + +1678. + +9. Thereupon John Culpepper, with his followers, seized Miller, +and having put him in prison, assumed the government himself. He +imprisoned all the deputies of the Lords Proprietors. The king's +revenue, also, amounting to fifteen thousand dollars, was +appropriated by him; Culpepper, like Gillam, the skipper who had +caused the outbreak, was from New England. + +1680. + +10. At last, after two years delay upon his journey, Eastchurch +made his appearance in Albemarle. He had won his bride, but lost +everything else. Culpepper scouted his claims to the government. +He went to Williamsburg, in Virginia, to beg the Governor of that +province to aid him in regaining the place he had lost by his +folly; but so slow and ceremonious was his lordship, that +Eastchurch died of vexation before anything substantial had been +accomplished in his behalf. + +11. Miller escaped from the confinement to which he had been +subjected by Culpepper, and again went to England to utter his +complaints. Culpepper followed him there, and though indicted +and tried for treason, was acquitted by aid of Lord Shaftesbury. + +12. Thus it was, in the earliest days of our history as a people, +that the men of North Carolina found means to resist the +execution of laws enacted abroad for their oppression, and +commenced a struggle which was to continue for a century. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who succeeded Samuel Stephens as Governor? How did he obtain +the place? Why did Governor Carteret go to England? + +2. What two men from Carolina did he find in England and what was +their mission? + +3. What duty had the colonists entrusted to Eastchurch? How did +he fulfill the trust? + +4. How were Eastchurch and Miller rewarded for their betrayal? +What was the determination of the London authorities? + +5. What was the conduct of Eastchurch while on his way to Carolina? + +6. What did Miller do in the meantime? What was the condition of +the colony at this period? + +7. How did the new Governor manage affairs? + +8. What trade did he forbid? By whom was his command thwarted? +What violent act was done by Miller? + +9. What was done to Miller? Who assumed the government? + +10. When did Eastchurch arrive at Carolina? How did he find +matters? To whom did he go for aid, and with what success? + +11. What became of Miller and Culpepper? + +12. What do the events of this lesson teach us? + + + + +CHAPTER XIV. + +LORD CARTERET ADDS A NEW TROUBLE. + +A. D. 1680 TO 1704. + +When John Culpepper had ended his administration the +authorities in England sent over John Harvey as Governor. Little +is known of him or of his successors, John Jenkins and Henry +Wilkinson. There were still misrule and confusion in Albemarle. +A few men of wealth, who acted as deputies in the Council for the +absent Lords Proprietors, were their advocates and defenders in +everything they proposed; but the people still traded with New +England vessels and vented their scorn upon the Fundamental +Constitutions. + +1681. + +2. At last, in 1681, the authorities in England concluded that if +one of their own number went over he might exert more influence +upon the people than a hired agent. Therefore, they induced Seth +Sothel, who had bought the interest first granted to the Earl of +Clarendon, to venture on the doubtful expedient. + +1683-88. + +3. To the great good fortune of the province, this abandoned man +was captured at sea by Algerine pirates. Thus he became the slave +of these corsairs for two years. When he arrived it was soon +seen what a beastly and detestable monster had been sent as a +reformer of the morals of the people of Albemarle. He was the +most shameless reprobate ever seen as a Governor in America. He +took bribes, stole property and appropriated the Indian trade to +his own uses, growing worse and worse until the people, in 1688, +could no longer endure his iniquities, and drove him from the +place he disgraced. He went to South Carolina, and after his +sentence to twelve months exile had expired, returned to North +Carolina and died in 1692. + +1689-93. + +4. Philip Ludwell and Alexander Lillington were the next rulers +in North Carolina, and the administration of the latter witnessed +the triumph of the colonists in the consent of the Lords +Proprietors to the abolition of the Fundamental Constitutions. +This event occurred in 1693, and brought no little joy to the men +who had so long and successfully opposed it as the Constitution +of North Carolina. + +1695-96. + +5. Thomas Harvey ruled next in Albemarle, while John Archdale, a +wise and benevolent Quaker, was put in charge of all the +settlements in what was North Carolina, and also those on Cooper +and Ashley Rivers, in South Carolina. In the year 1696 a severe +pestilential fever visited all the tribes of Indians along +Pamlico Sound and destroyed nearly all of them. The Colonists, +soon after this, feeling somewhat safer from Indian attacks, +began to form settlements southward. + +1704. + +6. Henderson Walker succeeded to the rule by virtue of his place +as President of the Council. After him Colonel Robert Daniel, +who had made reputation in an expedition against the Spaniards in +Florida, became, in 1704, the Governor of the province. + +7. Governor Daniel was probably the mistaken and ignorant agent +of Lord Carteret, who happened then to be the Palatine, or chief +of the Lords Proprietors, in a foolish effort at reform. +Carteret, like James II., was by no means a pattern in morality, +but became impressed with his duty to cause the Assembly to pass +a law making the Episcopal Church the State Church in the +province, as it was in England. + +8. The Baptists and Quakers were numerous, and both of these +sects were sternly opposed to any such regulation. The law was +passed in spite of their votes to the contrary, and provided for +building churches, buying glebe lands, and public taxation to pay +the rectors' salaries, but did not visit any disqualification or +punishment upon nonconformists. The first Episcopal preacher +arrived at Albemarle in 1703, and the first church was built in +1705, in Chowan county. + +9. These persons, who were not members of the Episcopal Church, +said they were already paying for the support of their pastors, +and at once declared that they would not submit to the injustice +of paying money to men who were the leaders in the persecutions +of Baptists and Quakers in England and America. + +10. The Presbyterians of South Carolina sent John Ashe, of that +section, to London to resist the confirmation of the law, and +Edmund Porter was sent, for the same purpose, by the people of +Albemarle. Ashe died in London before he knew of his success. +Both Queen Anne and the House of Lords denounced the innovation +as unjust and impolitic, and the law was therefore annulled by +Her Majesty in her privy council. + +11. It was thus, year by year, that the Carolinians kept up their +struggle for freedom and equality before the law. The ocean +stretched between them and the men who sought their oppression, +and large expenditures, both in money and heartwearing efforts, +were undergone, as the dangerous and alarming years went by; but +these men of the woods never wavered in their determination to be +free. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who was sent from England to succeed John Culpepper as +Governor of Carolina? Who followed Governor Harvey in office? +What was the condition of affairs in the colony under these +Governors? + +2. Who became Governor in 1681? Who was Seth Sothel, and why was +he selected? + +3. What befell Sothel on his way to Carolina? What kind of man +was Governor Sothel? What did the people do? + +4. Who next took charge of Carolina? What important thing was +accomplished under this administration? + +5. Who was Governor in 1696? Who had charge of all the +settlements? + +6. What two Governors are next mentioned? + +7. Whose agent was Governor Daniel? What law was passed by the +Assembly? + +8. What two religious sects were strongest opposers of the act? +What was provided for in the statute? + +9. What complaint was made by the Baptists and Quakers? + +10. Who was sent to London in the interest of the Presbyterians? +What man from Albemarle? What was the success of the mission to +London? + +11. What was the almost constant struggle of the people of Carolina? + + + + +CHAPTER XV. + +THOMAS CAREY AND THE TUSCARORA WAR + +A. D. 1704 TO 1712. + +Thomas Carey, who had already reached the positions of +Speaker of the House of Assembly and Lieutenant-Governor, was +promoted to be Governor in 1705. He had been a leader in +opposition to Governor Daniel's church scheme, and for that +reason John Archdale and the Quakers had procured his elevation +to the latter position. It may be imagined what was their +disgust and surprise when it was found that Carey had changed +sides and become the willing tool of Lord Carteret. + +1705. + +2. In 1705 the town of Bath, in Beaufort county, was settled, +and this was the first incorporated town in North Carolina. One +of the oldest churches in the State is at Bath. The bricks used +in the building were brought from England. The edifice is still +in a good condition, and is regularly used for public worship. + +3. When the General Assembly met, Governor Carey announced that, +under English laws, none but members of the English or Episcopal +Church could be allowed to take the oaths necessary to +qualification for a seat in either House. John Porter was +thereupon sent to London to make known this fresh outrage and +betrayal of the people. + +4. He was soon back with orders for Carey's removal; and the +General Assembly elected William Glover by the votes of John +Porter and the men he influenced. It is sickening to add that +Glover also immediately deceived the men who were his +supporters, and was found acting and talking exactly as Carey +had done. The next thing seen was the pacification of Carey and +the Quakers, and their re-election of him as Governor. + +5. Two rival governments were thus at open rupture, each +claiming to be the local government in Albemarle. They both took +up arms, and it seemed that bloodshed must ensue. A General +Assembly was called to decide the question of authority. +Members were present with certificates of election signed by +Glover, and another set whose certificates were issued by Carey. +Glover and Carey, with their adherents, occupied separate rooms +in the same building, and great confusion and bitterness +prevailed. Finally the members of Glover's council were +compelled to seek refuge in Virginia. + +6. In such a state of affairs, Edward Hyde arrived from England +with papers directing Edward Tynte, the Governor of both South +and North Carolina, to commission him as Governor of North +Carolina. In the meantime Carey, having heard of Governor +Tynte's death, refused to acknowledge Hyde's claims, and +proceeded to arm and equip his followers. + +1711. + +7. The cruel and crafty Tuscaroras now resolved to avail +themselves of the divisions among the white people. They +procured the Meherrins, Corees, Mattarnuskeets and other tribes +to unite with them in an effort to murder all they could of the +settlers. They kept the secret so well that on the night of the +11th of September, 1711, according to the calendar of that day, +more than two hundred whites were butchered. The Tuscaroras +mustered in their ranks a strong force, which was increased by +their allies to sixteen hundred warriors. The Indians continued +this terrible slaughter for three days, and only ceased when +fatigue and drunkenness rendered them incapable of further continuance. + +8. The Baron de Graffenreid, a nobleman from Bern, had just +established (in 1710) a flourishing colony, comprising about six +hundred persons, Germans and Swedes, at New Bern, at the +confluence of the Neuse and Trent Rivers. De Graffenreid and +John Lawson, the surveyor-general, while on an exploring voyage +up the Neuse River, a few days before the massacre of September +11th, were seized by the Indians. The war council decided that +both the men should be put to death. De Graffenreid made claim +that he was king of the Swiss settlement just established, and +escaped death by promising that no more land should he taken +from the Indians without their consent. The unfortunate Lawson +and a negro servant were put to death by the most horrible cruelties. + +9. Baron de Graffenreid was held a captive for several weeks, +and was set at liberty upon application of Governor Spottswood. +On his return to his settlement he found it in a condition of +almost desolation. He became so disheartened at the prospect +that he soon sold his interest in Carolina and returned to +Switzerland. + +1712. + +10. The South Carolina militia and near a thousand Yemassee +Indians, under Colonel John Barnwell, came as swiftly as they +could to the rescue, and inflicted a stunning blow upon the +savages. They were attacked in a fort near New Bern, and more +than three hundred of the Indians were killed and a hundred made +prisoners. Thinking the league crushed, Colonel Barnwell went +home with his forces, after making a treaty with the Indians, +which was quickly broken. + +11. In this terrible emergency, which threatened the destruction +of so many settlers, Governor Spottswood, of Virginia, did +nothing to aid the colony except keep the Five Nations and Tom +Blount's Tuscaroras neutral in the war. The great danger was in +the possible adhesion of the New York Iroquois to the savage +league. With Albemarle divided, and consequently in a measure +helpless, it was seen that it would be impossible to meet the +Five Nations in battle. + +12. When the next spring had opened, some hundreds of men in +North Carolina were joined by Colonel James Moore, from South +Carolina, with another force of a hundred and fifty of his white +neighbors and the Yemassees, who again were willing to make war +upon their hated enemies, the Tuscaroras. + +13. Another bloody attack upon a fort made of earthworks and +palisades resulted in such slaughter of the Indians that +Handcock, their chief, who had boldly led them before, was so +disheartened at the loss of his braves that, with his tribe, he +abandoned Carolina and rejoined his brethren in the lake country +of New York, who were from that time known as the Six +Nations. They ventured no more among the men who had so +fearfully broken their strength and power as belligerents. The +fort occupied by Handcock and his force was situated where the +village of Snow Hill, Greene county, now stands, and was called +by the Indians "Nahucke." The siege began March 20th, and in a +few days the fort, with eight hundred prisoners, was taken by +storm. Colonel Moore's loss was twenty white men and thirty-six +Indians killed and about one hundred wounded. + +14. In the midst of the danger, in this second year of the war, +yellow fever was seen for the first time in Albemarle. Governor +Hyde fell a victim to its virulence. He died September 8, 1712, +and was succeeded by Thomas Pollock, who had long been known as +one of the richest and most influential of the settlers. +Pollock and Edward Moseley, who was the leading lawyer and +ablest man in Albemarle, were in deadly enmity concerning the +quarrels between the contending Governors. + +15. During this turbulent period among their rulers the people +of Albemarle were giving their principal attention to growing +corn and other farm products. They were improving their +settlements and reaping the full reward of industry and +perseverance. In 1704 the manufacture of tar began, and it was +soon discovered that this native article was destined to become +a very valuable commodity, both at home and in foreign countries. + +16. During the years just considered North Carolina received +large accessions to her population. As early as 1690 French +Protestant refugees purchased lands and began to form +settlements in Pamlico. In 1707 another body of French +emigrants, under the guidance of their clergymen, Phillipe de +Richebourg, located in the same section. A good number of +French Huguenots, also, had formed thrifty settlements in the +Pamlico region and along the banks of the Neuse and Trent Rivers. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How did Thomas Carey become Governor of Albemarle? How did +he disappoint the people who elected him? + +2. Where was the first town incorporated in the State? + +3. What announcement was made by Carey at the meeting of the +Assembly? How was this received by the people? + +4. What orders were brought by Porter? Who was elected as +Carey's successor? How were the people disappointed in Governor +Glover? + +5. What was the condition of affairs? + +6. Who arrived from England, and for what purpose? +How did Carey receive Governor Hyde's demand? + +7. How were the Tuscaroras acting during this public trouble? +What calamity befell the colony? + +8. What befell Baron de Graffenreid and John Lawson? + +9. What further is said of de Graffenreid? + +10. What aid came from South Carolina? Describe the battle. + +11. How did Governor Spottswood, of Virginia, act during this trouble? +What was specially feared by the people? + + +12. How was the colony preparing for war? + +13. Describe the second battle and the result. + +14. What terrible sickness visited Carolina in 1712? Who was one of the victims? +Who succeeded Governor Hyde? What is said of Governor Pollock? + +15. How were the people of Albemarle occupying themselves during these troublesome times? + +16. Give some account of the growth of the settlements in North Carolina. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI. + +GOVERNOR EDEN AND BLACK-BEARD. + +A. D. 1712 TO 1722. + +With the conquest of the Tuscaroras and their allies, a great +danger was removed from the settlements in Carolina. Tom Blount +and his people were assigned a tract of land as a token of the +gratitude of the whites for their refusal to join in the war. +This reservation was first located south of Albemarle Sound, but +was afterwards changed to the region still known as the "Indian +Woods," in Bertie county. + +1713. + +2. In 1713, Colonel Pollock was relieved of his office as +Governor by the arrival of Charles Eden, with full powers from +the Duke of Beaufort, who was then Palatine. Governor Eden was +instructed by the Proprietors to discourage much expansion of the +settlements. He became popular with a large portion of the +people. He lived some years at Queen Annie's Creek, which town +was called Edenton, as a compliment to him. He afterwards bought +a place on Salmon Creek, in Bertie county, and dwelt there. This +place is still known as "Eden House." + +1715. + +3. In 1715 the same Yemassee Indians who had so signally aided in +the overthrow of the Tuscaroras, repeated, in South Carolina, the +bloody work of their old enemies in Albemarle. They were aided +by other tribes, and murdered many white people. The Indians in +the Bath precinct also, taking advantage of the alarm caused by +this outbreak in the southern province, raised the war cry and +murdered several white people on the Pamlico plantations before +they could be checked. + +4. At the request of the Governor of South Carolina, Governor +Eden immediately sent a strong force of both cavalry and infantry +to aid the South Carolinians. Colonel Maurice Moore, who was the +brother of Colonel James Moore, the late commander against the +Tuscaroras, and had become a resident of Albemarle, was in +command. + +5. The oldest statutes of which we have copies were enacted in +1715, at the house of Captain Richard Sanderson, in Perquimans. +Edward Moseley was Speaker of the House of Assembly and differed +with Governor Eden in many matters of provincial policy. Through +all his life as a public man he was intensely devoted to the +interest of the colony; and though warmly attached to the English +or Episcopal Church, was resolute in his advocacy of complete +religious liberty. He formed a strong party of men, who regarded +the Governor as simply the agent of the Lords Proprietors; and +therefore, to be vigilantly watched and checked in any innovation +upon established privileges. + +6. There had been, for years, many crimes committed by pirates +upon the ocean just along the North Carolina Coast. They +sometimes extended their infamous practices to the sounds and +rivers. One Edward Teach, who was also called "Black-Beard," was +the chief of these bloody robbers. He had a fleet of armed +vessels; the largest of which was called Queen Anne's Revenge. +This formidable craft carried a crew of one hundred men, and +forty cannon. + +7. Edward Moseley and others were clamorous for the arrest and +punishment of such horrid offenders against the law, and +denounced Governor Eden as their accomplice. It was brought to +the knowledge of Capt. Ellis Brand, who came in command of a +British squadron in Hampton Roads, that Teach was to be found +near Ocracoke. + +8. Lieutenant Robert Maynard was ordered to go to that point and +capture the outlaws. He found the pirates, who saluted him with +so deadly a broadside that a large portion of the royal men were +slain. Maynard unfortunately got his ship aground in the action, +and his deck was terribly raked by his antagonists' fire. His +case seemed well nigh hopeless, when he resorted to a stratagem. +All of his men were ordered to go below, and soon the pirates saw +nothing but dead men upon the deck. They hastened to board what +they thought was another prize. + +9. But Maynard and his men met them as they crowded upon the +deck, and after a bloody struggle, captured nine men, who were +the survivors of the prolonged and desperate conflict. Among +these was a gigantic negro, who was on the point of blowing up +the pirate vessel when arrested in his desperate purpose. + +10. Black-Beard was slain during the battle, and Maynard sailed +away from the scene of his victory with the corsair's head fixed +upon his bowsprit. The captured offenders were carried to +Williamsburg, Virginia, and there tried and executed, as they +deserved to be. + +11. In the early portion of the eighteenth century the whole +Atlantic coast of America was more or less infested by these +buccaneers. In some quarters they congregated in great numbers, +and made expeditions in which they laid cities under +contribution, and endangered all legitimate commerce in the new +world. They were as cruel desperadoes as have been seen in any +age of the world's history. After long and costly effort by the +English and other governments, they were driven from the seas. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What reservation was given to the Indians? + +2. Who became Governor in 1713? How had Governor Eden been +instructed by the Lords Proprietors? Where did he live? + +3. What occurred in 1715? + +4. Who was sent to aid the people of South Carolina? + +5. At whose house did the Legislature meet? What noted man was +Speaker of the House? Give some description of Edward Moseley. + +6. What famous pirate was ravaging the coast about this time? + +7. Of what had Governor Eden been charged? + +8. Who was sent to capture the pirate? Describe the battle. + +9. How did the engagement result? + +10. What disposition was made of the captives? + +11. What is said of the Atlantic coast during this period? + + + + +CHAPTER XVII. + +GOVERNOR GABRIEL JOHNSTON. + +A. D. 1722 TO 1748. + +Upon the death of Governor Eden in 1722, Colonel Thomas +Pollock, as President of His Majesty's Council for North +Carolina, assumed the place of Governor, but he died in a short +while and was succeeded by William Reed. That year Bertie +precinct was erected west of Chowan River, and court houses were, +for the first time, ordered to be built. Not only the General +Assembly, but courts and all public affairs, up to this time, had +been held in private houses. + +2. North Carolina then comprised three counties. These were +Albemarle, Bath and Clarendon. Albemarle contained Currituck, +Pasquotank, Perquimans, Chowan and Bertie precincts. Bath and +Clarendon, though counties, were not subdivided at this time. + +1724. + +3. The Lords Proprietors, as the last evidence of their lack of +wisdom and interest in the province they had so long cursed with +their misrule, sent over George Burrington. After the creation +of the counties of Bath and Clarendon the representative of the +Lords Proprietors was called "Governor of North Carolina." + +4. Governor Burrington's character was very bad; he had been +indicted and punished in the Old Bailey, in London, for beating +an old woman, and was, all his life, drunken and quarrelsome. +Yet such a man came over to be the guardian of a people who knew +not when they were to be tomahawked by the savages or driven into +further exile by the zealots who were disturbed at the nature of +their religious belief. + +1725. + +5. This weak and wicked ruler only remained one year in charge, +when Sir Richard Everhard came to replace him. They were +brothers in iniquity, and before Burrington left Edenton these +two men disgraced themselves by fighting in the streets of that +village. The General Assembly met at Edenton, and by enactment +of law the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia was +run in November of this year. + +1729. + +6. Such rulers as have just been mentioned so utterly disgusted +every one in the colony that the King and Parliament were +petitioned to buy the province and abolish the rule of those who +had only hindered its growth. So, in 1729, for the sum of forty- +five thousand dollars, all of the proprietors except Lord +Carteret, sold to the crown their interest in Carolina . Thus, +after sixty-six years of unbounded misrule, these men in London +who had so greatly cursed North Carolina by their ignorance and +mistakes, surrendered their title to property which had never +paid them more than about one hundred dollars a piece in any one +year. + +7. They had never really cared for the people whom they were so +anxious to disturb with their crude notions of religion. The +schemes of London merchants were of far more moment thanthe +welfare of Albemarle, and the folly of the Fundamental +Constitutions was to be upheld even at the ruin of the province. + +8. As an earnest of the want of care King George I. was to +exhibit towards the colony, Governor Burrington was sent back to +the people who were already so well acquainted with his faults of +temper and character. He soon got into trouble with the leading +men of the province, and pretending to go to South Carolina, +returned to England, where he was soon after killed in a night- +brawl in the city of London. + +1734. + +9. Nathaniel Rice was Governor until the arrival and +qualification of Gabriel Johnston, who took the oaths of office +at Brunswick, on the Cape Fear River. Governor Johnston was a +Scotchman, who had lived for several years in London, and was to +prove the wisest and best of all the men sent over to rule the +people in Carolina. He married Penelope Eden, daughter of the +late Governor, and dwelt at her home on the Chowan River. + +10. There were no troubles between the Governor and people in the +time of Governor Johnston's administration. Sometimes Edward +Moseley, always a stickler for the rights of the colonists, would +carry some dispute into the General Assembly, but the measures of +Governor Johnston, as a general thing, were pleasing to all +classes of the people and received their support. + +11. At this period, Dr. John Brickell, with a party of white men +and Indians, was sent by the General Assembly to explore the +mountain region of Western North Carolina. He went into East +Tennessee in his travels among the Cherokees. He brought back +wondrous accounts of the beauty of the region and of the +simplicity and kindness of the natives. Dr. Brickell practiced +medicine in Edenton and wrote an interesting book about the North +Carolina of that day. + +1740. + +12. During the Spanish war Governor Johnston enlisted four +hundred North Carolina troops for the expedition that was led by +Governor Oglethorpe against the Spaniards at St. Augustine, in +Florida. They formed a battalion of the regiment commanded by +Colonel Vanderclussen. They were carried under Admiral Vernon to +the siege of Carthagena and participated in the dangers and +horrors of that expedition. But few returned to tell the story of +their disasters. + +1746. + +13. In consequence of the great defeat of the Scotch by the +English at the battle of Culloden, many Scotch emigrants began to +settle in North America. The captives in the struggle mentioned +had been offered choice between death and exile to America. The +emigrants landed at Wilmington in large numbers and formed +settlements along the Cape Fear River. One of their principal +towns was at Cross Creek, now known as Fayetteville. These +Scotch people were brave, industrious, and frugal, and North +Carolina has always esteemed them as a part of her best +population. + +1748. + +14. The province had never grown so rapidly, or been so +prosperous, as in the rule of this wise and excellent man who now +conducted public affairs. The provinces of North and South +Carolina were formally separated in Governor Burrington's time, +and upon the death of Governor Johnston, in 1752, it was found +that the population had been multiplied several times over what +it had been twenty years before, and it now numbered nearly fifty +thousand people. Great quantities of tar, pitch and turpentine, +also staves, corn, tobacco and other products of the farm, +besides pork, beef, bacon and lard were exported. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who became Governor on the death of Governor Eden? What +changes were noticed in the colony? + +2. Into what precincts and counties was North Carolina divided? + +3. Who was sent over by the Lords Proprietors in 1724 as Governor? + +4. Can you tell something of Governor Burrington's past life? + +5. How long was Governor Burrington in office, and who succeeded +him? How did these officers conduct themselves in Edenton? + +6. What large purchase was made in 1729? Which of the Lords +Proprietors reserved his right? What had been the annual profit +to the Proprietors from the colony? + +7. How had these men always felt toward their province? + +8. What was the first act of George I. in the government of North +Carolina? How did Burrington's administration terminate? + +9. Who was Burrington's successor? Who followed Governor Rice? +Tell something of Governor Johnston. + +10. How did Governor Johnston conduct affairs? + +11. What expedition was sent out at this time? What account of +the western country was given by Dr, Brickell on his return? + +12. What occurred in 1740? + +13. How and by whom was the Cape Fear region now being settled? + +14. Give an account of the prosperity of the province during period. + + + + +CHAPTER XVIII. + +THE PIRATES AND OTHER ENEMIES. + +A. D. 1748 TO 1754. + +During the government of North Carolina by Gabriel Johnston, +there was still much trouble from the buccaneers. These were +pirates who chiefly infested the West Indies, where they were +sometimes congregated by thousands at a single place. They were +daring enough to invade cities and countries, and caused great +terror and danger to all honest people within their reach. + +2. In 1748 a fleet of the pirates, under the pretext of a war +between England and Spain, sailed into the mouth of the Cape Fear +River. Instead of the plunder they expected to obtain from firms +and towns, they were bravely met by the people, as the fleet lay +off the village of Brunswick, and after a bloody fight, were +driven back to sea with the loss of one of their ships. From +this demolished craft were taken a number of negroes and +valuables. These spoils which rewarded the gallant defence of +the men of Cape Fear were, by act of Assembly, given to the +churches in Wilmington and Brunswick. + +[NOTE--The pirate chief left his vessel and crew off at Brunswick, +and in a small boat, with a few men, ascended the Cape Fear River +to ravage the farm of Maurice Moore. Col. Moore learned of the +coming of the robbers and boldly met them on the shore with gun +in hand, and compelled them to return without even landing. +While the chief was up the river the fight occurred off +Brunswick, his vessel was captured, and forty men, comprising the +crew were sold by the victors at public auction. ] + +1749. + +3. The year 1749 is memorable because then, for the first time, a +printing press was erected in North Carolina. James Davis +brought this press to New Bern from Virginia, and began, years +later, the publication of a weekly newspaper, called The North +Carolina Magazine or Universal Intelligencer. This occurred in +1765, and the press was used until that time in printing the laws +and proceedings of the General Assembly. + +4. The first movements toward peopling the western sections of +the province were seen this year in the purchase, by the +Moravians, of a large tract of land from Earl Granville. They +called it Wachovia, in compliment to Count Zinzendorf's estate in +Germany. The same region was peopled rapidly by other German +Settlers, with a large addition of Scotch-Irish emigrants. Their +town was named Salem, and is now the county seat of Forsyth. + +1752-53. + +5. Upon the death of Governor Johnston, President Rice was in +charge until the next year, when, upon his death, Colonel Matthew +Rowan succeeded to the place thus made vacant. Colonel Rowan +lived in Bladen, and was a planter of large means. He was +greatly valued, and his name is perpetrated in a county which has +long been important in North Carolina. + +1754. + +6. At this time there was great rivalry between France and +England for supremacy in America. Large as was the area of +unoccupied territory for division between them, they were fast +maturing schemes for each other's expulsion from the Western +Continent. + +7. All around the English settlements, from New England along the +great lakes, and down the Mississippi River, a chain of forts was +being constructed by the French, and the aid of all the Indian +tribes had already been secured except in the instance of the +Iroquois or Six Nations in New York. Lord Dinwiddie, then +Governor of Virginia, sent a messenger to say that these enemies +were even encroaching upon the Old Dominion and erecting a fort +at the junction of the two streams which form the Ohio River. + +8. Pittsburg stands upon the spot where this famous Fort Du +Quesne was constructed. His lordship applied for aid from North +Carolina in an expedition which he proposed to send against these +intruders. Governor Rowan and the General Assembly responded +nobly and promptly to the call. + +9. Colonel James Innes, who had served gallantly under Lord +Vernon at Carthagena, in South America, was put in command of a +regiment mustering more than nine hundred men. Two hundred +thousand dollars was voted for their equipment and supplies, and +with high hopes, the long march for the Ohio River was begun. + +10. When the army reached Winchester, in Virginia, Colonel Joshua +Fry, who was in command of all the forces, died, and Governor +Dinwiddie appointed Colonel Innes his successor. But this +appointment gave offence to the Virginians, who wished Colonel +George Washington, already a favorite of the people, to take +command. The Virginia Legislature, under the circumstances, +would make no provision for the support of Colonel Innes' +regiment, and it was forced to return home. In this way the +generous purpose of North Carolina was completely thwarted. + +11. Colonel Innes died at Winchester soon after. The French +occupied their fort and perfected those arrangements which +resulted, shortly afterwards, in the terrible defeat of the army +commanded by General Braddock. + +12. Another army of Virginians and North Carolinians, about +thirty years after these occurrences, was assembled to attack +Colonel Patrick Ferguson's British and Tories at King's Mountain. +A very different spirit prevailed there. The North Carolina +officers, who greatly outnumbered those of the Old Dominion, +insisted that as they were at home, Colonel Campbell, of the +latter State, should assume command, and their knightly courtesy +was followed by a glorious victory. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who infested the coast during Governor Johnston's term? + +2. How was a fleet of pirates received by the Cape Fear men in +1748? What was done with the spoils? Point out Brunswick and +Wilmington on the map. + +3. What memorable event occurred in 1749? + +4. Give an account of the settlement of Wachovia. In what part +of the State is this settlement? + +5. Who became Governor after the death of Governor Rice? What +kind of man was Governor Rowan? + +6. What were the English and French trying to accomplish in +America at this period? + +7. How were the French preparing for hostilities? What was +stated by Governor Dinwiddie's messenger? + +8. Of whom did Governor Dinwiddie ask aid? How did North +Carolina respond to the call? + +9. To what extent did the province prepare resistance? + +10. What occurred at Winchester? How did this appointment affect +the Virginians, and why? How did the effort of North Carolina to +aid the Virginians terminate? + +11. What was the result of the expedition against Fort Du Quesne? + +12. What other occurrence is mentioned? + + + + +CHAPTER XIX. + +GOVERNOR ARTHUR DOBBS. + +A. D. 1754 TO 1765. + +King George selected Major Arthur Dobbs, as Governor of North +Carolina; and at New Bern, on November 1, 1754, he entered upon +the discharge of his duties. He was a man of high temper, and +very obstinate in support of his views, but devoted to whatever +he believed his duty demanded. His greatest fault was filling +public offices with members of his own family and a disposition +to make jobs for his own benefit. + +2. Governor Dobbs soon visited the new county of Rowan, which was +established in 1753, and included in its area most of the western +portion of North Carolina and a part of Tennessee. He found +Presbyterians under Rev. Hugh McAden, and Baptists under Rev. +Shubal Stearns, establishing churches and laying the foundations +of towns in a region where, but a few years before, no white +people were to be seen. + +1757. + +3. Colonel Hugh Waddell, of Brunswick, was put in command of +troops raised in North Carolina for the French and Indian war. +He had started to join General Braddock's column, but just +previous to the fatal battle on Monongahela River was recalled by +Governor Dobbs to repel the attack of the Cherokees on Old Fort. +This stronghold was built amid the western mountains to overawe +the Indians and as a refuge for the settlers. + +4. Governor Littleton, of South Carolina, by his bad management, +had most wantonly provoked the Over-hill Indians into this +condition of hostility. His foolish and unnecessary interference +and cruelty had converted these usually peaceful neighbors into +sufficient hostility to make it easy for French emissaries to +obtain their active aid against the English settlers. + +5. Captain Dennie, with his company, was also besieged at Fort +Tellico. Colonel Waddell made haste with his battalion and drove +off the Cherokees, burning their lodges and destroying all the corn +he could find. Another battalion remained with General Forbes, +as North Carolina's contingent in the expedition against Fort Du +Quesne. These things occurred in 1757. + +6. In England the administration of the Duke of Newcastle over +American and foreign affairs terminated, and the first William +Pitt succeeded to his place. In every portion of the world +mighty consequences resulted from this arrangement. The fleets +and armies of Great Britain were animated with the zeal and +patriotism of that great statesman. + +1759. + +7. Of all the victories of the year, none was so important to +America as that of General Wolfe over the French at Quebec. It +broke the power of France in the Western Continent, and stopped, +in a great measure, the war waged by Indians upon the frontier +settlements. + +8. At no period has the population of North Carolina increased +relatively so fast as during these years now under consideration. +Up to the death of Governor Johnston it had amounted to no more +than thirty thousand souls, but since that time had more than +doubled. In 1754 the exports amounted to sixty-one thousand five +hundred and twenty-eight barrels of tar, twelve thousand and +fifty-five barrels of turpentine, seven hundred and sixty-two +thousand staves, sixty-one thousand five hundred and eighty +bushels of corn, besides much tobacco, pork, beef and other +commodities. + +9. The most discreditable thing in Governor Dobbs' administration +was his effort to procure the General Assembly to locate the +provincial capital on his farm, called "Tower Hill." This was +the place where the Indians had been defeated by Colonel James +Moore in 1712. He failed in his scheme, and Snow Hill, as the +place is now called, never became the capital of North Carolina. + +10. He was often at variance with the Legislature, or more +properly, the House of Assembly, concerning the courts and +judges. He wished things arranged to suit certain men in London, +and the House resolved that this should not be done, and North +Carolina was left, in the end, with no judges but the justices of +the peace. + +11. Even before this there was much complaint concerning the +extortions of public officers. Although the people were very +poor, the agents of the King and Earl Granville made them pay +enormous license and poll taxes. Francis Corbin, one of the +King's agents, was dragged from his home in Chowan to Enfield, +then in Edgecombe county, to compel him to repay the sums which +he had unlawfully exacted. He gave bail and promised to return +the illegal tribute, but instead of complying he brought suit +against the men who had seized him. The matter terminated in a +riot, in which some of the chief friends of Governor Dobbs were +concerned. + +1765. + +12. The Governor, being old, and weary of contests with the House +of Assembly, at length asked for leave of absence; but died at +his place on Town Creek, in Brunswick county, before sailing for +England. He was devoted to his sense of duty to the King, and +was in many ways deserving of public respect. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who tools the oath of office of Governor in 1754? Can you +give some traits of his character? + +2. What visit was made by Governor Dobbs? How was the new county +of Rowan becoming settled? + +3. Who was put in command of the North Carolina troops? How was +he prevented from joining General Braddock? Find Old Fort on +the map. + +4. Who had incited the Indians to the proposed attack on Old +Fort? + +5. Give an account of Colonel Waddell's expedition-against the +Indians. + +6. What noted man in England had charge of American affairs? +What effect had his administration upon every portion of the +world? + +7. What great victory was gained in America at this period? What +good resulted to the whole country from this victory? + +8. What had been the increase of population in North Carolina? +Can you name some of the exports? + +9. Where did Governor Dobbs endeavor to have the capital of North +Carolina located? + +10. What trouble did the Governor have with the Legislature? +With what result? + +11. Of what extortions did the people complain? How was Francis +Corbin treated, and why? + +12. What is said of the close of Governor Dobbs' life? + + + + +CHAPTER XX. + +GOVERNOR TRYON AND THE FIRST RESISTANCE TO +THE STAMP ACTS. + +A. D. 1765 TO 1766. + +Some months before the death of Governor Dobbs there had come +over from England a handsome, polished and genial officer who +wore the uniform of the Queen's Guards. This was Lieutenant- +Colonel William Tryon, recently appointed Lieutenant-Governor of +North Carolina. He succeeded Governor Dobbs, and left a name +that will never be forgotten in North Carolina. + +2. Governor Tryon was accompanied by his wife and her sister, +Miss Esther Wake. They were ladies of great attractiveness, and +were destined to become so much valued by the people that their +family name is still preserved in our midst, as the name of our +metropolitan county. + +3. There was much gaiety seen at that time in the eastern +counties. The Indians were all gone, beyond the Blue Ridge +Mountains, and the rude huts of old had, in many instances, been +replaced by large and costly buildings of brick. Weddings were +generally celebrated by balls that lasted for a week. +Hospitality was unstinted, and most men of means thought their +establishments imperfect until provided with a private race +course. With hound and horn, there was great diversion, for +game was abundant and the sport open to all who could get a +horse to ride. + +4. In such society the brilliant family of the Governor was of +course at once sure of unbounded influence. Perhaps no man was +ever more warmly esteemed than Governor Tryon during the first +years of his rule in North Carolina. He was gracious and wary +at the same time. He knew whom to cultivate, and while smiling +on all he was fast making friends who were almost ready to die +in his behalf. + +5. The great preacher, George Whitefield, came to the State in +1765, and moved thousands with his eloquence. His new sect, the +Methodist, had until then made no progress in North Carolina, +and his converts went to swell the numbers of the Baptists, who +were more numerous than any other denomination. + +6. There was the utmost kindness of feeling between the new +Governor and the people, when the news came that the English +Parliament had passed a law called the "Stamp Act." It had been +much talked of and denounced in many portions of America, and +now, with a unanimity that is still one of the strangest things +recorded in history, the men of all conditions, in every colony, +arose in frenzy and swore that this law should not be executed +in America. + +7. The Stamp Act required that all colonial legal instruments, +such as deeds, bonds and notes, should be written only upon +stamped paper, otherwise they were not binding, or of any +effect. The paper was prepared in England, to be sold to the +colonists at the heavy tax of one and two dollars upon each +sheet. In addition to this, the act contained a great variety +of other ruinous exactions. Newspapers and pamphlets were taxed +more than such publications at present would cost. An +advertisement in a newspaper paid the government fifty cents; +almanacs, eight cents; college diplomas, ten dollars; and the +fee charged for a marriage license was sometimes as high as +fifteen dollars. The act received royal assent on 22d March, 1765. + +8. The law was oppressive upon the people because of the amount +exacted, but was considered constitutional in England by many +great lawyers who were warm friends of the American people. But +in America it had been held for some time that no tax levied by +Great Britain, without the consent of America, was just; and +thus every man resolved that the Stamp Act should not be enforced. + +9. When the news reached Governor Tryon, at New Bern, the +General Assembly was in session at that place. A very bold and +fearless man, Colonel John Ashe, was then Speaker of the House +of Assembly. Governor Tryon asked of Ashe, in private +conversation, what the House would do as to the new law." We +will resist its execution to the death," said he, and that very +day Governor Tryon sent them all home by proroguing the +session. Nor did he permit them to assemble again until late in +the next year, after the repeal of the Stamp Act. By this means +he prevented the election of delegates from North Carolina to +the Continental Congress which met in New York in 1765 to +organize the opposition to that oppressive measure. + +[Prorogue is to continue or adjourn a legislative body from one +session to another by Royal or State authority. ] + +10. The first step of the people in their resistance to the +Stamp Act was to carry James Houston, who had been appointed +Stamp Agent, before Moses John DeRosset, who was then Mayor of +Wilmington. There, in the presence of many distinguished men of +the Cape Fear country, on the 16th of November, 1765, he was +obliged publicly to resign his office in the Court House of +Wilmington, and make oath that he would have no further +connection with it. + +11. Twelve days later, on the 28th November, 1765, the ship of +war Diligence arrived with stamps. The commander was told by +armed men, under Colonels Ashe and Waddell, that they must not +be landed; and no effort was made to do so. On the 21st +December, 1765, the Governor issued his proclamation dissolving +the General Assembly, and on the same day took the opinion of +his Council and the Attorney-General "whether writs can issue +for the election of a new Assembly, as the circulation of the +stamps is obstructed." The Council and Attorney-General advised +that the writs could go without stamps. + +1766. + +12. On the 6th January, 1766, Governor Tryon, taking fresh +courage from some source, went so far as to issue a proclamation +announcing that the stamps were on board the Diligence and ready +for distribution. It did no good, however, for no one would use +them. Comparative quiet now ensued for some weeks, but it was +only the calm before the storm. + +13. On the 14th of February, two vessels that had come up to the +port of Brunswick without stamps upon their clearance papers +were promptly seized by the Custom House officers, and then the +storm arose. On the 19th, armed men broke open the desk of the +Collector of the Port, and forcibly carried off the unstamped +clearance papers of the two vessels. On the 20th, a committee +of armed men appeared on board the Viper and demanded of Captain +Lobb the two sloops he was guarding. Meanwhile armed men were +continually coming into Brunswick from different counties. + +14. On the evening of the 20th, Mr. Pennington, another stamp +distributor, took refuge in Governor Tryon's house. Shortly +after eight o'clock on the morning of the 21st, armed men +appeared before the Governor's house and sent him a note +desiring him to permit Mr. Pennington to appear before them, and +informing him that it would "not be in the power of the +Directors appointed to prevent the ill consequences that may +attend a refusal." The Governor replied that any gentleman who +had business with Mr. Pennington might see him at the Governor's +house. This, however, was by no means satisfactory, and in a +short time, according to the Governor's statement, a body of +some five hundred men in arms moved toward his house. A +detachment of sixty then came down the avenue and the main body +drew up in sight and within three hundred yards of the house. + +15. Mr. Cornelius Harnett, a representative in the Assembly for +Wilmington, came at the head of the detachment and sent a +message asking to speak with Mr. Pennington; when he came into +the house he told Mr. Pennington "the gentlemen wanted him." +The Governor replied that Mr. Pennington was in his house for +refuge and that he would protect him to the utmost. Mr. Harnett +thereupon said he hoped the Governor would let Mr. Pennington +go, as the people were determined to take him out of the house +if he should be longer detained, an insult, Mr. Harnett said, +they wished to avoid giving to the Governor. + +16. The Governor protested it mattered not about that insult +after they had already offered him every insult they could offer +by investing his house and virtually making him a prisoner +before any grievance had been made known to him. + +17. Mr. Pennington growing apprehensive and showing a +disposition to go with Mr. Harnett, the Governor suggested to +him that he resign before he left. To this he agreed, and +thereupon the Governor let him go. He was afterward compelled +to take an oath that he would never issue any stamped paper in +the province, as were all the clerks of the county courts and +other public officers. The inhabitants, in the language of the +Governor, having redressed, after the manner described, their +grievances complained of, left the town of Brunswick about one +o'clock on the 21st. These things were done, it must be borne +in mind, in the broad daylight, and by men perfectly well known, +and without a particle of disguise. After this, vessels entered +and left the ports of North Carolina as if no Stamp Act had ever +been passed. + +18. On June 13, 1766, came news from England of the repeal of +the law that had so terribly excited and aroused America. +Governor Tryon announced the fact in a proclamation, but he had +been humiliated by the resistance at Wilmington, and from that +hour, probably, determined on the revenge which he afterwards +exacted at Alamance. + +[NOTE--Governor Tryon desired to regain his influence, for +political purposes, over the people whom he had so greatly +offended; and he ordered a general muster at Wilmington. He +prepared a feast for the militia, of whole oxen roasted, and +barrels of beer. When the feast was ready the people rushed to +the tables and threw the oxen into the river and emptied the +beer upon the ground. A general fight ensued between the +militia and the men of the English vessels, and perfect quiet +was not restored for several days.] + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What distinguished person have we now under consideration? +How did he become Governor of North Carolina? + +2. Who accompanied Governor Tryon? What is said of the two +ladies? + +3. Tell something of life in the eastern counties at this time. + +4. How did the Tryon family become very influential? + +5. What great preacher came to North Carolina in 1765? +How were his labors rewarded? + +6. What memorable law was passed by Parliament? +How was the news received in North Carolina? + +7. What can you tell of the Stamp Act? + +8. What is said of the law? + +9. Under what circumstances did the news reach the Governor? +What did the Governor do concerning the Assembly? + +10. Mention the first act of resistance to this law. + +11. When did the Diligence arrive? What occurred on her arrival? + +12. What did the Governor do on January 6th? With what result? + +13. What trouble befell the Viper? + +14. What occurred on February 20th? + +15. What further is said of this affair? + +16. What did the Governor say of these things? + +17. What was the conclusion of this affair? + +18. What joyful news was received on June 13th, 1766? +How had Governor Tryon been affected by the resistance of +the people to the Stamp Act? + + + + +CHAPTER XXI. + +GOVERNOR TRYON AND THE REGULATORS. + +A. D. 1766 TO 1771. + +In the middle and western counties of North Carolina in the +period referred to, there was collected a large increase of +population. Immigrants had come in large companies from +Scotland, Ireland, England and Germany. Fully two hundred +thousand inhabitants were by that time to be found east of the +Blue Ridge Mountains. They were separated by that great barrier +from the Cherokees, who latterly had well respected this line of +separation. + +2. A great portion of the western settlers had recently come to +their new homes, and were very poorly provided with the means of +living. They were hundreds of miles from market, and made +nothing on their farms to sell but wheat. These farmers were +taxed about twelve dollars apiece on the poll, and paid an annual +rent of seventy-five cents on each one hundred acres of their +land. + +3. When they hauled wheat to Cross Creek, now Fayetteville, it +realized but little more than enough to pay for the salt needed +in the family. Sugar and coffee were luxuries in which they +rarely indulged. It can thus be seen how cruel would have been +even an honest collection of what the laws demanded of these +recent settlers as taxes. When these sums were enormously +increased by dishonest sheriffs the farmers were in despair, for +it was beyond their power to pay. + +4. The farmers knew they were being cheated, and resolved to put +an end to such practices. Colonel Edmund Fanning, of Hillsboro, +in Orange county, was growing rich as Register of Deeds, and was +the ringleader in this oppression of the people. + +5. In this same county lived Herman Husbands, who was a Quaker +preacher, and, though of limited education, was a man of +considerable natural abilities. He prevailed on his neighbors at +Sandy Creek to form an association for mutual protection against +the wrongs of the public officers. His organization was known as +the "Regulators," and they were to help each other in the +lawsuits and indictments growing out of a refusal to pay unlawful +demands. + +6. This was wise and proper, as these men were not rebellious, +but only desired relief from oppression, but Husbands should have +joined the league he was thus creating, and thereby shared the +liabilities of the members. This he would not do, but preached +and harangued until the people were in a fever of excitement. + +1768. + +7. The first trouble grew out of a seizure of a horse from one of +two men sent to Hillsboro on a mission to the sheriff. The +Regulators retook the horse by force, and fired into the roof of +Colonel Fanning's house. That night Husbands was arrested and +carried to Hillsboro, and gave bail for his appearance at the +next Superior Court. He had hardly left Hillsboro before seven +hundred men came to his rescue; they went away with promises made +by Isaac Edwards, who was Tryon's Secretary, that the Governor +would redress their wrongs. + +8. Governor Tryon went to Hillsboro in a few weeks, but condemned +only the people who had asked his aid, and, after going further +west, came back to the Superior Court with an army of eleven +hundred men, which he had raised in Mecklenburg and Rowan +counties. Husbands was acquitted on trial, but three other +Regulators were heavily fined and imprisoned. Colonel Fanning +was convicted in five cases of extortion in office, and the +judges, to their shame, imposed a fine of only one penny in each +case. + +9. This marching of troops, and the failure of the court to do +its duty, only made matters worse. The Regulators grew in numbers +and violence until the courts could not be held in some counties. +Husbands was expelled from his place in the House of Assembly and +thrown into prison for a libel on Judge Maurice Moore. His +release was effected in time to stop a crowd of several hundred +men from going to New Bern, where they had declared they would +release him and burn the splendid palace the Governor had just +built. + +1771. + +10. Matters continued to grow worse until, in 1771, Governor +Tryon raised an army in the eastern counties, under a law of the +Assembly, and marched to Orange to put down what he called the +"rebellion of the Regulators," Colonel Waddell, with another +body of troops, marched from Salisbury to join him, but was met +by the Regulators and driven back. + +11. On the 16th of May, 1771, the force of Governor Tryon, +numbering eleven hundred men, met about two thousand of the +Regulators at a place called "Alamance," in Orange County. In +the battle that ensued there was stubborn fighting until the +ammunition of the Regulators was exhausted, and they were driven +from the field. Many men lost their lives, and all that was +gained by North Carolina, after a noble resistance to oppression, +was that Edmund Fanning and others, who were largely responsible +for all its disorders, left the province. + +12. The brutal malice and cruelty in Governor Tryon's character +was exhibited soon after the battle. Several prisoners were +taken by him, and one of them, a poor half-witted youth named +James Few, was, by Tryon's order, hung on the spot without trial. +Twelve other prisoners were soon convicted of high treason and +sentenced to death. Six of them were hanged almost immediately; +the execution of the others was delayed for a few days in order +that a grand military display might be made on the occasion, the +details of which the Governor superintended in person. + +[NOTE--It has been said that the battle of Alamance was begun by +Governor Tryon, who fired the first gun at a prisoner named +Robert Thompson, killing him instantly. The men seemed to +hesitate about beginning the fight, and Governor Tryon, rising in +his stirrups, exclaimed: "Fire! fire on them, or on me!"] + +13. Governor Tryon left the province a month after the battle of +Alamance to become, by the king's appointment, Governor of New +York. He had signally failed to do his duty in compelling his +subordinates to deal honestly with the people, but yet he +retained the confidence of many able and patriotic men. Richard +Caswell and many other leaders in the province were distressed +that he had ceased to be the Chief Magistrate of North Carolina. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How were the middle and western sections of North Carolina +being peopled at this period? + +2. Give some description of these people. How were they taxed? + +3. What return did the sale of their crops bring them? How was +theirs a hard lot? + +4. By whom were the poor farmers being oppressed? + +5. What noted man is now mentioned? Can you tell something of +the acts of Herman Husbands in the province? + +6. How did he shrink from becoming a member of his league? + +7. What was the first trouble? How did they settle the matter? +Mention some circumstances of the trial of Husbands? + +8. What was the result of Governor Tyron's visit to Hillsboro? +How did the trials at court terminate? + +9. How were the Regulators affected by this "mock judgment"? +Into what trouble did Husbands next fall? + +10. What steps were taken by Governor Tryon towards crushing the +Regulators? By whom was his army reinforced? + +11. Can you describe the memorable "Battle of Alamance"? What +benefit was derived from it? Point out on the map the scene of +the battle. + +12. What was Governor Tryon's conduct after the battle? + +13. When did Governor Tryon leave North Carolina, and for what +purpose? + + + + +CHAPTER XXII. + +GOVERNOR MARTIN AND THE REVOLUTION. + +A. D. 1771 TO 1774. + +James Hasell, as President of the Council, assumed the conduct of +affairs until the arrival of the new Governor. This new +Governor, Josiah Martin, was born 22d April, 1737, and had been a +Lieutenant-Colonel in the British Army, which position he was +obliged to resign on account of his health. He then sought civil +employment and was appointed Governor of North Carolina. He was +a far more honorable man than Tryon. He had no unworthy +favorites, as Tryon had, and concocted no selfish schemes for his +own benefit or that of his family, but was exceedingly obstinate +and strict in the observance of royal prerogatives. Unattractive +in his manners, and very positive in his opinions, he sometimes +failed to withhold the manifestations of his displeasure towards +those who might happen to differ with him, no matter how +honestly. Perhaps, however, in the fierce antagonisms of the +times in which he ruled in North Carolina, his real virtues were +not appreciated as they deserved. + +1771. + +2. Governor Martin met the Assembly, for the first time, in New +Bern, on the 19th of November, 1771. At his suggestion, the +Legislature passed an act of amnesty toward all persons engaged +in the war of the Regulation except Husbands and a few +other leaders. Such wise and merciful action, however, was not +to be the rule of his life. + +3. It had long been felt that the taxes were exceedingly +burdensome, and, from a statement made to the Legislature at this +time, by one of the public treasurers, of the real condition of +the public funds, it was seen that these taxes had been, for a +time at least, unnecessarily imposed. The treasurer showed that +a full collection of the amounts in arrear, for which security +had been given, would discharge the entire public debt and leave +in the public treasury the sum of twenty thousand dollars. A +bill was at once passed in both houses of the Legislature, and +without opposition in either, discontinuing the special taxes +that had been devoted to the extinguishment of the public debt. +Governor Martin, however, vetoed the bill, and thus began a +series of conflicts with the Legislature that lasted until his +expulsion from the province. + +4. The repeal of the Stamp Act had been gratefully received; but +Parliament still excited great apprehension by an express and +formal assertion of its powers to tax America. It had cost +immense sums to the Crown to drive out the French, and much money +was still needed to pay British expenses in America. It was +insisted that the colonies ought to pay their fair share in these +burdens. The great question was, how this was to be done. If +Parliament could levy what it pleased, then Americans were no +longer free, in that they were not masters of their own purses. +Many propositions were made to arrange the difficulty, but none +were satisfactory to both sides. + +1773. + +5. So dissatisfied was Governor Martin with his first Legislature +that he speedily dissolved it, and did not permit a new one to +meet until the last of January, 1773. The new Legislature met in +New Bern, and the House gave notice of its temper by electing as +its speaker John Harvey, of Perquimans, admitted on all hands to +be the most earnest supporter of colonial rights in all the +province. Upon every important subject of legislation the +Governor and the new Assembly were at variance, and he +accordingly dissolved it on the 9th of March, declaring that it +"had deserted its duty and flagrantly insulted the dignity and +authority of the government." + +6. The next Assembly met in New Bern, on the 4th of December, +1773, and continued in session seventeen days, when it shared the +fate of its predecessor, and was sent home with the injunction to +consult with the people and learn their will. + +7. Short as was the session, however, its action was most +important. On the day after the session began, letters were +received from the Legislature of Virginia and other colonies, +proposing that each province should appoint a Committee of +Correspondence. The proposition was speedily agreed to by the +House of Assembly, and a committee of nine appointed, with +instructions to "obtain the most early and authentic intelligence +of all such acts and resolutions of the British Parliament, or +proceedings of administration, as may relate to or affect the +British colonies in America, and to keep and maintain a +correspondence and communication with all sister colonies, +respecting these important considerations, and the result of +such, their proceedings, from hour to hour, to lay before the +House." + +8. John Harvey, Richard Caswell, Samuel Johnston, Joseph Hewes, +Edward Vail, Cornelius Harnett, John Ashe, William Hooper and +Robert Howe constituted the committee, and certainly, in North +Carolina at least, it may be said there was never an abler one. +By this action the province took position with its sister +colonies on the great question of the day. That the question was +regarded as one of great importance and great gravity, if not of +great difficulty, we need no other assurance than that afforded +by the character of the men into whose hands it was committed. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. On whom did the government next devolve? Who succeeded James +Hasell? How is Governor Martin compared with some of his +predecessors? + +2. Where did Governor Martin first meet the Assembly? What law +was passed? + +3. What was the financial condition of the government at this +period? What act was passed concerning taxes? + +4. How were the people excited by the English Parliament? What +was the trouble? + +5. How did Governor Martin act concerning the Legislature? What +declaration was made by him? + +6. Where did the next Assembly meet, and what was done with it? + +7. What letters were received during the session? What was done +with the proposition? + +8. Who composed the Committee of Correspondence? What is said of +these men? + + + + +CHAPTER XXIII. + +FIRST PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. + +A. D. 1774. + +1774. By this time the propriety of holding a general or Continental +Congress, composed of delegates or representatives duly chosen by +the several colonies, had suggested itself to men of sagacity in +every portion of the country. Wherever made, the suggestion at +once found a lodgment in public favor, and by the time summer had +come it was a generally accepted fact that such a congress would +be held, and the time and place of its session pretty well agreed +upon. During the month of June, 1774, each colony, through its +Committee of Correspondence, was invited to send delegates to a +Continental Congress, to be held in Philadelphia during the +coming September. + +2. From its first agitation, the project of a Continental +Congress, to consider the best ways and means of redressing the +grievances of the colonists, was exceedingly distasteful to +Governor Martin, for he regarded it as a most efficient way to +organize rebellion. He resolved that he would prevent North +Carolina from participating in such a Congress, as Governor Tryon +had prevented her from participating in a similar one in 1765. +To this end he determined that during the continuance of the +existing disturbed condition of the colonies no Legislature +should meet in North Carolina, thinking thereby to prevent the +due election of delegates from the province. + +3. To this fixed purpose on the part of Governor Martin, made +known to John Harvey through Mr. Biggleston, the Governor's +Private Secretary, the Congress held at New Bern in August, 1774, +owed its existence. When Mr. Biggleston told him the Governor +did not intend to call another Legislature "until he saw a chance +to get a better one," Harvey replied, "then the people will +convene one themselves." Accordingly, about the first of July, +in accordance with a plan agreed upon three months before between +Willie Jones of Halifax, Samuel Johnston of Chowan and Edward +Buncombe of Tyrrell, Harvey, the Speaker of the House of +Assembly, issued handbills calling upon the people to elect +delegates to a Provincial Congress, as it was called, to assemble +in New Bern on the 25th of August, to express the sentiments of +the people on the acts lately passed by the Parliament of Great +Britain, and to appoint delegates to represent the province in a +Continental Congress. The handbills of this bold Speaker also +invited the people to invest the deputies whom they might send to +New Bern "with powers obligatory on the future conduct of the +inhabitants." + +4. The elections for deputies were duly held about the first of +August, and the Governor, finding himself thus completely +checkmated, was furious. The calm audacity of the Speaker, in +summoning such a body to meet in New Bern, in the very presence +of the King's represent representatives, as the Governor said, +"to concert treasonable schemes against the Crown," astounded +him. + +5. Up to this time Governor Martin had not at all realized how +weak had become the ties that bound the people of the colony of +North Carolina to the mother country. Nor did he believe they +would, with any degree of unanimity whatever, take so bold and +defiant a step in the direction of open rebellion as that +involved in the election of a Congress with powers obligatory on +the people, but owing no obedience to the authority of the Crown. +Yet, at the appointed times and places, with few exceptions, the +people throughout the provinces openly assembled and elected +delegates to the proposed Congress, clothing them with most +extraordinary powers. + +6. This evidence of the condition of popular sentiment in the +province could neither be doubted nor disregarded. Accordingly, +on the 12th of August, 1774, the Governor asked his Council to +advise him what to do in a state of affairs so inconsistent with +the peace and good order of the government and so injurious to +the maintenance of the authority of the Crown. After deliberating +for a day on the matter, the Council advised him to issue a +proclamation, and he did so, condemning the elections just held +as highly illegal, and warning all officers of the King, both +civil and military, to do all in their power to prevent such +assemblages of the people, and especially the meeting of the +deputies or delegates at New Bern on the 25th instant. + +7. In spite of all this, the first Provincial Congress in North +Carolina met at New Bern, August 25th, 1774, and elected John +Harvey as Moderator or President. Richard Caswell, Joseph Hewes +and William Hooper were chosen as delegates to the Continental +Congress. Protesting their loyalty to the Crown, but expressing +a full determination to defend their rights as freemen, the +members entered into an agreement that unless their grievances +were redressed they would discontinue all trade with English +merchants. + +8. This Congress was the first great step in the Revolution, +which was to deliver North Carolina and America from the dominion +of a distant King and Parliament. The men of America were soon +to be free from all foreign interference in their government. It +was a bold and hazardous step in Colonel Harvey and the men over +whom he presided as Moderator, but safety in the end was the +reward of those who thus dared to be free. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What important step was suggesting itself to the people? How +was the suggestion received? What was done in June, 1774? + +2. How did Governor Martin regard this matter? What did he +determine to do? + +3. What vas the result of the Governor's plan? What was done by +John Harvey? + +4. How was Governor Martin affected by Harvey's success? + +5. What had the Governor begun to realize? What was done by the people? + +6. What advice did the Governor seek? What was given? + +7. When and where did the first Provincial Congress of North +Carolina meet? Who was Moderator? Who were chosen as delegates to +the Continental Congress? + +8. What is said of this Provincial congress? + + + + +CHAPTER XXIV. + +THE SECOND PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. + +A. D. 1775. + +After the meeting of the first Provincial Congress, at New Bern, +there were, to all observers of intelligence throughout the +world, evident signs of an approaching rupture between the Royal +Government and the people of North Carolina. Each day widened +the breach between them and rendered more difficult an +arrangement of the troubles. + +2. In the regular course of events, if North Carolina would +continue to keep abreast of her sister colonies in the movement +for the preservation of the inherent rights of British subjects, +it was necessary that she should formally ratify and approve the +action recently taken by the Continental Congress, and to elect +delegates to that Congress for a new term. Accordingly, on the +11th of February, 1775, after the Governor had ordered an +election to be held for a new Legislature to meet in New Bern on +the 3d of April, Colonel Harvey also issued handbills for the +election of another Congress to meet at the same time and place. + +3. Both elections were held and both bodies met at the appointed +time and place. Indeed the same individuals were members of both +the House of Assembly and of the Congress. The records show that +every member of the House of Assembly who was present was also +present as a member of the Congress, with only three exceptions. +Colonel Harvey was chosen to preside over both bodies. When +sitting at the House of Assembly the members called him "Mr. +Speaker," but when sitting as a Congress they called him "Mr. +Moderator." According to the journals of their proceedings, the +Congress met at nine o'clock and the Assembly at ten o'clock in +the morning. Upon the face of the journals of the two bodies +their proceedings seem to have been entirely separate and +distinct; it is said, however, to have been otherwise in fact, +and that at one moment the members would be sitting with Mr. +Speaker Harvey as a House of Assembly, under the authority of the +Crown, and at another with Mr. Moderator Harvey, as a Congress in +defiance of the Crown. + +4. As the two Houses of the Legislature met Governor Martin in +the palace, according to the custom of that day, at the beginning +of a session, he saluted them with indignant remonstrances, which +were, the next day, most ably answered in an address prepared by +Captain Robert Howe, of Brunswick. A chief ground of his +complaint was that the Assembly would take no action against the +Congress. He was aptly reminded, however, in reply, that as the +Assembly had no control over its sessions, holding them at his +will and pleasure only, and remembering how that will and +pleasure had been exercised, a Congress that did have control +over itself was absolutely necessary for the protection of the +people. The result was a proclamation dissolving the Assembly on +the 8th of April, that being the fourth day of its session. + +5. The Congress, however, could neither be dissolved nor +dispersed, and proceeded in its work with much deliberation. The +same delegation was returned to Philadelphia; and articles of +association, pledging the members to abstain from all commerce +with British marts, were signed by all except Thomas McKnight, of +Currituck. + +6. It was seen that a crisis was near at hand. Boston had been +held, for months past, in a state of siege. At length, on April +19th, came the encounter at Lexington. Accidents are constantly +heard of wherein more lives are lost, but this little skirmish, +small as it was, was enough, with its tidings, to fire the hearts +of a continent. + +7. The tidings of such an occurrence in our day outstrips the +winds. In less than an hour it is known all over the Mississippi +Valley, across the Rocky Mountains, and along the shores of the +Pacific Ocean. But our ancestors of that day had no railways or +telegraphs; so, it was fully two weeks after the militiamen slain +at Lexington had stiffened in their blood that Richard Caswell +heard of it in Petersburg, Virginia. + +8. A courier was hurrying southward with the tidings, but it was +not until May 19th that the people of Mecklenburg, in North +Carolina, became aware of what had occurred. At the village of +Charlotte upon that day a large concourse of the leading men of +that county had assembled. Fired at the nature of the startling +intelligence, they held a convention, and after remaining in +session all night, on the morning of the 20th, passed resolutions +of independence that will immortalize their names. + +9. All America, while arming for the war, was still protesting +loyalty to the King, but these men of Mecklenburg leaped to a +conclusion, the expediency of which more than a year of blood was +required to impress on the minds of their countrymen. Abraham +Alexander presided in the meeting, and the famous "Mecklenburg +Declaration of Independence" was drawn by Dr. Ephraim Breyard. + +[NOTE--The men of Mecklenburg held another meeting on May 31st, +and adopted a system of government and military commissions. +These people publicly declared themselves free from English rule +nearly fourteen months before the Declaration of Independence at +Philadelphia.] + +10. The news from Boston was speedily followed, in North +Carolina, by mournful tidings from Perquimans county. Colonel +John Harvey, after so many strenuous efforts to put North +Carolina in readiness for the storm, sank under disease, and died +at his place in "Harvey's Neck," on the Albemarle Sound. No +braver or wiser man has ever borne a part in the conduct of +affairs in North Carolina. + +11. Apprehensive for his own safety and that of his family, +Governor Martin at once made preparations for leaving New Bern. +He sent his family to New York by sea, but went himself by land +to Fort Johnston, at the mouth of the Cape Fear. * But even Fort +Johnston proved unsafe as a place of refuge, and in July the +Governor left it and went on board the war sloop Cruiser, then +lying in the river before the fort. On the same day Colonel +Ashe, with five hundred men, burned the fort to the ground. + +*Governor Martin took advantage of this journey to visit the +Scotch settlements on the upper Cape Fear, and set on foot the +insurrection that culminated in the battle of Moore's Creek +Bridge. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What signs were observed after the first Provincial Congress? + +2. What was necessary for North Carolina to do? What was done on +February 11, 1775? + +3. What is said of this election ? Describe the Legislature and +Congress? + +4. How was the Legislature received by the Governor? How did +Captain Howe answer him? + +5. What was done by the Congress? + +6. What startling news was received on April 19th. + +7. How did the circulation of news in 1775 differ from the +present? Who was first to receive the news of Lexington? + +8. When did the tidings reach Mecklenburg? What great event +occurred at Charlotte? Find this city on the map. + +9. What was the attitude of the American people at this time? By +what name have the Charlotte resolutions always been known? + +10. What sad news next thrilled North Carolina? + +11. What was done by Governor Martin? What occurred at Fort +Johnston? + + + + +CHAPTER XXV. + +THE CONGRESS AT HILLSBORO. + +A. D. 1775. + +It had been seen at New Bern that Colonel Harvey's days were +numbered, and Samuel Johnston had been empowered, in case of the +Moderator's death, to order an election for another Congress to +meet at Hillsboro whenever he should deem it necessary. +Accordingly (Colonel Harvey having died) the Congress met, at +the call of Mr. Johnston, in Hillsboro, on the 20th of August, +1775, and a memorable Congress it was. Samuel Johnston was its +President. + +2. When Governor Martin left New Bern royal authority was +virtually at an end in North Carolina, but it was at Hillsboro, +and by the Congress there assembled, that its last vestige was +swept away. The time had come when, if North Carolina intended +to stand with her sister colonies, she must take up arms and +appeal to the God of battles. This she was ready to do without +any hesitation, and this she did do at Hillsboro, giving +publicly to the world her reasons for so doing. + +3. The Governor sent to Samuel Johnston a copy of his +proclamation, dated on board His Majesty's ship Cruiser, at Cape +Fear, on the 8th of August, 1775, in which he warned the people +against the Hillsboro Congress as a dangerous and +unconstitutional assembly, and of baneful influence; and +further, that to assemble men in arms in the province without +authority from the King, was a violation of law for which they +would be held answerable. In reply to this proclamation, which +was duly laid before the Congress by the Moderator, Mr. +Johnston, it was formally resolved that the proclamation was a +false, scandalous, scurrilous and seditious libel, tending to +disunite the good people of the province; "and further, that the +said paper be burnt by the common hangman." + +4. Accepting the recent flight of Governor Martin to the British +war-sloop Cruiser as an abdication of the government of the +Crown, the Congress proceeded to put in its place a government +of the people, and established what in this day would be called +a provisional government. Cornelius Harnett* was at its head. + +*This man was the second of the name. His father came to +Clarendon in Governor Burrington's time, and was all his life +afterwards a member of the council. This Cornelius Harnett was +well educated, and was so intensely devoted to the American +cause that he was called in that day "the Samuel Adams of North +Carolina." + +5. On the third Tuesday in October in each year delegates to a +Congress were to be elected, which Congress was to meet on the +10th of November following, unless otherwise directed. When in +session Congress was, of course, supreme; when not in session, +ample authority was vested in a general or provisional council +and subordinate or district committees of safety. The province +was divided into six military districts, and as far as possible, +put on a war footing. + +6. The ordinary militia organization was perfected and monthly +drills ordered; a special organization of minutemen, as that +class of troops was called, was provided for each district, and, +in addition, two regiments of regulars were ordered as the +contingent of the province for the Continental army. Provision +was also made for the purchase, anywhere and everywhere, of +arms, powder, lead, salt and saltpetre; for the manufacture at +home of salt, saltpetre, powder, and for the refining of +sulphur; for the manufacture of brown and writing paper, cotton +and woolen cards, linen and woolen cloths, pins and needles, and +for the erection of furnaces for making iron and steel and iron +hollow ware, and of rolling mills for making nails, large +premiums were offered. A census, too, was ordered to be taken +without delay. + +7. An issue of money to meet expenses was also provided for. In +a word, every function of government was from that time +exercised in the name and by the authority of the people of +North Carolina. Virtually the province was under martial law, +but it was under martial law self-imposed. + +8. It is evident that the men who constituted the Hillsboro, or +third Provincial Congress, knew perfectly well what they were +doing, and had fully counted the cost. Success meant freedom, +and would make them patriots; failure meant abject submission to +a foreign government, and would make them traitors. Knowing +this, they deliberately put a government of the people in the +place of the government of the King; they put an army in the +field and provided it with arms and ammunition; and, as if +looking ahead to a long and protracted struggle, during which +their ports would be doubtless blockaded, they sought at once, +by the offer of large bounties to encourage the manufacture at +home of such articles as were of common use and prime necessity. +They were indeed both bold and far-seeing, those men of the +Hillsboro Congress, and well they might be, for they were the +best and bravest of the province-men whose names are now +household words throughout the State. + +9. The Hillsboro Congress had not called out troops any too +soon, for it was discovered that both Governor Martin, in North +Carolina, and Lord Dunmore, in Virginia, were engaged in schemes +to excite insurrections among the negro slaves. Colonel Robert +Howe, with the Second North Carolina Regiment, was sent to +Norfolk, in Virginia, where the British troops, being beaten at +Great Bridge, were soon driven from the soil of the "Old Dominion." + +10. This occurred in December, 1775. About the same time +Colonels Griffith Rutherford, Thomas Polk and James Martin +embodied their militia regiments and went to South Carolina, +where they speedily crushed a Tory insurrection of certain men +called the "Scovilites." The militia were, of course, aided by +Whig troops of that province. The readiness with which North +Carolina marched troops both to Virginia and to South Carolina +caused her to stand very high in the estimation of the +Continental Congress. + +11. The term "Tory" was applied to men who upheld the royal +authority, and were opposed to any movement to defend the +colonies against the exactions of the Crown and Parliament. The +"Whigs," on the contrary, were at that day demanding that +American commerce should be free, and that no taxes should be +imposed by Great Britain upon the colonies. They were not +enemies to the King, and only opposed to that which they +considered oppressive in the designs of his ministers. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who had been selected to take Colonel Harvey's place? +When and where did the third Provincial Congress meet? + +2. In what condition were public affairs when the Congress met? + +3. What proclamation did the Governor send to Samuel Johnston? +What reply was returned? + +4. What view was taken of the Governor's flight? +Who was placed at the head of the provisional government? + +5. Mention some laws which were passed concerning the Congress? + +6. Mention some further acts of the Hillsboro Congress. + +7. What about the issue of money? + +8. What is said of the men who composed the Congress? + +9. In what scheme was Governor Martin found engaged? +What force was sent to Virginia? + +10. Who were sent to South Carolina? + +11. Define the terms "Tory" and "Whig." + + + + +CHAPTER XXVI. + +THE BATTLE OF MOORES CREEK BRIDGE. + +A. D. 1776. + +1776. The new year, 1776, found Governor Martin still lingering +on board the Cruiser in the Cape Fear River. He was closely +watched by Colonel James Moore, who kept his Command (the First +North Carolina Regiment) in that vicinity. In February came the +news that the Scotch Highlanders and Regulators were gathering at +a place called, at that day, "Cross Creek," and now the town of +Fayetteville. This place and in this connection will be +remembered as the home of the beautiful heroine, Flora McDonald, +and her husband. Like her husband, she was a staunch Tory, and +did all she could to promote the insurrection. + +[This famous woman had won the world's admiration by her heroic +efforts to aid the unfortunate Prince Charles Edward after his +defeat at Culloden. He was being hunted like a wild beast by the +troops of the king, but Flora McDonald bravely left her home and +went off with the disguised Prince, until, after many +perils, he reached a vessel on the coast end thus escaped to his +friends in France. ] + +2. A large fleet and army were said to be on their way from +England to take the town of Wilmington. These Scotchmen, +assembling at Cross Creek by Governor Martin's orders, were in +arms to force their way across the country and join the expected +British army, Colonel Moore at once met them at Rockfish Creek, +where he fortified his camp and awaited an attack. But he soon +found this would not occur, so he sent Colonel Lillington and +Captain Ashe with two hundred and fifty then to occupy a bridge +over Moore's Creek that he supposed would intercept General +Donald McDonald, who commanded the Tories. + +3. Whigs in arms were assembling from different directions, and +the Tories soon saw that unless they passed Colonel Moore they +would be surrounded and captured. McDonald was an old and +skillful officer, and he moved across the Cape Fear River to meet +Colonel Caswell, who was coming up from New Bern with a command +of eight hundred men which had been raised in that section. + +4. Caswell made haste to join Lillington on Moore's Creek, and +artfully led the enemy to believe that he was camping, on the +evening of February 26, 1776, on the same side of the stream with +him. He left his fires burning, and in the darkness crossed the +bridge, removed the timbers except two log girders, and took up a +position supporting Lillington and Ashe, who had already put +themselves in the best place to prevent the passage of the +Tories. + +5. In the darkness of early dawn, on the 27th, Colonel Donald +McLeod took the place of his sick commander, General McDonald, +and fell upon what he had been led to believe was Colonel +Caswell's camp; but his spies had been misled, and his foes were +to be reached only by crossing the bridge before him. The +prospect was appalling, but McLeod was brave, and putting himself +at the head of a picked band of broadswordsmen, he charged across +the remaining two logs of the bridge. It was a terrible moment +when the Whigs saw these dauntless Highlanders, who had so often +broken the strongest lines of troops in Europe, rushing furiously +upon them. But they were cool, and plied the deadly rifles upon +the Scotchmen as fast as they came. + +6. Colonel McLeod fell dead in his headlong charge, being pierced +by twenty-six balls. The carnage was so frightful that the onset +was stayed, and then, as the assailants wavered, Captain Ezekiel +Slocumb, having crossed the creek with his company, rushed from +the woods and charged their flank. A wild panic ensued, and the +Tories fled in disorder from the fatal bridge. + +7. The Whigs followed in hot pursuit, and the victory was +overwhelming. Nearly two thousand Royalists were thus defeated +by eleven hundred undisciplined Whigs. Eight hundred prisoners, +including General McDonald, with all the camp stores, were taken. + +8. There was not a more complete victory during the war. General +Moore's strategy was brilliant in conception and daring in +execution; but no strategy, however brilliant, and no courage +however daring, would have availed anything had not North +Carolina been prepared to put promptly in the field troops with +the necessary munitions of war. These troops that took part in +the campaign came some from above Greensboro in the west and +others below New Bern in the east. Infantry, artillery and +mounted troops were all engaged, and everything went on as +smoothly as if the province had never known anything about war. + +9. The successful conduct of the campaign, requiring as it did +the rapid concentration of troops without railroad, steamboat or +telegraph, and the readiness with which, ninety days previous, we +had sent troops both to South Carolina and to Virginia, +demonstrated beyond question the wisdom of the Congress in its +work at Hillsboro during the summer and autumn before. + +10. The defeat of the Tories thwarted the schemes of Governor +Martin, and so dispirited the Scotch and Regulators that years +elapsed before they gave further trouble. Lord Cornwallis came +into the Cape Fear River with his army, but hearing of the +disaster, sailed away, having effected nothing but an inglorious +descent upon the farm of General Robert Howe. + +11. Thus began and ended the first British invasion of North +Carolina. Colonel Moore was made a General for his skill in +planning the campaign, and Caswell, Lillington and Ashe, with +their gallant commands, were everywhere honored for their bravery +and success. + +[NOTE--A proclamation was issued soon after this, giving pardon to +all who would submit to the government of the King, except +General Robert Rowe and Cornelius Harnett.] + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the situation in Wilmington in 1776? What important +news was received? + +2. What expedition was coming to Wilmington? How was it to be +reinforced? How was Colonel Moore preparing to meet these men +from Cross Creek? + +3. Mention other preparations for a fight. + +4. Give an account of Colonel Caswell's position on Moore's +Creek. + +5. Who commanded the Tories? Describe his charge upon the Whigs. + +6. Give an account of the battle of Moore's Creek. When did this +occur? Locate the scene of this battle on the map. + +7. What was the result? + +8. What is said of the victory at Moore's Creek? What was +promptly done by North Carolina? + +9. What is said of this campaign? + +10. What distinguished British officer entered the Cape Fear? + +11. How did the people feel towards Colonel Moore and other +commanding officers? + + + + +CHAPTER XXVII. + +FOURTH PROVINCIAL CONGRESS +DECLARES INDEPENDENCE. + +A. D. 1776. + +The Hillsboro Congress of August, 1775, formally inaugurated a +war of resistance to British oppressions, but to the Halifax +Congress of April, 1776, was left the crowning glory of being the +first in all the colonies to declare for absolute independence of +the mother country and for foreign alliances. + +2. It was quickly seen when the new Congress met at Halifax, on +the 4th of April, 1776, that great progress had been made in +public sentiment. At Hillsboro professions of loyalty and of a +desire for continued connection with Great Britain, some honest, +but many of questionable sincerity doubtless, were still to be +heard. At Halifax there was neither halting nor hesitation in +avowing that absolute independence from the mother country was +the real aim of the people of the province. + +3. The time for the final plunge had come, and North Carolina was +quite ready for it. Accordingly, on the fourth day of the +session, a committee was appointed to take into consideration the +usurpations and violences attempted and committed by the King and +Parliament of Britain against America, and the further measures +to be taken for frustrating the same, and for the better defence +of the province. Four days later, that is to say, on the 12th +day of April, 1776, a day ever to be remembered in the annals of +America, the committee reported as follows: + +"It appears to your committee that pursuant to the plan concerted +by the British Ministry for subjugating America, the King and +Parliament of Great Britain have usurped a power over the persons +and properties of the people unlimited and uncontrolled, and +disregarding their humble petitions for peace, liberty and +safety, have made divers legislative acts denouncing war, famine +and every species of calamity against the continent in general. +That British fleets and armies have been, and still are, daily +employed in destroying the people and committing the most horrid +devastations on the country. That Governors in different +colonies have declared protection to slaves who should imbrue +their hands in the blood of their masters; that the ships +belonging to America are declared prizes of war, and many of them +have been violently seized and confiscated, in consequence of +which multitudes of the people have been destroyed or from easy +circumstances reduced to the most lamentable distress. + +"AND WHEREAS, the moderation hitherto manifested by the united +colonies and their sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother +country on constitutional principles have procured no mitigation +of the aforesaid wrongs and usurpations, and no hopes remain of +obtaining redress by those means alone, which have been hitherto +tried, your committee are of opinion that the house should enter +into the following resolve, to wit: + +"Resolved, That the delegates for this colony in the Continental +Congress be empowered to concur with the delegates of the other +colonies in declaring independence and forming foreign alliances, +reserving to this colony the sole and exclusive right of forming +a constitution and laws for this colony, and of appointing +delegates from time to time (under direction of a general +representation thereof) to meet the delegates of the other +colonies for such purposes as shall be hereafter pointed out." + +And thereupon the Congress did so resolve unanimously. + +4. With the exception of the Mecklenburg Declaration of the year +before, there had been, up to that time, nowhere in all America a +single organized body to venture on such a proposition. +Individuals like Samuel Adams, William Hooper and Christopher +Gadsden had been heard advocating it; but every other assembly +was yet protesting its loyalty to the King. It was more than a +month before Virginia consented to Patrick Henry's demands, and +the other colonies were to follow at intervals after her +endorsement. + +5. In the annals of the world there is no prouder record than the +entry made on the journals of the Halifax Congress on the 12th +day of April, 1776. A great fleet and army were yet upon the +soil and within the waters of North Carolina, but this could not +deter these resolute patriots from thus taking the lead in a +doubtful and perilous departure from all the ties and obligations +of the past. + +6. It can then be understood how joyously the news was received +at this same town of Halifax on July 22d, that the Continental +Congress, at Philadelphia, had acceded to the wishes of North +Carolina, and had, on the 4th day of the same month, declared the +"Independence of America." + +7. The "Council of Safety" was at that time in session at +Halifax, and by it Thursday, the 1st of August, was set as a day +for proclaiming the declaration at the courthouse in Halifax, and +the people were invited to attend. On the day appointed, +according to the vivid description of an eye-witness, a vast +concourse of people assembled in front of the court house. The +provincial troops and the militia were all drawn up in full +array. At midday Cornelius Harnett ascended a rostrum that had +been erected in front of the courthouse, and even as he opened +the scroll upon which was written the immortal words of the +declaration, the enthusiasm of the immense crowd broke forth in +one loud swell of rejoicing and prayer. When he had finished, +all the people shouted with joy, and the cannon sounding from +fort to fort, proclaimed the glorious tidings that all the +thirteen colonies were now free and independent States. +The soldiers seized Mr. Harnett and bore him on their shoulders +through the town. The declaration was ordered to be read in all +portions of North Carolina, and, except in one county, the +mandate was everywhere obeyed. + +8. All the North Carolina troops then in arms, including the two +Continental regiments and the militia under General Ashe, were in +Charleston. They were spectators of the combat in which the +gallant Moultrie, within his fort of palmetto logs, signally +defeated the same British fleet under Sir Peter Parker that had +been so recently in Cape Fear River. + +9. General James Moore marched northward from Charleston with his +brigade, but died in Wilmington. His death was a serious loss to +North Carolina and the cause of liberty, for in military genius, +as in patriotic devotion, he had few equals and no superior in +America. Colonel Francis Nash succeeded to his place. General +Howe was sent to Savannah, having with him his old command, the +Second North Carolina Regiment. Four new regiments were ordered +by the Provincial Congress and were soon put in the field. + +10. On the same day with the battle in Charleston Harbor, June +28th, 1776, the Cherokee Indians descended from their mountain +homes and murdered two hundred western settlers. General +Griffith Rutherford collected two thousand men of the militia +regiments in his command, and took such swift and ample vengeance +that from that time these Indians ceased to trouble the frontier. +They had been incited by British agents to their disastrous work. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is said of the fourth Provincial Congress? Where was it +held? + +2. In what condition was public sentiment when the Congress met? + +3. What was done on the fourth day of the session? Why should +the 12th day of April, 1776, ever be remembered? Can you state +the substance of this memorable declaration of independence? + +4. What is said of the Halifax declaration? + +5. Tell something of the boldness of this declaration. + +6. What was done by the Continental Congress on May 4th? + +7. Describe the reading of the Declaration of Independence. + +8. Where were the North Carolina soldiers at that time? + +9. What other military movements were mentioned? + +10. What occurred on January 28th, 1776? + + + + +CHAPTER XXVIII. + +ADOPTION OF A STATE CONSTITUTION. + +A. D. 1776. + +After the public avowal by the people of North Carolina, through +their newly organized Congress at Halifax, in April, 1776, of a +fixed purpose to secure, by force of arms, absolute independence +from the mother country, and of her desire to enter into foreign +alliances to accomplish that end, there was no reason for any +longer delay in establishing a permanent form of government for +the colony. Hitherto, pride of consistency in form at least, to +say nothing of a considerate regard for tender consciences, if +not for weak nerves, might well have held them back. After the +action of the Congress on the 12th of April, however, it was +manifest that the day of provisional government was nigh its +close, and that the people of North Carolina must abide the +arbitrament of war to which they had appealed, whether in future +they should be free, self-governing citizens or dependent +subjects of a foreign government. The half-way ground and the +time for temporary expedients were both left behind in North +Carolina on the 12th of April, 1776. There was great division, +however, among the wisest and best men in the province as to the +true nature of the new system of government which had thus become +necessary. + +2. Samuel Johnston was a wise and patriotic leader. He was a man +of wealth and experience in public affairs, and was devoted to +his country, but he thought that new experiments in government +were dangerous, and withal was long very much averse to a final +separation from Great Britain. He wished to keep up the old +system of rule as far as possible; among other reasons, because +he doubted the ability of the people to govern themselves. These +views were also held by General Allen Jones, of Northampton, and +other prominent men. + +3. On the other hand, Willie Jones, of Halifax, brother of +General Allen Jones, was the leader of a majority of the +legislators and the people. He held as the fundamental article +of his political creed that the American people were capable of +governing themselves, and that all political power belonged to +and proceeded from them. Like Jefferson, of Virginia, he +advocated religious freedom, separation of Church and State, +liberty of the press and choice of rulers by the masses at the +ballot-box. + +4. Between these two champions of opposing theories stood Richard +Caswell, a man of excellent discretion and great practical common +sense, who, happily tempering the fierce democracy of Jones with +the more cautious conservatism of Johnston, possessed, in a rare +degree, the confidence of the people of North Carolina of every +faction. A Marylander by birth, he came to North Carolina when +quite a youth, without fortune or friends, and won his unbounded +popularity by long years of unselfish, unstinted devotion to her +service. + +5. Men of strong convictions, especially when accustomed to shape +public sentiment, do not readily yield to opposing views, and it +was a happy thing for North Carolina that she possessed such a +man as Caswell, whose commanding influence enabled him to control +and finally to compose the fierce differences that prevailed in +regard to the character of the proposed new government. At his +suggestion, the matter was postponed until the winter, when a new +Congress would be in session, fresh from the people and in full +possession of their views in the premises; and in this way the +question at issue as to the character of the new government was +remitted directly to the decision of the people,. + +6. By formal resolution, adopted on the 9th of August, 1776, the +Council of Safety called the attention of the people to the fact +that the next Congress would frame a constitution for the State, +and urged, for that reason, that the greatest care be taken in +the selection of delegates at the ensuing election. + +7. The election was held on the 15th day of October, and the +Congress met at Halifax on the 12th day of November, and, on +motion of Allen Jones, made Richard Caswell its President. +Samuel Johnston, after a hot contest, had failed to be elected, +and was consequently not a member. He was in Halifax, however, +during the sitting of the Congress, and doubtless exercised but +little less influence than he would have done had he been a +delegate. + +8. On the 17th of December, that most admirable enunciation of +human rights, the bill of rights so-called, was adopted, and the +next day the constitution was adopted. + +9. The new constitution went into operation at once, with Caswell +as the first Governor, and the great work of supplying the State +with judges, sheriffs, magistrates and other officers began. For +several years there had been no courts to administer justice, +either civil or criminal, except military tribunals and the +various committees of safety. Fortunately, while Governor +Caswell, aided by the legislative authorities, was putting in +motion the untried machinery of a new government, and evoking +civil order from military disorder, our British foes were far +away to the northward. At last North Carolinians lived under a +government of their own making, administered by officers of their +own choosing. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was seen to be the next necessary step after the action +of the Halifax Congress? Can you tell what difficulties had +previously existed? + +2. What views were held by Governor Johnston? + +3. What did Willie Jones consider necessary for the people? What +was advocated by him? + +4. How did Caswell consider these things? + +5. What good influence was exerted by his opinion? + +6. What did the Council of Safety do? + +7. When did the Congress meet? Who was chosen to preside? What +was done on December 17th? + +8. Who was the first Governor of North Carolina under the +constitution? Describe the condition of affairs? + + + + +CHAPTER XXIX. + +THE WAR CONTINUED. + +A. D. 1777 to 1779. + +All of the North Carolina Continentals were with General +Washington early in the new year 1777. They reached him in a +great emergency. His army had just been driven from New York +across the State of New Jersey, and such had been his losses by +battle and otherwise, that when he reached the Delaware River he +could hardly muster five thousand men. + +2. Sir William Howe, the British Commander-in-Chief, had twenty- +nine thousand trained soldiers available, and when Lord +Cornwallis, who had been pursuing the Americans, was halted by +him, it was the salvation of the force left with General +Washington. Had Sir William forborne to stop the pursuit of +Cornwallis the struggle might have soon ended in the capture of +Washington. After a week of delay, Cornwallis was permitted to +advance, and even then came up in time to see the last boatloads +of the American troops crossing the great river which so +effectually stopped all further pursuit. + +1777. + +3. When General Nash arrived at the American camp, after his long +march from the south, he brought six full regiments of North +Carolina Continentals, nearly doubling the force upon which the +hopes of America mainly depended. By this means General +Washington was soon after able to confront the advancing enemy in +the battle of Brandywine, on September 11th. At this and other +engagements the North Carolina troops displayed both courage and +discipline. + +4. It was on the bloody occasion of the attack upon the British +force at Germanton, October 4th, that their most glorious record +was made. General Washington entrusted the post of honor on the +extreme right flank of his line of attack to General Francis +Nash. The British were driven by the North Carolinians a long +distance on the right of the village, but the American divisions +which had been sent in on the left failed to dislodge the enemy, +and in this way left General Nash's force exposed both on his +left and rear. + +5. It was a glorious but bloody day for North Carolina. The +brigade suffered heavy loss in advancing, but greater when +compelled to fall back for want of support. General Nash and +Colonel Edward Buncombe were mortally wounded. Lieutenant- +Colonel Irwin and many other gallant officers were slain upon the +field. + +1778. + +6. At length the British forces were directed again toward the +south. On December 29th, General Robert Howe was driven from +Savannah by General Prevost, on which occasion the Second +Regiment of Continentals was confronted by a regiment of North +Carolina Tories under Colonel John Hamilton. Howe and his +command were transferred to West Point, on the Hudson River, of +which important post he was soon commander, with the rank of +Major-General. + +1779. + +7. After 1778 the courts were fully established, and Judges Ashe, +Iredell and Spencer held terms at Wilmington and at five other +towns twice a year. Waightstill Avery, as Attorney-General, +was busy in trials for treason against the State. There were +many men who yet labored to restore the King's authority, and +against them was needed all the vigilance possible, both in the +courts and at military headquarters. + +8. More than three years of the war had passed away without +serious disaster to North Carolina. No invaders disturbed her +borders, and beyond the grief for friends slain in battle, there +was cause for gratitude to God that so few evils of the war had +yet visited the State. + +9. General Washington had evinced such nobility of soul and great +military capacity that all American hearts were soon filled with +love and admiration. With far-seeing wisdom, he was patiently +biding his time to strike his enemies, and in foreign lands other +great soldiers were applauding the mingled caution and boldness +of his military movements. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Where were the North Carolina troops at this time? What was +the condition of Washington's army? + +2. How were the Continental troops benefited by an order of Sir William Howe? + +3. What battle was fought on September 11th, 1777? + +4. On what battle field did the North Carolina troops specially +distinguish themselves on October 4th? Relate the circumstances. + +5. How did General Nash and his troops suffer on this occasion? + +6. What occurred at Savannah on December 29th, 1778? To what +place was General Howe then transferred? + +7. When were the courts of North Carolina fully established? Can +you tell something of the judicial system in that period? + +8. For what had North Carolina cause to be grateful? + +9. What is said of General Washington? + + + + +CHAPTER XXX. + +STONY POINT AND CHARLESTON. + +A. D. 1779 TO 1780. + +The capture of Savannah caused uneasiness in all the Southern +States. It was seen at once that Georgia was but a starting +point in a general scheme of transferring hostilities from the +north. Early in 1779, General John Ashe reached Charleston with +two or more brigades of militia. These were hurried off, at the +importunate demand of the Governor of South Carolina, to attack +the British at Augusta. + +2. General Ashe remonstrated, saying his men were not yet ready +for active service in the field; he obeyed orders, however, and +took the field as directed. On his approach the enemy retired +down the Savannah River, and Ashe, dividing his force, was so +unfortunate as to fall into an ambush on Brier Creek, where his +men, who were raw, undisciplined troops, were taken by surprise +and routed. + +3. A little later, and elsewhere, there was better fortune. At +Stony Point, on the Hudson River, a strong American +fortification had been recently captured by the British. +General Wayne found that it was garrisoned by six hundred Scotch +Highlanders, constituting one of the regular Royal regiments. +The work was nearly surrounded by the river and by morasses, and +the single approach was so swept by the guns of the work, and +also by those of several ships-of-war lying close by for the +purpose of aiding in its defence, that it seemed wellnigh +hopeless to attempt its capture. + +4. But hopeless as it seemed, General Wayne determined to make +the attempt. He drew near at midnight, and with unloaded +muskets, and courage that has never been surpassed, captured the +stronghold at the point of the bayonet. + +5. Two columns of assault were sent in on the right and left; +but to Major Hardy Murfree's two companies of the Second North +Carolina Continental Regiment, as a forlorn hope, was the post +of real honor and danger assigned. They charged full in front, +up the steep hillside, through several lines of abattis, and in +this way received the hottest of the enemy's fire. The capture +of the fort was largely due to the gallantry of the North +Carolina troops. + +1780. + +6. Governor Caswell being ineligible for the next term, was +succeeded, at the beginning of the year, by Abner Nash as Chief +Magistrate of North Carolina. The constitution provided that +after three years' service the Executive became ineligible for +the next term, and Caswell had served three terms. Governor +Nash, like his predecessor, was a man of ability and patriotism, +but did not equal him in the versatility of his powers or his +consummate skill in the management of men. + +7. In February, 1780, all of the North Carolina troops of the +Continental Line had been ordered to the south. They were at +Charleston with General Lincoln, being besieged there by an +overwhelming force under Sir Henry Clinton. In addition to the +army, the British commander had come down from New York with a +great fleet. + +8. The defence was a brave one, but unavailing, and on May 12th +General Lincoln was forced to surrender. It was a direful day +for North Carolina. All of her regular troops and a full +thousand of her militia became prisoners of war. It was a fatal +rashness in General Lincoln to allow himself to be cooped up in +a city. Thus, while no real benefit resulted to the American +cause, or to the State of South Carolina, North Carolina was, at +one fell blow, stripped of all her defenders. + +9. Sir Henry Clinton sailed back to New York after the +capitulation, but he left a man of far superior ability with an +army to continue the conquest of South Carolina. This was Lord +Cornwallis, who was the bravest and most skillful British +soldier then in the world. He was to remain this time long +enough to be forever remembered and to take bloody vengeance for +his inglorious experience with Sir Peter Parker four years before. + +10. The first movement of Cornwallis, after capturing +Charleston, was to send Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton, with his +dragoons, to intercept a column of infantry which was +approaching from Virginia, under the command of Colonel Buford. +These were surprised and cut to pieces. Among others, the North +Carolina company of Captain John Stokes lost heavily in the +sudden and bloody attack. + +11. This disaster occurred in the Waxhaw settlement, on the +State line, not far from Charlotte, in North Carolina. Thus, at +a time when everything indicated another invasion, not a single +troop of disciplined soldiers was left for the defence of this +State, except the two companies of mounted infantry which were +commanded by the gallant Major William R. Davie. This little +band hovered continually in the neighborhood of the scene of +Colonel Buford's defeat. + +12. Governor Rutledge, of South Carolina, upon the fall of +Charleston, offered to cease fighting the British if they would +allow his State to remain neutral for the remainder of the war; +but a very different feeling actuated Governor Nash and his +people when apprised of the great disaster. If her Continental +veterans were all prisoners, there were still brave hearts and +deadly rifles left with which to continue the struggle, and +North Carolina had no thought of quailing. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was apprehended in North Carolina after the fall of +Savannah, and why? Who was put in command of the brigades under +General John Ashe? Where were these troops carried? + +2. What befell the command on the route? + +3. What victory was gained by the Americans on the Hudson River? +Who was in command? Describe the situation of Stony Point. + +4. Give an account of the attack on this stronghold? + +5. What troops occupied the post of special danger? +How did they perform their duty? + +6. Who succeeded Governor Caswell? +Why was Governor Caswell not re-elected? + +7. Where were the North Carolina soldiers in 1780? +What enemy was besieging them? + +8. How did the siege terminate? Why was this surrender disastrous +to North Carolina? + +9. What did Clinton do after the capitulation ? Who was left in command +of the British? What is said of Lord Cornwallis? + +10. What was his first military movement? Describe the engagement +between Tarleton and Buford. + +11. Where did this action occur? What was the condition of +North Carolina's defences? + +12. What proposition was made to the British by the Governor of +South Carolina? What was the sentiment in North Carolina? + + + + +CHAPTER XXXI. + +THE BATTLES OF RAMSOUR'S MILL +AND CAMDEN COURT HOUSE. + +A. D. 1750. + +When the great disaster at Charleston became known to the North +Carolina Tories, and they fully realized that British troops were +close at hand, the spirit that had seemed crushed at Moore's +Creek began to revive. They had suffered indignities from the +Whigs on account of their support of the King, and they now +determined on swift and bloody revenge. + +2. John Moore, who was Lieutenant-Colonel in Hamilton's Regiment, +returned to his former residence in Lincoln county and assembled, +early in June, thirteen hundred Royalists at Ramsour's Mill. +General Rutherford, hearing of this in his camp near the Waxhaws, +thought it impolitic to leave that position because of a +threatened movement of the British then in his front. He +therefore sent orders to Colonel Francis Locke, of Rowan, to +assemble his militia and at once attack the Tories. + +3. No command was ever more promptly or bravely obeyed. Locke +mustered four hundred of his neighbors and went through the +darkness of the night in search of foes outnumbering him +threefold. At early dawn on the 20th, with mounted men in front, +he charged boldly upon the Tory camp that was pitched near +Ramsour's Mill, in sight of the present village of Lincolnton. +The Royalists fled at the first charge, but rallied on a hill and +checked the horsemen in pursuit. The Whigs on foot came to the +rescue and drove the Royalists routed from the field. + +4. This brilliant victory was all-important at that fearful +juncture. It was a bloody and heroic affair; and was a timely +foretaste of the spirit of the brave men of the west. It was a +struggle between neighbors and old friends, and carried +bitterness and sorrow to many North Carolina firesides. + +5. Major Davie, with his small command, commenced a series of +daring adventures, which gave him great reputation for bravery +and military skill. At Flat Rock, and also at Hanging Rock, in +South Carolina, he inflicted such stunning blows, that Tarleton's +Legion learned to be very cautious of a foe so daring and so +wary. Colonel Isaac Shelby also distinguished himself at +Musgrove's Mill. + +6. Thus the militia of North Carolina assumed the defence of +their homes and inflicted such frequent and telling blows upon +the enemy that Lord Cornwallis halted at Camden to receive +further reinforcements before venturing to enter a State whose +undrilled citizen-soldiers had shown themselves so formidable. + +7. Upon the fall of Charleston, General Horatio Gates had been +put in command in the South, in place of General Lincoln. His +success at Saratoga had given him great popularity, and some +misguided men were advocating his advancement even to the place +of General Washington. A short time exposed the folly of all +such views. He was, at best, but a martinet, who had learned +something of military routine in the camps, but was as devoid of +real ability as he was vain and rash. + +8. He came to Deep River on July 25th, where in camp he found one +Delaware and two Maryland battalions of Continentals, Colonel +Armand's light-horse and three companies of artillery, under the +command of the Baron DeKalb. Learning that General Caswell had a +considerable militia force at Cheraw, in South Carolina, he +started, two days later, for the neighborhood of Lord Cornwallis +and his army at Camden. + +9. He reached Cheraw with some additional troops that had joined +him on the march. On August 15th, taking a large portion of +Caswell's militia, he set out with the purpose of surprising +Cornwallis. Colonel Armand was marching in front, when, at +midnight, his dragoons recoiled from an unexpected meeting with +the British vanguard. The collision was unexpected on both +sides, and threw General Gates's column into disorder. + +10. His officers vainly besought him to retreat, as the veteran +forces of the enemy had not been surprised. Both sides halted +and prepared for battle. At dawn Lord Cornwallis sent his +regulars with fixed bayonets to attack the militia on the right, +and these untrained troops, unable to withstand so fierce an +onset from regular veteran soldiers, abandoned the field. + +11. Colonel Henry Dickson held his regiment of North Carolina +militia firmly to the front, and with the Continental, or regular +troops, they offered a stubborn and gallant defence, but the +flight of so many made it necessary to withdraw the few who thus +gallantly stood their ground. + +12. The American defeat was complete. Two thousand men were +killed, wounded and captured. All the stores and transportation +were utterly lost. General Gates fled early in the action, and +spurred on, without stopping, to Hillsboro, in this State. His +defeat nearly ruined the American cause in the South, and his +reputation as a military leader received a severe blow. + +[NOTE--The capture of General Griffith Rutherford at Camden was +one of the most deplorable incidents of the disaster. His +courage, military ability and influence among his people made him +invaluable to the American cause.] + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the feeling of the Tories in North Carolina after the +disaster at Charleston? + +2. Where were the Tories assembling? Who was sent to attack them? + +3. Describe the attack. What was the result? + +4. In what respect was this an important victory? + +5. Mention some of Major Davie's exploits. + +6. How did these engagements affect Cornwallis? + +7. Who was put in command of the Southern forces? What kind of +man was General Gates? + +8. What was his first military movement? + +9. What occurred on August 15th, 1780? + +10. How did the engagement result? + +11. What was said of Colonel Dickson and his regiment? + +12. What was the termination of this affair? How did General +Gates act? + + + + +CHAPTER XXXII. + +SECOND INVASION OF THE STATE--BATTLE OF KING'S MOUNTAIN. + +A. D. 1780. + +The disaster at Camden left North Carolina without defence +against invasion by the British under Lord Cornwallis. But the +spirit of Governor Nash and his people was high, and they did not +for a moment relax their efforts for the support of the war. In +a short time five thousand Continental and militia troops were in +motion for the neighborhood of Charlotte. + +2. Generals Jethro Sumner and William L. Davidson were put in +command of two camps, where the raw levies were drilled and +equipped for the field. Colonel Davie was still continually in +the enemy's front, to watch and report every movement. Since the +rout and dispersion of General Sumter's command by Tarleton, on +August 19th, Davie's Battalion was the only mounted force left in +the South. + +3. In September, Lord Cornwallis at last moved forward from his +camp at Camden. He sent Colonel Patrick Ferguson toward the +scene of the late Tory defeat at Ramsour's Mill. This Colonel +Ferguson was one of the ablest officers in the British army. He +was cool, daring and well skilled in everything relating to the +conduct of military affairs. He could command men in camp and in +battle, and excelled all others in arousing the spirit of the +Tories. He induced hundreds of men to take sides with the King +when another would have failed. + +4. As Lord Cornwallis marched upon North Carolina, Colonel Davie +hung upon his front and fell back only as compelled by the +advance of the British. He made but one dash against his +pursuers before reaching Charlotte; but on arriving there he and +Major Joseph Graham halted under the courthouse, in the middle of +the village, and surprised Cornwallis and the whole British army +by a resistance so bloody and stubborn as to prove the right of +that place to the name of "Hornet's Nest," which Cornwallis +bestowed upon it. + +[NOTE--Davie's whole force did not number more than two hundred +men, and yet so cool and bravely did they meet the British +assault that the enemy was several times driven back. Major +Graham was, at that time, just twenty-one years old, and he +exhibited such courage and conduct as have never been excelled. +In one attack upon him he received nine wounds and was left for +dead on the field, but made his escape.] + +5. The English commander was so harassed by the daring attacks +of the militia upon his men at McIntyre's Farm and elsewhere in +that neighborhood that he concluded to remain at Charlotte until +he could hear from Colonel Ferguson. That officer had halted at +a place called Gilberttown, where his one hundred and fifty +British Regulars were soon reinforced by large numbers of native +Royalists, who came to the English flag to take service in its +behalf. + +6. Colonel Charles McDowell and others, hearing that Ferguson was +enrolling the Tories, met at Watauga and took counsel against +him. No general was present, and McDowell was so old they feared +he would be unable to endure the probable hard marching necessary +to overtake their wily foe. Colonel Campbell, of Virginia, as a +courtesy to one belonging outside of the State, was put in +command by the North Carolina officers, and they set out with +about eleven hundred men to look for the enemy. + +7. Colonels Shelby, Sevier, Cleveland, and Major Joseph McDowell, +of North Carolina, together with Colonel Williams, of South +Carolina, selected nine hundred picked men from their mounted +force, and through the stormy thirty hours of their march kept +their saddles, until, on the morning of the 7th of October, they +found the foe with eleven hundred and twenty-five men on the +summit of King's Mountain. It was a strong position, but the +heroic mountaineers at once surrounded it and began the attack. + +8. Ferguson fought like a lion at bay, but the deadly rifles of +the assailants were plied upon his ranks as the Royalists were +pushed back step by step. Time and again the British commander +headed the Regulars, and by desperate charges down the mountain +side drove back a portion of the advancing Whig lines. At last +Ferguson was slain, after being many times wounded, and soon the +British fire slackened, and then to the nine hundred militiamen +of the hills the remnant of the Royalists laid down their guns. +Six hundred men became prisoners of war. + +9. This was a bloody but a glorious victory. The number of +British dead was unusually great. Their proportion of wounded +was perhaps smaller than was ever seen in a modern battle. The +Whigs lost three field officers, one captain and fifty-three +privates. + +10. It was a most opportune success, and apprised Lord Cornwallis +of what dangers might await his further advance. He became so +disheartened upon learning of the disaster that he at once fell +back to Winnsboro, in South Carolina. North Carolina was again +free from invaders, and the tories of every section felt their +hopes sink as they realized the swiftness and completeness of +this overthrow. Every patriot heart, however, once more beat +with hope and joy. + +11. The victory of King's Mountain was the turning point of the +war in the South, and foreshadowed the final success of the +American armies in the following year. The arrival of General +Nathaniel Greene, who now took command of the Southern army, in +place of General Gates, secured every advantage of the situation. +He was from Rhode Island, and had been a blacksmith, but was a +man of rare military genius, and as such had been singled out by +General Washington to occupy an important place. + +12. General Greene soon proved himself a great commander. He was +gentle, unselfish and true, and loved the cause for which he +fought better than his own life. He was brave, cautious and +quick to seize upon all the faults of his opponent. He could +patiently wait until battle was proper, and even in apparent +defeat was really more dangerous than less competent commanders +with a foe beaten and in full flight. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What number of troops did General Nash raise toward the +defence North Carolina? + +2. What generals were put in command? Where was Colonel Davie? + +3. What move did Cornwallis make? To what place was Colonel +Ferguson sent? What is said of him as a commander? + +4. Where was Colonel Davie? Relate the exploit of Colonel Davie +and Major Joseph Graham at Charlotte. + +5. What were the movements of Cornwallis and Ferguson? + +6. What preparations were made towards attacking Ferguson? Who +is put in command of the troops, and why? + +7. What was the strength of the command? Where did they find the +Enemy? When did the battle begin? + +8. Describe the battle of King's Mountain. + +9. Mention some of the losses. + +10. How did the victory affect Cornwallis? + +11. What officer was sent to take the place of General Gates in the South? + +12. What was General Greene's military ability? + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIII. + +CORNWALLIS'S LAST INVASION. + +A. D. 1781. + +General Greene soon became aware that his great trouble would be +in obtaining food in sufficient quantities to feed an army large +enough to meet the British in open field. Generals Gregory and +Jones were ordered back to their homes, and their brigades were +disbanded because of this poverty of resources in that section of +the country. General Morgan was sent west of the Catawba River; +another camp was established at Cheraw, and the militia of Rowan +and Mecklenburg, under General Davidson, were allowed to await at +their homes for any call that might become necessary. + +1781. + +2. Such was the state of affairs in General Greene's command when +Lord Cornwallis was reinforced by the arrival of another division +of troops under the command of Major General Leslie. On January +17th, Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton, with his famous Legion and the +first battalion of the Seventy-first Regiment, assailed General +Morgan at Cowpens. These men had so often cut to pieces such +American forces that they expected an easy victory on this +occasion. + +3. They were received by the Americans with the utmost coolness +and self-possession. Their deadly fire emptied so many British +saddles that the boldest riders were thrown into confusion. Like +a thunderbolt, then came a charge of the American lighthorse, +under Lieutenant-Colonel William Washington. They rode down and +sabred the terrified Britons, chasing them many miles from the +field. + +4. In less than an hour the eleven hundred British were so +thoroughly routed that they lost five hundred and two prisoners, +three hundred killed and wounded, with all their artillery and +stores. General Morgan had but eight hundred men, and though +flushed with victory, he remembered that the main army of the +enemy was at Turkey Creek, only twenty-five miles away. He +therefore prudently burned his captured stores, and leaving his +and the enemy's wounded under protection of a flag, at once began +his retreat through North Carolina. + +5. He well knew that Lord Cornwallis would be enraged at +Tarleton's disaster and would seek the recapture of his +prisoners. During twelve days the victors fled from the scene of +their glory, while the British were pushing on close behind them. +At the expiration of that time, as the day was closing in, and +General Morgan had just safely crossed the Catawba River, at the +Island Ford, he looked back and saw the British vanguard on the +other bank of the stream. + +6. The exultant pursuers had overcome the twenty-five miles of +start, and feeling sure of their prey, they encamped that night +with the utmost confidence that on the next day they could easily +overtake the fugitives. But they were doomed to disappointment. +Soon a heavy rain began falling, and when the night was past the +river had become a great and impassable flood. + +7. The baffled foe was compelled to halt, for the passage of +the stream was impossible. The high water remained in the river +for forty-eight hours, during which time the British were unable +to effect a crossing. General Morgan sent his militia with the +prisoners on to Virginia, and with his Continentals kept down the +left bank of the river and joined General Greene at Sherrill's +Ford. There they unhappily disagreed as to future operations, +and General Morgan left the service. + +8. During the two days that Lord Cornwallis was stopped by the +rise in the Catawba River, General Greene made arrangements to +dispute its passage. This was attempted at Cowan's Ford, and the +British, after some loss, forced a passage. Unfortunately, brave +General Davidson, who was in command of the militia, was killed, +and upon his fall his men retreated, from the field. They were +surprised by Tarleton at Torrence's Tavern, six miles away in the +direction of Salisbury. + +9. The chase was now renewed and General Greene was again in +great danger. When he reached Salisbury he was so dejected at +the condition of affairs that a good woman named Mrs. Elizabeth +Steele sought to cheer him by words of hope. He explained to her +his almost desperate condition, and that though in command of the +Southern army, he was wholly without friends and without money. +She generously pressed upon him a purse of gold, and, with hope +revived by such an exhibition of womanly sympathy and generous +patriotism, he resumed his retreat. + +10. A rise in the waters of the Yadkin River, after the Americans +had crossed, repeated the scenes witnessed on the Catawba; and +thus, while General Greene was enabled to reach the forces from +Cheraw that had been ordered to meet him at Guilford Court House, +Lord Cornwallis was compelled to make a wide detour up the river +to get across. + +11. Again, in a few days, the Americans, still retreating, found +their enemies once more close up in the rear. For several days +on long stretches in the road, the two armies could see each +other. + +12. General Greene was so hotly pursued that he found it +necessary to check the enemy in some way, and the gallant Colonel +Otho H. Williams, of Maryland, with a corps of light troops +numbering seven hundred men, was detailed to cover the retreat. +This detachment most faithfully performed its duty. Taking but +one meal each day, and six hours' sleep in forty-eight, they +retarded the progress of the enemy so much; by frequent +collisions, that Greene was enabled to considerably increase the +distance between the two armies. + +[NOTE--While General Greene was in the house of Mrs. Steele, at +Salisbury, he caught sight of a picture of King George III. +hanging upon the wall. The picture recalled many unpleasant +memories and hardships to the General. He took it from the wall, +and, with a piece of chalk, wrote upon the back: "O, George, Hide +thy face and mourn." He then replaced the picture with its face +to the wall and rode away. This picture, with the writing on the +back still visible, is now thought to be in the possession of +Mrs. Governor Swain. [Rumple's History of Rowan County. ]] + +13. At last, on February 13th, Dan River was reached; and Lord +Cornwallis came up only in time to see the last boatloads of the +Americans safely landing on the other side of the wide stream +which was too deep for the British to ford. Thus ended this +famous retreat, extending more than two hundred miles. It gave +General Greene great reputation, and the struggling Americans +took fresh heart, for they knew they had at last a general in +command who could provide wisely and well amid all the dangers so +thickly environing him. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What great trouble did General Greene foresee? How did he +dispose of the forces? + +2. At what place were the Americans attacked? + +3. Describe the battle of Camden. Where is Camden? + +4. What were the British losses? What was done by General Morgan? + +5. Describe the events of the next twelve days. + +6. What occurred during the night while the two armies were +encamped on opposite sides of the river? + +7. How did the rise in the river benefit the Americans? Find the +Catawba River on the map. What occurred at Sherrill's Ford? + +8. Give an account of the engagement at Cowan's Ford. + +9. What happened to General Greene at Salisbury? + +10. What river was next crossed? + +11. Describe the retreat further. + +12. What did General Greene find it necessary to do to cover his +retreat? Who commanded this detachment? + +13. What river was crossed on February 13th, 1781? How many +miles had Greene been pursued by Cornwallis? Can you go to the +map and trace the course of this famous retreat? + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIV. + +BATTLE OF GUILFORD COURT HOUSE. + +A. D. 1781. + +When the British commander found that General Greene was +completely beyond his reach, he marched to Hillsboro and there +erected the Royal standard. In consequence of his proclamations +and the retreat of General Greene across Dan River, several +hundred Tories collected under Colonel John Pyle and started to +join Lord Cornwallis. General Greene sent Lieutenant Colonel +Henry Lee across Dan River to observe them. + +2. Pyle and his Tories supposing Lee's force to be British +troops, drew near, uttering cheers for King George. Suddenly the +bugles of the lighthorse sounded a charge, and Pyle and his men +were furiously assailed. In five minutes ninety lay dead upon +the ground, and nearly all the others were prisoners of war. +This bloody affair has been called "Pyle's Hacking Match." + +3. Major Joseph Graham, with his mounted force, had just before +captured a picket of twenty-five men a mile and a half away from +Hillsboro. General Polk's militia were also in the same +vicinity, and soon General Greene, having received +reinforcements, recrossed the Dan and assumed a position on the +Reedy Fork, a confluent of Haw River. + +4. Cornwallis hearing of Pyle's disaster, left Hillsboro and +moved westward to protect any Tories that might seek to reach +him. The first time the two armies again saw anything of each +other was at Whitsell's Mill. At that place Colonel Otho H. +Williams was posted with a body of light troops, which Lord +Cornwallis attempted to cut off from the main body. He failed in +so doing, but both armies were filled with admiration at a +display of personal gallantry. + +5. Colonel Williams had posted sharpshooters in and around the +millhouse. These discovered a British officer approaching a ford +below them, and saw that he was leading men and trying to cross +the stream. Many deadly rifles were soon hurling their missiles +around him, but slowly, and as if unconscious of being under +fire, he crossed in safety. This intrepid man was Lieutenant- +Colonel William Webster, then a brigade commander under +Cornwallis. + +6. On March 15th, 1781, General Greene being at the courthouse of +Guilford county, learned that the British army was approaching on +the Salisbury road. He hosted his men in three lines and awaited +the enemy's arrival, who came on in fine style, but the first +American line, composed of militia, giving ground, only the men +of the gallant Captain Forbis, of the Hawfields, gained credit +for their conduct. The British found stubborn resistance in the +second and third lines, where the Continentals were posted. + +7. It was a furious and bloody conflict, and such havoc was +wrought in the British ranks by a charge of Colonels Howard and +Washington, that Lord Cornwallis opened fire with his artillery +upon his friends and foes alike, and thus checked this dangerous +American movement. General Greene at length gave orders for +retreat, and the field was left in the possession of the British. + +8. British valor was never more splendidly exhibited than upon +this hard-fought field. With less than half of Greene's force, +they won the field, but the victory was too costly. At least one- +fourth of the British force was dead and disabled, including the +gallant Webster, the hero of Whitsell's Mill. General Greene, +having halted close by the scene of conflict, returned three days +later to again offer battle, but Lord Cornwallis was flying +towards Wilmington for safety. He who had so long sought to bring +on an engagement was now the fugitive. + +9. General Greene followed in pursuit, but failing to overtake +his foe, he turned his course and marched against Lord Rawdon, in +South Carolina. He had redeemed North Carolina from the grasp of +her foes, and went to confer upon the two other Southern +commonwealths a similar blessing. No more British armies were to +bring ruin and terror to any portion of North Carolina. + +10. Lord Cornwallis hurried to Wilmington. His stay was short +there, for turning north in the month of April, 1781, he marched +his army, by way of Halifax, to Virginia. There, ere long, this +great soldier was to close his career in America. He had, with a +small portion of the British force under the command of Sir Henry +Clinton accomplished more than all compatriots. + +11. On September the 8th a brilliant battle took place at Eutaw +Springs, in South Carolina, between General Greene's army and the +British under Colonel Stewart. It was the hardest fought and +best conducted action of the war. The three North Carolina +Continental regiments, led by General Sumner, bore the brunt of +the conflict, and were greatly praised for their gallantry. +About two thousand men each was the strength of the armies, and +they lost twelve hundred in killed and wounded. This battle +resulted in the retreat of the British to Charleston. + +12. Governor Nash's term of office having expired, Thomas Burke, +of Orange, became his successor. Burke was an Irishman by birth, +of good family, well educated, and with fine abilities. He had +been conspicuous in public affairs and had shown a warm devotion +to the American cause. His home was in Hillsboro, which was then +the capital of the State. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Where did Cornwallis next go? What recruits were raised, and +who was put in command? Whom had General Greene appointed to +watch the enemy? + +2. Describe the surprise and defeat of Colonel Pyle and his men. + +3. Mention the movements of Major Joseph Graham. Of General Greene. + +4. Give an account of the affair at Whitsell's Mill. + +5. What special act of bravery is related? + +6. What occurred on March 15th, 1781? Give some account of the +battle of Guilford Court House? + +7. How did the engagement terminate ? + +8. What is said of the British victory? What did General Greene do three days later? + +9. Where did he then go? + +10. Where did Cornwallis carry his army? + +11. Give an account of the battle of Eutaw Springs? + +12. Who succeeded Governor Nash, and what is said of him? + + + + +CHAPTER XXXV. + +FANNING AND HIS BRUTALITIES-- +CAPTURE OF GOVERNOR BURKE. + +A. D. 1781. + +When Lord Cornwallis left Wilmington, on his way to Virginia, +there were no British troops left in North Carolina except about +four hundred regulars and some Tory recruits, which constituted +the garrison of Wilmington. Major James H. Craig was in command +there, having captured the place in the preceding January. + +2. He had been trained to arms, and when General Burgoyne +surrendered at Saratoga, was his Adjutant-General. He was +skillful as a soldier, but utterly unscrupulous as to the means +he used to carry out his objects. Seeing the British driven +from almost all the State, he determined to ruin a people he +could not subdue, and began to stir up a warfare of neighborhoods. + +3. He found in David Fanning, of Chatham county, a powerful aid +in his inhuman scheme. Fanning was a man of low birth, ignorant +and unscrupulous. He was a good partisan guerrilla leader, +being brave, enterprising and swift to execute. Associating +with himself a small band of Tories, whose sole objects were +plunder and revenge, he was for a time the terror of Chatham and +Orange counties. Well mounted and well armed, and continually +on the alert, these marauders made havoc of the Whig +settlements, murdering, burning and destroying, unrestrained by +any authority and with no sense of humanity. They did not spare +even their own neighbors, many of whom they shot down or hanged +at their own doors. + +4. Many stories are told of Fanning's exploits, of his audacity, +his cruelty, his arrogance, and his wonderful successes and +hairbreadth escapes. Such a state of affairs existed at one +time in the counties ravaged by his band that even the pitiless +Colonel Tarleton deplored its continuance. Fanning was born in +Johnston county about the year 1754, and was the vilest and +bloodiest wretch ever seen in our limits, most richly deserving +the punishment of the gallows. He continued his criminal +courses as long as he lived, and was pardoned for a capital +felony committed on the Island of Cape Breton not long before +his departure from this world. + +5. Fanning began his military operations by surprising a +courtmartial in Chatham. His prisoners were disposed of by +parole or sent to Wilmington. This was in July, 1781. His +attack upon the house of Colonel Philip Alston, a few days +later, was a more serious matter, for he encountered stubborn +resistance and some loss before compelling the surrender of a +force almost as large as his own, and protected by the walls of +a large house. Four of the Whigs were killed, and those who +remained alive were spared from butchery by Fanning only at the +earnest appeals of Mrs. Alston. + +6. Fanning's movements called for resistance, and Colonel Thomas +Wade collected a force of more than three hundred men at +McFall's Mill, in Cumberland county. These were speedily +attacked and utterly driven from that portion of the country. +It was afterwards learned by the victors that Colonel Dudley's +Chatham regiment of cavalry was disbanded, and Fanning +immediately pushed on to Hillsboro. On the morning of September +12th, his force entered the town, and succeeded in capturing +Governor Burke and several other prominent persons. * + +*David Fanning gives the account of this affair as follows: "We +received several shots from different houses; however, we lost +none and suffered no damage, except one man wounded. We killed +fifteen of the rebels and wounded twenty, and took upwards of +two hundred prisoners; amongst them was the Governor, his +council, and part of the continental colonels, several captains +and subalterns, and seventy-one Continental soldiers out of a +church. We proceeded to the gaol and released thirty Loyalists +and British soldiers." + +7. The bold marauders who had thus seized the Governor and +capital of the State, at once started with their prisoners for +Wilmington; but tidings of this exploit had reached a body of +men who hastened to Lindley's Mill, on Cane Creek, to receive +them. The Whigs, nominally commanded by General John Butler, +were really directed by Major Robert Mebane in their brave and +bloody reception of the Tories. + +8. The Tory Colonel, Hector McNeil, leading the attack, was +slain, and his followers driven back in confusion. It seemed +that Governor Burke would be rescued and the whole Tory column +captured when Fanning, ever fertile in expedients, discovered a +ford in Cane Creek, and having crossed with a portion of his +command, attacked the Whigs in the rear. This soon ended the +battle, which was a bloody one to both sides. + +9. About the same time with the capture of Hillsboro, a most +gallant and successful attack was made upon the Tory stronghold +at Elizabethtown, in Bladen county. There sixty Whigs, in the +favoring darkness of night, fell upon and drove out a largely +superior force commanded by Colonel John Slingsby. He and many +of his men were slain, and Major Craig was thus confined in his +fortifications in Wilmington. + +10. When Fanning captured Governor Burke at Hillsboro, the Chief- +Magistracy of the State devolved upon Colonel Alexander Martin, +of Guilford. This latter gentleman had seen some service in the +field as an officer of the Continentals. Governor Burke was +treated, from the hour of his capture, with extraordinary +harshness. He was compelled to march all the way to Wilmington, +and, after some delay, was sent thence by ship to Charleston. + +11. General Leslie, who commanded the British army in South +Carolina, placed the captive Governor upon an island near +Charleston, where the deadly malaria was supplemented by danger +of assassination from certain Tories, who were loud in their +threats of executing such a purpose. Burke made repeated +applications for a change of quarters, or for exchange as a +prisoner, but was told that he was kept as a hostage to be +executed in case of the capture and punishment of David Fanning. + +12. After months of torture from such treatment, Governor Burke, +feeling that he was justified in disregarding his parole, +effected his escape and returned to North Carolina. He resumed +his office for the short interval between his return and the +meeting of the Legislature. To his great discomfiture, he was +defeated at the next election for Governor by Alexander Mafitin. +The members of the General Assembly could not forgive this +breach of his parole, and he regarded their act as evidence of +public condemnation. His sensitive spirit brooded over this. +His domestic relations were not such as to soothe and sustain +his wounded mind, and the life that opened with such brilliant +promise soon closed in gloom. Governor Burke died and was +buried on his farm near Hillsboro. No stone has ever marked the +spot. He left one child, a daughter, who died unmarried. + +13. General Griffith Rutherford had been a prisoner in the +battle of Camden. Upon his exchange, he at once renewed his +efforts to deliver North Carolina from her foes. He soon +collected a body of Mecklenburg and Rowan militia and marched +for Wilmington. + +14. On nearing the city he received news of Lord Cornwallis's +surrender at Yorktown, on October 19, 1781. He pushed on his +lines, and arriving in Wilmington he found that Major Craig had +taken ship and was flying from the land he had so scourged by +his presence. + +15. The number of men enlisted from North Carolina in the +Continental army during the Revolutionary war was: in 1775, +2,000; 1776, 4,134; 1777, 1,281; 1778, 1,287; 1779, 4,930; +1780, 3,000; 1781, 3,545; 1782, 1,105; 1783, 697. The State +furnished, in Continental troops and militia, 22,910 men. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What British forces were in North Carolina after the +departure of Cornwallis? Who was in command at Wilmington? + +2. Can you tell something of Major Craig? + +3. Tell something of the character of David Fanning. + +4. Give further description of his traits. Mention the horrible +condition of the State under Fanning's exploits. + +5. Relate Fanning's attack on the Chatham courtmartial. +What occurred at Colonel Alston's house? + +6. What officer went to attack Fanning? What was the memorable +exploit of Fanning On September 12th, 1781? + +7. What preparations were made for a fight at Lindley's Mill? + +8. Describe the engagement. + +9. What occurred at Elizabethtown? + +10. Who became Governor after Governor Burke's capture? +How was Governor Burke treated? + +11. What further account is given of his treatment? + +12. Mention the concluding events of his life. + +13. What was done by General Rutherford upon his exchange? + +14. What did he find upon his arrival at Wilmington? + +15. State the number of men enlisted in North Carolina during +the Revolution. + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVI. + +PEACE AND INDEPENDENCE + +A. D. 1781 TO 1784. + +1. On the 19th of October, 1781, as has been previously stated, +Lord Cornwallis surrendered himself and his army to General +Washington, at Yorktown, in Virginia. The timely arrival of the +friendly French fleet under Count Rochambeau enabled Washington +to lay siege to Cornwallis and force him to surrender. + +2. The English commander, who was a skillful soldier, complained +that he had been forced, by the orders of his superior officer +and against his own judgment, into a position from which he could +not escape. General La Fayette, however, doubtless had at least +an equal share in bringing about the result, for it was his +skillful maneuvering of an inferior force that held Cornwallis +checked so that Washington was enabled to bring his troops to +their appointed places at the appointed times and cut off all +hope of escape. + +3. But a glorious day it was for the colonies, for it virtually +put an end to the war, and everybody knew it. The only real +questions henceforth were as to the terms of the peace. +Independence and peace were now assured. + +1782. + +4. When the news reached England of Cornwallis's surrender, Lord +North, the British Prime Minister exclaimed: "Oh, God! it is all +over." He well knew that the stubborn King had exhausted the +patience of the English people. They, and not the King and his +ministers, at last put a stop to the bloodshed between the two +countries. On November 30th, 1782, a treaty was signed in Paris +by which American independence was acknowledged. + +5. The war was over at last. The seven years of deadly conflict +were ended. Thanks to their patient endurance, their undaunted +courage and their untiring perseverance, the American colonies +had at last achieved their independence. North Carolina was at +last a free and independent State, owing neither allegiance or +fealty to any prince or power in the world. + +6. Of coarse there was great joy at the coming of peace, with the +full recognition of the colonies as independent States. But +there were still more difficulties to be overcome before the full +tide of peace and prosperity could set in. + +7. The agricultural interest of the State was doubtless affected +by the war less than any other, owing to the employment of slave +labor. But the soldiers had returned and wanted homes. Homes +were not to be provided in a day, nor the implements of +husbandry, rude though they were at that time. Cattle and +horses, too, were to be obtained before the soldier became a +farmer. + +8. The finances of the country were in a wretched condition. +There was no money to pay the current expenses of the government, +and none even to pay the troops. In educational matters the +condition was no better There were only two chartered schools in +the State, one at New Bern and one at Charlotte. The +Constitution had, indeed, enjoined the establishment of schools +and colleges, but with North Carolinians of that day it was +freedom first and education afterwards. + +9. The population, however, had increased steadily during the +war, so that in spite of its casualties, the State was stronger +in numbers in 1782 than in 1775. The Legislature met at its +appointed times and places, and so did the courts, and civil law +had resumed its sway. But swords are not turned into pruning- +hooks in a moment, nor are the feuds of a long, bitter war to +be settled or forgotten in an hour. + +10. Naturally, the Whigs bitterly remembered how much they had +suffered at the hands of the Tories during the long deadly +struggle. Many of these latter had fled from the province, +but now desired to return and be restored to citizenship, or at +least to receive possession of their former homes. But the +people resolved that this should not be so, for they wanted no +Tories among them. Accordingly, when Tories who had left their +homes desired to return to them after the peace, permission was +refused them. + +11. But it was necessary to reward the Whigs as well as to punish +the Tories. A broad, fertile land, watered by great navigable +rivers, and abounding in every possible resource for pleasure, +wealth and prosperity, was secured to us by their courage and +endurance. But if our brave soldiers desired reward, how much +more did they deserve their pay, which was still largely in +arrears. + +12. Commissioners, therefore, were appointed to sell the lands of +refugee Tories, and from that and other sources to pay up the +arrears due the North Carolina soldiers. Furthermore, the land +now known as Tennessee, then a part of our State, was also to be +largely devoted to the same patriotic purpose. General Greene +was given twenty-five thousand acres; one half that quantity to +brigadier-generals, and so in a descending scale to the private +soldiers. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is said of the surrender of Cornwallis? + +2. Of what did the English commander complain? What credit is +due La Fayette? + +3. How were the colonies considering the question of peace and +independence? + +4. What was the effect, in England, of the news of Cornwallis's +Surrender? When and where was the treaty of peace signed? + +5. What had North Carolina gained by the war? + +6. How did our people enjoy peace? + +7. What is said of the agricultural interest of the State? + +8. What was the financial condition? The educational? + +9. What is said of the population? + +10. What party was victor in the great struggle? What is said of +the Tories? + +11. What was deemed necessary? + +12. What plan was adopted towards paying off the soldiers? +Mention some payments that were made to commanding officers. + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVII. + +THE STATE OF FRANKLIN. + +A. D. 1784 T0 1787. + +1. During the years that followed upon the close of the +Revolution the people of North Carolina were busied with the +restoration of their ravaged fields and the development of the +new system of self-rule inaugurated by the Convention of Halifax +in 1776. There were many good and wise men in America who had no +confidence in the perpetuity or effectiveness of a polity which +rested upon the wisdom and virtue of the masses for its +enforcement. + +2. Samuel Johnston and the leading lawyers of that day were full +of apprehension as to the result, where the protection of life, +liberty and property rested upon the ballots of men who were, as +a general thing, poor and unlettered. The Halifax Constitution +sought to provide for the education of the people, and had +recommended the establishment of a university, but no steps had +been taken by the Legislature to carry out this wise and +beneficent ordinance. + +3. The Rev. Drs. David Caldwell and Samuel E. McCorkle were +conducting schools on their own responsibility in Guilford and +Mecklenburg, in which many young men were receiving sound and +useful preparation for life; and there were similar academies in +Wilmington, New Bern, Edenton and Charlotte; but as a general +thing, education was almost entirely neglected. + +4. Under the terms of the "Articles of Confederation" the General +Congress continued to assemble, but its sessions resulted in +little good to America. The government was continually +embarrassed by the public debt contracted in the Revolution. It +could only pay such liabilities by calling upon the several +States for their proportions. These were regulated by the value +of the real estate. + +5. North Carolina, thus witnessing the helplessness of the +general government to meet its pecuniary liabilities, was moved +to the noble resolution of ceding the great body of land then +belonging to the State west of the Allegheny Mountains. This +princely domain, now constituting the great State of Tennessee, +was at that period only settled in part by white people, and many +millions of acres of fertile lands could be sold to settlers. + +6. Such a resource would have brought a great fund to the State +for education and other useful purposes; but with unexampled +devotion to the general good, it was determined by the +Legislature of 1784 that the Governor should tender to the +Federal government, as a free gift, all the lands not already +granted to soldiers and actual settlers. + +1785. + +7. To an embarrassed government, unable to meet its most solemn +engagements, such a boon, it seems, would have been gladly +received; but so great was the selfishness of certain States +which were then struggling to secure for themselves such bodies +of western lands, that the intended bounty of North Carolina +proved a failure. The General Congress having failed to accept +the offer, the act authorizing the cession was repealed. + +8. The story of this patriotic munificence on the part of North +Carolina ends not here. When it became known among the western +settlers that their country had thus been offered to the general +government much excitement followed. Colonel John Sevier, of +King's Mountain fame, was a leader among the people of the +territory in question. He had been a gallant soldier in the +Revolution, and was trusted and beloved by his neighbors. He +persuaded them that North Carolina, in thus offering to surrender +her claims to their allegiance, had forfeited all right to +further control their destinies. + +9. He procured the support of many others, who elected members to +a convention. This body met at Greenville, in November, 1785, +and framed a government of a State which they called "Franklin," +in honor of the illustrious statesman, Benjamin Franklin. +Colonel Sevier was elected Governor, and judges and other +officers were also chosen. + +10. Richard Caswell had again been made Governor of North +Carolina, when it became known that such things were being done +in the West. He issued a proclamation forbidding the whole +movement and denouncing it as revolutionary and unlawful. He was +supported by a party there headed by Colonel John Tipton. + +1787. + +11. It often seemed that bloody civil war would ensue between the +men who sided respectively with Sevier and Tipton, but happily +there was little bloodshed amid so much brawling. There were +many arrests and complaints, until finally, in October, 1788, +Colonel Sevier was captured by the forces of Tipton, and brought +to jail at Morganton, in Burke county. He was allowed to escape, +and, in memory of his services as a soldier, his offences were +forgiven. That there were no more serious results was greatly +due to the influence of Richard Caswell. Sevier was afterwards +in the Senate of North Carolina, and, after Tennessee became a +State, received all the honors a grateful people could confer. + +[NOTE--There was no money in circulation in the "State of +Franklin," and the following curious statement, taken from the +old records, shows how payment was to be made to the public +officers: "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of +Franklin, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, +that the salaries of the officers of this commonwealth shall be +as follows: His Excellency, the Governor, per annum, one thousand +deer skins; His Honor, the Chief-Justice, five hundred deer +skins, or five hundred raccoon skins; the Treasurer of the State, +four hundred and fifty raccoon skins; Clerk of the House of +Commons, two hundred raccoon skins; members of Assembly, per +diem, three raccoon skins."] + +12. It was thus that the abortive State of Franklin arose and +disappeared. The State of Vermont originated in the same way; +and it is fortunate that such precedents have long since ceased +in America. There is some limit to the doctrine of the people's +right to self-government, just as liberty is not to be found in +mere license. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What matters occupied the attention of the people in North +Carolina after the Revolution? How were some men disposed to +view the new plan of government? + +2. What was the opinion of Samuel Johnston? What had been +provided for in the Halifax Constitution? + +3. What private schools were in operation, and where were they? + +4. How was the General Congress greatly embarrassed? + +5. To what extent did North Carolina sympathize with the general +government? What is the present name of that great territory? + +6. What was done by the Legislature of 1784? + +7. Why was this a very valuable and timely gift to the +government? How did the offer succeed? + +8. What excitement was created in the west by this donation? Who +was the leader of the people? What was Colonel Sevier's opinion +of the matter? + +9. What was done in 1785? What name was given to the new State, +and why? + +10. What proclamation was issued by Governor Caswell? Who was +the western leader of Governor Caswell's cause? + +11. How did the whole matter end? What position did Colonel +Sevier afterwards occupy? + +12. What other State in the Union originated in this way? + + + + +CHAPTER XXXVIII. + +FORMATION OF THE UNION. + +A. D. 1787 TO 1790. + +1. The new State of North Carolina now became divided and excited +as to her position in the confederation of States. Each day was +demonstrating more clearly the failure of the confederation. Its +poverty and weakness were exciting the contempt of all civilized +nations, and the General Congress amounted to little more than an +arena for the display of jealousy and selfishness on the part of +the individual States. + +2. In North Carolina, as elsewhere, the people were divided as to +what should be done to remedy this great need of a central and +general government. Many were opposed to any change. Others +were for creating a strong and overpowering central government +that should overawe and control all of the States. These latter +men were called the "Federalists." + +3. Another, and a larger portion of the people of the State, were +in favor of adding to the powers of the general government; but +at the same time for going no further in that direction than was +necessary for the general safety as against foreign nations, and +for the execution of such regulations as pertained to all the +States. These "Republicans," or "Democrats," were willing to +empower the new government to carry the mails, control commerce, +carry on war, make treaties, and coin money; but they insisted +that all other powers should be retained by the States +themselves. + +4. In 1787, in consequence of the action of the General Congress, +a convention of all the States was ordered to meet in +Philadelphia to prepare a new Constitution. + +5. The Legislature of North Carolina selected Governor Richard +Caswell, Colonel W. R. Davie, ex-Governor Alexander Martin, +Willie Jones and Richard Dobbs Spaight as delegates to that body. +Governor Caswell and Willie Jones declined the honor, and Dr. +Hugh Williamson and William Mount were appointed in their places. + +1788. + +6. General Washington was chosen as President of the Convention, +and in 1788 the result of their deliberations was submitted for +the ratification of the several States. It was provided by the +Convention framing the Constitution that nine States should +ratify the new Constitution before it should go into operation, +and that it should then be binding only upon those thus acceding +to it. + +7. A Convention for North Carolina was called and met at +Hillsboro, July 21st, 1788, to consider the proposed +Constitution. Samuel Johnston, who had been Moderator of several +Provincial Congresses, and who had also succeeded Governor +Caswell as Chief-Magistrate of the State, was chosen to preside. +He and Judge James Iredell, Colonel Davie and Archibald Maclaine +were earnest advocates of instant and unconditional ratification +on the part of North Carolina. + +8. Willie Jones, of Halifax, who had so long controlled much of +the legislation and government of the State, was the leader of +those who opposed such action. They favored the addition of +numerous amendments before committing the fortunes of North +Carolina to such control. They insisted that without further +specification, the powers reserved to the several States would +not be sufficiently guarded; and the Convention, by a great +majority, took the same view of the matter. The result was that +while declining to ratify absolutely the Constitution as it then +stood, the hope was held out that upon the adoption of proper +amendments it would be ratified. + +9. There was great excitement in the State upon North Carolina's +thus failing to join the new government. Political animosities +ran high, and renewed efforts were made to overcome the popular +objections. The people became restless at the position they were +occupying, being thus, with New York and Rhode Island, strangers +to the great compact of their sister States. + +1789. + +10. The new government of the United States went into operation +in the Spring of 1789, and General Washington took the oaths of +office on March 4th as the first President of the Republic. In +November the Legislature and a new Convention both met at +Fayetteville, and on the 21st the Constitution of the United +States was speedily ratified, and North Carolina was enrolled as +a member of the new confederacy, which was to astonish all +nations by the vigor of its rule and the splendor and rapidity of +its growth as a nation. Before this, however, the first ten +amendments to the Constitution had been proposed to the +Legislatures of the several States for ratification, thereby +allaying the apprehensions that had been felt at Hillsboro the +year before. + +1790. + +11. Two important matters were also settled at this period. The +Convention at Hillsboro limited the seat of the State government +to some point in Wake county. The capital had been migrating +from town to town for nearly the whole period of North Carolina's +existence. The Legislature also passed a bill creating the +University of North Carolina, and the terms of the Halifax +Constitution, as to popular education, were thus first put into +some shape of accomplishment. Both of these measures were highly +needed. + +[NOTE--The State Convention of 1788 was commissioned to select a +place for the seat of government, which had been migratory since +the earliest days of the Carolina colony. The place selected for +the capital was the farm of Isaac Hunter, at Wake Court House, or +some other place within ten miles of that locality, to be +determined by the General Assembly.] + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What question was exciting the people of North Carolina at +this period? What was thought of the Confederation? + +2. How were the people of the State divided upon this great +question? + +3. What other party was formed? What were they called, and what +powers did they propose to give to the general government? + +4. What convention was to meet in 1787? + +5. Who were chosen to represent North Carolina in that body? + +6. Who was chosen President of the Convention? How was the new +Constitution to be submitted to the people? + +7. What convention met in Hillsboro in 1788? How did some of the +prominent members view the question? + +8. What different opinion was held by other leading men? What +did the Convention do with the Constitution? + +9. What was the effect on the State? What other States also +failed to ratify? + +10. When did the new government go into operation? Who was +chosen first President of the United States? When and where did +North Carolina ratify the Constitution and become a member of the +united government? + +11. What two important matters were settled at this period? + + + + +CHAPTER XXXIX. + +FRANCE AND AMERICA. + +A. D. 1790 TO 1794. + +1. When North Carolina had thus taken her place in the Federal +Union, and the whole system of State and National polity became +perfected in America, many hearts beat with gratitude to God for +the promises of a glorious future. The magnificent realm won by +the blood of heroes was at last guarded by a system of laws so +wise and effective that peace and prosperity were soon to make it +one of the greatest of civilized lands. + +2. This example of freedom achieved in the wilds of America was +speedily felt in Europe. General Washington had been in the +discharge of his duties as President about a month, when the +States-General of France met in the famous convention which was +to pull down the ancient French monarchy and engulf all Europe in +seas of blood. The overtaxed and excitable Frenchmen were +maddened by the contrast afforded in their sufferings and the +blessings achieved by their late allies on the other side of the +Atlantic. + +3. Governor Caswell, while in the discharge of his duties as a +member of the State Senate, died at Fayetteville, in the month of +December, 1789. He was shortly followed in death by William +Hooper and Archibald Maclaine. Willie Jones had retired from +public life; and thus, four most conspicuous leaders almost +simultaneously disappeared from public life. + +4. Colonel William R. Davie, of Halifax, John Haywood, of the +same county, and Alfred Moore, of Brunswick, were greatly +influential, and were worthy successors of the older servants of +the public who had been thus removed from the arena of their +former usefulness. Governor Johnston having been elected United +States Senator, was succeeded as Governor by Alexander Martin. + +1792. + +5. It was during this second term of Governor Martin's rule that +Raleigh was selected for the State capital. A large tract of +land at Wake Court House had been bought of Colonel Joel Lane, +and upon it a city was laid off and the public buildings erected. +Before that time, since Governor Tryon's palace at New Bern had +been burned, the main question to be determined by every General +Assembly was what town should be selected for the holding of the +next session. + +6. Fayetteville, Hillsboro, New Bern and Tarboro were sure to get +up an excitement and contest as to which of them should be next +favored with the presence of the State officers and the General +Assembly. The Governor and his assistants had been dwelling +wherever it best suited them, and the public records had thus +been continually migrating over the State. + +7. There was little church organization in America until after +the Revolution. There was not a single Bishop of the Episcopal +Church in all America before the Revolution, and not until 1789 +was an effort made to supply such a prelate for the Church in +North Carolina. The Rev. Charles Pettigrew was then elected +Bishop of the Diocese by a Convention at Tarboro, but he died +before consecration. + +8. The Baptists had united their churches in this State and +southern Virginia, in 1765, in a body which was called the +"Kehukee Association." In 1770 the Presbyterians had formed the +Presbytery of Orange; and in 1788 they set off the Synode of the +Carolinas. The Quakers and Moravians were flourishing in certain +sections, but as yet the Methodist missionaries had effected but +little in the way of planting churches in North Carolina. + +9. Richard Dobbs Spaight, in 1792, became Governor, and was the +first native North Carolinian to fill that distinguished office. +He possessed much ability and was familiar with the conduct of +public affairs. He found that great excitement and division +existed among the people as to the French Revolution. Because +aid had been sent from that country to the struggling American +colonists, many men insisted that it was the duty of America to +take sides with France in the war then raging in Europe. + +1794. + +10. General Washington and other wise men resisted this dangerous +opinion, and held that America should take no part in the affairs +of foreign nations. The great struggle went on, with Napoleon +Bonaparte rapidly growing more formidable to the allied kings. + +11. The French had acquired a thirst for freedom from America, +but they in turn exerted an influence upon the religious creeds +of our people. French books and modes of thought and French +fashions became popular, and the country debating clubs were +heard repeating the doubts and sneers of Voltaire, Diderot and +other French infidels. + +12. The world's creeds were on trial. Kings and priests were as +keenly criticised as in the sixteenth century, but out of all the +turmoil and bloodshed a larger measure of liberty was to be won. +Constitutional kings and purified churches were the outgrowth and +result of the most prodigious uproar yet witnessed among +civilized nations. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the feeling in North Carolina after the State had +joined the Union? + +2. How were the effects of American freedom felt in Europe? + +3. What great leaders disappeared from North Carolina's councils +at this time? + +4. What then were fast rising to influence? Who became Governor? + +5. When was Raleigh selected as the capital? Why was locating +the capital of great good to the State? Go to the map and point +out the city of Raleigh. + +6. What contest would generally arise at meetings of the Assembly? + +7. What mention is made of religious matters? + +8. How were the Baptists, Presbyterians and other Christian +bodies extending their fields of usefulness? + +9. Who became Governor in 1792? What is said of him? What +questions did Governor Spaight find agitating the people when he +came into office? + +10. How was this matter considered by General Washington and others? + +11. How were the works of celebrated French writers affecting the +people of America? + +12. What was to be the conclusion of all these troubles? + + + + +CHAPTER XL. + +THE FEDERALISTS AND THE REPUBLICANS. + +A. D. 1794 TO 1800. + +1. In the last days of the eighteenth century men became more +and more plainly divided into two political parties. Thomas +Jefferson, of Virginia, a man of decided genius and consummate +ability, was the leader of those who maintained that the +government of the United States should be strictly limited to +the powers expressly granted in the Federal Constitution and +prohibited from the use of any of those reserved to the +individual States. + +2. Alexander Hamilton, of New York, another very able and +patriotic statesman, took an entirely different view. He did +not consider the people capable of ruling the country, and +wished to subordinate the State governments to Federal +authority. The "Federalists" were those who followed his views, +while the "Republicans" were no less strenuous in upholding Mr. +Jefferson and his policy. + +3. The Superior Courts of this State, after the resignation of +Judge Iredell, were held, as in old provincial times, at the six +favored villages, by Judges Samuel Ashe, Samuel Spencer and John +Taylor. In the year 1794, Judge Spencer came to his death in a +singular manner. He was in extreme old age, and had suffered +with a long and wasting illness. One warm evening he was +carried out and laid upon the grass, beneath a tree in his +yard. While lying there the red flannel of his shirt infuriated +a large turkey-gobbler, which attacked him with great violence. +When Judge Spencer's feeble cries attracted attention, he had +been so injured that he soon after died of nervous exhaustion. + +4. In accordance with the law of 1790, the provisions of the +Constitution of 1776 were first seen in process of fulfillment +when the trustees, after mature deliberation, selected Chapel +Hill, in Orange county, as the site of the State University. +Here, upon one of a long range of great hills traversing that +region, they secured several hundred acres on the crest of a +noble elevation that overlooks the surrounding country. + +5. In 1793 the cornerstone of the East Building was laid for the +University at Chapel Hill. Colonel Davie, as Grand Master of the +Masons in the State, officiated; as did also Rev. Dr. McCorkle, +who delivered an eloquent address to the citizens who had +assembled from all parts of the State to do honor to the occasion. + +1795. + +6. In 1795, the buildings and faculty having been made ready, +the institution was regularly opened for the reception of +students. The Rev. David Kerr and Samuel A. Holmes constituted +the faculty, and Hinton James, of Wilmington, was the first +student to arrive. Thus began an institution of learning in +which distinguished men were to be prepared for usefulness in +almost every honorable employment among civilized men. + +7. Tennessee had been conveyed to the general government soon +after the ratification of the United States Constitution, North +Carolina reserving to herself the right to locate land warrants +in a certain portion. During the administration of Governor +Ashe, who had succeeded Alexander Martin, many and extensive +frauds in land warrants were concocted by James Glasgow, +Secretary of State, Martin Armstrong, John Armstrong and +Stokeley Donnelson. + +1797. + +8. Immense tracts of land were located under fictitious +boundaries, and not only the Continental soldiers, but also the +States and the United States were thus swindled by these +officers, who had been long honored and trusted in North +Carolina. + +9. Courts were ordered to be held by the General Assembly for +the trial of these distinguished culprits; and in 1799 they were +convicted and punished by heavy fines and the loss of their +offices. Judge John Haywood resigned his place on the bench, +and instead of trying, defended the malefactors, one of whom +paid him one thousand dollars as a fee for his services. * A few +years before a similar scene had occurred when Benjamin McCulloh +was convicted at Warrenton and punished for like offences. + +*North Carolina had honored James Glasgow by giving his name to +one of the counties of the State, but in consequence of his +disgrace the name of Glasgow county was stricken from the list, +and the county named in honor of General Nathaniel Greene. + +10. The excitement between Republicans and Federalists grew in +intensity. John Adams had succeeded General Washington as +President, and he was one of the most violent of the Federal +party. French agents and apologists became more offensive in +their demands for American aid. President Adams procured the +passage of laws by Congress that startled and confounded many +good citizens. + +11. These "Alien and Sedition Acts" armed Federal authorities +with the power to seize and send out of the country, without +trial, any foreigner who might, become offensive to them; also +to indict in the District or Circuit Courts of the United States +any writer or publisher whom the grand juries might charge with +libel. + +1798-99. + +12. Virginia and Kentucky thereupon hastened to pass the famous +resolutions of 1798-99, according to which the Federal +Constitution is simply a covenant between the States as States, +and "each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well +of infraction as of the mode and measure of redress," and to put +the battle in array for another great struggle as to the +respective powers of the States and the Union. President Adams +and the Federalists were overwhelmingly beaten in the contest of +1800, and the Republican party went into possession of all the +offices by which State and Federal powers were to be defined. + +13. A much greater portion of the wisest and most experienced +statesmen had been ranked, until this time, with the +Federalists, but that creed soon grew into such disfavor that +few politicians could be found to do it reverence. And this, it +may be safely asserted, has been the experience of the American +people whenever the majority of them has differed from the +learned few. The masses have been, in almost every instance, +wiser than those who thus sought to control their views. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was observed towards the latter days of the eighteenth +century? Who was one of the political leaders? What views did +Mr. Jefferson hold? + +2. Who was the leader of the other great political party? What +was Mr. Hamilton's policy? + +3. What is said of the Superior Courts and the Judges? +Describe the singular manner of Judge Spencer's death. + +4. What is said of the University? When was its seat selected, and where? + +5. When was the cornerstone of the East Building laid? Who officiated? +Who delivered the address? + +6. When was the University regularly opened? Who constituted the +faculty? Who was the first student to enter? +What have been the labors of this institution? + +7. What land frauds were perpetrated in 1795? +Who were the guilty persons? + +8. What was the nature of these frauds? + +9. Give some account of the trial of these offenders. + +10. What was the condition of affairs throughout the +United States at this period? + +11. What was the effect of the "Alien and Sedition Laws"? + +12. What was done by Virginia and Kentucky? +What were the resolutions of 1798-99? +What party came into power in 1800? + +13. What is said of the "Federalists"? + + + + +CHAPTER XLI. + +CLOSING OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. + +A. D. 1800 TO 1802. + +General Davie ceased to be Governor to become one of three +Commissioners to Paris. He had been appointed Major-General to +command North Carolina's contingent, when it seemed that war with +France was inevitable; but that danger had happily passed, and he +was sent over to arrange the vexed questions growing out of the +Berlin and Milan decrees. * + +*These decrees were Napoleon's efforts to retaliate for British +blockade measures against France. The great conqueror forbade +all Europe from commercial intercourse with his English enemies. + +2. Among the members sent from North Carolina to Congress, +Nathaniel Macon, of Warren, soon became conspicuous for his +virtue and weight of character. Perhaps no other member of +Congress ever wielded so lasting and powerful an influence. His +unquestioned sagacity, integrity and inflexible adhesion to what +he believed to be right, and his unselfish devotion to the public +good, made his opposition to any measure almost necessarily fatal +to its passage in the House to which he belonged. + +3. There was grief in the last hours of the century, when it +became known that General Washington had died in his retirement +at Mt. Vernon. Judge James Iredell had also died about the same +time. He had been one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme +Court of the United States by the appointment of General +Washington, and fell a victim to the enormous labors incurred in +riding the great distances involved in attending his different +Circuit Courts. + +1800. + +4. This was, perhaps, the golden age of social enjoyments in +North Carolina. The Quakers were Abolitionists, as were also +many other good people; but the question had not been agitated, +and there was nothing to give uneasiness to masters or false +hopes to the slaves. These latter, shared largely in the +festivities of the white people, and were free for many years to +come to conduct their religious services in any way that seemed +best to their wild and fantastic notions. + +5. The President had appointed Alfred Moore as the successor of +Judge Iredell on the Supreme Court Bench. He was also a great +lawyer. Judge Haywood had left North Carolina and was a citizen +of Tennessee, but from William Gaston, Archibald Henderson and +Archibald D. Murphy the Bar received fresh honors; while John +Stanly, David Stone, Joshua G. Wright and Peter Browne had begun +attendance upon the courts, in which they were to win great +reputations. + +6. There had been considerable change effected in the courts. By +the statute of 1779 four ridings were established. The Judges, +after riding these circuits, were required to meet in Raleigh to +try appeals. The sheriffs were no longer obliged to march with +drawn swords before the Judges as they went to and from the court- +houses, nor were the lawyers compelled to appear arrayed in gowns +in the trial of cases. + +1802. + +7. Governor Benjamin Williams had succeeded General Davie. Among +Williams's last official acts was the pardoning of John Stanly +for killing ex-Governor Spaight in a duel. This had occurred on +Sunday, September 5th, 1802, and was the outgrowth of a bitter +political controversy. Spaight was a Republican, and had warmly +opposed the election of the able and impulsive young leader of +the Federalists. + +8. In the same year occurred the exodus of the remnant of the +Tuscaroras from Bertie county. The reservation on Roanoke River, +which had been granted them for good conduct in the Indian war of +1711, was sold by them to private parties, and they emigrated to +New York where the other parts of the tribe had long been +located. + +9. Among the laws of the Legislature of 1802 was a statute +providing for the payment, to the patentees of the cotton-gin, of +a given sum for every saw used in each machine. This implement +had been recently invented by Eli Whitney, who was a young man +from New England, engaged in teaching school in Georgia + +10. Before this time only small patches of cotton had been seen +in the Southern States. The lint was picked from the seed only +by hand, and so slow was the process that a shoe full of the +seed cotton was a task usually given to be done between supper +and bedtime. Whitney's invention was soon to affect the +agriculture and commerce of the world. The cotton gin has +greatly aided the development of all civilized nations. It has +built cities, freighted mighty fleets, and given employment to +many millions of the human race. + +11. Attention has already been called to the effects of French +atheism upon the United States. The tide of unbelief rolled on +until many religious people trembled for the creed and morals of +American people. Its terrible influence was seen and felt in +almost every department and employment of life. + +12. In 1802 a mighty religious movement began in Kentucky, and +spread over a large portion of the Republic. Vast assemblages of +the people were seen at the camp meetings. For weeks together the +ordinary avocations of life were abandoned by multitudes in order +to engage in religious worship; and, in the end, the churches +were reinforced by many thousands of new members. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What honors were conferred upon Governor Davie? + +2. Who was North Carolinas most able representative in Congress? +Tell something of the character of Nathaniel Macon. + +3. What great grief came upon the nation at this period? What +prominent man died in North Carolina at this time? Can you state +something of his life? + +4. What is this period called in the history of North Carolina? +What was the condition of the slaves? + +5. What is said of prominent lawyers? + +6. Mention some changes which were made in the court system. + +7. Who had succeeded Governor Davie as Chief-Magistrate? What +was one of his last official acts? Give an account of the duel? + +8. To what place did the Tuscaroras emigrate in 1802? + +9. What law was passed by the Legislature in favor of the +inventor of the cotton gin? Who was the inventor? + +10. Give an account of the preparation of the cotton for use both +before and after this great invention. + +11. What was the religious condition of the country? + +12. Give an account of the great religious revival of 1802. + + + + +CHAPTER XLII. + +GROWTH AND EXPANSION. + +A. D 1802 TO 1812. + +The Republic of America was wisely ruled during the eight +years of Mr. Jefferson's administration as President. He was not +only the greatest of political philosophers, but a consummate +party leader. Under his management the Federalists were so +completely won over that even ex-President John Adams was found +among the electors who voted for Jefferson's re-election. + +2. Vermont, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee were added to the list +of States, and the vast territory known as "Louisiana" was +purchased from France and made a portion of the American Union. +For this magnificent territory the United States paid fifteen +million dollars. But with all this evidence of internal +advancement, there was unnecessary and ever-growing trouble with +foreign powers. + +1804. + +3. Great Britain had not only failed to carry out the conditions +of the treaty of Paris, but continual trouble and war with the +western Indians were traced to the plotting of British agents. +In Europe, on the high seas, American ships were frequently +subjected to wrong and indignity by British cruisers, which +seized their cargoes or crews on various pretexts. These +maddening interferences, were fast bringing the people of the +United States to a determination to vindicate, by arms, their +claims as a free and independent people. Europe was still +convulsed by war. Napoleon Bonaparte had been crowned Emperor, +and in the mighty struggle the claims of the aggrieved public +were overlooked or despised. + +4. The people of North Carolina were still in great want of +general education. The University, at Chapel Hill, was sending +out graduates who had already conferred honor upon that seat of +learning, but the preparatory schools, so necessary as feeders to +such an establishment, were few and far between. + +5. Rev. William Bingham had begun a school in the eastern part of +the State. He removed temporarily to Pittsboro, but finally +settled at Hillsboro and established the academy which is even at +this day continued near by, at Mebaneville, under the +management of one of his descendants. This school, dating from +1793, was, even in its infancy, of marked excellence, and has won +more reputation than any similar institution in the Southern +States. Rev. Dr. David Caldwell's school in Guilford, Rev. J. O. +Freeman's in Murfreesboro, and a few academies in the villages, +however meritorious, produced but slight effect upon the great +mass of the people. + +6. There had not been opened a single free school in all the +State. Occasionally there could be found neighborhoods where a +few citizens joined in employing a man to teach the elementary +branches of English education, but these were generally attended +for only a few months, and were not very admirable either for +discipline or in the matters taught. + +1805. + +7. The people of the interior and west were becoming anxious for +some means of conveyance and travel to the outer world. The +crops raised were generally too bulky to pay for expensive +transportation over long distances, and for this reason were +available to feed only the community in which they were grown. +Tobacco from all the counties in the northern portion of the +State was conveyed to market by rolling the hogsheads containing +it along the roads, to markets at Petersburg, in Virginia, and +Fayetteville. + +8. In the regions of the long-leaf pine much attention was given +to the preparation of turpentine and tar. Indeed, so large a +trade grew up in these articles, that some people abroad came to +think that North Carolina produced little else. There were no +turpentine distilleries to be found, at this time, in North +Carolina; and the crude product of the tree was shipped from our +ports to be manufactured in other States. + +9. In 1805, during the sessions of the Legislature, General James +Wellborn, of Wilkes, introduced a proposition to build, at the +State's expense, a turnpike from Beaufort Harbor to the +mountains; but this and all other such improvements were +neglected for some time to come. + +1810. + +10. The canal through the Dismal Swamp was to prove very +beneficial to eastern counties; but this work, though authorized +long before, was yet unfinished. Vessels to New York or +Baltimore still passed out to sea by the dangers of Cape +Hatteras, and not unfrequently both cargo and crew were engulfed +amid its cruel sands. + +11. There was, at this period of our history, a brisk trade +between the West Indies and several of the eastern towns. +Wilmington, New Bern, Washington and Edenton were all largely +engaged in the shipment of staves and provisions; importing salt +and tropical stores in return. This, and all other foreign +trade, was ruthlessly stopped by the embargo laid by Congress. + +12. This embargo was the result of an act of Congress which +forbade the exportation of all goods from the United States to +Great Britain or her dependencies. It was very similar to the +expedient resorted to by the Second Continental Congress for a +like purpose, but was not enforced by any voluntary associations +of the people, as it was in 1775. + +1812. + +13. This extreme measure failed to bring Great Britain to a +surrender of her claim to search American ships; and on the 19th +of June, for this and other just causes, war was declared against +her. Mr. Madison would have temporized and still deferred the +dreadful expedient, but the American people were resolved upon +indemnity for the past and security for the future; and thus two +kindred nations were to waste blood and treasure in an +unnecessary quarrel. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Who was President of the United States at this period? What +is said of Jefferson's rule? + +2. What States were added to the Union? What great territory was +purchased? + +3. How had Great Britain kept the treaty of Paris? What +indignities were offered to the American people? How were these +things affecting the people? + +4. What is said of educational matters? + +5. What mention is made of the Bingham school? What other +schools are mentioned? + +6. What was the condition of free education? + +7. In what things were the people of the interior and west +becoming specially interested? + +8. What is said of the production of turpentine and tar? + +9. What was proposed by General James Wellborn to the Legislature +of 1805? + +10. Give a general description of coast navigation at this time. + +11. Give some particulars concerning trade. + +12. Explain the embargo act. + +13. What war was declared in 1812? + + + + +CHAPTER XLIII. + +SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. + +A. D. 1812 TO 1815. + +James Turner, of Warren; Nathaniel Alexander, of Mecklenburg; +David Stone, of Bertie, and Benjamin Smith, of Brunswick, had +served in turn as Governors of North Carolina during the years of +growth and expansion described in the last chapters. William +Hawkins, of Granville, was chosen to the same high office in +1812, and, as Commander-in-Chief of all the State's forces, felt +unusual responsibility in prospect of war even then begun between +Great Britain and the United States. + +1813. + +2. It was the purpose of the American government to seize Canada +and carry on hostilities, as much as possible, in that portion of +America. As no great army was assembled at any one point, no +call was made upon North Carolina for troops to be sent outside +of her borders, except to Norfolk, in Virginia. At that place +Major-General Thomas Brown, of Bladen, was in command of a +division sent from North Carolina. + +3. General Brown was a veteran of the Revolution, and had +rendered heroic service at Elizabethtown and elsewhere during +that long and arduous struggle. His brigade commanders were +General Thomas Davis, of Fayetteville, and General James F. +Dickinson, of Murfreesboro. + +4. Camps were also established and troops held for action at +other points. The western levies were collected at Wadesboro, +under General Alexander Gray, and were drilled and kept in +readiness to be marched to the relief of either Wilmington or +Charleston. Colonel Maurice Moore, at Wilmington, and Lieutenant- +Colonel John Roberts, at Beaufort, commanded garrisons for the +defence of these seaports. + +1814. + +5. In the American army on the northern frontier, where Winfield +Scott, of Virginia, was winning laurels, were two North Carolina +officers who were also rising to distinction. These were William +Gibbs McNeill, of Bladen, and William McRee, of Wilmington. Both +became Colonels in the corps of engineers. Amid the frequent +disasters and exhibitions of incompetency on the part of other +officers in that department, these gallant men were of great +credit to America and to North Carolina. + +6. On the sea, where the mighty fleets of Great Britain had at +such fearful disadvantage the few cruisers of their opponents, +were also to be found brilliant representatives of this +Commonwealth. Captain Johnston Blakeley, of Wilmington, had been +reared by Colonel Edward Jones, the Solicitor-General of North +Carolina. He had already made reputation in the Mediterranean +Sea under Commodore Preble. + +7. Early in 1614 he went to sea in the United State's sloop-of- +war Wasp, and captured, with great eclat, the British sloop- +of-war Reindeer. Having burned this prize for fear of its +recapture, he refitted in a French port, and in August +encountered another British ship, the Avon. The British vessel +had struck her colors, when a fleet of the enemy came upon the +scene and the victorious Wasp was forced to fly. In a few days +Blakeley, thus cruising over the crowded seas surrounding +England, captured fifteen merchant vessels. On one of these, the +brig Atlanta, he put a prize crew and sent her to the United +States. + +8. This is the last that is known of this gallant and ill fated +officer. He perished in some unknown manner at sea, but has left +an imperishable name to our keeping. + +9. Captain Otway Burns, of Beaufort, was the commander of a +cruiser known as the Snap-Dragon. With this privateer he long +roamed the seas, and was victorious in many well fought actions. +He survived the war and was afterwards a member of the +Legislature. The village of Burnsville was named in his honor. + +10. In addition to the troops already mentioned, a regiment +commanded by Colonel Joseph Graham, so highly distinguished in +the Revolution, was sent against Billy Weathersford and his Creek +warriors, who had massacred nearly three hundred white people in +Fort Minims, on the Alabama River. Another North Carolinian by +birth, General Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee, was in command of +the force sent to avenge this outrage of the red men. * + +*General Andrew Jackson was born in Mecklenburg county, on the +15th day of March, 1767, + +11. So swiftly and completely had Jackson done his work, that +when the North Carolina regiment arrived there was nothing left +to do; for, as Weathersford declared, his braves were all dead, +and the war ended. The Indians were required, as a preliminary +to peace, to bring in their fugitive chief, Weathersford. That +bold and able half-breed did not wait for arrest upon hearing +these terms, but rode into General Jackson's camp, and in +surrendering himself, boldly announced that he did so because he +no longer had warriors to continue the struggle." I have nothing +to ask for myself," said he, "but I want peace for my people." + +1815. + +12. Peace was soon made between the United States and Great +Britain, and the two nations, after struggling for each other's +injury for three years, agreed to stop without settling a single +one of the causes of the war. England did not even agree to +cease impressing men from the United States navy, but this was no +more practiced. The treaty of peace was ratified by the United +States Senate, February 7th, 1815. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What Governors had served in North Carolina during the years +just considered? Who was Governor at the beginning of the year +1812? + +2. How had the United States proposed to conduct the campaign? +What troops did North Carolina furnish? Who was in command? + +3. What is said of General Brown's past record? Who were his +brigade commanders? + +4. What military preparations were made in North Carolina? + +5. What two North Carolina officers were winning distinction +under General Winfield Scott? In what branch of the army were +they serving? + +6. What is said of affairs on the seas? What North Carolina +naval officer was distinguishing himself? + +7. Give an account of some of his bold and heroic exploits. How +many English vessels did he capture? + +8. What is known of him after this? + +9. What other seaman was distinguishing himself for his bravery? +How is his name commemorated in the State? + +10. Who was sent against the Indians? What great general was in +command of all this force? + +11. What was the success of General Jackson's expedition? + +12. What is said of the end of the war of 1812? + + + + +CHAPTER XLIV. + +AFTER THE STORM. + +A. D. 1815 TO 1821. + +When hostilities ceased it seemed a great thing to the people +of North Carolina once more to enjoy the full benefits of trade +and commerce. British cruisers had made all foreign commodities +very scarce and costly. Salt had been made on the seacoast in +limited quantities, but of inferior quality. It was, therefore, +gratifying to the people to see the stores again filled with +goods of every description. + +2. When this period of its history had been reached, the State +was divided into sixty-two counties. Each of these sent annually +to the General Assembly one Senator and two members of the House +of Commons. Edenton, New Bern, Wilmington, Fayetteville, +Hillsboro, Halifax and Salisbury were called "borough towns"; +and, by virtue of this superior dignity, each sent, in addition +to the county members, a representative to the lower House of +Assembly. + +3. The Moravian settlement at Salem had prospered, and though no +great numbers of that sect had come over from Europe, yet much +wisdom and thrift were seen in the affairs of Wachovia. A female +seminary of real excellence and great popularity had been founded +in 1804, and young ladies from all the Southern States were +receiving a good education in this retired and healthful region. + +4. Raleigh then contained about eight hundred people: +Fayetteville twice as many. Wilmington and New Bern were the +largest and most important towns in the State, but were still +limited in population and trade. Edenton and Halifax had each +lost importance, and many villages were surpassing them both in +number of inhabitants and in extent of trade. + +1819. + +5. Dr. Joseph Caldwell had been, for many years, President of the +University. He came from New Jersey to make North Carolina his +future home, and gave the State of his adoption so laborious and +useful a devotion that his name will be cherished in its limits +so long as learning and patriotism are valued He was not only +making the college famous for the excellence of its appointments, +but internal improvement was advocated by him so intelligently +and zealously that the general apathy on the two great subjects +of education and intercommunication was passing away. + +6. The churches were likewise providing for increased effect +among the people. The Methodist conference was each year adding +to the number of its churches and itinerant preachers. The +Baptists had added the "Chowan" as a coadjutor to similar bodies +known as "Sandy Creek" and "Kehukee" Associations. + +7. The Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina, in 1816, perfected +its organization by the election and consecration of Bishop John +Stark Ravenscroft. He was a man of strong character and eminent +piety and usefulness. As a preacher, he was held in equal +reverence with another distinguished divine of that day, the Rev. +John Kerr, of Caswell, a leader among the Baptists. + +[NOTE--In 1827, Dr. Caldwell delivered an exceedingly able address +before the Legislature, on the subject of railways, and a +considerable interest was awakened. The first railway in the +United States was built in 1826. This was in Massachusetts, and +was only two miles long. It was known as the "Quincey Railroad." +The first passenger railway was the Baltimore and Ohio road, +fifteen miles long, and was regularly opened in 1830. The cars +were drawn by horses until the next year, when a locomotive was +used.] + +8. The Presbyterian Synod also contained many able and excellent +ministers. Rev. Drs. Samuel E. McCorkle, David Caldwell and +James Hall were greatly esteemed for their learning; and +devotion. This church was specially active and efficient in +refuting the teachings of the French atheists. + +9. William Gaston and Bartlett Yancey were leaders among the +statesmen of North Carolina at this period. They were both +greatly distinguished for eloquence and ability. For purity of +character they had not been surpassed in all our annals. Another +James Iredell had arisen in Chowan county, and in Craven were +John Stanly and young George E. Badger. In Caswell appeared +Romulus M. Saunders, another young lawyer of fine abilities, who +became a distinguished citizen of the State. + +10. The establishment of the Supreme Court, in 1818, on its +present basis, was largely the work of Bartlett Yancey. John +Louis Taylor, the Chief-Justice, with Leonard Henderson and John +Hall, as Associates, constituted a tribunal which was soon to win +the veneration of American lawyers. + +1820. + +11. This has been called the era of "Good Feeling" in American +politics. But the question of slavery in the Territories was +fast assuming a dangerous importance. + +12. The Northern States objected to the admission of any more +slave States. The Southern would consent to no such prohibition. +The storm grew louder, until it was temporarily settled by the +"Missouri Compromise" of March 3d, 1820, which provided that +henceforward slavery should be forever forbidden north of the +parallel of 36° 60' The news of which, however, Mr. Jefferson +declared fell on his ears "like a fire-bell at night." + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the condition of North Carolina after the war of +1812? + +2. How many counties were in North Carolina in 1815? What is +said of the representation in the General Assembly? What towns +had special privileges? + +3. Give some account of the growth of the Moravian settlement at +Salem. + +4. Give some description of various towns and villages. + +5. What efforts was Dr. Joseph Caldwell putting forth for the +advancement of the State? + +6. What growth was seen among the Methodist churches? + +7. Who was at the head of the Episcopal Church? What is said of +Bishop Ravenscroft? + +8. Who were the most eminent Presbyterian divines? What benefit +was derived from their labors? + +9. Mention the political leaders. + +10. Through whose efforts was the Supreme Court established? Who +were the Justices? + +11. What was this period called? + +12. What question was greatly agitating the people? + + + + +CHAPTER XLV. + +THE WHIGS AND THE DEMOCRATS. + +A. D. 1821 TO 1827. + +1821. + +In the decade following the enactment of the Missouri Compromise +there was prodigious material growth in every section of the +American Union. In North Carolina the real prosperity of the +people was imperceptible, by reason of the heavy emigration to +the South and West. Not only population, but wealth, was +continually withdrawing to more profitable fields of labor and +speculation. + +2. While the Northern and Western sections of the Union were +receiving the thousands who came every year from Europe and +elsewhere, there was no such accession to our numbers. For a +century past there has been little or no immigration to North +Carolina. The stream of settlers that once poured so steadily +into the hill country had ceased even before the Revolution. + +3. After the overthrow of the Federalists by Mr. Jefferson, in +the year 1800, there was no national party struggle on the old +issues, but in every portion of the country were individuals who +adhered to the views of Alexander Hamilton as to the proper +construction of the Constitution of the United States. Many of +these were men of great social and professional eminence. + +4. Under Mr. Madison and his successors there was, in fact, no +party but the Democratic-Republicans. Every one who hoped for +political promotion professed the faith of that organization. +There was no party division as to the Bank or the United States, +or the tariff of duties on foreign imports. + +5. In the year 1825 the State was graced by the visit of General +La Fayette. A half century before he had left his wife and all +the charms of life in Paris to do battle in behalf of the +struggling American colonies. After acting a distinguished part +in the French Revolution, he had returned as the Nation's guest, +to receive the thanks of another generation for the great +services he had rendered in the past. He went from State to +State, every where greeted with the utmost love and veneration. +He soon returned to France in the United States ship Brandywine, +after receiving princely recognition and rewards from Congress. + +6. In this year, also, a considerable excitement was created on +account of an extraordinary advance in the price of cotton. In +a few weeks the price went from twelve to thirty-two cents per +pound. This great rise was only temporary, and many people were +ruined by the sudden and unexpected fall. + +7. In 1825 the election of John Quincy Adams, by The House of +Representatives, to the Presidency, resulted in giving a new +aspect to political matters. General Andrew Jackson, who had +received the largest popular vote, and was then a Senator from +Tennessee, became the leader of those who were called +"Democrats." Those who were opposed to him assumed the name of +"Whigs." + +8. Mr. Adams, though elected as a Democrat-Republican, soon +found that party arrayed against his administration. Henry +Clay, and all of those who had been Federalists, supported the +President. In North Carolina many prominent men arrayed +themselves with the new party. These Whigs, as they were +called, advocated a continuance of the United States Bank, a +tariff for protection on importations, and a distribution to the +several States of the money realized by the sale of public lands. + +9. General Jackson and the Democrats favored a tariff for +revenue. They contended that the National Bank was not only +unauthorized by the Constitution, but also dangerous to the +liberties of the people. They were likewise unfriendly to the +plan of making the States pensioners of the general government, +as proposed in the policy of distribution. + +10. Soon great rancor developed between the two parties, both of +which had lately been included in the Republican ranks. Henry +Clay and John Randolph inaugurated animosities by a duel; and +soon, in North Carolina, as elsewhere, social amenities were but +little regarded between the Whigs and Democrats. + +11. This was very absurd. All were citizens of a free country, +and were entitled to hold and express opinions as to what was +the best policy for the government to pursue. God has so +constituted men that, of necessity, they must differ in opinion +on all subjects. How weak and wicked, then, is the man who +hates his brother because of the failure to agree on +matters that are, after all, involved in doubt. + +12. It was not always so, however, for when the Constitution was +framed in Philadelphia, in 1787, all the States but +Massachusetts recognized the legality of slave property. Very +soon afterwards, however, the "Society for African Emancipation" +was formed, with Dr. Benjamin Franklin as its president. This +body petitioned Congress to abolish slavery in the States and +Territories, but was answered that the Constitution left this +matter to the States, and that the Federal authorities had no powers. + +13. The Northern States finding slave labor unprofitable, had +all abolished this institution in their midst, and their slaves +had been sent to the South and sold. Southern men, also, had +been divided as to the policy of continuing a state of society +so opposed to the general liberties of mankind; but this liberal +spirit in the South was checked by the violent and unreasonable +criticisms and denunciations of the Northern reformers. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What growth was noticed in the Union during the years just +considered? + +2. What is said of immigration to North Carolina? + +3. In what condition were the political parties of the country? + +4. What is said of President Madison's administration? + +5. What distinguished Frenchman visited North Carolina in the +year 1825? How was he everywhere received by the people? +How did Congress treat him? + +6. What is said of the extraordinary rise in the price of cotton? How did it affect many people? + +7. What was the effect of the election of John Quincy Adams? What two political parties then existed? + +8. What troubles did Mr. Adams find? What party was led by Henry Clay? +What were some of the Whig principles? + +9. What did General Jackson and his party advocate? + +10. What results were produced by the violent assertions of these opinions? + +11. What is said of political animosities? + +12. How was the question of slavery viewed? What State refused to +recognize the legality of slave property? What society was organized? + + + + +CHAPTER XLVI. + +THE CONDITION OF THE STATE. + +A. D. 1827 TO 1836. + +1. While the Republic of the United States was so divided and +agitated as to matters of policy touching the interests of all +the Union, there were, at the same time, many issues of local +importance confined to North Carolina. + +2. The old habit of annually changing the place for holding the +sessions of the Legislature had first brought about a feeling of +sectionalism between the eastern and western counties. Western +men had first learned to combine in securing Hillsboro rather +than New Bern for this purpose. It was natural and right for +them to seek to lessen as much as possible the distance that +separated the State capital from their homes. + +1829. + +3. The western counties were also anxious to change the system of +representation, so that their weight in population should be felt +in legislation. As it was, the east held control of both Houses +of the General Assembly. Hertford, with five hundred voters, had +exactly the weight of Buncombe or Orange, with its thousands. +Eastern men would not consent to modify this hardship. They +insisted that the Halifax Constitution was still to be adhered +to, and refused to go into a constitutional convention for fear +of changes that might subject eastern wealth to taxation in order +to secure the construction of highways in the west. + +1831. + +4. On the morning of the 21st of June the capitol at Raleigh was +burned. The fire was caused by the carelessness of a workman who +was covering the roof. The building was a total loss, as was +also the beautiful statue of Washington, which stood in the +rotunda. A new capitol was erected upon the site of the old +building, by act of the Legislature of 1832. It is an elegant +structure, and was built of native granite, at a cost of over a +half million of dollars. + +5. The burning of the Capitol, or State-House, as it was called, +was a calamity and inconvenience, but the chief regret was over +the loss of the marble statue of Washington. This fine work had +recently been received from the famous sculptor Canova, in Italy, +and was said to be one of his finest productions. + +[NOTE--By a freak of liberality, unusual in those good +old days, when the State never spent over ninety thousand dollars +a year for all purposes, when taxes were six cents on the one +hundred dollars value of real estate only, and personal property +was entirely exempt, the General Assembly had placed in the +rotunda a magnificent statue of Washington, of Carrara marble, by +the great Canova. It was the pride and boast of the state. Our +people remembered with peculiar pleasure that La Fayette had +stood at its base and commended the beauty of the carving and +fitness of the honor to the great man, under whom he had served +in our war of independence, and whom he regarded with a +passionate and reverential love. --(Hon. Kemp P. Battle. LL. D. ).] + +1834. + +6. On the 4th day of June, 1823, a political convention, composed +of gentlemen from the western portion of the State, met in +Raleigh. It was presided over by Bartle Yancey. The object of +the convention was to devise measure to secure greater weight in +the Legislature to their great and growing popular majorities. +Many wise and desirable changes in the Constitution of 1776 were +suggested, and the result was that sectional feeling ran very +high. So much so, that in time the people of the west might have +proceeded to extreme measures had not the Legislature of 1834 +come to the rescue in the passage of the "Convention Bill." + +7. On a close vote, aided by the votes of eastern borough +members, the bill was passed which provided that, in case a +call for a convention therein contained should be endorsed by a +majority of the voters in the State, then a convention should be +held; and each member chosen, before taking his seat should take +oath that he would not be a party to any further alterations of +the Constitution than those specified in the enabling act. + +1835. + +8. The Convention met in Raleigh on June 4th 1835, and Nathaniel +Macon was made President. Many of the ablest men in the State +were members. Judge Gastor, Governor David L. Swain and Judge J. +J. Daniel were leaders in the debates. Borough representation +and free negro suffrage were abolished. The election of Governor +was taken from the Assembly and committed to the people. The +legislative sessions were made biennial instead of annual, as of +old. Each county was to send one member to the House of Commons, +and more if its population justified so doing. One hundred and +twenty members constituted this body, while the Senators were +limited to fifty. The upper House was to represent taxation; and +the lower, population. + +9. These organic changes were ratified by a popular majority of +more than five thousand votes. This change of Constitution was +soon followed by the first popular election for Governor. +Governors Miller, Burton, Owen and Swain had successively +occupied the Executive Office in North Carolina, until the +Legislature, in 1835, for the last time, selected a Governor in +the person of Richard Dobbs Spaight, of Craven. + +10. This gentleman did not equal his father in the brilliance of +his endowments, but he was well fitted for the exigencies of a +contest before the people. He was nominated for re-election by +the Democrats the next year, but was beaten by the Whig nominee, +Edward B. Dudley, of Wilmington. Mr. Dudley was not only a very +able lawyer, but proved himself a statesman of enduring worth. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is said of these troublesome years? + +2. What troubles were seen in North Carolina? What divisions had +rung up between the eastern and western men of the State? + +3. How did the men of the two sections view the question of representation? + +4. What public building was burned on June 21st, 1831? What was +the cause of the fire? What was lost with the building? Where +was the new capitol built? Of what was it built? + +5. What was the chief regret? Who was this work by? + +6. What is said of the Western Convention of 1823? + +7. What law was enacted concerning a convention? + +8. What is said of the memorable convention of 1835? What +changes were made in the Constitution? + +9. What was the majority of the votes given to the amendments? +Who was the last Governor selected by the Legislature? + +10. What two candidates were before the people in 1836? Who was +the first Governor elected by the people? + +13. How had the Northern States acted in regard to slavery? +What checked the liberal spirit of the South concerning slavery? + + + + +CHAPTER XLVII. + +INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS--THE COURTS AND THE BAR. + +A. D. 1836. + +There had been many changes effected among the people of North +Carolina by the lapse of time when the year 1836 came in. +Bartlett Yancey, the two Drs. Caldwell and Archibald Henderson +were all dead, and their places filled by other men. Cotton was +becoming more and more widely cultivated, and, year by year the +value of slave property was increasing by reason of the profits +realized in the cultivation of this great Southern staple. + +2. The Dismal Swamp Canal was at last ready for traffic between +the Albemarle country and Norfolk, in the State of Virginia. A +change was soon apparent in the trade of the towns thus connected +by a new watercourse with the outer world. The dangerous voyages +through the inlets and out into the ocean were by degrees +abandoned, and almost all direct trade with the West Indies +ceased. + +3. The first railway charter given in North Carolina was that of +the Petersburg Railroad. This was in 1830, and was followed, two +years later, by that of the Portsmouth and Roanoke route. Soon +after, Governor Dudley and others organized the Wilmington +Railroad, leading to Weldon, the same terminus fixed for the +others. This was for some time the longest single line in the +world. + +4. A few lines had been constructed in the United States prior to +these, but they were among the pioneer works of the vast network +of railways now seen in every portion of the Republic. Wonderful +changes have taken place in the travel and traffic of the States. +The vast extent of the national territory once presented to wise +observers of our institutions a bar to any unity of thought and +interest; but steam and electricity have triumphed over space, +and the Republic, in 1882, is far more compact and its parts +greatly more accessible than were the Atlantic States in 1787. + +5. In just a half century the iron lines, beginning at the sea, +have reached and pierced the mountain barriers of Western North +Carolina. From State to State rush the tireless ministers of our +wealth and pleasure. Instead of the wagon toiling slowly in the +rear of weary axemen, we see the long and well-appointed +railroad train sweep by with the speed of the hurricane, bearing +the wealth of States, and doing more in the course of twenty-four +hours to diffuse civilization and luxury than our ancestors could +have accomplished in as many years. + +6. The Baptist churches of the greater portion of North Carolina, +in 1830, formed what they called a "State Convention" and +organized for missionary and other purposes. This important +movement resulted in a great improvement to this denomination, +for out of this combination learned periodicals, new churches and +many colleges and schools were to have their origin. + +7. Among public men of that day, Judge Willie P. Manguni, of +Orange, held a distinguished position. His brilliant eloquence +and gracious demeanor secured his election in 1830, over Governor +John Owen, to the United States Senate. In this distinguished +body he remained long and became highly influential. A personal +difficulty came near resulting in a duel between these two +gentlemen, but it was amicably settled. Governor Owen was no +further in public life, except to preside over the convention +which nominated Harrison and Tyler for the chief executive +offices of the United States in 1840. + +8. Upon the death of Chief Justice Taylor, in 1829, the legal +profession lost one of its greatest ornaments. His strong +natural understanding was further improved by his learning; but +in addition to this, he possessed qualities which peculiarly +fitted him for framing the practice and precedents of a new +tribunal. He was an eminently wise and just man, and well +deserved to be called the "Mansfield of North Carolina." + +9. Upon Judge Taylor's death, Leonard Henderson became Chief- +Justice, and Judge J. D. Toomer, Associate-Justice. The latter +only remained a member of the Court a few months, and having +resigned, was succeeded by Thomas Ruffin, of Orange. No one in +our history has brought higher judicial qualities to the bench +than were seen in Judge Ruffin. Deep learning, wide grasp and +luminous statement soon made him respected both at home and +abroad. + +10. Upon the death of Chief-Justice Henderson, in 1833, William +Gaston, of Craven, was elected to the Supreme Court. The Court +was then composed of Chief-Justice Thomas Ruffin, Joseph J. +Daniel and William Gaston, Associates; and was unequaled in +America as a legal tribunal. Judge Daniel was able, learned and +upright; and in Gaston nature had combined her highest gifts. +His Roman Catholic creed was not shared by many people of the +State, but such were the purity and usefulness of his life, that +no man of his time was more beloved or trusted. + +11. The Judges of the Superior Courts were also men of integrity +and ability. Henry Seawell, who was a powerful advocate in the +courts, and had twice been clothed with the judicial ermine, had +recently died, and the different circuits were then presided over +by Thomas Settle, of Rockingham; R. M. Saunders, of Wake; John M. +T. Dick, of Guilford; John L. Bailey, of Pasquotank, and Richmond +M. Pearson, of Rowan. + +12. The Bar of North Carolina was never more respected for the +learning and eloquence of its members than at the period now +reached in this narrative. Gavin Hogg, Peter Browne and Judge +Duncan Cameron were all men of renown. They were possessed of +large fortunes and left names of unsullied honor. + +13. Judge Badger, B. F. Moore, Thomas Bragg, and W. N. H. Smith, +were all in full practice before the courts, and were the peers +of Iredell, Davie and Archibald Henderson of former days. It is +impossible to overestimate the influence for good or evil which +has been and ever will be exerted by the lawyers in a free land. +They are the sentinels and conservators of public liberty, and, +next to the clergy, improve or impair the morality of the masses. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What changes were noticed in North Carolina in 1836? What is +said of cotton and slave property? + +2. What canal had been completed? How did it benefit that section? + +3. What is said of the railway charters? + +4. In what condition were railroads at this time? + +5. What is said of the present means of travel? + +6. What religious convention had been formed in 1730? + +7. What public man is now mentioned, and what is said of his abilities? + +8. What mention is made of Chief-Justice Taylor? + +9. What changes were made in the Supreme Court? What is said of +Judge Thomas Ruffin? + +10. Who succeeded Judge Henderson? Who composed the Supreme +Court in 1833? + +11. Can you name some of the Judges, of the Superior Court? + +12. What is said of the Bar at this period? + +13. How is the influence of lawyers always felt in a community? + + + + +CHAPTER XLVIII. + +ORIGIN OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. + +A. D. 1837 TO 1842. + +It will be remembered that in 1767 the first school was +incorporated by the Legislature of North Carolina, by the act in +favor of the academy at New Bern. In this, and subsequent +legislation for schools at Edenton and elsewhere, it had provided +that the teachers should all be communicants of the Church of +England. This stipulation was, of course, part of the English +Church and State system of government. + +2. When, just previous to the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, +the founders of the "Queen's Museum," at Charlotte, a school so +named in honor of the queen of England, asked incorporation of +the Colonial General Assembly, it was not granted, for the reason +that this institution was Presbyterian, both as to trustees and +faculty. Up to that period dissenting ministers had not been +allowed any legal recognition, and it was considered a great +concession that the Presbyterian clergy were allowed to officiate +at marriages. + +3. During the Revolution (in 1777) the useful seminary at +Charlotte was first legally chartered as "Liberty Hall." It was +in no way sustained by or connected with the State, but was to +the Presbytery of Orange what Davidson College is now to the, +Synod of North Carolina, and was sustained solely by the +contributions and patronage of private citizens. Indeed, this +had been the case all along with the chartered schools of New +Bern and Edenton. + +4. In 1776, when the convention at Halifax framed the first +Constitution for the State, among the leading ordinances of that +instrument was that for the State's active aid to the education +of the people. With this clause in the Constitution which they +all swore to uphold, the legislators had done nothing so far, +except to provide, in 1790, for the establishment of the +University at Chapel Hill. * + +*Section 41 of the Halifax Constitution declared "that a school +or schools shall be established by the Legislature for the +convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the +masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at +low prices. All useful learning shall be duly encouraged and +promoted in one or more universities." + +5. This disregard of their organic law, on the part of those +constituting the State government, was deeply regretted by many +wise and good men. But only a few dared to encounter the +opposition to taxation for popular education. Governors Johnston +and Davie in former days, and Judge Murphy and Bartlett Yancey of +later times, had been strenuous for a larger compliance with the +terms of the State Constitution, but the members of the several +Legislatures, fearful of incurring popular displeasure, or for +other reasons, had held back. + +6. General Jackson and the Democratic party had opposed the +distribution of the proceeds from the sale of national public +lands as a fixed rule in the policy of the government, but in his +last administration many millions of dollars had accumulated in +the Federal treasury, for which the general government had no +immediate use. In 1837 this fund was divided out to all the +States except Virginia (that Commonwealth refusing her share). +North Carolina's proportion amounted to one and a half million +dollars. + +7. This fund, together with the amounts realized from the sale of +swamp lands belonging to the State, and certain shares of bank +stock, also the property of North Carolina, was set aside and +invested for the benefit of the public schools of the State, and +was known as the "School Fund." + +8. It was not until the year 1840 that any effective legislation +was had for the establishment of the free educational system. By +an act of the Legislature of 1836, the Governor and three others, +by him to be appointed, were constituted the "Literary Board." +In 1839 an act was passed to divide the counties into school +districts. It left to each county the option of schools or no +schools. It showed considerable advance in popular wisdom, that +all but one of the counties decided to have schools and to be +taxed for the election of such buildings as were necessary in the +work. + +[NOTE--The Presidential campaign of 1840 was an unusually exciting +one. The Whig nominee, William Henry Harrison, was charged by +his opponents as having lived in a "log cabin," with nothing to +drink but "hard cider." His friends made good use of these +charges. "Hard Cider" became a political watchword, and in the +numerous Whig processions a "log cabin" on wheels occupied the +most prominent and honored position. The "Log cabin Campaign" +will long be remembered. President Harrison died within one +month after his inauguration. His last words were, "The +principles of the government; I wish them carried out. I ask +nothing more."] + +9. Not in the General Assembly alone was the subject of education +receiving unusual attention. The Baptists, in 1826, established +a high school on the farm of Colonel Calvin Jones, in Wake +county. A little later it was changed in name and became Wake +Forest College. The Presbyterians, in 1838, founded Davidson +College, in Mecklenburg. These denominational institutions +became noble adjuncts to the University in affording +opportunities for liberal culture in our own borders. + +10. Thus, at last, the "old-field schools" were superseded as +better institutions took their place. The old-fashioned country +teacher, who passed from house to house for subsistence, and was +wholly dependent upon the feelings or caprices of one or two +employers, gradually disappeared as academies and common schools +multiplied. + +11. The Bingham School in Orange, the Lovejoy School in Raleigh, +the Bobbitt School in Franklin, the Caldwell Institute in +Greensboro, Trinity College near Raleigh, the Donaldson Academy +in Fayetteville, and numerous other excellent male academies +greatly added to the number of well-informed and useful men. + +1842. + +12. The Salem Seminary, so widely renowned for the host of +cultured women sent out to every portion of the South, at last +found a worthy rival in St. Mary's School. This institution was +established at Raleigh, in 1842, under the patronage of Bishop +Ives and the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina. Rev. Dr. +Aldert Smedes, who soon presided over its fortunes, was +singularly fitted for such place; for in no other institution in +America was intellectual training more largely supplemented by +the moral and social graces. These popular institutions were +soon reinforced by the excellent Methodist Female College at +Greensboro. + +13. Presbyterian's, a few years later, had a first-rate +school for the education of their daughters in "Edgeworth," a +noble seminary established by Governor Morehead at Greensboro. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is this chapter about? What laws has been enacted +concert concerning education? + +2. Why had incorporation been refused to the "Queen's Museum"? + +3. What is said of the schools at Charlotte and Davidson? + +4. What clause was in the first State Constitution? How had the +intent of this clause been carried out? + +5. What were some of the views in regard to popular education? +What men had advocated the provisions of the Constitution? + +6. What addition to the School Fund did North Carolina receive in 1837? + +7. How was the fund further increased? + +8. Can you mention the legislation at this period affecting school matters? + +9. What denominational schools were founded about this time? + +10. What is said of the "old-field schools"? +11. Where were the leading male schools, and what is said of the usefulness? + +12. What female schools are mentioned? What is said of St. +Mary's School? What is said of other schools? + + + + +CHAPTER XLIX. + +SLAVERY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. + +A. D. 1842 TO 1844. + +1. When the year of our Lord 1842 had come, peace and prosperity +were in all portions of North Carolina. Society was still +divided into three classes. These were: the white people, the +slaves and the free negroes. The latter class had originated by +manumission, and were numerous in some of the eastern counties. +They had lost the right of suffrage by the action of the State +Convention of 1835. + +2. This action on the part of the Convention was due in some +degree, doubtless, to the constant agitation of the slavery +question, though by no means due to that alone; but to the +further fact, as well, that during the time they voted by +sufferance they had plainly demonstrated their utter unfitness to +appreciate or exercise the great right of suffrage. + +3. As a class they were unthrifty and dishonest, and each year +becoming more useless as members of the community; their +association with the slaves was regarded as an evil to be avoided +if possible; therefore, they were discriminated against in the +legislation of the period. Virginia and Ohio had both enacted +statutes which forbade them access to their borders. North +Carolina provided by law that in case of their removal from the +State they lost their residence, and were forbidden to return. + +4. The right of the States to pass such laws for the protection +of their slave property cannot be denied, unless the right of +property in slaves be also denied. Nor can they properly be +called unjust. The right of property in their slaves the people +of North Carolina regarded as settled by the Constitution of the +State and that of the United States. Theorists might speculate +whether African slavery was consistent with the American +Declaration of Independence as they pleased, but the right of +property in slaves was undisputably recognized and secured in the +fundamental laws of the land. As to the moral question involved, +if any such there was, the Southern slave-owner regarded it as +one between himself and his God, and not between himself and his +Northern brother. + +5. As a matter of course, slavery and intellectual culture are +incompatible, and education was therefore denied the slaves. The +right to testify in the courts against a white man, and even the +right to defend himself from the assaults of white men, except in +defence of life in the last extremity, were also necessarily +denied him. These restrictions were necessary to the maintenance +of the legal relations between the dominant and subject races. + +6. Of course there were those who studied the slavery problem +from every possible standpoint, except the constitutional +legality of it. That, at least, was fixed. Some doubted the +morality of it and others questioned the policy of it, and it is +quite possible, had time and opportunity for gradual manumission +and exportation offered, North Carolina would have been a free +State, in the course of events, of her own accord. + +7. The Northern States had sold their slaves rather than free +them under their acts of manumission. It was not possible for +this to be further repeated by the Commonwealths still retaining +the institution; so in a blind ignorance of the future and in +utter hopelessness of any practicable solution of their +difficulty, except in remaining as they were, the statesmen of +the South contented themselves with a simple policy of resistance +to change. + +1844. + +8. Among the white people of North Carolina were found all who +participated in the conduct of public affairs. The means of +popular education had been too recently adopted to show effects +upon the community. The labors of a few wise men were just being +crowned with success, and the children of the poor were receiving +the rudiments of education in every portion of the State. + +9. In religion, the great mass of the people belonged to country +churches. These rural congregations, as a general thing, met on +one Saturday and the succeeding Sabbath of each month, to attend +the preaching of a minister who often served other churches as +pastor the remaining Sundays. Beyond the Sunday schools and +annual protracted meetings, there were no other religious +observances except occasional funerals and prayer meetings at +private houses. + +10. The balls and horse-races of former days in the eastern +counties had, in a large measure, ceased. In the growth of the +Methodist and Baptist Churches in that section, such amusements +had been so discouraged that festivities of this kind became +rare. In the western sections of North Carolina they had never +been countenanced by the Presbyterians. + +11. The summers became more or less marked by great assemblages +in the protracted or "camp-meetings." They were, to the devout, +seasons of religious devotion, but to the young and thoughtless, +opportunities for courtship and social enjoyment. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What three classes of society existed in North Carolina in 1842? + +2. What action was taken by the Convention of 1835 in regard to +free negroes? + +3. What is said of this class of our population? + +4. How did our people view the question of slavery? + +5. What privileges were denied the slaves? Why? + +6. What would probably have been the final result in North Carolina? + +7. What had the Northern States done with their slaves? How was +the South compelled to act? + +8. What educational progress was being made? + +9. What was the condition of religious matters? + +10. What effects were seen from the growth of the churches? + +11. What great congregations were found in various places during the summer? + + + + +CHAPTER L. + +THE MEXICAN WAR. + +A. D. 1844 TO 1846. + +Governor Dudley was opposed by ex-Governor John Branch, of +Halifax, as the candidate of the Democratic party in 1838. +Governor Branch had been in the Cabinet of General Jackson, and +upon his defeat in this contest, retired from public life in +North Carolina to receive the appointment of territorial +Governor of Florida. In the Gubernatorial contest, two years +later, John Motley Morehead, of Guilford, as the nominee of the +Whigs, likewise defeated the Democratic leader, Judge Romulus M. +Saunders. + +2. They were both men of large natural endowments, and have +never been surpassed in the vigor of their debates before the +people. They were both educated at Chapel Hill, and were types +of public Southern men of their day. Judge Saunders made a high +reputation as a member of Congress; and Governor Morehead so +grew in favor that eloquent Louis D. Henry, who opposed his re- +election, was also defeated by a considerable majority. + +3. The loss of the State in the deaths of Judge Gaston, of Judge +Daniel, and of Lewis Williams, long one of our Representatives +in Congress, was not easily repaired. Michael Hoke, of +Lincolnton, was rising to prominence as a politician when his +untimely death occurred. He had just concluded a brilliant +canvass against William A. Graham, of Orange, for the office of +Governor, and lost his election and his life in the summer of 1844. + +4. This election of Governor Graham marked a new era in the +development of the State. He was the son of General Joseph +Graham, of the Revolution, and inherited many of his virtues. +No public man in the history of the State has brought closer +application or a higher elevation to his duties. Like Richard +Caswell and Nathaniel Macon, his hold upon the public affections +was never lost, and to the day of his death he was "first in the +hearts of his countrymen" of North Carolina. + +5. In 1844, James Knox Polk, of Tennessee, who was a native of +North Carolina and a graduate of our University, was elected +President of the United States. During his administration the +United States and the neighboring Republic of Mexico went to +war. The boundary line between Texas and Mexico had long been +in dispute between those countries, a dispute that practically +amounted to a constant border warfare. Of course as soon as +Texas was annexed to the United States the Federal government +took the place of Texas as a party to the quarrel, and +undisguised, open war followed. + +6. President Polk made a visit to the University during his term +of office, which was highly appreciated and greatly redounded to +the honor of that ancient institution. President Polk was born +in Mecklenburg county in 1795, and died in 1849. The +announcement of his nomination for the Presidency was the first +message ever sent by telegraph. It was sent from Baltimore, +where the National Democratic Convention was in session, to +Washington City, on 29th May, 1844, over an experimental line, +put up at the expense of the Federal government, to test +Professor Morse's recent invention. + +1846. + +7. A regiment of North Carolina volunteers was sent to Mexico +under Colonel Robert Treat Paine, of Chowan. It was stationed +on the line of communication, but was not actively engaged in +any of the battles. Two companies of North Carolina troops +under Captains W. J. Clarice and Charles R. Jones, were mustered +into the Twelfth Regiment United States Infantry, and did +valiant service in the battle at National Bridge. + +8. Louis D. Wilson, of Edgecombe, had been Captain of Company A, +in Colonel Paine's regiment. He was promoted Major and assigned +to duty in the Twelfth United States Infantry. He died on duty +in Mexico, and left his estate to the benefit of the poor of his +native county. + +9. Captain Braxton Bragg gained great credit for his conduct at +the battle of Buena Vista, where, with a single battery of light +artillery, he resisted the attack of a large force upon General +Taylor's left flank, and thus prevented a movement that would +otherwise have caused the immediate retreat and probable +destruction of the American army. + +10. The smoke was so dense in this action that Captain Bragg was +able to place his battery within fifty yards of the advancing +column. He gave the foe a round of double canister shot, which +opened great gaps in their ranks. They staggered and recoiled +under this murderous fire. When the delighted American +commander saw that the battle was won, he arose in his stirrups +and joyfully shouted: "Give them a little more grape, Captain +Bragg!" + +11. Major Samuel McRee, of Wilmington, rendered valuable +service as Quartermaster in the army under General Scott. +Captain J. H. K. Burgwin, of the first United States Dragoons, +died of his wounds at Taos. Lieutenant James G. Martin lost an +arm and gained a brevet at Churusbusco. Captains T. H. Holmes +and Gabriel Rains, and Lieutenant F. T. Bryan, all gave valuable +and recognized service in the two columns under Generals Scott +and Taylor. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What period have we now reached? +Who were Governors at this time? +What is said of Governor John Branch? + +2. What mention is made of the candidates for Governor? + +3. What deaths of prominent men occurred about this period? + +4. What Governor was elected in 1844? How was he beloved in the State? + +5. What troubles arose in national matters on the election of James K. Polk? + +6. What is said, of his visit to the University? Of what State was President +Polk a native? How was his nomination announced? + +7. Can you mention the North Carolina troops sent to Mexico, and +their commanders? + +8. Tell something about Major Louis D. Wilson. + +9. What valiant officer was with General Taylor at Buena Vista? +Give an account of his timely aid to the American army. + +10. Describe the action. + +11. What other officers are spoken of? + + + + +CHAPTER LI. + +THE NORTH CAROLINA RAILWAY AND THE ASYLUMS. + +A. D. 1845. + +No single year in human records has been more prolific of +change and social advancement than that which witnessed the +overthrow of King Louis Phillipe in France and the general +upheaval of all Europe. It seemed that the spirits of the +sixteenth century had revisited the earth, and that men were +everywhere resolved on revolution or amendment. + +1848. + +2. North Carolina formed no exception to this general impulse of +Christendom. A wise and patriotic disregard of old sectional and +party traditions first led to the assumption by the State of a +controlling part in the great work of internal improvement. The +railroads that had been previously constructed from different +points to Roanoke River, were all in a deplorable condition. + +3. The Raleigh and Gaston route was so decayed and impaired in +its equipments that a whole day was consumed in the passage of a +mail train over the eighty miles traversed. The Seaboard route +to Portsmouth, Virginia, was prostrate and out of use. The +Wilmington Road, though it was in somewhat better plight, was +still served by feeble engines, which drew a few trains slowly +along the track, ironed no more heavily than the wheels of a six- +horse wagon. + +4. The additional fact that no railway went further west than the +village of Raleigh, also prevented the accumulation of such +travel and traffic as to repay the outlay of construction and +equipment. The Wilmington Road furnished the great route between +the North and South, and in that way won richer returns than +lines leading to the interior. + +5. The long deferred hopes of Western North Carolina were at last +to be realized. Ex-Governor Morehead and others besought the +Legislature for the State's aid in a great line which should +connect Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh and Goldsboro. This was +to be called the "North Carolina Railroad," and was to be two +hundred and forty miles long. + +6. Eastern men, as a general thing, opposed this bill, but it was +earnestly supported by William S. Ashe, of New Hanover, and +others, in the House of Representatives; and, having passed that +body, it was sent to the Senate. The vote in the upper House +resulted in a tie. Calvin Graves, of Caswell, was Speaker. He +had been a life-long Democrat, and knew that the people of his +County were opposed to the State's aiding the proposed road, but +he nobly discharged what he thought to be his duty, and, by his +casting vote, the bill became a law. + +7. This great step in building up the material prosperity of the +Commonwealth did not satisfy the desires of this memorable +Assembly. Measures that had been adopted at the previous session +for the establishment of an institution for the education of the +deaf, dumb and the blind children of the State were extended; +and, at the earnest solicitation of Miss Dorothea Dix, of New +York, a further appropriation was made for the erection of a +hospital for the insane. + +8. Miss Dix devoted her life to the amelioration of this +unfortunate class of people. In North Carolina, as generally in +the Republic, there had been no better disposition of lunatics +than their confinement in the loathsome dungeons of county jails. +Numbers who might have been restored to reason and usefulness +were, in this way, condemned to the horrors of perpetual +insanity. Instead of the comforts, kindness and restoration now +to be found in the management of the Insane Asylums, the poor +lunatic lay in chains in the murderer's cell and howled out his +life amid the darkness and foetid exhalations of the hell to +which he was doomed. + +9. North Carolina was thus manfully meeting the requirements of +both civilization and humanity; for as the condition of their +highways affords the truest test of a people's advancement in +civilization, so, also does the provision made for the care and +comfort of the unfortunate and helpless afford the highest +evidence of a people's progress in humanity. + +10. In this memorable session of 1848-49, a still further +exemplification of the wisdom of the North Carolina Legislature +was seen in their statute for the protection of married women. +Before that time the husband acquired by marriage absolute title +to his wife's personal estate and a life interest in her real +property, and these interests he could sell without her consent. +He could also restrain her of her personal liberty. + +11. The statute of this year provided that the husband's interest +in the wife's lands should not be subject to sale by the husband +without her full and free consent and joinder in the conveyance. +This was to be attested by a privy examination and certificate +appended to the deed conveying such lands. + +12. A further much needed improvement took place when the ancient +English rules allowing the husband the right of personal +chastisement were also abolished, and this infamous badge of +inferiority numbered among the things of the past. + +13. There have been periods in the history of all communities +when extraordinary development was witnessed. The overthrow of +one ancient abuse leads to the correction of another; and thus, +in the awakening sympathies of the hour, reformations give way to +a new and higher humanity. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is this lesson about? What is said of the period now reached? + +2. How was North Carolina feeling the general impulse of improvement? + +3. In what condition were the railroads? + +4. How far west were the railroads reaching? Which of the roads +was obtaining most travel? + +5. What important railway is now mentioned? What was to be its extent? + +6. Can you describe the passage of the "Railroad Bill" through the Legislature? + +7. What charitable institutions were provided for at this +session? Through whose instrumentality was the appropriation +made for the Insane Asylum? + +8. What devotion did Miss Dix give to this subject? What had +been the disposition of the insane before this? + +9. What is said of these internal improvements? + +10. What other important law was enacted at this session? Can +you tell something of the rights of married women previous to +this time? + +11. What were the provisions of the new law? + +12. What was indicated by these acts of the State? + +13. What reflections are made upon this era? + + + + +CHAPTER LII. + +A SPECTRE OF THE PAST REAPPEARS. + +A. D. 1848 TO 1852. + +1. The female seminaries of Salem, Raleigh and Greensboro were +supplemented, in 1843, in the establishment, by the Chowan and +Portsmouth Baptist Associations, of another female school of high +grade, at Murfreesboro. This useful and popular institution soon +gained reputation and attracted patronage from many of the +Southern States. The Edgeworth Seminary at Greensboro was a +similar institution under Presbyterian rule. It was a worthy +rival of its compeers in the education of Southern girls. The +University, Wake Forest and Davidson College were advancing their +standards and growing in prosperity. The University, especially, +under the sagacious administration of ex-Governor Swain, assisted +by an able body of experienced teachers, made great progress. +Several hundred students were in attendance, gathered from all +the Southern and Southwestern States. + +2. Governor Morehead had been succeeded in office by William A. +Graham, of Orange. In the United States Senate, Judges Mangum +and Badger were the peers of the best men of the Republic, and +reflected honor on North Carolina. + +3. In the House of Representatives, Colonel James I. McKay, of +Bladen, had long been recognized as one of the leading men, and +was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. Messrs. Kenneth +Rayner and Thomas L. Clingman were also men of recognized +ability, the latter bringing varied accomplishments to aid his +discharge of duty. + +1849. + +4. At the expiration of Governor Graham's term of office Charles +Manly, of Wake, became Governor. The people of the State grew +excited in the contest between Messrs. Manly and Reid over the +Democratic proposition to abolish the freehold qualification of +voters for State Senators. It had been, ever since 1776, +necessary for a man to possess fifty acres of land to be entitled +to this franchise. It was now proposed to allow all white men +the privilege of suffrage. + +5. Upon the election of General Taylor as President of the United +States, Mr. Polk retired to private life, and soon died at +Nashville, Tennessee. He was a pure and laborious man, but was +not the equal of Andrew Jackson in those great natural gifts +which immortalized the hero of New Orleans. + +6. Upon the cessation of war with Mexico, it had been agreed in +the treaty of peace that upon the payment of a large sum of +money, Upper California should, with other Mexican territory, +belong to the United States. The discovery of immense deposits +of gold on the Pacific coast led to such immigration there that, +in 1850, California was applying for admission as a State into +the Union. + +7. Again the spectre of coming strife and bloodshed was seen in +the renewal of the struggle over the question of freedom or +slavery in this new sister in the galaxy of States. Southern men +like Henry Clay thought that the whole subject had been settled +in 1820, when, by the Missouri Compromise, it had been ordained +that involuntary servitude should not obtain north of the +geographical line 36° 30' north latitude. + +1850. + +8. It was understood that the surrender of the right to own +slaves north of this line was the consideration for the admission +of the right to own them south of it, and that this was what the +"compromise" meant. But they were told that the inhibition alone +was effective, and that no such converse right was intended to be +conveyed as that contended for by the men of the South. The most +logical of these men said that Congress had exceeded its powers +in the enactment mentioned, and that no power could settle the +question but the people of the new State. + +9. It was seen that "Wilmot's Proviso," which was an amendment +continually offered by Mr. Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, excluding +slavery from all future States, was the fixed determination of +the Northern people. So, after a protracted and bitter struggle, +Mr. Clay, as the last service of a long and illustrious life, +procured the passage of the compromise of 1850, in which the only +concession by Northern men was the "Fugitive Slave Law." + +10. This statute provided that Federal courts and officers should +arrest and return to their owners such slaves as should be found +absconding in the different States of the Union, whether free or +slave-holding. It was greeted by a prodigious outcry from the +Northern press and people. They determined that this national +law should not be executed, and the different legislatures of the +free States began their enactment of personal liberty laws, +which made it penal to aid in carrying out the law of +Congress. + +1851. + +11. The people of the South were both exasperated and +disheartened at such manifestations, and in view of such palpable +violations of their plain constitutional rights, began seriously +to consider whether in a union with the Northern States the +arbitrary will of the people of those States was not to be the +rule of government rather than the Constitution solemnly agreed +upon between their forefathers. If this were to be so, the dream +of liberty, regulated by law in the Federal Union, was at an end. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What educational institutions are mentioned? + +2. Who was Governor in 1818? What two men were distinguished in +the United States Senate? + +3. Who were the representative men in the House? + +4. Who succeeded Governor Graham in 1849? What proposition was +agitating the people? + +5. Who succeeded James K. Polk as President of the United States? +What is said of President Polk? + +6. What events were occurring in the West? + +7. What spectre of the past reappears? Relate circumstances. + +8. In what condition was the question now seen? + +9. What is said of the "Wilmot Proviso" and "Fugitive Slave Law"? + +10. What was the"Fugitive Slave Law"? How did the North +legislate against this law of Congress? + +11. How was the South affected by these troubles? + + + + +CHAPTER LIII. + +THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STATUS. + +A. D. 1852 TO 1859. + +The election of General Franklin Pierce to the Presidency, in +1852, was considered by many as a rebuke to those who had been so +clamorous in the North against the compromise of 1850. He was a +warm supporter of the rights of the individual States, and the +knowledge of this fact brought repose to the minds of Southern +men. + +2. North Carolina had just entered upon a career of rapid +development in her mineral resources. The incorporation of a +clause extending the right of suffrage in the State Constitution, +the completion of the great central railway, the opening of the +asylums and the large addition to the number of schools, were +evidences of progress and widespread prosperity. Capitalists, +for the first time, began to invest their wealth in cotton and +woolen factories. + +1853. + +3. The creation of the office of Superintendent of Common +Schools, in 1853, and the appointment of Calvin H. Wiley, of +Guilford, to that position, marked an extraordinary advance in +the matter of popular education. Mr. Wiley soon evinced so much +discretion and devotion to his duties that his propositions of +improvement were adopted, and his views and wishes soon became +those of the State government. The same year was further +signalized by the Normal School, under charge of Mr. Craven, +being empowered by the Legislature to grant literary degrees and +the assumption of the full dignities of a college. After nearly +thirty years of usefulness, this institution, now known as +Trinity College, is still accomplishing great good under the +auspices of the Methodists of the State. + +4. With the new lines of railway and the restoration of the old +routes, there was a large advance in the value of real estate and +in the amount of productions sent abroad. The use of Peruvian +Guano and other concentrated fertilizers was just being +introduced, and the example of Edgecombe county in the use of +compost heaps was being followed in every direction and adding +immensely to the yield of exhausted fields. + +5. It was a notable thing in the political history of the +country, that in the Presidential contest of 1852 the candidates +for Vice-President, of both the Whig and Democratic parties, were +born in North Carolina and educated at Chapel Hill. Ex-Governor +William R. King, Democrat, then of Alabama, was chosen over ex- +Governor Graham, who had been Secretary of the Navy in the +Cabinet of President Fillmore. + +6. The churches were prospering under their increased attentions +to education. A larger culture was coming to those who filled +the pulpits at home, and devoted men like Dr. Matthew T. Yates +were going to heathen lands to spend their lives for the good of +other races. The Episcopal Church had abundant compensation in +the wisdom and virtues of Bishop Atkinson for the loss of Bishop +Ives, upon his leaving that communion for the Church of Rome. +The great slavery controversy was bringing trouble and division +to the Baptists and Methodists, and thus, not only statesmen and +politicians, but ministers of the Gospel, were also set at +variance. + +1854. + +7. From Massachusetts was sent, at this period, a new and +startling impulse to the Northern pulpits and hustings. It had +been the peculiar glory of the American people that they were the +originators of the great doctrine and practice of religious +liberty. A new party, calling themselves the "KnowNothings," had +carried that State and were proclaiming their opposition to all +Roman Catholics as public officers. The "Know-Nothings" were +also called the "American Party," and their motto was "America +for Americans." + +8. This was to prove a short-lived and pernicious movement. It +not only contravened the noblest American precedents, but at once +combined all the ends and fragments of parties which had +previously opposed the great organization that had been led by +Jefferson and Jackson. Besides their hostility to the Roman +Catholic religion, they inculcated one other principle; this was +opposition to the naturalization of foreign immigrants until +after a residence of twenty-one years within the borders of the +United States. The success of this new party ended in the +Virginia campaign between Governor Wise and T. S. Flournoy. + +1855. + +9. About this time another party began to be prominent in the +Northern States. It was called the "Republican Party," and was +the outgrowth of the notorious controversy over the passage of +the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress. This statute was, in +effect, but a continuance of the legislation in regard to +California, and amounted to little beyond transferring the +question of slave or free territory from Congress to the new +States. The North, however, was fanatically bent on the +destruction of slavery everywhere within the United States, and +would not consent that each new State should settle the question +for itself. On the contrary, it was determined to prohibit the +spread of slavery whether the people in the new States and +Territories desired it or not. + +10. It was soon seen, therefore, in the bloody conflicts between +the settlers from the North and those from the South, especially +in Kansas, that "Squatter Sovereignty" would neither afford +protection to Southern immigrants in removing with their property +there, nor any prospect of a fair solution of a vexed question. + +1857. + +11. On June 27th, 1857, an event occurred in North Carolina +which brought sadness to the whole State. Rev. Elisha Mitchell, +D. D., while making researches and surveys upon Black Mountain, +in the darkness of night, lost his way and fell over a very steep +precipice and waterfall, and was killed. His remains were found, +eleven days after the accident, in a pool of clear water at the +foot of the waterfall. They are now resting on the highest point +of the mountain, and the spot is known as "Mitchell's Peak." Dr. +Mitchell found, by measurement, that the Black Mountain was the +highest point of land east of the Rocky Mountains. "Mitchell's +Peak" is 6,672 feet above the level of the sea, and 244 feet +higher than Mount Washington, in New Hampshire. + +12. After the defeat of Charles Manly by David S. Reid, of +Rockingham, for Governor in 1852, the Democrats continued to gain +in strength in each succeeding election. In 1854, Governor Bragg +was elected to succeed Governor Reid, by an increased majority, +over Hon. John A. Gilmer, the Whig candidate. Messrs. Mangum and +Badger were succeeded by Governor Reid and Colonel Asa Biggs, of +Martin, as United States Senators; and when, in 1858, another +Governor was to be chosen, both Judge John W. Ellis, of Rowan, +and his competitor, Duncan K. MacRae, of Cumberland, claimed to +be defenders of the Democratic faith. The differences between +the North and the South were fast bringing the people of North +Carolina to one mind. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Of what does this chapter treat ? How was the election of +President, Pierce considered ? + +2. What is said of internal improvements? + +3. What educational progress was being made? + +4. How was the value of lands increasing? + +5. What is said of the Presidential campaign of 1852? + +6. In what condition were religious matters? + +8. How was the question of slavery affecting some of the +religious denominations? + +7. What new party was organized in Massachusetts? What was the +main policy of the "Know-Nothings"? + +8. What is said of this new party? + +9. What party next originated? + +10. How was the South affected by "Squatter Sovereignty"? + +11. What fatal accident befell Dr. Elisha Mitchell in 1857? + +12. What changes in the government of the State are now mentioned? + + + + +CHAPTER LIV. + +PRESIDENT LINCOLN AND THE WAR. + +A. D. 1860 TO 1861. + +1860. + +After seventy years of party struggles touching the relations +of the General Government to the individual States, the +Presidential contest of 1860 opened with such notes of violence +and public confusion, that it was at once seen that at last the +supreme crisis had come. + +2. The only issue apparently before the American people was that +of slavery in the Territories. The Democrats were divided into +two fragments. Those supporting Judge Douglas for the Presidency +advocated "Squatter Sovereignty." The Breckinridge men said that +the question of slavery should only be settled as to the new +States at their constitutional conventions; while Republicans +supporting Abraham Lincoln, proclaimed that only the enactment of +the "Wilmot Proviso" would satisfy them. The Whig candidates, +Messrs. Bell and Everett, and the Whig party, were silent on all +these stormy differences, and were not of much significance in +the general upheaval. + +3. Back of this question, however, about slavery in the +Territories, and involved in it, was the real issue between the +Republican and Democratic parties, and that was whether the +Federal Constitution should be the supreme law of the land. The +right of property in slaves was guaranteed by that Constitution, +and if the Republican party could thus destroy that right it +might when it so pleased, destroy any and all other rights. The +Democrats hold that the Constitution was supreme; the Republicans +held that there was a still higher law unwritten and undefined. +One was certainty, the other chaos. + +4. It was seen at an early period of the contest, that the bulk +of the Southern people would be found supporting Breckinridge and +Lane. * It was generally held in all the slave-holding States that +the election of Mr. Lincoln would be significant of a purpose +among Northern men to disregard their rights, and that the +inauguration of the abolition policy by the Federal officers +would compel and justify the secession of the Southern States +from the Union. + +*Joseph Lane was born in Buncombe county in this State, and was +the cousin of Colonel Joel Lane, who once owned the lands upon +which Raleigh was built. He had served gallantly as a Brigadier +General in Mexico, afterwards in Congress, and as Governor of +Oregon. + +5. When, in November, 1860, it was known that the Republicans had +triumphed in the national election, and that Abraham Lincoln +would be chosen President of the United States by a majority of +the electors in the different State electoral colleges, then it +was realized that the extreme Southern States would, at an early +period, sever their connection with the government at Washington. + +1861. + +6. South Carolina and others said that protection of their +property would now be impossible in the Union, and therefore, +before the inauguration of President Lincoln, on March 4th, 1861, +seven States had assembled conventions, and by their ordinances +declared the ties formerly binding them to the Republic of the +United States null and void. + +7. On the 1st of January, 1861, the Legislature then in regular +session passed, by a large majority in each House, an act +declaring that in its opinion the condition of the country was so +perilous "that the sovereign people of the State should assemble +in convention to effect an honorable adjustment of the +difficulties whereby the Federal Union is endangered, or +otherwise to determine what action will best preserve the honor +and promote the interest of North Carolina." + +8. At the same time that the delegates were to be elected the act +required that the sense of the people should be taken whether +there should be a convention at all or not. The election was +held on 28th of February, 1861, and upon the question of +convention or no convention, the official count showed a majority +of 194 votes against convention, that is to say, 45,509 votes for +convention and 45,603 votes against convention. The vote of +Davie county, which was not received in time to be counted, would +have increased the majority against convention some 200 votes. + +9. How the delegates elected were divided in sentiment on the day +of election cannot be ascertained, nor was such division to be +relied upon, for changes were daily taking place, and men, no +matter how reluctantly, were rapidly coming to believe that in +United action by the South lay the only hope for the future. + +10. In April, President Lincoln, in consequence of the attack +upon and capture of Fort Sumter, required of Governor Ellis North +Carolina's proportion of an army of seventy five thousand men, +which was to be used in the coercion of the seceded States. This +demand Governor Ellis promptly refused; and he at once convened +the Legislature in special session, declaring in his proclamation +that the time for action had come, and, upon his recommendation, +twenty thousand volunteers were called for by the General +Assembly to sustain North Carolina in her course. + +11. A State Convention was called by the Legislature on the first +of May, and met on the 20th of May, 1861; in the hall of the +House of Commons. On this anniversary of the Mecklenburg +Declaration the Ordinance of Secession was passed, and North +Carolina made haste to connect herself with the " Confederate +States of America." + +12. The Ordinance of Secession was as follows + +"AN ORDINANCE DISSOLVING THE UNION BETWEEN THE STATE OF NORTH +CAROLINA AND THE OTHER STATES UNITED WITH HER UNDER THE COMPACT +OF GOVERNMENT ENTITLED 'THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ' + +"We, the people of the State of North Carolina, in Convention +assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and +ordained, That the ordinance adopted by the State of North +Carolina in the Convention of 1789, whereby the Constitution of +the United States was ratified and adopted; and also all acts and +parts of acts of the General Assembly ratifying and adopting +amendments to the said Constitution, are hereby repealed, +rescinded and abrogated. + +"We do further declare and ordain, That the Union now subsisting +between the State, of North Carolina and the other States, under +the title of 'The United States of America,' is hereby +dissolved, and that the State of North Carolina is in full +possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which +belong and appertain to a free and independent State." + +13. The number of submissionists in North Carolina was very +small, and the real differences of opinion did not so much regard +final action in the crisis as they did the way and the time in +which it should be reached. Many preferred separate State +action; many others preferred concert of action among the States. +Some preferred immediate action; others thought it advisable to +wait until some actual "overt act," as it was called, was +committed by the new administration. But no matter how much +people were divided on these points, on one point they were a +unit, that is to say, in the desire that final action should +represent as near as possible every phase of public sentiment. +And to secure this greatly to be desired unanimity in action, +many personal preferences and original opinions were sacrificed. + +14. Many good people had hoped and prayed that the troubles +between the North and South would be peaceably arranged; but all +hope of such a blessing was now lost, and the whole State +resounded with the notes of preparation for the war. In every +county men pressed forward by thousands to enlist at the call of +the State. + +15. Governor Ellis was in the last stages of hopeless disease, +but, with great resolution, he addressed himself to the discharge +of the onerous duties of his station until his death, on June 9, +1861. He was succeeded by Colonel Henry Toole Clark, of +Edgecombe, who became Governor of the State by virtue of his +office as Speaker of the Senate. + +16. Colonel John F. Hoke, of Lincoln, was succeeded as Adjutant- +General by James G. Martin, of Pasquotank, late a major in the +army of the United States. The forts, Johnston, Macon and +Caswell, were seized, as was also the Federal arsenal at +Fayetteville; and, in this way, fifty-seven thousand stand of +small firearms and a considerable store of cannon and ammunition +were secured. + +17. After many years of peace and prosperity, the people of North +Carolina were once again to exhibit their patriotism, courage and +endurance under the most trying circumstances. In the first +revolution they had contributed twenty-two thousand nine hundred +and ten men to the defence of the United Colonies; in this second +upheaval more than a hundred and fifty thousand crowded to the +fray, and grew famous on more than a hundred fields. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How was the Presidential contest of 1860 viewed? + +2. What was the issue? Who were the candidates; and what were +their platforms? + +3. What was the real issue between the Democrats and Republicans? +What views were held by each party? + +4. To whom were most of the Southern people giving support? How +did they view the probable election of Mr. Lincoln? + +5. Who were elected? What did some of the Southern States intend +to do? + +6. What occurred before the inauguration of Mr. Lincoln? + +7. What act was passed by the North Carolina Legislature? + +8. Can you tell the result of the vote upon this question? + +9. What was the South beginning to realize? + +10. What call was made upon North Carolina by Mr. Lincoln? With +what result? + +11. When did North Carolina leave the Union? + +12. Can you repeat the Ordinance of Secession? + +13. Mention the political opinions to be found in the State upon +these questions? + +14. What had been the hope of many of our people? How was the +news of secession received? + +15. What occurred on June 9th? Who succeeded Governor Ellis? + +16. What seizures were made by North Carolina authorities? + +17. What are the thoughts upon this period? + + + + +CHAPTER LV. + +THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES. + +A. D. 1861. + +The people of North Carolina loved the Union of States that +had been in such large part constructed by the heroism and +wisdom of their own fathers. They well knew its value to +themselves under an unbroken Federal Constitution; they knew, +too, the danger incurred in the attempt to absolve them selves +from further Federal connections. But they knew, also, their +rights under the Constitution, and were fully determined neither +to surrender them nor to aid in the subjugation of their sister +States. As the State had entered the Union by action of a +convention of her own people, she now resolved to leave it in +the same manner. + +2. For more than a month before the memorable 20th day of May, +1861, when the secession ordinance was passed, troops were +volunteering and being received by Governor Ellis from many +portions of the State. The first ten companies were embodied in +a regiment, of which Major Daniel H. Hill was elected colonel by +the commissioned officers. They were at once sent to Yorktown, +in Virginia. + +3. On June 9th, General Benjamin F. Butler, who was in command +of the United States forces at Fortress Monroe, in Virginia, +sent a column of troops up the peninsula for the purpose of +ascertaining the possibility of reaching Richmond, which city +had recently become the Capital of the Southern Confederacy. +Early the next morning the Federal advance became confused in +the darkness and two of their regiment, fired upon each other. + +4. At Big Bethel, on the 10th, they found the regiment of +Colonel Hill supporting a battery of the "Richmond Howitzers." +There were also present two infantry and three cavalry companies +belonging to Virginia. This force was assailed by the Federal +army, but the attack was repelled and the assailants retired in +disorder to Old Point Comfort. Only one Confederate soldier was +killed in the action, and that was private Henry Wyatt, of +Edgecombe county. He belonged to Captain J. L. Bridgers' +company, and was the first Southern soldier slain in the war +between the States. + +5. The whole affair was insignificant, both as to the number +engaged and the results achieved, but was hailed as a happy omen +by the South. North Carolina, with all her deliberation in +taking part in the struggle, was thus to afford the first martyr +of the South, and was present with her troops to arrest the +first Federal invasion of Southern soil. + +6. On the 18th and 21st days of July occurred much greater and +more serious conflicts at Manassas and Bull Run, also in +Virginia. Another Federal army, commanded by General Irvin +McDowell, and numbering more than forty thousand men, left +Washington with orders to attack the Confederates under General +G. T. Beauregard. The Fifth, Sixth and Twenty-first Regiments +of North Carolina troops were present, and gallantly aided in +the Federal defeat. + +7. Colonel Charles F. Fisher was especially valuable in the aid +he rendered in restoring a ditched train to the track, and thus +making possible the timely approach of the reinforcements under +General E. Kirby Smith, which so speedily resulted in the flight +of General McDowell's army. It is mournful to add, that, after +performing this signal service, and after gallantly capturing +the celebrated Rickett's Battery, Colonel Fisher was slain in +the battle. He fell at the head of his regiment, beyond the +battery and still in pursuit of the enemy. This memorable +victory was very grateful to the South, but it did not delude +the people into the belief that the war was at an end; it was +useful, too, in that it gave them time to prepare for the +greater conflicts still to come. + +8. It had been hoped by Mr. Lincoln and his advisers that all +Southern opposition would be overcome in ninety days, but at +Bull Run and Manassas they were convinced that only by a great +and prolonged struggle were such adversaries to be subdued. The +short periods of enlistment were abandoned by both sides, and +the winter was spent in preparation for a gigantic struggle in +the spring. + +9. It was early seen in North Carolina that fortifications were +necessary at Hatteras for the defence of the many broad waters +covering so large a portion of the eastern counties. A small +sand-work, known as Fort Hatteras, with an outlying flank +defence, called Battery Clark, was the only reliance for the +protection of Albemarle and Pamlico Sounds. + +10. Before these weak defences a large Federal fleet appeared on +August 27th, 1861, and by means of its superior armament, lay +securely beyond the range of the guns mounted in Fort Hatteras, +while pouring in a tremendous discharge of shot and shell. The +Federals having effected a landing on the beach, and most of the +caution being dismounted in the fort, it was thought best by +Colonel W. F. Martin, on the 29th, to surrender the fort. + +11. In two days' operations the whole tier of eastern counties +was thus laid bare to the incursions of Federal troops and +cruisers. There was great sorrow for the captured garrison, and +general alarm and uneasiness; but the spirit of resistance was +undaunted, and troops continued volunteering by thousands. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the subject of this lesson? How did the North Carolinians +consider their departure from the Union? + +2. What preparations for war were made by the State, even before +its secession? Who commanded the first regiment? + +3. Relate General Butler's exploit. + +4. Give an account of the battle of Big Bethel. +What Confederate soldier was slain? + +5. What is said of this event? + +6. Where were North Carolina troops next engaged in battle? + +7. What signal aid was rendered by Colonel Charles F. Fisher? +What were the effects of this victory? + +8. What did Mr. Lincoln learn from these battles? + +9. At what point on the North Carolina coast were fortifications specially needed? + +10. Describe the Federal attack on Fort Hatteras. Point out Hatteras on the map. + +11. What was the result of the fall of Hatteras? + + + + +CHAPTER LVI. + +THE COMBAT DEEPENS. + +A. D. 1662. + +1862. + +By the fortune of war in the Revolution, as again in 1812, the +State was nearly always left with a small proportion of her own +troops to defend the home of their birth. So, also, when the +spring opened in 1862, though fully forty thousand men of the +State were under arms, they were to be found in Virginia and +South Carolina, except a small force left at Wilmington and +Roanoke Island. + +2. This condition of affairs did not result, however, from any +indifference on the part of the general government to us, but +from the fact that the main strategic points were in other +States, and fortunate it was for North Carolina that this was so; +for whatever may have been the necessities of local defence, or +the evils incident to an unprotected coastline, or those +inseparable from its occupation by the enemy at various points, +they cannot be compared to the evils resulting from the prolonged +occupation of a State by large contending armies. + +3. Roanoke Island was the only hope of defence for Albemarle +Sound and the many rivers flowing therein. To defend it, General +Henry A. Wise was sent with a small force to be added to the +Eighth and Thirty-first Regiments of North Carolina Volunteers. +He was sick on February 7th, 1862, when General Burnside, with a +great fleet and fifteen thousand Federal troops, sailed up +Croatan Sound and began the attack. + +4. Colonel Henry M. Shaw, of the Eighth North Carolina Regiment, +was in command, and made a gallant but unavailing defence. The +Federals landed and moved up the island in the rear of the forts +which had been constructed to prevent the passage of vessels to +the west of the defences. The only recourse left was to abandon +the lower batteries and concentrate the Southern troops at a +point near the centre of Roanoke Island. + +5. It was hoped that the morasses, indenting both shores and +leaving a narrow isthmus, would enable the small Confederate +force to defend that position; but the bravery and enterprise of +the enemy enabled him to turn both flanks, and nothing was left +Colonel Shaw and his command but to fall back to the northern end +of the island and there lay down their arms. + +6. The battle had been bravely fought for two days, and the two +thousand Confederate prisoners and their gallant leader became +captives, but only after inflicting heavy loss upon the +assailants. The place was untenable against superior naval +appliances, and quite men enough had been sacrificed in view of +the impossibility of preventing its isolation by Federal fleets. + +7. Very different were the defensive capacities of the city of +New Bern. It was immediately foreseen that this important place +would be next assailed, and with enough troops it would have been +an easy feat to have held it indefinitely, but whether its value +as a strategic point would have justified such a defence may be +doubted. The Confederate authorities entrusted its defence to +General L. O'B. Branch, who had no experience in military +affairs, and in whose command, like General Wise's, was not a +single regiment that had been under fire, though there were +skillful officers of lower rank who had seen much service in the +old army. On March 14th, General Burnside, with the army and +fleet so lately the victors at Roanoke, moved to attack the forts +which had been constructed just below the junction of Neuse and +Trent Rivers. + +8. General Branch had in his command the Seventh, Twenty-sixth, +Twenty-seventh, Thirty-third and Thirty-fifth North Carolina +Regiments, a portion of the Nineteenth (cavalry), with Brem's and +Latham's light batteries and a small force of militia. These +were disposed along a line stretching from Fort Thompson, on +Neuse River, across the railroad to an impassable swamp, which +afforded abundant protection to his right flank. + +9. The battle began at seven o'clock in the morning and raged +until noon. The Federal attacks were repeatedly repelled until, +by the fatal flight of the militia in the centre, the Confederate +lines were broken and a precipitate retreat ensued. General +Branch lost two hundred prisoners and seventy men killed and +wounded; and, besides these, all his guns and stores. He was +beaten in his first battle, when perhaps naught but defeat was +expected, but he soon won high reputation as a brave soldier and +skillful officer. Victory is not always possible to the best +generalship. He met, in a few days at Kinston, reinforcements +that would have enabled him to hold his ground at New Bern; but +like many other earthly succors, they came too late for real +benefit. + +10. The fall of New Bern sealed the fate of the Confederate +forces at Fort Macon. Colonel M. I. White, with five companies +of the Tenth Regiment (artillery), endured the Federal +bombardment until the work was in danger of being blown up. He +surrendered the fort on April 26th, 1862. These disasters at +home were indeed calculated to dishearten, but the only visible +effect upon the people at large was to increase the numbers of +those who were still volunteering by thousands to defend North +Carolina and the Confederate States. + +11. In the spring of 1862, General McClellan, the Federal +commander, having determined to make his advance on Richmond by +way of James River, and having made his preparations to that +effect, General Johnston transferred the Confederate troops from +Manassas to the peninsula between the James and York Rivers, thus +placing his army between McClellan and Richmond. + +12. At Williamsburg occurred the first memorable conflict of the +year between the two great armies struggling on the soil of the +Old Dominion. In this conflict the charge of the Fifth North +Carolina Regiment, under Colonel D. K. MacRae, excited the +admiration and its terrible losses the sympathy of both friend +and foe. + +13. In the bloody and glorious campaign in the Shenandoah Valley, +General T. J. Jackson grew immortal before the coming of +midsummer. The gallantry of the Twenty-first North Carolina +Regiment at Winchester, like that of the Fourth at Seven Pines, +was as conspicuous as bloody. In this latter battle, where so +many other men of the State were slain, the Fourth Regiment, +under Colonel George B. Anderson, lost four hundred and sixty-two +men, out of five hundred and twenty. + +14. In the last days of June nearly all of the North Carolina +regiments and many Southern troops were concentrated around +Richmond, under the command of General Robert E. Lee, in place of +General Johnston, who had been wounded at Seven Pines. In the +week of battle which ended in the overthrow of the great +investing army of General McClellan, they lost thousands of their +bravest and best. Ninety-two regiments constituted the divisions +of Jackson, Longstreet, D. H. Hill and A. P. Hill. These were +the forces that drove the Federals to their ships; and forty-six +of these regiments belong to North Carolina. It may be safely +asserted that more than half the men actively engaged and +disabled during that terrible week were citizens of North +Carolina. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is said or North Carolina's forces in the wars? + +2. What is said of this condition of affairs? + +3. What force was sent to defend Albermarle Sound? + +4. Can you tell of Burnside's attack? + +5. What was the conclusion of the engagement? + +6. What is said of this battle? + +7. To what point was attention next directed? What officer was +in command? When was the Federal attack made? + +8. What composed General Branch's command? + +9. Describe the battle. + +10. What is said of the fall of New Bern? What fort was next +surrendered? Where is Fort Mason? + +11. What military movements were made in Virginia? + +12. What is said of the gallant charge of the Fifth Regiment at +Williamsburg? + +13. What regiments are specially mentioned as participants at +Winchester and Seven Pines? + +14. What is said of the events at this period? + + + + +CHAPTER LVII. + +THE WAR CONTINUES. + +A. D. 1862. + +Amid the exultation that filled the hearts of the people of +North Carolina for the victories around Richmond, there was grief +in many families for heroes fallen in the discharge of duty. +Colonels Stokes, Meares, Campbell and C. C. Lee, like a great +host of their compatriots, were gone to come no more. It seemed +that the superior numbers and resources of the United States +forces were to prove powerless before the fiery onsets of the +Confederate troops. + +2. In the month of August, 1862, Zebulon B. Vance, of Buncombe, +then Colonel of the Twenty-sixth Regiment, was chosen Governor of +North Carolina over William Johnston, of Charlotte, who had been +of late Commissary-General of the State. By an ordinance of the +Convention, Colonel Vance entered upon his duties as Chief- +Magistrate on September 8th, 1862. He was to evince great zeal +in the discharge of his official duties. + +3. The first Maryland campaign, which occurred in the fall of the +year, was the next event of general interest. In the battles +fought in that memorable campaign the North Carolina regiments +won great reputation, but a terrible loss of life. General +Branch was killed and General Anderson received wounds at +Sharpsburg of which he soon died, and left grief in many hearts +for their untimely end. Colonel C. C. Tew also fell in the same +great battle, and increased the grief of his people at the loss +by the mystery of his fate. He disappeared amid the storm of +conflict, but exactly how and when was never known. + +4. In North Carolina there had been comparative quiet through the +spring and summer months. The Federal garrisons at Plymouth and +New Bern were watched by small bodies of Confederates, but no +fighting occurred except in Plymouth, which town was taken and +held for a few hours by Colonel Martin, with the Seventeenth +Regiment, and then abandoned because of the Federal gun-boats. + +5. On Blackwater River, just below Franklin, in Virginia, there +was a gallant conflict of a few cavalrymen under Lieutenant +Thomas Ruffin, of the Fourth Cavalry, and a Federal double-ender. +The crew were all driven from deck and the ship lay at the mercy +of the assailants until her consorts came up the stream from +below and shelled the victors from their prey. + +6. By the 1st of December the Federal army, this time under +command of General Burnside, was confronting General Lee at +Fredericksburg, Virginia. On the 13th, Burns attempted to carry +our lines, but after repeated and desperate assaults and terrible +slaughter, withdrew his troops. It was this battle that Marye's +Heights won its bloody fame. The gallantry of the enemy, +especially of Meagher's Irish Brigade was magnificent. + +7. Simultaneously with the attack of General Burnside of the army +of General Lee at Fredericksburg, the South Carolina Brigade of +General Evans, then stationed at Kinston, North Carolina, was +surprised to see a few mounted Federal soldiers make an attack +upon the position then held by them. The Federals were driven back +and pursued in the direction of New Bern. Suddenly the South +Carolinians found themselves confronted by more than twenty +thousand foes. + +8. In the speedy retreat that ensued, General Evans was unable to +burn the bridges across the river, and effected escape with some +loss. He was, the next day, reinforced and awaited General +Foster's approach on the road leading to Goldsboro. But the +Federals were seeking to intervene between that place and the one +occupied by Evans. All Tuesday morning (December 16th) the +masses of the Union troops were seeking to cross Neuse River at +White Hall; they were bravely met there by General Beverly H. +Robinson who, with the Eleventh, Thirty-first, Fifty-ninth and +Sixty-third Regiments, and Battery B, Third North Carolina +Battalion, withstood all their attacks and inflicted severe loss +on the baffled invaders. The contest lasted for eight hours +during which General Foster persisted in his efforts to drive off +the Confederates, so that pontoons could be laid forming a bridge +across the stream, in place of the one burned the night before. + +9. Failing to cross Neuse River at White Hall, General Foster +marched in the evening for Goldsboro, and, having reached the +bridge of the Wilmington & Weldon Railroad, succeeded in burning +it, in spite of the gallant efforts of General Clingman and his +brigade to prevent. + +10. General Foster retired in great precipitation to New Bern, +and the burned bridge was his only trophy in an expedition which +seemed so threatening at its inception. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the feeling concerning the victories around Richmond? + +2. Who was chosen Governor in 1862? When did Colonel Vance enter +upon the duties of Chief-Magistrate? + +3. What losses had North Carolina sustained in the battle of +Sharpsburg? What increased the grief of Colonel Tew's people? + +4. What was the state of affairs in North Carolina during the +spring and summer of 1862? + +5. Describe the engagement on Blackwater River? + +6. Where was the Federal army confronting General Lee on December +1st? What occurred on the 13th? + +7. Can you tell of the surprise at Kinston? + +S. What was the further result of this affair? + +9. What is said of the conclusion of this matter? + +10. Where did General Foster go? + + + + +CHAPTER LVIII. + +WAR AND ITS HORRORS. + +A. D. 1863. + +1863. + +When the year 1863 had come upon the American States in their +bloody and wasting quarrel, there was nothing to indicate any +solution of the great controversy. Many bloody battles had been +fought, thousands of homes were saddened in the loss of brave and +true men, and yet both sides were as intent as ever upon carrying +on indefinitely the terrible and costly struggle. + +2. Mr. Lincoln and the government at Washington said there should +be no peace until the seceded States returned to their +allegiance. Mr. Davis and the government at Richmond said, on +the other hand, that the seceded States were, of right, free and +independent States that had rightfully resumed their delegated +powers, and owed no allegiance to the Federal government. + +3. It was hoped that England and France would recognize the +independence of the Confederate States; but beyond extending to +the Southern government the rights of belligerents, this trust +proved utterly fallacious. Confederate agents were received and +armed vessels allowed to enter their ports, but no aid was +extended to the Southern cause. The arrest of the Confederate +Commissioners, Messrs. Mason and Slidell, on a British mail +steamer, by a United States war vessel, was resented by England +and war seemed probable; but these Southern envoys were released, +and no aid came from abroad except in the ships that were bought +of private persons for the purpose of cruising against vessels +belonging to citizens of the United States. + +4. Among the earliest measures adopted by the Federal government +was the blockade of the Southern seaports. Wilmington, +Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and Galveston were all watched by +armed ships that sought to exclude the vessels of all countries +from entering these harbors. Cruisers swarmed along the whole +Southern coast, and it became a matter of great peril and +difficulty to send out or bring in any commodity by way of the +ocean. + +5. This soon led to a scarcity of salt, sugar, coffee, molasses +and everything which had been formerly imported from Europe or +bought of Northern merchants. Prices continually advanced as +such things became more scarce in the South. Wilmington is so +situated that an effective blockade there was almost impossible. +There were two inlets, and, therefore, two blockade fleets were +necessary, and even with this added difficulty the blockading +squadron could not prevent, on dark nights, the passage of swift +steamers that swept in and out of the Cape Fear River and brought +from Nassau and Bermuda what was most needed for the armies and +people. + +6. Soon after his inauguration, Governor Vance, at General +Martin's suggestion, sent Colonel Thomas M. Crossan to England +for the purpose of procuring a ship to supply the wants of North +Carolina. Crossan had been a naval officer in the service of the +United States, and had judgment enough in such matters to select +one of the swiftest ships in the world. It was called the Lord +Clyde abroad, but that name was changed to the Ad-Vance, and the +vessel made many successful voyages before she was captured. + +7. In the superior clothing and equipments of the North Carolina +troops were the wisdom and activity of the State government +manifested. And, too, not only were the necessities of our own +soldiers supplied, but large aid was extended to the troops of +other States. Besides this, cotton and woolen cards and many +other necessaries were brought in and distributed to the +different sections of the State. Salt was the most important of +all the domestic supplies excluded by the blockade. To procure +this indispensable article, private factories on the seacoast +were supplemented by others under State management; but these +proved insufficient to meet popular wants, and arrangements were +made to procure additional supplies from the salt wells of +southwestern Virginia. + +8. It was early foreseen that in so great a struggle enormous +expenditures would become necessary; and to meet such +liabilities, it would be necessary for the Confederacy and the +individual States to use their credit in procuring supplies on +the faith of future payments. Many millions of dollars were to +be expended, and only Confederate and State obligations would be +available to meet such purchases. + +9. Unhappily, the great supply of cotton then in the South was +not utilized by the authorities, and thus a solid basis of credit +was lost; and a favorite theory is, that had all the cotton been +promptly seized by the government and sent to foreign ports, the +depreciation of its funds would have been averted, but whether +this could have been done is, to say the least, by no means +certain. As it was, in 1863, both Confederate and State money +began to depreciate in value, and this depreciation once begun, +had no stop in its downward tendency. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the condition of the war in 1863? + +2. What positions were taken by Presidents Lincoln and Davis? + +3. From what countries had the South expected aid? What is said +of the arrest of Mason and Slidell? + +4. What Southern cities were blockaded? What was the effect of +this blockade? + +5. What is said of the port of Wilmington? + +6. How did Governor Vance supply the wants of the people? What +is said of the Ad-Vance? + +7. What supplies were brought in by the Ad-Vance? How was salt +obtained? + +8. How did the Confederate government propose to obtain funds for +carrying on the war? + +9. What was the cause of the great depreciation in the value of money? + + + + +CHAPTER LIX. + +THE DEATH-WOUND AT GETTYSBURG. + +A. D. 1863. + +In spite of the great Federal success in acquiring territory +in North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi and elsewhere, and +notwithstanding the increasing hardships everywhere felt, the +government and people of the Confederate States were still +undismayed and hopeful when the spring of 1863 permitted the vast +armies of the United States to resume active military operations. +No thought of submission was entertained by the Confederate +soldiers, and among the people at home only in rare instances +were individuals to be found who expressed hopelessness as to the +result of the war. + +2. In North Carolina a period of inactivity succeeded the raid by +General Foster, which was only broken by the unsuccessful attack +on the town of Washington. General W. B. C. Whiting, who had +made reputation as a division commander in the Army of Northern +Virginia, was sent to assume charge of the Department of the Cape +Fear, with his headquarters in Wilmington. This city had been +fearfully ravaged by yellow fever in the fall of 1862, and had +now become all important to the Confederacy as a port. Other +Southern sea ports were almost totally closed by blockade, and +only at the Cape Fear was there left a hope of access. + +3. Generals Braxton Bragg, D. H. Hill, Leonidas Poll, and +Benjamin McCulloh had all risen to prominent commands and +conferred honor by their connections with the Old North State. +Among the younger officers, Generals Pender, Hoke, Pettigrew and +Ramseur had all won distinguished notice and promotion for +gallant and meritorious service. + +4. Many thousands had been enrolled in the sixty-six regiments +and ten battalions of North Carolina mustered in the Confederate +service, and, though mourning was in many households, recruits +were constantly going to fill the gaps occasioned by deaths on +the field and in the hospitals. Dr. Charles E. Johnson had been +succeeded as Surgeon General of the State by Dr. Edward Warren. +Drs. E. Burke Haywood, Peter E. Hines, W. C. Warren and others of +the leading physicians were placed in charge of great hospitals +at Raleigh and other cities in the State. North Carolina +sustained a similar institution at Petersburg, in Virginia. Of +the latter the excellent lady, Miss Mary Pettigrew, a sister of +the general of the same name, became matron; and, like another +Florence Nightingale, cheered the sick and dying with her elegant +presence. + +5. General Burnside lost his place by his disaster at +Fredericksburg, and was followed in command of the Army of the +Potomac by General Joseph Hooker. This gallant commander was as +signally beaten at Chancellorsville on May 2d and 3d. No battle +of any age conferred greater honor upon the victors; but in the +loss of Stonewall Jackson the South was deprived of a leader +whose place could not be supplied. North Carolina was never more +gloriously vindicated than on this famous field, and ex-Governor +Graham, who was then in Richmond, said, a few days afterwards, in +the Confederate States Senate, that half the men killed and +wounded at Chancellorsville belonged to North Carolina regiments. + +6. So astonishing was the result of this battle, and so crushing +its effects upon the Federal authorities, that General Lee again +resolved upon an invasion of the North. The invasion proved a +failure, and after several severe battles General Lee was forced +to return, with his defeated army, to Virginia. It was on that +last dread day, the 3d of July, at Gettysburg, that he discovered +that even his incomparable infantry could not accomplish +everything he desired. + +7. Thirty thousand of the bravest and best, who had so long made +the Army of Northern Virginia unconquerable, were lost to our +cause forever. Among the North Carolinians, Generals Pender and +Pettigrew, Colonels Burgwin, Marshall and Isaac E. Avery were +slain, and a host of subalterns likewise perished. + +8. Another great disaster happened at this time in the surrender +of Vicksburg, Mississippi, with the army there under command of +General Pemberton, involving as it did the occupation of so large +a portion of the Confederacy. These great losses, occurring as +they did on the same day, and so vitally affecting our strength, +were never retrieved, and from that day Southern fortunes waned, +with occasional flickerings of hope, until the close at +Appomattox. + +9. But many gallant struggles were yet to be made. On different +fields the great forces of the Union were to be bravely repelled, +but the ranks of General Lee's army were so much thinned that it +became daily more impossible to confront the increasing horde +that gathered against it from all civilized nations. But the +policy of attrition and exhaustion was not to be seen in full +force until the next year. + +10. During the month of June, Colonel Spear's cavalry raid in +Hertford and Northampton counties was driven back by General M. +W. Ransom, and, beyond this, there were no movements of a hostile +character in the State limits during the year. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. In what condition was the South in 1863? + +2. How was the port of Wilmington specially important to the +Confederacy? Who was in command at this place? + +3. What North Carolinians are mentioned as having risen to +prominence? + +4. How many regiments had the State furnished up to this time? +Who succeeded Dr. Charles E. Johnson as Surgeon General of the +State? What doctors had charge of the hospitals? What noble +woman is mentioned, and what is said of her? + +5. What fierce battle was fought on May 2d and 3d? What did +Governor Graham say of the North Carolina troops at +Chancellorsville? + +6. Upon what did General Lee resolve after the victory? What was +the result of the invasion? + +7. How many Southern soldiers were lost on this occasion? What +North Carolinians are named among the slain? + +8. What other great disaster happened at this time? How did it +affect the Southern cause? + +9. What is said of Lee's army? + +10. What raid was driven back by General Ransom? + + + + +CHAPTER LX. + +GENERAL GRANT AND HIS CAMPAIGN. + +A. D. 1864. + +1864. + +The fourth year of the great war opened on North Carolina with +grief in almost every family; still, with diminished hopes and +increased exertions for the general defence, they looked forward +to a campaign which they well understood was to be decisive of +their fortunes. Perhaps not even General Washington was so +trusted and beloved by the American people in the Revolution as +was General Robert E. Lee by those of the South in the closing +years of the struggle. + +2. In his genius and capacity they felt sure they had the very +highest human leadership, and in his splendid career and +spotless renown they all took pride, as conferring reflected +credit upon themselves. So noble, unselfish and wise, he had +become the idol of his own people and the admiration of his +foes. At the outbreak of the war he had declined the command of +the Federal armies, because he believed it was his duty to take +part with his own people. + +3. Ex-Governor Thomas Bragg had been for some time in the +Cabinet of President Davis, as Attorney-General. He resigned +the position and was no more in public life. Since 1854, when +he had left the Bar to become the Governor of North Carolina, he +had been continually growing in public favor, and now returned +to the leadership of his profession. No lawyer in our annals +has been more respected or successful. In the Confederate +States Senate the polished and eloquent George Davis, of +Wilmington, and W. W. Avery, of Burke, had served until the +latter was succeeded, in 1862, by W. T. Dortch, of Wayne; and, a +year later, Mr. Davis was succeeded by ex-Governor Graham; and +later still, Mr. Dortch was succeeded by Thomas S. Ashe, of +Anson, who did not take his seat by reason of the dissolution of +the Confederate government. + +4. In the midst of the great struggle there was, of course, a +great diminution of attention to matters of education. Governor +Swain, with a remnant of the faculty, remained at Chapel Hill, +and, with a few boys too young for service, yet retained the +name and semblance of the University. Professors Hubbard, James +and Charles Phillips, Hepburn, Smith, Fetter and Judge Battle +were still on duty at their old posts, but Professor Martin was +Colonel of the Eleventh Regiment, and almost all the students +were enrolled as soldiers of the Confederate army. The +sectarian colleges, male and female, were nearly all closed, and +even in the common schools there was small interest manifested +amid the blood and excitement of the time. + +5. Many of the ablest ministers of the gospel left their +churches and were faithful chaplains in the army. Great +religious interest was awakened by them among the men who were +so bravely battling in Virginia, and many thousands were +converted and added to the churches during the revivals in the +camps. + +6. The recapture of Plymouth, in Washington county, on April +20th, 1864, was one of the most brilliant and successful affairs +of the war. The youthful and gallant Brigadier General R. F. +Hoke was sent by General Lee, in command of a division, with +which he surrounded the strong fortifications and took them by +assault, capturing more than three thousand prisoners. The help +of the iron-clad Albemarle was very efficacious on this +occasion, and her combat at the mouth of Roanoke River, a few +days later, was one of the most stubborn naval engagements on +record. Single-handed, Captain Cook fought and defeated a +strong fleet of double-enders, and drove them, routed, from the +scene. This expedition of General Hoke secured his promotion, +and was in marked contrast with that of General Pickett against +New Bern a few weeks before; the only incident of which, +creditable to the Confederates, was General Martin's well-fought +battle at Shepardsville. + +7. When the spring opened, tidings came from the Wilderness of +fresh battles in that region, which had been made famous the +year before. General U. S. Grant had been made Commander-in- +Chief of all the Federal armies, to assume the direction of +affairs in Virginia. With the vast numbers at his command, he +resolved upon such strategy as fell with fearful results upon +his army, but it weakened the reduced ranks of the Confederates +at the same time. General Grant lost more men in his march from +the Rapidan to the James River than General Lee had confronting +him, but it mattered not, for still fresh Federal thousands +poured in to fill the places of those who fell at the +Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Cold Harbor and the minor combats. +On our side, however, there were none to take the places of +those who were killed. + +8. In this terrible campaign, which was not ended even when +General Grant began the siege of Petersburg, the North Carolina +regiments were fearfully reduced. Generals Ramseur, Daniel and +Godwin, together with Colonels Andrews, Garrett, Brabble, Wood, +Spear, Blacknall, C. M. Avery, Jones, Barbour and +Moore were among those who sealed their faith with their blood. + +9. No battle of the war was more brilliant in its particulars +and results than that of Reams' Station, fought on August 24th, +1864. General W. S. Hancock, of the Federal army, had seized +and fortified a position, from which General Lee ordered +Lieutenant-General A. P. Hill to dislodge him. So stern was +Hancock's resistance that two bloody assaults had been repelled, +when the privates of Cooke's, MacRae's and Lane's North Carolina +brigades demanded to be led to the attack in which their +comrades had failed. Their officers complied; and, with +seventeen hundred and fifty muskets in the charge, they took the +works and captured twenty-one hundred prisoners and thirteen +pieces of artillery. * + +*The North Carolina cavalry regiments were also greatly +applauded by General Hampton for service on the same occasion. + +10. In the steady depreciation of Confederate and State money +was the greatest calamity of all. The cry of distress from +famishing women and children was increasing in volume, and the +State and county authorities were finding it more and more +impossible to meet, by public charity, the pressing wants of +their people. + +11. The pay of Confederate soldiers in the ranks was $15 and $17 +per month, in "Confederate money." During the latter days of the +war flour sold for $800 per barrel; meat $3 per pound; chickens +$15 each; shoes (brogans) $300 per pair; coffee $50 per pound; +tallow candles $15 per pound. It may be easily imagined how +great was the suffering in the South when it is remembered that +numbers of soldiers' wives were almost entirely dependent upon +the pay of their husbands for support. There were relief +committees throughout the State, but the great scarcity of +provisions made them almost helpless. + +12. Almost all the white men in North Carolina were in the ranks +of the different regiments and battalions mustered into the +Confederate service. Their families were largely dependent upon +the pay they received as soldiers. When the Confederate money +became worthless, want and suffering appeared in every section, +and unhappy wives were clamorous for their husbands' return to +avert starvation at home. + +13. The suffering families were ever in the minds of the +dauntless men who were away facing the enemy, for a direr foe +was thinning the blood and blanching the cheeks of wife and +child. Therefore, many a hero turned his back on the scenes of +his glory and incurred personal ignominy, and sometimes the +punishment of death, for desertion. + +14. The case of Edward Cooper was in point. He was tried by +court-martial for desertion. He declined the aid of a lawyer to +defend him, and, as his only defence, handed the presiding judge +of the court the following letter, which he had received from +his wife: + +"My Dear Edward: I have always been proud of you, and since your +connection with the Confederate army I have been prouder of you +than ever before. I would not have you do anything wrong for +the world, but before God, Edward, unless you come home, we must +die. Last night I was aroused by little Eddie's crying. I +called and said, "What is the matter, Eddie? " And he said, "O +mamma, I am so hungry." And Lucy, Edward, your darling Lucy, +she never complains, but she is growing thinner and thinner +every day. And before God, Edward, unless you come home, we +must die. YOUR MARY." + +15. General Cullen Battle and his associate members of the court +were melted to tears. Although the prisoner had voluntarily +returned to his command, they found him guilty, and sentenced +him to death, but recommended mercy. General Lee, in reviewing +the case, approved the finding but pardoned the unhappy +artilleryman, who was afterwards seen by General Battle, +standing, pale and bloody, as he fired his last round into the +retreating Federals. He then fell dead at his post in battle. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What year of the war have we now reached? What is said of +North Carolina's hopes? + +2. What tribute is paid to General Robert E. Lee? + +3. What is said of ex-Governor Bragg? What changes were made in +the Confederate States Senate? + +4. What is said of educational matters at this period? + +5. How were the ministers of the gospel faithfully performing their duties? + +6. Can you describe the capture of Plymouth by General R. F. Hoke's +command? + +7. Where was the principal fighting in the spring of 1864? +What is said of Grant's campaign? + +8. What losses had North Carolina sustained in this campaign. + +9. Describe the battle of Reams' Station. What North Carolina +troops captured General Hancock's position? + +10. What is said of the depreciation of the Confederate currency? +How was it affecting the people? + +11. What was the pay of Confederate soldiers? Mention the prices +of some of the necessaries of life. + +12. How were the soldiers' families suffering? + +13. What is said of the terrible struggle of the women and children? + +14. Can you mention the case of Edward Cooper? + +15. What was the verdict of the court-martial? What was the +ending of this sad case? + + + + +CHAPTER LXI. + +NORTH CAROLINA AND PEACE-MAKING. + +A. D. 1864 TO 1865. + +In 1864 Colonel Vance was re-elected Governor of North +Carolina. At his first election he was personally very popular, +was a soldier in the field, had been in actual battle, had been +by no means a strong "Union" man in the earlier portions of the +year 1861, and, indeed, in May of that year, was in camp at the +head of his company. Mr. Johnston, his opponent, was a +secessionist, but neither popular nor a soldier, and +comparatively but little known to the mass of the people, except +in his own immediate section of the State. Everybody of every +shade of opinion had the fullest confidence that Colonel Vance +would do his whole duty. There was no expectation that Mr. +Johnston would be elected, nor any serious effort made in his +behalf. + +2. In his course as Governor such strenuous support was given to +the Confederate States that when his term of service approached +conclusion, and a new election was to be held, a few men who had +been among his most zealous friends two years before, but who now +opposed the determined attitude of the Confederacy and of North +Carolina, were found opposing his continuance as Governor. + +3. These comprised a small fragment of the people, and William W. +Holden, of Wake, was their candidate, and this was all the +opposition Governor Vance had. Mr. Holden was the editor of the +Standard, a newspaper that had, in years past, been extreme in +Southern proclivities, and he had advocated and signed the +Ordinance of Secession, but of late he had advocated North +Carolina's withdrawal from the Confederacy and the making of +separate terms with the powers at Washington. + +4. Governor Vance and the people, except the handful of Holden's +followers, both in and out of the army, opposed this project as +dishonorable and unjust to their compatriots of other States. +They held that North Carolina's fortunes were inseparable from +those of the other Southern States, and that she must share their +fate, whatever that might be. + +5. About this time several propositions looking to overtures to +Mr. Lincoln for peace were communicated to Governor Vance from +certain members of the Confederate Congress from other States, +but he refused to take any part in such a scheme. He was re- +elected by an overwhelming majority, after a thorough exposition +of his views by many addresses both to the people at home and to +the North Carolina soldiers in their camps. + +6. As General Grant day-by-day massed fresh thousands of troops +before Petersburg, and the Confederate resistance grew more +feeble in the Shenandoah Valley, the conference which took place +at Old Point Comfort was arranged to no purpose. After a mighty +struggle, the South, in utter exhaustion, was soon to lay down +the arms that had been so bravely wielded. + +7. The importance of Wilmington to the waning fortunes of the +Confederacy had long been evident in the closing of other +seaports by blockade. General Whiting was an able and +experienced engineer, and his main defence, Fort Fisher, on New +Inlet, was pronounced by General Beauregard as almost +impregnable. Forts Caswell and Holmes, at the mouth of Cape Fear +River, and the numerous works fringing both banks of the stream +from Wilmington to the ocean, had apparently rendered hostile +approach from that direction a thing almost impossible to any +naval expedition. + +8. On December 25th the same General Butler who had been at the +capture of Fort Hatteras in 1861, came with an army which was +borne in a great fleet commanded by Admiral D. D. Porter. This +vast armada, carrying six hundred of the heaviest cannon modern +science has been able to construct, opened fire upon Fort Fisher. + +9. The fort was reinforced by a few companies from other portions +of General Whiting's command, and later, the division of General +Hoke arrived from Petersburg and took position in the intrenched +camp at Sugar Loaf, four miles distant up the river. General +Braxton Bragg had been for some time in command of the department +and was present on this occasion. + +10. All day, on that Christmas Sabbath, a fiery storm of shot and +shell was rained upon the fort, which answered slowly and +deliberately from its different batteries. In the midst of the +bombardment, General Butler landed his army on the peninsula +above the land-face of the work, but upon inspection of its +strength he grew hopeless of his undertaking, and on the night of +December 26th, having re-embarked his force, the fleet returned +to Beaufort. + +1865. + +11. There was much joy and relief in this evident Federal +confirmation of the reported impregnability of the great work, +and congratulations went around among the Confederates over this +defeat of the costly undertaking of the invaders. General Bragg +withdrew Hoke's Division and all the force at Sugar Loaf, except +Adams' light battery and the cavalry, with the intention of +attacking the garrison of New Bern. + +12. He was signally interrupted in this undertaking, when, on the +night of the 12th of January, 1865, Colonel William Lamb +telegraphed from Fort Fisher that the fleet had returned and the +troops were disembarking for a renewal of the attack. General +Bragg hurried Hoke's and all other available commands back to the +rescue, but found the Federal army in complete possession of the +ground between the fort and intrenched camp. Upon a +reconnaissance, the Enemy were found too strongly posted to be +assailed. + +13. The great fleet opened fire upon the land-face, and having +dismounted all but one of the twenty-two heavy guns defending +that flank, on the evening of the 15th, General Terry by signal, +changed the fire of the fleet to the sea-face batteries. The +three Federal brigades that had worked their way close up, sprang +forward in a charge that resulted in the capture of seven +traverses and four hundred prisoners. The assailants lost their +three commanders and five hundred men. It was a fatal blow. The +Federals could not be dislodged, and, after brave and unavailing +combat within the works, Fort Fisher was taken; and its garrison, +numbering two thousand men, became prisoners of war. General +Whiting and Colonel Lamb were both badly wounded, and the former +soon died of his injuries. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is said of the re-election of Governor Vance in 1864? + +2. What course had Governor Vance pursued? What is said of the +approaching election? + +3. Who was Governor Vance's opponent? What measures were being +advocated by Mr. Holden and his followers? + +4. How did Governor Vance and the people consider these measures? + +5. What proposition had certain members of the Confederate +Congress communicated to Governor Vance, and how had he received +them? What was the result of the election? + +6. Where was General Grant placing fresh troops? What was the result? + +7. What is said of Wilmington and its defences? + +8. What occurred on December 25th, 1864? + +9. Describe the attack on Fort Fisher. + +10. What was the conclusion of the attack? + +11 How did the state receive the news of this Federal failure? +What forces were removed from Fort Fisher? + +12. Describe the preparations for renewal of attack on January 12th. + +13. Give an account of the engagement. What was the sad result? + + + + +CHAPTER LXII. + +THE WAR DRAWS TO A CLOSE. + +A. D. 1865. + +1. With the fall of Fort Fisher the fate of Wilmington was +sealed. With the Federal troops in such a position the port was +most effectually closed. The last connection of the beleaguered +Confederacy with the outer world was thus broken, and North +Carolina, with beating heart, listened to the approaching +footsteps of countless invaders. General Lee, who had been made +General-in-Chief of all the Southern armies, selected General +Joseph E. Johnston to command in North Carolina. + +2. General Bragg's forces having retired from Wilmington, met the +corps of Major-General Schofield in an ineffectual engagement at +Kinston on March 8th, and retired upon Goldsboro. This +command, with the troops lately in Charleston and Savannah, the +remnant of the Army of Tennessee and Hampton's Division from +Virginia, soon made an army of twenty-five thousand men, under +the command of General Johnston. + +3. Against him were coming, from South Carolina, the great army +under General W. T. Sherman; from Wilmington, the corps of +General Terry, and from Kinston, the army of General Schofield. +In addition to these overwhelming forces, another column was +approaching from the west, under General Stoneman. + +4. As this great array gathered toward Raleigh as a common focus, +the first conflict was between the division commanded by General +Hardee and the army of General Sherman at the hamlet of +Averasboro. After a stubborn fight, Hardee withdrew, and, having +joined General Johnston, the latter collected fifteen thousand +men at Bentonsville, in Johnston county, on March 19th, and +awaited Sherman's approach. + +5. General Sherman, on that day, made six successive attacks upon +Johnston's left, composed of Hoke's and Cheatham's divisions and +the late garrisons on the Cape Fear. The Federal assaults were +all repelled, and, at the order for our troops to advance, three +lines of the enemy's field works were carried and several +batteries captured. This success, however, was not bloodlessly +effected. + +6. General Sherman withdrew to Goldsboro to meet Schofield and +Terry, and Johnston halted near Smithfield to await developments. +With such a force it seemed impossible that he would be able to +meet the combined strength of the three, armies assembling at +Goldsboro, but the result at Bentonsville had greatly elated his +troops, and they resolutely awaited General Sherman's return to +the shock of arms. + +7. After so much bloodshed the end of hostilities, however, was +near at hand. General Sheridan, with heavy cavalry +reinforcements, having assailed the right flank of General Lee's +defences at Petersburg, after hard fighting, succeeded in winning +a decisive battle at Five Forks on the 28th of March. The loss, +of the six thousand Confederates made prisoners on that day was +fatal to longer hold on the thinly-manned lines around the city +that had been so long and nobly defended. + +8. On the morning of the 2nd of April, in the general assault, +General Lee's lines were pierced in three places, General A. P. +Hill was slain, and, at nightfall the doomed Army of Northern +Virginia began its famous retreat. After incredible hardships, +having fought their way to Appomattox Court House, the small +remnant of the heroes who had for four years so dauntlessly held +their ground against all comers, were enveloped in the masses of +pursuing hosts, and, on April 9th, at the command of their +beloved leader, they there laid down their arms. + +9. General Lee was never greater or more loved or more reverenced +thanin the hour of his fall. He had not taken part in the +struggle to gratify ambition or for love of war; but in the +conscientious discharge of sacred duty. Into that struggle North +Carolina had sent more than a hundred and fifty thousand of her +sons, and to them all he was ever the ideal of the soldier, the +gentleman and the Christian. At his command they laid down their +arms, returned to their homes and in time renewed their +allegiance to the United States. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the effect of the fall of Fort Fisher? + +2. What occurred at Kinston? What was the size of General +Johnston's army? + +3. What great forces were marching against Johnston? + +4. Where was the first conflict between these armies? When was +the battle of Bentonsville fought? Point out Averasboro on the +map. Bentonsville. + +5. Can you tell something of the fight at Bentonsville? What was +done by the Federal and Confederate commanders after this battle? + +6. What occurred at Petersburg? + +7. How did the battle result? + +8. What took place at Appomattox? + +9. What is said of the great General Lee? + + + + +CHAPTER LXIII. + +CONCLUDING SCENES OF THE WAR. + +A. D. 1865. + +When General Johnston became aware of General Lee's retreat, +he was informed that his next duty would be to effect a junction +of his forces with those withdrawn from Petersburg. In +accordance with this object a movement was begun at Raleigh, +April 10th. The army, Governor Vance accompanying it, having +passed the capital, ex-Governors Graham and Swain, accompanied by +Surgeon-General Warren, met General Sherman at the head of his +vast army a few miles from Raleigh and asked him to protect the +city. + +2. General Sherman and his accumulated army of more than a +hundred thousand men entered the capital city on April 13th, and +encamped near it. As the advance, under General Kilpatrick, +moved up Fayetteville street, a Confederate cavalryman, +Lieutenant Walsh, of Texas, before his flight, halted near the +State House and fired several times at Kilpatrick and his staff. +His horse falling in his effort to escape, he was captured and +taken before Kilpatrick, who ordered him to be immediately +hanged. This outrageous order for the murder of a Confederate +prisoner of war was speedily obeyed. + +3. General Johnston was soon apprised of General Lee's +capitulation, and, after conference with President Davis at +Greensboro, he resolved to end the war by surrender of his army. +To this end, having communicated with General Sherman, they met +on April 18th, at the house of a Mr. Bennett, near Durham, and +agreed upon conditions of surrender, subject to the approval of +President Lincoln. Most unhappily for the Southern people, Mr. +Lincoln never had an opportunity to express his opinion +concerning this military convention; for he having just been +assassinated at Washington by John Wilkes Booth. Andrew Johnson, +the Vice-President, had become President in his place. + +4. Mr. Johnson was a North Carolinian by birth. He had lived in +Raleigh until be reached manhood and then emigrated to Tennessee, +where he became a very prominent citizen. When the war came on +he adhered to the Federal side, and was very bitter and harsh, in +his hostility to the South. He was rewarded for his course by +election to the Vice-Presidency of the United States in 1864. In +the violent excitement which followed upon the killing of +President Lincoln, Mr. Johnson would not sanction the liberal +terms of surrender which General Sherman had granted to General +Johnston, although General Sherman had been in conference with +the deceased statesman just previous to his death, and was +following his directions as to the treatment of the conquered +South. + +5. Notwithstanding this refusal of the President of the United +States to carry out the agreement of the military commissioners, +the army of General Johnston was surrendered at Greensboro on +April 26th, 1865, and sent home on parole on like terms with the +Confederate troops at Appomattox. + +6. General Schofield was made military Governor of North +Carolina, and his first official act was a proclamation declaring +freedom to the slaves in the State. After two centuries of +servitude, these people were at last delivered from their +bondage. It is difficult at this day to say who were the more +blessed in this deliverance--the slaves or their masters. + +7. It was a hard thing for men who had been reared in the South +to realize that their principal property, guaranteed to them as +it was, in the fundamental law of the land, was founded in +injustice; and still harder was it to accept poverty on the +strength of a sentiment. Human nature is selfish in all regions, +and, that Southern men should have clung to their property is no +more than what their opponents would have done had the +circumstances been exchanged. It will be difficult for posterity +to understand what a mighty revolution in the domestic life of +the people was involved in this single act of an army officer. + +[NOTE--In the State election of 1860 the total vote polled was +112,586--the largest that had ever been polled. North Carolina +furnished to the Confederacy over 150,000 men, or quite as many +soldiers as she had voters, during the four years of the war. +The total number of troops furnished by all the States of the +Confederacy was about 600,000, and it will be seen that North +Carolina furnished one-fourth of the entire force raised by the +Confederate government during the war. At Appomattox North +Carolina surrendered twice as many muskets as did any other +State, and at Greensboro more of her soldiers were among the +paroled than from any of her sister States. North Carolina's +losses by the casualties of the war were largely over 30,000 men +--Our Living and Our Dead.] + +8. The slaves had been looking forward with hope, since the +beginning of the war, that freedom might be in store for them, +yet almost all of them had remained in quiet subjection at their +homes while the war was progressing. It seemed hard for them to +realize, for some time, that they were at last the masters of +their own movements. As a general thing, they continued quietly +at labor on the farms of their former owners until the crops that +were growing were complete in their tillage, or, as they +expressed it, "laid by." + +9. Governor Vance was soon arrested and imprisoned in the "old +capitol" at Washington. President Davis was also captured and +imprisoned. Mr. Johnson appointed Vance's late political +antagonist, W. W. Holden, Provisional Governor, and, at the same +time, removed from office every State and county official in +North Carolina. For some weeks no officer with civil powers was +to be seen, and to the commanders of the many Federal posts alone +could the peaceful have looked for protection against violence +and fraud. + +10. No man ever had so great an opportunity for fixing himself in +the esteem and affection of the people as Governor Holden had +during his administration as Provisional Governor, and no man +ever so completely threw golden opportunities away. Had he risen +to the full height of a patriot, his name would today be a loving +household word in every section of the State. But he did not, +and such opportunities rarely occur twice to any man. + +11. His career had not been an uneventful one. Of humble origin, +he had, by dint of his own work and his own brains, carried +himself to the control of the Democratic party in the State. He +was not satisfied with the position of the editor of the chief +organ of the dominant party, and the pecuniary profits that then +resulted from such a position, but desired to be made Governor of +the State. He was defeated for the nomination by Judge Ellis +before the Democratic State Convention at Charlotte, and from +that period dates his downward career. He advocated the Douglas +movement, and then supported Breckinridge and Lane. He voted for +and signed the Ordinance of Secession, declaring he intended to +preserve as an heirloom in his family the pen with which he +attached his name to the ordinance; and then he became the head +and front of the Union element in the State during the war. At +the close of the war, as we have seen, he was made Provisional +Governor by President Johnson. + +12. No man knew better than Governor Holden that on our side the +war was entirely at an end when the troops laid down their arms, +and that when the people of North Carolina renewed their +allegiance to the Federal government, they intended to stand to +it honestly and faithfully. None better than he knew that they +desired nothing so much as to set themselves to the task of +rebuilding their fallen fortunes. He knew, too, that they were +well aware that before this could be done, civil government, with +all its varied machinery, must be re-established, and that in all +that was right and proper for a people so situated, they were +ready to aid him in doing this. The returned soldiers, too, +especially felt that of them some recognition was due for the +honorable terms and respectful treatment accorded to them at +Appomattox and Greensboro. + +13. In such mood it would have been an easy task for a ruler who +was both patriot and statesman to re-establish Federal authority +in North Carolina. It was simply impossible to punish all who +had fought against the Federal government. It was quite as +impossible to expect the many who had fought against it to take +part in punishing the few. Amnesty and oblivion on one side, +renewed allegiance and strict observer of the laws on the other, +plainly constituted the true solution of the problem. +Unfortunately, the partisan prevailed over the patriot. Instead +of granting amnesty and oblivion, treason was to be made odious +and traitors to be punished. Instead of making the path easy +back to the Union, it was constantly blocked up in every possible +way by both State and Federal authority. Of course an era of +bitterness began, which the long imprisonment of Mr. Davis, the +judicial murders of Mrs Surratt and Henry Wirz, the +protracted exclusion of the Southern States from all +participation in the general government, and the harsh policy of +reconstruction, daily served to intensify. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What movement did General Johnston attempt after the surrender +of General Lee? What men met General Sherman's army in behalf of +the city of Raleigh? + +2. When did Sherman's army reach Raleigh? What event is +mentioned? + +3. What was done by Johnston after learning of Lee's surrender? +What occurred at Washington City? + +4. What is said of President Andrew Johnson? How did he act +concerning Johnston's surrender? + +5. When and where did General Johnston surrender? + +6. Who became military Governor of North Carolina? What was his +first official act? What is said of the freedom of the slaves? + +7. How is the question of slavery further considered? + +8. How had the slaves acted during the war? How did they receive +the news of freedom? + +9. What befell Governor Vance? To what office was W. W. Holden +appointed? What was the condition of civil affairs in North +Carolina? + +10. What is said of Governor Holden? + +11. Can you tell something of his life? + +12. How should Governor Holden have viewed the situation? + +13. What would have been the proper course to pursue towards +North Carolina? + + + + +CHAPTER LXIV. + +REFITTING THE WRECK. + +A. D. 1865 TO 1867. + +1. When the bulk of the vast armies that had effected the +overthrow of the Confederacy was marched northward and disbanded, +the full extent of the ruin that had been wrought was at last +realized. So many Federal troops had been collected in North +Carolina that their subsistence and depredations had consumed +nearly all the food in the State, and the utmost scarcity was +disclosed in broad districts contiguous to the line of march and +occupation by General Sherman's great armies. + +2. Grief for the ruined South, the desolated homes and slain +kinsmen was further supplemented by the pangs of want and hunger. +Famishing men and women were forced to solicit rations of the +Federal officers. Aid was given generally to needy applicants, +upon their taking the oath of allegiance to the United States. + +3. In the liberation of the slaves ruin was brought upon the +banks and other fiscal corporations of the State, and, as a +consequence, the endowments of the University and the colleges +were, to a great extent, forever lost. Even the large Literary +Fund, by which the whole system of common schools was sustained, +being invested in similar securities, also disappeared in the +general bankruptcy. + +4. When the Provisional Governor had entered upon the discharge +of his official duties, North Carolina was reduced to a small +supply of cotton as the sum of her available means to discharge +the current expenses of the new government, and even that was +seized by the agents of the United States, and to Governor +Holden's appeals for its release, the Secretary of the Treasury +and President Johnson proved deaf and inexorable. + +5. Judges Pearson and Battle were re-instated in their places of +Supreme Court Justices, but Judge M. E. Manly was replaced by +Edwin G. Reade, of Person. By orders from Washington, a +proclamation was issued for an election of a Convention to +restore the State to its former relations. This body met October +2nd, 1865, and selected Judge Reade as its president. Ordinances +were passed repealing and declaring null and void the secession +ordinances of May 20th, 1861, abolishing slavery and invalidating +all contracts made in furtherance of the late war. + +1866. + +6. In the same election, Jonathan Worth, of Randolph, was chosen +over Governor Holden as Chief-Magistrate. The State was +apparently resuming its self-government, and was soon to show +that some spirit was left in the people. They refused to ratify +the ordinances of the late Convention by a decided majority; and +while accepting the situation and submitting in all quietude to +the authorities imposed, they were yet resolved to take no part +in these constrained reformations. + +7. The general government had been for four years declaring the +Ordinances of Secession, passed by the several States, null and +void. It had been repeatedly announced that no State could thus +sever her connection with the Union; but when the legally elected +Senators and Representatives from North Carolina reached +Washington, they found that this doctrine was reversed, and were +told that they could not take part in national legislation until +Congress should restore the Southern States to their lost +privileges. + +8. In the Southern elections that were held, every man was +required to take oaths of allegiance and for the support of the +amended Federal Constitution. Some refused to attend the polls +and a few left the country for foreign lands. A vast majority +were resolved to support the Union in good faith, but, unhappily, +this was not so understood by the men who controlled at Raleigh +and Washington. They were impressed with the belief that only +hostile sentiments actuated Southern white men, and, therefore, +the proper policy was to confer political power upon the negroes, +and in that way establish a new system of rule and social life in +the Southern States lately in revolt. + +1867. + +9. This was a great and cruel mistake in policy. It was not only +impossible of execution, but necessarily entailed trouble and +suffering on both races thus put in antagonism. It could not be +expected that white people would quietly submit to the domination +of negroes who had so recently been their slaves, even if such +rulers had been equally intelligent and socially respected. When +the race feeling was added to the late subjection and present +ignorance of the negroes, it was the most futile and abortive +scheme ever proposed in America, and was at war with all the +precedents and spirit of the great Republic. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the condition of the State after the departure of +Federal troops? + +2. How were the people enduring mental and bodily suffering? + +3. What had become of the various educational funds? + +4. What was the only means by which North Carolina could meet the +expenses of the State government? What became of the small +supply of cotton? + +5. What changes did Governor Holden make in the Supreme Court? +What orders did the Governor receive from Washington? What was +the Work of the Convention? + +6. Who. was chosen to succeed Governor Holden? What political +opinions were expressed by the people in their votes? + +7. What inconsistencies were observed in the management of +affairs at Washington? + +8. How did the men of the South feel concerning the laws of Congress? + +9. How are the events of this period considered? + + + + +CHAPTER LXV. + +GOVERNOR WORTH AND PRESIDENT JOHNSON. + +A. D. 1867 TO 1868. + +President Andrew Johnson, as has already been stated, was +born and reared in the city of Raleigh. He went to Tennessee +after reaching manhood, and, though blessed with small +advantages as to early culture, devoted himself to political +life. He is said to have mastered the rudiments of education +with his wife's help. His native ability soon gave him position +as a politician and eventually great popularity and control over +the Tennessee people. + +2. He soon relaxed in the severity of his feelings toward the +late Confederates, and thereby incurred the resentment of the +leaders in the party which had elected him Vice-President. In +the bitterness of the mutual recriminations, between him and his +late friends in Congress, there was, unhappily, evil to result +to North Carolina and the South; for to the old resentments +against the South was added a desire in many men to thwart the +President who had become their ally. + +3. Governor Worth had ever been marked as a public man by the +utmost devotion to the Federal Union. He had constantly opposed +the doctrine and necessity of secession. He was now to show his +wisdom and attachment for the State of his birth. As Governor, +he was continually pressed to secure legal protection for the +people against the interference of military commanders and +courts-martial, which were constantly intruding upon the +jurisdiction of the State courts. + +4. The whole system of education in the common schools had +perished in the loss of the Literary Fund. The University still +continued its ministrations, but with a diminished faculty and +patronage. The colleges, male and female, belonging to the +different religious denominations, were re-opened and generally +were slowly regaining their former efficiency. + +5. Among the first enactments by the Legislature after the war, +was the law allowing negroes to testify against or for white +parties in courts of justice. This was a great change in our +law, but was now necessary for their protection, as they no +longer had masters to care for them. + +6. The agriculture of the period was rapidly advancing in the +perfection of its details. Concentrated fertilizers were coming +into general use and the area of cotton culture was immensely +expanding. The farms were about equally divided as to the style +of their management. The best farmers still hired their "hands" +and superintended the details of operation in person, but many +leased their lands to laborers and furnished the teams and +supplies needed by the tenants. + +7. Under the sensible and moderate rule then seen in the State, +prosperity seemed rapidly returning, but as the United States +Congress still refused to allow any representation in that body, +there was great and increasing uneasiness as to the terms that +would be finally exacted from the South in the proposed +reconstruction measures. + +1868. + +8. Early in the year 1868 a convention, so-called, was held to +frame a new Constitution under the Reconstruction Act of +Congress. The election for the delegates was held under General +Canby's orders, and the returns were sent to him at Charleston. +Upon his order the Convention met and upon his order its delegates +were seated and unseated. + +9. In the latter part of April the Constitution thus framed was +submitted to such of the people as were allowed to vote, at an +election held as before, under General Canby's order, and by +him, in Charleston, South Carolina, the returns having been sent +to him there, declared to have been adopted. It is now +generally known as the "Canby Constitution." In June, by order +by telegram from General Canby, Governor Worth, who had been +elected Governor by the people in 1866, was turned out of his +office and Governor Holden put in his place. The only authority +for this and other outrages was the might of Federal bayonets. + +10. The Legislature elected under the recently adopted +Constitution met on the 1st of July, 1868. It was comprised +largely of negroes and of men from the North who had lately come +to North Carolina. These latter were popularly known as +"carpetbaggers," and as a class were mere birds of prey who came +here for plunder. As might have been expected, the legislation +of such a body was both corrupt and injurious. Ignorant of the +resources of the State, of its people and their necessities, it +would have been a miracle almost, no matter how honest, had +their legislation not been harmful. Unfortunately, there was +added to gross ignorance the most unblushing corruption and +wanton extravagance. Many millions of debt, in the shape of +"Special Tax Bonds," as they were called, were attempted to be +fastened upon the State by this Legislature, but the people have +persistently refused to recognize them. + +11. The Convention and elections of 1868 will ever be +remembered. The act of Congress, passed on February 20th, 1867, +was in vain vetoed by the President. It was made the law of the +land, and under its provisions, while twenty thousand white men +of North Carolina were deprived of the right to vote, that +privilege was extended to every colored male in the State who +had attained the age of twenty-one years. + +12. The year closed with great apprehensions to all classes. +The new State government possessed neither the confidence nor +the affection of the people, and in the pandemonium of bribery +and corruption there was justification for the fears of men, +who, in corrupt and reckless appropriations and corrupt and +reckless expenditures, foresaw ruin to all material interests of +the State. + +12. In Robeson county, life and property were so insecure that +extraordinary measures were adopted to extirpate the bandits who +slew and plundered as if no legal restraints were left in the +land. The story of Henry Berry Lowery and his "Swamp Angels" +will ever stand as a convincing proof of the incompetency of the +government of that day or of its wanton disregard of its duties +to its citizens. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. Where was President Andrew Johnson born? To what State did +he go? To what profession did he devote himself? How is he +said to have mastered the rudiments of education? What position +did his native ability give him? + +2. How did his feelings toward the South undergo a change? What +did he incur thereby? How did this affect North Carolina and +the South? + +3. What is said of Governor Worth? + +4. In what condition were the institutions of learning at this period? + +5. What legislation is mentioned favoring the colored people? +Why was this now necessary? + +6. How were agricultural matters progressing? How were the +farms conducted? + +7. What was the general condition of the State? + +8. For what was the Convention of 1868 held? +Under whose order was the election for delegates held? + +9. When was the Constitution thus framed submitted to the people? +How is this Constitution now known? How was Governor Worth removed from office, +and who was put in his place? +What was the authority for this and other high-handed measures? + +10. When did the Legislature of 1868 meet, and of whom was it composed? +What is said of this Legislature? What is said of the "Special Tax Bonds"? + +11. What is said of the Convention and elections of 1868? + +12. In what condition were public affairs? + +13. What is said of Robeson county, and Henry Berry Lowery +and his "Swamp Angels"? + + + + +CHAPTER LXVI. + +THE RESULTS OF RECONSTRUCTION. + +A. D. 1868 TO 1870. + +There was in North Carolina great indignation at the result of +the enforced changes wrought in the polity of the State by means +of the various congressional enactments. Strangers from other +States, and men entirely unused to legislation, had effected many +alterations in our government and laws. It was to be expected +that such things, done in such manner, would prove distasteful to +a proud race that had so lately withstood so stoutly on the field +of battle, and so long, such superior numbers. + +2. Among the many unnecessary changes that were rendered more +distasteful by the harsh manner of their accomplishment, were +those made by Governor Holden and his party at the State +University at Chapel Hill. This venerable institution, which had +given education to many men of renown, was taken in hand, and, +with a new management and a new faculty, made up of carpetbaggers +and unsuitable native North Carolinians, re-opened its doors. +Its late president, ex-Governor David L. Swain, had died shortly +after his removal, his colleagues in the Faculty had dispersed in +search of new homes, and silence had usurped the halls so long +thronged by students from many States. The village of Chapel +Hill, depending on the existence of the University for its +support, became almost deserted. No less than thirty of its best +families removed within two years. The people of North Carolina +refused to patronize the new organization, and the institution +was for seven years prostrate. + +3. The changes did not stop with the University. The judges of +all the courts had been, since 1776, elected by the Legislature. +This was altered, so that they were in future to be selected by +the votes of the people. The name of the lower branch of the +General Assembly, so long known as the House of "Commons," became +that of the "Representatives." The meeting of the Assembly was +made annual instead of biennial, and the pay of the members and +State officials largely increased. Our county government system, +too, was changed, and so was the mode of electing magistrates, who +had hitherto been elected by the Legislature. In future they +were to be elected by the people. In many portions of the State +the effect was to put the white race at once under the domination +of the black race. Bitterness and great excitement were the +inevitable results. But of all the innovations, none, perhaps, +was so startling as that made in the procedure and practice of +the courts. It was distasteful both to client and counsel, but +to the older lawyers it was especially objectionable. + +1869. + +4. The distinguishing event of this year in North Carolina was +the appearance, in various parts of the State, of well-organized +bodies of horsemen, commonly called Ku-Klux, who rode about at +night in full disguise and punished crimes that the law had +failed to punish. The mystery attending their coming and their +going, the silence they preserved in their marches, the disguises +they wore, coupled with the terrible punishment they inflicted, +struck terror into the hearts of men with guilty consciences. + +5. These midnight riders were doubtless in their origin the +natural outgrowth of the condition of society that had prevailed +in North Carolina for some time past--that is to say, they were +originally nothing more nor less than local mutual protective +associations, with little form about them and but little more +secrecy. The first step having been taken in that direction, the +next followed as a matter of course. Next came associations to +prevent future crime by punishing past crime. These +organizations were more complex in their character and of wider +range in their operations. + +6. The condition of society was very bad, but not worse than +might have been expected under a government which, obnoxious in +its creation, daily became more hateful in its conduct. Negro +suffrage had just become a reality. Spies and eavesdroppers were +everywhere catching up men's words and watching men's actions for +report to the government at Raleigh. Corruption and +licentiousness stalked openly in the legislative halls and sat +unblushingly on the judicial bench, while in the Executive office +was a Governor ready to obey the behests of his party at any +cost. It was an era of extravagance, bribery, corruption, +oppression, licentiousness and lawlessness. Of the negroes, +ignorant slaves but yesterday, with all their passion stirred to +the utmost, large numbers blindly believed that freedom and +suffrage would make them masters tomorrow were it not for the +native white race. First suspicious, then sullen, then +aggressive, they soon came under the bad teaching of the men who +were their leaders, to regard the native white men as their born +enemies. The result was the murder of men, the outraging of +women, the burning of barns and other like destruction of +property, then of vital importance, for the law had no terror for +an evil doer who had friends at court or in the Executive +chamber. It is but just to the negroes, however, to say that it +is not believed that if they had been left to themselves they +would have acted as they did, but that they were influenced to +bad deeds by bad white men, who used them as tools to accomplish +political ends. Under such circumstances as these, good citizens +felt that they were tried beyond human endurance, and justified +themselves to their own consciences for taking the law into their +own hands. + +7. The evils the Ku-Klux came to cure were indeed unbearable; but +it must be said, also, that while the disease was desperate, the +remedy was fearful. It is a fearful thing for men to band +themselves together in secret and take the law into their own +hands, and nothing but the direst necessity and the gravest +emergency can ever justify it. Inseparable from every such +organization, and this proved no exception to the rule, is the +danger of its easy perversion to the gratification of personal +malice or the improper punishment of petty offences, and this +alone ought to be warning that in such a remedy lies terrible +danger. + +8. Governor Holden quailed before the Ku-Klux, and from his +guarded house issued proclamation after proclamation, but they +would not down at his bidding. When winter came and with it the +Legislature, Senator Shoffner, of Alamance, at the instance of +the Governor, introduced a bill into the Senate, in its terms +conferring upon the Governor the right to declare any and every +county in the State to be in insurrection, and to recruit and +maintain an army whenever he saw proper. In other words, the +bill sought to confer upon the Governor the power to declare +martial law at will. Of course this was unconstitutional. + +1870. + +9. The Shoffner bill was ratified on the 29th of January, 1870. +On the night of the 26th of February, Wyatt Outlaw, a negro, was +hung in the county town of Alamance, by the Ku-Klux. On the 7th +of March the county was declared to be in a state of +insurrection. Federal troops were sent there, but beyond eating +their rations they had no occupation, for quiet and good order +prevailed throughout the county. + +10. A striking fact, true of every place during these unhappy +times, is that whenever white Federal troops were sent to a +troubled section, whether in Alamance, Caswell, Orange or +elsewhere, there was straightway an end of trouble. The law- +breakers were awed into good behavior, and those who in self- +protection had forced, in their own judgment, to take into their +own hands the administration of justice, of course had no further +occasion to do so. + +11. Governor Holden, however, seemed not to be satisfied with the +Shoffner bill, for on the 10th of March he wrote* to the +President, asking that stringent orders be sent to the commanding +general, and stating that if "criminals could be arrested and +tried before military tribunals and shot, there would soon be +peace and order throughout the country. The remedy," he said, +"would be a sharp and bloody one, but indispensable as was the +suppression of the rebellion." The 14th he wrote to the members +of Congress from North Carolina**, beseeching them to induce +Congress to author the President to declare martial law in +certain localities, so that he might "have military tribunals, by +which assassins and murderers can be summarily tried and shot," +and telling them at the same time that he could not have such +tribunals unless the President was authorized to suspend the +habeas corpus. + +*For letter in full, see Governor's Letter-book, page 328. + +**For letter in full, see Governor's Letter-book, page 329. + +12. At the time when the Governor was so anxious thus "summarily" +to try and shoot people, not a single man had been killed in +Caswell, and only one in Alamance. It might be borne in mind, +too, that the men whom he refers to, and whom he afterwards +arrested as assassins and murderers, were among the best men in +all the land, many of them venerable for age as well as respected +for personal integrity and Christian character. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. How did our people take the many changes in State polity? + +2. What was done with the University? + +3. How was the manner of electing judges changed? What was the +effect of this change? + +4. What secret organization was formed at this time? + +5. What is said of the Ku-Klux? + +6. Can you tell something of the condition of society? + +7. How are the doings of the Ku-Klux considered? + +8. What was done by the Governor in regard to the Ku-Klux? + +9. What occurred in Alamance county? + +10. What was the general effect produced by the Federal troops? + +11. What was the next step taken by Governor Holden? + +12. Who were the men arrested by order of the Governor? + + + + +CHAPTER LXVII. + +THE RESULTS OF RECONSTRUCTION--Continued. + +A. D. 1868 TO 1870. + +On the 21st of May, John W. Stephens, then a Senator from +Caswell county, was secretly murdered in an unused room in the +courthouse at Yanceyville. A large concourse filled the house +when the deed was committed, the occasion being a Democratic +political gathering, and Stephens was seen and talked to at the +meeting, being there as a spectator. Strange to say, however, it +is a mystery to this day as to who committed the crime. + +2. It was insisted by Governor Holden and his party that Stephens +had been murdered by the Ku-Klux. This however, was as stoutly +denied, and the assertion added that, as Stephens was an object +of derision and contempt rather than of hatred, there was neither +desire nor cause to put him to death. + +3. Meanwhile, Congress had refused to confer upon the President +the power to declare martial law, and the August elections kept +drawing near. A new Attorney-General and a new Legislature and +new Congressmen were to be elected. The Governor and his party +were therefore compelled to rely on the Shoffner bill alone. + +4. State troops, as they were called, were now recruited, and, on +the 21st of June, George W. Kirke, a brutal ruffian of infamous +character, and known to be such, who had commanded a regiment of +Federal troops during the war, was brought from his home in +Tennessee and commissioned Colonel. This man Kirke, in his public +posters calling for recruits, the original of which was found in +Governor Holden's own hand-writing, appealed to his old comrades +to join him, saying that "the blood of their murdered countrymen, +inhumanly butchered for opinion's sake, cried to them from the +ground for ensconce." + +5. On the 8th of July, the county of Caswell was declared to be +in a state of insurrection. Meanwhile, however, a company of +Federal troops had been stationed at Yanceyville, and had found +use for neither ball nor bayonet, and in both Alamance and +Caswell the courts were open and not the slightest obstruction to +any process of the law. + +6. On the 13th of July, Kirke having organized his regiment, was +ordered to take command of the counties of Alamace and Caswell. +In a few days more than a hundred citizens of Alamance and +Caswell were arrested and imprisoned by Kirke and his +subordinates. In some instances persons thus seized were hung up +by the neck, or otherwise treated with great brutality. Among +there prisoners were many men who had been for years of the first +respectability as citizens, and were known and honored in every +portion of the State. + +7. Application was speedily made to Chief-Justice Pearson for a +writ of habeas corpus, that Adolphus G. Moore, and others thus +imprisoned, might know the cause of their detention and receive +the protection of the laws. Judge Pearson granted the writ, but +when it was served on Kirke, he directed the messenger to inform +the Chief-Justice that such things "had played out," that he was +acting in accordance with Governor Holden's orders, and he +refused to obey the command of his Honor. The lawyers of the +imprisoned men then asked for further process of the Judge to +punish Kirke for his disregard of his orders; but Judge Pearson +passed over his contemptuous message as the "flippant speech of a +rude soldier," and held that his powers were exhausted, as the +Governor had ordered Kirke to seize the men, and the judiciary +could not contend with the Executive, and in this he was +sustained by the other members of the court. + +8. The conspiracy against the Constitution, the laws and the +liberties of the people developed rapidly, now that the highest +judges in the State had declared the courts of the State to be +impotent. The military tribunals that the Governor failed to get +from Congress in March, he now proceeded to organize under the +Shoffner act. The court was to consist of thirteen members, +seven of whom Governor Holden selected from among his own +partisans in the militia and six he left to Kirke to select from +the officers of his command. * The 25th day of July was first +selected for the meeting of the court, and then the 8th of +August. [!] It was a terrible state of affairs. The Chief +Executive of the State was daily making his preparations for +holding a drum head court-martial to try the best men in all the +land, tie them to stakes and shoot them like dogs, while the +judiciary, standing in sight and in hearing, declared itself +helpless! + +*For full letter, see Impeachment Trial, Volume I, page 238. + +[!]For full letter, see Impeachment Trial, Volume II, page 1147. + +9. Fortunately, Chief-Justice Pearson and those who sat with him +were not the only judges in North Carolina. There proved to be +at least one judge who did not think his powers exhausted. That +judge was George W. Brooks, Judge of the United States District +Court for North Carolina, and application was accordingly made to +him for a writ of habeas corpus. He came to Raleigh, and was +told by the Governor that if he interfered civil war would ensue; +but Judge Brooks was inflexible, and, on August 6th he ordered +Marshal Carrow to notify Colonel Kirke that in ten days his +prisoners should be brought before his Honor at Salisbury. + +10. Governor Holden then appealed to President Grant, informing +him of the situation; and the President, after advising with the +Attorney-General, replied that the authority of Judge Brooks must +be respected. Kirke accordingly brought a portion of his +prisoners as ordered, to Salisbury, and as no crimes were alleged +for their detention, they were all set at liberty. + +11. As soon as Governor Holden was informed of the decision of +the President, he sent a messenger in haste to the Chief Justice, +who thereupon came to Raleigh, and the prisoners who had not been +brought before Judge Brooks at Salisbury were carried before him +and the other Judges of the Supreme Court at Raleigh. + +12. But it was Judge Brooks who broke the backbone of this great +conspiracy against the government of North Carolina. No man ever +lived on our soil who deserved to be held in more grateful +remembrance by the people of North Carolina than he. Whatever +others may have done in building up the State, it was he that +saved her Constitution and her laws and the liberties of her +people. The scenes of horror that would have been witnessed but +for his timely interference cannot be thought of, even now, +without a shudder. It is greatly to be hoped that the +Legislature will speedily erect a suitable monument in the +capitol square in token of the gratitude of the people for whom +he did so much. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What occurred at Yanceyville on May 21st? + +2. Who were accused as the murderers of Stephens? Upon what +ground was this denied? + +3. What had Congress done concerning martial law? + +4. What man was put in charge of the state troops? Where was +Kirke from, and what was his character? + +5. What was the condition of affairs in Alamance and Caswell counties? + +6. Give an account of Kirke's exploits in these counties? + +7. To whom did the people apply for aid? With what result? + +8. What was next done by the Governor? + +9. To what judge did the people next go for protection? What did +Judge Brooks do? + +10. What was Governor Holden's next step? Where were Kirke's +prisoners taken? + +11. Where were the prisoners then carried? + +12. What tribute is made to Judge Brooks? What are the +reflections upon this matter? + + + + +CHAPTER LXVIII. + +THE IMPEACHMENT OF GOVERNOR HOLDEN. + +A. D. 1870 TO 1872. + +The election of 1870 resulted in a great triumph for the +people. Opponents of the administration were elected to the +Legislature in overwhelming majorities, and a determination to +bring Governor Holden to trial for his crimes against the +Constitution and liberties of the people was at once apparent. + +2. Nothing can be more important; in a civilized government than +protection to the liberties of the people. Nothing is truer than +that "eternal vigilance is the price of liberty," Even in the +royal government of England, for more than two centuries the King +has had no power to deprive a citizen of the right to be heard in +the courts, when restrained by legal process or otherwise. +Neither there nor in America could anything but foreign invasion +or positive insurrection justify even Parliament or Congress in +suspending the right to this palladium of civil liberty. + +3. Upon motion in the House of Representatives, the Legislature +having assembled, a committee was appointed to inquire into the +facts, and soon, articles of impeachment were presented to the +Senate, charging the Governor of the State with the commission of +"high crimes and misdemeanors." + +1871. + +4. By the terms of the State Constitution, this worked a +disability in Governor Holden; and Tod R. Caldwell, of Burke, +then Lieutenant-Governor, assumed control of the Executive +Department. + +5. In a court of impeachment in North Carolina, when the Governor +is on trial, the Chief-Justice is the president of the body. The +members of the Senate are triers and the House of Representatives +act as prosecutors in behalf of the people, and a two-thirds vote +is required to convict. + +6. Thus, with Judge Pearson presiding, there was a long and +deliberate examination as to the charges made against the Chief- +Magistrate of North Carolina. After hearing the testimony +presented both by the accusers and by the respondent, Governor +Holden was convicted of the charges made against him, deprived of +his office, and declared incapable of holding any further honor +or dignity in the State. + +7. Such a trial has been seen but in this single instance in all +the history of the State, and it attracted considerable attention +in its progress. It involved great and important issues, and was +happily followed by peace and quiet in every portion of the +State. + +8. After eight years' absence, a delegation was again seen in the +Federal capital representing the State of North Carolina in the +Congress of the United States. For two years past her members of +Congress had been allowed to participate in the national +legislation, and thus an ignominious disability had at last been +removed from her Federal relations. A mighty convulsion, that +had stirred the nation to its depths, was being slowly hushed +into calm by the adoption of wiser and more peaceful methods. A +broader nationality was coming alike to the Northern and Southern +people, and the wounds of the war were fast healing in the lapse +of time. + +9. The census of 1870 showed vast improvement in many departments +of human industry. North Carolina, in the many alterations +wrought by the war, was learning the wisdom of diversifying the +pursuits of the people. Slowly public attention was being turned +to the opening of new industries. The Western North Carolina, +the Raleigh & Augusta and the Carolina Central Railroads were +opening up a new era in the history of such interests in the Old +North State. + +10. With a greatly extended area of production in cotton, there +was, besides, an enormous addition, of railroad profits from the +increase both of travel and freights. As the railway lines +lengthened to the west, it was found that they would repay the +cost of construction, and each of the rival political parties +pledged itself to the completion of the great Western Road which +was to pierce the extreme mountain barriers and find outlets into +Tennessee, both at Ducktown and the Warm Springs, in Madison +county. + +11. Slowly this great dream of the wise men of the past +approaches the day of its accomplishment. A half century has +gone by since Dr. Joseph Caldwell and Governor Dudley first +impressed this scheme upon the public mind as a work of the +future. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was the result of the election of 1870? Upon what was +the Legislature determined? + +2. Can you tell what is said about protection of the liberties of +the people? + +3. What was done by the House of Representatives? + +4. How did these charges affect the Governor? Who assumed +control of the Executive Department? + +5. Who constitutes a court of impeachment in North Carolina, and +what vote does it take to convict? + +6. Who presided at the trial of Governor Holden? How did the +trial terminate? What was the punishment? + +7. What is said of this great trial? What did it involve? By +what was it followed? + +8. What political changes were seen at Washington City? How was +the condition becoming better? + +9. What is said of industrial pursuits in North Carolina? Of +railroads? Can you trace the route of these railroads on the +map? + +10. How was the State being agitated upon the question of +internal improvements? + +11. What is said of the accomplishment of these improvements? +How long has it been since this scheme was impressed upon the +public? + + + + +CHAPTER LXIX. + +RESUMPTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. + +A. D. 1872. + +In the years that had passed since the close of the war +between the States, the people of North Carolina had been +continually looking forward to the hour when the State should be +fully restored to its old relations with the Federal government. +In the consummation of the reconstruction policy, inaugurated and +carried out by Congress, this had been partially attained, but, +in the provisions of the Constitution adopted in 1868, there were +many particulars that were unsuited to the habits of the people, +and amendment was eagerly desired in this respect. + +2. Political animosities were being softened by the lapse of +time, and general prosperity was fast extending to different +sections. Towns and villages were being built along the lines of +railroads, and cotton and other factories were constantly being +added. + +3. Just previous to the outbreak of the late war the Masonic +Grand Lodge of North Carolina had reared at Oxford a large and +costly building, which was called "St. John's College," and was +intended for the education of young men. In 1872 this building +was devoted, by the fraternity that had erected it, to the +education of the orphan children of North Carolina. This noble +charity was placed in the care of John H. Mills, who has +abundantly justified the wisdom of those who were parties to his +being chosen for so responsible a place. + +4. This school, which educates so many who would otherwise grow +up in ignorance and vice, is aided now by an annual appropriation +from the State and another from the Grand Lodge of Masons, but on +individual contributions of the charitable it is mainly dependent +for its support. Perhaps no other charity ever so much enlisted +popular sympathy in North Carolina, and none ever more richly +repaid the unselfish contributions of the people. + +5. At the period now reached the University had ceased to be +attended as a college. Rev. Solomon Pool still remained its +President, but the buildings were silent, and the famous seat of +learning no longer held its proud position among American +institutions. Meanwhile, the denominational colleges were +vigorously at work, and were receiving a larger patronage than +formerly. + +6. Among the female seminaries of the State a new and formidable +rival for popular favor arose--Peace Institute, at Raleigh. This +institution, like the Orphan Asylum, had originated before the +war, but, during the years of strife the building was used as a +hospital. It is controlled by the Presbyterians, and under their +excellent management it has become one of the best appointed and +most popular institutions in all the State. + +7. In the nomination and re-election of General Grant as +President of the United States in 1873, there were many incidents +to show the alteration in Southern sentiment. The white men of +the South, as a general thing, voted in that contest for Horace +Greeley, of New York. He had been long identified with all the +movements that were specially obnoxious to Southern people, and +yet, after so many bitter differences in the fifty years past, +the old leader of the Abolitionists became the nominee of the +Democrats and received their votes for the Presidency. + +8. This strange course was said by those who pursued it to be +dictated by the desire on their parts to show that they did not +harbor resentment toward old enemies, and were not now +disaffected toward the Union, but were willing for "the dead past +to bury its dead," and well might they pursue such a course. +With the close of the war had passed all reason for the existence +of another Republic. In the abolition of slavery the States had +become uniform in interest, and it was soon patent that it ought +to need only a little time to heal the breaches of the war and +restore concord to the two great sections of the mighty American +Commonwealth. + +9. Unfortunately, however, the men who swayed the destinies of +the country were more partisans than patriots, and sought to +perpetuate the domination of their party more than the +restoration of peace and concord. + +10. In the sober, second thought of the American people it is to +be hoped that patriotism will prevail. That hatred and +malevolence can continue indefinitely in the relations of the two +grand divisions of the Republic, is as impossible as it would be +unwise and wicked. Their destiny is too grand for the people of +America to think of marring it by a continuance of strife. Year +by year the traces of blood disappear from the face of the land, +and more closely grow the bands that make us a free and united +people. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. To what period had the people of North Carolina been looking +forward since the close of the war? What acts had somewhat +prevented the arrival of this state of affairs? + +2. What is said of political animosities and the general +prosperity of the State? Of towns and factories? + +3. What charitable institution had been opened by the Masons? +Who was put in charge? + +4. What is said of the Orphan Asylum? + +5. In what condition was the University? What is said of other +colleges? + +6. What female school is now mentioned? + +7. What political changes were seen in the Presidential campaign +of 1872? + +8. What was said to have dictated this course? What was the +general position of the people since the close of the war? + +9. What was the cause of sectional prejudices continuing to exist? + +10. In what characteristics do the American people stand high? +Why should all sectional animosities be speedily removed? + + + + + +CHAPTER LXX. + +THE COTTON TRADE AND FACTORIES. + +A. D. 1878. + +1873. + +Previous to the introduction of Whitney's cotton gins there +had been much attention bestowed by the people of the State upon +the cultivation of flax. This crop was never reared for +exportation, but for family use at home. Few of the ancient +spinning-wheels can now be found, but they were once abundant +and the manufacture of home made linen was common in North +Carolina. This was even more the case than is now the +preparation of woolen fabrics upon the handlooms of the families. + +2. So soon as the lint cotton was cheaply separated from its +seed, the great question of its universal use was solved. It +could be so easily produced that no woolen or linen fabrics +could hope to compete with it in the markets of the world. The +good women of the State soon learned the economy of buying the +cotton warp of the cloth wove at the farmhouses, but it was long +before even this common domestic necessity was prepared for use +in the South. + +3. The cotton yarns were, until about 1840, almost all spun in +New England and bought by the merchants in the large cities when +laying in their semi-annual supplies of goods for the retail +trade. The purchase of slaves and the cultivation of cotton so +completely absorbed the energies of our people that no one +invested capital in anything else, except, perhaps, some who +preferred real estate for such a purpose. + +4. But even before the civil war and the liberation of the +slaves there were wise men who urged the propriety and profit of +cotton mills in the South. Since the war there has been an +immense development of this industry, and now the sound of the +loom and spindle may be beard throughout the State. Hundreds of +persons are employed in a single one of the cotton mills. In +this way not only the wealth but the population of the section +is increased by bringing in new settlers. The railways find +added employment, and in some cases private residences are seen +that are rural paradises in the beauty and comfort of their +appointments. There is, in some of the western counties, large +capital invested in mills for the manufacture of woolen yarns +and cloth, from which satisfactory profits are realized. +Another one of the important industries of the State is the +manufacture of paper. The daily and weekly newspapers of North +Carolina are now largely supplied with printing papers by the +mills of the State. The first paper mill in North Carolina was +erected near Hillsboro, in 1778; the second one was built at +Salem, in 1789, by Gotleib Shober. + +5. North Carolina has ever been slow to change in the habits of +her people. The ways of their forefathers always seem best to +most of them until abundant example has shown the wisdom of an +innovation. Steam, however, is usurping a place in every +species of labor and motion. The great seines of Albemarle +Sound, the printing press, the cotton gin and nearly everything +else is now obedient to the tireless energies of this great motor. + +6. When North Carolina shall have developed her system of +transportation so that the coal and iron mines shall be more +largely worked, and when, as now in Vermont, not only cotton but +woolen factories shall be found in every section where such +staples are produced; then, and not until then, will the +civilization of the State be complete. They who merely produce +raw material will ever be "hewers of wood and drawers of water" +to others who prepare such things for market. + +7. Second alone in importance to the State at large, after the +cotton factories, are those devoted to the handling and +preparation of tobacco for the market. The western powers of +Europe had, for many years, realized immense revenues by means +of their imports and monopolies of the Virginia weed, before the +government of the United States ever realized a dollar from all +the vast production of this crop in the different States. So, +too, in North Carolina, enterprise and capital had remained +almost completely blind to the possibilities of the situation. + +8. Though great quantities of tobacco had been grown in many of +the counties, and the soil and climate were suited to the +production of the finest and costliest grades, yet the farmers +were content to raise such as commanded but humble prices, and +but a small proportion of this was prepared for use in the +vicinity of its production. In a few villages and on some of +the farms were to be found small factories, which, with the +rudest appliances, converted into plugs of chewing tobacco such +portions of the crop of the neighborhood as could be probably +sold from itinerant wagons. + +9. These vehicles were sent to the eastern counties and even to +portions of South Carolina and Georgia, to supply the farms and +country stores. This traffic continued until the strong arm of +the Federal government, by means of "Internal Revenue Laws," was +interposed between the peddlers and their ancient profits. The +bulk of the crop was sent, before this, to be manufactured at +Richmond, Lynchburg and Danville, in Virginia. The fine brands +of plug and all smoking tobacco used in North Carolina were +received from these cities. + +10. If he who adds to the number of grass blades is a public +benefactor, then the creators of new industries and towns may +well claim consideration along with the warrior and statesman. +In many towns and vast productions are modern States enabled to +sustain the great and costly appliances of our new civilization. +With the railroad and factory come population and those +advantages that can never be enjoyed by the people who lack +numbers and wealth. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What was a principle crop in North Carolina before the +cotton gin was invented? What is said of the cultivation of flax? + +2. Why did the production of cotton so rapidly take the place of flax? + +3. How did the people invest nearly all their means? + +4. What can you tell of the various cotton factories? + +5. Why have not our people entered more largely into this class of industry? + +6. What better future prosperity is yet to be attained by the State? + +7. What other great industry is now considered? + +8. What had been the production in North Carolina? + +9. What is said of the tobacco peddlers? + +10. What sentiment animates the people of North Carolina? + + + + +CHAPTER LXXI. + +PROGRESS OF MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT. + +A. D. 1876 TO 1878. + +1876. + +In this state of advancement as to her material interests, North +Carolina again became excited in 1876 over the choice of new men +for Chief-Magistrates, both of the Republic and of the State. + +2. After eight years of service as President of the United +States, General Grant was retired to private life, and Governor +Brogden, who had succeeded Governor Caldwell upon the death of +the latter in 1874, was also near the end of his service as +Governor of North Carolina. No Gubernatorial election was ever +more exciting to the State. It resulted in the choice of ex- +Governor Z. B. Vance over Judge Thomas Settle of the Supreme +Court. + +1877. + +3. In the complications which resulted in the seating of Governor +Hayes as President of the United States, there was such a change +effected that the Federal army was no longer employed to uphold +the reconstructed officials in Louisiana and South Carolina, and +the people of those States, at last, were left to the management +of their own affairs. With this consummation, so long and +devoutly wished, came that peace and contentment to all sections +which had been unknown since 1861. + +4. The enormous increase in the amount and quality of cotton +grown in North Carolina since the late war has been dependent +upon the use of various fertilizers and other appliances of a +better cultivation of the soil. The old habit of educated men, +in committing their plantations and slaves to the management of +overseers, has been almost wholly abandoned. Many individuals of +the largest culture are now devoting their time and skill to the +discovery of improved methods in agriculture, and North Carolina +is reaping a golden harvest thereby. + +1878. + +5. No employment, except agriculture, exceeds in importance that +of the merchant. North Carolina is shut off from foreign +commerce by the sand barriers on the coast, Only at Beaufort, on +Old Topsail Inlet, can be found such an entrance to internal +waters as promises safety to the mariner who would approach with +his deep-laden vessel. But, while this has precluded the +possibility of great commercial activity in North Carolina, there +has not been a lack of men, at any period of our history, to +illustrate the dignity and importance of legitimate traffic. +Cornelius Harnett and Joseph Hewes were as conspicuous for +financial success as they were for patriotism during the +Revolution. + +6. With the return of peace to the belligerent States, North +Carolina was commercially prostrate. The merchants and the banks +were almost all ruined in the general impoverishment of their +debtors. The supply of cotton which remained on hand at the +cessation of hostilities was about all that had been left, in the +general wreck, upon which trade could be again commenced with +parties at a distance. + +7. Raleigh had never been recognized as a trade centre. A few +stores on Fayetteville street, between the State House and where +the Federal building now stands, were the representatives of +their class in the city. Cotton was very little grown in that +region of the State, and no market for its sale had even existed +nearer than Norfolk and Petersburg. + +8. But this state of things was not to continue. Numbers of +young men, combining great energy and judgment with small +capital, came to the city and began the work of expanding its +trade and resources. It has not, like Durham, risen up in a few +years from almost nothing, but so great a change has been +wrought, that the story of its growth is one of the most striking +incidents in the State's history. The extension of the railway +lines has opened up new custom in many counties that had never +previously dealt with merchants of the place. + +9. The development of commerce and manufacture is the great hope +of the "Old North State." The enterprise and capital of this and +other communities are seeking opportunities of investment, and +the day is fast coming when North Carolina will rival +Pennsylvania in the variety and excellence of her manufactures. +The "Cotton Exchange" of Raleigh is aiding very largely in +building up the business of the city to vast proportions. The +quantity of cotton sold in Raleigh has been rapidly increasing +annually since the war, and the receipts for the year 1880 +amounted to over seventy-six thousand bales. In 1869 the entire +product of the State was only one hundred and forty-five thousand +bales. + +10. In the towns and cities of North Carolina may be found a +considerable number of Israelites engaged in the various branches +of trade; and this class of our citizens has added no little to +the general growth and material prosperity of the State. They +have synagogues at Wilmington, Charlotte, Raleigh, Goldsboro and +New Bern. + +11. About the year 1878 the example of the Federal government and +that of certain Northern States induced the State Commissioner of +Agriculture to establish a fish hatchery at a mouth of Salmon +Creek in Bertie county. This establishment has hatched and +liberated a very large number of shad and other varieties of +fish, and valuable returns are seen in some of the rivers that +have been in this manner replenished with this savory and +abundant source of food. It has been satisfactorily demonstrated +by Seth Green, of New York, and other naturalists, that fish +which are spawned in fresh water and reared at sea almost +invariably seek the place of their birth in the spring, when they +reach maturity. + +12. In addition to this artificial increase of the supply of +fish, there have been large additions made to the means of their +capture. The use of steam in the handling of the long seines +and the great weirs known as "Dutch Nets," have opened the +way to an indefinite increase of the amount taken, while the +use of ice and rapid transportation make it possible to +deliver the fish fresh in the markets of the Northern and +Western cities. + +13. This trade is also supplemented in the same region by such +attention to the growth and sale of vegetables. All the +requirements as to position, soil and climate are abundantly filled +by the counties with alluvial soils along the seacoast. Heavy +crops of Irish potatoes and garden peas are reared on the same +land which, later in the year, supplies a second crop of cotton +and corn. + +14. In the same eastern counties the products of the farms have +been increased by a large and rapidly extending area devoted to +the production of peanuts and highland rice. With the exception +of a limited supply of the former article, grown above +Wilmington, there was seen in other communities only a few small +patches for the use of the family, but with no design of sale or +shipment. In many eastern counties the fields of peanuts are, of +late year, almost as numerous as those of cotton. The same +history belongs to the highland rice. This great staple of +human diet is rapidly becoming a favorite crop, and mills for its +preparation are fast making their appearance in different +localities. + +15. Nowhere else in the State has there been so great an increase +in trade as in the city of Wilmington. Many ships from foreign +ports began to visit Cape Fear River, and, from different cities +in other States, regular lines of steam packets were established, +which greatly facilitated the means of communication. + +16. Repeated appropriations, but never in sufficient amount, were +made from time to time by the United States Congress for the +improvement of Cape Fear and other watercourses in North +Carolina. The closing of New Inlet is believed to be entirely +efficacious in the effort to deepen the approach by way of the +river's mouth. A stone barrier of great length and stability +shuts off the flow of water, except past Fort Caswell, and the +happiest results are already realized. + +17. In the city of New Bern another shipping point of importance +had been largely developed in the years since the close of the +war. There, too, is the terminus of prosperous freight lines, +employing many large steam vessels, that yet ply regularly +between Neuse River and cities beyond the borders of the State. +A great trade in lumber and garden produce is improved by cotton +and other factories, that add largely to the population and means +of the city. + +QUESTIONS: + +1. How was the State excited in 1876? + +2. What was the result of this election? + +3. What is said of the events of the past few years? + +4. How have the agricultural pursuits of the State been benefited? + +5. What are the most important employments in a State? What are +some of North Carolina's commercial advantages? + +6. What was the financial condition of the people at the close of +the war? + +7. What is said of Raleigh as a trade centre? + +8. In what way did trade matters begin to improve at the capital? + +9. What else is said of North Carolina's commercial prospects? +What advantage has Raleigh derived from the Cotton Exchange? + +10. What is said of the Israelites? + +11. What new enterprise was inaugurated in 1878? What have been +the results of the hatchery? What fact has been proven +concerning fish? + +12. What is said of the improvement in the means of catching fish? + +13. What other species of trade is found in the eastern counties? + +14. What is said of the production of peanuts? + +15. Can you tell something of the growth and trade of Wilmington? + +16. How has the navigation of the Cape Fear River been improved? + +17. What other seaport city is now mentioned? What is said of +its commercial interests? + + + + +CHAPTER LXXII. + +THE RAILROADS AND NEW TOWNS. + +A. D. 1879. + +1879. + +The Raleigh & Gaston Railroad originally connected the two places +that gave name to the route. It was necessary in reaching +Raleigh from the Albemarle region to go to Weldon, and then, by +the Petersburg Railroad, the junction in Greenville county, +Virginia, gave access by a short line to Gaston. It was not +until about 1853 that the Raleigh & Gaston route was extended +directly down the Roanoke River to Weldon. This was a great +facility to both trade and travel on this important line, yet +twenty years elapsed in the progress of internal communication +before this short link could be added. + +2. A great trunk line, extending east and west through the whole +length of the State, has long been a favorite scheme of many +statesmen in the effort to build up a seaport at Beaufort. But +in the progress of the late war it became all-important to the +Confederate government to tap the North Carolina Road at +Greensboro, in order that troops and military freights might be +speedily conveyed to Petersburg and Richmond by way of Danville. + +3. The completion of the lines leading from Charlotte to +Wilmington, from Charlotte to Statesville, from Raleigh to +Hamlet, the Cape Fear & Yadkin Valley from Fayetteville to +Greensboro; and the Western North Carolina Road from Salisbury to +Asheville, and the Paint Rock branch, have enormously increased +the facilities for travel in the State. In addition to these +lines, new routes from Jamesville to Washington, from Rocky Mount +to Tarboro, from Norfolk to Elizabeth City and Edenton, from +Durham to Chapel Hill, from Henderson to Oxford, from Goldsboro +to Smithfield, have also been recently added to the railway +system. + +4. The road from Winston to Greensboro has resulted in the +creation of a city alongside of ancient Salem which is, in every +respect the compeer of Durham in the swiftness of its growth and +the amount of its trade and manufactures. Winston, Durham and +Reidsville have arisen almost like magic, and are expanding into +such importance that Charlotte, Salisbury and Greensboro have all +felt the consequences of their growth in trade and population. + +5. The city of Charlotte has greatly prospered and has become +important for its large trade and railway interests. Perhaps, +nowhere else in the State have the citizens of a city shown +greater enterprise. Its merchants, lawyers and editors have all +won the respect and admiration of other communities, and have +raised their city to such prosperity that it is now rapidly +becoming a rival of Wilmington and Raleigh, and taking place in +the front rank among North Carolina's emporiums. + +6. One of the most remarkable scenes ever witnessed in North +Carolina was the famous centennial anniversary of the signing of +the Mecklenburg Declaration. It filled Charlotte with thousands +of visitors, among whom were the Governors of several States and +many other distinguished American citizens. Ex-Governor W. A. +Graham, Judge John Kerr, Governor Brogden and others delivered +orations, and the citizen-soldiers of the State were gathered to +do honor to an event "that had made Charlotte forever sacred to +history and song." This occurrence was, of course, on May 20th, +1875, and just one hundred years later than the concourse ordered +by Colonel Thomas Polk. + +7. Fayetteville, Asheville and Statesville have also afforded +remarkable instances of thrift and expansion in the busy latter +years of our State's history. Now, besides being a favorite +resort as a watering place, supplements its summer festivities +with large numbers of visitors avoiding the rigors of winter +months elsewhere. It is becoming a railway centre and is fast +developing a large and lucrative trade. + +8. The tendency toward the erection of manufactories and the +recent influx of foreign immigrants are happy auguries for the +continued prosperity and growth of towns in the State. The +wondrous diversity of products of the soil, the extent of the +forests and the richness of the mines, all combine to demonstrate +the ease with which the success of other American states can be +rivalled in our own. + +9. Already the mountains have been pierced by the railway from +Salisbury. Other lines from Virginia, South Carolina and +Tennessee are being constructed, so that every portion even of +the mountainous region will soon be within easy reach of the +markets of the world. The Cranberry iron ores, the matchless +Mica quarries and the Corundum deposits are all being made +available to commerce, and will realize valuable returns for the +capital employed upon them. + +10. Not the least remarkable among the new industries of the +western counties is the collection and shipment of Ginseng and +other valuable medicinal roots and herbs. A firm in Statesville +have been, for years past, employing large capital in this business, +which seems capable of indefinite extension. The preparation of dried +fruits is another lucrative addition to the resources of the same +region. + +11. Years ago, attention was called to the fact that at certain +elevations in the mountains there was no frost to be seen at any +period of the year; and this immunity has been turned to valuable +account by the fruit growers, and now great orchards are found in +many parts of the westerns counties, and shipments of very fine +apples show the cultivation given to them. + +12. North Carolina is not only the original habitation of the +Scuppernong grape, but also of the luscious Catawba. This +latter fine fruit, which has proven so valuable to the nurseries +of Cincinnati, is at home in this latitude. + +13. Yadkin county was, before 1860, famous for the production of +a stronger beverage, derived from rye and corn. Since the war +many distilleries have been carried on in the State, in spite of +the government regulations that carry so many men as culprits to +the Federal prisons. The offenders, known as "Moonshiners," are +those who make and sell whisky without paying the United States +for a license in the trade. These transgressors of the law have +for years been hunted like Italian bandits or ferocious wild +beasts, and not unfrequently blood has been shed in defence of +the hidden distilleries and quite as often in attacking them and +their owners. + +14. In February of this year the Secretary of State, Joseph A. +Engelhard, died, after a brief illness. In the death of Major +Engelhard, the State sustained a great loss. As a soldier he was +faithful, capable and brave. At once made a conspicuous leader +in the fierce struggles that followed the war by his control of a +prominent journal, he proved ever courageous, far-seeing and of +rare judgment. And to him, for the happy termination of those +terrible struggles, the State owes a deep debt of gratitude that +now, unhappily, she can repay only in honorable remembrance. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is the subject of this lesson? What is said of the +extension of the Raleigh & Gaston Railroad? Go to the map and +point out this road. + +2. What favorite trunk-line has long been desired? What road was +specially important to the Confederate government? Point out +this road on the map. + +3. What roads are mentioned as having been recently completed? +Point out these on the map. + +4. What towns are now mentioned, and what is said of their +growth? Locate them on the map. + +5. What is said of the prosperity of the city of Charlotte? + +6. What is said of the centennial celebration at Charlotte? When +did it occur? + +7. What mention is made of Fayetteville, Asheville and +Statesville? Find these towns on the map. + +8. What have been the causes of the rapid growth of the towns in +the state? + +9. What further prosperity is noticed? + +10. What other industry is described? Can you tell anything of +this valuable production? (Teacher will explain). + +11. What is said of the western fruit growers? + +12. What excellent varieties of grape are natives of North +Carolina? What is said of the Catawba grape? + +13. What mention is made of the manufacture of stronger liquors? + +14. What State officer died at this period? What is said of Major Engelhard? + + + + +CHAPTER LXXIII. + +LITERATURE AND AUTHORS. + +A. D. 1880. + +1880. + +It would seem natural that the connection of Sir Walter Raleigh +with the history of North Carolina should have added to the +literary tendencies of a people blessed with such a godfather. +He was so full of genius and devotion to letters that a special +impetus ought thereby to have been given to the cultivation of a +similar spirit among those who were to inhabit the land of his +love. But, though Hariot, Lawson, and quaint Dr. Brickell were +moved by such a spirit, the muses have not made the Old North +State very remarkable in this respect. + +2. North Carolina has always been, since its settlement, the home +of some highly cultivated people, but all the while the mass of +the population has possessed but little knowledge of books. This +fact has been a great discouragement to the production of +authors. Professions are not eagerly sought when not encouraged +by the sympathy and support of the public. + +3. In the period just preceding the revolt from British rule, +Edward Moseley and Samuel Swann had been succeeded by men who +possessed better literary opportunities and were more devoted to +general culture than had been these two able and accomplished +lawyers. Moseley, with every requirement, could never bring to +any of his many controversies with Governor Pollok and others +such flowers of rhetoric as Judge Maurice Moore lavished upon his +famous "Atticus Letter." + +4. That production was just such an attack upon Governor Tryon, +for his conduct toward the Regulators, as, a few years later, +immortalized the English writer who is to this day only known by +his signature, "Junius." When Judge Moore and his compeer, +Cornelius Harnett, were growing old, William Hooper, Archibald +Maclaine and the first James Iredell were young lawyers, who +travelled to all the Superior Courts in the State and mingled +belles-lettres largely with their inspections of Coke and the +new lectures of Dr. Blackstone. + +5. No man or woman then in North Carolina wrote books, as a +profession, but the copious correspondence of that day, which yet +survives, and upon which fifty cents were paid as postage for +each letter, proves that, what was called "polite literature" +engaged much of their attention. They made fine speeches, and +Judge Iredell wrote a law book and frequent dissertation for the +newspapers; but, beyond this and an occasional pamphlet, no +literary tasks were undertaken. + +6. Dr. Hugh Williamson was a man of similar habits. He was not +only a skillful physician, but served with credit as a college +professor and a member of the Convention at Philadelphia which +formed the Federal Constitution, and he was also a member of the +United States Congress. After ceasing to be a citizen of this +State, he undertook to write its history, but achieved very +moderate success as an author. + +7. In the lapse of years, this task was again undertaken by judge +Francois Xavier Martin. He came from France when a boy, and +practiced law for seventeen years at New Bern. His compilation +of the statutes and history of North Carolina were invaluable +labors, and will ever render him memorable in our annals. His +dry statement of facts was generally correct, and he fell into +very few errors, considering that he was the first to attempt +anything like a full record of the State's history; and this was +accomplished in his new home in Louisiana. + +8. Joseph Seawell Jones was a remarkable man in many respects. +He was brilliant in social life, and became well known to the +literary and fashionable circles of New York and Washington. His +love for North Carolina was intense, and the "Defence of the +Revolutionary History of the State of North Carolina" that he +wrote exhibits both talent and research. His infirmities of +temper impaired his judgment, but his memory should ever be +cherished in his native State for the services he rendered. +After the gay scenes of his early manhood he spent many years on +a Mississippi plantation. His last book was entitled "My Log +Cabin in the Prairie." + +9. Early in the present century the literary aspects of the State were +brightened by men who had attended as students on Dr. +Joseph, Caldwell's ministrations at Chapel Hill. His tendencies +were all so practical that scientific and mechanical development +was more encouraged than lighter subjects, but Hardy B. Croom, +Joseph A. Hill, Judge A. D. Murphey and Rev. Drs. William Hooper +and Francis L. Hawks were early distinguished for the elegance of +their literary acquirements. + +10. Judge William Gaston left just enough literary memorials to +cause us to regret that he did not attempt more things of the +kind. His ode to Carolina, and certain orations, will never be +forgotten. Judge Robert Strange was also possessed of similar +gifts. Philo Henderson, Walker Anderson and Abraham F. Morehead +were largely gifted in poetic power. Each of them, at rare +intervals, indulged in compositions that show what might have +been accomplished had they been authors by profession and not +mere literary amateurs. The State, while possessing a number of +excellent musicians, has not produced many musical compositions +of special merit; but the two songs, the "Old North State," by +Hon. William Gaston, and "Ho! for Carolina," by Rev. William +B. Harrell, will ever remain favorites with our people. + +11. Colonel John H. Wheeler and Rev. Dr. Calvin H. Wiley have +both executed tasks that will render their names household words +for ages to come. The historical contributions of the former are +of the greatest possible value and are highly prized in every +portion of the State. Rev. Drs. Hubbard, Foote, Hawks and +Caruthers, and ex-Governors Graham and Swain have each been large +contributors to the same cause. Rev. Dr. Charles F. Deems, Theo. +H. Hill and the lamented Edwin W. Fuller added much to the fame +of our writers. Professors Richard Sterling, William Bingham and +Brantley York have contributed excellent educational textbooks, +which do great credit to the talented authors. The recent +"History of Rowan County," by Rev. Jethro Rumple, is both +pleasing and valuable as a tribute to our local traditions. + +12. In addition to the authors mentioned, there have been members +of the Bar of North Carolina who have produced legal works of +very great importance and value, not only to our own +practitioners, but also to lawyers of other States. The most +prominent writers of this class of literature were James Iredell, +Edward Cantwell, Benjamin Swam, William Eaton, Jr., B. F. Moore, +S. P. Olds, William H. Battle and Quentin Busbee, of former +years; followed, in later times, by William H. Bailey and Fabius +H. Busbee. These law books have been chiefly digests, revisals +and manuals of practice. + +13. Gifted women have not been wanting amid these literary +people. Mrs. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, Mrs. Cicero W. Harris, +Mrs. Mary Mason and Mrs. Mary Bayard Clarke have made valuable +contributions to the literature of their era. In the case of +Miss Frances Fisher, under the assumed name of "Christian Reid," +a most signal success is to be chronicled. She has given to the +press many excellent stories and established a national fame as a +novelist. + +14. North Carolina has produced many able newspaper editors. +Joseph Gales and his two sons, Edward J. Hale, ex-Governor W. W. +Holden, Joseph A. Engelhard, William J. Yates, P. M. Hale, +William L. Saunders, S. A. Ashe, T. B. Kingsbury, R. B. Creecy, +Dossey Battle, C. W. Harris and other gifted men have wielded a +wide influence on the people of this State. + +QUESTIONS. + +Of what does this lesson treat? + +1. Who is the first literary man known to North Carolina? What +is said of him? What others are mentioned in this connection? + +2. What has been the general condition of literary matters in the +State? Why have so few professional authors been seen? + +3. What is said of Samuel Swan and Edward Moseley? Who was +author of the "Atticus Letter? " + +4. What mention is made of the "Atticus Letter? " Who were the +literary men of that period? + +5. What is said of the correspondence of that day? What was the +extent of Judge Iredell's literary efforts? + +6. What is said of the attainments of Dr. Hugh Williamson? + +7. What other historians are mentioned, and what is said of them? + +8. Tell something of the labors of Joseph Seawell Jones. + +9. What produced an improvement in literary affairs early in the +present century? + +10. What is said of the ode to Carolina and its author? What +writers of similar gifts are named? What is said of musical +compositions? + +11. What is said of the literary efforts of Colonel Wheeler and +Dr Wiley? What other historical writers are mentioned who have +contributed to the State valuable series of school books? + +12. What members of the Bar have produced legal works of great value? + +13. Can you tell something of the gifted women of the State? + +14. What prominent editors has the State furnished? + + + + +CHAPTER LXXIV. + +THE COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS. + +A. D. 1880. + +As was intended by the men who framed the Constitution of North +Carolina at Halifax in 1776, the University of the State has long +held the leadership of such institutions in the Commonwealth. +The unfortunate and inexcusable interference of politicians with +its management during the years of reconstruction only resulted +in its temporary eclipse. The public refused it patronage when +the new managers had installed a strange faculty in the seats of +Governor Swain and his long honored coadjutors; but since the +restoration of the ancient order of things, prosperity has +returned both to the University and the beautiful village in +which it is situated. + +2. Many useful reforms have been accomplished in its curriculum +and management. Perhaps never before was seen each devotion to +study and compliance with the rules on the part of the students. +The President, Dr. Kemp P. Battle, had been much identified with +the institution, before assuming charge of its fortunes. His +learning, combined with public experience, made him a wise ruler +of the literary community over which he was called to preside; +and the excellence of the new faculty is becoming every day more +evident in the scholarship and bearing of the young men who are +sent out from its halls. + +3. Wake Forest College is the oldest of the sectarian colleges of +the State, and has long vindicated its usefulness among the +Baptist churches. Its first intended end was the education of +young men for the ministry, but this has been largely augmented +by the successes of its graduates in every other branch of human +usefulness in our midst. The councils of the State, and the +learned professions, have been greatly illustrated by men who +laid the foundations of their success by diligent application to +their duties while attending as students at Wake Forest. + +4. In the recent death of Rev. Dr. W. M. Wingate, the institution +lost a president who had given long and signal service; but, in +his successor, Rev. Dr. T. H. Pritchard, perhaps even higher +executive qualities are seen. Wake Forest catalogue has latterly +contained about two hundred names of students, and, through the +munificence of certain friends, the college has received handsome +additions to the buildings and appliances. + +5. Davidson College has also immensely developed in the last few +years. Not only in increased patronage, but in the grade of +scholarship a great advance has been achieved, so that few +institutions in America afford higher and more thorough +instruction than is now enjoyed by the young men who avail +themselves of the advantages here offered. + +6. The same things may be said of Trinity College, under the +direction of Rev. Dr. B. Craven. The pulpits of the Methodist +churches in North Carolina have long borne evidence of the +literary and moral excellence imparted to the graduates, and in +many respects the whole State has been benefited and elevated by +contact with such men. + +7. The female seminaries at Salem, Greensboro, Raleigh, +Murfreesboro, Thomasville, Wilson, Kittrell, Oxford and Louisburg +have also prospered in this era of general advancement among the +North Carolina schools. Large numbers of young ladies from other +States are sent to them for education, and, in the noble +emulation thus evolved, admirable instruction is obtained. + +8. Among preparatory schools, that of Major Robert Bingham, at +Mebaneville, in Alamance county, is, by common consent, supreme +in North Carolina, and perhaps in the South, not only in number +of students, but in the excellence of tuition, discipline and +drill. On the catalogue of this institution will be found the +names of young men from almost every State in the Union, and even +some foreign countries are represented. + +9. Other similar institutions have long flourished at Raleigh, +Oxford, Greensboro, Kinston, LaGrange, Oak Ridge and elsewhere, +and all of them are having a large influence for good upon the +young men of the State. The Normal Schools at Chapel Hill and +other towns have been largely attended by teachers, and great +interest is also manifested in the graded schools. At no +previous period has so much attention been bestowed upon matters +of this kind by the people of North Carolina. + +10. One of the most prominent of the graded schools in the State +was organized at Raleigh in 1876, through the efforts of Capt. +John E. Dugger, and named the "Centennial Graded School." The +great success of this institution has led the citizens of other +towns in the State to establish schools of like character. There +are now to be found flourishing graded schools at Salisbury, +Fayetteville, Goldsboro, Wilson, Greensboro, Charlotte, +Wilmington, New Bern, Rocky Mount and Franklinton. Several towns +also contain excellent schools of this description for the +colored people, and their effectiveness is rapidly becoming +apparent. + +11. Soon after the conclusion of the late war--in the month of +December, 1865--a colored school for both sexes was founded +through the exertions of the Rev. H. M. Tupper, at the State +capital, and called the "Raleigh Institute." On account of large +donations from Elijah Shaw, of Massachusetts, and Jacob Estey, of +Vermont, it was, in 1875, changed in name; the male school then +became "Shaw University," and the female department was called +"Estey Seminary." Spacious and well-built edifices were reared +on different portions of the grounds, and hundreds of colored +pupils have been in attendance since its foundation. + +12. In a different section of the city exists another seminary of +similar character for the colored people, founded in 1867, by the +Rev. Dr. James Brinton Smith. This is called "St. Augustine +Normal School and Collegiate Institute." It has been for some +years under the charge of Rev, John E, C. Smedes, and is under +Episcopal patronage. Though not so largely attended as Shaw +University, it is still of great benefit to the race it was +intended to educate, and in this way is also a blessing to the +community at large. Another excellent school for the colored +people is located in Fayetteville, and others are to be found in +various sections of the State. + +13. Ever since the close of the late war, the colored people of +North Carolina have shown a remarkable unanimity in their efforts +to procure education for themselves and their children. In this +desire they have been nobly aided by the white men and women, and +their progress has been rapid. It is the belief of all that only +in enlightened public sentiment can safety be found for our peace +and liberties; and thus the State is doing all that can be +effected for the culture and mental improvement of all classes of +its population. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is this lesson about? What was the intent of the Halifax +Constitution concerning the University? What is said of this +institution during the years of reconstruction? When was it re- +established? + +2. How has the University been benefited by its new management? + +3. What is said of the success of Wake Forest College? + +4. Tell something of its management. + +5. Give an account of the progress of Davidson College. + +6. What is said of Trinity College and its work? + +7. What female seminaries are now mentioned? What has been the +result of their labors? + +8. What have been the peculiar successes of the Bingham School? + +9. Where are other fine schools for boys to be found? What other +schools are mentioned? + +10. What is said of the graded schools? + +11. Give an account of the Raleigh institute for colored people? +By what name is this institution now known? + +12. What is said of the St. Augustine Normal School? Where are +other excellent schools for the colored people to be found? + +13. What is said of the efforts of the colored people to secure +education? How have they been aided in their efforts? + + + + +CHAPTER LXXV. + +CONCLUSION. + +A. D. 1881. + +In the financial prostration consequent upon the late war, a +large debt was due from North Carolina to creditors who held the +bonds of the State. That portion of these bonds which had been +issued before the war was considered an honorable burden, that +should be discharged by such payment as might be fixed by +agreement between the State and the bondholders. + +2. In this way a compromise was effected, and new bonds have +been issued, which embrace a large portion of what was honestly +due from the State to her creditors. For those which were made +in defiance of the terms of the Constitution, and appropriated +almost entirely by dishonest officials, no provision has been +made, and doubtless, will never be. + +3. When, in 1876, the great quadrennial contest for the +Presidency of the Union again recurred; it was rightly +considered one of the most momentous crises that had yet +occurred in American history. The great issue was as to the +continuance of State governments. The recent habits of General +Grant in his dealing with Southern Commonwealths had virtually +ignored their separate existence. In the strange and +unprecedented action of Congress that resulted in the seating of +Governor Hayes as President, the Federal troops were withdrawn, +and the people of the States left to administer their own +affairs, and State governments were recognized. + +4. Ex-Governor Vance was this year elected over Judge Thomas +Settle to the Chief-Magistracy, as has already been stated. +General M. W. Ransom and ex-Judge A. S. Merrimon were sent to +the United States Senate, in the place of John Pool and General +J. C. Abbott. Through the efforts of our Congressmen, many +needed appropriations by Congress have been secured to North +Carolina, and their result is specially noticeable in the great +improvement of the ship channels of the Cape Fear and other rivers. + +5. Upon the election of Governor Vance to the United States +Senate, February 8th, 1879, he was succeeded by Lieutenant- +Governor T. J. Jarvis. The latter had served as a captain in +the Eighth North Carolina Regiment in the late war, and +subsequently, as Speaker of the House of Representatives. Chief- +Justice Pearson died in 1878, on his way to attend the session +of the Supreme Court at Raleigh. W. N. H. Smith was appointed +by Governor Vance as Chief-Justice in the place of Judge +Pearson. At the next election by the people, Judge Smith, with +John H. Dillard and Thomas S. Ashe as Associate Justices, was +elected without opposition. Judge Dillard having resigned in +1881, Judge Thomas Ruffin was appointed his successor. + +6. The public charities of the State have been enlarged and +elevated in their ministrations. The recent adoption of the +Orphan Asylum at Oxford as a recipient of the State's bounty, +the erection of a colored Deaf and Dumb Asylum, the erection of +an hospital for the insane of the colored race, and the great +building at Morganton for additional accommodation to white +lunatics, are only a portion of the recent humanities +inaugurated by the General Assembly. + +7. Perhaps in no other respect is so much physical improvement +possible as in the development of the mining interests of the +State. Capital from abroad is flowing in, and from many +counties fresh discoveries of mineral deposits are leading to +the establishment of companies and firms for the purpose of +working such mines. No other State of the Union presents such a +variety of these rich and beautiful gifts of nature. The recent +discovery, in the western part of the State, of a new gem, +called the "Hiddenite," is attracting general attention and +increasing the influx of visitors to the romantic scenery of the +mountains. + +8. For years past, it has been evident to intelligent observers +that no bar exists to illimitable progression, both to North +Carolina and the great American Republic, except in the +senseless and cruel sectional hostilities. If the people, North +and South, could only be induced to surrender their mutual +distrust and aversion, thereby would disappear the last danger +left to the American people. + +1881. + +9. God has blessed them year by year with over flowing barns. +They are already one of the most numerous and wealthy of all +nations; and yet, with so many blessings, sectional hatred had +become the ruling emotion in countless breasts. Amid such a +state of affairs, General James A. Garfield became President of +the United States. On the 2d day of July he was shot down in +Washington by an assassin. The news of this crime, when flashed +over the electric wires, carried sorrow to the whole civilized +world--and of all the cities of the Union, Raleigh was the first +to express, by public meeting, the indignation of her people at +the deed. In the weeks of the President's subsequent agony, as +he lay battling with death, the hearts of the American people +were strangely drawn together in the presence of this common +national calamity. + +10. When, on September 19th, it was announced that the long and +painful struggle was ended, and the smitten statesman was at +last eased of his agony by death, such grief was seen in all +America as had never before been witnessed. In the presence of +such a death all cries of dissension ceased to be heard, and +every party and race united in the general mourning. + +11. The people of North Carolina, with one accord, desire that +such a spirit may continue to animate the American people. As +they were the first of all the States to urge the independence +of America, so may they ever be found sustaining the +Constitution and the Union that guarantee its perpetuity. + +QUESTIONS. + +1. What is said of the State at this period? What portion of +this debt was considered an honorable burden? + +2. How was a compromise effected in 1879? How does the State +consider the unconstitutional debts? + +3. What is said of the Presidential contest of 1876? What was +the great issue? How had General Grant acted towards the +Southern Commonwealth? What followed the seating of Governor +Hayes as President? + +4. What changes had been made in 1876 in North Carolina public +officers? What appropriations from Congress has North Carolina +received through efforts of her Senators? + +5. Who succeeded Governor Vance? Who became Supreme Court Judges? + +6. What mention is made of the public charities? + +7. What tends greatly to the physical improvement of the State? What is said +of North Carolina's mineral wealth? + + 8. What has retarded the State's progress? + + 9. What was the condition of this sectional feeling during the late Presidential + campaign? What calamity befell the country on July 2d, 1881? How did the + news of this event affect the whole world? + +10. When did President Garfield die? What are the concluding +reflections upon this great national calamity? + +11. What is the sincere desire of every true North Carolina patriot? + + + + +APPENDIX. + +REMARKS. + +The Constitution of North Carolina is an important instrument to +the people of the State. It contains all the fundamental +principles of our State government, and ought to be carefully +read and studied by every citizen of North Carolina. + +In order that the boys and girls who study this history may more +thoroughly understand the meaning and provisions of the State +Constitution, a series of "Questions" has been prepared with +great care by a distinguished citizen of the Commonwealth who is +well acquainted with the subject. + +The pupils will become better informed on this subject if only +short lessons are given to them for preparation. About one page +of the text will be sufficient for a lesson if properly studied, +and by this means a much greater amount of information will be +retained than if larger space is rapidly passed over. + +CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. PREAMBLE. + +WE, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to +Almighty God, the Sovereign Ruler of nations, for the +preservation of the American Union, and the existence of our +civil, political and religious liberties, and acknowledging our +dependence upon Him for the continuance of those blessings to us +and our posterity, do, for the more certain security thereof, +and for the better government of this State, ordain and +establish this Constitution: + +ARTICLE I. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. + +That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and +free government may be recognized and established, and that the +relations of this State to the Union and government of the +United States, and those of the people of this State to the rest +of the American people may be defined and affirmed, we do declare: + +SECTION 1. That we hold it to be self-evident that all men are +created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with +certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, +the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit +of happiness. + +SEC. 2. That all political power is vested in, and derived from, +the people; all government of right originates from the people, +is founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for +the good of the whole. + +SEC. 3. That the people of this State have the inherent, sole +and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and +police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their +Constitution and form of government whenever it may be necessary +for their safety and happiness; but every such right should be +exercised in pursuance of law and consistently with the +Constitution of the United States. + + +SEC. 4. That this State shall ever remain a member of the +American Union; that the people thereof are part of the American +nation; that there is no right on the part of the State to +secede, and that all attempts from whatever source or upon +whatever pretext, to dissolve said Union, or to sever said +nation, ought to be resisted with the whole power of the state. + +SEC. 5. That every citizen of the State owes paramount +allegiance to the Constitution and government of the United +States, and that no law or ordinance of the State in +contravention or subversion thereof can have any binding force. + +SEC. 6. The State shall never assume or pay, or authorize the +collection of, any debt or obligation, express or implied, +incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United +States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; +nor shall the General Assembly assume or pay, or authorize the +collection of any tax to pay either directly or indirectly, +expressed or implied, any debt or bond incurred, or issued, by +authority of the Convention of the year one thousand eight +hundred and sixty-eight, nor any debt or bond incurred, or +issued, by the Legislature of the year one thousand eight +hundred and sixty-eight, either at its special session of the +year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, or at its +regular sessions of the years one thousand eight hundred and +sixty-eight and one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine, and +one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine and one thousand eight +hundred and seventy, except the bonds issued to fund the +interest on the old debt of the State, unless the proposing to +pay the same shall have first been submitted to the people, and +by them ratified by the vote of a majority of all the qualified +voters of the State, at a regular election held for that purpose. + +SEC. 7. No man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or +separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in +consideration of public services. + +SEC. 8. The legislative, executive and supreme judicial powers +of the government ought to be forever separate and distinct from +each other. + +SEC. 9. All power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, +by any authority, without the consent of the representatives of +the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be +exercised. + +SEC. 10. All elections ought to be free. + +SEC. 11. In all criminal prosecutions every man has the right to +be informed of the accusation against him and to confront the +accusers and witnesses with other testimony, and to have counsel +for his defence, and not be compelled to give evidence against +himself, or to pay costs, jail fees or necessary witness fees of +the defence, unless found guilty. + +SEC. 12. No person shall be put to answer any criminal charge, +except as hereinafter allowed but by indictment, presentment or +impeachment. + +SEC. 13. No person shall be convicted of any crime but by the +unanimous verdict of a jury of good and lawful men in open +court. The Legislature may, however, provide other means of +trial for petty misdemeanors, with the right of appeal. + +SEC. 14. Excessive bail should not be required, nor excessives +fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted. + +SEC. 15. General warrants, whereby any officer or messenger may +be commanded to search suspected places, without evidence of the +act committed, or to seize any person or persons not named, +whose offence is not particularly described and supported by +evidence, are dangerous to liberty, and ought not to be granted. + +SEC. 16. There shall be no imprisonment for debt in this State, +except in cases of fraud. + +SEC. 17. No person ought to be taken, imprisoned or disseized of +his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or +in any manner deprived of his life, liberty or property but by +the law of the land. + +SEC. 18. Every person restrained of his liberty is entitled to a +remedy to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove the +same, if unlawful; and such remedy ought not to be denied or +delayed. + +SEC. 19. In all controversies at law respecting property, the +ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best securities of +the rights of the people, and ought to remain sacred and +inviolable. + +SEC. 20. The freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks +of liberty, and therefore ought never to be restrained, but +every individual shall be held responsible for the abuse of the +same. + +SEc. 21. The privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not +be suspended. + +SEC. 22. As political rights and privileges are not dependent +upon, or modified by property, therefore no property +qualification ought to affect the right to vote or hold office. + +SEC. 23. The people of the State ought not to be taxed, or made +subject to the payment of any impost or duty, without the +consent of themselves, or their representatives in General +Assembly, freely given. + +SEC. 24. A well regulated militia being necessary to the +security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and +bear arms shall not be infringed; and, as standing armies in +time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be +kept up, and the military should be kept under strict +subordination to, and governed by, the civil power. Nothing +herein contained shall justify the practice of carrying +concealed weapons, or prevent the Legislature from enacting +penal statutes against said practice. + +SEC. 25. The people have a right to assemble together to consult +for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and to +apply to the Legislature for redress of grievance. But secret +political societies are dangerous to the liberties of a free +people, and should not be tolerated. + +SEC. 26. All men have a natural and unalienable right to worship +Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences, +and no human authority should, in any case whatever, control or +interfere with the rights of conscience. + +SEC. 27. The people have the right to the privilege of +education, and it is the duty of the State to guard and maintain +that right. + +SEC. 28. For redress of grievances, and for amending and +strengthening the laws, elections should be often held. + +SEC. 29. A frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is +absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty. + +SEC. 30. No hereditary emoluments, privileges or honors ought to +be granted or conferred in this State. + +SEC. 31. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius +of a free State, and ought not to be allowed. + +SEC. 32. Retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before the +existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal, are +oppressive unjust and incompatible with liberty, wherefore no ex +post facto law ought to be made. No law taxing retrospectively +sales, purchases, or other acts previously done, ought to be +passed. + +SEC. 33. Slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than for +crime whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall +be, and are hereby, forever prohibited within the State. + +SEC. 34. The limits and boundaries of the State shall be and +remain as they now are. + +SEC. 35. All courts shall be open; and every person for an +injury done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall +have remedy by due course of law, and right and justice +administered without sale, denial or delay. + +SEC. 36. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any +house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war but +in a manner prescribed by law. + +SEC. 37. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to +impair or deny others retained by the people; and all powers not +herein delegated remain with the people. + +ARTICLE II. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. + +SECTION 1. The legislative authority shall be vested in two +distinct branches, both dependent on the people, to wit: A +Senate and a House of Representatives. + +SEC. 2. The Senate and House of Representatives shall meet +biennially on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in +January next after their election; and when assembled shall be +denominated the General Assembly. Neither House shall proceed +upon public business unless a majority of all the members are +actually present. + +SEC. 3. The Senate shall be composed of fifty Senators, +biennially chosen by ballot. + +SEC. 4. The Senate Districts shall be so altered by the General +Assembly, at the first session after the return of every +enumeration by order of Congress, that each Senate District +shall contain, as near as may be, an equal number of +inhabitants, excluding aliens and Indians not taxed, and shall +remain unaltered until the return of another enumeration, and +shall at all times consist of contiguous, territory; and no +county shall be divided in the formation of a Senate District, +unless such county shall be equitably entitled to two or more +Senators. + +SEC. 5. The House of Representatives shall be composed of one +hundred and twenty Representatives, biennially chosen by ballot, +to be elected by the counties respectively, according to their +population, and each county shall have at least one +Representative in the House of Representatives, although it may +not contain the requisite ratio of representation; this +apportionment shall be made by the General Assembly at the +respective times and periods when the districts for the Senate +are herein before directed to be laid off. + +SEC. 6. In making the apportionment in the House of +Representatives, the ratio of representation shall be +ascertained by dividing the amount of the population of the +State, exclusive of that comprehended within those counties +which do not severally contain the one hundred and twentieth +part of the population of the State, by the number of +Representatives, less the number assigned to such counties; and +in ascertaining the number of the population of the State, +aliens and Indians not taxed shall not be included. To each +county containing the said ratio, and not twice the said ratio, +there shall be assigned one Representative; to each county +containing twice but not three times the said ratio, there shall +be assigned two Representatives, and so on progressively, and +then the remaining Representatives shall be assigned severally +to, the counties having the largest fractions. + +SEC. 7. Each member of the Senate shall not be less than twenty- +five years of age, shall have resided in the State as a citizen +two years, and shall have usually resided in the district for +which he is chosen one year immediately preceding his election. + +SEC. 8. Each member of the House of Representatives shall be a +qualified elector of the State, and shall have resided in the +county for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding +his election. + +SEC. 9. In the election of all officers, whose appointment shall +be conferred upon the General Assembly by the Constitution, the +vote shall be viva voce. + +SEC. 10. The General Assembly shall have power to pass general +laws regulating divorce and alimony, but shall not have power to +grant a divorce or secure alimony in any individual case. + +SEC. 11. The General Assembly shall not have power to pass any +private law to alter the name of any person or to legitimate any +person not born in lawful wedlock, or to restore to the rights +of citizenship any person convicted of an infamous crime, but +shall have power to pass general laws regulating the same. + +SEC. 12. The General Assembly shall not pass any private law, +unless it shall be made to appear thirty days' notice of +application to pass such a law shall have been given, under such +directions and in such manner as shall be provided by law. + +SEC. 13. If vacancies shall occur in the General Assembly by +death, resignation or otherwise, writs of election shall be +issued by the Governor under such regulations as may be +prescribed by law. + +SEC. 14. No law shall be passed to raise money on the credit of +the State, or to pledge the faith of the State, directly or +indirectly, for the payment of any debt, or to impose any tax +upon the people of the State, or to allow the counties, cities +or towns to do so, unless the bill for the purpose shall have +been read three several times in each House of the General +Assembly, and passed three several readings, which readings +shall have been on three different days, and agreed to by each +House respectively, and unless the yeas and nays on the second +and third reading of the bill shall have been entered on the journal. + +SEC. 15. The General Assembly shall regulate entails in such +manner as to prevent perpetuities. + +SEC. 16. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, +which shall be printed and made public immediately after the +adjournment of the General Assembly. + +SEC. 17. Any member of either House may dissent from, and +protest against, any act or resolve which he may think injurious +to the public, or any individual, and have the reason of his +dissent entered on the journal. + +SEC. 18. The House of Representatives shall choose their own +Speaker and other officers. + +SEC. 19. The Lieutenant-Governor shall preside in the Senate, +but shall have no vote unless it may be equally divided. + +SEC. 20. The Senate shall choose its other officers, and also a +Speaker (pro tempore) in the absence of the Lieutenant-Governor, +or when he shall exercise the office of Governor. + +SEC. 21. The style of the acts shall be: "The General Assembly +of North Carolina do enact" + +SEC. 22. Each House shall be judge of the qualifications and +elections of its own members, shall sit upon its own +adjournments from day to day, prepare bills to be passed into +laws; and the two Houses may also jointly adjourn to any feature +day, or other place. + +SEC. 23. All bills and resolutions of a legislative nature shall +be read three times in each House before they pass into laws; +and shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses. + +SEC. 24. Each member of the General Assembly, before taking his +seat, shall take an oath or affirmation, that he will support +the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the +Constitution of the State of North Carolina and will faithfully +discharge his duty as a member of the Senate or House of +Representatives. + +SEC. 25. The terms of office for Senators and members of the +House of Representatives shall commence at the time of their +election. + +SEC. 26. Upon motion made and seconded in either House, by one- +fifth, of the members present, the yeas and nays upon any +question shall be taken and entered upon the journals. + +SEC. 27. The election for members of the General Assembly shall +be held for the respective districts and counties, at the places +where they are now held, or may be directed hereafter to be +held, in such manner as may be prescribed by law, on the first +Thursday in August in the year one thousand eight hundred and +seventy, and every two years thereafter. But the General +Assembly may change the time of holding the elections. + +SEC. 28. The members of the General Assembly for the term for +which they have been elected, shall receive as a compensation +for their services the sum of four dollars per day for each day +of their session, for a period not exceeding sixty days; and +should they remain longer in session, they shall serve without +compensation. They shall also be entitled to receive ten cents +per mile, both while coming to the seat of government and while +returning home, the said distance to be computed by the nearest +line or mute of public travel. The compensation of the +presiding officers of the two Houses shall be six dollars per +day and mileage. Should an extra session of the General +Assembly be called, the members and presiding officers shall +receive a like rate of compensation for a period not exceeding +twenty days. + +ART1CLE III. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. + +SECTION 1. The Executive Department shall consist of a Governor, +in whom shall be vested the supreme executive power of the +State, a Lieutenant Governor, a Secretary of State, an Auditor, +a Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and an +Attorney-General, who shall be elected for a term of four years, +by the qualified electors of the State, at the same time and +place, and in the same manner as members of the General Assembly +are elected. Their term of office shall commence on the first +day of January next after their election, and continue until +their successors are elected and qualified: Provided, that the +officers first elected shall assume the duties of their office +ten days after the approval of this Constitution by the Congress +of the United States, and shall hold their offices four years +from after the first day of January. + +SEC. 2. No person shall be eligible as Governor or Lieutenant- +Governor, unless he shall have attained the age of thirty years, +shall have been a citizen of the United States five years, and +shall have been a resident of this State for two years next +before the election; nor shall the person elected to either of +these two offices be eligible to the same office more than four +years in any term of eight years, unless the office shall have +been cast upon him as Lieutenant-Governor or President of the Senate. + +SEC. 3. The return of every election for officers of the +Executive Department shall be sealed up and transmitted to the +seat of government by the returning officers, directed to the +Speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall open and +publish the same in the presence of a majority of the members of +both Houses of the General Assembly. The persons having the +highest number of votes respectively shall be declared duly +elected; but if two or more be equal and highest in vote for the +same office, then one of them shall be chosen by joint ballot of +both Houses of the General Assembly. Contested elections shall +be determined by a joint ballot of both Houses of the General +Assembly, in such manner as shall be prescribed-by law. + +SEC. 4. The Governor, before entering upon the duties of his +office, shall, in the presence of the members of both branches +of the General Assembly, or before any Justice of the Supreme +Court, take an oath or affirmation that he will support the +Constitution and laws of the United States, and of the State of +North Carolina, and that he will faithfully perform the duties +appertaining to the office of Governor to which he has been elected. + +SEC. 5. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government of +this State, and he shall, from time to time, give the General +Assembly information of the affairs of the State, and recommend +to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient. + +SEC. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, +commutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offences +(except in case of impeachment), upon such conditions as lie may +think proper, subject to such regulations as may be provided by +law relative to the manner of applying for pardons. He shall +biennially communicate to the General Assembly each case of +reprieve, commutation or pardon granted, stating the name of +each convict, the crime for which he was convicted, the sentence +and its date, the date of commutation, pardon or reprieve, and +the reasons therefor. + +SEC. 7. The officers of the Executive Department and of the +public institutions of the State shall, at least five days +previous to each regular session of the General Assembly, +severally report to the Governor, who shall transmit such +reports, with his message, to the General Assembly; and the +Governor may, at any time, require information in writing from +the officers in the Executive Department upon any subject +relating to the duties of their respective offices, and shall +take care that the laws be faithfully executed. + +SEC. 8. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief of the militia +of the State, except when they shall be called into the service +of the United States. + +SEC. 9. The Governor shall have power, on extraordinary +occasions, by and with the advice of the Council of State, to +convene the General Assembly ? ? into? ? extra session by his +proclamation, stating therein the purpose or purposes for which +they are thus convened. + +SEC. 10. The Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice +and consent of a majority of the Senators elect, appoint all +officers, whose offices are established by this Constitution, +and whose appointments are not otherwise provided for. + +SEC. 11. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be President of the +Senate, but shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally +divided. He shall, whilst acting as President of the Senate, +receive for his services the same pay which shall, for the same +period, be allowed to the Speaker of the House of +Representatives; and he shall receive no other compensation +except when he is acting as Governor. + +SEC. 12. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, his failure +to qualify, his absence from the State, his inability to +discharge the duties of his office, or, in case the office of +Governor shall in anywise become vacant, the powers, duties and +emoluments of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant- +Governor until the disabilities shall cease, or a new Governor +shall be elected and qualified. In every case in which the +Lieutvaant-Governor shall be unable to preside over the Senate, +the Senators shall elect one of their own number President of +their body, and the powers, duties and emoluments of the office +of Governor shall devolve upon him whenever the Lieutenant- +Governor shall, for any reason, be prevented from discharging +the duties of such office as above provided, and he shall +continue as acting Governor until the disabilities are removed, +or a new Governor or Lieutenant-Governor shall be elected and +qualified. Whenever, during the recess of the General Assembly, +it shall become necessary for the President of the Senate to +administer the government, the Secretary of State shall convene +the Senate, that they may elect such President. + +SEC. 13. The respective duties of the Secretary of State, +Auditor, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction and +Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. If the office of +any of the officers shall be vacated by death, resignation or +otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint +another until the disability be removed or his successor be +elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by +election at the first general election that occurs more than +thirty days after the vacancy has taken place, and the person +chosen shall hold the office for the remainder of the unexpired +term fixed in the first section of this Article. + +SEC. 14. The Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer and +Superintendent of Public Instruction shall constitute, ex +officio, the Council of State, who shall advise the Governor in +the execution of his office, and three of whom shall constitute +a quorum; their advice and proceedings in this capacity shall be +entered in a journal to be kept for this purpose exclusively, +and signed by the members present, from any part of which any +member may enter his dissent; and such journal shall be placed +before the General Assembly when called for by either House. +The Attorney-General shall be, ex officio, the legal adviser of +the Executive Department. + +SEC. 15. The officers mentioned in this Article shall, at stated +periods, receive for their services a compensation to be +established by law, which shall neither be increased nor +diminished during the time for which they shall have been +elected, and the said officers shall receive no other emolument +or allowance. + +SEC. 16. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept +by the Governor, and used by him, as occasion may require, and +shall be called "the Great Seal of the State of North Carolina." +All grants and commissions shall be entered in the name and by +the authority of the State of North Carolina, sealed with the +"Great Seal of the State," signed by the Governor and +countersigned by the Secretary of State. + +SEC. 17. The General Assembly shall establish a Department of +Agriculture, Immigration and Statistics, under such regulations +as may best promote the agricultural interests of the State, and +shall enact laws for the adequate protection and encouragement +of sheep husbandry. + +ARTICLE IV. JUDICIAL. DEPARTMENT. + +SECTION 1. The distinctions between actions at law and suits in +equity, and the forms of all such actions and suits, shall be +abolished; and there shall be in this State but one form of +action for the enforcement or protection of private rights or +the redress of private wrongs, which shall be denominated a +civil action; and every action prosecuted by the people of the +State as a party, against a person charged with a public +offence, for the punishment of the same, shall be termed a +criminal action. Feigned issues shall also be abolished, and +the fact at issue tried by order of Court before a jury. + +SEC. 2. The judicial power of the State shall be vested in a +Court for the trial of Impeachments, a Supreme Court, Superior +Courts, Courts of Justices of the Peace, and such other courts +inferior to the Supreme Court at may be established by law. + +SEC. 3. The Court for the trial of impeachments shall be the +Senate. A majority of the members shall be necessary to a +quorum, and the judgment shall not extend beyond removal from +and disqualification to hold office in this State; but the party +shall be liable to indictment and punishment according to law. + +SEC. 4. The House of Representatives solely shall have the power +of impeaching. No person shall be convicted without the +concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present. When the +Governor is impeached, the Chief-Justice shall preside. + +SEC 5. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying +war against it, or in adhering to its enemies, giving them aid +and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on +the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on +confession in open court. No conviction of treason or attainder +shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture. + +SEC. 6. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief-Justice and +two Associate Justices. + +SEC. 7. The terms of the Supreme Court shall be held in the city +of Raleigh, as now, until otherwise provided by the General +Assembly. + +SEC. 8. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to review, +upon appeal, any decision of the courts below, upon any matter +of law or legal inference. And the jurisdiction of said Court +over "issues of fact" and "questions of fact" shall be the same +exercised by it before the adoption of the Constitution of one +thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and the Court shall have +the power to issue any remedial writs necessary to give it a +general supervision and control over the proceedings of the +inferior courts. + +SEC. 9. The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to +hear claims against the State, but its decisions shall be merely +recommendatory; no process in the nature of execution shall +issue thereon; they shall be reported to the next session of the +General Assembly for its action. + +SEC. 10. The State shall be divided into nine judicial +districts, for each of which a Judge shall be chosen; and there +shall be held a Superior Court in each county at least twice in +each year, to continue for such time in each county as may be +prescribed by law. But the General Assembly may reduce or +increase the number of districts. + +SEC. 11. Every Judge of the Superior Court shall reside in the +district for which he is elected. The Judges shall preside in +the Courts of the different districts successively, but no Judge +shall hold the Courts in the same district oftener than once in +four years; but in the case of the protracted illness of the +Judge assigned to preside in any district, or of any other +unavoidable accident to him by reason of which he shall be +unable to preside, the Governor may require any Judge to hold +one or more specified terms in said districts, in lieu of the +Judge assigned to hold the Courts of the said districts. + +SEC. 12. The General Assembly shall have no grower to deprive +the Judicial Department of any power or jurisdiction which +rightfully pertains to it as a coordinate department of the +government; but the General Assembly shall allot and distribute +that portion of this power and jurisdiction, which does not +pertain to the Supreme Court, among the other courts prescribed +in this Constitution or which may be established by law, in such +manner as it may deem best; provide also a proper system of +appeals; and regulate by law, when necessary, the methods of +proceeding in the exercise of their powers, of all the courts +below the Supreme Court, so far as the same may be done without +conflict with other provisions of this Constitution. + +SEC. 13. In all issues of fact, joined in any court, the parties +may waive the right to have the same determined by a jury; in +which case the finding of the Judge upon the facts shall have +the force and effect of a verdict by a jury. + +SEC. 14. The General Assembly shall provide for the +establishment of Special Courts, for the trial of misdemeanors, +in cities and towns where the same may be necessary. + +SEC. 15. The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by +the Court, and shall hold his office for eight years. + +SEC. 16. A Clerk of the Superior Court for each county shall be +elected by the qualifier voters thereof, at the time and in the +manner prescribed by law for the election of members of the +General Assembly. + +SEC. 17. Clerks of the Superior Courts shall hold their offices +for four years. + +SEC. 18. The General Assembly shall prescribe and regulate the +fees, salaries and emoluments of all officers provided for in +this Article; but the salaries of the Judges shall not be +diminished during their continuance in office. + +SEC. 19. The laws of North Carolina, not repugnant to this +Constitution, or the Constitution and laws of the United States, +shall be in force until lawfully altered. + +SEC. 20. Actions at law, and suits in equity, pending when this +Constitution shall go into effect, shall be transferred to the +courts having jurisdiction thereof, without prejudice by reason +of the change; and all such actions and suits commenced before, +and pending at the adoption by the General Assembly of the rules +of practice and procedure herein provided for, shall be heard +and determined according to the practice now in use, unless +otherwise provided for by said rules. + +SEC. 21. The Justices of the Supreme Court shall be elected by +the qualified voters of the State, as is provided for the +election of members of the General Assembly. They shall hold +their offices for eight years. The Judges of the Superior +Courts, elected at the first election under this amendment, +shall be elected in like manner as is provided for Justices of +the Supreme Court, and shall hold their offices for eight years. +The General Assembly may, from time to time, provide by law that +the Judges of the Superior Courts, chosen at succeeding +elections, instead of being elected by the voters of the whole +State, as is herein provided for, shall be elected by the voters +of their respective districts. + +SEC. 22. The Superior Courts shall be, at all times, open for +the transaction of all business within their jurisdiction, +except the trial of issues of fact requiring a jury. + +SEC. 23. A Solicitor shall be elected for each Judicial District +by the qualified voters thereof, as is prescribed for members of +the General Assembly, who shall hold office for the term of four +years, and prosecute on behalf of the State, in all criminal +actions in the Superior Courts, and advise the officers of +justice in his district. + +SEC. 24. In each county a Sheriff and Coroner shall be elected +by the qualified voters thereof, as is prescribed for members of +the General Assembly, and shall hold their offices for two +years. In each township there shall be a Constable elected in +like manner by the voters thereof, who shall bold his office for +two years. When there is no Coroner in the county, the Clerk of +the Superior Court for the county may appoint one for special +cases. In case of a vacancy existing for any cause in any of +the offices created by this section, the Commissioners for the +county may appoint to such office for the unexpired term. + +SEC. 25. All vacancies occurring in the offices provided for by +this Article of the Constitution shall be filled by the +appointments of the Governor, unless otherwise provided for, and +the appointees shall hold their places until the next regular +election for members of the General Assembly, when elections +shall be held to fill such offices. If any person, elected or +appointed to any of said offices, shall neglect and fail to +qualify, such office shall be appointed to, held and filled as +provided in case of vacancies occurring therein. All incumbents +of said offices shall hold until their successors are qualified. + +SEC. 26. The officers elected at the first election held under +this Constitution shall hold their offices for the terms +prescribed for them respectively, next ensuing after the next +regular election for members of the General Assembly. But their +terms shall begin upon the approval of this Constitution by the +Congress of the United States. + +SEC. 27. The several Justices of the Peace shall have +jurisdiction, under such regulations as the General Assembly +shall prescribe, of civil actions founded on contract, wherein +the sum demanded shall not exceed two hundred dollars, and +wherein the title to real estate shall not be in controversy; +and of all criminal matters arising within their counties where +the punishment cannot exceed a fine of fifty dollars, or +imprisonment for thirty days. And the General Assembly may give +to Justice of the Peace jurisdiction of other civil actions +wherein the value of the property in controversy does ? ? list? ? +exceed fifty dollars. When an issue of fact may be joined +before a Justice, on demand of either party thereto, he shall +cause a jury of six men to be summoned, who shall try the same. +The party against whom judgment shall be rendered in any civil +action may appeal to the Superior Court from the same. In all +cases of a criminal nature, the party against whom judgment is +given may appeal to the Superior Court, where the matter shall +be heard anew. In all cases brought before a Justice, he shall +make a record of the proceedings, and file the same with the +Clerk of the Superior Court for his county. + +SEC. 28. When the office of Justice of the Peace shall become +vacant otherwise than by expiration of the term, and in case of +a failure by the voters of any district to elect, the Clerk of +the Superior Court for the county shall appoint to fill the +vacancy for the unexpired term. + +SEC. 29. In case the office of Clerk of a Superior Court for a +county shall become vacant otherwise than by the expiration of +the term, and in case of a failure by the people to elect, the +Judge of the Superior Court for the county shall appoint to fill +the vacancy until an election can be regularly held. + +SEC. 30. In case the General Assembly shall establish other +courts inferior to the Supreme Court, the presiding officers and +clerks thereof shall be elected in such manner as the General +Assembly may from time to time prescribe, and they shall hold +their offices for a term not exceeding eight years. + +SEC. 31. Any Judge of the Supreme Court, or of the Superior +Courts, and the presiding officers of such courts inferior to +the Supreme Court, as may be established by law, may be removed +from office for mental or physical inability, upon a concurrent +resolution of two thirds of both Houses of the General Assembly. +The Judge or presiding officer against whom the General Assembly +may be about to proceed, shall receive notice thereof, +accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at +least twenty days before the day on which either House of the +General Assembly shall act thereon. + +SEC. 32. Any Clerk of the Supreme Court, or of the Superior +Courts, or of such courts inferior to the Supreme Court as may +be established by law, may be removed from office for mental or +physical inability: the Clerk of the Supreme Court by the Judges +of said courts, the Clerks of the Superior Courts by the Judge +riding the district, and the Clerks of such courts inferior to +the Supreme Court as may be established by law, by the presiding +officers of said courts. The Clerk against whom proceedings are +instituted shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy +of the causes alleged for his removal, at least ten days before +the day appointed to act thereon, and. the Clerk shall be +entitled to an appeal to the next term of the Superior Court, +and thence to the Supreme Court, as provided in other cases of appeals. + +SEC. 33. The amendments made to the Constitution of North +Carolina by this Convention shall not have the effect to vacate +any office or term off office now existing under the +Constitution of the State, and filled, or held, by virtue of any +election or appointment under the said Constitution, and the +laws of the State made in pursuance thereof. + +ARTICLE V. REVENUE AND TAXATION. + +SECTION l. The General Assembly shall levy a capitation tag on +every male inhabitant of the State over twenty-one and under +fifty years of age, which shall be equal on each to the tax on +property valued at three hundred dollars in cash. The +commissioners of the several counties may exempt from capitation +tax in special cases, on account of poverty and infirmity, and +the State and county capitation tax combined shall never exceed +two dollars on the head. + +SEC. 2. The proceeds of the State and county capitation tax +shall be applied to the purposes of education and the support of +the poor, but in no one year shall more than twenty-five percent +thereof be appropriated to the latter purpose. + +SEC. 3. Laws shall be passed taxing, by a uniform rule, all +moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stocks, joint-stock +companies, or otherwise; and, also, all real and personal +property, according to its true value in money. The General +Assembly may also tax trades, professions, franchises and +incomes, provided that no income shall be taxed when the +property from which the income is derived is taxed. + +SEC. 4. Until the bonds of the State shall be at par, the +General Assembly shall have no power to contract any new debt or +pecuniary obligation in behalf of the State, except to supply a +casual deficit, or for suppressing invasion or insurrection, +unless it shall in the same bill levy a special tag to pay the +interest annually. And the General Assembly shall have no power +to give or lend the credit of the State in aid of any person, +association or corporation, except to aid in the completion of +such railroads as may be unfinished at the time of the adoption +of this Constitution, or in which the State has a direct +pecuniary interest, unless the subject be submitted to a direct +vote of the people of the State, and be approved by a majority +of those who shall vote thereon. + +SEC. 5. Property belonging to the State or to municipal +corporations shall be exempt from taxation. The General +Assembly may exempt cemeteries, and property held for +educational, scientific, literary, charitable or religions +purposes; also wearing apparel, arms for muster, household and +kitchen furniture, the mechanical and agricultural implements of +mechanics and farmers; libraries and scientific instruments, or +any other personal property, to a value not exceeding three +hundred dollars. + +SEC. 6. The taxes levied by the commissioners of the several +counties for county purposes shall be levied in like manner with +the State taxes, and shall never exceed the double of the State +taxes; except for a special purpose, and with the special +approval of the General Assembly. + +SEC. 7. Every act of the General Assembly levying a tax shall +state the special object to which it is to be applied, and it +shall be applied to no other purpose. + +ARTICLE VI. SUFFRAGE AND ELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE. + +SECTION 1. Every male person born in the United States, and +every male person who has been naturalized, twenty-one years old +or upward, who shall have resided in the State twelve months +next preceding the elections, and ninety days in the county in +which he offers to vote, shall be deemed an elector. But no +person, who, upon conviction or confession in open court, shall +be adjudged guilty of felony, or any other crime infamous by the +laws of this State, and hereafter committed, shall be deemed an +elector, unless such person shall be restored to the rights of +citizenship in a man, nor prescribed by law. + +SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide, +from time to time, for the registration of all electors; and no +person shall be allowed to vote without registration, or to +register, without first taking an oath or affirmation to support +and maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and +the Constitution and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent +therewith. + +SEC. 3. All elections by the people shall be by ballot, and all +elections by the General Assembly shall be viva voce. + +SEC. 4. Every voter, except as hereinafter provided, shall be +eligible to office; but before entering upon the discharge of +the duties of his office, he shall take and subscribe the +following oath: "I, --, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I +will support and maintain the Constitution and laws of the +United States, and the Constitution and laws of North Carolina +not inconsistent therewith, and that I will faithfully discharge +the duties of my office. So help me, God." + +SEC. 5. The following classes of persons shall be disqualified +for office. First, All persons who shall deny the being of +Almighty God. Second, All persons who shall have been convicted +of treason, perjury, or of any other infamous crime, since +becoming citizens of the United States, or of corruption, or +malpractice in office, unless such person shall have been +legally restored to the rights of citizenship. + +ARTICLE VII. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. + +SECTION 1. In each county, there shall be elected biennially by +the qualified voters thereof, as provided for the election of +members of the General Assembly, the following officers: a +Treasurer, Register of Deeds, Surveyor and five Commissioners. + +SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of the Commissioners to exercise a +general supervision and control of the penal and charitable +institutions, schools, roads, bridges, levying of taxes and +finances of the county, as may be prescribed by law The Register +of Deeds shall be, ex officio, Clerk of-the Board of +Commissioners. + +SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the Commissioners first elected +in each county to divide the came into convenient districts, to +determine the boundaries mud prescribe the name of the said +districts, and to report the same to the General Assembly before +the first day of January, one thousand eight hundred and sixty- +nine. + +SEC. 4. Upon the approval of the reports provided for in the +foregoing section, by the General Assembly, the said districts +shall have corporate powers for the necessary purposes of local +government, and shall be known as townships. + +SEC. 5. In each township there shall be biennially elected, by +the qualified voters thereof, a Clerk and two Justices of the +Peace, who shall constitute a Board of Trustees, and shall, +under the supervision of the County Commissioners, have control +of the taxes and finances, roads and bridges of the townships, +as may be prescribed by law. The General Assembly may provide +for the election of a larger number of the Justices of the Peace +in cities and towns, and in those townships in which cities and +towns are situated. In every township there shall also be +biennially elected a School Committee, consisting of three +persons, whose duty shall be prescribed by law. + +SEC. 6. The Township Board of Trustees shall assess the taxable +property of their townships and make return to the County +Commissioners for revision, as may be prescribed by law. The +Clerk shall be, ex officio, Treasurer of the township. + +SEC. 7. No county, city, town or other municipal corporation +shall contract any debt, pledge its faith, or loan its credit, +nor shall any tax be levied, or collected by any officers of the +same, except for the necessary expenses thereof, unless by a +vote of a majority of the qualified voters therein. + +SEC. 8. No money shall be drawn from any county or township +treasury except by authority of law. + +SEC. 9. All taxes levied by any county, city, town, or township, +shall be uniform and ad valorem, upon all property in the same, +except property exempted by this Constitution. + +SEC. 10. The county officers first elected under the provisions +of this Article shall enter upon their duties ten days after the +approval of this Constitution by the Congress of the United +States. + +SEC. 11. The Governor shall appoint a sufficient number of +Justices of the Peace in each county, who shall hold their +places until sections four, five and six of this Article shall +have been carried into effect. + +SEC. 12. All charters, ordinances and provisions relating to +municipal, corporations shall remain in force until legally +changed, unless inconsistent with the provisions of this +Constitution. + +SEC. 13. No county, city, town or other municipal corporation +shall assume to pay, nor shall any tax be levied or collected +for the payment of any debt, or the interest upon any debt, +contracted directly or indirectly in aid or support of the +rebellion. + +SEC. 14. The General Assembly shall have full power by statute +to modify, change, or abridge any and all of the provisions of +this Article, and substitute others in their place, except +sections seven, nine and thirteen. + +ARTICLE VIII. CORPORATIONS OTHER THAN MUNICIPAL. + +SECTION 1. Corporations may be formed under general laws; but +shall not be created by special act, except for municipal +purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the +Legislature, the object of the corporations cannot be attained +under general laws. All general laws and special acts, passed +pursuant to this section, may be altered from time to time, or +repealed. + +SEC. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by such +individual liabilities of the corporation and other means, as +may be prescribed by law. + +SEC. 3. The term corporation, as used in this Article, shall be +construed to include all association and joint-stock companies, +having any of the powers and privileges of corporations, not +possessed by individuals or partnerships. And all corporations +shall have the right to sue, and shall be subject to be +sued in all courts, in like cases as natural persons. + +SEC. 4. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide for +the organization of cities, towns and incorporated villages, and +to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing +money, contracting debts and loaning their credits, so as to +prevent abuses in assessment and in contracting debts by such +municipal corporations. + +ARTICLE IX. EDUCATION. + +SECTION 1. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to +good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the +means of education shall forever be encouraged. + +SEC. 2. The General Assembly, at the first session under this +Constitution, shall provide by taxation and otherwise, for a +general and uniform system of public schools, wherein tuition +shall be free of charge to all the children of the State between +the ages of six and twenty-one years. And the children of the +white race and the children of the colored race shall be taught +in separate public schools; but there shall be no discrimination +in favor of, or to the prejudice of either race. + +SEC. 3. Each county of the State shall be divided into a +convenient number of districts, in which one or more public +schools shall be maintained at least four months in every year; +and if the Commissioners of any county shall fail to comply with +the aforesaid requirements of this section they shall be liable +to indictment. + +SEC. 4. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter +may be granted by the United States to this State, and not +otherwise appropriated by this State or the United States; also, +all moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property, now belonging to +any State fund for purposes of education; also, the net proceeds +of all sales of the swamp lands belonging to the State, and all +other grants, gifts or devises that have been or hereafter may +be made to the State, and not otherwise appropriated by the +State, or by the term of the grant, gift or devise, shall be +paid into the State treasury; and, together with so touch of the +ordinary revenue of the State as may be by law set apart for +that purpose, shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing +and maintaining in this State a system of free public schools, +and for no other uses or purposes whatsoever. + +SEC. 5. All moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property, belonging +to a county school fund; also, the net proceeds from the sale of +? ? estrays? ? ; also, the clear proceeds of all penalties and +forfeitures, and of all fines collected in the several counties +for any breach of the penal or military laws of the State; and +all moneys which shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for +exemption from military duty, shall belong to and remain in the +several counties, and shall be faithfully appropriated for +establishing and maintaining free public schools in the several +counties of this State: Provided, That the amount collected in +each county shall be annually reported to the Superintendent of +Public Instruction. + +SEC. 6. The General Assembly shall have power to provide for the +election of Trustees of the University of North Carolina, in +whom, when chosen, shall be vested all the privileges, rights, +franchises and endowments thereof, in anywise granted to or +conferred upon the Trustees of said University; and the General +Assembly may make such provisions, laws and regulations from +time to time, as may be necessary and expedient for the +maintenance and management of said University. + +SEC. 7. The General Assembly shall provide that the benefits of +the University, As far as practicable, be extended to the youth +of the State free of expense for tuition; also, that all the +property which has heretofore accrued to the State, or shall +hereafter accrue, from escheats, unclaimed dividends, or +distributive shares of the estates of deceased persons, shall be +appropriated to the use of the University. + +SEC. 8. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, +Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction and +Attorney-General shall constitute a State Board of Education. + +SEC. 9. The Governor shall be President, and the Superintendent +of Public Instruction shall be Secretary of the Board of +Education. + +SEC. 10. The Board of Education shall succeed to all the powers +and trusts of the President and Directors of the Literary Fund +of North Carolina, and shall have full power to legislate and +make all needful rules and regulations in relation to free +public schools and the educational fund of the State; but all +acts, rules and regulations of said Board may be altered, +amended or repealed by the General Assembly, and when so altered +amended or repealed, they shall not be re-enacted by the Board. + +SEC. 11. The first session of the Board of Education shall be +held at the capitol of the State, within fifteen days after the +organization of the State government under this Constitution; +the time of future meetings may be determined by the Board. + +SEC. 12. A majority of the Board shall constitute a quorum for +the transaction of business. + +SEC. 13. The contingent expenses of the Board shall be provided +by the General Assembly. + +SEC. 14. As soon as practicable after the adoption of this +Constitution, the General Assembly shall establish and maintain, +in connection with the University, a Department of Agriculture, +of Mechanics, of Mining, and of Normal Instruction. + +SEC. 15. The General Assembly is hereby empowered to enact that +every child, of sufficient mental and physical ability, shall +attend the public schools during the period between the ages of +six and eighteen years for a term not less than sixteen months, +unless educated by other means. + +ARTICLE X. HOMESTEAD AND EXEMPTIONS. + +SECTION 1. The personal property of any resident of this State, +to the value of five hundred dollars, to be selected by such +resident, shall be, and is hereby exempted from sale under +execution, or other final process of any court issued for the +collection of any debt. + +SEC. 2. Every homestead, and the dwellings and buildings used +therewith, not exceeding in value one thousand dollars, to be +selected by the owner thereof, or in lieu thereof, at the option +of the owner, any lot in a city, town or village, with the +dwellings and buildings used thereon, owned and occupied by any +resident of this State, and not exceeding the value of one +thousand dollars, shall be exempt from sale under execution, or +other final process obtained on any debt. But no property shall +be exempt from sale for taxes, or for payment of obligations +contracted for the purchase of said premises. + +SEC. 3. The homestead, after the death of the owner thereof, +shall be exempt from the payment of any debt during the minority +of his children or any one of them. + +SEC. 4. The provisions of sections one and two of this Article +shall not be so construed as to prevent a laborer's lien for +work done and performed for the person claiming such exemption, +or a mechanic's lien for work done on the premises. + +SEC. 5. If the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow, but no +children, the same shall be exempt from the debts of her +husband, and the rents and profits thereof shall inure to her +benefit during her widowhood, unless she be the owner of a +homestead in her own right. + +SEC. 6. The real and personal property of any female in this +States acquired before marriages and all property, real and +personal, to which she may, after marriage, become in any manner +entitled, shall be and remain the sole and separate estate and +property of such female, and shall not be liable for any debts, +obligations or engagements of her husband, and may be devised +and bequeathed, and, with the written consent of her husband, +conveyed by her as if she was unmarried. + +SEC. 7. The husband may insure his own life for the sole use and +benefit of his wife and children, and in the case of the death +of the husband, the amount thus insured shall be paid over to +his wife and children, or to the guardian, if under age, for her +or their own use, free from all the claims of the +representatives of her husband, or any of his creditors. + +SEC. 8. Nothing contained in the foregoing sections of this +Article shall operate to prevent the owner of a homestead from +disposing of the same by deed; but no deed made by the owner of +a homestead shall be valid without the voluntary signature and +assent of his wife, signified on her private examination +according to law. + +ARTICLE XI. PUNISHMENTS, PENAL INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC CHARITIES. + +SECTION 1. The following punishments only shall be known to the +laws of this State, viz.: death, imprisonment, with or without +hard labor, fines, removal from office, and disqualification to +hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under this +State. The foregoing provisions for imprisonment with hard +labor shall be construed to authorize the employment of such +convict labor on public works, or highways, or other labor for +public benefit, and the farming out thereof, where, and in such +manner as may be provided by law; but no convict shall be farmed +out who has been sentenced on a charge of murder, manslaughter, +rape, attempt to commit rape, or arson: Provided, That no +convict whose labor may be farmed out, shall be punished for any +failure of duty as a laborer, except by a responsible officer of +the State; but the convicts so farmed out shall be at all times +under, the supervision and control, as to their government. and +discipline, of the Penitentiary Board or some officer of this State. + +SEC. 2. The object of punishments being not only to satisfy +justice, but also to reform the offender, and thus prevent +crime, murder, arson, burglary, and rape, and these only, may be +punishable with death, if the General Assembly shall so enact. + +SEC. 3. The General Assembly shall, at its first meeting, make +provision for the erection and conduct of a State's Prison or +Penitentiary, at some central and accessible point within the +State. + +SEC. 4. The General Assembly may provide for the erection of +Houses of Correction, where vagrants and persons guilty of +misdemeanors shall be restrained and usefully employed. + +SEC. 5. A House, or Houses of Refuge, may be established +whenever the public interest may require it, for the correction +and instruction of other classes of offenders. + +SEC. 6. It shall be required, by competent legislation, that the +structure and superintendence of penal institutions of the +State, the county jails, and city police prisons, secure the +health and comfort of the prisoners, and that male and female +prisoners be never confined in the same roots or cell. + +SEC. 7. Beneficent provisions for the poor, the unfortunate and +orphan being one of the first duties of a civilized and +Christian State, the General Assembly shall, at its first +session, appoint and define the duties of a Board of Public +Charities, to whom shall be entrusted the supervision of all +charitable and penal State institutions, and who shall annually +report to the Governor upon their condition, with suggestions +for their improvement. + +SEC. 8. There shall also, as soon as practicable, be measures +devised by the State, for the establishment of one or more +Orphan Houses, where destitute orphans may be cared far, +educated and taught some business or trade. + +SEC. 9. It shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as +practicable, to devise means for the education of idiots and +inebriates. + +SEC. 10. The General Assembly may provide that the indigent deaf +mutes, blind and insane of the State shall be cared for at the +charge of the State. + +SEC. 11. It shall be steadily kept in view by the Legislature, +and the Board of Public Charities, that all penal and charitable +institutions should be made as nearly self-supporting as is +consistent with the purposes of their creation. + +ARTICLE XII. MILITIA. + +SECTION 1. All able-bodied male citizens of the State of North +Carolina, between the ages of twenty-one and forty years, who +are citizens of the United States, shall be liable to duty in +the militia; Provided, That all persons who may be averse to +bearing arms, from religious scruples, shall be exempt therefrom. + +SEC. 2. The General Assembly shall provide for the organization, +arming, equipping and discipline of the militia, and for paying +the same when called into active service. + +SEC. 3. The Governor shall be Commander-in-Chief, and shall have +power to call out the militia to execute the law, suppress riots +or insurrections, and to repel invasion. + +SEC. 4. The General Assembly shall have power to make such +exemptions as may be deemed necessary, and to enact laws that +may be expedient for the government of the militia. + +ARTICLE XIII. AMENDMENTS. + +SECTION 1. No Convention of the people of this State shall ever +be called by the General Assembly, unless by the concurrence of +two-thirds of all the members of each House of the General +Assembly, and except the proposition "Convention" or "No +Convention" be first submitted to the qualified voters of the +whole State, at the next general election, in a manner to be +prescribed by law. And should a majority of the votes cast be +in favor of said Convention, it shall assemble on such a day as +may be prescribed by the General Assembly. + +SEC. 2. No part of the Constitution of this State shall be +altered, unless a bill to alter the same shall have been agreed +to by three fifths of each House of the General Assembly. And +the amendment or amendments so agreed to shall be submitted at +the next general election to the qualified voters of the whole +State, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. And in the +event of their adoption by a majority of the votes cast, such +amendment or amendments shall became a part of the Constitution +of this State. + +ARTICLE XIV. MISCELLANEOUS. + +SECTION 1. All indictments which shall have been found, or may +hereafter be found, for any crime or offence committed before +this Constitution takes effect, may be proceeded upon in the +proper courts, but no punishment shall be inflicted which is +forbidden by this Constitution. + +SEC. 2. No person who shall hereafter fight a duel, or assist in +the same as a second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry a +challenge therefor, or agree to go out of the State to fight a +duel, shall hold any office in this State. + +SEC. 3. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in +consequence of appropriations made by law; and an accurate +account of the receipts and expenditures of the public money +shall be annually published. + +SEC. 4. The General Assembly shall provide, by proper +legislation, for giving to mechanics and laborers an adequate +lien on the subject matter of their labor. + +SEC. 5. In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers +of this State, whether heretofore elected or appointed by the +Governor, shall hold their positions only until other +appointments are made by the Governor, or if the officers are +elective, until their successors shall have been chosen and duly +qualified according to the provisions of this Constitution. + +SEC. 6. The seat of government of this State shall remain at +the City of Raleigh. + +SEC. 7. No person, who shall hold any office or place of trust or +profit under the United States or any department thereof, or under +this State, or under any other State, or government, shall hold or +exercise any other office or place of trust or profit under the authority +of this State, or be eligible to a seat in either House of the General +Assembly: Provided, that nothing herein contained shall extend to +officers in the militia, Justices of the Peace, Commissioners of +Public Charities, or commissioners for special purposes. + +SEC. 8. All marriages between a white person and a negro, or +between a white person and a person of negro descent to the +third generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited. + + + + +QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION OF NORTH CAROLINA, +PREPARED BY HON. KEMP P. BATTLE., LL. D. +PRESIDENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA. + + +PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS. + +1. When was the first Constitution of North Carolina adopted? +Answer--On December 18, 1776. + +2. When was it first amended? Answer--In 1835. + +3. When was it again amended? Answer--In 1854, 1861 and 1865. + +4. When was a new Constitution adopted? Answer--In 1868. + +5. Was there not a Constitution adopted in 1866? Answer--A new +Constitution was adopted in 1866 by the Convention of 1865-'66, +but the people voted it down. + +6. Has the Constitution of 1868 been amended? Answer--Yes, it +was partially amended in 1874, and greatly amended by the +Convention of 1875. The people adopted these amendments in 1876- +-a hundred years after the adoption of the first Constitution. + +7. Is there further amendment? Answer--Yes; in 1880 + +8. What is a Constitution? Answer--" The principles or +fundamental laws which govern a State." Another definition is: +"The body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the +powers of sovereignty are habitually exercised." + +9. Is the Constitution of North Carolina the highest law? +Answer--No; the Constitution of the United States, and the laws +of the United States passed in pursuance thereto, are the +supreme law. + +10. Is the Constitution of North Carolina higher than the Acts +passed by the General Assembly? Answer--Yes; acts contrary to +the Constitution are null and void. + +11. Who decides whether acts are constitutional and binding or +not? Answer--The Courts. + +12. Give a simple explanation of the Constitution of North +Carolina. Answer--It is a written document in which the people +of North Carolina have laid down their plan of government of the +State. It designates what officers are to make the laws, what +officers are to interpret the laws, and what officers are to +enforce the laws. It lays down laws for the guidance of these +officers. If any officer acts contrary to it he is liable to +punishment: It is the organic or fundamental law--the +foundation stone on which our State government rests. It guards +and enforces the liberties of the people. If officers are +allowed to disobey it, our liberties will be in danger. Hence +every citizen should understand it, so that he may watch the +officers and hold them to their duties. + +13. Can it be changed? Answer--Yes; the people of the State can +change or amend it. The manner in which the people can change +it is prescribed in the Constitution itself, as will be seen +hereafter. + +14. Can it be changed in any other way? Answer--Yes; if an +amendment to the Constitution of the United States, contrary to +any provision of the State Constitution, is made according to +law, the latter must yield. + + +PREAMBLE. + +1. Who made the Constitution? + +2. For what purpose was it made? + +3. Is there recognition of God in it? + +4. For what blessings is gratitude to God expressed? + + +ARTICLE I. + +DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. + +1. For what purpose is this declaration made? + +2. What fundamental truths are declared? Section 1. * (NOTE-- +Most of the language of this section is taken from the +Declaration of Independence). + +3. In whom is political power vested? Section 2. + +4. For what good is government instituted? Section 2. + +5. Who has the right to regulate the State government? Section 3. + +6. Under what circumstances can the people change the form of +government? Section 3. + +7. Are the people under any restrictions in changing the form of +government? If so, what? Section 3. + +8. Has the State the right to secede from the Union? Section 4. + +9. Is the American Union a confederacy of States, or a nation of +the people of the States? Section 4. + +10. Is this State bound to prevent other States from seceding +from the Union? Section 4. + +11. Is our allegiance first due to the United States or to North +Carolina? Section 5. + +12. Can the General Assembly or a Convention of the people +release us from our primary allegiance to the United States? +Section 5. + +13. Can the State pay a debt incurred in rebellion against the +United States? Section 6. + +14. Can such a debt be collected in our courts? Section 6. + +15. Does this prohibition apply to past as well as future debts? +Section 6. + +16. Can the State pay for emancipated slaves? Section 6. + +17. What debts are forbidden to be paid or assumed in any way +unless by a vote of the people? Section 6. + +18. What majority must be had to sanction such payment or +assumption? Section 6. + +19. Is there no exception to this? Section 6. + +20. Can this vote be taken at a special election? Section 6. + +21. By what name are most of the bonds mentioned in the answer +to question 17 known? Answer--Special Tax bonds. + +22. Was this prohibition in the Constitution of 1876? Answer-- +No; it was inserted by amendment submitted to the people by the +General Assembly of 1879, and adopted by the people in 1880. + +23. What provision in regard to exclusive emoluments and +privileges? Section 7. + +24. What provision in regard to the legislative, executive and +judicial branches? Section 8. + +25. Can the Governor or Judges suspend laws? Section 9. + +26. Who can suspend laws? Section 9. + +27. What provision about election? Section 10. + +28. What rights has one who is charged with a crime? Section 11. + +29. If acquitted, does he pay the costs of his own witnesses, +&c. ? Section 11. + +30. What modes of prosecution are prescribed? Section 12. + +31. By whom must conviction be made? Section 13. + +32. Where must the verdict be rendered? Section 13. + +33. What right has the Legislature in regard to petty +misdemeanors? Section 14. + +34. Can those accused of petty misdemeanors be utterly deprived +of right of trial by jury? Section 13. Answer--No; they must +have right of appeal and thus getting a jury. + +35. What provision about bail? About fines and punishment? +Section 14. + +36. What are "general warrants"? Section 15. + +37. Are they allowed? If not, why not? Section 15. + +38. What provision about imprisonment for debt? Section 16. + +39. Repeat the section guarding the life, liberty and property +of citizens. Section 17. + +40. From what great historical document is this section taken? +Answer--From Magna Charta--wrested from King John, A. D. 1215. + +41. What rights has one restrained of his liberty? Section 18. + +42. Should he have a speedy trial? Section 18. + +43. In law suits about property, what kind of a trial is +declared best? Section 19. + +44. What is said about trial by jury in controversies about +property? Section 19. + +45. What is declared about freedom of the press? Section 20. + +46. Can the press be lawfully used for libelous and immoral +publications? Section 20. + +47. What provision about the writ of Habeas Corpus? Section 21. + +48. What do you mean by the "privileges of the writ of Habeas +Corpus"? Answer--The right of one restrained of his liberty to +be brought before a Judge in order that the cause of +imprisonment may be inquired into and be dealt with according to +law. + +49. Must a man own property in order to vote or hold office? +Section 22. + +50. Why not? Section 22. + +51. What safeguard against improper taxation? Section 23. + +52. Did the people claim this when we achieved our independence +of Great Britain? Answer--Yes; the denial of this right was one +of the chief causes of the Revolutionary war. + +53. Is the right to bear arms secured? Section 24. + +54. What reason is given why the people should have this right? +Section 24. + +55. Are standing armies allowed? Section 24. + +56. Why should they not be allowed? Section 24. + +57. Which should be superior, the civil or military power? Section 24. + +58. Can the practice of carrying concealed weapons be +prohibited, and how? Section 24. + +59. For what purposes may the people assemble together? +Section 25. + +60. What is said of secret societies? Section 25. + +61. What provision securing religions liberty? Section 26. + +62. What provision about education? Section 27. + +63. Why should elections be often held? Section 28. + +64. What is necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty? +Section 29. + +65. What provision in regard to hereditary privileges, &c. ? +Section 30 + +66. About perpetuities and monopolies. Section 31. +(See Article II section 15). + +67. What are ex-post facto laws? Section 32. + +68. Are they proper? Section 32. + +69. What retrospective laws are forbidden? Section 32. + +70. Are all slavery and involuntary servitude abolished? +Section 33. + +71. What not abolished? Section 33. + +72. What provision about the State boundaries? Section 34. + +73. What provision about the courts? Section 35 and section 17. + +74. What redress for injuries? Section 35 and section 17. + +75. How shall justice be administered? * Section 35. + +*Note--These words are from Magna Charta. + +76. How are householders protected from quartering of soldiers? +Section 36. + +77. Does the Declaration of Rights enumerate all the rights +possessed by the people? Section 37. + +78. Who have the powers not delegated in the Constitution? +Section 37. + + +ARTICLE II. + +LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. + +1. How is the legislative authority vested? Section 1. + +2. When these two bodies meet according to law what is their +joint name? Section 2. + +3. When is their regular meeting? Section 2. + +4. How many members required in order to proceed to public +business? Section 2. + +5. What name is given to this majority? Answer--Quorum. + +6. How many Senators? Section 3. + +7. How chosen? Section 3. + +8. How often chosen? Section 3. + +9. How are the Senate districts formed? Section 4. + +10. Who are excluded from the count? Section 4. + +11. When can a county be divided in forming a Senatorial +district? Section 4. + +12. How are the members of the House of Representatives chosen? +Section 5. + +13. What is the rule as to counties not having a hundred-and- +twentieth part of the population? Section 5. + +14. How is the apportionment of Representatives made? Section 6. + +15. What are the qualifications of a Senator? Section 7. + +16. What of members of the House? Section 8. + +17. How does the General Assembly elect officers? Section 9; +and Article VI, section 3. + +18. How do the people vote for Senators and members of the +House? Sections 3 and 5; and Article VI, section 3. + +19. What is the provision about divorce and alimony? Section 10. + +20. What legislation is prohibited to the General Assembly? +Section 11. (See Article V, section 1). + +21. How can the General Assembly pass private laws other than +those mentioned in sections 10 and 11? Section 12. + +22. How are vacancies in the General Assembly filled? Section 13. + +23. What laws must be read three times in each House, on three +separate days? Section 14. (See Article V, section 6). + +24. Must the names of the members voting be entered on the +journal when these laws are passed? Section 14. + +25. How must entails be regulated? Section 15. (See Article J, section 31). + +26. What must be done with the journals of each House? Section 16. + +27. When can a member have the reasons of his dissent entered on +the journal? Section 17. + +28. Who chooses the Speaker and other officers of the House of +Representatives? Section 18. + +29. Who presides in the Senate ordinarily? Section 16. + +30. When has the Lieutenant-Governor the right to vote? Section 19. + +31, What power has the Senate, independent of the House of +Representatives? Sections 20 and 22. (See Article IV, section 3). + +32. When does the Senate choose a Speaker? Section 20. +In Article II, section 12, he is called President. + +33, What is the style of the acts of Assembly? Section 21. + +34. What powers has each House by itself? Section 22. + +35. Can one House by itself adjourn to any future day, or other +place? Section 22. + +36. How often must bills be read before becoming laws? +Section 23. + +37. What else must be read three times? Section 23. + +38. Who signs these bills and resolutions? Section 23. They +must be signed in the presence of the Houses. + +39. What are bills called after such signatures? Sections 21 and 23. + +40. What oath or affirmation must each member take? Section 23. + +41. When must be take this oath or affirmation? Section 24. + +42. When do the terms of office begin? Section 25. + +43. When must the names of the members be entered on the +journal? Sections 14 and 21. + +44. What is this proceeding termed? Answer--"Calling the yeas +and nays." + +45. What time is designated in the Constitution for holding the +election of members? Section 27. + +46. Can the General Assembly change this? Section 27. + +47. Has the change been made? Answer--Yes; to the first Tuesday +after the first Monday in November. + +48. What authority determines the places of voting? Section 27. + +49. What compensation do members receive, and how long? +Section 28. + +50. What mileage? Section 28. + +51. What do the presiding officers receive? Section 28. + +52. What provision about compensation during extra session? +Section 28. + + +ARTICLE III. + +EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. + +1. In whom is the supreme executive power? Section 1. + +2. Who constitute the Executive Department? Section 1. + +3. Who chooses these officers? Section 1. + +4. How long do they serve? Section 1. + +5. At what times and places are the elections held? Section 1. + +6. When does their term of office begin? Section 1. + +7. How long do they serve? Section 1. + +8. What are the qualifications for the offices of Governor and +Lieutenant-Governor? Section 2. + +9. Can they ever serve two terms in succession? Section 2. + +10. To whom are all the returns of election sent? Section 3. + +11. To what post-office? Section 3. + +12. Before whom are they opened and published? Section 3. + +13. Who must be declared elected? Section 3. + +14. What is done in case of a tie? Section 3. + +15. In such case how do the Houses vote? Section 3. + +16. What must be done about contested elections? Section ? ? + +17. What oath does the Governor take? Section 4. + +18. Before whom taken? Section 4. + +19. Where must the Governor reside? Section 5. + +20. What duties has he to perform in regard to the General +Assembly? Section 5. + +21. In what case can the Governor grant pardons, &c. ? +Section 6. + +22. Can he pardon before the offender is convicted? Section 6. + +23. Can he pardon one impeached? Section 6. + +24. What is the Governor's duty in regard to pardons, &c., after +granted? Section 6. + +25. What officers report to the Governor? Section 7. + +26. What is done with these reports? Section 7. + +27. Supposing the Governor desires information regarding the +duties of officers of the Executive Department, what can he +require? Section 7. + +28. What is the greatest duty of the Governor? Section 7. + +29. Who is commander-in-chief of the militia? Section 8. + +30. Can the militia ever pass out of his authority? Section 8. + +31. Under what circumstances can an extra session of the General +Assembly be called? Section 9 + +32. Who nominates officers not otherwise provided for in the +Constitution? Section 10. + +33. To what body are the nominations sent? Section 10. + +34. Can the Senate reject the nominations. Section 10. + +35. What duty has the Lieutenant-Governor in regard to the +Senate? Section 11; and Article II, section 19. + +36. Is he a Senator? Answer--No. + +37. What is his compensation? Section 11; and Article II, +section 28. + +38. Under what circumstances does the Lieutenant-Governor assume +the powers, &c., of the Governor? Section 12. + +39. What is done when the Lieutenant-Governor cannot preside in +the Senate? Section 12. + +40. Who succeeds the Lieutenant-Governor, and under what +circumstances? Section 12. + +41. What is done if the Lieutenant-Governor loses the office of +Governor during the recess of the General Assembly? Section 12. + +42. Who prescribes the duties of the officers of the Executive +Department? Section 13. + +43. What is done in case of a vacancy? Section 13. + +44. How long does the officer so appointed hold his office? +Section 13. + +45. Who constitute the Council of State? Section 14. + +46. What is done with their proceedings? Section 14. + +47. Who is the legal adviser of the Executive Department? +Section 14. + +48. Who establishes the compensation of these officers? +Section 15. + +49. How is their independence secured? Section 15. + +50. What is the seal of the State called? Section 16. + +51. Who has charge of it? Section 16. + +52. In what name are grants of lands, &c., issued, and how are +they authenticated? Section 16. + +53. In what manner are commissions to officers, &c., +authenticated? Section 16. + +54. What department besides those heretofore named must be +established by the General Assembly? Section 17. + +55. What laws must be enacted? Section 17. + + +ARTICLE IV. + +JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. + +1. What is done in regard to distinctions between actions at law +and suits in equity? Section 1. + +2. Do the old forms of actions and suits remain? Section 1. + +3. What is the name of the form of actions in use? Section 1. + +4. What is the name of the actions prosecuted by the State for a +public offence? Section 1. + +5. What is done with feigned issues? Section 1. + +6. How is the fact at issue tried? Section 1. + +7. In what courts is the judicial power vested? Section 2. + +8. Can the General Assembly establish any courts? Section 2. + +9. What is the court for trial of impeachments? Section 3. + +10. How many Senators must be present? Section 3. + +11. Who presides when the Governor is impeached? Section 4. + +12. What sentence can the Senate inflict? Section 3. + +13. Does the impeachment for a crime indictable in the courts +prevent prosecution in the courts? Section 3. + +14. Can a less number than thirty-four Senators convict on +impeachment? Section 4. + +15. What is the least number which can possibly convict? Answer- +-Two-thirds of a bare quorum--eighteen Senators. + +16. What is treason against the State? Section 5. + +17. In what modes can traitors be convicted? Section 5. + +18. Can the punishment be made to extend to forfeiture of land +or goods? Section 5. + +19. Can it extend to corruption of blood? Section 5. + +20. What officers constitute the Supreme Court? Section 6. + +21. Are they called Judges? Section 6, but see sections 18 and 31. + +22. Where are the terms of the Supreme Court held? Section 7. + +23. What is the jurisdiction of this Court on appeals? Section 8. + +24. What jurisdiction over issues and questions of fact? +Section 8. + +25. Over what courts has it control? Section 8. + +26. What writs may it issue to effectuate this control? Section 8. + +27. What are some of these writs called? +Answer--Mundamus, Procedendo, Certiorari, Recordari, &c. + +28. What original jurisdiction has the Supreme Court? Section 9. + +29. Can the Court issue execution against the State? Section 9. + +30. What is done with the decisions of the Court in such cases? +Section 9. + +31. Is the General Assembly bound to carry out the decision of +the Court? Section 9; and Article I, section 8. + +32. Into how many districts is the State divided by the +Constitution? Section 10. + +33. What chief town or towns in First District? +Answer--Elizabeth City, Edenton. +In Second District? Raleigh, New Bern. +In Third District? Wilmington, Goldsboro. +In Fourth District? Fayetteville. +In Fifth District? Greensboro, Durham. +In Sixth District? Charlotte, Monroe. +In Seventh District? Winston, Salisbury. +In Eighth District? Statesville, Morganton. +In Ninth District? Asheville. + +34. Can the General Assembly change the number of districts? +Section 10. + +35. How often in each county must the Superior Court be held? +Section 10. + +36. Where shall be the residence of the Judge? Section 11. + +37. Do the Judges preside always in the same district? +Section 11. + +38. How often can a Judge preside in the same district? +Section 1 + +39. Is there any exception to this? Section 11. + +40. Can the General Assembly deprive the Judicial Department of its +rightful powers, &c ? Section 12; and Article I, section 8. + +41. What is allowable for the General Assembly to do ? Section 12. + +42. Does this power extend to the Supreme Court? Section 12. + +43. Can the General Assembly regulate appeals? Section 12. + +44. What power has the General Assembly in regard to methods of +proceedings ? Section 12. + +45. Are parties in a law suit bound to submit issues of fact to +the jury. Section 13. + +46. What effect has the finding of the Judge in such case upon +the facts? Section 13. + +47. What duty has the General Assembly in regard to courts for +citie and towns? Section 14. + +48. Can these courts be allowed to try capital cases and other +felonies Section 14. + +49. Who appoints the Clerk of the Supreme Court? Section 15. 50. +What is his term of office? Section 16. + +51. How is the Clerk of a Superior Court appointed? Section 16. + +52. When is the election ? Section 16. + +53. What is the term of office? Section 17. + +54. Who prescribes the salaries, fees, &c., of Judges, Clerks, &e. +Section 18. + +55. How is the independence of the Judges secured ? Section 18. + +56. What laws of North Carolina are in force? Section 19. + +57. Where may these laws be found ? +Answer. -Same may be found in the acts of Assembly, State Codes, &c. +but besides these we have the "Common Law," inherited from our +ancestors, not found in any statute book. + +58. Where are the principles of this " Common Law'" to be looked +for Answer. -In the reports of judicial decisions, writings of +eminent lawyers, &c. + +59. Who can alter these laws? Article II, section 1. + +60. What was done with actions and suits pending when the +Constitution went into effect ? Section 20. + +61. How were these old suits to be-heard and determined ? +Section 20 + +62. Who appoints the Justices of the Supreme Court? Section 21. + +63. When does the voting take place? Section 21. + +64. What is the term of office ? Section 21. + +65. How are Judges of the Superior Courts elected ? Section 21. + +66. What is their term of office? Section 21. + +67. Are they necessarily elected by all the voters of the State? +Section 21. + +68. When are the Superior Courts open ? Section 22. + +69. Is there exception to this? Section 22. + +70. Who elects the Solicitors of the Judicial Districts? Section 23. + +71. What is their term of office? Section 23. + +72. What are their duties? Section 23. + +73. Can a Justice of the Peace call on the Solicitor for legal advice? +Section 23. + +74. How are Sheriffs and Coroners chosen ? Section 24. + +75. What is the term of office? Section 24. + +76. Who elects Constables? Section 24. + +77. What are their terms of office? Section. 24. + +78. Suppose there is no Coroner and one is needed. what is done? +Section 24. + +79. Who may fill vacancies in the offices of Sheriff, Coroner and +Constable? Section 24. + +80. Who fills vacancies in offices created under this Article not +specially provided for? Section 25. + +81. How long do Judges, &c., so appointed, hold office? Section 25. + +82. Suppose no election is held for such offices? Section 25. + +83. Suppose those elected refuse to qualify? Section 25. + +84. Suppose successors do not qualify? Section 25. + +85. Is section 26 obsolete? + +86. What jurisdiction have Justices of the Peace over civil actions? +Section 27. + +87. Suppose the title to land is in question? Section 27. + +88. Suppose the action is not founded on contract, where is it to be +tried? Section 27. + +89. Of what criminal matters have they jurisdiction ? Section 27. + +90. Who has power to regulate the fines and imprisonments? +Answer. -The General Assembly. + +91. Can the General Assembly give jurisdiction to Justices of the Peace +over any other matters whatever? Section 27. + +92. Suppose an issue of fact is joined before a justice, can he +decide it? Section 27. + +93. Suppose either party demands a jury? Section 27. + +94. Is not this provision for a jury of six violating Article I, +section 19? Answer---No; right of appeal is allowed. +Section 27. + +95. Is appeal allowed in criminal cases also? Section 27. + +96. Must the Justice write down the proceedings? Section 27. + +97. What must he do with the record? Section 27. + +98. Who fills vacancies in the office of Justice of the Peace? +Section 28. + +99. Who fills vacancies in the office of the Superior Court +Clerk? Section 29. + +100. Supposing the General Assembly to establish other courts, +who chooses the Judges and other officers? Section 30. + +101. What is their term of office? Section 30. + +102. For what may Judges be removed? Section 31. + +103. What vote is necessary? Section 31. + +104. What notice must be given? Section 31. + +105. Supposing two-thirds of one House, and a majority not two- +thirds of the other House, vote for removal, what is the result? +Section 31. + +106. For what can Clerks of Courts be removed? Section 31. + +107. Who have the power of removal? Section 31. + +108. What notice must Clerks have of proceedings against them? +Section 31. + +109. Can the Clerks of the Courts inferior to the Supreme Court +appeal? Section 32. + +110. Is section 33 obsolete? + + + +ARTICLE V. + +REVENUES AND TAXATION. + + +1. What is another name for "capitation tax"? Answer--"Poll tax." + +2. Is the General Assembly bound to levy such tax? Section 1. + +3. On whom must it be levied? Section 1. + +4. To what amount must it be equal? Section 1. + +5. What is the maximum capitation tax under this section? Section 1. + +6. What is the maximum property tax? Answer--Sixty-six and two- +thirds cents on the one hundred dollars valuation. + +7. What is the object of the "equation of taxes"? Answer--To +protect property from excessive taxation by those owning no +property, and vice versa. + +8. Who can exempt from capitation tax, and for what reason? +Section 1. + +9. To what purpose must the capitation tax be applied? +Section 2. + +10. What is the maximum amount which can be applied to the +support of the poor? Section 2. + +11. How must property be taxed? Section 3. + +12. What has the General Assembly power to tax without being +compelled to do so? Section 3. + +13. Can the income of a farmer from his lands be taxed? Section 3. + +14. What provisions in regard to contracting new debts? Section 4. + +15. Is the special tax to be levied when the bonds of the State +are at par? Section 4. + +16. Supposing the bonds are not at par, in what cases are the +special taxes not required? Section 4. + +17. What is necessary before the General Assembly can give or +lend the credit of the State to individuals or corporations? +Section 4. + +18. What exception to the general rule? Section 4. + +19. Does it require a majority of all the qualified voters to +sanction such loan? Section 4. + +20. Can the General Assembly take stock in a corporation and pay +for the same by bonds of the State accepted at par? Section 4. +(The Supreme Court says they cannot). + +21. What property the General Assembly cannot tax? Section 5. + +22. What property does the General Assembly have power to exempt +to an unlimited extent? Section 5. + +23. What property to a limited amount only? Section 5. + +24. What is the limit? Section 5. + +25. In what mode are county taxes to be levied? Section 5. + +26. What is the limit of county taxation, for general purposes? +Section 6 + +27. Supposing the county desires to exceed this limit for a +special purpose? Section 6. + +28. What must be observed in levying tax acts, i.e., +"Revenue Acts"? Section 7. + +29. Can tax money raised for one purpose be used for another? +Section 7. + + +ARTICLE VI. + +SUFFRAGE AND ELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE. + + +1. State the qualifications of an elector, i.e., a voter. Section 1. + +2. What exception to this rule? Section 1. + +3. Does the mere commission of an infamous crime disqualify? +Section 1. + +4. What authority lays down the rule for restoration to rights +of citizenship? Section 1. + +5. What step is requisite preliminary to voting? Section 2. + +6. What oath is necessary to registration? Section 2. + +7. What authority provides rules for registration? Section 2. + +8. How do the people vote? Section 3. + +9. How do members of the General Assembly vote in elections of +officers? Section 3; and Article II, section 9. + +10. What is the general rule as to qualifications for holding +office? Section 4. + +11. What oath does the officer take? Section 4. + +12. What persons are disqualified? Section 4. + +13. Does mere disbelief in an Almighty God disqualify, if such +disbelief be not expressed? Answer--No; the word "deny" is held +to mean assertion of disbelief by word, writing or otherwise. +(See Article I, section 26) + + +ARTICLE VII. + +MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. + +[Note--By authority conferred in section 14 of this Article the +General Assembly has materially changed its provisions (Laws of +1876-'77, chapter 141). The attention of the pupil will be +called to the most important of these changes.] + +1. What county officers are to be elected? Section 1. +By act of 1876-'77, chapter 141, section 5, the Justices of the Peace +elect three, four or five County Commissioners. The Justices +may abolish the office of County Treasurer, and then the Sheriff +takes his place. + +2. How often and when does the election take place? Section 1. + +3. What are the duties of the County Commissioners by the +Constitution? Section 2. + +4. How is this changed by act of 1876-'77: chapter 141? +Answer--By this act, section 5, the Commissioners cannot levy taxes, +purchase land, remove or designate new sites for county +buildings, contract or repair bridges, if the cost may be over +$500, or borrow money, or alter, or make additional townships, +without the concurrence of a majority of the Justices of the +Peace sitting with them. Moreover, by the same act the Board of +County Commissioners have the powers of the Township Trustees. +Section 6. + +5. Who is Clerk of the Board of Commissioners? Section 2. + +6. What duty, did the Commissioners of 1868 have? Section 3. + +7. What is the name of the districts so formed? Section 4. + +8. What powers did they have, and for what purpose? Section 4. +By act of 1876-'77, chapter 141, section 3, these powers are to +be under supervision of the Board of County Commissioners; and +the said Board can alter boundaries of said townships and create +additional ones. + +9. Who constituted the Board of Trustees of the Township by the +Constitution, and by whom and when were they to be chosen? +Section 5. + +10. How is this by act of 1876-'77, chapter 141? +Answer--By act of 1876-'77, chapter 141, the General Assembly +appoints three Justices for each township, who are divided in +three classes and hold their offices for two, four and six +years, but the successors of each class, as its term expires, +hold office for six years. For each township in which any city +or incorporated town was situated, one Justice of the Peace is +appointed by the General Assembly, and one for each one thousand +inhabitants of the city or town. When new townships are +created, the General Assembly, not being in session, the +Governor appoints until the next meeting of the Assembly. + +11. What other officers were to be elected in the townships? Section 5. + +12. How has section 6 been changed? +Answer--The Board of Commissioners appoint one Justice of the +Peace, or other suitable person, in each township, to list lands +and personal property therein. Laws of 1881, chapter 117, +section 1. The tax list is revised by the Board of County +Commissioners. Same; section 18. + +13. What is necessary to enable a county or other municipal +corporation to contract debts, pledge its faith, or loan its +credit? Section 7. + +14. What is necessary in order to levy and collect taxes more +than for necessary expenses? Section 7. + +15. Will a majority of those actually voting be always sufficient? Section 7. + +16. What is necessary to enable money to be drawn from county or +township treasuries? Section 8. + +17. What is the rule of taxation in county and other municipal +corporations? Section 9; and Article V, section 6. + +18. What exemptions are required? Section 9, and Article V, section 5. + +19. What exemptions are allowed, and to what extent? Section 9; +and Article V, section 5. + +20. Is section 10 obsolete? + +21. Is section 11 obsolete? + +22. Did all charters, &c., relating to municipal corporations, +become of no effect on the adoption of this Article? Section 12. + +23. What debts are counties, &c., forbidden to pay, or levy +taxes for? Section 13. + +24. What provision of this Article can the General Assembly +change or abrogate? Section 14. + +25. What is section 7? + +26. What is section 9? + +27. What is section 13? + +[NOTE--By Act of 1881, Chapter 200, "County Superintendents of +Public Instruction" are to be elected by the County Board of +Education and County Board of Magistrates in joint session. The +County Commissioners constitute the County Board of Education. +Same; section 15.] + +28. Suppose the General Assembly should attempt to change either +of these sections? Answer--It would be the duty of the Courts +to decide their action invalid. + + + +ARTICLE VIII. + +CORPORATIONS OTHER THAN MUNICIPAL. + +1. In what way may corporations be formed? Section 1. + +2. In what case may they be created by special act? Section l. + +3. Can charters of corporations granted under this section be +amended or repealed? Section 1. + +4. How shall debts of corporations be secured? Section 1. + +5. What authority has the right to prescribe rules for so +securing corporation dues? Section 2. + +6. What is the meaning of the term "corporation" as used in this +Article? Section 3. + +7. Can corporations sue and be sued like natural persons? Section 3. + +8. On whom is the duty of organizing cities, towns and +incorporated villages? Section 4. + +9. What powers should the General Assembly restrict? Section 4. + +10. For what purpose are these restrictions? Section 4. + + + +ARTICLE IX. + +EDUCATION. + +1. Why should schools, &c., be encouraged? Section 1. + +2. What is the duty of the General Assembly in regard to public +schools? Section 2. + +3. How must they provide such schools? Section 2. + +4. What are the school ages? Section 2. + +5. What charge shall be made for tuition? Section 2. + +6. Are "mixed schools" allowed? Section 2. + +7. Is it lawful to have the schools for one race superior to +those of the other? Section 2. + +8. How shall the counties he divided for school purposes? +Section 3. + +9. How long must the schools be maintained? Section 3. + +10. What punishment do the Commissioners incur by failing to +comply with this? Section 3. + +11. What funds are set apart for support of the schools? Section 4. + +12. Can these funds be used for any other purpose? Section 4. + +13. What officer has charge of these funds? Section 4. + +14. What funds do the counties have charge of for school +purposes? Section 5. + +15. How is the Superintendent of Public Instruction to know +about these county funds? Section 5. + +16. Who provides for the election of Trustees of the University? +Section 6. + +17. What is vested in these Trustees? Section 6. + +18. Who has power to provide for the maintenance and management +of the University? Section 6. + +19. What is the duty of the General Assembly in regard to +education at the University? Section 7. + +20. What is their duty in regard to escheats, unclaimed +dividends and distributive shares? Section 7. + +21. Who constitute the State Board of Education? Section 8. + +22. Who are its officers? Section 9. + +23. To what does the Board of Education succeed? Section 10. + +24. What power of legislation has the Board? Section 10. + +25. Is such legislation final? Section 10. + +26. Who fixes the times of meeting of the Board? Section 11. + +27. How many necessary for the transaction of business? Section 12. + +28. Who provides for the contingent expenses of the Board? Section 13. + +29. What departments in connection with the University must the +General Assembly establish? Section 14. + +30. Can the General Assembly enact "compulsory education"? +Section 15. + +31. Over what ages would this compulsory education extend? Section 15. + +32. For what length of time? Section 15. + + + +ARTICLE X. + +HOMESTEADS AND EXEMPTIONS. + +1. How much personal property is exempted from execution? +Section 1. + +2. Who chooses this property? Section 1. + +3. Is it exempt from execution only? Section 1. + +4. What land is exempt, and of what value? Section 2. + +5. Who selects the homestead? Section 2. + +6. Can a lot in a city, &c., be set apart? Section 2. + +7. Is the homestead liable for taxes? Section 2. + +8. Is it liable for any other debt besides taxes? Section 2. + +9. After death of the owner is the homestead exempt any longer? +Section 2. + +10. If work is done on a homestead, is such homestead exempt +from the mechanic's or laborer's lien? Section 4. + +11. Supposing the owner dies leaving a widow, but no children-- +from what is the homestead exempt, and how long? Section 5. + +12. What privileges does the widow enjoy, and how long? Section 5. + +13. Is every widow entitled to such privileges? Section 5. + +14. What becomes of the property of a woman marrying? Section 6. + +15. Suppose she acquires property after marriage, does she or +her husband own it? Section 6. + +16. What kind of property so belongs to the wife? Section 6. + +17. Cannot such property be made to pay the husband's debts? Section 5. + +18. Can she give her property away by will? Section 6. + +19. Is her husband's assent necessary to the validity of her will? Section 6. + +20. Can she sell or give away her property before her death? Section 6. + +21. Is her husband's assent necessary to such sale, &c. ? Section 6. + +22. Can her husband signify such assent "by word of mouth"? Section 6. + +23. Can the husband insure his life for the benefit of his wife +and children and pay for the policy out of his own money, rather +than pay his creditors? Section 7. + +24. What is done with the money when he dies? Section 7. + +26. Can the owner of the homestead sell it? Section 8. + +26. What is necessary to the validity of the deed? Section 8. + +27. Suppose he is not married. Section 8. + + +ARTICLE XI. + +PUNISHMENTS, PENAL INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC CHARITIES. + +1. What are the punishments lawful in North Carolina? Section 1. + +2. Can convicts be made to labor on public works, &c. ? Section 1. + +3. Can convicts be hired (or farmed) out to individuals or +corporations? Section 1. + +4. Can all convicts be farmed out? Section 1. + +5. What authority prescribes the rules in regard to farming out +convicts? Section 1. + +6. What convicts cannot be farmed out? Section 1. + +7. Can those hiring convicts punish them as they please? Section 1. + +8. For what can they be punished by the proper officer? Section 1. + +9. Under whose supervision, &c., are these convicts? Section 1. + +10. Can the General Assembly abolish capital punishment? Section 2. + +11. For what offences can the punishment of death be inflicted? +Section 2. + +12. What are the objects of punishment? Section 2. + +13. What is the duty of the General Assembly in regard to a +penitentiary? Section 3. + +14. For what may houses of correction be provided? Section 4. + +15. For what may houses of refuge be established? Section 5. + +16. How must the structure and superintendence of penal +institutions, &c., be arranged? Section 6. + +17. What provision in regard to male and female prisoners? Section 6. + +18. What is one of the first duties of a civilized State? Section 7. + +19. What must the General Assembly do to carry out this duty? Section 7. + +20. What are the duties of this Board? Section 7. + +21. What must the General Assembly do for destitute orphans? Section 8. + +22. What must the General Assembly do in regard to idiots? Section 9. + +23. Can idiots be educated? Answer--Yes; they can be taught +many things of value to them and to others. + +24. What other unfortunates are classed with idiots? Section 9. + +25. What classes may be provided for at the expense of the +State? Section 10. + +26. Has this section been changed since 1876? +Answer--By amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1880, the +word "may" was substituted for the word "must" in this section. + +27. Should the penal and charitable institutions be made self- +supporting? Section 11. + + +ARTICLE XII. + +MILITIA. + +1. Who is liable to militia duty? Section 1. + +2. Who are exempt? Section 1. + +3. What duties has the General Assembly in regard to militia? Section 2. + +4. Who is Commander-in-Chief of the militia? . Section 3; and +Article III, section 8. + +5. For what may he call them out? Section 3; and see Article III, section 7. + +6. What authority can make exemptions from militia duty? Section 4. + +7. What other duty has the General Assembly in regard to the militia? Section 4. + + +ARTICLE XIII. + +AMENDMENTS. + +1. In what manner must a convention of the people be called? +Section 1. + +2. What is the number of votes necessary in the Senate? Answer-- +Two-thirds of fifty--thirty-four at the least. + +3. What number in the House of Representatives? Answer--Two- +thirds of one hundred and twenty-eighty votes at the least. + +4. What authority directs the manner of submission to the +people? Section 1. + +5. What authority prescribes the day of meeting? Section 1. + +6. Can a convention so called to alter the Constitution? Answer- +-Yes; it can amend the Constitution or make a new one. + +7. What is a "restricted convention"? Answer--One in which the +General Assembly provides that the members shall confine their +action to certain specified matters, or shall refrain from +making changes in certain particulars. Some have doubted the +power of the General Assembly to bind the members in this way, +but it has been done several times in this State. + +8. Can the Constitution be altered without calling a Convention? +Section 2. + +9. By what vote must the proposed change pass the General +Assembly? Section 2. + +10. Does this mean three-fifths of all the members of each +House? Section 2. + +11. What is the least vote by which it could pass in the Senate? +Answer--Three-fifths of twenty-six--sixteen votes. + +12. What is the least in the House of Representatives? Answer-- +Three-fifths of sixty-one--thirty-seven votes. + +13. What must then be done with the proposed amendment? Section 2. + +14. Does it require a majority of all the qualified voters to +pass it? Section 2. + +15. Which is the most, two-thirds or three-fifths? + + +ARTICLE XIV. + +MISCELLANEOUS. + +1. Supposing indictments to be pending at the adoption of the +Constitution, what is the rule in regard to their punishments? +Section 1. + +2. What is the rule in regard to dueling? Section 1. + +3. Is the challenger disqualified if the other party declines to +fight? Section 2. + +4. Is the challenged party, who accepts the challenge, +disqualified if no fight occurs? Section 2. + +5. Is the person who carries the challenge disqualified if no +fight occurs? Section 2. + +6. Is it any offence against the laws of North Carolina for its +citizens to fight in another State? +Answer: No; but it is an offence to agree to go out of the State +for the purpose of fighting. + +7. What is necessary to enable money to be drawn from the Treasury +of the State? Section 3. (See Article V, section 7). + +8. What must be done with the account of receipts and expenditures? +Section 3. + +9. What protection to mechanics and laborers must be given? +Section 4; and Article X, section 4. + +10. What is the general provision in regard to terms of office? +Section 5. + +11. Where shall be the seat of government? Section 6. + +12. What is the rule in regard to double office? Section 7. + +13. What exception to the general rule? Section 7. + +14. What marriages are prohibited? Section 8. + +16. What proportion of negro blood comes within the prohibition? +Section 8. Answer--One-eighth negro blood (octoroon) will prohibit. + + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, SCHOOL HISTORY OF NORTH CAROLINA *** + +This file should be named 6080.txt or 6080.zip + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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