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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c27eafe --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #60794 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60794) diff --git a/old/60794-8.txt b/old/60794-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 349547c..0000000 --- a/old/60794-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3194 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Typewriter, by -Herkimer County Historical Society - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Story of the Typewriter - 1873-1923 - -Author: Herkimer County Historical Society - -Release Date: November 26, 2019 [EBook #60794] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE TYPEWRITER *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - THE STORY - OF THE - TYPEWRITER - - 1873-1923 - - PUBLISHED IN COMMEMORATION OF THE FIFTIETH - ANNIVERSARY OF THE INVENTION OF - THE WRITING MACHINE - - - BY THE - Herkimer County Historical Society - - - HERKIMER, NEW YORK - 1923 - - - - - - - - -CONTENTS - - - PAGE -Foreword, by the President of the Herkimer County Historical -Society 7 - -Chapter I. -Fifty Years Old 9 - -Chapter II. -Early Efforts 17 - -Chapter III. -The First Practical Typewriter 30 - -Chapter IV. -Seeking a Market 63 - -Chapter V. -Launched on the Commercial World 84 - -Chapter VI. -High Spots in Typewriter Progress 99 - -Chapter VII. -Widening the Field 115 - -Chapter VIII. -How Women Achieved Economic Emancipation Through the Writing -Machine 134 - - - - - - - - -FOREWORD - - -Local pride in achievement is not only pardonable, but, when that -achievement marks a real contribution to human progress, it may even -be laudable. It is with no apology, therefore, that the Herkimer County -Historical Society presents to the public the story of the typewriter, -which we of Herkimer County, New York, have seen unfold. - -Half a century ago, in the little Mohawk Valley village of Ilion, -was begun the manufacture of a machine which, in that comparatively -brief period, has revolutionized intercommunication, contributed -mightily to the expansion of modern business, and, what is of even -greater significance, has proved the chief factor in the economic -emancipation of women. - -Realizing the importance of this service, the writer had the honor -of suggesting to the Society and to the citizens of Herkimer County -that its fiftieth anniversary be adequately observed. One step -in this observance has taken the form of publishing this little -volume. The data from which it was prepared has been gathered by the -Society from a great variety of sources, including one man who has -been identified with the history of the typewriter from its earliest -days. It shows conclusively that Ilion will go down in history as the -center from which, in the main, has flowed this great contribution -to civilization's progress. - -The Society takes this occasion to extend an invitation to the general -public to send to it any additional historical data which may serve -to make our archives upon the subject more complete. We would be -glad to be informed, for instance, of the names of any individuals -now living, not mentioned in this volume, who have been identified -in any important way with the development of the typewriting machine -and its extension throughout the world during the last half century; -the location and ownership of any typewriting machine which is over -forty-five years old; the name and address of anyone who has been a -continuous user of a typewriter for at least forty years; the location -and ownership of any machine upon which any very important manuscript -or public document was written. In a word, we would like to make the -Herkimer County Historical Society's archives the repository where -future historians may find complete and reliable information upon -the invention which was Christopher Latham Sholes' gift to the world. - - -John W. Vrooman, -President, Herkimer County Historical Society. -Herkimer, N. Y., April 7, 1923. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -FIFTY YEARS OLD - - -The manufacture of the first practical writing machines began at Ilion, -Herkimer County, New York, in the autumn of 1873. This anniversary -year 1923 is a fitting time to review the remarkable history of this -great invention, and every phase of the incalculable service which -it has rendered to the modern world. - -Fifty years old! What will be the thoughts of the average reader when -he is reminded of the actual age of the writing machine? - -The typewriter has made itself such an essential factor in modern -life, it has become so necessary to all human activities, that the -present-day world could hardly be conceived without it. It is hard to -name any other article of commerce which has played a more commanding -role in the shaping of human destiny. It has freed the world from pen -slavery and, in doing so, it has saved a volume of time and labor which -is simply incalculable. Its time-saving service has facilitated and -rendered possible the enormous growth of modern business. The idea -which it embodied has directly inspired many subsequent inventions -in the same field, all of which have helped to lighten the burden of -the world's numberless tasks. In its broad influence on human society, -the typewriter has been equally revolutionary, for it was the writing -machine which first opened to women the doors of business life. It -has radically changed our modern system of education in many of its -most important phases. It has helped to knit the whole world closer -together. Its influence has been felt in the shaping of language and -even of human thought. - -The most amazing fact of all is that these stupendous changes are so -recent that they belong to our own times. One need not be very old to -recollect when the typewriter first began to be a factor in business -life. The man in his fifties distinctly remembers it all. There are -even some now living who were identified with the first typewriter -when its manufacture began fifty years ago in the little Mohawk Valley -town of Ilion, New York. - -Such results, all within so short a period, indicate the speed with -which our old world has traveled during the past generation--a striking -contrast to the leisurely pace of former ages. - -The story of the typewriter is really the latest phase of another and -greater story--that of writing itself. Anyone, however, who attempted -to write this greater story would soon discover that he had undertaken -to write the whole history of civilization. The advance of man from -primitive savagery to his present stage of efficiency and enlightenment -has been a slow process, but each stage of this process through the -ages has been marked, as if by milestones, by some improvement in -his means and capacity for recording his thoughts in visible and -understandable form. - -The earliest attempts at word picturing by savages, the Cuneiform -inscriptions of Babylonia, the hieroglyphics of Ancient Egypt, the -clay tablets and stone monuments of antiquity, the papyrus of Egypt, -the wax tablets and stylus of the Romans, the parchment manuscripts -of the Middle Ages, the development of the art of paper manufacture, -the invention of the art of printing, and even the comparatively -modern invention of steel pens, are all successive steps in this -evolution. Looking back from our vantage ground of today over this -record it is easy for us to see the writing machine as the outcome. The -art of recording thought was always destined to remain imperfect -until some means had been found to do it, which, in the very speed -of the process, would be adequate for all human requirements. Even -the ancients felt this need; of this fact the history of shorthand -is sufficient proof. But never, until the nineteenth century, did -men's thoughts turn seriously to machinery as a possible solution. - -The invention of printing has been described as the most important -single advance in the history of civilization, and it seems to us of -today exactly the kind of invention which should have suggested the -idea of a writing machine. But fate decreed otherwise, and more than -four centuries were destined to elapse after Gutenberg had begun -to use movable types before the advent of the typewriter. It is -interesting to note, however, that when the typewriter finally did -appear, its influence on the printing art was almost immediate, many -improvements in typesetting devices having been directly suggested -and inspired by the writing machine. - -We have spoken of shorthand, an art so intimately allied with -typewriting that they are known today as the "twin arts." The story -of the typewriter cannot be adequately told if this other art is left -out of the picture. - -Unlike the writing machine, the beginnings of shorthand date back -to antiquity. Some have believed that Xenophon wrote stenographic -notes of the lectures of Socrates, but it is at least established -that the learned slave Marcus Tullius Tiro, freed by Cicero and made -his secretary, developed a system which soon came into widespread -use. Few high school boys and girls today, who struggle with the -orations of Cicero, know that it was the art of Tiro which preserved -these classics for us. - -The "Notae Tironianae" (notes of Tiro) consisted of some 5,000 signs -for words, and it is doubtful if stenography would today be so popular -a profession had one to burden his memory with an equal list. But -the ancients were more patient than we, and, once mastered, these -notes proved swift and practical. Busy Rome found much use for its -stenographers. Atticus, a famous Roman book lover, trained a great -force of slaves in the art for the sole purpose of transcribing, and -thus become a real publisher ages before the days of printing. Five -manuscript readers were allotted to each one hundred stenographers, -and these took down the spoken words. And the cost to the thrifty -Atticus was one pound of grain and a small allowance of wine per slave. - -Even Rome's greatest men, the Emperor Titus among them, did not scorn -to master Tiro's notes. In a later age the sermons of the church -fathers, the great Origen, Chrysostom, St. Augustine and others, -were noted down in shorthand; so also in the fifteenth century were -the sermons of Savonarola. Roger Williams wrote shorthand; so did -Samuel Pepys, the author of the famous diary. Among later celebrities -who mastered the art was Charles Dickens, who, in his early days, -used the Gurney system in reporting speeches in the House of Commons. - -Ultimately, however, the modern principle of "phonography" came into -possession of the field. This system, evolved through the labors -of Isaac Pitman and others, used characters to represent the spoken -sound of words instead of their spellings, and was such an obvious -improvement that, in its various forms, it has become practically -universal. - -Here we encounter a singular fact. After a history covering ages, -the great improvement in shorthand, which finally perfected the art, -was delayed by destiny until the very eve of the invention of the -typewriter. Its coming, just at this time, seems, in the light of -later events, almost prophetic. For it is obvious that shorthand, -even as perfected by phonography, would have been restricted, -without the typewriter, to a limited field of usefulness. As a -time saver, shorthand is clearly a half measure, and, so long as -the art of transcribing notes in long hand could be done only at -pen-writing speed, the swiftest shorthand writer could render only -a partial time-saving service. In the days before typewriting, it -would have required more than one stenographic secretary to free the -busy executive from the bondage of the pen. He would have needed a -complete retinue of them, to whom he would dictate in rotation, which -is exactly what the great Julius Caesar is said to have done. But the -Caesars of history are few, and equally few are the notables of the -past, in any field of effort, who had the means or the inspiration -to provide themselves with a whole battery of stenographers. - -In this fact we find one outstanding distinction of the typewriter as -a labor saver--it perfected the process which shorthand had begun--it -completely emancipated the executive. When we talk of "labor saving" -we usually think in terms of manual labor. But when the typewriter -freed the executive from pen slavery it did more than save mere -hand labor. It saved and conserved the very highest quality of brain -labor. True, the busy man of affairs works as hard today as he ever -did, but the typewriter has made his labor more productive. It has -relieved him of the old pen drudgery, so that the greater part of his -time may now be devoted to creative tasks. It is common to speak of -the higher efficiency of the present-day business man, as though men -themselves had grown bigger in our own times. Perhaps they have. But -let us not fail to credit a part of this growth to the emancipation -achieved through the stenographer and the writing machine. - -The typewriter, like every great advance in human progress, came in -the fullness of its own time. Looking back over the past, we can now -see why it came when it did, and why it could not have come before. In -the days when commerce was smaller, when writing tasks were fewer, when -the ability to write or even to read was limited, when life itself was -simpler, the world could get along after its own fashion without the -writing machine. As education grew, as business grew, as the means for -transportation grew, as all human activities grew, so the need grew, -and it grew much faster than any real consciousness of the need, which -seems always to be the way with our poor humanity. It is this fact -which explains the struggle and frequently the tragedy in the early -history of so many great inventions. They do not come in response to -a demand, but in recognition of a need, and this recognition, in its -early phases, is usually confined to the few. These few are the real -pioneers of progress, and it is through their labors and struggles, -often unappreciated and unrewarded, that humanity advances in all -the civilized and useful arts. - -It was even so with the writing machine! - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -EARLY EFFORTS - - -The first recorded attempt to invent a typewriter is found in the -records of the British Patent Office. These show that on the 7th of -January, 1714, or more than two centuries ago, a patent was granted -by Her Majesty, Queen Anne, to Henry Mill, an English engineer. The -historical importance of the first typewriter patent makes this -document of such interest that we quote the opening sentences, -as follows: - - - Anne, by the grace of God, &c., to all to whom these presents - shall come, greeting. - - Whereas our trusty and wellbeloved subiect, Henry Mill, hath, - by his humble peticon, represented vnto vs, that he has, by his - great study, paines, and expence, lately invented and brought to - perfection "An artificial machine or method for the impressing or - transcribing of letters singly or progressively one after another, - as in writing, whereby all writings whatsoever may be engrossed in - paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished - from print; that the said machine or method may be of great vse - in settlements and publick recors, the impression being deeper - and more lasting than any other writing, and not to be erased or - counterfeited without manifest discovery;" and having, therefore, - humbly prayed vs to grant him our Royall Letters Patents for the - sole vse of his said Invention for the term of fourteen yeares, - etc. - - -The quaint wording of this description has a pleasant flavor of the -old days. Moreover, as a description of the typewriter, it sounds -promising, but unfortunately this is all we know of the invention of -Henry Mill. He was an engineer of prominence in his day, but even -engineers sometimes dream, and this perhaps was not much more. No -model, drawing or description of the machine is known to exist, there -is no record to show that they ever did exist, and the secret, if there -was one, died with the inventor. But Henry Mill, unknown to himself, -accomplished one thing. In a single sentence he wrote himself down in -history as the first man who is known to have conceived the great idea. - -Throughout the remainder of the eighteenth century only one other -attempt is recorded. This was a machine, said to have been invented -in the year 1784, for embossing printed characters for the blind. Of -this machine nothing is now known; nevertheless this early association -of the typewriter with the blind is a point worth noting. We shall -presently see how prominently the blind have figured in typewriter -history; how much they have received from the writing machine and -how much they have given in return. - -The first American patent on a typewriter was granted in 1829 to -William Austin Burt of Detroit, afterwards better known as the inventor -of the solar compass. The only model of this machine was destroyed -by a fire at the Washington Patent Office in 1836. Many years later, -however, the Patent Office, working from a parchment copy of the -original patent and other papers in the possession of Burt's family, -was able to produce a replica of this machine, which was exhibited -at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. Burt's typewriter, as -revealed in this patent, carried the type, not on individual bars, -but on the segment of a circle, which makes it the ancestor of the -present-day, type-wheel machines. - -Although Burt's machine was never manufactured he at least succeeded -in getting it talked about. A letter from a correspondent, published -in the New York Commercial Advertiser of May, 1829, calls it "a -simple, cheap and pretty machine for printing letters," and the -editorial comment speaks highly of its possibilities, "should it be -found to fully answer the description given of it." Both editor and -correspondent confess themselves "stumped" in finding an appropriate -name for the new invention, a point on which Burt had solicited -advice. "Burt's Family Letter Press" was one of the bright ideas -suggested. It seems that the honor of naming the "typewriter" was being -reserved by destiny for the inventor of the first practical machine. - -The next recorded effort was in 1833, when a French patent was granted -to Xavier Projean of Marseilles for a device which he describes as a -"Ktypographic" machine or pen. This machine consisted of an assembly -of type bars arranged in a circle, each type striking downward upon a -common center. All present day typewriters are divided, according to -their operating principle, into two classes, the rotating segment or -type-wheel machines, and the type-bar machines, and it is curious that -each of these principles should have been embodied in the two earliest -known devices, Burt's machine of 1829 and Projean's of 1833. But -Projean's machine, like Burt's, contained nothing more than the germ -of an idea. Projean's claim for his own invention, that it would print -"almost as fast as one could write with an ordinary pen," is sufficient -evidence that it was too slow to possess any practical utility. - -A few years after Projean's effort we find a new influence at -work. The electric telegraph had been invented, and the effort of -inventors to produce a telegraphic printing mechanism gave an impetus -to the idea of a writing machine. In 1840 the British Patent Office -records the application of Alexander Bain and Thomas Wright on a -writing machine for use in connection with the telegraph. These -men were afterwards better known as the inventors of a telegraphic -printer. As a typewriter, Bain's device was of no value and scarcely -deserves serious mention. A more important step in the progress of -the art was taken by Charles Thurber of Worcester, Mass., to whom a -patent was granted in 1843, followed by another in 1845. The Thurber -machine of 1843 contains one notable advance; the letter spacing was -effected by the longitudinal motion of a platen, a principle which -is a feature of all modern machines. This machine did excellent work, -but the printing mechanism was too slow for practical use and none were -manufactured. A model of Thurber's machine is now in the Smithsonian -Institution at Washington, and a later model, showing important -improvements, is preserved by the Worcester Society of Antiquarians. - -Thurber's other model of 1845 was not a typewriter at all, but a -"writing machine" in the strictest sense. It was designed to perform -the motions of the hand in writing, and was intended for the use of -the blind. This attempt was a failure, but it illustrates again how -prominently the needs of the blind figured in the efforts of the -early inventors. - -The same is true of the next recorded effort, which was the invention -of a blind man, Pierre Foucault, a teacher in the Paris Institution for -the Blind. Foucault's machine, which was patented in France in 1849, -printed embossed letters for the blind very successfully. This machine -attracted great attention and was awarded a gold medal at the World's -Fair at London, in 1851. Several of them were constructed and remained -in service for a long time in institutions for the blind in different -parts of Europe. But the machine never came into very general use. - -The scene now re-crosses the Atlantic, where it is destined to remain -until the appearance of the first practical typewriter. Oliver T. Eddy -of Baltimore took out a patent in the year 1850. This machine, in the -inventor's own words, was "designed to furnish the means of -substituting printed letters and signs for written ones in the -transaction of every day business." Eddy's life record is one of the -tragedies of early typewriter invention. He devoted many years of labor -to his machine, and is said to have died in poverty after a futile -appeal to the Government for assistance. The Eddy machine was highly -ingenious and did good work, but was too cumbersome and intricate for -practical use. - -As we enter the "fifties" the attempts at typewriter invention -become more numerous. J. B. Fairbanks received a patent in 1850, and -J. M. Jones, of Clyde, N. Y., in 1852, the latter machine marking -some progress in the direction of a practical typewriter. Next in -order comes A. Ely Beach of New York, for many years an editor of the -Scientific American. His machine, for which a patent was issued in -1856, marked a decided advance over anything that had yet appeared. It -consisted of a series of type levers, arranged in the form, afterwards -familiar, of a circular basket, all of which printed at a common -center, much in the same manner as a modern typewriter. This machine, -like so many others of this early period, was designed for the benefit -of the blind, and printed raised letters which they could read by -touch. The Beach machine did good work, but was slow in operation, -and it had another very serious limitation--it wrote only on a narrow -ribbon of paper. The machine attracted great attention when exhibited -in New York, but it never emerged from the experimental stage. - -In 1857 Dr. Samuel W. Francis, a wealthy physician of New York, -took out a patent on a typewriter, the keys of which resembled -those of a piano, and the types, which were arranged in a circle, -printed at a common center. It was said of the Francis machine that it -printed with a speed exceeding that of the pen, a degree of praise not -accorded to any of its predecessors. But it was too bulky and costly -for a commercial venture and no attempt was ever made to place it on -the market. - -Among other men of this period who worked on the great problem were -R. S. Thomas of Wilmington, N. C., who, in 1854, took out a patent -on a machine called the "Typograph"; J. H. Cooper of Philadelphia, in -1856, who resorted to the type-wheel principle of construction; Henry -Harger in 1858; F. A. deMay of New York in 1863; Benjamin Livermore -of Hartland, Vermont, in 1863; Abner Peeler of Webster City, Iowa, -in 1866; Thomas Hall in 1867; and John Pratt of Centre, Alabama, -who in 1866 produced a device called the "Pterotype" (winged type), -of which we shall have more to say in the course of this story. And -this about completes the list of attempts which preceded the invention -of the first practical writing machine. - -The reader has doubtless sensed a certain monotony in this review of -the early typewriter inventions. "It did good work, but it was too -slow," is the formula which fits nearly all of them; certainly all -of them that were able to write at all. The superior legibility of -type over script is an undoubted advantage of the writing machine, -but it is not the leading one, and the transition in the cost of -a writing implement from a penny pen to a machine costing upwards -of one hundred dollars could never have come to pass on the basis -of superior legibility alone. The great, outstanding merit of the -writing machine is its time-saving service. This is the capacity that -was needed in order to justify its existence, and the typewriter did -not enter the practical stage until a machine had been invented which -far surpassed in speed the utmost possibilities of the pen. - -The real point of interest about these early efforts is the significant -way in which their number increased as the time drew near for the -solution of the problem. These attempts, during the twenty years before -1867, the year when the inventors of the first successful machine -began their labors, far exceeded in number the sum of all previous -efforts. Every year the need was growing, every year more men were -becoming conscious of this need, and more men with an inventive turn -were giving thought to the matter. The hour for the typewriter had -struck. And when, in the course of time, the appointed hour strikes, -it seems written in the book of human destiny that it shall produce -THE MAN. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -THE FIRST PRACTICAL TYPEWRITER - - -The time--the winter of the year 1866-67. - -The place--a little machine shop in the outskirts of the city of -Milwaukee. - -The scene--three men, all middle aged, thoughtful and studious, each -one hard at work on a pet invention of his own, without a thought -in the mind of any one of them of the great achievement which was -destined to come out of this chance association. - -Thus was the stage set for the invention of the first practical -typewriter, though nearly seven years were yet to elapse before its -actual production began in the little town of Ilion, New York. - -One of these three men, Carlos Glidden, the son of a successful -ironmonger of Ohio, was engaged in developing a mechanical "spader" -to take the place of a plow. - -The other two, Samuel W. Soulé and Christopher Latham Sholes, both -printers by trade, were engaged in developing a machine for numbering -serially the pages of blank books and the like. - -Of these men, the central figure in the association subsequently -formed was Christopher Latham Sholes, a name which must always occupy -the place of highest honor in any history of the writing machine. - -Sholes was born in Columbia County, Penn., on February 14, 1819. He -came of the oldest New England stock and his ancestors had served -with distinction in the War of the Revolution. His grandfather on the -maternal side was a lineal descendant of John and Priscilla Alden, -so the spirit of the pioneer was a part of his inheritance. It is -also of deep significance that Sholes was a printer and publisher by -trade, the most closely allied mechanical arts to typewriting that the -world then knew. As a publisher, Sholes knew, from the necessities -of his own occupation, the vital help that a writing machine would -offer. And it certainly accords with the fitness of things that, -after the lapse of four centuries, the art of Gutenberg should have -furnished, in one of its disciples, the inventor of the typewriter. - -At the age of fourteen young Sholes was apprenticed to the editor -of the Intelligencer of Danville, Pa., to learn the printing trade, -but four years later he joined his brother, Charles C. Sholes, -well known in the early politics of Wisconsin, then living in Green -Bay. A frail constitution, with a tendency to consumption, of which -disease he finally died, seems to have influenced his early removal to -what was then a wild region at the edge of the great pine forest. In -the following year, when only nineteen years old, he took charge of -the House Journal of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, which he -carried to Philadelphia to be printed; a long and difficult journey at -that time. In 1839 we find him at Madison, where he became editor of -the Wisconsin Inquirer, owned by his brother Charles. In the following -year he went to Kenosha, where he edited the Southport Telegraph, -afterwards the Kenosha Telegraph, and four years later was appointed -postmaster of the town. - -Sholes's activities as a journalist finally took him into Wisconsin -politics, a career for which, in character and temperament, he was -very poorly fitted. Nevertheless, he served two terms as state senator, -in 1848 and 1849 from Racine County, and in 1856 and 1857 from Kenosha -County. In 1852 and 1853 he represented Kenosha in the assembly. While -a member of the council he was a witness of the homicide of one of the -members by another, a tragedy made familiar to the world by Charles -Dickens in "American Notes." The account given by Dickens was taken -from Sholes's own paper, the Southport Telegraph. In 1860 Sholes -removed to Milwaukee, where he had an active and varied career, -first as postmaster, and later as commissioner of public works and -collector of customs. He was also for a long time editor of the -Milwaukee Daily Sentinel and the Milwaukee News. It was in 1866, -while serving as collector of customs for the Port of Milwaukee, -that the invention of the typewriter enters the story. - -On the personal side much more could be written concerning Sholes, for -he was a man of very unusual and attractive character. Some might have -called him an eccentric, but his eccentricities were of a kind which -endeared him to everyone. He is described as one of the most unselfish, -kind-hearted and companionable men that ever lived. He was also a man -of extreme personal modesty, and of almost excessive tenderness of -conscience, viewed from the usual business standpoint. He was always -more than just to others and less than just to himself. Some phases -of his character were a puzzle. As an editor he made it a rule to -copy into his own paper all the adverse criticisms that were passed -upon him by his political adversaries, and some of them were very -bitter and unjust, and he would always omit all complimentary notice -of himself and his work. Gentle and lovable, cultured and brilliant, -modest and unselfish, these were the outstanding characteristics of -Christopher Latham Sholes. - -He was not the kind of man ever to make much money. In the days before -the typewriter he had, by a fortunate chance, acquired wealth, but -he did not keep it. The typewriter gave him another opportunity, but -he let it pass. From first to last he was singularly indifferent to -worldly fortune. One day, in his later years, he remarked to a friend -that he had been trying all his life to escape becoming a millionaire -and he thought he had succeeded admirably. He was always a visionary, -and one of his visions was of a human Utopia which should witness the -abolition of greed and poverty and the dawn of universal love. Call -him a dreamer if you will, but one day he dreamed a dream which he -proceeded to translate into a wonderful reality, which has placed -the whole world in his everlasting debt. - -The typewriter was not the first evidence of Sholes's inventive -genius. Years before he had been the first to conceive of the method -of addressing newspapers by printing the names of subscribers on the -margin. His more recent work on the machine for paging blank books -brings us to the beginning of the typewriter story. But all else is -now obscured by the memory of his crowning achievement, the invention -of the writing machine. - -What was the influence which caused these three men, Sholes, Soulé -and Glidden, to drop the inventions on which they had been working -and to pool their interests in a new and far greater undertaking? - -According to one story, the idea arose out of a chance remark of -Glidden's, who had become interested in Sholes's paging machine and -one day said, "Why cannot such a machine be made that will write -letters and words and not figures only?" Nothing further was said -or done at the time, but in the summer of the following year (1867) -a copy of the Scientific American, which quoted an article from a -London technical journal, fell into the hands of Glidden. It described -a machine called the "Pterotype," invented by John Pratt, which was -designed to do just what Glidden had suggested. This invention had -inspired an editorial in the same issue of the paper which pointed -out the great benefit to mankind which such a machine would confer, -as well as the fortune that awaited the successful inventor. Glidden -immediately brought this article to the attention of Sholes, and it -appealed so strongly to his imagination that he decided to see what -could be done. - -General William G. LeDue, whose own interest in the invention of a -typewriter dated back to 1850, and who subsequently was the first man -to introduce the machine into the Government service at Washington, -tells how, in 1867, he visited Milwaukee and found Sholes, together -with Glidden, at work on the book-paging machine, and suggested to -them the idea of a typewriter. - -These two accounts are in no sense contradictory. When an idea is "in -the air," it is natural to find more than one influence at work. At -any rate, we soon find Sholes working whole-heartedly on the new -idea, assisted by Glidden and Soulé, both of whom had been invited -to join in the enterprise. None of these men, so far as we know, -had any knowledge at the time of any previous attempts to invent a -typewriter, with the single exception of John Pratt's "Pterotype" -already mentioned. In the building of the new machine they were, -at the outset, wholly dependent on their own creative efforts. All of -them were amply endowed with inventive talent, but not one of the three -was a mechanical engineer by profession, or even a mechanic by trade, -and they needed the help of the skilled mechanics at Kleinsteuber's -machine shop in the carrying out of their ideas. Of these mechanics, -Matthias Schwalbach is the man who figures most prominently in this -story. Schwalbach had already helped Sholes in developing his paging -machine, and, when the efforts of the three inventors were transferred -to the typewriter, he entered into the new work with interest and -enthusiasm. As the work went on Schwalbach began to do more than -merely carry out the ideas of Sholes; he developed some ideas of his -own which were of the greatest help to the inventors. - -The work went steadily onward and by autumn of the year 1867 the first -machine had been made, although no patent was taken out until June -of the year following. This first machine had innumerable defects and -was a crude affair in every way. But it wrote accurately and rapidly, -and that was the main point. Moreover, as a self-advertiser, it soon -scored a notable triumph. A number of letters were written with it and -sent to friends, among these one to James Densmore, then of Meadville, -Pa. Densmore was immediately interested. Like Sholes and Soulé, he had -been both editor and printer, and could well realize the importance -of such a machine. Densmore was a practical man of affairs, with -imagination, foresight, energy and courage unbounded. Instantly he -saw the possibilities of the new invention and shortly afterwards -he purchased, by the payment of all expenses already incurred, an -interest in the new machine before he had so much as seen it. Densmore -did not actually see the typewriter until March of the following year -(1868). He then pronounced it good for nothing save to show that the -idea was feasible, and pointed out many defects that would need to -be remedied before it would be available for practical uses. Shortly -afterwards Soulé dropped out of the enterprise, leaving it to Sholes, -Glidden and Densmore. - -The relationship which then began between Sholes and Densmore was a -strange meeting of opposites, for two men more unlike could hardly be -imagined. Densmore is described as bold, aggressive and arrogant. If -Sholes was a dreamer and an idealist, Densmore in some respects -was a plain "crank." He was a vegetarian of the militant type, -and did not hesitate to remonstrate with meat eaters, even total -strangers in public restaurants. His own diet consisted mainly of -raw apples, a reminder of the raw turnips of Colonel Sellers. He -was always impervious to the shafts of ridicule and insensible to -slights. Indomitable and resolute, in the pursuit of any object he -could not be discouraged or repulsed. But Densmore, in his own rough -way, was usually kind to the gentle Sholes, and it may be set down -to his credit that more than once, during the years of inventive -struggle from 1867 to 1873, when difficulties thickened and Sholes, -if left to his own devices, would have become discouraged, Densmore's -unquenchable faith was the salvation of the infant enterprise. - -The relationship between Densmore and Sholes reminds us in some -respects of the similar relationship in the eighteenth century between -Boulton and James Watt. During these years Densmore consistently -played the part of Boulton to Sholes, who, under his urging, -continued to build model after model, until twenty-five or thirty had -been made. Each one of these marked some improvement over the last, -but in the hands of practical users each one showed some defect and -broke down under the strain of actual use. It was not until early in -the year 1873 that the machine was deemed sufficiently perfected for -actual manufacture. - -In the meantime other men had entered the typewriter story. One -of these was James Ogilvie Clephane of Washington, D. C., who, -years after, became closely identified with Ottmer Mergenthaler, -the inventor of the Linotype. It was thus the unusual distinction of -Clephane to place his name in intimate association with two of the -greatest inventions of our times. - -Clephane's role in the case of the typewriter was that of practical -tester. As an official shorthand reporter, he had a complete and -instant appreciation of the boon that the new machine would confer -on his own profession, and he faithfully and gladly tried out one -model after another sent to him by the inventors. He was severe in -his criticisms of the defects of these models, as they revealed -themselves in actual service, so much so that Sholes frequently -became disheartened. But it was all in a good cause, and Densmore kept -assuring Sholes that such tests were just what were needed to reveal -the weak points. Thus by slow degrees the original conceptions of -the inventors were modified by their growing knowledge of practical -requirements. - -Mr. Charles E. Weller, during this period of typewriter development, -played a role similar to that of Clephane. Mr. Weller, now a resident -of La Porte, Ind., is the only present-day survivor of the many -friends of Sholes, and his invaluable little book, "The Early History -of the Typewriter" is the most intimate picture of the character and -struggles of the inventor that we now possess. Weller was in personal -contact with Sholes almost from the beginning. In July, 1867, when -resident in Milwaukee working as a telegraph operator and student -of shorthand, he tells how Sholes came into the telegraph office -one day to secure a sheet of carbon paper, a rare article in those -days. Weller knew Sholes as an inventive genius, and his curiosity -was immediately aroused. Sholes told him that if he would call at his -office he would be glad to show him something interesting, and Sholes -kept his word. What Weller saw was a crude experimental affair rigged -up with a single key, like a telegraph transmitter, which printed -through the carbon paper a single letter wwwww. But it printed this -letter in sequence as fast as the key could be operated. "If you will -bear in mind," says Weller, "that at that time we had never known -of printing by any other method than the slow process of setting -the types and getting an impression therefrom by means of a press, -you may imagine our surprise at the facility with which this one -letter of the alphabet could be printed by the manipulation of the -key." Sholes then explained how he was developing this idea into a -machine which would print in similar manner any and all letters of -the alphabet--in other words a complete writing machine. Weller, -shortly after, removed to St. Louis, to take up the profession of -shorthand reporter. On leaving, Sholes promised to send him, for -practical testing, the first completed model and in January, 1868, -the machine arrived. Sholes, in the meantime, had chosen his own name -for this machine, which he called a "type-writer." And thus to the -inventor himself fell the honor of christening his own creation with -the name which has always been universal among English speaking users. - -The proper naming of the typewriter had been quite as long -and difficult a job as the evolution of the practical machine -itself. Those who came before Sholes failed in this, quite as much -as in their inventive efforts. Henry Mill did not even attempt to -name his invention. Burt called his a "Typographer." Thurber called -his first machine a "Patent Printer"; his second a "Mechanical -Chirographer." Eddy, like Mill, made no effort to find a name. Jones -called his invention a "Mechanical Typographer"; Beach called his an -improvement in "Printing Instruments for the Blind"; Francis called his -an improvement in "Printing Machines"; Harger called his an "Improved -Mechanical Typographer"; DeMay also described his machine as an -"Improved Mechanical Typographer or Printing Apparatus." Livermore, -following the same lead, called his an "Improved Hand Printing Device -or Mechanical Typographer." Peeler stated that he had invented a new -and valuable "Machine for Writing and Printing." Hall did a little -better when he described his invention as a "Machine for Writing -with Type or Printing on Paper or Other Substance." Of all those -who began before Sholes, the only one who showed any originality -in picking a name was John Pratt with his "Pterotype," a word the -meaning of which few people knew. It remained for Sholes himself, -in his simple, direct way, to hit upon a name which no one has ever -been able to improve upon. - -During the next few years, Weller tested out the machine that Sholes -had sent him, and also later models, in connection with his work as -shorthand reporter. The letters he received from Sholes during these -years, addressed to "Charlie" and "Friend Charlie," every one of -them typed by Sholes himself on his own machine, are striking word -pictures of the writer in all his changing moods. In one we read, -"The machine is done, and I want some more worlds to conquer. Life -would be most flat, stale and unprofitable without something to -invent." Again only two months later, "I have made another most -important change in the machine," etc. Six months later, "I have now -a machine which is an entirely new thing. I have been running this -about two months, and in all that time it has not developed a single -difficulty. In fact any such thing as trouble or bother has ceased -to enter into the calculation." This sounds good and it sounds final, -but listen to the last letter of the series, written two years later, -on April 30, 1873. "The machine is no such thing as it was when you -last saw it. In fact you would not recognize it." Sholes is always -through and yet never through. But this time, as far as Sholes is -concerned, the word was indeed final, for when this last letter -was written the historic contract which placed the manufacture and -further development of his machine in the hands of E. Remington & -Sons, the famous gunmakers, had already been made. - -All of this happened more than half a century ago, and now, after -all these years, "Friend Charlie" begins to figure again in this -story. Throughout his long life, Mr. Weller's devotion to the memory -of Sholes has been unbounded, and recently, despite advanced years, -he has become the leading spirit in a movement instituted by the -National Shorthand Reporters' Association to erect a monument to mark -the last resting place of Sholes in Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee, -which will be worthy of his name and fame as one of the world's -great inventors. It is earnestly to be hoped that the efforts of -"The C. Latham Sholes Monument Commission" to raise the necessary -funds will soon be successful, in order that the erection of this -monument may commemorate this anniversary year of the writing machine. - -While Weller and Clephane, late in the sixties, were demonstrating the -utility of the new machine in connection with shorthand reporting, -another man was doing similar pioneer work in an entirely different -field. This man was E. Payson Porter, an honored name in the history of -telegraphy, and long known as the dean of American telegraphers. Porter -first saw one of the Sholes models in 1868, at which time he was -employed as an operator in the Chicago office of the Western Union -Telegraph Company, and he astonished the inventor by the rapidity with -which he manipulated the keys at first sight. His skill was due to the -fact that he had formerly worked a House telegraph printer. Sholes, -of course, was delighted. He promised Porter the finest machine he -could make, upon condition that he could receive on the typewriter as -fast as any telegrapher could send a message. In due time the machine -arrived in Chicago, and Porter thus describes the demonstration which -followed. "A sounder and key were placed upon the table and General -Stager was the first to manipulate the same for me to copy, which I -did readily. Colonel Lynch then attempted to 'rush' me, and failing -to do so, an 'expert' sender was sent for from the operating room. A -thorough trial of my ability to 'keep up' resulted so satisfactorily -that the typewriter was taken into the operating room." - -This demonstration was made in the year 1869, and Porter's description -of it gives the whole gist of typewriting in its relation to -telegraphy. It lies simply in the superior speed of the "mill," -as telegraphers call the typewriter, over handwriting, in receiving -over the wire, and it is just this difference in speed which in the -past forty years has revolutionized the telegrapher's profession. The -partnership between telegraphy and the "mill" is as firmly established -today as that other partnership between the typewriter and shorthand, -and it is worth noting that, in each case, the reality of this -partnership was demonstrated at least five years before the first -typewriter was actually placed on the market. - -The mention of telegraphy brings another name into this story, that -of no less a personage than Thomas A. Edison. It has been said of -this universal inventive genius that he has figured in some way in -connection with nearly every development in the field of mechanical -progress during the last half century; so it is not surprising to -find his name written into the story of the typewriter. Early in -the seventies Edison had a shop in Newark, N. J., and he tells how -Sholes came there to consult with him concerning his invention; -a natural thing for Sholes to do, for even in those early days the -fame of "The Wizard" was nation-wide. Edison was able to give Sholes -some very valuable assistance. Later on, Edison helped D. W. Craig, -a former general manager of the Associated Press, in the development -of a machine, built on typewriter principles, designed to facilitate -the transmission of telegrams. Edison also did some typewriter -inventing on his own account. His patent of December 10, 1872, is -for an electrically operated traveling wheel device, which was the -forerunner of the stock-ticker printing machine in use today. - -Of the twenty-five to thirty experimental models, built by Sholes -and Glidden during the years from 1867 to 1873, only a few are now -in existence. But though many links in this chain are missing, it -is fortunate that the two most important ones are still preserved, -the first and the last. The first model constructed by Sholes, -Soulé and Glidden, now in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington -(Patent of June 23, 1868), shows a machine so crude that it would -hardly be recognized as a typewriter. A second model, also in the -Smithsonian Institution (Patent of July 14, 1868), is of equal -interest because it has been identified by Weller as identical with -the first machine sent to him by Sholes for practical testing. This -machine shows a great advance over the other. Both machines, however, -have the up-strike pivoted type bar, a feature which afterwards became -standard for many years in typewriter construction. The last model of -the long series was the one shown to the Remingtons in 1873, when the -contract was made for the manufacture of the typewriter. This model, -now in the historical collection at the home office of the Remington -Typewriter Company in New York, although a crude affair, judged by -present-day standards, contains many of the fundamental features of -the modern type-bar machines. - -The quality of the writing done by these early models is better known -today than the machines themselves, for this writing has been preserved -to us in Sholes's own letters. From the day when Sholes completed his -first model, he seems to have discarded the pen entirely. From that -time all his personal letters are typewritten, the signature included, -which would be considered extreme, even by the present-day business -man. As for the quality of the typing in these letters, let it speak -for itself. The letter shown on page 51, the original of which is -in the Remington Historical Collection, was written by Sholes from -Milwaukee on June 9, 1872. - -The typing in this letter is interesting because it shows capital -letters only, to which all the Sholes models were restricted. But even -more interesting is the contents of the letter itself, for in it we -find Sholes in one of his not infrequent fits of deep despondency. - - - "We shall be in a position," he says, "to furnish good machines - provided any person is in a position to want them after they are - furnished. You know that my apprehension is that the thing may - take for a while, and for a while there may be an active demand - for them, but that, like any other novelty, it will have its - brief day and be thrown aside. Of course I earnestly hope that - such will not prove to be the case, and Densmore laughs at the - idea when I suggest it, but I should like to be sure that it - would be otherwise." - - -Think of it! The typewriter a mere passing novelty! And think of -such an idea entering the head of the inventor of the machine! How -much better he was building than he knew! As we look back on this -period of typewriter history we hardly know which to admire more, -Sholes's inventive genius or Densmore's sustaining faith. - -Of equal interest is a photograph from the same historical collection, -dating from the same year, 1872. It shows the daughter of Sholes -operating another one of his experimental models. What motive, -we wonder, ever induced Miss Sholes to take such an interest in -the machine, to learn to operate it, and to have her photograph -taken seated before it? Probably it was only a daughter's natural -interest in her father's invention. It is difficult to believe that -Miss Sholes foresaw the wonderful future of the machine in connection -with woman's work. Yet, as an accidental prophecy, this photograph of -the first woman who ever operated a typewriter should be of interest -to every one of the vast army of women who today owe their living to -the writing machine. - -The time now draws near for the opening of the second chapter of -typewriter history, the entrance into the story of the great house of -E. Remington & Sons. In casting about for a suitable manufacturer for -the new invention, the minds of the inventors turned naturally to the -noted gunmakers who had already made the name Remington famous. The -origin and the rise of the house of Remington carries us back many -years into the past. The story goes that in 1816 a young boy named -Eliphalet Remington, who was working with his father at their forge -in the beautiful Ilion Gorge in the Mohawk Valley, asked his father -for money to buy a rifle and was refused. Nothing daunted, the boy -Eliphalet welded a gun barrel from scraps of iron collected around the -forge, walked fourteen miles to Utica to have it rifled, and finally -had a weapon that was the envy of his neighbors. Soon he was making and -selling other guns, and step by step the old forge grew into the great -gun factory which in Civil War times did so much to equip the northern -armies in the great struggle. In time the firm made big contracts to -supply arms to foreign governments; they also added other lines of -manufacture, including sewing machines and agricultural implements. In -1873, when the typewriter begins to figure in the Remington story, -the first Eliphalet, the boy gunmaker of 1816, had already been twelve -years in his grave, and the business was in charge of his three sons, -Philo, Samuel and Eliphalet, Jr. At the time of the signing of the -typewriter contract, Samuel was absent in Europe. The president and -active head of the business was the elder brother, Philo, and it was -Philo Remington who was destined to father the new machine with his -name and devote his utmost efforts and resources to its manufacture -and sale. - -It was late in the month of February, 1873, that Densmore came to the -Remington Works at Ilion, bringing with him the precious model that -was the culmination of six years of effort and struggle. Sholes, it -appears, did not accompany Densmore on this journey, which perhaps was -just as well, for he was far too modest a man to make a good pleader -of his own cause. But Densmore did not go alone. He was accompanied -by G. W. N. Yost, with whom Densmore had formerly been associated -in the oil transportation business in Pennsylvania. The story of how -Densmore came to invite Yost to join him is curious. It seems that he -wanted the assistance of Yost's well known fluency, in persuading the -Remingtons. Evidently Densmore must have felt keenly the fatefulness -of his errand, for this is the only case on record where he failed -to show the most complete confidence in himself. - -George Washington Newton Yost--to give him the full benefit of his -sonorous name--was a salesman par excellence. He had proved it in -the oil business. He was destined to prove it again in after years, -when he sold more typewriters through his own personal powers of -persuasion than any other man in the early days of the business. Had -Yost possessed equal ability as an organizer and sales director he -might have written his name into this story as the man who made -the typewriter a commercial success, for fortune gave him every -opportunity. Fate, however, had reserved this achievement for -other men. - -It is now fifty years since the signing of the history-making -contract between the owners of the typewriter and the Remingtons, -and all but one of the actors in these scenes have long since gone -to their rest. It is fortunate, however, that there is one man now -living who was present and an active participator in the conferences -which resulted in the signing of the contract, and his memory of them -is as vivid as though they were the events of yesterday. This man is -Henry Harper Benedict, who afterwards became one of the founders of -the commercial success of the writing machine. - -Mr. Benedict, like others whose names figure prominently in this story, -was a native Herkimer County boy. In 1869, after taking a degree at -Hamilton College, he accepted a position with E. Remington & Sons, -with whom he remained for thirteen years in a confidential capacity, -becoming in time a director on the board of the corporation and -treasurer of the Remington Sewing Machine Company. The story of the -typewriter contract, and the events leading up to it, is thus told -in Mr. Benedict's own words. - -"Mr. Philo Remington's office and mine communicated. One day I saw -on the mantelpiece in his office an envelope addressed to him in -something that looked like print. I asked him what it was. He said, -'Read it.' It proved to be a letter from one James Densmore (unknown -to us all) setting forth at considerable length the facts in connection -with the invention of a machine to take the place of the pen, that is, -to write by manipulation of keys. He told who were the inventors, -and said that after many years of effort they had finally produced -a working model, and they wanted to find someone to undertake the -manufacture of the machine. He wished to bring the model to Ilion to -see whether the Remingtons would care to take it up. - -"I said to Mr. Remington, 'Have you done anything about this?' He -said, 'No, what do you think we had better do?' 'Why,' I said, -'of course we want to see the machine; it is a wonderful invention -if it's anything, and we should not neglect the opportunity offered -us to examine it.' The result was that the model was brought to Ilion -early in 1873 by Mr. James Densmore and another man, whom Mr. Densmore -introduced as Mr. Yost. Densmore, as we soon saw, was not much of a -talker, and he had brought Yost to serve, as he himself expressed it, -as 'Aaron to his Moses.' He did well, for Yost was one of the most -persuasive talkers I ever listened to, and his tongue never tired. - -"Densmore and Yost opened up the model, and exhibited it to us in -a room at the Osgood House, then known as Small's Hotel. There were -present at the meeting, Mr. Philo Remington, Mr. Jefferson M. Clough, -Superintendent of the Remington Works, Mr. William K. Jenne, -Assistant Superintendent, Mr. Densmore, Mr. Yost and myself. We -examined and discussed the machine for perhaps an hour and a half -or two hours and then adjourned for lunch or dinner. As we left the -room, Mr. Remington said to me, 'What do you think of it?' I replied, -'That machine is very crude, but there is an idea there that will -revolutionize business.' Mr. Remington asked, 'Do you think we ought to -take it up?' I said, 'We must on no account let it get away. It isn't -necessary to tell these people that we are crazy over the invention, -but I'm afraid I am pretty nearly so.'" - -The party met again later in the day and a tentative agreement was -entered into which developed into the contract which opened a new -chapter in the story of human progress. - -The actual date of this contract was March 1, 1873. The original -contract was for manufacture only, but in due course of time the -Remingtons acquired complete ownership. Densmore was unsuccessful -as selling agent and made little money in this role, but when the -ownership passed to the Remingtons, he accepted a royalty, by which -he was subsequently enriched. Sholes, either at this time or shortly -after, is said to have sold out his royalty rights to Densmore for -$12,000, a goodly sum in those days, but the only reward, so far as -we know, that he ever received for his priceless invention and the -years of labor he had bestowed upon it. - -As soon as the Remington firm had agreed to undertake the manufacture -of the new machine, the ample resources and the skillful workmen -available at their great factory were brought into service in the -further improvement of the typewriter. There was still much work -to do, for the Sholes and Glidden machine, even after the years of -labor expended upon it, was, after all, only the inventor's crude -model. Sholes and Glidden had worked out the basic ideas, and that was -about all. To make these ideas practical, in a machine that could be -produced and sold in quantities, now became the manufacturer's task. It -was a fortunate thing for the infant typewriter that the Remingtons -had in their service at this time a notable group of mechanical -master minds, and the efforts of these men were now centered on the -new machine. Prominent in this group were William K. Jenne, Jefferson -M. Clough, afterwards superintendent of the factory of the Winchester -Arms Company, Byron A. Brooks, a professor of higher mathematics, -and others. Brooks subsequently attained prominence in the field of -typewriter invention. But the most notable personage among these men -was William K. Jenne, and at this time the mantle passes from Sholes -to Jenne, who became for many years the central figure in the history -of the development of the typewriter on its mechanical side. It is -true that Sholes, despite failing health, continued active in the -invention of typewriter improvements during the greater part of his -remaining days, but it was under the fostering care and supervision -of Jenne that the Sholes and Glidden model of 1873 was transformed -into the first commercial typewriter, and it was under his continued -superintendence that this famous machine subsequently underwent -one improvement after another until it finally won for itself an -indispensable place in the world's work. - -Jenne, like Sholes, came of good New England stock. He inherited his -mechanical genius from his father, Siloam Jenne, who was a skilled -mechanic and an inventor of some repute in his day. It was in 1861, -at the age of 23, that Jenne migrated from his Massachusetts home to -the town of Ilion, in the Mohawk Valley, where he was destined to spend -all of the remaining years of his long, active and useful life. These -were the Civil War times, when E. Remington & Sons were busy on the -big war contracts, and the fame of their guns had already spread -to the four corners of the earth. Jenne almost immediately entered -the Remington employ and, in the historic year 1873, he occupied an -important position in their sewing machine department. From the time, -however, of the arrival at Ilion of the Sholes and Glidden model he -became identified with the typewriter exclusively. He soon became -Superintendent of the Typewriter Works, which position he continued -to hold for thirty years, until his retirement, full of honors, -in the year 1904. - -We now come to the fateful hour, the appearance on the market of the -first commercial typewriter. The actual manufacture of the machine -began in September, 1873, and it may be said that in this year and -month occurred the birth of the practical writing machine. In the early -part of the following year the first machines were completed and ready -for sale. The machine was then known simply as "The Type-Writer." Today -it is known as the "Model 1 Remington" and it will always be known -as the "Ancestor of All Writing Machines." - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -SEEKING A MARKET - - -The general appearance of the first typewriter is well known. A -considerable number of these machines are in existence, preserved in -museums and other historical collections, and, until recent years, -a few of them still remained in active service. - -The accompanying illustration, however, shows one of these machines -which has a special interest all its own. This was the first individual -typewriter ever manufactured and offered for sale. This machine -was one of the first consignment of typewriters sent to the Western -Electric Company, who were the original western selling agents. Later -it came into the possession of the late Walter J. Barron, who had been -a friend of Sholes, and afterwards became the inventor of a number -of important typewriter improvements. Many years later Mr. Barron -presented it to the Remington Historical Collection. - -A single glance at this machine will show what a transformation had -been wrought by the skilled Remington mechanics in the crude Sholes -and Glidden model of the previous year. A more careful examination will -reveal how primitive it still was compared with the efficient writing -machines of the present day. The first thing that will strike the most -casual observer is the obvious sewing machine influence, in fact it has -sewing machine "written all over it." In this we undoubtedly see the -hand of Jenne, who, for years before he took up work on the typewriter, -had been connected with the sewing-machine branch of the Remington -business. This influence appears in the fitting of the machine to -a stand, in the familiar grape-vine design of the pedestals, and -especially in the curious foot treadle which operated the carriage -return. The latter, however, quickly demonstrated its uselessness -as a time saver, and was soon displaced by the now familiar hand -carriage-return lever. After the disappearance of the foot treadle, -the stand itself soon followed into the discard. - -Another interesting feature is the metal case which completely -encloses the machine. This in time gave way to the now familiar open -construction, but it is worth noting that in recent years a tendency -has set in to return to the enclosed feature of the first typewriter. - -This original machine had many limitations, but the worst one of all -was the fact that it had no shift-key mechanism--it wrote capital -letters only. - -Nevertheless, the fundamental principles of construction embodied in -this first typewriter still survive, though their application has -since been modified or transformed in the march of improvement. In -this original machine we find the escapement or step-by-step "pulse -beat," which causes the letter spacing, we find the type bars hung in -such a manner that the type all strike the paper at a common printing -point, and we find a mechanism for the return of the carriage and -line spacing of the cylinder. Most interesting of all, we find the -"universal keyboard" in very nearly its present form. This was not -an innovation introduced by Jenne or any of his co-workers, for, -tracing back to the Sholes and Glidden model of the previous year, -we find a very close approach to the same thing. - -Who invented the universal keyboard?--meaning the present universal -arrangement of the letters on the typewriter keys. Of all the questions -concerning the origin of the typewriter or any of its features, this -is the one most frequently asked. The answer is that the universal -keyboard, with some minor variations, has been standard since the -invention of the writing machine. - -Some believe that the universal keyboard was invented by Alexander -Davidson, a mechanic and surveyor of West Virginia, who was also one -of the pioneers in the field of commercial education. It is known -that Davidson, in the later seventies, made a special study of the -subject of scientific keyboard arrangement. But there is no evidence -that Davidson ever saw a typewriter before the year 1875, at which -time the keyboard had already assumed the "universal" form. - -It is positively known that Densmore and Sholes, laboring together, -worked out the universal arrangement of the letter keys. Just how -they happened to arrive at this arrangement, however, is a point on -which there has always been much speculation. It must be remembered -that both of these men were printers by trade, a most important -point in this connection. The usual a b c arrangement of letters, -which would naturally suggest itself to the ordinary layman, means -nothing to a printer, who is more familiar with the arrangement of -the type in the printer's case. Here, however, we encounter the fact -that the arrangement of the letters on the universal keyboard is -nothing like the arrangement of the type in the printer's case. The -truth seems to be that the arrangement of the universal keyboard was -mainly influenced by the mechanical difficulties under which Sholes -labored. The tendency of the type bars on all the Sholes models was to -collide and "stick fast" at the printing point, and it would have been -natural for Sholes to resort to any arrangement of the letters which -would tend to diminish this trouble. These mechanical difficulties are -now of the past, but time has proved and tested the universal keyboard, -and has fully demonstrated its efficiency for all practical needs. - -Keyboard reform has been agitated more than once since the invention of -the typewriter, but such movements have always come to nothing--for -a very simple reason. It is an easy and simple matter for the -manufacturers to supply any keyboard the user may require; indeed the -special keyboards now in use number thousands. But to induce typists -generally to unlearn the universal keyboard and learn another would -be a well nigh impossible task. And it would not pay them to do so, -for no "reformed" keyboard could ever confer a benefit sufficient to -offset the time loss that such a change would involve. The universal -keyboard has a hold similar to that of language itself. - -In the historical collection which contains the original typewriter -is another item of almost equal interest. This is a copy of the -first typewriter catalogue. We know what the first typewriter was -like. This old catalogue, however, gives us a different slant. It -tells us what the builders themselves thought of it, and what they -wished the public to think. - -It certainly looks its age--does this old catalogue. The sheets are -yellow and time stained, the illustrations are old wood cuts which -carry us back to the days before the invention of process engraving, -and the typesetting is of the period--let us say no more, for possibly -our present-day ideas of typesetting will look as antiquated to -our own children. But the first of anything, whether an automobile, -a typewriter, or just a catalogue, ought to be primitive enough to -look the part, and this catalogue certainly does. - -"The Type-Writer," so says the catalogue, "in size and appearance -somewhat resembles the Family Sewing Machine." A very good description, -as all will agree. The next sentence, however, says, "It is graceful -and ornamental--a beautiful piece of furniture for office, study -or parlor." No one can question the utility of the typewriter, -but the beauty of the machine is not regarded in these modern days -as a "selling point." There is also another claim that makes us -pause. "Persons traveling by sea," the catalogue says, "can write -with it when pen writing is impossible." Maybe so, but people who have -been at sea under conditions when they found pen writing impossible, -will probably have their doubts. - -But there is food for thought in this old catalogue from beginning -to end. The clause in the title, "A Machine to Supersede the Pen," -reads today like one of the world's great prophecies. The advantages of -typewriting over pen-writing are enumerated as Legibility, Rapidity, -Ease, Convenience and Economy, and time, which proves all things, -has certainly proved these claims. It is only when we pass from the -description of the machine itself to "Some of its uses" that we seem -to discern a halting note. First in the list of prospective users come -the Reporters, and it is interesting to know that, to the inventors -of the typewriter, court reporting appealed as the principal field -of the new machine. Next in order come Lawyers, Editors, Authors and -Clergymen. These apparently are the only classes of users who are -considered worthy of a special appeal. But how about the business -man? We search in vain for any mention of his name until we come to -a single sentence, evidently intended as a "ketch-all" for the left -overs, which reads: "The merchant, the banker, ALL men of business can -perform the labor of letter writing with much saving of valuable time." - -Did the builders of the first typewriter fully appreciate the -tremendous truth contained in these words? If so, it is hard to believe -that they would have confined all reference to the business man to a -single sentence in an obscure portion of their first catalogue. This -one sentence, in this place, seems to lack the ring of conviction. It -makes one wish that the typewriter men of 1874 could live again to -witness the typewriter wonders of 1923, and see how many-fold greater -has been the fruit of their labors than anything of which they dreamed. - -So much for what the builders thought of their own product. But what -did the buyers and the users think? We turn eagerly for information -on this point to the testimonials, of which this old catalogue -contains several. But the first one that meets our eyes engrosses us -so completely that we straightway forget about all the rest. It is -from no less a person than "Mark Twain," and this is what he says: - - - Hartford, March 19, 1875. - - Gentlemen: - - Please do not use my name in any way. Please do not even divulge - the fact that I own a machine. I have entirely stopped using the - Type-Writer, for the reason that I never could write a letter with - it to anybody without receiving a request by return mail that I - would not only describe the machine but state what progress I had - made in the use of it, etc., etc. I don't like to write letters, - and so I don't want people to know that I own this curiosity - breeding little joker. - - Yours truly, - Saml. L. Clemens. - - -Certainly a queer "testimonial." And we are glad that the selling -agents, in spite of Mark Twain's prohibition, had the "nerve" to -publish it. In course of time Mark Twain overcame his reticence, -and many years after, in his "Autobiography," he tells in his own -inimitable manner all about his first typewriter. It seems that he -bought it in Boston late in the autumn of 1874, when in company -with that other famous humorist D. R. Locke, better known as -"Petroleum V. Nasby." He and Nasby saw the strange looking device -in the window of the Remington store, were drawn in by curiosity, -and Mark Twain purchased one on the spot. What Nasby's impressions -were of his purchase Mark Twain does not tell us, but we know that -they must have been deep and vivid, for only a short time later we -find Nasby a member of the firm which for a time controlled the sale -of the Remington Typewriter. Shortly afterward Mark Twain had one of -his manuscripts type-copied on this typewriter. The "Autobiography" -says that this book was "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," but in this -statement, based only on his memory of the long ago, Mark Twain must -have been mistaken. A letter of his, written many years earlier, -proves that the book was "Life on the Mississippi." However, the -exact identity of the book is a minor matter. In any case, Mark Twain -was unquestionably the first author who ever submitted a typewritten -manuscript to a publisher, a practice now universal. And it accords -with the importance of this great step in progress that this original -typewritten manuscript should have been a literary masterpiece. - -Another letter, typed by Mark Twain himself, appears in fac-simile in -his "Autobiography." This letter was written to his brother, Orien -Clemens, three months before the letter to E. Remington & Sons, -and before the "curiosity breeding little joker" had worn out his -patience. It has a special interest because it was the first letter -written by Mark Twain on his first typewriter. The row of characters -typed across the top of the sheet are undoubtedly the work of Mark -Twain's little daughter Susie, to whom reference is made in the letter. - -Mark Twain's description of the first typewriter as a "curiosity -breeding little joker" applies very well to those who had some -inkling of what the machine really was, but, on those who did not, the -impression was sometimes very different. The story is classic of the -Kentucky mountaineer who returned his first typewritten letter to the -man who wrote it, with the words indignantly scribbled on the margin, -"You don't need to print no letters for me. I kin read writin." This -particular yarn cannot be verified, but there were plenty of similar -cases. J. P. Johns, a Texas insurance man and banker in the seventies, -gives the following transcript from memory of a reply he once received -from one of his agents to one of his first typewritten letters: - - - Dear Sir: - - I received your communication and will act accordingly. - - There is a matter I would like to speak to you about. I realize, - Mr. Johns, that I do not possess the education which you - have. However, until your last letter I have always been able to - read the writing. - - I do not think it was necessary then, nor will be in the future, - to have your letters to me taken to the printers, and set up like - a hand bill. I will be able to read your writing and am deeply - chagrined to think you thought such a course necessary. - - -Another story, of somewhat similar flavor, was told by William K. Jenne -himself. On one occasion he planned to visit New York with his family -and sent a typewritten letter, making a reservation, to one of the -hotels. When he and his family reached the hotel, nothing was known of -his application. Finally he asked them particularly about his letter -and described the way it was written. The clerk then recalled such -a communication, but he supposed it was a printed circular and had -thrown it away. - -As a self-advertiser, the writing machine possessed some obvious -advantages. The only trouble with this "curiosity breeder" in its -early days was that it did not breed the kind of curiosity that -translated itself into real buyer interest. The most curious were -usually skeptical of the utility of the new machine. They objected to -the fact that it wrote capitals only, and they could not assimilate the -idea of paying $125 for a writing machine, when pens could be bought -for a penny. This price question recalls the case of one of the early -inventors, who might have won the honor of anticipating Sholes as the -creator of the first practical typewriter, had he not become obsessed -by one unfortunate idea. He believed that five dollars was about the -limit that anyone would or should pay for a writing implement, and in -the vain effort to produce such a machine he squandered a splendid -inventive talent. The point that he overlooked was the actual value -of the time and labor saved by the writing machine. The world today -understands this point perfectly, but when we find this simple truth -hidden even from an enthusiastic typewriter inventor, we must not -be surprised that it was very little understood in the seventies -of the last century. The marketers of the first typewriter soon -discovered that they had undertaken something more than the sale of -a new machine. Their real job was to sell a new idea, and to do this -was a slow and toilsome work of education. No wonder the typewriter -made such small and discouraging progress in its early years. - -This lack of public interest was painfully in evidence at the -great Centennial Exposition held at Philadelphia in 1876. Here the -typewriter made its initial bow to the public, and it was carefully -groomed for the occasion in a brand new court dress. The identical -machine exhibited at the Centennial is now another prized relic in -the Remington Historical Collection. It was a special machine, with -mother-of-pearl finish, on which had been lavished all the splendors -suggested by the decorative tastes of fifty years ago. But the public -was neither dazzled nor convinced. They came indeed to see it in fair -numbers. Curiosity there was in plenty, but it was curiosity mingled -with some ridicule and very little serious interest. Very few machines -were sold, and about the only revenue derived by the exhibitors was -from samples of typewriting sold as curios for a quarter apiece. - -The Centennial Exhibition will be forever memorable as the occasion -of the first public appearance of two of the greatest inventions of -modern times, the telephone and the typewriter. But how different -their receptions by the public! When Alexander Graham Bell made his -first public exhibition of his invention, an Emperor stood at his -side and the news of his achievement was heralded the world over in -cable dispatches and newspaper headlines. Few then realized that on -exhibit in the same building was another new invention, comparatively -unnoticed, which was destined to rival even the telephone in the -magnitude of its service to the world. - -We have mentioned some of the obstacles which made the early progress -of the typewriter so slow and difficult. Added to all these was -another, the task of furnishing the operator. It was not a case of -finding the operator, for in those days there were none to find. It -was another selling job, usually that of persuading someone to become -an operator and then, in most cases, of training that operator. Truly -the early typewriter salesman earned all that he made. - -This necessity of supplying the operator led to the growth of -another distinctive feature of the typewriter business, namely -the free employment departments for stenographers and typists, -maintained for the service of typewriter users. The yearly total -of stenographers placed in positions by these departments has grown -to enormous figures. More than one typewriter company today places -upwards of one hundred thousand typists per year in positions in the -United States alone. This development anticipates our story, but it -all had its beginning in the early days of the business. - -In these modern days, when commercial education has become a universal -institution, when the public, private and religious schools in the -United States alone, which teach shorthand and typewriting, number -thousands, when similar schools have made themselves indispensable -the world over, it is hard to realize that fifty years ago there -were none. The whole modern system of commercial education is a -creation of the writing machine. It is true that in America there -were some pioneers in this field, men like Eastman, Packard, Spencer, -Bryant and Stratton, whose schools antedated the typewriter. But the -so-called "business colleges" of fifty years ago were few in number -and, in the days before the typewriter, their scheme of instruction -was necessarily limited to bookkeeping and business practice, with -frequently an undue emphasis on fancy penmanship. Nevertheless these -schools did form the nucleus around which was ultimately built our -modern commercial school system, and it is this fact, as we shall -presently see, which has made the history of commercial education in -America so different from the same history in other countries. - -The relationship between the typewriter and the business school -was slow in its early development, and equally slow was the growth -of the general relationship between typewriting and shorthand. A -single sentence in the first typewriter catalogue is interesting on -this point. "Stenographers," it says, "can come to our office and -dictate to operators from their shorthand notes, and thus save the -labor of transcription." A very graceful invitation, but why not -suggest to shorthand writers or their employers that they buy their -own machines? We see in this sentence that the builders of the first -typewriter sensed the partnership that was coming between shorthand -and typewriting, but in those days the great union of the "twin arts" -was still in the future. - -When did it actually come? From the very beginning in many individual -cases, like Clephane's and Weller's and Wyckoff's. But as a feature -in commercial education, not until several years after the invention -of the writing machine. The first school which taught typewriting, -of which there is positive record, was opened by D. L. Scott-Browne -at 737 Broadway, New York, in 1878. From that time, however, the -development became rapid, and within a few years there were similar -schools in every large city in the country. From this time also begins -the real success of the typewriter in finding a market. As shorthand -writing, during the ages that preceded the writing machine, had only a -restricted field of usefulness, so the typewriter in its early years, -before it joined forces with shorthand, was confined to a very limited -sale. And then it made its partnership with stenography--the most -remarkable partnership in all business history. Of late years another -important invention, the office phonograph, has made its bid for a -share in this partnership, but the status of the writing machine, -as the senior partner, is impregnably established. - -Meanwhile the typewriter itself was about to undergo a great -development. It is hardly a coincidence that the first school to teach -typewriting and the first typewriter which won a wide popularity -both appeared in the same year, 1878. This machine was the Model 2 -Remington, the first typewriter which wrote both capitals and small -letters. This first shift-key model, like the Model 1 of 1874, was -the product of several master minds. Jenne, of course, had a big hand -in it; so also did other men who had labored with him on the first -model. The problem of printing both capitals and small letters, with -the standard keyboard arrangement, was solved by the combination of -the cylinder shifting device, invented by Lucien S. Crandall, with -type bars carrying two types, a capital and a small face of the same -letter, invented by Byron A. Brooks. The shift-key machine proved to -be a long step in advance, and the typewriter soon began to gain in -popular favor. - -Since the advent of the typewriter in 1874, one firm of selling -agents after another had been battling against heavy odds to find a -profitable market for the machine. Densmore and Yost were the first -selling agents, followed by Densmore, Yost & Company, General Agents -(the style assumed when Densmore personally withdrew from the selling -agency), and finally by Locke, Yost & Bates, a firm composed of -D. R. Locke (Petroleum V. Nasby), G. W. N. Yost, and J. H. Bates, -afterwards a successful advertising agent in New York. During all -of this time the load of debt on the enterprise grew greater and -greater, until the problem of getting back the amount that had been -sunk in manufacture and unsuccessful sales effort seemed well nigh -impossible of solution. Further changes were now made which eliminated -Yost entirely, and in July, 1878, the selling agency was entrusted -to the well-known house of Fairbanks & Company, the celebrated scale -makers. As the Fairbanks business was well organized, it was thought -that their facilities would largely increase sales. - -One of the first acts of Fairbanks & Company was to appoint -C. W. Seamans as manager of typewriter sales. With the appearance of -Seamans in the story begins the chain of events which finally led to -the commercial triumph of the writing machine. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -LAUNCHED ON THE COMMERCIAL WORLD - - -Clarence Walker Seamans was born in Ilion, and his first employment -was in assisting his father, who had charge of the gunsmithing -department of the Remington factory. This was in 1869, when he was -only fifteen years old, and he continued in this service through -the memorable years 1873 and 1874. In the following year, however, -a company of Ilion men of means bought a silver mine in Utah and -sent young Seamans to the mine to look after their interests. Here -he remained for the next three years. - -In 1878 we find Seamans again in Ilion, just at the time when -Fairbanks & Company had been intrusted with the selling agency for -the typewriter. They needed some one to look after this branch of the -business, and Yost recommended Seamans. Philo Remington thought him -too young, and was not favorably disposed to the selection. Henry -H. Benedict, however, strongly advised that Seamans be appointed, -and this was finally done. - -Seamans entered upon his new work with enthusiasm and enterprise. He -held his position with Fairbanks & Company for three years, and they -were years of tremendous struggle. Nevertheless some progress was -made, and in the year 1881, when E. Remington & Sons decided to take -over the selling agency, the efficient work already done by Seamans -resulted in his appointment as the sales head of their typewriter -business. Under this new arrangement progress became more pronounced, -but still the business was absurdly small, judged by present-day -standards. The actual sales in this year numbered 1200 machines. - -These results did not satisfy Seamans, who soon began to form broader -plans. He entered into negotiations with Mr. Henry H. Benedict and -Mr. W. O. Wyckoff of Ithaca, N. Y., a widely known and successful -court reporter, which resulted in the organization, on August 1, 1882, -of the historic firm of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. The new firm -made a contract with the Remingtons, who conceded to them the selling -agency for the entire world. They agreed to take all the machines the -Remingtons could build, who on their part agreed to furnish all that -could be sold. This contract marked the turning point in the history -of the writing machine. - -The members of the firm of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict were the -real founders of the commercial success of the typewriter, and -the personalities of these three men are as interesting as their -achievements were notable. - -William Ozmun Wyckoff was a giant of a man, in mind, heart and body, -robust and whole-souled, whose dauntless courage and invincible faith -in the typewriter were reminiscent of Densmore. When the Remingtons -first began to manufacture the typewriter, he saw one of the new -machines, and his own profession of court reporter gave him an -instant vision of its future. He immediately secured the selling -agency for Central New York State and his first act was to place -the typewriter in service in his own offices in Ithaca. Here, at -the very outset, he encountered a situation which furnished a real -test of his faith. Every member of his staff rebelled against the -use of the new machines. But Wyckoff was equal to situations of that -sort. "Use it or quit," was his answer, and they used it. This was -all very well for a start, but it was quite different in the great -outside territory, where the possible buyers were not open to this -particular form of sales argument. One of the first to enter Wyckoff's -employ as typewriter salesman was J. Walter Earle, hardly more than -a boy then, who many years after became president of the Remington -Typewriter Company. The letters written by Wyckoff to Earle during -the late seventies, filled with sage advice and admonition, selling -suggestions and unfailing encouragement, supply a graphic picture of -all that the typewriter salesman of that day was "up against." They -also furnish an intimate and attractive picture of the man Wyckoff -himself, sketched unconsciously by his own hand. - -The characteristics of the two other members of the firm, Clarence -W. Seamans and Henry H. Benedict, have already revealed themselves in -this story. Seamans, like Yost, was a wonderful salesman. Better still, -he was a natural leader, with a gift for the successful handling of -marketing problems which proved of incalculable value in establishing -the business on a successful basis. Mr. Benedict likewise possessed -marketing abilities of a high order, which he later demonstrated by -his important work in organizing the typewriter business in Europe, -where the difficulties encountered were even greater than in the -American field. He possessed a habit of thoroughness, combined with -a foresight and soundness of business judgment which, time and again, -were of vital service to the firm. Taken all in all, these three men -represented a combination of qualities not often found in a business -partnership. - -The new firm possessed unbounded energy and enthusiasm but its material -resources were limited. Many discouragements were encountered, but -they overcame them all and the business increased steadily. The firm -started in a very limited fashion, occupying a corner of the Remington -concern's office at 281 Broadway, New York, the staff consisting of a -few clerks with two or three mechanics, perhaps numbering ten persons -in all. In 1884 the firm moved to its own offices at 339 Broadway. - -In the winter of 1885-1886, while the business was in the full tide -of success, a disquieting rumor reached the three partners that the -Remingtons were planning to sell their interest in the typewriter. It -had been known for years that the old house, owing mainly to wasteful -factory management, had been sinking deeper and deeper into debt, -and now it seemed that the crisis had come. Here was a situation -which imperiled the future of the whole enterprise, but a difficulty -is often a disguised opportunity, and so it proved to be in this case. - -Henry H. Benedict immediately took the train to Ilion and his -interview with Philo Remington in March, 1886, which resulted in -the transfer of the ownership of the typewriter, is another one of -the big moments in this story. Here is the account of what happened, -as told by Mr. Benedict himself. - -"I arrived in the morning and spent the fore-noon with Mr. Philo -Remington. I began by asking him if the rumor was true that they -were thinking of disposing of their typewriter interests. He said -it was true. I said, 'But why do you do this?' He replied, 'We need -money.' I said, 'May I ask for what purpose?' He replied, 'To pay our -debts.' 'But,' I said, 'you could not expect to get for the typewriter -enough to pay a tenth of your debts.' 'Well, perhaps not,' he said, -'but it would satisfy the more pressing of our creditors.' - -"'Mr. Remington,' I said, 'I was with you for thirteen years, and -served you to the best of my ability, and I was absolutely loyal -to you. I am going to be loyal now. My advice to you is not to sell -your typewriter. The amount of money you would get would not go far; -ninety per cent of your creditors would still be unpaid, and they -will be after you more savagely if you pay the claims of others and -leave theirs unsatisfied.' - -"He shook his head and said, 'Well, we think we had better sell.' 'Is -that your final decision?' I asked. He answered, 'Yes, I think -so.' I said, 'Have you a customer for your plant?' 'Well,' he said, -'there are some people talking about taking it.' 'Have you committed -yourself to them?' I asked. He replied, 'No, not absolutely.' 'You're -determined to sell, are you?' 'Yes!' - -"'Very well,' I said. 'I have given my advice. Now I want to buy -the plant.' - -"Then we began to talk business, and before night I telegraphed to -New York to send me a certified check for ten thousand dollars to -bind the bargain." - -Thus it was that the entire plant used in the manufacture of the -machine, together with all patent rights, franchises, etc., necessary -to a complete control of the business were purchased by Wyckoff, -Seamans & Benedict. The manufacturing plant was established in the -building formerly occupied by the Agricultural Works, and W. K. Jenne -was installed as mechanical superintendent. The typewriter enterprise -since that day has been entirely separate and distinct from the other -activities with which the name Remington is associated, and thus it -escaped the disasters which shortly after befell the old and honored -house of E. Remington & Sons. - -In 1888 the need for greater office facilities had become so urgent -that Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict removed their New York office to 327 -Broadway, which remained their home office for nearly thirty years. At -first only one or two floors were occupied, then the entire building, -and finally the two additional buildings on either side. In 1892 the -original co-partnership was changed into a mercantile corporation which -included the manufacturing company, and in 1903 the corporate name was -changed to Remington Typewriter Company, of which Mr. Benedict became -the first president. Of the three members of the original firm, Wyckoff -died in 1895 and Seamans in 1915. Henry H. Benedict, the surviving -partner, has been from the beginning a director of the company, and -enjoys in this anniversary year a unique distinction as the only man -now living whose identification with the typewriter business has been -continuous throughout the entire fifty years of its history. - -The progress of the typewriter, once a real start had been made, -continued without serious interruption. The very conditions which -made early progress so slow and difficult now began to reverse -themselves. The machine, with widening opportunities, proved itself -more than ever a most efficient self-advertiser, and every typewriter -in actual service carried its own message of legibility and utility -to many thousands. - -In course of time typewriting became as familiar as pen writing in -business correspondence, and the superior speed of the machine soon -suggested new uses for which the pen had never been employed. The -typewritten circular letter came into being, the forerunner of -the various duplicating devices, and indeed of the whole system of -direct-by-mail advertising as we know it today. The United States -mail bags soon felt, in their bulkier contents, the impetus of the new -machine. General business also felt this impetus. Formerly lashed to a -pen point, it now became articulate, and as business creates business, -so the new forms of business activity, fostered by the typewriter, -opened new and wider opportunities for ever increasing sales. The -machine, which won its entry as a labor saver, soon intrenched itself -as a business builder, and general business, which was merely helped -by the machine at the outset, became completely transformed by it in -the end. - -This wonderful transition has come about so gradually that the business -world, though proudly aware of the fact itself, is only dimly conscious -of the part played by the great transforming factor. We call this -the age of big business, and so it is, but it is only necessary to -compare the average business office and business methods of today -with those of fifty years ago to realize the extent to which modern -business is an actual outcome of the writing machine. - -The story of the typewriter in Europe, and in foreign countries -generally, is very nearly a repetition of its history in the United -States. In every case we find the same early years of struggle and -in the end the same transforming influence on business and business -methods. The introductory struggle in America was hard enough, -but in the Old World there were some even greater obstacles to be -encountered. Here the writing machine was forced to make headway -against the more deliberate and leisurely habits of the people, and the -more deeply rooted conservatism of an older civilization. There were -also some graver practical difficulties, as we shall presently see. - -The systematic invasion of the European market began very soon after -the firm of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict took up their great selling -task, and it was mainly through the efforts of Mr. Benedict that the -foundations of the business were laid in the Old World countries. Prior -to this time E. Remington & Sons had made their own attack on the -British market, and their first British catalogue, published over the -imprint of their London address, 50-54 Queen Victoria Street, E. C., -contains an impressive list of press notices in British journals, -published at different times in 1876, also a list of patrons which -includes the King of the Netherlands, the Duke of Bedford, the Marquis -of Salisbury, Earl Granville and other notables of the period. There -is testimonial evidence in this old catalogue that machines were -sold in England as early as the year 1874, and similar early efforts -are traceable in other European countries. But this early selling -effort was not sustained, and it was more than ten years later -before any real impression was made on the European market. The -London office of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict was opened in 1886, -and by the year 1890 the machine had begun to occupy an important -place in the British commercial world. The successful introduction -of the machine in most of the Continental European countries belongs -to the same period. Offices were opened in Paris in 1884, and direct -representation was established in Belgium in 1888, Italy in 1889, -Holland in 1890, Denmark in 1893, and Greece in 1896. The German -market was entered in 1883, and the Russian, with a special machine -equipped to write the Russian characters, in 1885. From the very -outset of its career in Europe the typewriter has been used by -celebrities without number. Many of the crowned heads have been -included among its personal users. Lloyd George, many years ago, -while still an obscure and struggling attorney in Wales, owned and -operated a Model 2 Remington. Count Tolstoi, that earnest disciple -of the primitive life, to whom modern machinery in every form was -abhorrent, was glad to make an exception in its favor, and many of -his extant photographs show him in the act of giving direct dictation -to his daughter on the typewriter. Indeed it is not surprising to -find the writing machine thus intimately associated with the great, -for the very nature of its service, the conservation of brain effort, -places it in a far different class from any mere manual labor saver. - -One development of the typewriter business in nearly all foreign -countries is totally different from anything known in America. We -have already spoken of the modern system of commercial education as -the creation of the typewriter. In America, however, the typewriter -companies and commercial schools, though each is a necessity to the -other, have grown up as distinct and separate institutions. This may -be accounted for by the fact that the germ of our modern commercial -school system existed in a few of the so-called "business colleges" -before the days of the typewriter. In England also, before the advent -of the writing machine, we find a few schools teaching the recently -invented art of phonography, the latter-day development of the ancient -art of shorthand. In other foreign countries, however, there was not -even the germ of the commercial school as we know it today. - -If the task of getting operators during the early days of the -business was a difficult one in America, in other countries it -was formidable. It soon became evident that the problem could be -solved only in one way, by the founding of schools of shorthand and -typewriting, owned and operated by the typewriter company itself. This -was the origin of the Remington system of commercial schools, which -were established by the company or its selling representatives in -practically every country on earth, with the one conspicuous exception -of the United States. Even in Great Britain it was found necessary -to establish these schools at several points in order to insure a -sufficient supply of competent operators, and in the countries of -Continental Europe there was no other recourse. - -The Remington schools at Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Moscow, Petrograd and -many other cities throughout Europe were established soon after the -machine had invaded these markets. In other continents the business -met similar conditions and went through the same process. In Australia -the great Remington schools at Melbourne, Sydney and other cities -have graduated many thousands of operators; so also in South Africa, -and throughout the entire South American continent, where not only -the large centers but even many of the smaller cities now have their -Remington schools. In the Asiatic countries the problem of securing -competent stenographers and typists assumed another phase. Here the -stenographers and typists are all natives, Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, -Javanese, Hindu, etc., and they are all men, for this is one part -of the world where the modern girl typist has not yet arrived. In -the countries of the Far East, the Chinese predominate among the -practitioners of the "twin arts." It's a stiff job, that of acquiring -such mastery of a foreign language that the stenographer can take -and transcribe accurately the shorthand notes taken from dictation -in that language, but the Oriental peoples, with their remarkable -linguistic gifts, have proved equal to the task. - -The schools of shorthand and typewriting in the Eastern countries are -easily the most interesting in all the world, and it is noteworthy -that these schools maintain the highest standards of efficiency. The -Remington schools in various cities throughout India, which train the -Babu or educated native in the "twin arts," have been for many years -the main source of supply of the typists employed in all branches of -the Indian Government service. - -The founders of the typewriter business had little realization that -out of their efforts would come a new plan of practical education; -still less did they realize that over a great part of the earth's -surface the task of developing this plan would fall on the manufacturer -himself. In their broad effect on human society, the by-products of -the typewriter business, in more than one phase, have been quite as -important as the main idea. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -HIGH SPOTS IN TYPEWRITER PROGRESS - - -We have noted the fundamental features contained in the original -typewriter of 1873. It had the step-by-step escapement mechanism which -caused the letter-spacing travel of the paper carriage. It had type -bars on which type were mounted which printed at a common center. It -fed the paper around a cylinder on the paper carriage. It was equipped -with a line spacing and carriage return mechanism. It printed through -a ribbon, which traveled across the printing point with the movement -of the carnage. It had the standard number of printing keys, placed -in four rows, and the characters on these keys, and the corresponding -type bars, followed the arrangement now known as "universal." To -these fundamental features the Model 2 Remington of 1878 added the -shift-key mechanism, with two type mounted on a single bar. - -Every one of the features above described is standard in all -the leading writing machines of the present day. It must not be -supposed, however, that the reign of each and all of these basic -features has been undisputed throughout the entire fifty years of -typewriter history. In time other typewriters appeared on the market, -which represented radical departures from one or another of these -principles. Some of these machines proved practical in actual service -and won a considerable popularity, and some of them are manufactured -and sold today. A review of typewriter history would not be complete -which failed to take note of these departures from the type of -construction generally known as "standard." - -One of the earliest issues in the typewriter field concerned -the relative merits of the type-bar principle versus the type -wheel. Mention of the type wheel brings us back to John Pratt's -Pterotype and the article concerning it in the Scientific American of -July 6, 1867, which is said to have suggested the idea of a typewriter -to Sholes and his colleagues. Pratt is said to have actually built and -sold some of these machines in England, but they were not a success, -and he for a time despaired of being able to construct a machine on -which the printing wheel would move quickly and yet stop instantly. He -worked over the problem for years, and when, at last he approached the -United States Patent Office he found himself in interference with two -other inventors, James B. Hammond and Lucien S. Crandall, both of whom -appeared with writing machines built on the type-wheel principle. A -deadlock ensued which was finally settled by Pratt yielding precedence -to Hammond upon a type-wheel machine and receiving a royalty, while -Crandall proceeded with his application for a patent on a type-sleeve -instrument. The first Hammond patents were taken out in 1880, and the -machine was placed on the market shortly thereafter. The early Hammond -had what was called the "ideal" keyboard, semi-circular in shape, but -later Hammonds have conformed to the "universal" keyboard arrangement. - -The Hammond was the first practical type-wheel machine and is today the -leading machine of this class. The type-wheel construction has always -had strong advocates, but these machines have never been very serious -competitors of the type-bar machines in the general commercial field. - -Soon after the advent of the Hammond, another important typewriter -issue arose--that of single versus double keyboard. The first -double-keyboard machine was the Caligraph, placed on the market in -1883, an enterprise upon which Yost entered after it became evident -that he could no longer retain his interest in the Remington. The -Caligraph was devised under the direction of Yost, principally by -a skilled German mechanic named Franz X. Wagner, who afterwards won -prominence as the inventor of the Underwood Typewriter. Yost's aim was -to construct a typewriter which would evade the Remington patents, but, -failing in this, he was subsequently granted a license. In after years -the Smith Premier became the leading double-keyboard machine. This -machine, the invention of Alexander T. Brown, was placed on the market -in 1890 by Lyman C. Smith, the gun manufacturer of Syracuse, and during -the next few years attained a wide popularity. It was urged in behalf -of the double-keyboard machine that the key for every character made -its operation easier and simpler for the beginner. The construction, -however, was more complicated, because it doubled the number of type -bars and connecting parts, and there was a further disadvantage in -the enlarged keyboard, which time made evident. The double keyboard -would probably have yielded to the shift key sooner or later, but -it was the advent of the touch method of typewriting which really -settled the matter. For use in connection with the touch system, -the compact keyboard of the shift-key machine proved so obvious an -advantage that the double keyboard lost ground rapidly and machines -with this keyboard began in time to disappear from the market. The -present Smith Premier Typewriter, invented by Jacob Felbel, is a -shift-key machine of standard design. - -Another early issue in typewriter construction concerned the relative -merits of the ribbon and the inking pad. This brings us to the last -enterprise of G. W. N. Yost, which he undertook after severing his -connection with the Caligraph. In 1888 Yost brought out the machine, -developed by Alexander Davidson, Andrew W. Steiger and Jacob Felbel, -that ever since has borne his name. The most notable departure of -the Yost Typewriter from the standard design was the elimination of -the ribbon and the use instead of an inking pad, on which the face -of the type rested. The first Yost was a double-keyboard machine, -but later models embody the shift-key principle. Of late years this -type of machine has been hardly known on the American market, although -it has always enjoyed a considerable sale in Europe. - -The inking pad, as a substitute for the ribbon, found many advocates -at one time because of one serious deficiency in the early ribbon -machines. The automatic ribbon reverse is an old story now, and -present-day typewriter users take it as a matter of course. Many of -them may be surprised to hear that the typewriter was twenty-two -years old before the first automatic ribbon reverse appeared on a -writing machine. Some of the older generation of typists, however, -can still remember the time when it was always necessary to operate -the machine with one eye on the ribbon, in order to be sure to reverse -it at the right time, or else suffer the consequences in a "chewed-up" -ribbon and spoiled work. During the early nineties Jenne labored hard -on the problem of an automatic ribbon reverse, the solution of which -called for inventive skill of a high order. After several experimental -devices had been designed, all of which were far too complicated, a -simple solution was found by George B. Webb, and the first automatic -ribbon reverse made its appearance on the Remington in 1896. Within -a few years the old hand reverse became practically obsolete on all -standard machines. - -In the meantime a new demand had been steadily growing, which was -destined to influence quite radically the future course of typewriter -development. All of the earlier type-bar machines were built on what -is known as the understroke principle. The type bars were arranged in -a circular "basket," underneath the carriage, and the type printed at -a common point on the under side of the cylinder. These machines were -satisfactory in speed and quality of work, but they had one practical -defect--it was necessary for the operator to raise the carriage in -order to see the writing line. The advantages of visible writing -were so obvious that the problem began at an early date to engage the -attention of typewriter inventors. On the type-wheel machines, visible -writing was easily attained, but on the type-bar machines it called for -real inventive effort. The first type-bar visible writer, the Horton, -appeared as early as the year 1883. Most of the early type-bar visible -writers were of the down-stroke type, the type bars striking downward -to a common point on the top of the cylinder. Prominent among machines -of this construction were the Columbia Bar-Lock (1888), the Williams -(1890) and the Oliver (1894). The latter machine, in particular, -secured and has since held a considerable market. Later on the -front-stroke principle of construction took the lead in the general -business field. The first front-stroke machine to attain prominence -was the Underwood. This machine was the invention of Franz X. Wagner, -whose earlier connection with the Caligraph we have already noted, -and was placed on the market in 1897 by John T. Underwood, who had -long been identified with the writing-machine industry as one of the -pioneer manufacturers of typewriter ribbons and carbon papers. The -design of the front-stroke machines represented a new departure in -the arrangement of the type bars, which were placed in a segment -in front of the carriage, the type printing on the front of the -cylinder. This front-stroke principle proved to be a satisfactory -solution of the problem of visible writing, and all of the leading -standard machines are now of the front-stroke type. Prominent among -these machines today are the Underwood, the front-stroke Remington, -which was largely the work of Oscar Woodward, followed by later -improvements; the "L. C. Smith," brought out by Lyman C. Smith, the -original manufacturer of the Smith Premier, and the Royal, followed -some years after its first appearance by a new model. - -Visible writing is an old story today, the last non-visible machines -having disappeared from the market many years ago. Doubtless, when this -problem had been solved, it seemed to some as though the typewriter -had attained finality. But there is nothing final on this earth, and -a new demand has been growing of recent years until it has become as -strong and insistent as the demand for visible writing of twenty years -ago. The familiar "clicking" noise of the typewriter has been with us -as long as the machine itself, and in the early days people did not -seem to mind it. But when the use of the typewriter had grown until -whole batteries of them had invaded every department of business, -the accumulated noise became a disturbance, and users began to wish -that the machine would imitate, if it could, the one and only virtue -admittedly possessed by the pen--that of silence. The development of -quiet typewriting brings us to the present-day stage of typewriter -progress, which hardly belongs to this story. It is sufficient to say -that the writing machine, which has always been equal to any demand -made upon it, has run true to form in this case. During recent years -one typewriter has appeared, the Noiseless, built around this central -idea, also quiet models of at least three of the standard makes. - -It seems a far cry from the first typewriter of 1873 to the shift-key, -front-stroke, visible-writing, quiet machine of 1923. Equally -great has been the progress in the skill of the operator, from the -first would-be typists who awkwardly tried their hands on the early -machines, to the standards attained by the best typists of the present -day. The progress of the operator, however, has not been marked by -the same slow, successive stages. It has been the outcome of one -great development--the introduction of the scientific method of key -fingering known as touch typewriting. - -We have referred more than once to the article in the Scientific -American of July 6, 1867, which started so many brain cells working -to such good purpose. One more quotation from this article, which -has a special application to the operator, is now in order: - - - "The weary process of learning penmanship in the schools will be - reduced to the acquirement of writing one's own signature and - playing on the literary piano." - - -Note the words "playing on the literary piano." They were suggested -spontaneously in connection with the idea; they were an unconscious -prophecy which time has fulfilled. To operate the machine with the -eyes resting not on the keys but on the copy, as the eyes of the -pianist rest on the music, to use all the fingers, to regulate the -touch so that the best results are obtained, thus gaining time in the -execution and excellence in the work; these are the ends secured by -the touch system, a method now taught universally in business schools. - -"Who was the first touch typist?" is a question now frequently -asked. The answer is, the first blind typist, whoever that person -was. We have recorded how the needs of the blind figured in the efforts -of so many of the early typewriter inventors. Pen writing is almost -an impossibility for blind people. A frame of parallel wires fitted -over the writing paper, with one wire for each line of writing, is -of some help to the blind in pen writing, but if they lose the line -they cannot find it again, and it is the same with words and spaces -between words. The human hand has no automatic spacing mechanism, like -the typewriter, and that is what the blind person needs. But where -sight is lacking there is only one possible method of operation--by -touch. The touch method was a discovery of the blind, and a gift by -them to all the typists of the world. - -It took time, however, for this idea to become diffused among schools -and operators generally, and during the early years of the typewriter -the style of typing now known derisively as "peck and hunt" was -universal among sighted operators. Here was a paradox, where the gift -of sight caused blindness and only the blind could see what was hidden -from everybody else. In a few years, however, the art of touch typing -was acquired by a few sighted typists of exceptional skill. The first -of whom there is record was Frank E. McGurrin, who taught himself the -art on a Model 1 Remington in 1878, while a clerk in a law office in -Grand Rapids, Mich., and afterwards became the champion speed operator -of his time. The exhibitions given by McGurrin in different cities of -the country during the eighties were of the very highest educational -importance. The most notable of these was the contest between McGurrin -and Traub; decided at Cincinnati on July 25, 1888. - -The modern typewriting contests are interesting mainly as -demonstrations of the utmost capacity of the operator, but the -contest between McGurrin and Traub had a far deeper significance. It -was really a contest between two different systems of typing--the -new and the old. Louis Traub was an instructor in typewriting and -agent and expert operator of the leading double-keyboard machine of -that day. Both in the keyboard used and the method used, he stood -in opposition to McGurrin. The conditions called for forty-five -minutes writing from dictation, and forty-five from copy, unfamiliar -matter being used. McGurrin won decisively on both tests, but the -significant fact was that his speed increased three words per minute -when writing from copy, while Traub's speed fell off twelve words per -minute on the same test. The reason is obvious. McGurrin's eyes were -always on the copy, while Traub was compelled to write an "eyeful" -at a time. Traub was open to conviction and accepted the logic of -the result without reserve. He subsequently became an expert touch -operator of the shift-key machine. - -The exhibitions of McGurrin and other self-taught touch typists of -this early period served a useful purpose in demonstrating that the -idea was feasible, but to make it practical for all typists was the -task of the educator. The first business school to begin systematic -instruction to pupils by the touch method, or the all-finger method as -it was then called, was Longley's Shorthand and Typewriter Institute of -Cincinnati. The credit for the introduction of this system belongs to -Mrs. M. V. Longley, wife of Elias Longley, whose name is well known to -the shorthand fraternity of America through his prominent association -with the development of phonography. This was in 1881. In the following -year her "Remington Typewriter Lessons" were published, the first -printed system for teaching the all-finger method. The advertisement -describes the system as "a series of lessons and exercises--by a -system of fingering entirely different from that of other authors -and teachers"; a very conservative statement considering the radical -departure it represented from the prevailing usage of the day. - -The first typewriter man to interest himself in the system was -H. V. Rowell, for many years manager of the Remington office at -Boston, who is still living at an advanced age. It was a paper read by -Mrs. Longley before the First Annual Congress of Shorthand Writers, -held at Cincinnati in 1882, that gave Rowell his first inspiration -on the subject, and from that time he became an ardent and constant -advocate of the touch system. The first business educator who took up -this method at Rowell's suggestion was W. E. Hickox who introduced -it in his private shorthand school at Portland, Me. Hickox, who -began to teach touch typing in 1882, was the second educator in -America and the first in the East to adopt this method, but it was -some years before he had any imitators. Rowell, however, continued -ceaseless in his efforts, and in 1889 he interested B. J. Griffin of -the Springfield Business School, Springfield, Mass. Griffin became -a touch typewriting enthusiast. He introduced it in his school to -the exclusion of all other methods, and the remarkable typing skill -of some of his graduates soon produced a deep impression on other -business educators. In the same year, 1889, Bates Torrey of Portland, -Me., published "A Manual of Practical Typewriting." The word "touch" -seems such a natural one as applied to this method that it would seem -almost futile to search for its originator, but, as a matter of fact, -Bates Torrey was the first one to use it in a printed manual. We -also note in this book a great advance in the point of view over -Mrs. Longley's "Typewriter Lessons." Mrs. Longley's method was a -genuine touch system in its results, but not in its main purpose, -which was avowedly to secure an improved method of fingering. Seven -years later the all-finger method had become simply a means to an -end--the ability to write by touch. - -The developments of the year 1889 set the ball rolling, and during the -next few years many new "touch" manuals appeared and one school after -another took it up until the touch method was firmly established in -the East. The growth of the system in the West was due mainly to the -efforts of another typewriter man, O. P. Judd, for many years manager -of the Remington office in Omaha. Judd, writing in 1897, says that -"Omaha has become the storm center of the commotion over the touch -method of typewriting." Two educators of that city, Van Sant and -Mosher, urged on by Judd, entered into a friendly competition, and -the rival exhibitions given by their splendidly trained pupils soon -spread the method far and wide. - -Early in the year 1901 the Remingtons made a complete canvass of the -schools of America to ascertain definitely the extent to which the -touch system was then in use. It was found that half of the schools -of the country had already begun instruction by the touch method -and, of the remainder, the great majority announced their intention -of doing so with the beginning of the fall term. Very soon after, -the old "peck and hunt" plan of teaching had disappeared entirely -from the schools, and the old style operators have become fewer -and fewer with each passing year until one of them in a present-day -business office is almost a curiosity. The seeming impossibility of -thirty-five years ago, when people watched McGurrin and wondered, -has become the universal commonplace of today. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -WIDENING THE FIELD - - -The developments we have been considering cover only one phase of -typewriter progress. The advent of the shift-key typewriter, of the -automatic ribbon reverse, of visible writing, of the touch system, and -finally of the quiet typewriter, have all been important advances in -efficiency, or convenience, or general satisfaction in the performance -of the older and more familiar typing tasks. Those improvements, -however, the aim of which was to extend the actual scope and range -of the writing machine belong, in the main, to a different chain of -typewriter development. - -During the first twenty-five years of its history, the time-saving -service of the typewriter was confined almost entirely to straight, -line-by-line writing, with its practical applications, such as letter -writing, manuscript writing, and the like. So long as these fields -remained unconquered there was little incentive or opportunity to -think of anything else. Thus the great fields of form, tabular and -statistical writing remained for many years beyond the reach of the -writing machine. The reason, of course, from the mechanical standpoint, -lay in the lack of any mechanism for the instantaneous setting of -the carriage at any desired writing point. Whenever the nature of the -work required these carriage settings with great frequency, the slow -method of hand setting consumed all the time that could be saved in -the actual typing. However, as time went on, the opportunities for -time saving in these special forms of writing became more and more -evident. "If we have typewritten letters, why not typewritten bills -and statements and vouchers and statistical forms of every kind? Why, -in fact, use the pen at all except for signatures?" These questions -were asked with greater and greater frequency. And in due time the -typewriter builders gave the answer. The first decimal tabulator, -known originally as the Gorin Tabulator, from the name of its inventor, -appeared in 1898 as an attachment of the Remington Typewriter. - -There is a special interest in the date of this invention, for it -marks exactly the half-way point in the fifty years of typewriter -history. The second quarter century of this period, which begins with -the advent of the decimal tabulator, has seen the typewriter extend -its range to every form of writing or combined writing and adding -formerly done by the pen. - -The Gorin Tabulator was exactly what its name implies--a decimal -tabulator. It wrote columns of figures--anywhere on the page and -as many as the page would hold--with the same speed as ordinary, -line-by-line writing. The decimal tabulator brought the carriage -instantly to the exact point in every column where the next line -of writing began, whether units, tens, hundreds or millions, as -illustrated in the following example: - - - 340721 5 3 721 55 - 856 29 8 06 - 7382 767 952 77 - 94006 9 763 85 - 73 86 573 95 00 - 2099 142 345 48 050 66 - 9282384650 4 356 758 1 396 722 00 - 5857205 67 954 678 500 800 00 - - -With the appearance of the first tabulator, the typewriter began -to invade new fields which hitherto had been entirely beyond its -reach. In some of the Old World countries the decimal tabulator -actually took the lead in blazing a path for the writing machine. In -these countries there survived for many years a certain prejudice -against the typewritten letter, but this prejudice did not extend to -form and tabular work, and the first machines purchased by countless -business houses in England, France, Italy and elsewhere were tabulating -typewriters. This seems like a reversal of the natural order, but -the final result was the same. The typewriter, once introduced, -soon came into use for every kind of writing. - -The decimal tabulator is a notable example of how one idea leads -to another. During the years immediately preceding its appearance -there had been happenings in other branches of the office appliance -field. The idea of clerical labor saving, embodied in the first -typewriter, had given birth to a varied industry, and among other new -inventions, had produced the adding machine. The first adding machines, -however, carried no printing mechanism, and so long as typewriters -were also lacking in a tabulating mechanism, the fields of the two -machines lay entirely apart. In the early nineties, however, the -Burroughs machine, which listed figures in a column as added, began -to find a market. Soon after came the first tabulating typewriter, -and it was soon recognized that each of these machines represented a -partial approach to the field of the other. The question then arose: -"Since the typewriter now writes figures in columns, why not build one -that will add these columns as written? In other words, why not build -an adding typewriter?" In due time the adding typewriter came, to be -followed later by the typewriter-accounting or bookkeeping machine. - -Prominent among machines of this type are the Elliott-Fisher, which -has a flat writing bed or platen, the Remington, which introduced -the feature of automatic subtraction, and the Underwood, which is -electrically operated. The earlier adding typewriters added in vertical -columns only, but soon a cross-adding mechanism was added, and the two -acts of vertical and cross computation are performed in one operation. - -The accounting machine completed the application of the typewriter -to every form of business writing, including combined writing and -adding. In the latter field the advantages it offers are those of -the typewriter intensified. The combination of two tasks--writing -and adding--in one, eliminates the separate adding and the separate -adding cost. A further advantage is the error-proofing of every task, -the machine furnishing its own checks against possible mistakes by -the operator. To the business man these advantages are decisive. The -typewritten bill is now about as universal as the typewritten letter, -so also is the typewritten statement, and the old-fashioned bound and -pen-written ledgers are fast giving place to the modern card ledger, -kept on the bookkeeping machine. The same applies to every conceivable -kind of combined typing and adding in every line of business. The -pen has not entirely disappeared from these fields as yet, but it is -going, and its final departure is as clearly indicated as anything -in the book of fate. - -While the typewriter has been completing its conquest of the entire -field of business writing, there has been another development at -what we may call the opposite end of the scale. The machine is now -demonstrating its time-saving utility not alone for business writing -but for all writing. The use of the machine for every kind of personal -writing was clearly forecast by its original builders, as the first -typewriter catalogue plainly proves. Indeed this was clearer to them -than the general business uses. Many years were to elapse, however, -before the employment of the typewriter became general outside of the -business field, and then it came about through the development of a -new type of machine, especially designed for the owner's personal -use. The portable typewriter, small, light, compact, convenient, -and easy to carry anywhere in its traveling case, proved to be the -type of machine desired by the personal user. The earliest of the -portables was the small Blickensderfer, a type-wheel machine. The -first type-bar portable machine to attract wide notice was the Corona, -which dates from the year 1912. Today there are a number of these -machines, including the portable Remington, Underwood, Hammond, -Gourland and others, two of these, the Remington and Gourland, with -keyboards like those on the big machines. The rapid progress of the -portable in its own field points clearly to the time when the use of -the typewriter for every kind of writing will be nearly universal. - -The accounting machine and the portable, different as they are in -nearly every way, have one point in common. Both have contributed to -what we may call the intensive use of the writing machine. One other -development, which concerns its extensive use, will close the list. - -We have already spoken of the world-wide use of the writing -machine. This is not a mere figure of speech; it is a literal statement -of fact. There is no article of commerce in the world more universal in -its distribution. Everywhere on earth today, where man is found with -the ability to read and write, there will be found the omnipresent -typewriter. - -It is hard for the imagination to visualize this universal fact. A -map of the world does not help much. Perhaps a photograph gallery of -all the types of people of all the nations that follow typing as a -profession would convey a better idea. But fortunately a still better -method of visualization is at our command. Some years ago a linguistic -genius conceived the idea of collecting typewritten translations of the -motto "To save time is to lengthen life," in all the languages of the -world. The collection, which had grown when published to eighty-four -languages, is here presented. Truly a remarkable evidence of the -way in which a writing machine produced in the village of Ilion has -conquered the world. - -Some may ask, "what language is Quoc-Ngu?" Quoc-Ngu is a Romanized -version of a Chinese dialect, spoken in Anam, a division of French -Indo-China. If the language is as strange as its name it must be a -"tongue twister," and our typewritten sample shows that it is as -strange--just about. Nevertheless a considerable number of typewriters -are used today for writing Quoc-Ngu. - -The purely Celtic languages form an interesting group. They are -represented by five examples, Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton and -Manx. The typewritten sample shows the Romanized writing of the Irish -or Erse language. Typewriters have also been sold to write Erse in the -original character, the type having been specially cut for the purpose. - -Six of the Philippine languages are represented, Tagalog, Pampango, -Ilocano, Visayan, Bicol and Pangasinan. Here, indeed, is striking -evidence of the heterogeneous population of these new American -possessions. Equally notable is the South African group in which five -languages are represented, Sizulu, Sesotho, Sixosa, Setshangaan and -Taal. Of these the first four are native Kafir dialects. Hollandsch -or Dutch was in the old days of the Transvaal Republic the official -language. Taal is the every-day language of the South African -Dutchman, and is a conglomeration, principally of Hollandsch, with -some English. English-speaking people who have never been in South -Africa may be curious to know what mixed Dutch and English sounds -like. The typewritten sample, however, can only show how it looks. - - - "TO SAVE TIME IS TO LENGTHEN LIFE" - - Typewritten in 84 Languages - - [Transcriber's note: non-Latin scripts have been omitted.] - -English-- To save time is to lengthen life. -French-- Gagner du temps, c'est prolonger la vie. -Portuguese-- Economisar tempo é alargar a vida. -Hungarian-- Takarékoskodj az idövel, meghosszabitod az életed. -Polish-- Kto czas oszczodza--przedluza sobie zycie. -Basque-- Demboraren irabaztia, biciaren luçatzia da. -Catalan-- Economizar tèmps es allargar la vida. -Provençal-- Temps gagna fa longo vido. -Breton-- Hastenn ar vuez ho c'honi amzer. -Irish-- Is Ionann Am-Coigilt agus Seagal-buanad. -Gaelic-- Faid saoghail is seadh do re chuir a b-feidhm. -Welsh-- Mae arbed amser yn estyn oes. -Manx-- Dy hauail traa te jannoo bea ny sleurey. -Flemish-- Tijd besparen is leven verlengen. -Frisian-- Tüd besparje is libjen verlenge. -Icelandic-- Að spara tíma er að lengja lifið. -Bohemian-- Úspora casu jest prodlouzenim zivota. -Roumanian-- A economisi timp este a prelungi viata. -Slovenian-- Varcevanje s casom, je daljsanje zivljenja. -Slovak-- Usporuvat cas je prodluhit zivota. -Esthonian-- Jôudsam tôô on elu pidkendus. -Lettish-- Laiku taupot--pagarina dzivibu. -Lithuanian-- Uzcedyjimas laiko ilgina amzo. -Croatian-- Tko vrijeme stedi, taj produzuje zivot. -Spaniolish-- Economia di tiempu, alarga la vida. -German-- Zeit sparen heisst das Leben verlängern. -Italian-- Risparmiando tempo prolungate la vita. -Latin-- Parcere tempori vitara longiorem facit. -Swedish-- Att vinna tid är att förlänga lifvet. -Danish-- At spare Tid er at forlænge Livet. -Norwegian-- At spare tid er at forlænge livet. -Finnish-- Aikaa voittaessa, elämä pidentyy. -Maltese-- Min jahdem fis, itaughal haghtu. -Albanian-- Kur ngi bier mot ron shum. -Romanch-- Spargner temp ais prolunger la vita. -Ido-- Sparar tempo esas longigar la vivo. -Esperanto-- Spari tempon estas plilongigi la vivon. -Sioux-- Wicoran yuptecana kin he wiconi yuhanske. -Winnebago-- Wo shkännä lä kä lä ki ci gi shi, wankshik ho i - nä ni gi sa letch nä nä. -Aztec-- Aquin àmo quixpoloa in cahuitl quihuellaquilia - inemiliz. -Maya-- Ká taquick tiempo cu chokuactal á kimil. -Ilocano-- Ti pinagtiped iti añget paatidduguen ni biag. -Visayan-- Magdaginot sa adlao, kay mao ang hataas ñga - kinabuhi. -Bicol-- Pag-imotan ang panahon pagpa-láwig nin buhay. -Pampango-- Ing pamagarimuhan king panaun makakaba king bie. -Pangasinan-- Say panagteper ed maong sa panahon so macasuldon - ed pan bilay. -Tagalog-- Ang pag-aarimuhán sa panahón ay nakapagpapahaba - ñg buhay. -Sizulu-- Lowo o gcina isikati sake u yena o nesikati eside - ukusandisa emhlabeni. -Sesotho-- Ea sa senyeng linako tsa hae ke eena ea phelang - halelele lefatseng. -Sixosa-- Ongaciti ixesha lake nguyena o nexesha elide - ukulandisa emhlabeni. -Setshangaan-- A lavisaka shikati utomi wa yena u tayengeteleka - muhlabeni. -Spanish-- Economizar tiempo es alargar la vida. -Dutch-- Tyd uitwinnen is zyn leven verlengen. -Taal-- Tijd te spaar maakt gebruik langer. -Quoc-Ngu-- Loi ngày gio, bang song lâu nam. -Hawaiian-- Malama pono anamika manawa, He mea ia e hooloihi - aku ai ike ola. -Maori-- E poto taima e ora roa. -Romanized-Malay-- Me-niampumakan waktu itu me-nambahi panjang umor. -Eskimo-- Uvdlunik aungnertusârinek inûtnertunarpok. -Hova-- Tsy mandany andro foana no manalava ny aina. - - -The languages of the American Indian are represented by only three -examples, Sioux, Winnebago and Aztec. "To save time is to lengthen -life" takes nineteen words to say in Winnebago. Evidently the moral -of this motto was never applied very seriously by the Winnebago -Indians. If it took them as long as that to say everything, it is -perhaps no wonder that the Winnebagos are nearly all dead. - -Many other languages in this extensive list are worth lingering over, -but we must pass on to the most interesting feature of the collection, -namely those languages that are written in non-Roman characters. In -the languages we have thus far considered, the mechanical problem, from -the typewriter standpoint, was an easy one. Where special accents are -required, they are easily supplied by the simple expedient of using -"dead," i.e., non-spacing keys. The adaptation of the typewriter, -however, to write the non-Roman languages was in some instances a -very difficult mechanical problem. There are twenty-four languages -in this list, written in no less than eight different characters, -Russian, Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, Burmese, Hindi, Arabic and Japanese -(Katakana). - -The Russian group includes four languages, Russian, Servian, Ruthenian -and Bulgarian. The character in which these languages are written is -known as Cyrilian, an invention of St. Cyril in the ninth century, -and is based on the Greek character, to which its resemblance will -be noted. The languages written today in the Greek and Cyrilian -characters correspond almost exactly to the present limits of the -Orthodox Greek Church. - -The use of the Arabic character also corresponds very nearly to -the geographical limits of the Mohammedan religion. Seven languages -written in this character are represented, Arabic, Turkish, Persian, -Sart, Urdu, Malay and Tartar. Of all the languages now written on -the typewriter, the Arabic group presented the gravest mechanical -difficulties. The Arabic character, as written, is not subject to -any of the usual rules. It has in its complete alphabet over one -hundred individual characters; it writes backwards, i.e., from -right to left; the characters are written on the line, above the -line and below the line, and they are of various widths, requiring -full spacing, half spacing and no spacing at all. Here indeed was -a medley of problems well calculated to tax ingenuity to the limit, -and the Arabic typewriter is a crowning triumph of mechanical skill. - -The Hindu group shows the ancient Sanscrit and four modern Hindu -vernacular languages written in the same character, which is known as -Devanagari. These vernacular languages are Hindi, Marawari, Magadhi, -and Marathi. The Hindu vernacular machines, especially the Marathi, -are having a considerable sale today among the native princes and -potentates of British India. - -The Japanese (Katakana) sample is interesting mainly as a curiosity. It -does not write the complete Japanese language--only the syllabic system -known as Katakana. This is read from right to left in perpendicular -columns. In order to write this character on the horizontal lines -of the typewriter, the type are laid on their faces and, in reading, -the lines are held in perpendicular position. - -After reviewing this formidable list of eighty-four languages, -the question naturally arises, "Are there any written languages -that it does not include?" Yes, there are, and this collection of -typewritten samples has steadily grown until it now includes more than -150 languages, while the number of different non-Roman characters now -written on the typewriter has increased from eight to twenty. There -are two important languages, however, which still lie outside the -pale of the writing machine. These are the ideographic languages, -Chinese and Japanese. - -The ancient Japanese language was originally phonetic, but the syllabic -signs are now commonly intermixed with ideographic characters of -Chinese origin. - -Chinese is a strange language. It has no alphabet or phonetic -signs--only ideographs. These ideographs are literally word pictures, -and there is a separate picture for every word. There are from 40,000 -to 50,000 of these ideographs, and to write each one at a single stroke -would require a typewriter with many thousands of keys. Can the problem -ever be solved of writing this language on a practical typewriter? Some -inventors claim they have already solved it. It seems hard to credit, -but the typewriter developments of the past and present warn us not -to call anything impossible that is demanded of the writing machine. - -Meanwhile the Chinese and Japanese buy typewriters--thousands of them; -not to write their own languages, of course, but other languages, -usually English. And they are coming to use these machines, not alone -for foreign correspondence, but for business correspondence among -themselves. The time saving service of the typewriter is so great that -they find it "worth another language." And this brings us to what many -will regard as the most interesting of all the achievements of the -typewriter. The steady growth of English as the commercial language -of the Far East is a well known fact, and of all the influences that -have caused this growth, one of the most important is the writing -machine. Thus it may be said for the typewriter that it has not only -facilitated the use of language but it has been no mean influence in -determining the spread of language itself. - -What is to be the future of this remarkable mechanism, which in -fifty years has transformed the whole world of business, and has -wrought such fundamental changes in our modern social order? As we -pass the fiftieth milestone of typewriter history, it is natural, -not only to review the past, but to think of all that time may hold -in store. That the future of the typewriter will be wonderful, more -wonderful than anything we have yet known, is certain, but what new -forms it may assume is for no man to say, for the futility of such -speculations has been demonstrated by all human experience. - -On the mechanical side such forecasts are obviously impossible. The -most farseeing typewriter man of today knows that the mechanical -progress of the next fifty years is a sealed book to him--even as the -history we have just recorded was a sealed book to the pioneers of -1873. Even on the side of its application to human needs, it is hard to -forecast the future progress of a machine, the use of which is already -so nearly universal. We know, however, that this fact does not impose -any limits on future development. Even if the reign of the typewriter -today were complete and absolute, and the pen had become as obsolete -as the stylus, there would still be new worlds for the writing machine -to conquer. The need which first called the typewriter into being, -the problem of clerical time and labor saving, is always with us; it -changes its form, but never its essence. The enormous time-saving the -machine has already achieved is only the promise of more time-saving, -and when every writing task has been annexed by the typewriter, it -will be more than ever its mission to perform these tasks with ever -increasing efficiency, increasing accuracy, and increasing speed. - -Only in one phase do the new developments of the present give a -clear indication of what the future has in store. The rapid growth -in the personal and home use of the typewriter, following the advent -of the portable machines, is revealing to many thousands a quality -of the machine, long known but never before aggressively exploited, -namely, its incomparable value as an educational implement. We do -not mean commercial education, for in this field the typewriter -established its reign many years ago. We mean the education of the -child in reading, writing, spelling, and, as he grows older, in all -the fundamentals of language composition. There are two reasons for -this value. One is the delight of the child in the machine itself, -the use of which provides a vehicle for his creative instinct. The -other is the perfection of form in the typed words and sentences, -which present attainable standards to the child from the very outset -of his efforts. The extraordinary results obtained by the typewriter -in this field are attested by educators and by parents without number, -and the progress of such recent "wonder children" as Winifred Stoner -and Willmore Kendall is directly attributed to their early and -continuous use of the writing machine. - -It is interesting to know that, among the founders of the business, -that man of vision, William O. Wyckoff, foresaw these results, and -his letters to Earle, written in the late seventies, to which we have -already referred, urge strongly the sale of machines in the home for -educational use. Wyckoff was fifty years ahead of his time, and it -has remained for the portable machine of our day to spread this great -message. It may be a long time yet before the use of the typewriter -is established in the elementary schools, as an educational implement -as necessary as charts and blackboards, but in the home this service -has already begun and will be extended with every passing year. - - - - - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -HOW WOMEN ACHIEVED ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION THROUGH THE WRITING MACHINE - - -The greatest of all the triumphs of the typewriter, greater even -than its influence on business or education or language, is the -transformation it has wrought in our whole social order. - -This is a phase of typewriter influence which even today is far too -little understood. The fact that the writing machine has freed the -world from pen slavery is itself a triumph so vast and palpable that -it rivets attention, almost to the exclusion of anything else. This is -not because the facts are obscure concerning other phases of typewriter -influence. That it was the writing machine which opened to women the -doors of business life is so well known that the mere mention of it -sounds like a commonplace. But few indeed have considered the real -importance of this fact in its relation to human society. - -The movement that we know by the name of "feminism" is undoubtedly the -most significant and important social evolution of our time. The aims -and aspirations behind this great movement need not detain us. Suffice -it is to say that, like all great social movements, its cause and its -aim have been primarily economic. What is known as "sex-emancipation" -might almost be translated to read "economic emancipation"; at any rate -it could only be attained through one means, namely, equal economic -opportunity, and such opportunity could never have been won by mere -statute or enactment. Before the aims of "feminism" could be achieved -it was necessary that women should find and make this opportunity, -and they found it in the writing machine. - -We have described the transformation of the whole business world -since the invention of the writing machine. Equally revolutionary, -and facilitated by the same agency, has been the transformation in -the economic status of women during the same period. The business -office of 1873 seems no more remote from the present than the -economic restrictions imposed on the women of fifty years ago. It -might almost be said that no real career was possible for her outside -of the home. Such opportunities for gainful occupation as did exist -were usually for the untrained and uneducated, in shops, factories, -domestic service and the like. In only two other callings had they -made themselves indispensable, that of school teaching and nursing, -and all the openings in this and a few minor occupations could do -little more than utilize a fraction of intelligent womanhood. They -furnished no adequate basis for true and general economic freedom. - -Obviously it was the business world, and that alone, which could -furnish women with the opportunity for real emancipation, and so long -as this door remained closed, there could be no hope of its attainment. - -The prejudice which existed fifty years ago against the employment -of women in a business office, or in clerical capacities of any kind, -is something which in our day is hard to understand. It was blind and -unreasoning, as prejudices usually are, but it was universal. How -strong it was, and how unreasoning, was clearly shown in the one -notable attempt to utilize the services of women in clerical work, -which came before the advent of the typewriter. - -It is a singular fact that this attempt was made by a native and -life-long resident of Herkimer County, a forecast of the part that -other native sons of Herkimer County were yet to play in the great -work of sex emancipation. - -This man was General Francis Elias Spinner, born in Mohawk, N.Y., -a suburb of Ilion, and a close friend of Philo Remington. General -Spinner was appointed Treasurer of the United States by President -Lincoln on March 16, 1861, and continued to hold this office until -June 30, 1875. When he took up his official duties at Washington, -he found a condition similar to the one with which all of us were -recently familiar during the Great War. The men had gone to war in -such vast numbers that there was everywhere a scarcity of workers, and -General Spinner conceived the idea of employing women as government -clerks. This was a startling innovation in those days; nevertheless -several hundred women were appointed to government clerkships through -his agency. - -The grateful women of the time afterwards remembered General Spinner's -efforts, and his statue, erected by the women of the Departments of -the Government, now stands in Herkimer, N.Y. On the pedestal of this -statue are General Spinner's words: "The fact that I was instrumental -in introducing women to employment in the offices of the Government -gives me more real satisfaction than all the other deeds of my life." - -However, the unhappy experiences of many of these women showed how -strong were the prejudices of the time. Grace Greenwood, the authoress, -tells of a letter she received from one of them which says: "Would -you work for nothing, board yourself, and be lied about?" - -Such was the world's attitude fifty years ago concerning women's -work. And then Herkimer County made another contribution to the cause -of sex emancipation. A new and strange machine appeared, and it went to -work, at first quietly and unobtrusively, but in the end triumphantly -to break down these barriers of conservatism and prejudice. - -Even at this day, many of us, though recognizing the facts, are puzzled -to account for this amazing achievement of the writing machine. Yet -there is no mystery about it, for it was all due to the operation of -that law which is sure to break all barriers, the law of necessity -and fitness. We have shown that the typewriter did more than save -business time. It stimulated business activity, and in time this -activity reached the point where there were no longer men enough to -perform all of the clerical tasks. The girl stenographer and typist -came into business because she was needed, and with her coming the -ancient barriers fell. The typist blazed the path by which other women -entered every department of business. Economic emancipation was won -and from this great triumph has resulted every other development of -modern feminism. The suffrage, the winning of greater social freedom, -the wider participation of women in every phase of public life, all -these are children of the same parent. When economic freedom was won, -everything was won, and all else followed, naturally and inevitably. - -The feminist movement has had its leaders, many and prominent ones, -but it is sometimes the one with no thought or consciousness of -leadership who renders the greatest service. In the choice of some -historic figure to symbolize this movement, who has a better claim -than the man whose life and work created the great opportunity through -which sex emancipation was achieved? - -It is pleasing to know that the inventor of the typewriter lived to see -the beginnings of this great movement and the knowledge of it gladdened -his later years. Sholes died in Milwaukee on February 17, 1890, and -for some years before his death he never rose from his bed. But though -more dead than alive in body, his mind remained clear, unclouded and -active to the very end. Mr. C. E. Weller tells of a private letter -which relates the following incident which occurred shortly before -his death, when a daughter-in-law remarked to him, "Father Sholes, -what a wonderful thing you have done for the world." He replied, "I -don't know about the world, but I do feel that I have done something -for the women who have always had to work so hard. This will enable -them more easily to earn a living." - -In one of the last letters he ever wrote, Sholes says, "Whatever I -may have felt in the early days of the value of the typewriter, it -is obviously a blessing to mankind, and especially to womankind. I -am glad I had something to do with it. I builded wiser than I knew, -and the world has the benefit of it." - -These farewell words of Sholes form a suitable close to this story. He -rendered the world of womankind a great service, he lived long enough -to know it, and he died contented and happy in that knowledge. His -closing words show that he thought more of this achievement than of -any other service rendered by his invention. - -In this anniversary year of the writing machine it is fitting that -our thoughts should turn to the simple, gentle, kindly, modest, -lovable man, who in his lifetime neither sought nor obtained rewards -or honors, and whose very name is little known today in the great -world of business which he transformed with his invention, or to the -millions of women who owe so much to his efforts. - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Typewriter, by -Herkimer County Historical Society - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE TYPEWRITER *** - -***** This file should be named 60794-8.txt or 60794-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/7/9/60794/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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-} -.p107-1width { -width:494px; -} -.p107-2width { -width:495px; -} -.tabulator { -font-family:monospace; -} -.p119-1width { -width:376px; -} -.p119-2width { -width:555px; -} -.p119-3width { -width:540px; -} -.p121-1width { -width:419px; -} -.p121-2width { -width:381px; -} -.p121-3width { -width:399px; -} -.xd29e1555 { -font-size:xx-large; text-align:center; -} -.xd29e1557 { -font-size:x-large; text-align:center; -} -.xd29e2077 { -text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom; -} -.xd29e2079width { -width:31px; -} -.xd29e2092 { -height:20pt; -} -.xd29e2222width { -width:474px; -} -.xd29e2233 { -text-align:center; -} -.p136width { -width:573px; -} -.p137width { -width:507px; -} -.p141width { -width:431px; -} -@media handheld { -} -/* CSS rules copied from @style attributes in TEI file */ -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Typewriter, by -Herkimer County Historical Society - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Story of the Typewriter - 1873-1923 - -Author: Herkimer County Historical Society - -Release Date: November 26, 2019 [EBook #60794] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE TYPEWRITER *** - - - - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div class="front"> -<div class="div1 cover"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure cover-imagewidth"><img src="images/frontcover.jpg" alt="Original Front Cover." width="473" height="720"></div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 imprint"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody"> -<p class="first xd29e259">PRESS OF <br>ANDREW H. KELLOGG COMPANY <br>NEW YORK, N. Y. -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 frenchtitle"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody"> -<p class="first xd29e268">THE STORY OF THE <br>TYPEWRITER -</p> -<p class="xd29e272">1873–1923 -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 dedication"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<div class="figure frontispiecewidth"><img src="images/frontispiece.jpg" alt="" width="524" height="720"></div> -<h2 class="main">EMANCIPATION</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p>“I FEEL THAT I HAVE DONE SOMETHING FOR THE WOMEN WHO HAVE ALWAYS HAD TO WORK SO HARD. -THIS WILL ENABLE THEM MORE EASILY TO EARN A LIVING.” -</p> -<p class="xd29e282"><i>Statement of Christopher Latham Sholes, inventor of the typewriter.</i> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="div1 titlepage"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"></p> -<div class="figure titlepage-imagewidth"><img src="images/titlepage.png" alt="Original Title Page." width="443" height="720"></div><p> -</p> -</div> -</div> -<div class="titlePage"> -<div class="docTitle"> -<div class="mainTitle">THE STORY <br>OF THE <br>TYPEWRITER</div> -<div class="mainTitle">1873–1923</div> -<div class="mainTitle">PUBLISHED IN COMMEMORATION OF THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INVENTION OF THE WRITING -MACHINE</div> -</div> -<div class="docImprint">BY THE -<br><span class="sc">Herkimer County Historical Society</span> -<br>HERKIMER, NEW YORK -<br><span class="docDate">1923</span> </div> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5">5</a>]</span></p> -<div id="toc" class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main">CONTENTS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"> <span class="tocPageNum">PAGE</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#foreword" id="xd29e324"><i>Foreword</i></a>, by the President of the Herkimer County Historical Society <span class="tocPageNum">7</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chapter I.</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#ch1" id="xd29e335">Fifty Years Old</a> <span class="tocPageNum">9</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chapter II.</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#ch2" id="xd29e346">Early Efforts</a> <span class="tocPageNum">17</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chapter III.</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#ch3" id="xd29e357">The First Practical Typewriter</a> <span class="tocPageNum">30</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chapter IV.</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#ch4" id="xd29e368">Seeking a Market</a> <span class="tocPageNum">63</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chapter V.</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#ch5" id="xd29e380">Launched on the Commercial World</a> <span class="tocPageNum">84</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chapter VI.</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#ch6" id="xd29e391">High Spots in Typewriter Progress</a> <span class="tocPageNum">99</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chapter VII.</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#ch7" id="xd29e402">Widening the Field</a> <span class="tocPageNum">115</span> -</p> -<p><span class="sc">Chapter VIII.</span> -</p> -<p><a href="#ch8" id="xd29e413">How Women Achieved Economic Emancipation Through the Writing Machine</a> <span class="tocPageNum">134</span> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href="#pb7">7</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="foreword" class="div1 foreword"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e324">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="main"><i>Foreword</i></h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Local pride in achievement is not only pardonable, but, when that achievement marks -a real contribution to human progress, it may even be laudable. It is with no apology, -therefore, that the Herkimer County Historical Society presents to the public the -story of the typewriter, which we of Herkimer County, New York, have seen unfold. -</p> -<p>Half a century ago, in the little Mohawk Valley village of Ilion, was begun the manufacture -of a machine which, in that comparatively brief period, has revolutionized intercommunication, -contributed mightily to the expansion of modern business, and, what is of even greater -significance, has proved the chief factor in the economic emancipation of women. -</p> -<p>Realizing the importance of this service, the writer had the honor of suggesting to -the Society and to the citizens of Herkimer County that its fiftieth anniversary be -adequately observed. One step in this observance has taken the form of publishing -this little volume. The data from which it was prepared has been gathered by the Society -from a great variety of sources, including one man who has been identified with the -history of the typewriter from its earliest days. It shows conclusively that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8">8</a>]</span>Ilion will go down in history as the center from which, in the main, has flowed this -great contribution to civilization’s progress. -</p> -<p>The Society takes this occasion to extend an invitation to the general public to send -to it any additional historical data which may serve to make our archives upon the -subject more complete. We would be glad to be informed, for instance, of the names -of any individuals now living, not mentioned in this volume, who have been identified -in any important way with the development of the typewriting machine and its extension -throughout the world during the last half century; the location and ownership of any -typewriting machine which is over forty-five years old; the name and address of anyone -who has been a continuous user of a typewriter for at least forty years; the location -and ownership of any machine upon which any very important manuscript or public document -was written. In a word, we would like to make the Herkimer County Historical Society’s -archives the repository where future historians may find complete and reliable information -upon the invention which was Christopher Latham Sholes’ gift to the world. -</p> -<p class="signed"><span class="sc">John W. Vrooman</span>, <br><i>President, Herkimer County Historical Society</i>. <br>Herkimer, N. Y., April 7, 1923. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9">9</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="body"> -<div id="ch1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e335">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER I.</h2> -<h2 class="main">FIFTY YEARS OLD</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The manufacture of the first practical writing machines began at Ilion, Herkimer County, -New York, in the autumn of 1873. This anniversary year 1923 is a fitting time to review -the remarkable history of this great invention, and every phase of the incalculable -service which it has rendered to the modern world. -</p> -<p><i>Fifty years old!</i> What will be the thoughts of the average reader when he is reminded of the actual -age of the writing machine? -</p> -<p>The typewriter has made itself such an essential factor in modern life, it has become -so necessary to all human activities, that the present-day world could hardly be conceived -without it. It is hard to name any other article of commerce which has played a more -commanding role in the shaping of human destiny. It has freed the world from pen slavery -and, in doing so, it has saved a volume of time and labor which is simply incalculable. -Its time-saving service has facilitated and rendered possible the enormous growth -of modern business. The idea which it embodied has directly inspired many subsequent -inventions in the same field, all of which have helped to lighten <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10">10</a>]</span>the burden of the world’s numberless tasks. In its broad influence on human society, -the typewriter has been equally revolutionary, for it was the writing machine which -first opened to women the doors of business life. It has radically changed our modern -system of education in many of its most important phases. It has helped to knit the -whole world closer together. Its influence has been felt in the shaping of language -and even of human thought. -</p> -<p>The most amazing fact of all is that these stupendous changes are so recent that they -belong to our own times. One need not be very old to recollect when the typewriter -first began to be a factor in business life. The man in his fifties distinctly remembers -it all. There are even some now living who were identified with the first typewriter -when its manufacture began fifty years ago in the little Mohawk Valley town of Ilion, -New York. -</p> -<p>Such results, all within so short a period, indicate the speed with which our old -world has traveled during the past generation—a striking contrast to the leisurely -pace of former ages. -</p> -<p>The story of the typewriter is really the latest phase of another and greater story—that -of writing itself. Anyone, however, who attempted to write this greater story would -soon discover that he had undertaken to write the whole history of civilization. The -advance of man from primitive savagery to his present stage of efficiency and enlightenment -has been a slow process, but each stage <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11">11</a>]</span>of this process through the ages has been marked, as if by milestones, by some improvement -in his means and capacity for recording his thoughts in visible and understandable -form. -</p> -<p>The earliest attempts at word picturing by savages, the Cuneiform inscriptions of -Babylonia, the hieroglyphics of Ancient Egypt, the clay tablets and stone monuments -of antiquity, the papyrus of Egypt, the wax tablets and stylus of the Romans, the -parchment manuscripts of the Middle Ages, the development of the art of paper manufacture, -the invention of the art of printing, and even the comparatively modern invention -of steel pens, are all successive steps in this evolution. Looking back from our vantage -ground of today over this record it is easy for us to see the writing machine as the -outcome. The art of recording thought was always destined to remain imperfect until -some means had been found to do it, which, in the very speed of the process, would -be adequate for all human requirements. Even the ancients felt this need; of this -fact the history of shorthand is sufficient proof. But never, until the nineteenth -century, did men’s thoughts turn seriously to machinery as a possible solution. -</p> -<p>The invention of printing has been described as the most important single advance -in the history of civilization, and it seems to us of today exactly the kind of invention -which should have suggested the idea of a writing machine. But fate decreed otherwise, -and more than <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12">12</a>]</span>four centuries were destined to elapse after Gutenberg had begun to use movable types -before the advent of the typewriter. It is interesting to note, however, that when -the typewriter finally did appear, its influence on the printing art was almost immediate, -many improvements in typesetting devices having been directly suggested and inspired -by the writing machine. -</p> -<p>We have spoken of shorthand, an art so intimately allied with typewriting that they -are known today as the “twin arts.” The story of the typewriter cannot be adequately -told if this other art is left out of the picture. -</p> -<p>Unlike the writing machine, the beginnings of shorthand date back to antiquity. Some -have believed that Xenophon wrote stenographic notes of the lectures of Socrates, -but it is at least established that the learned slave Marcus Tullius Tiro, freed by -Cicero and made his secretary, developed a system which soon came into widespread -use. Few high school boys and girls today, who struggle with the orations of Cicero, -know that it was the art of Tiro which preserved these classics for us. -</p> -<p>The “Notae Tironianae” (notes of Tiro) consisted of some 5,000 signs for words, and -it is doubtful if stenography would today be so popular a profession had one to burden -his memory with an equal list. But the ancients were more patient than we, and, once -mastered, these notes proved swift and practical. Busy Rome found much use for its -stenographers. Atticus, a famous Roman book lover, trained a great force of slaves -in the art for <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13">13</a>]</span>the sole purpose of transcribing, and thus become a real publisher ages before the -days of printing. Five manuscript readers were allotted to each one hundred stenographers, -and these took down the spoken words. And the cost to the thrifty Atticus was one -pound of grain and a small allowance of wine per slave. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p013width"><img src="images/p013.png" alt="TIRONIAN NOTES." width="332" height="123"><p class="figureHead">TIRONIAN NOTES.</p> -<p class="first">Courtesy of Isaac Pitman & Sons -</p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Even Rome’s greatest men, the Emperor Titus among them, did not scorn to master Tiro’s -notes. In a later age the sermons of the church fathers, the great Origen, Chrysostom, -St. Augustine and others, were noted down in shorthand; so also in the fifteenth century -were the sermons of Savonarola. Roger Williams wrote shorthand; so did Samuel Pepys, -the author of the famous diary. Among later celebrities who mastered the art was Charles -Dickens, who, in his early days, used the Gurney system in reporting speeches in the -House of Commons. -</p> -<p>Ultimately, however, the modern principle of “phonography” came into possession of -the field. This system, evolved through the labors of Isaac Pitman and others, used -characters to represent the spoken <i>sound</i> of words instead of their spellings, and was such an obvious improvement that, in -its various forms, it has become practically universal. -</p> -<p>Here we encounter a singular fact. After a history <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14">14</a>]</span>covering ages, the great improvement in shorthand, which finally perfected the art, -was delayed by destiny until the very eve of the invention of the typewriter. Its -coming, just at this time, seems, in the light of later events, almost prophetic. -For it is obvious that shorthand, even as perfected by phonography, would have been -restricted, without the typewriter, to a limited field of usefulness. As a time saver, -shorthand is clearly a half measure, and, so long as the art of transcribing notes -in long hand could be done only at pen-writing speed, the swiftest shorthand writer -could render only a partial time-saving service. In the days before typewriting, it -would have required more than one stenographic secretary to free the busy executive -from the bondage of the pen. He would have needed a complete retinue of them, to whom -he would dictate in rotation, which is exactly what the great Julius Caesar is said -to have done. But the Caesars of history are few, and equally few are the notables -of the past, in any field of effort, who had the means or the inspiration to provide -themselves with a whole battery of stenographers. -</p> -<p>In this fact we find one outstanding distinction of the typewriter as a labor saver—it -perfected the process which shorthand had begun—it completely emancipated the executive. -When we talk of “labor saving” we usually think in terms of manual labor. But when -the typewriter freed the executive from pen slavery it did more than save mere hand -labor. It saved and conserved <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15">15</a>]</span>the very highest quality of brain labor. True, the busy man of affairs works as hard -today as he ever did, but the typewriter has made his labor more productive. It has -relieved him of the old pen drudgery, so that the greater part of his time may now -be devoted to creative tasks. It is common to speak of the higher efficiency of the -present-day business man, as though men themselves had grown bigger in our own times. -Perhaps they have. But let us not fail to credit a part of this growth to the emancipation -achieved through the stenographer and the writing machine. -</p> -<p>The typewriter, like every great advance in human progress, came in the fullness of -its own time. Looking back over the past, we can now see why it came when it did, -and why it could not have come before. In the days when commerce was smaller, when -writing tasks were fewer, when the ability to write or even to read was limited, when -life itself was simpler, the world could get along after its own fashion without the -writing machine. As education grew, as business grew, as the means for transportation -grew, as all human activities grew, so the need grew, and it grew much faster than -any real consciousness of the need, which seems always to be the way with our poor -humanity. It is this fact which explains the struggle and frequently the tragedy in -the early history of so many great inventions. They do not come in response to a demand, -but in recognition of a need, and this recognition, in its early phases, is usually -confined <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href="#pb16">16</a>]</span>to the few. These few are the real pioneers of progress, and it is through their labors -and struggles, often unappreciated and unrewarded, that humanity advances in all the -civilized and useful arts. -</p> -<p>It was even so with the writing machine! -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17">17</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e346">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER II.</h2> -<h2 class="main">EARLY EFFORTS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The first recorded attempt to invent a typewriter is found in the records of the British -Patent Office. These show that on the 7th of January, 1714, or more than two centuries -ago, a patent was granted by Her Majesty, Queen Anne, to Henry Mill, an English engineer. -The historical importance of the first typewriter patent makes this document of such -interest that we quote the opening sentences, as follows: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first"><i>Anne</i>, by the grace of God, &c., to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting. -</p> -<p><i>Whereas</i> our trusty and wellbeloved subiect, <i>Henry Mill</i>, hath, by his humble petic̃on, represented vnto vs, that he has, by his great study, -paines, and expence, lately invented and brought to perfection “<i>An artificial machine or method for the impressing or transcribing of letters singly -or progressively one after another, as in writing, whereby all writings whatsoever -may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished -from print; that the said machine or method may be of great vse in settlements and -publick recors, the impression being deeper and more lasting than any other writing, -and not to be erased or counterfeited without manifest discovery</i>;” and having, therefore, humbly prayed vs to grant him our <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18">18</a>]</span>Royall Letters Patents for the sole vse of his said Invention for the term of fourteen -yeares, etc.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>The quaint wording of this description has a pleasant flavor of the old days. Moreover, -as a description of the typewriter, it sounds promising, but unfortunately this is -all we know of the invention of Henry Mill. He was an engineer of prominence in his -day, but even engineers sometimes dream, and this perhaps was not much more. No model, -drawing or description of the machine is known to exist, there is no record to show -that they ever did exist, and the secret, if there was one, died with the inventor. -But Henry Mill, unknown to himself, accomplished one thing. In a single sentence he -wrote himself down in history as the first man who is known to have conceived the -great idea. -</p> -<p>Throughout the remainder of the eighteenth century only one other attempt is recorded. -This was a machine, said to have been invented in the year 1784, for embossing printed -characters for the blind. Of this machine nothing is now known; nevertheless this -early association of the typewriter with the blind is a point worth noting. We shall -presently see how prominently the blind have figured in typewriter history; how much -they have received from the writing machine and how much they have given in return. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p019width"><img src="images/p019.jpg" alt="Photographic Reproduction of the Title Page of the First American Patent on a Typewriter, Granted to William A. Burt, July 23, 1829. Signed by Andrew Jackson, President, and Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State." width="524" height="720"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Photographic Reproduction of the Title Page of the First American Patent on a Typewriter, -Granted to William A. Burt, July 23, 1829. Signed by Andrew Jackson, President, and -Martin Van Buren, Secretary of State.</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The first American patent on a typewriter was granted in 1829 to William Austin Burt -of Detroit, afterwards <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20">20</a>]</span>better known as the inventor of the solar compass. The only model of this machine -was destroyed by a fire at the Washington Patent Office in 1836. Many years later, -however, the Patent Office, working from a parchment copy of the original patent and -other papers in the possession of Burt’s family, was able to produce a replica of -this machine, which was exhibited at the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893. Burt’s -typewriter, as revealed in this patent, carried the type, not on individual bars, -but on the segment of a circle, which makes it the ancestor of the present-day, type-wheel -machines. -</p> -<p>Although Burt’s machine was never manufactured he at least succeeded in getting it -talked about. A letter from a correspondent, published in the <i>New York Commercial Advertiser</i> of May, 1829, calls it “a simple, cheap and pretty machine for printing letters,” -and the editorial comment speaks highly of its possibilities, “should it be found -to fully answer the description given of it.” Both editor and correspondent confess -themselves “stumped” in finding an appropriate name for the new invention, a point -on which Burt had solicited advice. “Burt’s Family Letter Press” was one of the bright -ideas suggested. It seems that the honor of naming the “typewriter” was being reserved -by destiny for the inventor of the first practical machine. -</p> -<p>The next recorded effort was in 1833, when a French patent was granted to Xavier Projean -of Marseilles for a device which he describes as a “Ktypographic” machine <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21">21</a>]</span>or pen. This machine consisted of an assembly of type bars arranged in a circle, each -type striking downward upon a common center. All present day typewriters are divided, -according to their operating principle, into two classes, the rotating segment or -type-wheel machines, and the type-bar machines, and it is curious that each of these -principles should have been embodied in the two earliest known devices, Burt’s machine -of 1829 and Projean’s of 1833. But Projean’s machine, like Burt’s, contained nothing -more than the germ of an idea. Projean’s claim for his own invention, that it would -print “<i>almost</i> as fast as one could write with an ordinary pen,” is sufficient evidence that it -was too slow to possess any practical utility. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p021width"><img src="images/p021.jpg" alt="Burt’s Machine, 1829." width="634" height="528"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Burt’s Machine, 1829.</span></p> -</div><p> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22">22</a>]</span></p> -<p>A few years after Projean’s effort we find a new influence at work. The electric telegraph -had been invented, and the effort of inventors to produce a telegraphic printing mechanism -gave an impetus to the idea of a writing machine. In 1840 the British Patent Office -records the application of Alexander Bain and Thomas Wright on a writing machine for -use in connection with the telegraph. These men were afterwards better known as the -inventors of a telegraphic printer. As a typewriter, Bain’s device was of no value -and scarcely deserves serious mention. A more important step in the progress of the -art was taken by Charles Thurber of Worcester, Mass., to whom a patent was granted -in 1843, followed by another in 1845. The Thurber machine of 1843 contains one notable -advance; the letter spacing was effected by the longitudinal motion of a platen, a -principle which is a feature of all modern machines. This machine did excellent work, -but the printing mechanism was too slow for practical use and none were manufactured. -A model of Thurber’s machine is now in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, -and a later model, showing important improvements, is preserved by the Worcester Society -of Antiquarians. -</p> -<p>Thurber’s other model of 1845 was not a typewriter at all, but a “writing machine” -in the strictest sense. It was designed to perform the motions of the hand in writing, -and was intended for the use of the blind. This attempt was a failure, but it illustrates -again how prominently <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href="#pb23">23</a>]</span>the needs of the blind figured in the efforts of the early inventors. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p023width"><img src="images/p023.jpg" alt="Thurber’s Machine, 1843." width="626" height="414"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Thurber’s Machine, 1843.</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The same is true of the next recorded effort, which was the invention of a blind man, -Pierre Foucault, a teacher in the Paris Institution for the Blind. Foucault’s machine, -which was patented in France in 1849, printed embossed letters for the blind very -successfully. This machine attracted great attention and was awarded a gold medal -at the World’s Fair at London, in 1851. Several of them were constructed and remained -in service for a long time in institutions for the blind in different parts of Europe. -But the machine never came into very general use. -</p> -<p>The scene now re-crosses the Atlantic, where it is destined to remain until the appearance -of the first practical <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24">24</a>]</span>typewriter. Oliver T. Eddy of Baltimore took out a patent in the year 1850. This machine, -in the inventor’s own words, was “designed to furnish the means of substituting printed -letters and signs for written ones in the transaction of every day business.” Eddy’s -life record is one of the tragedies of early typewriter invention. He devoted many -years of labor to his machine, and is said to have died in poverty after a futile -appeal to the Government for assistance. The Eddy machine was highly ingenious and -did good work, but was too cumbersome and intricate for practical use. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p024width"><img src="images/p024.png" alt="Eddy’s Machine, 1850." width="624" height="522"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Eddy’s Machine, 1850.</span></p> -<p class="first"><i>From Patent Office Gazette Publication.</i> </p> -</div><p> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25">25</a>]</span></p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p025width"><img src="images/p025.jpg" alt="Beach’s Machine, 1856." width="645" height="713"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Beach’s Machine, 1856.</span></p> -<p class="first">THE ORIGINAL TYPE WRITING MACHINE FOR WHICH THE GOLD MEDAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE -WAS AWARDED IN 1856. </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>As we enter the “fifties” the attempts at typewriter invention become more numerous. -J. B. Fairbanks received a patent in 1850, and J. M. Jones, of Clyde, N. Y., in 1852, -the latter machine marking some progress in the direction of a practical typewriter. -Next in order comes A. Ely Beach of New York, for many years an editor of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" href="#pb26">26</a>]</span>the <i>Scientific American</i>. His machine, for which a patent was issued in 1856, marked a decided advance over -anything that had yet appeared. It consisted of a series of type levers, arranged -in the form, afterwards familiar, of a circular basket, all of which printed at a -common center, much in the same manner as a modern typewriter. This machine, like -so many others of this early period, was designed for the benefit of the blind, and -printed raised letters which they could read by touch. The Beach machine did good -work, but was slow in operation, and it had another very serious limitation—it wrote -only on a narrow ribbon of paper. The machine attracted great attention when exhibited -in New York, but it never emerged from the experimental stage. -</p> -<p>In 1857 Dr. Samuel W. Francis, a wealthy physician of New York, took out a patent -on a typewriter, the keys of which resembled those of a piano, and the types, which -were arranged in a circle, printed at a common center. It was said of the Francis -machine that it printed with a speed <i>exceeding</i> that of the pen, a degree of praise not accorded to any of its predecessors. But -it was too bulky and costly for a commercial venture and no attempt was ever made -to place it on the market. -</p> -<p>Among other men of this period who worked on the great problem were R. S. Thomas of -Wilmington, N. C., who, in 1854, took out a patent on a machine called the “Typograph”; -J. H. Cooper of Philadelphia, in 1856, who resorted to the type-wheel principle of -construction; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27">27</a>]</span>Henry Harger in 1858; F. A. deMay of New York in 1863; Benjamin Livermore of Hartland, -Vermont, in 1863; Abner Peeler of Webster City, Iowa, in 1866; Thomas Hall in 1867; -and John Pratt of Centre, Alabama, who in 1866 produced a device called the “Pterotype” -(winged type), of which we shall have more to say in the course of this story. And -this about completes the list of attempts which preceded the invention of the first -practical writing machine. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p027width"><img src="images/p027.png" alt="Francis’ Machine, 1857." width="624" height="510"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Francis’ Machine, 1857.</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p028width"><img src="images/p028.jpg" alt="John Pratt’s Typewriter—Patent of August 11, 1868." width="635" height="697"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">John Pratt’s Typewriter—Patent of August 11, 1868.</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The reader has doubtless sensed a certain monotony in this review of the early typewriter -inventions. “<i>It did good work, but it was too slow</i>,” is the formula which fits <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28">28</a>]</span>nearly all of them; certainly all of them that were able to write at all. The superior -legibility of type over script is an undoubted advantage of the writing machine, but -it is not the leading one, and the transition in the cost of a writing implement from -a penny pen to a machine costing upwards of one hundred dollars could never have come -to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29">29</a>]</span>pass on the basis of superior legibility alone. The great, outstanding merit of the -writing machine is its <i>time-saving</i> service. This is the capacity that was needed in order to justify its existence, -and the typewriter did not enter the practical stage until a machine had been invented -which far surpassed in speed the utmost possibilities of the pen. -</p> -<p>The real point of interest about these early efforts is the significant way in which -their number increased as the time drew near for the solution of the problem. These -attempts, during the twenty years before 1867, the year when the inventors of the -first successful machine began their labors, far exceeded in number the sum of all -previous efforts. Every year the need was growing, every year more men were becoming -conscious of this need, and more men with an inventive turn were giving thought to -the matter. <i>The hour for the typewriter had struck.</i> And when, in the course of time, the appointed hour strikes, it seems written in -the book of human destiny that it shall produce THE MAN. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30">30</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e357">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER III.</h2> -<h2 class="main">THE FIRST PRACTICAL TYPEWRITER</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first"><i>The time</i>—the winter of the year 1866–67. -</p> -<p><i>The place</i>—a little machine shop in the outskirts of the city of Milwaukee. -</p> -<p><i>The scene</i>—three men, all middle aged, thoughtful and studious, each one hard at work on a pet -invention of his own, without a thought in the mind of any one of them of the great -achievement which was destined to come out of this chance association. -</p> -<p>Thus was the stage set for the invention of the first practical typewriter, though -nearly seven years were yet to elapse before its actual production began in the little -town of Ilion, New York. -</p> -<p>One of these three men, Carlos Glidden, the son of a successful ironmonger of Ohio, -was engaged in developing a mechanical “spader” to take the place of a plow. -</p> -<p>The other two, Samuel W. Soulé and Christopher Latham Sholes, both printers by trade, -were engaged in developing a machine for numbering serially the pages of blank books -and the like. -</p> -<p>Of these men, the central figure in the association subsequently formed was Christopher -Latham Sholes, a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31">31</a>]</span>name which must always occupy the place of highest honor in any history of the writing -machine. -</p> -<p>Sholes was born in Columbia County, Penn., on February 14, 1819. He came of the oldest -New England stock and his ancestors had served with distinction in the War of the -Revolution. His grandfather on the maternal side was a lineal descendant of John and -Priscilla Alden, so the spirit of the pioneer was a part of his inheritance. It is -also of deep significance that Sholes was a printer and publisher by trade, the most -closely allied mechanical arts to typewriting that the world then knew. As a publisher, -Sholes knew, from the necessities of his own occupation, the vital help that a writing -machine would offer. And it certainly accords with the fitness of things that, after -the lapse of four centuries, the art of Gutenberg should have furnished, in one of -its disciples, the inventor of the typewriter. -</p> -<p>At the age of fourteen young Sholes was apprenticed to the editor of the <i>Intelligencer</i> of Danville, Pa., to learn the printing trade, but four years later he joined his -brother, Charles C. Sholes, well known in the early politics of Wisconsin, then living -in Green Bay. A frail constitution, with a tendency to consumption, of which disease -he finally died, seems to have influenced his early removal to what was then a wild -region at the edge of the great pine forest. In the following year, when only nineteen -years old, he took charge of the House Journal of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature, -which he carried <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32">32</a>]</span>to Philadelphia to be printed; a long and difficult journey at that time. In 1839 -we find him at Madison, where he became editor of the <i>Wisconsin Inquirer</i>, owned by his brother Charles. In the following year he went to Kenosha, where he -edited the <i>Southport Telegraph</i>, afterwards the <i>Kenosha Telegraph</i>, and four years later was appointed postmaster of the town. -</p> -<p>Sholes’s activities as a journalist finally took him into Wisconsin politics, a career -for which, in character and temperament, he was very poorly fitted. Nevertheless, -he served two terms as state senator, in 1848 and 1849 from Racine County, and in -1856 and 1857 from Kenosha County. In 1852 and 1853 he represented Kenosha in the -assembly. While a member of the council he was a witness of the homicide of one of -the members by another, a tragedy made familiar to the world by Charles Dickens in -“American Notes.” The account given by Dickens was taken from Sholes’s own paper, -the <i>Southport Telegraph</i>. In 1860 Sholes removed to Milwaukee, where he had an active and varied career, first -as postmaster, and later as commissioner of public works and collector of customs. -He was also for a long time editor of the Milwaukee <i>Daily Sentinel</i> and the Milwaukee <i>News</i>. It was in 1866, while serving as collector of customs for the Port of Milwaukee, -that the invention of the typewriter enters the story. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p033width"><img src="images/p033.jpg" alt="CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES," width="524" height="720"><p class="figureHead">CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES,</p> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Inventor of the First Practical Typewriter</span>. </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>On the personal side much more could be written concerning Sholes, for he was a man -of very unusual and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34">34</a>]</span>attractive character. Some might have called him an eccentric, but his eccentricities -were of a kind which endeared him to everyone. He is described as one of the most -unselfish, kind-hearted and companionable men that ever lived. He was also a man of -extreme personal modesty, and of almost excessive tenderness of conscience, viewed -from the usual business standpoint. He was always more than just to others and less -than just to himself. Some phases of his character were a puzzle. As an editor he -made it a rule to copy into his own paper all the adverse criticisms that were passed -upon him by his political adversaries, and some of them were very bitter and unjust, -and he would always omit all complimentary notice of himself and his work. Gentle -and lovable, cultured and brilliant, modest and unselfish, these were the outstanding -characteristics of Christopher Latham Sholes. -</p> -<p>He was not the kind of man ever to make much money. In the days before the typewriter -he had, by a fortunate chance, acquired wealth, but he did not keep it. The typewriter -gave him another opportunity, but he let it pass. From first to last he was singularly -indifferent to worldly fortune. One day, in his later years, he remarked to a friend -that he had been trying all his life to escape becoming a millionaire and he thought -he had succeeded admirably. He was always a visionary, and one of his visions was -of a human Utopia which should witness the abolition of greed and poverty and the -dawn of universal <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35">35</a>]</span>love. Call him a dreamer if you will, but one day he dreamed a dream which he proceeded -to translate into a wonderful reality, which has placed the whole world in his everlasting -debt. -</p> -<p>The typewriter was not the first evidence of Sholes’s inventive genius. Years before -he had been the first to conceive of the method of addressing newspapers by printing -the names of subscribers on the margin. His more recent work on the machine for paging -blank books brings us to the beginning of the typewriter story. But all else is now -obscured by the memory of his crowning achievement, the invention of the writing machine. -</p> -<p>What was the influence which caused these three men, Sholes, Soulé and Glidden, to -drop the inventions on which they had been working and to pool their interests in -a new and far greater undertaking? -</p> -<p>According to one story, the idea arose out of a chance remark of Glidden’s, who had -become interested in Sholes’s paging machine and one day said, “<i>Why cannot such a machine be made that will write letters and words and not figures -only?</i>” Nothing further was said or done at the time, but in the summer of the following -year (1867) a copy of the <i>Scientific American</i>, which quoted an article from a London technical journal, fell into the hands of -Glidden. It described a machine called the “Pterotype,” invented by John Pratt, which -was designed to do just what Glidden had suggested. This invention had inspired an -editorial in the same issue of the paper <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36">36</a>]</span>which pointed out the great benefit to mankind which such a machine would confer, -as well as the fortune that awaited the successful inventor. Glidden immediately brought -this article to the attention of Sholes, and it appealed so strongly to his imagination -that he decided to see what could be done. -</p> -<p>General William G. LeDue, whose own interest in the invention of a typewriter dated -back to 1850, and who subsequently was the first man to introduce the machine into -the Government service at Washington, tells how, in 1867, he visited Milwaukee and -found Sholes, together with Glidden, at work on the book-paging machine, and suggested -to them the idea of a typewriter. -</p> -<p>These two accounts are in no sense contradictory. When an idea is “in the air,” it -is natural to find more than one influence at work. At any rate, we soon find Sholes -working whole-heartedly on the new idea, assisted by Glidden and Soulé, both of whom -had been invited to join in the enterprise. None of these men, so far as we know, -had any knowledge at the time of any previous attempts to invent a typewriter, with -the single exception of John Pratt’s “Pterotype” already mentioned. In the building -of the new machine they were, at the outset, wholly dependent on their own creative -efforts. All of them were amply endowed with inventive talent, but not one of the -three was a mechanical engineer by profession, or even a mechanic by trade, and they -needed the help of the skilled mechanics at Kleinsteuber’s machine shop <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37">37</a>]</span>in the carrying out of their ideas. Of these mechanics, Matthias Schwalbach is the -man who figures most prominently in this story. Schwalbach had already helped Sholes -in developing his paging machine, and, when the efforts of the three inventors were -transferred to the typewriter, he entered into the new work with interest and enthusiasm. -As the work went on Schwalbach began to do more than merely carry out the ideas of -Sholes; he developed some ideas of his own which were of the greatest help to the -inventors. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure floatLeft p037width"><img src="images/p037.jpg" alt="THE MACHINE SHOP WHERE SHOLES INVENTED THE TYPEWRITER" width="362" height="412"><p class="figureHead">THE MACHINE SHOP WHERE SHOLES INVENTED THE TYPEWRITER</p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The work went steadily onward and by autumn of the year 1867 the first machine had -been made, although no patent was taken out until June of the year following. This -first machine had innumerable defects and was a crude affair in every way. But it -wrote accurately and <i>rapidly</i>, and that was the main point. Moreover, as a self-advertiser, it soon scored a notable -triumph. A number of letters were written with it and sent to friends, among these -one to James Densmore, then of Meadville, Pa. Densmore was immediately interested. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38">38</a>]</span>Like Sholes and <span class="corr" id="xd29e708" title="Source: Soulè">Soulé</span>, he had been both editor and printer, and could well realize the importance of such -a machine. Densmore was a practical man of affairs, with imagination, foresight, energy -and courage unbounded. Instantly he saw the possibilities of the new invention and -shortly afterwards he purchased, by the payment of all expenses already incurred, -an interest in the new machine before he had so much as seen it. Densmore did not -actually see the typewriter until March of the following year (1868). He then pronounced -it good for nothing save to show that the idea was feasible, and pointed out many -defects that would need to be remedied before it would be available for practical -uses. Shortly afterwards <span class="corr" id="xd29e711" title="Source: Soule">Soulé</span> dropped out of the enterprise, leaving it to Sholes, Glidden and Densmore. -</p> -<p>The relationship which then began between Sholes and Densmore was a strange meeting -of opposites, for two men more unlike could hardly be imagined. Densmore is described -as bold, aggressive and arrogant. If Sholes was a dreamer and an idealist, Densmore -in some respects was a plain “crank.” He was a vegetarian of the militant type, and -did not hesitate to remonstrate with meat eaters, even total strangers in public restaurants. -His own diet consisted mainly of raw apples, a reminder of the raw turnips of Colonel -Sellers. He was always impervious to the shafts of ridicule and insensible to slights. -Indomitable and resolute, in the pursuit of any object he could not be discouraged -or repulsed. But Densmore, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40">40</a>]</span>in his own rough way, was usually kind to the gentle Sholes, and it may be set down -to his credit that more than once, during the years of inventive struggle from 1867 -to 1873, when difficulties thickened and Sholes, if left to his own devices, would -have become discouraged, Densmore’s unquenchable faith was the salvation of the infant -enterprise. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p039width"><img src="images/p039.jpg" alt="CARLOS GLIDDEN MATTHIAS SCHWALBACH JAMES DENSMORE" width="433" height="720"><p class="figureHead">CARLOS GLIDDEN <br>MATTHIAS SCHWALBACH <br>JAMES DENSMORE</p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The relationship between Densmore and Sholes reminds us in some respects of the similar -relationship in the eighteenth century between Boulton and James Watt. During these -years Densmore consistently played the part of Boulton to Sholes, who, under his urging, -continued to build model after model, until twenty-five or thirty had been made. Each -one of these marked some improvement over the last, but in the hands of practical -users each one showed some defect and broke down under the strain of actual use. It -was not until early in the year 1873 that the machine was deemed sufficiently perfected -for actual manufacture. -</p> -<p>In the meantime other men had entered the typewriter story. One of these was James -Ogilvie Clephane of Washington, D. C., who, years after, became closely identified -with Ottmer Mergenthaler, the inventor of the Linotype. It was thus the unusual distinction -of Clephane to place his name in intimate association with two of the greatest inventions -of our times. -</p> -<p>Clephane’s role in the case of the typewriter was that of practical tester. As an -official shorthand reporter, he <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41">41</a>]</span>had a complete and instant appreciation of the boon that the new machine would confer -on his own profession, and he faithfully and gladly tried out one model after another -sent to him by the inventors. He was severe in his criticisms of the defects of these -models, as they revealed themselves in actual service, so much so that Sholes frequently -became disheartened. But it was all in a good cause, and Densmore kept assuring Sholes -that such tests were just what were needed to reveal the weak points. Thus by slow -degrees the original conceptions of the inventors were modified by their growing knowledge -of practical requirements. -</p> -<p>Mr. Charles E. Weller, during this period of typewriter development, played a role -similar to that of Clephane. Mr. Weller, now a resident of La Porte, Ind., is the -only present-day survivor of the many friends of Sholes, and his invaluable little -book, “The Early History of the Typewriter” is the most intimate picture of the character -and struggles of the inventor that we now possess. Weller was in personal contact -with Sholes almost from the beginning. In July, 1867, when resident in Milwaukee working -as a telegraph operator and student of shorthand, he tells how Sholes came into the -telegraph office one day to secure a sheet of carbon paper, a rare article in those -days. Weller knew Sholes as an inventive genius, and his curiosity was immediately -aroused. Sholes told him that if he would call at his office he would be glad to show -him something interesting, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42">42</a>]</span>and Sholes kept his word. What Weller saw was a crude experimental affair rigged up -with a single key, like a telegraph transmitter, which printed through the carbon -paper a single letter wwwww. But it printed this letter in sequence as fast as the -key could be operated. “If you will bear in mind,” says Weller, “that at that time -we had never known of printing by any other method than the slow process of setting -the types and getting an impression therefrom by means of a press, you may imagine -our surprise at the facility with which this one letter of the alphabet could be printed -by the manipulation of the key.” Sholes then explained how he was developing this -idea into a machine which would print in similar manner any and all letters of the -alphabet—in other words a complete writing machine. Weller, shortly after, removed -to St. Louis, to take up the profession of shorthand reporter. On leaving, Sholes -promised to send him, for practical testing, the first completed model and in January, -1868, the machine arrived. Sholes, in the meantime, had chosen his own name for this -machine, which he called a “<i>type-writer</i>.” And thus to the inventor himself fell the honor of christening his own creation -with the name which has always been universal among English speaking users. -</p> -<p>The proper naming of the typewriter had been quite as long and difficult a job as -the evolution of the practical machine itself. Those who came before Sholes failed -in this, quite as much as in their inventive efforts. Henry <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43">43</a>]</span>Mill did not even attempt to name his invention. Burt called his a “Typographer.” -Thurber called his first machine a “Patent Printer”; his second a “Mechanical Chirographer.” -Eddy, like Mill, made no effort to find a name. Jones called his invention a “Mechanical -Typographer”; Beach called his an improvement in “Printing Instruments for the Blind”; -Francis called his an improvement in “Printing Machines”; Harger called his an “Improved -Mechanical Typographer”; DeMay also described his machine as an “Improved Mechanical -Typographer or Printing Apparatus.” Livermore, following the same lead, called his -an “Improved Hand Printing Device or Mechanical Typographer.” Peeler stated that he -had invented a new and valuable “Machine for Writing and Printing.” Hall did a little -better when he described his invention as a “Machine for Writing with Type or Printing -on Paper or Other Substance.” Of all those who began before Sholes, the only one who -showed any originality in picking a name was John Pratt with his “Pterotype,” a word -the meaning of which few people knew. It remained for Sholes himself, in his simple, -direct way, to hit upon a name which no one has ever been able to improve upon. -</p> -<p>During the next few years, Weller tested out the machine that Sholes had sent him, -and also later models, in connection with his work as shorthand reporter. The letters -he received from Sholes during these years, addressed to “Charlie” and “Friend Charlie,” -every one of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44">44</a>]</span>them typed by Sholes himself on his own machine, are striking word pictures of the -writer in all his changing moods. In one we read, “The machine is done, and I want -some more worlds to conquer. Life would be most flat, stale and unprofitable without -something to invent.” Again only two months later, “I have made another most important -change in the machine,” etc. Six months later, “I have now a machine which is an entirely -new thing. I have been running this about two months, and in all that time it has -not developed a single difficulty. In fact any such thing as trouble or bother has -ceased to enter into the calculation.” This sounds good and it sounds final, but listen -to the last letter of the series, written two years later, on April 30, 1873. “The -machine is no such thing as it was when you last saw it. In fact you would not recognize -it.” Sholes is always through and yet never through. But this time, as far as Sholes -is concerned, the word was indeed final, for when this last letter was written the -historic contract which placed the manufacture and further development of his machine -in the hands of E. Remington & Sons, the famous gunmakers, had already been made. -</p> -<p>All of this happened more than half a century ago, and now, after all these years, -“Friend Charlie” begins to figure again in this story. Throughout his long life, Mr. -Weller’s devotion to the memory of Sholes has been unbounded, and recently, despite -advanced years, he has become the leading spirit in a movement instituted by the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45">45</a>]</span>National Shorthand Reporters’ Association to erect a monument to mark the last resting -place of Sholes in Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee, which will be worthy of his name -and fame as one of the world’s great inventors. It is earnestly to be hoped that the -efforts of “The C. Latham Sholes Monument Commission” to raise the necessary funds -will soon be successful, in order that the erection of this monument may commemorate -this anniversary year of the writing machine. -</p> -<p>While Weller and Clephane, late in the sixties, were demonstrating the utility of -the new machine in connection with shorthand reporting, another man was doing similar -pioneer work in an entirely different field. This man was E. Payson Porter, an honored -name in the history of telegraphy, and long known as the dean of American telegraphers. -Porter first saw one of the Sholes models in 1868, at which time he was employed as -an operator in the Chicago office of the Western Union Telegraph Company, and he astonished -the inventor by the rapidity with which he manipulated the keys at first sight. His -skill was due to the fact that he had formerly worked a House telegraph printer. Sholes, -of course, was delighted. He promised Porter the finest machine he could make, upon -condition that he could receive on the typewriter as fast as any telegrapher could -send a message. In due time the machine arrived in Chicago, and Porter thus describes -the demonstration which followed. “A sounder and key were placed upon the table and -General <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46">46</a>]</span>Stager was the first to manipulate the same for me to copy, which I did readily. Colonel -Lynch then attempted to ‘rush’ me, and failing to do so, an ‘expert’ sender was sent -for from the operating room. A thorough trial of my ability to ‘keep up’ resulted -so satisfactorily that the typewriter was taken into the operating room.” -</p> -<p>This demonstration was made in the year 1869, and Porter’s description of it gives -the whole gist of typewriting in its relation to telegraphy. It lies simply in the -superior speed of the “mill,” as telegraphers call the typewriter, over handwriting, -in receiving over the wire, and it is just this difference in speed which in the past -forty years has revolutionized the telegrapher’s profession. The partnership between -telegraphy and the “mill” is as firmly established today as that other partnership -between the typewriter and shorthand, and it is worth noting that, in each case, the -reality of this partnership was demonstrated at least five years before the first -typewriter was actually placed on the market. -</p> -<p>The mention of telegraphy brings another name into this story, that of no less a personage -than Thomas A. Edison. It has been said of this universal inventive genius that he -has figured in some way in connection with nearly every development in the field of -mechanical progress during the last half century; so it is not surprising to find -his name written into the story of the typewriter. Early in the seventies Edison had -a shop in Newark, N. J., and he tells how Sholes came there to consult <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47">47</a>]</span>with him concerning his invention; a natural thing for Sholes to do, for even in those -early days the fame of “The Wizard” was nation-wide. Edison was able to give Sholes -some very valuable assistance. Later on, Edison helped D. W. Craig, a former general -manager of the Associated Press, in the development of a machine, built on typewriter -principles, designed to facilitate the transmission of telegrams. Edison also did -some typewriter inventing on his own account. His patent of December 10, 1872, is -for an electrically operated traveling wheel device, which was the forerunner of the -stock-ticker printing machine in use today. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p047width"><img src="images/p047.jpg" alt="Sholes, Glidden and Soule Machine—Patent of June 23, 1868." width="628" height="444"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Sholes, Glidden and Soule Machine—Patent of June 23, 1868.</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Of the twenty-five to thirty experimental models, built <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48">48</a>]</span>by Sholes and Glidden during the years from 1867 to 1873, only a few are now in existence. -But though many links in this chain are missing, it is fortunate that the two most -important ones are still preserved, the first and the last. The first model constructed -by Sholes, Soulé and Glidden, now in the Smithsonian Institution at Washington (Patent -of June 23, 1868), shows a machine so crude that it would hardly be recognized as -a typewriter. A second model, also in the Smithsonian Institution (Patent of July -14, 1868), is of equal interest because it has been identified by Weller as identical -with the first machine sent to him by Sholes for practical testing. This machine shows -a great advance over the other. Both machines, however, have the up-strike pivoted -type bar, a feature which afterwards became standard for many years in typewriter -construction. The last model of the long series was the one shown to the Remingtons -in 1873, when the contract was made for the manufacture of the typewriter. This model, -now in the historical collection at the home office of the Remington Typewriter Company -in New York, although a crude affair, judged by present-day standards, contains many -of the fundamental features of the modern type-bar machines. -</p> -<p>The quality of the writing done by these early models is better known today than the -machines themselves, for this writing has been preserved to us in Sholes’s own letters. -From the day when Sholes completed his first model, he seems to have discarded the -pen entirely. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49">49</a>]</span>From that time all his personal letters are typewritten, the signature included, which -would be considered extreme, even by the present-day business man. As for the quality -of the typing in these letters, let it speak for itself. The letter shown on page -51, the original of which is in the Remington Historical Collection, was written by -Sholes from Milwaukee on June 9, 1872. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p049width"><img src="images/p049.jpg" alt="Sholes, Glidden and Soule Machine—Patent of July 14, 1868." width="628" height="561"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Sholes, Glidden and Soule Machine—Patent of July 14, 1868.</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The typing in this letter is interesting because it shows capital letters only, to -which all the Sholes models were restricted. But even more interesting is the contents -of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50">50</a>]</span>the letter itself, for in it we find Sholes in one of his not infrequent fits of deep -despondency. -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“We shall be in a position,” he says, “to furnish good machines provided any person -is in a position to want them after they are furnished. You know that my apprehension -is that the thing may take for a while, and for a while there may be an active demand -for them, but that, like any other novelty, it will have its brief day and be thrown -aside. Of course I earnestly hope that such will not prove to be the case, and Densmore -laughs at the idea when I suggest it, but I should like to be sure that it would be -otherwise.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Think of it! The typewriter a mere passing novelty! And think of such an idea entering -the head of the inventor of the machine! How much better he was building than he knew! -As we look back on this period of typewriter history we hardly know which to admire -more, Sholes’s inventive genius or Densmore’s sustaining faith. -</p> -<p>Of equal interest is a photograph from the same historical collection, dating from -the same year, 1872. It shows the daughter of Sholes operating another one of his -experimental models. What motive, we wonder, ever induced Miss Sholes to take such -an interest in the machine, to learn to operate it, and to have her photograph taken -seated before it? Probably it was only a daughter’s natural interest in her father’s -invention. It is difficult to believe that Miss Sholes foresaw the wonderful future -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53">53</a>]</span>of the machine in connection with woman’s work. Yet, as an accidental prophecy, this -photograph of the first woman who ever operated a typewriter should be of interest -to every one of the vast army of women who today owe their living to the writing machine. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p051width p051"><img src="images/p051.jpg" alt="" width="431" height="720"><p class="first">MILWAUKEE, WIS. JUNE 9, 1872. -</p> -<p>FRIEND BARRON,— -</p> -<p>WHILE GLIDDEN AND DENSMORE ARE PLAYING A <br>GAME OF CHESS ON THIS BLESSED SABBATH, I WILL IMPROVE THE <br>OPPORTUNITY TO DROP YOU A LINE ON THE MACHINE, WHICH DENSMORE <br>HAS IN THE HOTEL AT HIS ROOM. -</p> -<p>AT THE SAME TIME, I KNOW OF NOTHING NEW TO <br>SAY. WE ARE GETTING THE VARIOUS PIECES TOGETHER AND GETTING <br>READY FOR SYSTEMATIC WORK. THE PIECES WHICH ARE OF <br>BRASS IN THE MACHINE AT NEW YORK, WE ARE NOW GETTING MADE <br>OF MALLEABLE IRON. WE SHALL BE IN A POSITION TO FURNISH <br>GOOD MACHINES: PROVIDED ANY PERSON IS IN A POSITION TO WANT <br>THEM AFTER THEY ARE FURNISHED. YOU KNOW THAT MY APPREHENSION <br>IS, THAT THE THING MAY TAKE FOR A WHILE, AND FOR <br>A WHILE, THERE MAY BE AN ACTIVE DEMAND FOR THEM, BUT THAT <br>LIKE ANY OTHER NOVELTY, IT WILL HAVE ITS BRIEF DAY AND <br>BE THROWN ASIDE. OF COURSE, I EARNESTLY HOPE THAT SUCH <br>WILL NOT PROVE TO BE THE CASE, AND DENSMORE LAUGHS AT <br>THE IDEA WHEN I SUGGEST IT, BUT I SHOULD LIKE TO BE SURE <br>THAT IT WOULD BE OTHERWISE. BOB I HAVE BEEN WORKING THE <br>MACHINE WITH THE BRASS RING OFF FROM OVER THE TRUNNIONS, <br>AND I SEE THE HYPHEN HAS RESTED ON TOP OF THE U AND HAS <br>BEEN PRINTED GENERALLY, WHEN THE U SHOULD HAVE BEEN PRINTED. <br>I HAVE REPLACED THE RING AND NOW ALL IS RIGHT. TIS <br>LOOSE STRINGING, THE MORE I USE IT, THE MORE I THINK <br>IT IS A VERY IMPORTANT STEP OF PROGRESS. THE PRINT IS <br>BETTER WITH IT. I THINK IT WILL CORRECT THE WABBLING, AND <br>IT SEEMS BETTER IN ALL RESPECTS. I ALSO TESTED THE MANIFOLDING <br>BUSINESS WITH IT, AND TOOK EIGHT COPIES HANDSOMELY. <br>BY REFLECTING ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF IT, YOU WILL <br>APPRECIATE ALL OF ITS BENEFITS. I WISH YOU WOULD TRY ONE <br>OF THE WORST TYPES FOR WABBLING, ON THE EMMETT MACHINE <br>AND SEE, IF THE LOOSE STRINGING WILL CORRECT THE TENDENCY. <br>IF IT WILL IN THAT CASE IT IS OF COURSE, CONCLUSIVE <br>OF ITS MERITS. -</p> -<p class="signed">YOURS, -</p> -<p class="signed"><span class="underline">SHOLES.</span> </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p052width"><img src="images/p052.jpg" alt="THE DAUGHTER OF SHOLES" width="530" height="720"><p class="figureHead">THE DAUGHTER OF SHOLES</p> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Writing on One of His Experimental Machines—Photographed in 1872.</span> </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The time now draws near for the opening of the second chapter of typewriter history, -the entrance into the story of the great house of E. Remington & Sons. In casting -about for a suitable manufacturer for the new invention, the minds of the inventors -turned naturally to the noted gunmakers who had already made the name Remington famous. -The origin and the rise of the house of Remington carries us back many years into -the past. The story goes that in 1816 a young boy named Eliphalet Remington, who was -working with his father at their forge in the beautiful Ilion Gorge in the Mohawk -Valley, asked his father for money to buy a rifle and was refused. Nothing daunted, -the boy Eliphalet welded a gun barrel from scraps of iron collected around the forge, -walked fourteen miles to Utica to have it rifled, and finally had a weapon that was -the envy of his neighbors. Soon he was making and selling other guns, and step by -step the old forge grew into the great gun factory which in Civil War times did so -much to equip the northern armies in the great struggle. In time the firm made big -contracts to supply arms to foreign governments; they also added other lines of manufacture, -including sewing machines and agricultural implements. In 1873, when the typewriter -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54">54</a>]</span>begins to figure in the Remington story, the first Eliphalet, the boy gunmaker of -1816, had already been twelve years in his grave, and the business was in charge of -his three sons, Philo, Samuel and Eliphalet, Jr. At the time of the signing of the -typewriter contract, Samuel was absent in Europe. The president and active head of -the business was the elder brother, Philo, and it was Philo Remington who was destined -to father the new machine with his name and devote his utmost efforts and resources -to its manufacture and sale. -</p> -<p>It was late in the month of February, 1873, that Densmore came to the Remington Works -at Ilion, bringing with him the precious model that was the culmination of six years -of effort and struggle. Sholes, it appears, did not accompany Densmore on this journey, -which perhaps was just as well, for he was far too modest a man to make a good pleader -of his own cause. But Densmore did not go alone. He was accompanied by G. W. N. Yost, -with whom Densmore had formerly been associated in the oil transportation business -in Pennsylvania. The story of how Densmore came to invite Yost to join him is curious. -It seems that he wanted the assistance of Yost’s well known fluency, in persuading -the Remingtons. Evidently Densmore must have felt keenly the fatefulness of his errand, -for this is the only case on record where he failed to show the most complete confidence -in himself. -</p> -<p>George Washington Newton Yost—to give him the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55">55</a>]</span>full benefit of his sonorous name—was a salesman par excellence. He had proved it -in the oil business. He was destined to prove it again in after years, when he sold -more typewriters through his own personal powers of persuasion than any other man -in the early days of the business. Had Yost possessed equal ability as an organizer -and sales director he might have written his name into this story as the man who made -the typewriter a commercial success, for fortune gave him every opportunity. Fate, -however, had reserved this achievement for other men. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p055width"><img src="images/p055.jpg" alt="Sholes And Glidden Machine, 1873." width="625" height="455"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Sholes And Glidden Machine, 1873.</span></p> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">This Was the Model Shown by Densmore to the Remingtons Which Resulted in the Historic -Typewriter Contract</span> </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is now fifty years since the signing of the history-making contract between the -owners of the typewriter <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56">56</a>]</span>and the Remingtons, and all but one of the actors in these scenes have long since -gone to their rest. It is fortunate, however, that there is one man now living who -was present and an active participator in the conferences which resulted in the signing -of the contract, and his memory of them is as vivid as though they were the events -of yesterday. This man is Henry Harper Benedict, who afterwards became one of the -founders of the commercial success of the writing machine. -</p> -<p>Mr. Benedict, like others whose names figure prominently in this story, was a native -Herkimer County boy. In 1869, after taking a degree at Hamilton College, he accepted -a position with E. Remington & Sons, with whom he remained for thirteen years in a -confidential capacity, becoming in time a director on the board of the corporation -and treasurer of the Remington Sewing Machine Company. The story of the typewriter -contract, and the events leading up to it, is thus told in Mr. Benedict’s own words. -</p> -<p>“Mr. Philo Remington’s office and mine communicated. One day I saw on the mantelpiece -in his office an envelope addressed to him in something that looked like print. I -asked him what it was. He said, ‘Read it.’ It proved to be a letter from one James -Densmore (unknown to us all) setting forth at considerable length the facts in connection -with the invention of a machine to take the place of the pen, that is, to write by -manipulation of keys. He told who were the inventors, and said <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57">57</a>]</span>that after many years of effort they had finally produced a working model, and they -wanted to find someone to undertake the manufacture of the machine. He wished to bring -the model to Ilion to see whether the Remingtons would care to take it up. -</p> -<p>“I said to Mr. Remington, ‘Have you done anything about this?’ He said, ‘No, what -do you think we had better do?’ ‘Why,’ I said, ‘of course we want to see the machine; -it is a wonderful invention if it’s anything, and we should not neglect the opportunity -offered us to examine it.’ The result was that the model was brought to Ilion early -in 1873 by Mr. James Densmore and another man, whom Mr. Densmore introduced as Mr. -Yost. Densmore, as we soon saw, was not much of a talker, and he had brought Yost -to serve, as he himself expressed it, as ‘Aaron to his Moses.’ He did well, for Yost -was one of the most persuasive talkers I ever listened to, and his tongue never tired. -</p> -<p>“Densmore and Yost opened up the model, and exhibited it to us in a room at the Osgood -House, then known as Small’s Hotel. There were present at the meeting, Mr. Philo Remington, -Mr. Jefferson M. Clough, Superintendent of the Remington Works, Mr. William K. Jenne, -Assistant Superintendent, Mr. Densmore, Mr. Yost and myself. We examined and discussed -the machine for perhaps an hour and a half or two hours and then adjourned for lunch -or dinner. As we left the room, Mr. Remington said to me, ‘What do you think of it?’ -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58">58</a>]</span>I replied, ‘That machine is very crude, but there is an idea there that will revolutionize -business.’ Mr. Remington asked, ‘Do you think we ought to take it up?’ I said, ‘We -must on no account let it get away. It isn’t necessary to tell these people that we -are crazy over the invention, but I’m afraid I am pretty nearly so.’ ” -</p> -<p>The party met again later in the day and a tentative agreement was entered into which -developed into the contract which opened a new chapter in the story of human progress. -</p> -<p>The actual date of this contract was March 1, 1873. The original contract was for -manufacture only, but in due course of time the Remingtons acquired complete ownership. -Densmore was unsuccessful as selling agent and made little money in this role, but -when the ownership passed to the Remingtons, he accepted a royalty, by which he was -subsequently enriched. Sholes, either at this time or shortly after, is said to have -sold out his royalty rights to Densmore for $12,000, a goodly sum in those days, but -the only reward, so far as we know, that he ever received for his priceless invention -and the years of labor he had bestowed upon it. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p059width"><img src="images/p059.jpg" alt="PHILO REMINGTON" width="418" height="512"><p class="figureHead">PHILO REMINGTON</p> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Manufacturer of the First Commercial Typewriter</span> </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>As soon as the Remington firm had agreed to undertake the manufacture of the new machine, -the ample resources and the skillful workmen available at their great factory were -brought into service in the further improvement of the typewriter. There was still -much work to do, for the Sholes and Glidden machine, even <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59">59</a>]</span>after the years of labor expended upon it, was, after all, only the inventor’s crude -model. Sholes and Glidden had worked out the basic ideas, and that was about all. -To make these ideas practical, in a machine that could be produced and sold in quantities, -now became the manufacturer’s task. It was a fortunate thing for the infant typewriter -that the Remingtons had in their service at this time a notable group of mechanical -master minds, and the efforts of these men were now centered on the new machine. Prominent -in this group were William K. Jenne, Jefferson M. Clough, afterwards superintendent -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60">60</a>]</span>of the factory of the Winchester Arms Company, Byron A. Brooks, a professor of higher -mathematics, and others. Brooks subsequently attained prominence in the field of typewriter -invention. But the most notable personage among these men was William K. Jenne, and -at this time the mantle passes from Sholes to Jenne, who became for many years the -central figure in the history of the development of the typewriter on its mechanical -side. It is true that Sholes, despite failing health, continued active in the invention -of typewriter improvements during the greater part of his remaining days, but it was -under the fostering care and supervision of Jenne that the Sholes and Glidden model -of 1873 was transformed into the first commercial typewriter, and it was under his -continued superintendence that this famous machine subsequently underwent one improvement -after another until it finally won for itself an indispensable place in the world’s -work. -</p> -<p>Jenne, like Sholes, came of good New England stock. He inherited his mechanical genius -from his father, Siloam Jenne, who was a skilled mechanic and an inventor of some -repute in his day. It was in 1861, at the age of 23, that Jenne migrated from his -Massachusetts home to the town of Ilion, in the Mohawk Valley, where he was destined -to spend all of the remaining years of his long, active and useful life. These were -the Civil War times, when E. Remington & Sons were busy on the big war contracts, -and the fame of their guns had already <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61">61</a>]</span>spread to the four corners of the earth. Jenne almost immediately entered the Remington -employ and, in the historic year 1873, he occupied an important position in their -sewing machine department. From the time, however, of the arrival at Ilion of the -Sholes and Glidden model he became identified with the typewriter exclusively. He -soon became Superintendent of the Typewriter Works, which position he continued to -hold for thirty years, until his retirement, full of honors, in the year 1904. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p061width"><img src="images/p061.jpg" alt="WILLIAM K. JENNE" width="372" height="424"><p class="figureHead">WILLIAM K. JENNE</p> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Who Developed the First Commercial Typewriter</span> </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>We now come to the fateful hour, the appearance on the market of the first commercial -typewriter. The actual manufacture of the machine began in September, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62">62</a>]</span>1873, and it may be said that in this year and month occurred the birth of the practical -writing machine. In the early part of the following year the first machines were completed -and ready for sale. The machine was then known simply as “<i>The Type-Writer</i>.” Today it is known as the “<i>Model 1 Remington</i>” and it will always be known as the “<i>Ancestor of All Writing Machines</i>.” -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63">63</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch4" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e368">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER IV.</h2> -<h2 class="main">SEEKING A MARKET</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The general appearance of the first typewriter is well known. A considerable number -of these machines are in existence, preserved in museums and other historical collections, -and, until recent years, a few of them still remained in active service. -</p> -<p>The accompanying illustration, however, shows one of these machines which has a special -interest all its own. This was the first individual typewriter ever manufactured and -offered for sale. This machine was one of the first consignment of typewriters sent -to the Western Electric Company, who were the original western selling agents. Later -it came into the possession of the late Walter J. Barron, who had been a friend of -Sholes, and afterwards became the inventor of a number of important typewriter improvements. -Many years later Mr. Barron presented it to the Remington Historical Collection. -</p> -<p>A single glance at this machine will show what a transformation had been wrought by -the skilled Remington mechanics in the crude Sholes and Glidden model of the previous -year. A more careful examination will reveal how primitive it still was compared with -the efficient writing machines of the present day. The first thing that will strike -the most casual observer is the obvious sewing <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64">64</a>]</span>machine influence, in fact it has sewing machine “written all over it.” In this we -undoubtedly see the hand of Jenne, who, for years before he took up work on the typewriter, -had been connected with the sewing-machine branch of the Remington business. This -influence appears in the fitting of the machine to a stand, in the familiar grape-vine -design of the pedestals, and especially in the curious foot treadle which operated -the carriage return. The latter, however, quickly demonstrated its uselessness as -a time saver, and was soon displaced by the now familiar hand carriage-return lever. -After the disappearance of the foot treadle, the stand itself soon followed into the -discard. -</p> -<p>Another interesting feature is the metal case which completely encloses the machine. -This in time gave way to the now familiar open construction, but it is worth noting -that in recent years a tendency has set in to return to the enclosed feature of the -first typewriter. -</p> -<p>This original machine had many limitations, but the worst one of all was the fact -that it had no shift-key mechanism—<i>it wrote capital letters only</i>. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p065width"><img src="images/p065.jpg" alt="THE FIRST COMMERCIAL TYPEWRITER" width="393" height="720"><p class="figureHead">THE FIRST COMMERCIAL TYPEWRITER</p> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Model 1 Remington, Shop No. 1.</span> </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Nevertheless, the fundamental principles of construction embodied in this first typewriter -still survive, though their application has since been modified or transformed in -the march of improvement. In this original machine we find the escapement or step-by-step -“pulse beat,” which causes the letter spacing, we find the type bars hung in such -a manner that the type all strike the paper at a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66">66</a>]</span>common printing point, and we find a mechanism for the return of the carriage and -line spacing of the cylinder. Most interesting of all, we find the “<i>universal keyboard</i>” in very nearly its present form. This was not an innovation introduced by Jenne -or any of his co-workers, for, tracing back to the Sholes and Glidden model of the -previous year, we find a very close approach to the same thing. -</p> -<p><i>Who invented the universal keyboard?</i>—meaning the present universal arrangement of the letters on the typewriter keys. -Of all the questions concerning the origin of the typewriter or any of its features, -this is the one most frequently asked. The answer is that <i>the universal keyboard, with some minor variations, has been standard since the invention -of the writing machine</i>. -</p> -<p>Some believe that the universal keyboard was invented by Alexander Davidson, a mechanic -and surveyor of West Virginia, who was also one of the pioneers in the field of commercial -education. It is known that Davidson, in the later seventies, made a special study -of the subject of scientific keyboard arrangement. But there is no evidence that Davidson -ever saw a typewriter before the year 1875, at which time the keyboard had already -assumed the “universal” form. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p067width"><img src="images/p067.png" alt="Keyboard Diagram—From the First Typewriter Catalogue" width="625" height="285"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Keyboard Diagram—From the First Typewriter Catalogue</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is positively known that Densmore and Sholes, laboring together, worked out the -universal arrangement of the letter keys. Just how they happened to arrive at this -arrangement, however, is a point on which there has always <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67">67</a>]</span>been much speculation. It must be remembered that both of these men were printers -by trade, a most important point in this connection. The usual a b c arrangement of -letters, which would naturally suggest itself to the ordinary layman, means nothing -to a printer, who is more familiar with the arrangement of the type in the printer’s -case. Here, however, we encounter the fact that the arrangement of the letters on -the universal keyboard is nothing like the arrangement of the type in the printer’s -case. The truth seems to be that the arrangement of the universal keyboard was mainly -influenced by the mechanical difficulties under which Sholes labored. The tendency -of the type bars on all the Sholes models was to collide and “stick fast” at the printing -point, and it would have been natural for Sholes to resort to any arrangement of the -letters which would tend to diminish this trouble. These mechanical difficulties are -now of the past, but time has proved and tested the universal keyboard, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68">68</a>]</span>and has fully demonstrated its efficiency for all practical needs. -</p> -<p>Keyboard reform has been agitated more than once since the invention of the typewriter, -but such movements have always come to nothing—for a very simple reason. It is an -easy and simple matter for the manufacturers to supply any keyboard the user may require; -indeed the special keyboards now in use number thousands. But to induce typists generally -to unlearn the universal keyboard and learn another would be a well nigh impossible -task. And it would not pay them to do so, for no “reformed” keyboard could ever confer -a benefit sufficient to offset the time loss that such a change would involve. The -universal keyboard has a hold similar to that of language itself. -</p> -<p>In the historical collection which contains the original typewriter is another item -of almost equal interest. This is a copy of the first typewriter catalogue. We know -what the first typewriter was like. This old catalogue, however, gives us a different -slant. It tells us what the builders themselves thought of it, and what they wished -the public to think. -</p> -<p>It certainly looks its age—does this old catalogue. The sheets are yellow and time -stained, the illustrations are old wood cuts which carry us back to the days before -the invention of process engraving, and the typesetting is of the period—let us say -no more, for possibly our present-day ideas of typesetting will look as antiquated -to our <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69">69</a>]</span>own children. But the first of anything, whether an automobile, a typewriter, or just -a catalogue, ought to be primitive enough to look the part, and this catalogue certainly -does. -</p> -<p>“The Type-Writer,” so says the catalogue, “in size and appearance somewhat resembles -the Family Sewing Machine.” A very good description, as all will agree. The next sentence, -however, says, “It is graceful and ornamental—a beautiful piece of furniture for office, -study or parlor.” No one can question the utility of the typewriter, but the beauty -of the machine is not regarded in these modern days as a “selling point.” There is -also another claim that makes us pause. “Persons traveling by sea,” the catalogue -says, “can write with it when pen writing is impossible.” Maybe so, but people who -have been at sea under conditions when they found pen writing impossible, will probably -have their doubts. -</p> -<p>But there is food for thought in this old catalogue from beginning to end. The clause -in the title, “<i>A Machine to Supersede the Pen</i>,” reads today like one of the world’s great prophecies. The advantages of typewriting -over pen-writing are enumerated as <i>Legibility</i>, <i>Rapidity</i>, <i>Ease</i>, <i>Convenience</i> and <i>Economy</i>, and time, which proves all things, has certainly proved these claims. It is only -when we pass from the description of the machine itself to “Some of its uses” that -we seem to discern a halting note. First in the list of prospective users come the -<i>Reporters</i>, and it is interesting to know that, to the inventors of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70">70</a>]</span>typewriter, court reporting appealed as the principal field of the new machine. Next -in order come <i>Lawyers</i>, <i>Editors</i>, <i>Authors</i> and <i>Clergymen</i>. These apparently are the only classes of users who are considered worthy of a special -appeal. But how about the business man? We search in vain for any mention of his name -until we come to a single sentence, evidently intended as a “ketch-all” for the left -overs, which reads: “The merchant, the banker, ALL men of business can perform the -labor of letter writing with much saving of valuable time.” -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p070width"><img src="images/p070.png" alt="Woodcuts from the First Typewriter Catalogue" width="627" height="316"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Woodcuts from the First Typewriter Catalogue</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Did the builders of the first typewriter fully appreciate the tremendous truth contained -in these words? If so, it is hard to believe that they would have confined all reference -to the business man to a single sentence in an obscure portion of their first catalogue. -This one sentence, in this place, seems to lack the ring of conviction. It makes one -wish that the typewriter men of 1874 could live again to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71">71</a>]</span>witness the typewriter wonders of 1923, and see how many-fold greater has been the -fruit of their labors than anything of which they dreamed. -</p> -<p>So much for what the builders thought of their own product. But what did the buyers -and the users think? We turn eagerly for information on this point to the testimonials, -of which this old catalogue contains several. But the first one that meets our eyes -engrosses us so completely that we straightway forget about all the rest. It is from -no less a person than “Mark Twain,” and this is what he says: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first dateline">Hartford, March 19, 1875. -</p> -<p class="salute">Gentlemen: -</p> -<p>Please do not use my name in any way. Please do not even divulge the fact that I own -a machine. I have entirely stopped using the Type-Writer, for the reason that I never -could write a letter with it to anybody without receiving a request by return mail -that I would not only describe the machine but state what progress I had made in the -use of it, etc., etc. I don’t like to write letters, and so I don’t want people to -know that I own this curiosity breeding little joker. -</p> -<p class="signed">Yours truly, <br>Saml. L. Clemens.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Certainly a queer “testimonial.” And we are glad that the selling agents, in spite -of Mark Twain’s prohibition, had the “nerve” to publish it. In course of time Mark -Twain overcame his reticence, and many years after, in his “Autobiography,” he tells -in his own inimitable manner <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72">72</a>]</span>all about his first typewriter. It seems that he bought it in Boston late in the autumn -of 1874, when in company with that other famous humorist D. R. Locke, better known -as “Petroleum V. Nasby.” He and Nasby saw the strange looking device in the window -of the Remington store, were drawn in by curiosity, and Mark Twain purchased one on -the spot. What Nasby’s impressions were of his purchase Mark Twain does not tell us, -but we know that they must have been deep and vivid, for only a short time later we -find Nasby a member of the firm which for a time controlled the sale of the Remington -Typewriter. Shortly afterward Mark Twain had one of his manuscripts type-copied on -this typewriter. The “Autobiography” says that this book was “The Adventures of Tom -Sawyer,” but in this statement, based only on his memory of the long ago, Mark Twain -must have been mistaken. A letter of his, written many years earlier, proves that -the book was “Life on the Mississippi.” However, the exact identity of the book is -a minor matter. In any case, Mark Twain was unquestionably the first author who ever -submitted a typewritten manuscript to a publisher, a practice now universal. And it -accords with the importance of this great step in progress that this original typewritten -manuscript should have been a literary masterpiece. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p073width"><img src="images/p073.png" alt="MARK TWAIN’S FIRST TYPEWRITTEN LETTER" width="426" height="720"><p class="figureHead">MARK TWAIN’S FIRST TYPEWRITTEN LETTER</p> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">Written December 9, 1874.</span> -</p> -<p>Copyright by Harper & Bros. -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077">BJUYT KIOP M LKJHGFDSA:QWERTYUIOP:_-98VE6432QW .RT HA -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077">HARTFORD, DEC. 9, -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077">DEAR BROTHER: -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077">I AM TRYING T TO GET THE HANG OF THIS NEW F FANGLED WRITING MACHINE, BUT AM NOT MAKING -A SHINING SUCCESS OF IT. HOWEVER THIS IS THE FIRST ATTEMPT I EVER HAVE MADE, & YET -I PERCEIVETHAT I SHALL SOON & EASILY ACQUIRE A FINE FACILITY IN ITS USE. I SAW THE -THING IN BOSTON THE OTHER DAY & WAS GREATLY TAKEN WI:TH IT. SUSIE HAS STRUCK THE KEYS -ONCE OR TWICE, & NO DOUBT HAS PRINTED SOME LETTERS WHICH DO NOT BELONG WHERE SHE PUT -THEM. -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077">THE HAVING BEEN A COMPOSITOR IS LIKELY TO BE A GREAT HELP TO ME, SINCE ONE CHIEFLY -NEEDS SWIFTNESS IN BANGING THE KEYS. THE MACHINE COSTS 125 DOLLARS. THE MACHINE HAS -SEVERAL VIRTUES. I BELIEVE IT WILL PRINT FASTER THAN I CAN WRITE. ONE MAY LEAN BACK -IN HIS CHAIR & WORK IT. IT PILES AN AWFUL STACK OF WORDS ON ONE PAGE. IT DONT MUSS -THINGS OR SCATTER INK BLOTS AROUND. OF COURSE IT SAVES PAPER. -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077"> SUSIE IS GONE, NOW, & I FANCY I SHALL MAKE BETTER PROGRESS. -WORKING THIS TYPE-WRITER REMINDS ME OF OLD ROBERT BUCHANAN, WHO, YOU REMEMBER, USED -TO SET UP ARTICLES AT THE CASE WITHOUT PREVIOUSLY PUTTING THEM IN THE FORM OF MANUSCRIPT. -I WAS LOST IN ADMIRATION OF SUCH MARVELOUS INTELLECTUAL CAPACITY. -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077">LOVE TO MOLLIE. -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077">YOUR BROTHER, -</p> -<p class="xd29e1077">SAM. -</p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Another letter, typed by Mark Twain himself, appears in fac-simile in his “Autobiography.” -This letter was written to his brother, Orien Clemens, three months before <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74">74</a>]</span>the letter to E. Remington & Sons, and before the “curiosity breeding little joker” -had worn out his patience. It has a special interest because it was the first letter -written by Mark Twain on his first typewriter. The row of characters typed across -the top of the sheet are undoubtedly the work of Mark Twain’s little daughter Susie, -to whom reference is made in the letter. -</p> -<p>Mark Twain’s description of the first typewriter as a “curiosity breeding little joker” -applies very well to those who had some inkling of what the machine really was, but, -on those who did not, the impression was sometimes very different. The story is classic -of the Kentucky mountaineer who returned his first typewritten letter to the man who -wrote it, with the words indignantly scribbled on the margin, “<i>You don’t need to print no letters for me. I kin read writin.</i>” This particular yarn cannot be verified, but there were plenty of similar cases. -J. P. Johns, a Texas insurance man and banker in the seventies, gives the following -transcript from memory of a reply he once received from one of his agents to one of -his first typewritten letters: -</p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first salute">Dear Sir: -</p> -<p>I received your communication and will act accordingly. -</p> -<p>There is a matter I would like to speak to you about. I realize, Mr. Johns, that I -do not possess the education which you have. However, until your last letter I have -always been able to read the writing. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75">75</a>]</span></p> -<p>I do not think it was necessary then, nor will be in the future, to have your letters -to me taken to the printers, and set up like a hand bill. I will be able to read your -writing and am deeply chagrined to think you thought such a course necessary.</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Another story, of somewhat similar flavor, was told by William K. Jenne himself. On -one occasion he planned to visit New York with his family and sent a typewritten letter, -making a reservation, to one of the hotels. When he and his family reached the hotel, -nothing was known of his application. Finally he asked them particularly about his -letter and described the way it was written. The clerk then recalled such a communication, -but he supposed it was a printed circular and had thrown it away. -</p> -<p>As a self-advertiser, the writing machine possessed some obvious advantages. The only -trouble with this “curiosity breeder” in its early days was that it did not breed -the kind of curiosity that translated itself into real buyer interest. The most curious -were usually skeptical of the utility of the new machine. They objected to the fact -that it wrote capitals only, and they could not assimilate the idea of paying $125 -for a writing machine, when pens could be bought for a penny. This price question -recalls the case of one of the early inventors, who might have won the honor of anticipating -Sholes as the creator of the first practical typewriter, had he not become <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76">76</a>]</span>obsessed by one unfortunate idea. He believed that five dollars was about the limit -that anyone would or should pay for a writing implement, and in the vain effort to -produce such a machine he squandered a splendid inventive talent. The point that he -overlooked was the actual value of the time and labor saved by the writing machine. -The world today understands this point perfectly, but when we find this simple truth -hidden even from an enthusiastic typewriter inventor, we must not be surprised that -it was very little understood in the seventies of the last century. The marketers -of the first typewriter soon discovered that they had undertaken something more than -the sale of a new machine. Their real job was to sell a new idea, and to do this was -a slow and toilsome work of education. No wonder the typewriter made such small and -discouraging progress in its early years. -</p> -<p>This lack of public interest was painfully in evidence at the great Centennial Exposition -held at Philadelphia in 1876. Here the typewriter made its initial bow to the public, -and it was carefully groomed for the occasion in a brand new court dress. The identical -machine exhibited at the Centennial is now another prized relic in the Remington Historical -Collection. It was a special machine, with mother-of-pearl finish, on which had been -lavished all the splendors suggested by the decorative tastes of fifty years ago. -But the public was neither dazzled nor convinced. They came indeed to see it in fair -numbers. Curiosity there was in plenty, but it was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77">77</a>]</span>curiosity mingled with some ridicule and very little serious interest. Very few machines -were sold, and about the only revenue derived by the exhibitors was from samples of -<span class="corr" id="xd29e1123" title="Source: typwriting">typewriting</span> sold as curios for a quarter apiece. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p077width"><img src="images/p077.jpg" alt="Model 1 Remington—Exhibited at Centennial." width="454" height="459"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Model 1 Remington—Exhibited at Centennial.</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The Centennial Exhibition will be forever memorable as the occasion of the first public -appearance of two of the greatest inventions of modern times, the telephone and the -typewriter. But how different their receptions by the public! When Alexander Graham -Bell made his first public exhibition of his invention, an Emperor stood at his side -and the news of his achievement was heralded the world over in cable dispatches and -newspaper headlines. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78">78</a>]</span>Few then realized that on exhibit in the same building was another new invention, -comparatively unnoticed, which was destined to rival even the telephone in the magnitude -of its service to the world. -</p> -<p>We have mentioned some of the obstacles which made the early progress of the typewriter -so slow and difficult. Added to all these was another, the task of furnishing the -operator. It was not a case of finding the operator, for in those days there were -none to find. It was another selling job, usually that of persuading someone to become -an operator and then, in most cases, of training that operator. Truly the early typewriter -salesman earned all that he made. -</p> -<p>This necessity of supplying the operator led to the growth of another distinctive -feature of the typewriter business, namely the free employment departments for stenographers -and typists, maintained for the service of typewriter users. The yearly total of stenographers -placed in positions by these departments has grown to enormous figures. More than -one typewriter company today places upwards of one hundred thousand typists per year -in positions in the United States alone. This development anticipates our story, but -it all had its beginning in the early days of the business. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p079width"><img src="images/p079.jpg" alt="One of the Earliest Typewriter Advertisements." width="566" height="720"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">One of the Earliest Typewriter Advertisements.</span></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">Dec. 16, 1875] The Nation. xvii -</p> -<p>The “Type-Writer.” -</p> -<p>A machine now superseding the pen. It is manufactured by Messrs. E. Remington & Sons -of Ilion. -</p> -<p>It is the size of a sewing-machine, and is an ornament to an office, study, or sitting-room. -</p> -<p>It is worked by keys, similar to a piano, and writes from thirty to sixty words per -minute—more than twice fast as the pen—in plain type, just like print. -</p> -<p>Any one who can spell can begin to write with it, and, after two weeks’ practice, -can write faster than with the pen. -</p> -<p>It is worked without effort, and is not liable to get out of order. -</p> -<p>It is always ready for use, does not soil the dress or fingers, and makes no litter. -</p> -<p>It is certain to become as indispensable in families as the sewing machine. -</p> -<p>Hundreds have come into use in the last few months in banking, insurance, law, and -business offices, in the Government departments in Washington, and in private families, -giving everywhere the highest satisfaction. -</p> -<p>Editors, authors, clergymen—all who are obliged to undergo the drudgery of the pen, -will find in the “Type-Writer” the greatest possible relief. -</p> -<p>Young persons acquire its use with wonderful ease and interest. It fascinates them -and there is no device comparable to it for teaching children to spell and punctuate. -</p> -<p>There is, therefore, no more acceptable, instructive, or beautiful -</p> -<p>CHRISTMAS PRESENT -</p> -<p>for a boy or girl<span class="corr" id="xd29e1161" title="Not in source">.</span> -</p> -<p>And the benevolent can, by the gift of a “Type-Writer” to a poor, deserving, young -woman, put her at once in the way of earning a good living, as a copyist or corresponding -clerk. -</p> -<p>No invention has opened for women so broad and easy an avenue to profitable and suitable -employment as the “Type-Writer,” and it merits the careful consideration of all thoughtful -and charitable persons interested in the subject of work for woman. -</p> -<p>More girls are now earning up to $10 to $20 per week with the “Type-Writer,” and they -can at once secure good situations for one hundred expert writers on it in counting-rooms -in this city. -</p> -<p>The public is cordially invited to call and inspect this working of the machine, and -obtain all information at our show-rooms. -</p> -<p>No. 707 Broadway. -</p> -<p>LOCKE, YOST & BATES -</p> -<p><i>COPYING WANTED.</i> -</p> -<p>Clergymen, business men, actors, and authors, who have copying to do, will consult -their interest by bringing it to us. We can do it at half the price that it can be -done with the pen, in good, clean type, as plain as the plainest print. -</p> -<p>We are now doing copying for all the theatres in this city. -</p> -<p>Address “COPYING DEPARTMENT,” 707 BROADWAY. -</p> -<p><i>AGENTS WANTED.</i> -</p> -<p>We want a good live agent in every county in the United States to sell the “Type-Writer.” -</p> -<p>It is a safe, sure, and profitable business. -</p> -<p>Address for full particulars, -</p> -<p>“TYPE-WRITER,” No. 707 BROADWAY.</p> -</blockquote> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>In these modern days, when commercial education has become a universal institution, -when the public, private and religious schools in the United States alone, which teach -shorthand and typewriting, number thousands, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79">79</a>]</span>when similar schools have made themselves indispensable the world over, it is hard -to realize that fifty years ago there were none. The whole modern system of commercial -education is a creation of the writing machine. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80">80</a>]</span>It is true that in America there were some pioneers in this field, men like Eastman, -Packard, Spencer, Bryant and Stratton, whose schools antedated the typewriter. But -the so-called “business colleges” of fifty years ago were few in number and, in the -days before the typewriter, their scheme of instruction was necessarily limited to -bookkeeping and business practice, with frequently an undue emphasis on fancy penmanship. -Nevertheless these schools did form the nucleus around which was ultimately built -our modern commercial school system, and it is this fact, as we shall presently see, -which has made the history of commercial education in America so different from the -same history in other countries. -</p> -<p>The relationship between the typewriter and the business school was slow in its early -development, and equally slow was the growth of the general relationship between typewriting -and shorthand. A single sentence in the first typewriter catalogue is interesting -on this point. “Stenographers,” it says, “can come to our office and dictate to operators -<i>from their shorthand notes</i>, and thus save the labor of transcription.” A very graceful invitation, but why not -suggest to shorthand writers or their employers that they buy their own machines? -We see in this sentence that the builders of the first typewriter sensed the partnership -that was coming between shorthand and typewriting, but in those days the great union -of the “twin arts” was still in the future. -</p> -<p>When did it actually come? From the very beginning <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81">81</a>]</span>in many individual cases, like Clephane’s and Weller’s and Wyckoff’s. But as a feature -in commercial education, not until several years after the invention of the writing -machine. The first school which taught typewriting, of which there is positive record, -was opened by D. L. Scott-Browne at 737 Broadway, New York, in 1878. From that time, -however, the development became rapid, and within a few years there were similar schools -in every large city in the country. From this time also begins the real success of -the typewriter in finding a market. As shorthand writing, during the ages that preceded -the writing machine, had only a restricted field of usefulness, so the typewriter -in its early years, before it joined forces with shorthand, was confined to a very -limited sale. And then it made its partnership with stenography—the most remarkable -partnership in all business history. Of late years another important invention, the -office phonograph, has made its bid for a share in this partnership, but the status -of the writing machine, as the senior partner, is impregnably established. -</p> -<p>Meanwhile the typewriter itself was about to undergo a great development. It is hardly -a coincidence that the first school to teach typewriting and the first typewriter -which won a wide popularity both appeared in the same year, 1878. This machine was -the Model 2 Remington, the first typewriter which wrote both capitals and small letters. -This first shift-key model, like the Model 1 of 1874, was the product of several master -minds. Jenne, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82">82</a>]</span>of course, had a big hand in it; so also did other men who had labored with him on -the first model. The problem of printing both capitals and small letters, with the -standard keyboard arrangement, was solved by the combination of the cylinder shifting -device, invented by Lucien S. Crandall, with type bars carrying two types, a capital -and a small face of the same letter, invented by Byron A. Brooks. The shift-key machine -proved to be a long step in advance, and the typewriter soon began to gain in popular -favor. -</p> -<p>Since the advent of the typewriter in 1874, one firm of selling agents after another -had been battling against heavy odds to find a profitable market for the machine. -Densmore and Yost were the first selling agents, followed by Densmore, Yost & Company, -General Agents (the style assumed when Densmore personally withdrew from the selling -agency), and finally by Locke, Yost & Bates, a firm composed of D. R. Locke (Petroleum -V. Nasby), G. W. N. Yost, and J. H. Bates, afterwards a successful advertising agent -in New York. During all of this time the load of debt on the enterprise grew greater -and greater, until the problem of getting back the amount that had been sunk in manufacture -and unsuccessful sales effort seemed well nigh impossible of solution. Further changes -were now made which eliminated Yost entirely, and in July, 1878, the selling agency -was entrusted to the well-known house of Fairbanks & Company, the celebrated scale -makers. As the Fairbanks business was well <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83">83</a>]</span>organized, it was thought that their facilities would largely increase sales. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p083width"><img src="images/p083.jpg" alt="The First Shift-Key Typewriter—1878" width="497" height="431"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">The First Shift-Key Typewriter—1878</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>One of the first acts of Fairbanks & Company was to appoint C. W. Seamans as manager -of typewriter sales. With the appearance of Seamans in the story begins the chain -of events which finally led to the commercial triumph of the writing machine. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84">84</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch5" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e380">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER V.</h2> -<h2 class="main">LAUNCHED ON THE COMMERCIAL WORLD</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">Clarence Walker Seamans was born in Ilion, and his first employment was in assisting -his father, who had charge of the gunsmithing department of the Remington factory. -This was in 1869, when he was only fifteen years old, and he continued in this service -through the memorable years 1873 and 1874. In the following year, however, a company -of Ilion men of means bought a silver mine in Utah and sent young Seamans to the mine -to look after their interests. Here he remained for the next three years. -</p> -<p>In 1878 we find Seamans again in Ilion, just at the time when Fairbanks & Company -had been intrusted with the selling agency for the typewriter. They needed some one -to look after this branch of the business, and Yost recommended Seamans. Philo Remington -thought him too young, and was not favorably disposed to the selection. Henry H. Benedict, -however, strongly advised that Seamans be appointed, and this was finally done. -</p> -<p>Seamans entered upon his new work with enthusiasm and enterprise. He held his position -with Fairbanks & Company for three years, and they were years of tremendous struggle. -Nevertheless some progress was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85">85</a>]</span>made, and in the year 1881, when E. Remington & Sons decided to take over the selling -agency, the efficient work already done by Seamans resulted in his appointment as -the sales head of their typewriter business. Under this new arrangement progress became -more pronounced, but still the business was absurdly small, judged by present-day -standards. The actual sales in this year numbered 1200 machines. -</p> -<p>These results did not satisfy Seamans, who soon began to form broader plans. He entered -into negotiations with Mr. Henry H. Benedict and Mr. W. O. Wyckoff of Ithaca, N. Y., -a widely known and successful court reporter, which resulted in the organization, -on August 1, 1882, of the historic firm of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. The new firm -made a contract with the Remingtons, who conceded to them the selling agency for the -entire world. They agreed to take all the machines the Remingtons could build, who -on their part agreed to furnish all that could be sold. This contract marked the turning -point in the history of the writing machine. -</p> -<p>The members of the firm of Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict were the real founders of the -commercial success of the typewriter, and the personalities of these three men are -as interesting as their achievements were notable. -</p> -<p>William Ozmun Wyckoff was a giant of a man, in mind, heart and body, robust and whole-souled, -whose dauntless courage and invincible faith in the typewriter were reminiscent of -Densmore. When the Remingtons <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86">86</a>]</span>first began to manufacture the typewriter, he saw one of the new machines, and his -own profession of court reporter gave him an instant vision of its future. He immediately -secured the selling agency for Central New York State and his first act was to place -the typewriter in service in his own offices in Ithaca. Here, at the very outset, -he encountered a situation which furnished a real test of his faith. Every member -of his staff rebelled against the use of the new machines. But Wyckoff was equal to -situations of that sort. “<i>Use it or quit</i>,” was his answer, and they used it. This was all very well for a start, but it was -quite different in the great outside territory, where the possible buyers were not -open to this particular form of sales argument. One of the first to enter Wyckoff’s -employ as typewriter salesman was J. Walter Earle, hardly more than a boy then, who -many years after became president of the Remington Typewriter Company. The letters -written by Wyckoff to Earle during the late seventies, filled with sage advice and -admonition, selling suggestions and unfailing encouragement, supply a graphic picture -of all that the typewriter salesman of that day was “up against.” They also furnish -an intimate and attractive picture of the man Wyckoff himself, sketched unconsciously -by his own hand. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p087width"><img src="images/p087.jpg" alt="WILLIAM O. WYCKOFF CLARENCE W. SEAMANS HENRY H. BENEDICT" width="433" height="720"><p class="figureHead">WILLIAM O. WYCKOFF <br>CLARENCE W. SEAMANS <br>HENRY H. BENEDICT</p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The characteristics of the two other members of the firm, Clarence W. Seamans and -Henry H. Benedict, have already revealed themselves in this story. Seamans, like Yost, -was a wonderful salesman. Better still, he was a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88">88</a>]</span>natural leader, with a gift for the successful handling of marketing problems which -proved of incalculable value in establishing the business on a successful basis. Mr. -Benedict likewise possessed marketing abilities of a high order, which he later demonstrated -by his important work in organizing the typewriter business in Europe, where the difficulties -encountered were even greater than in the American field. He possessed a habit of -thoroughness, combined with a foresight and soundness of business judgment which, -time and again, were of vital service to the firm. Taken all in all, these three men -represented a combination of qualities not often found in a business partnership. -</p> -<p>The new firm possessed unbounded energy and enthusiasm but its material resources -were limited. Many discouragements were encountered, but they overcame them all and -the business increased steadily. The firm started in a very limited fashion, occupying -a corner of the Remington concern’s office at 281 Broadway, New York, the staff consisting -of a few clerks with two or three mechanics, perhaps numbering ten persons in all. -In 1884 the firm moved to its own offices at 339 Broadway. -</p> -<p>In the winter of 1885–1886, while the business was in the full tide of success, a -disquieting rumor reached the three partners that the Remingtons were planning to -sell their interest in the typewriter. It had been known for years that the old house, -owing mainly to wasteful factory management, had been sinking deeper and deeper <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89">89</a>]</span>into debt, and now it seemed that the crisis had come. Here was a situation which -imperiled the future of the whole enterprise, but a difficulty is often a disguised -opportunity, and so it proved to be in this case. -</p> -<p>Henry H. Benedict immediately took the train to Ilion and his interview with Philo -Remington in March, 1886, which resulted in the transfer of the ownership of the typewriter, -is another one of the big moments in this story. Here is the account of what happened, -as told by Mr. Benedict himself. -</p> -<p>“I arrived in the morning and spent the fore-noon with Mr. Philo Remington. I began -by asking him if the rumor was true that they were thinking of disposing of their -typewriter interests. He said it was true. I said, ‘But why do you do this?’ He replied, -‘We need money.’ I said, ‘May I ask for what purpose?’ He replied, ‘To pay our debts.’ -‘But,’ I said, ‘you could not expect to get for the typewriter enough to pay a tenth -of your debts.’ ‘Well, perhaps not,’ he said, ‘but it would satisfy the more pressing -of our creditors.’ -</p> -<p>“ ‘Mr. Remington,’ I said, ‘I was with you for thirteen years, and served you to the -best of my ability, and I was absolutely loyal to you. I am going to be loyal now. -My advice to you is not to sell your typewriter. The amount of money you would get -would not go far; ninety per cent of your creditors would still be unpaid, and they -will be after you more savagely if you pay the claims of others and leave theirs unsatisfied.’ -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90">90</a>]</span></p> -<p>“He shook his head and said, ‘Well, we think we had better sell.’ ‘Is that your final -decision?’ I asked. He answered, ‘Yes, I think so.’ I said, ‘Have you a customer for -your plant?’ ‘Well,’ he said, ‘there are some people talking about taking it.’ ‘Have -you committed yourself to them?’ I asked. He replied, ‘No, not absolutely.’ ‘You’re -determined to sell, are you?’ ‘Yes!’ -</p> -<p>“ ‘Very well,<span class="corr" id="xd29e1262" title="Source: ”">’</span> I said. ‘I have given my advice. <i>Now I want to buy the plant.</i>’ -</p> -<p>“Then we began to talk business, and before night I telegraphed to New York to send -me a certified check for ten thousand dollars to bind the bargain.” -</p> -<p>Thus it was that the entire plant used in the manufacture of the machine, together -with all patent rights, franchises, etc., necessary to a complete control of the business -were purchased by Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict. The manufacturing plant was established -in the building formerly occupied by the Agricultural Works, and W. K. Jenne was installed -as mechanical superintendent. The typewriter enterprise since that day has been entirely -separate and distinct from the other activities with which the name Remington is associated, -and thus it escaped the disasters which shortly after befell the old and honored house -of E. Remington & Sons. -</p> -<p>In 1888 the need for greater office facilities had become so urgent that Wyckoff, -Seamans & Benedict removed their New York office to 327 Broadway, which remained their -home office for nearly thirty years. At <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href="#pb91">91</a>]</span>first only one or two floors were occupied, then the entire building, and finally -the two additional buildings on either side. In 1892 the original co-partnership was -changed into a mercantile corporation which included the manufacturing company, and -in 1903 the corporate name was changed to Remington Typewriter Company, of which Mr. -Benedict became the first president. Of the three members of the original firm, Wyckoff -died in 1895 and Seamans in 1915. Henry H. Benedict, the surviving partner, has been -from the beginning a director of the company, and enjoys in this anniversary year -a unique distinction as the only man now living whose identification with the typewriter -business has been continuous throughout the entire fifty years of its history. -</p> -<p>The progress of the typewriter, once a real start had been made, continued without -serious interruption. The very conditions which made early progress so slow and difficult -now began to reverse themselves. The machine, with widening opportunities, proved -itself more than ever a most efficient self-advertiser, and every typewriter in actual -service carried its own message of legibility and utility to many thousands. -</p> -<p>In course of time typewriting became as familiar as pen writing in business correspondence, -and the superior speed of the machine soon suggested new uses for which the pen had -never been employed. The typewritten circular letter came into being, the forerunner -of the various duplicating devices, and indeed of the whole system <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92">92</a>]</span>of direct-by-mail advertising as we know it today. The United States mail bags soon -felt, in their bulkier contents, the impetus of the new machine. General business -also felt this impetus. Formerly lashed to a pen point, it now became articulate, -and as business creates business, so the new forms of business activity, fostered -by the typewriter, opened new and wider opportunities for ever increasing sales. The -machine, which won its entry as a labor saver, soon intrenched itself as a business -builder, and general business, which was merely helped by the machine at the outset, -became completely transformed by it in the end. -</p> -<p>This wonderful transition has come about so gradually that the business world, though -proudly aware of the fact itself, is only dimly conscious of the part played by the -great transforming factor. We call this the age of big business, and so it is, but -it is only necessary to compare the average business office and business methods of -today with those of fifty years ago to realize the extent to which modern business -is an actual outcome of the writing machine. -</p> -<p>The story of the typewriter in Europe, and in foreign countries generally, is very -nearly a repetition of its history in the United States. In every case we find the -same early years of struggle and in the end the same transforming influence on business -and business methods. The introductory struggle in America was hard enough, but in -the Old World there were some even greater obstacles <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93">93</a>]</span>to be encountered. Here the writing machine was forced to make headway against the -more deliberate and leisurely habits of the people, and the more deeply rooted conservatism -of an older civilization. There were also some graver practical difficulties, as we -shall presently see. -</p> -<p>The systematic invasion of the European market began very soon after the firm of Wyckoff, -Seamans & Benedict took up their great selling task, and it was mainly through the -efforts of Mr. Benedict that the foundations of the business were laid in the Old -World countries. Prior to this time E. Remington & Sons had made their own attack -on the British market, and their first British catalogue, published over the imprint -of their London address, 50–54 Queen Victoria Street, E. C., contains an impressive -list of press notices in British journals, published at different times in 1876, also -a list of patrons which includes the King of the Netherlands, the Duke of Bedford, -the Marquis of Salisbury, Earl Granville and other notables of the period. There is -testimonial evidence in this old catalogue that machines were sold in England as early -as the year 1874, and similar early efforts are traceable in other European countries. -But this early selling effort was not sustained, and it was more than ten years later -before any real impression was made on the European market. The London office of Wyckoff, -Seamans & Benedict was opened in 1886, and by the year 1890 the machine had begun -to occupy an important <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94">94</a>]</span>place in the British commercial world. The successful introduction of the machine -in most of the Continental European countries belongs to the same period. Offices -were opened in Paris in 1884, and direct representation was established in Belgium -in 1888, Italy in 1889, Holland in 1890, Denmark in 1893, and Greece in 1896. The -German market was entered in 1883, and the Russian, with a special machine equipped -to write the Russian characters, in 1885. From the very outset of its career in Europe -the typewriter has been used by celebrities without number. Many of the crowned heads -have been included among its personal users. Lloyd George, many years ago, while still -an obscure and struggling attorney in Wales, owned and operated a Model 2 Remington. -Count Tolstoi, that earnest disciple of the primitive life, to whom modern machinery -in every form was abhorrent, was glad to make an exception in its favor, and many -of his extant photographs show him in the act of giving direct dictation to his daughter -on the typewriter. Indeed it is not surprising to find the writing machine thus intimately -associated with the great, for the very nature of its service, the conservation of -brain effort, places it in a far different class from any mere manual labor saver. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p095width"><img src="images/p095.jpg" alt="COUNT TOLSTOI GIVING DIRECT DICTATION TO HIS DAUGHTER ON THE TYPEWRITER." width="720" height="412"><p class="figureHead">COUNT TOLSTOI GIVING DIRECT DICTATION TO HIS DAUGHTER ON THE TYPEWRITER.</p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>One development of the typewriter business in nearly all foreign countries is totally -different from anything known in America. We have already spoken of the modern system -of commercial education as the creation of the typewriter. In America, however, the -typewriter companies <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96">96</a>]</span>and commercial schools, though each is a necessity to the other, have grown up as -distinct and separate institutions. This may be accounted for by the fact that the -germ of our modern commercial school system existed in a few of the so-called “business -colleges” before the days of the typewriter. In England also, before the advent of -the writing machine, we find a few schools teaching the recently invented art of phonography, -the latter-day development of the ancient art of shorthand. In other foreign countries, -however, there was not even the germ of the commercial school as we know it today. -</p> -<p>If the task of getting operators during the early days of the business was a difficult -one in America, in other countries it was formidable. It soon became evident that -the problem could be solved only in one way, by the founding of schools of shorthand -and typewriting, owned and operated by the typewriter company itself. This was the -origin of the Remington system of commercial schools, which were established by the -company or its selling representatives in practically every country on earth, with -the one conspicuous exception of the United States. Even in Great Britain it was found -necessary to establish these schools at several points in order to insure a sufficient -supply of competent operators, and in the countries of Continental Europe there was -no other recourse. -</p> -<p>The Remington schools at Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Moscow, Petrograd and many other cities -throughout Europe were established soon after the machine had invaded these <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97">97</a>]</span>markets. In other continents the business met similar conditions and went through -the same process. In Australia the great Remington schools at Melbourne, Sydney and -other cities have graduated many thousands of operators; so also in South Africa, -and throughout the entire South American continent, where not only the large centers -but even many of the smaller cities now have their Remington schools. In the Asiatic -countries the problem of securing competent stenographers and typists assumed another -phase. Here the stenographers and typists are all natives, Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, -Javanese, Hindu, etc., and they are all men, for this is one part of the world where -the modern girl typist has not yet arrived. In the countries of the Far East, the -Chinese predominate among the practitioners of the “twin arts.” It’s a stiff job, -that of acquiring such mastery of a foreign language that the stenographer can take -and transcribe accurately the shorthand notes taken from dictation in that language, -but the Oriental peoples, with their remarkable linguistic gifts, have proved equal -to the task. -</p> -<p>The schools of shorthand and typewriting in the Eastern countries are easily the most -interesting in all the world, and it is noteworthy that these schools maintain the -highest standards of efficiency. The Remington schools in various cities throughout -India, which train the Babu or educated native in the “twin arts,” have been for many -years the main source of supply of the typists employed in all branches of the Indian -Government service. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98">98</a>]</span></p> -<p>The founders of the typewriter business had little realization that out of their efforts -would come a new plan of practical education; still less did they realize that over -a great part of the earth’s surface the task of developing this plan would fall on -the manufacturer himself. In their broad effect on human society, the by-products -of the typewriter business, in more than one phase, have been quite as important as -the main idea. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99">99</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch6" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e391">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER VI.</h2> -<h2 class="main">HIGH SPOTS IN TYPEWRITER PROGRESS</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">We have noted the fundamental features contained in the original typewriter of 1873. -It had the step-by-step escapement mechanism which caused the letter-spacing travel -of the paper carriage. It had type bars on which type were mounted which printed at -a common center. It fed the paper around a cylinder on the paper carriage. It was -equipped with a line spacing and carriage return mechanism. It printed through a ribbon, -which traveled across the printing point with the movement of the carnage. It had -the standard number of printing keys, placed in four rows, and the characters on these -keys, and the corresponding type bars, followed the arrangement now known as “universal.” -To these fundamental features the Model 2 Remington of 1878 added the shift-key mechanism, -with two type mounted on a single bar. -</p> -<p>Every one of the features above described is standard in all the leading writing machines -of the present day. It must not be supposed, however, that the reign of each and all -of these basic features has been undisputed throughout the entire fifty years of typewriter -history. In time other typewriters appeared on the market, which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100">100</a>]</span>represented radical departures from one or another of these principles. Some of these -machines proved practical in actual service and won a considerable popularity, and -some of them are manufactured and sold today. A review of typewriter history would -not be complete which failed to take note of these departures from the type of construction -generally known as “standard.” -</p> -<p>One of the earliest issues in the typewriter field concerned the relative merits of -the type-bar principle versus the type wheel. Mention of the type wheel brings us -back to John Pratt’s Pterotype and the article concerning it in the <i>Scientific American</i> of July 6, 1867, which is said to have suggested the idea of a typewriter to Sholes -and his colleagues. Pratt is said to have actually built and sold some of these <span class="corr" id="xd29e1321" title="Source: mechines">machines</span> in England, but they were not a success, and he for a time despaired of being able -to construct a machine on which the printing wheel would move quickly and yet stop -instantly. He worked over the problem for years, and when, at last he approached the -United States Patent Office he found himself in interference with two other inventors, -James B. Hammond and Lucien S. Crandall, both of whom appeared with writing machines -built on the type-wheel principle. A deadlock ensued which was finally settled by -Pratt yielding precedence to Hammond upon a type-wheel machine and receiving a royalty, -while Crandall proceeded with his application for a patent on a <i>type-sleeve</i> instrument. The first Hammond patents were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101">101</a>]</span>taken out in 1880, and the machine was placed on the market shortly thereafter. The -early Hammond had what was called the “ideal” keyboard, semi-circular in shape, but -later Hammonds have conformed to the “universal” keyboard arrangement. -</p> -<p>The Hammond was the first practical type-wheel machine and is today the leading machine -of this class. The type-wheel construction has always had strong advocates, but these -machines have never been very serious competitors of the type-bar machines in the -general commercial field. -</p> -<p>Soon after the advent of the Hammond, another important typewriter issue arose—that -of single versus double keyboard. The first double-keyboard machine was the Caligraph, -placed on the market in 1883, an enterprise upon which Yost entered after it became -evident that he could no longer retain his interest in the Remington. The Caligraph -was devised under the direction of Yost, principally by a skilled German mechanic -named Franz X. Wagner, who afterwards won prominence as the inventor of the Underwood -Typewriter. Yost’s aim was to construct a typewriter which would evade the Remington -patents, but, failing in this, he was subsequently granted a license. In after years -the Smith Premier became the leading double-keyboard machine. This machine, the invention -of Alexander T. Brown, was placed on the market in 1890 by Lyman C. Smith, the gun -manufacturer of Syracuse, and during the next few <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102">102</a>]</span>years attained a wide popularity. It was urged in behalf of the double-keyboard machine -that the key for every character made its operation easier and simpler for the beginner. -The construction, however, was more complicated, because it doubled the number of -type bars and connecting parts, and there was a further disadvantage in the enlarged -keyboard, which time made evident. The double keyboard would probably have yielded -to the shift key sooner or later, but it was the advent of the touch method of typewriting -which really settled the matter. For use in connection with the touch system, the -compact keyboard of the shift-key machine proved so obvious an advantage that the -double keyboard lost ground rapidly and machines with this keyboard began in time -to disappear from the market. The present Smith Premier Typewriter, invented by Jacob -Felbel, is a shift-key machine of standard design. -</p> -<p>Another early issue in typewriter construction concerned the relative merits of the -ribbon and the inking pad. This brings us to the last enterprise of G. W. N. Yost, -which he undertook after severing his connection with the Caligraph. In 1888 Yost -brought out the machine, developed by Alexander Davidson, Andrew W. Steiger and Jacob -Felbel, that ever since has borne his name. The most notable departure of the Yost -Typewriter from the standard design was the elimination of the ribbon and the use -instead of an inking pad, on which the face of the type rested. The first Yost was -a double-keyboard <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103">103</a>]</span>machine, but later models embody the shift-key principle. Of late years this type -of machine has been hardly known on the American market, although it has always enjoyed -a considerable sale in Europe. -</p> -<p>The inking pad, as a substitute for the ribbon, found many advocates at one time because -of one serious deficiency in the early ribbon machines. The automatic ribbon reverse -is an old story now, and present-day typewriter users take it as a matter of course. -Many of them may be surprised to hear that the typewriter was twenty-two years old -before the first automatic ribbon reverse appeared on a writing machine. Some of the -older generation of typists, however, can still remember the time when it was always -necessary to operate the machine with one eye on the ribbon, in order to be sure to -reverse it at the right time, or else suffer the consequences in a “chewed-up” ribbon -and spoiled work. During the early nineties Jenne labored hard on the problem of an -automatic ribbon reverse, the solution of which called for inventive skill of a high -order. After several experimental devices had been designed, all of which were far -too complicated, a simple solution was found by George B. Webb, and the first automatic -ribbon reverse made its appearance on the Remington in 1896. Within a few years the -old hand reverse became practically obsolete on all standard machines. -</p> -<p>In the meantime a new demand had been steadily growing, which was destined to influence -quite radically the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104">104</a>]</span>future course of typewriter development. All of the earlier type-bar machines were -built on what is known as the understroke principle. The type bars were arranged in -a circular “basket,” underneath the carriage, and the type printed at a common point -on the under side of the cylinder. These machines were satisfactory in speed and quality -of work, but they had one practical defect—it was necessary for the operator to raise -the carriage in order to see the writing line. The advantages of visible writing were -so obvious that the problem began at an early date to engage the attention of typewriter -inventors. On the type-wheel machines, visible writing was easily attained, but on -the type-bar machines it called for real inventive effort. The first type-bar visible -writer, the Horton, appeared as early as the year 1883. Most of the early type-bar -visible writers were of the down-stroke type, the type bars striking downward to a -common point on the top of the cylinder. Prominent among machines of this construction -were the Columbia Bar-Lock (1888), the Williams (1890) and the Oliver (1894). The -latter machine, in particular, secured and has since held a considerable market. Later -on the front-stroke principle of construction took the lead in the general business -field. The first front-stroke machine to attain prominence was the Underwood. This -machine was the invention of Franz X. Wagner, whose earlier connection with the Caligraph -we have already noted, and was placed on the market in 1897 by John T. Underwood, -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105">105</a>]</span>who had long been identified with the writing-machine industry as one of the pioneer -manufacturers of typewriter ribbons and carbon papers. The design of the front-stroke -machines represented a new departure in the arrangement of the type bars, which were -placed in a segment in front of the carriage, the type printing on the front of the -cylinder. This front-stroke principle proved to be a satisfactory solution of the -problem of visible writing, and all of the leading standard machines are now of the -front-stroke type. Prominent among these machines today are the Underwood, the front-stroke -Remington, which was largely the work of Oscar Woodward, followed by later improvements; -the “L. C. Smith,” brought out by Lyman C. Smith, the original manufacturer of the -Smith Premier, and the Royal, followed some years after its first appearance by a -new model. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p106-1width"><img src="images/p106-1.jpg" alt="" width="466" height="442"></div><p> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p106-2width"><img src="images/p106-2.jpg" alt="TYPES OF PRESENT DAY CORRESPONDENCE MACHINES." width="545" height="409"><p class="figureHead">TYPES OF PRESENT DAY CORRESPONDENCE MACHINES.</p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Visible writing is an old story today, the last non-visible machines having disappeared -from the market many years ago. Doubtless, when this problem had been solved, it seemed -to some as though the typewriter had attained finality. But there is nothing final -on this earth, and a new demand has been growing of recent years until it has become -as strong and insistent as the demand for visible writing of twenty years ago. The -familiar “clicking” noise of the typewriter has been with us as long as the machine -itself, and in the early days people did not seem to mind it. But when the use of -the typewriter had grown until whole batteries of them had invaded every department -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108">108</a>]</span>of business, the accumulated noise became a disturbance, and users began to wish that -the machine would imitate, if it could, the one and only virtue admittedly possessed -by the pen—that of silence. The development of quiet typewriting brings us to the -present-day stage of typewriter progress, which hardly belongs to this story. It is -sufficient to say that the writing machine, which has always been equal to any demand -made upon it, has run true to form in this case. During recent years one typewriter -has appeared, the Noiseless, built around this central idea, also quiet models of -at least three of the standard makes. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p107-1width"><img src="images/p107-1.jpg" alt="" width="494" height="396"></div><p> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p107-2width"><img src="images/p107-2.jpg" alt="TYPES OF PRESENT DAY CORRESPONDENCE MACHINES." width="495" height="403"><p class="figureHead">TYPES OF PRESENT DAY CORRESPONDENCE MACHINES.</p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It seems a far cry from the first typewriter of 1873 to the shift-key, front-stroke, -visible-writing, quiet machine of 1923. Equally great has been the progress in the -skill of the operator, from the first would-be typists who awkwardly tried their hands -on the early machines, to the standards attained by the best typists of the present -day. The progress of the operator, however, has not been marked by the same slow, -successive stages. It has been the outcome of one great development—the introduction -of the scientific method of key fingering known as <i>touch typewriting</i>. -</p> -<p>We have referred more than once to the article in the <i>Scientific American</i> of July 6, 1867, which started so many brain cells working to such good purpose. -One more quotation from this article, which has a special application to the operator, -is now in order: -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109">109</a>]</span></p> -<blockquote> -<p class="first">“The weary process of learning penmanship in the schools will be reduced to the acquirement -of writing one’s own signature and <i>playing on the literary piano</i>.”</p> -</blockquote><p> -</p> -<p>Note the words “playing on the literary piano.” They were suggested spontaneously -in connection with the idea; they were an unconscious prophecy which time has fulfilled. -To operate the machine with the eyes resting not on the keys but on the copy, as the -eyes of the pianist rest on the music, to use all the fingers, to regulate the touch -so that the best results are obtained, thus gaining time in the execution and excellence -in the work; these are the ends secured by the touch system, a method now taught universally -in business schools. -</p> -<p>“Who was the first touch typist?” is a question now frequently asked. The answer is, -the first blind typist, whoever that person was. We have recorded how the needs of -the blind figured in the efforts of so many of the early typewriter inventors. Pen -writing is almost an impossibility for blind people. A frame of parallel wires fitted -over the writing paper, with one wire for each line of writing, is of some help to -the blind in pen writing, but if they lose the line they cannot find it again, and -it is the same with words and spaces between words. The human hand has no automatic -spacing mechanism, like the typewriter, and that is what the blind person needs. But -where sight is lacking there is only one possible method of operation—<i>by touch</i>. The touch method was <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110">110</a>]</span>a discovery of the blind, and a gift by them to all the typists of the world. -</p> -<p>It took time, however, for this idea to become diffused among schools and operators -generally, and during the early years of the typewriter the style of typing now known -derisively as “peck and hunt” was universal among sighted operators. Here was a paradox, -where the gift of sight caused blindness and only the blind could see what was hidden -from everybody else. In a few years, however, the art of touch typing was acquired -by a few sighted typists of exceptional skill. The first of whom there is record was -Frank E. McGurrin, who taught himself the art on a Model 1 Remington in 1878, while -a clerk in a law office in Grand Rapids, Mich., and afterwards became the champion -speed operator of his time. The exhibitions given by McGurrin in different cities -of the country during the eighties were of the very highest educational importance. -The most notable of these was the contest between McGurrin and Traub; decided at Cincinnati -on July 25, 1888. -</p> -<p>The modern typewriting contests are interesting mainly as demonstrations of the utmost -capacity of the operator, but the contest between McGurrin and Traub had a far deeper -significance. It was really a contest between two different systems of typing—the -new and the old. Louis Traub was an instructor in typewriting and agent and expert -operator of the leading double-keyboard machine of that day. Both in the keyboard -used and the method <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111">111</a>]</span>used, he stood in opposition to McGurrin. The conditions called for forty-five minutes -writing from dictation, and forty-five from copy, unfamiliar matter being used. McGurrin -won decisively on both tests, but the significant fact was that his speed increased -three words per minute when writing from copy, while Traub’s speed fell off twelve -words per minute on the same test. The reason is obvious. McGurrin’s eyes were always -on the copy, while Traub was compelled to write an “eyeful” at a time. Traub was open -to conviction and accepted the logic of the result without reserve. He subsequently -became an expert touch operator of the shift-key machine. -</p> -<p>The exhibitions of McGurrin and other self-taught touch typists of this early period -served a useful purpose in demonstrating that the idea was feasible, but to make it -practical for all typists was the task of the educator. The first business school -to begin systematic instruction to pupils by the touch method, or the all-finger method -as it was then called, was Longley’s Shorthand and Typewriter Institute of Cincinnati. -The credit for the introduction of this system belongs to Mrs. M. V. Longley, wife -of Elias Longley, whose name is well known to the shorthand fraternity of America -through his prominent association with the development of phonography. This was in -1881. In the following year her “Remington Typewriter Lessons” were published, the -first printed system for teaching the all-finger method. The advertisement describes -the system as “a series of lessons and exercises<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112">112</a>]</span>—by a system of fingering entirely different from that of other authors and teachers”; -a very conservative statement considering the radical departure it represented from -the prevailing usage of the day. -</p> -<p>The first typewriter man to interest himself in the system was H. V. Rowell, for many -years manager of the Remington office at Boston, who is still living at an advanced -age. It was a paper read by Mrs. Longley before the First Annual Congress of Shorthand -Writers, held at Cincinnati in 1882, that gave Rowell his first inspiration on the -subject, and from that time he became an ardent and constant advocate of the touch -system. The first business educator who took up this method at Rowell’s suggestion -was W. E. Hickox who introduced it in his private shorthand school at Portland, Me. -Hickox, who began to teach touch typing in 1882, was the second educator in America -and the first in the East to adopt this method, but it was some years before he had -any imitators. Rowell, however, continued ceaseless in his efforts, and in 1889 he -interested B. J. Griffin of the Springfield Business School, Springfield, Mass. Griffin -became a touch typewriting enthusiast. He introduced it in his school to the exclusion -of all other methods, and the remarkable typing skill of some of his graduates soon -produced a deep impression on other business educators. In the same year, 1889, Bates -Torrey of Portland, Me., published “A Manual of Practical Typewriting.” The word “touch” -seems such a natural one as applied to this <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113">113</a>]</span>method that it would seem almost futile to search for its originator, but, as a matter -of fact, Bates Torrey was the first one to use it in a printed manual. We also note -in this book a great advance in the point of view over Mrs. Longley’s “Typewriter -Lessons.” Mrs. Longley’s method was a genuine touch system in its results, but not -in its main purpose, which was avowedly to secure an improved method of fingering. -Seven years later the all-finger method had become simply a means to an end—the ability -to write by touch. -</p> -<p>The developments of the year 1889 set the ball rolling, and during the next few years -many new “touch” manuals appeared and one school after another took it up until the -touch method was firmly established in the East. The growth of the system in the West -was due mainly to the efforts of another typewriter man, O. P. Judd, for many years -manager of the Remington office in Omaha. Judd, writing in 1897, says that “Omaha -has become the storm center of the commotion over the touch method of typewriting.” -Two educators of that city, Van Sant and Mosher, urged on by Judd, entered into a -friendly competition, and the rival exhibitions given by their splendidly trained -pupils soon spread the method far and wide. -</p> -<p>Early in the year 1901 the Remingtons made a complete canvass of the schools of America -to ascertain definitely the extent to which the touch system was then in use. It was -found that half of the schools of the country had already begun instruction by the -touch method and, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114">114</a>]</span>of the remainder, the great majority announced their intention of doing so with the -beginning of the fall term. Very soon after, the old “peck and hunt” plan of teaching -had disappeared entirely from the schools, and the old style operators have become -fewer and fewer with each passing year until one of them in a present-day business -office is almost a curiosity. The seeming impossibility of thirty-five years ago, -when people watched McGurrin and wondered, has become the universal commonplace of -today. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115">115</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch7" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e402">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER VII.</h2> -<h2 class="main">WIDENING THE FIELD</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The developments we have been considering cover only one phase of typewriter progress. -The advent of the shift-key typewriter, of the automatic ribbon reverse, of visible -writing, of the touch system, and finally of the quiet typewriter, have all been important -advances in efficiency, or convenience, or general satisfaction in the performance -of the older and more familiar typing tasks. Those improvements, however, the aim -of which was to extend the actual scope and range of the writing machine belong, in -the main, to a different chain of typewriter development. -</p> -<p>During the first twenty-five years of its history, the time-saving service of the -typewriter was confined almost entirely to straight, line-by-line writing, with its -practical applications, such as letter writing, manuscript writing, and the like. -So long as these fields remained unconquered there was little incentive or opportunity -to think of anything else. Thus the great fields of form, tabular and statistical -writing remained for many years beyond the reach of the writing machine. The reason, -of course, from the mechanical standpoint, lay in the lack of any mechanism for the -instantaneous setting of the carriage <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116">116</a>]</span>at any desired writing point. Whenever the nature of the work required these carriage -settings with great frequency, the slow method of hand setting consumed all the time -that could be saved in the actual typing. However, as time went on, the opportunities -for time saving in these special forms of writing became more and more evident. “If -we have typewritten letters, why not typewritten bills and statements and vouchers -and statistical forms of every kind? Why, in fact, use the pen at all except for signatures?” -These questions were asked with greater and greater frequency. And in due time the -typewriter builders gave the answer. The first decimal tabulator, known originally -as the Gorin Tabulator, from the name of its inventor, appeared in 1898 as an attachment -of the Remington Typewriter. -</p> -<p>There is a special interest in the date of this invention, for it marks exactly the -half-way point in the fifty years of typewriter history. The second quarter century -of this period, which begins with the advent of the decimal tabulator, has seen the -typewriter extend its range to every form of writing or combined writing and adding -formerly done by the pen. -</p> -<p>The Gorin Tabulator was exactly what its name implies—a <i>decimal</i> tabulator. It wrote columns of figures—anywhere on the page and as many as the page -would hold—with the same speed as ordinary, line-by-line writing. The decimal tabulator -brought the carriage instantly to the exact point in every column where the next line -of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117">117</a>]</span>writing began, whether units, tens, hundreds or millions, as illustrated in the following -example: -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table class="tabulator"> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellTop"> 340721 </td> -<td class="cellTop"> 5 </td> -<td class="cellRight cellTop"> 3 721 55 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 856 </td> -<td> 29 </td> -<td class="cellRight"> 8 06 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 7382 </td> -<td> 767 </td> -<td class="cellRight"> 952 77 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 94006 </td> -<td> 9 763 </td> -<td class="cellRight"> 85 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 73 </td> -<td> 86 573 </td> -<td class="cellRight"> 95 00 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft"> 2099 </td> -<td> 142 345 </td> -<td class="cellRight"> 48 050 66 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft">9282384650 </td> -<td> 4 356 758 </td> -<td class="cellRight">1 396 722 00 </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="cellLeft cellBottom"> 5857205 </td> -<td class="cellBottom">67 954 678 </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom"> 500 800 00 </td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>With the appearance of the first tabulator, the typewriter began to invade new fields -which hitherto had been entirely beyond its reach. In some of the Old World countries -the decimal tabulator actually took the lead in blazing a path for the writing machine. -In these countries there survived for many years a certain prejudice against the typewritten -letter, but this prejudice did not extend to form and tabular work, and the first -machines purchased by countless business houses in England, France, Italy and elsewhere -were tabulating typewriters. This seems like a reversal of the natural order, but -the final result was the same. The typewriter, once introduced, soon came into use -for every kind of writing. -</p> -<p>The decimal tabulator is a notable example of how one idea leads to another. During -the years immediately preceding its appearance there had been happenings in other -branches of the office appliance field. The idea of clerical labor saving, embodied -in the first typewriter, had given birth to a varied industry, and among other <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118">118</a>]</span>new inventions, had produced the adding machine. The first adding machines, however, -carried no printing mechanism, and so long as typewriters were also lacking in a tabulating -mechanism, the fields of the two machines lay entirely apart. In the early nineties, -however, the Burroughs machine, which listed figures in a column as added, began to -find a market. Soon after came the first tabulating typewriter, and it was soon recognized -that each of these machines represented a partial approach to the field of the other. -The question then arose: “Since the typewriter now writes figures in columns, why -not build one that will add these columns as written? In other words, why not build -an <i>adding typewriter</i>?” In due time the adding typewriter came, to be followed later by the typewriter-accounting -or bookkeeping machine. -</p> -<p>Prominent among machines of this type are the Elliott-Fisher, which has a flat writing -bed or platen, the Remington, which introduced the feature of automatic subtraction, -and the Underwood, which is electrically operated. The earlier adding typewriters -added in vertical columns only, but soon a cross-adding mechanism was added, and the -two acts of vertical and cross computation are performed in one operation. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p119-1width"><img src="images/p119-1.jpg" alt="Elliot-Fisher" width="376" height="277"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Elliot-Fisher</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p119-2width"><img src="images/p119-2.jpg" alt="Remington" width="555" height="294"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Remington</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p119-3width"><img src="images/p119-3.jpg" alt="Underwood" width="540" height="283"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Underwood</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>TYPES OF PRESENT DAY TYPEWRITER-ACCOUNTING MACHINES -</p> -<p>The accounting machine completed the application of the typewriter to every form of -business writing, including combined writing and adding. In the latter field the advantages -it offers are those of the typewriter intensified. The combination of two tasks—writing -and adding—in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120">120</a>]</span>one, eliminates the separate adding and the separate adding cost. A further advantage -is the error-proofing of every task, the machine furnishing its own checks against -possible mistakes by the operator. To the business man these advantages are decisive. -The typewritten bill is now about as universal as the typewritten letter, so also -is the typewritten statement, and the old-fashioned bound and pen-written ledgers -are fast giving place to the modern card ledger, kept on the bookkeeping machine. -The same applies to every conceivable kind of combined typing and adding in every -line of business. The pen has not entirely disappeared from these fields as yet, but -it is going, and its final departure is as clearly indicated as anything in the book -of fate. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p121-1width"><img src="images/p121-1.jpg" alt="Remington" width="419" height="280"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Remington</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p121-2width"><img src="images/p121-2.jpg" alt="Corona" width="381" height="287"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Corona</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p121-3width"><img src="images/p121-3.jpg" alt="Underwood" width="399" height="273"><p class="figureHead"><span class="sc">Underwood</span></p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>TYPES OF PRESENT DAY PORTABLE MACHINES -</p> -<p>While the typewriter has been completing its conquest of the entire field of business -writing, there has been another development at what we may call the opposite end of -the scale. The machine is now demonstrating its time-saving utility not alone for -business writing but for all writing. The use of the machine for every kind of personal -writing was clearly forecast by its original builders, as the first typewriter catalogue -plainly proves. Indeed this was clearer to them than the general business uses. Many -years were to elapse, however, before the employment of the typewriter became general -outside of the business field, and then it came about through the development of a -new type of machine, especially designed for the owner’s personal use. The portable -typewriter, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122">122</a>]</span>small, light, compact, convenient, and easy to carry anywhere in its traveling case, -proved to be the type of machine desired by the personal user. The earliest of the -portables was the small Blickensderfer, a type-wheel machine. The first type-bar portable -machine to attract wide notice was the Corona, which dates from the year 1912. Today -there are a number of these machines, including the portable Remington, Underwood, -Hammond, Gourland and others, two of these, the Remington and Gourland, with keyboards -like those on the big machines. The rapid progress of the portable in its own field -points clearly to the time when the use of the typewriter for every kind of writing -will be nearly universal. -</p> -<p>The accounting machine and the portable, different as they are in nearly every way, -have one point in common. Both have contributed to what we may call the <i>intensive</i> use of the writing machine. One other development, which concerns its <i>extensive</i> use, will close the list. -</p> -<p>We have already spoken of the world-wide use of the writing machine. This is not a -mere figure of speech; it is a literal statement of fact. There is no article of commerce -in the world more universal in its distribution. Everywhere on earth today, where -man is found with the ability to read and write, there will be found the omnipresent -typewriter. -</p> -<p>It is hard for the imagination to visualize this universal fact. A map of the world -does not help much. Perhaps a photograph gallery of all the types of people of all -the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124">124</a>]</span>nations that follow typing as a profession would convey a better idea. But fortunately -a still better method of visualization is at our command. Some years ago a linguistic -genius conceived the idea of collecting typewritten translations of the motto “<i>To save time is to lengthen life</i>,” in all the languages of the world. The collection, which had grown when published -to eighty-four languages, is here presented. Truly a remarkable evidence of the way -in which a writing machine produced in the village of Ilion has conquered the world. -</p> -<p>Some may ask, “what language is Quoc-Ngu?” Quoc-Ngu is a Romanized version of a Chinese -dialect, spoken in Anam, a division of French Indo-China. If the language is as strange -as its name it must be a “tongue twister,” and our typewritten sample shows that it -is as strange—just about. Nevertheless a considerable number of typewriters are used -today for writing Quoc-Ngu. -</p> -<p>The purely Celtic languages form an interesting group. They are represented by five -examples, Irish, Gaelic, Welsh, Breton and Manx. The typewritten sample shows the -Romanized writing of the Irish or Erse language. Typewriters have also been sold to -write Erse in the original character, the type having been specially cut for the purpose. -</p> -<p>Six of the Philippine languages are represented, Tagalog, Pampango, Ilocano, Visayan, -Bicol and Pangasinan. Here, indeed, is striking evidence of the heterogeneous population -of these new American possessions. Equally <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126">126</a>]</span>notable is the South African group in which five languages are represented, Sizulu, -Sesotho, Sixosa, Setshangaan and Taal. Of these the first four are native Kafir dialects. -Hollandsch or Dutch was in the old days of the Transvaal Republic the official language. -Taal is the every-day language of the South African Dutchman, and is a conglomeration, -principally of Hollandsch, with some English. English-speaking people who have never -been in South Africa may be curious to know what mixed Dutch and English sounds like. -The typewritten sample, however, can only show how it looks. -</p> -<p class="xd29e1555">“TO SAVE TIME IS TO LENGTHEN LIFE” -</p> -<p class="xd29e1557">Typewritten in 84 Languages -</p> -<div class="table"> -<table> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft cellTop"><b>English</b>— </td> -<td lang="en" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight cellTop">To save time is to lengthen life. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>French</b>— </td> -<td lang="fr" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Gagner du temps, c’est prolonger la vie. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Portuguese</b>— </td> -<td lang="pt" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Economisar tempo é alargar a vida. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Hungarian</b>— </td> -<td lang="hu" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Takarékoskodj az idövel, meghosszabitod az életed. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Polish</b>— </td> -<td lang="pl" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Kto czas oszczędza—przedłuża sobie życie. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Basque</b>— </td> -<td lang="eu" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Demboraren irabaztia, biciaren luçatzia da. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Catalan</b>— </td> -<td lang="ca" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Economizar tèmps es allargar la vida. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Provençal</b>— </td> -<td lang="oc" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Temps gagna fa longo vido. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Breton</b>— </td> -<td lang="br" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Hastenn ar vuez ho c’honi amzer. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Irish</b>— </td> -<td lang="ga" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Is Ionann Am-Coigilt agus Seagal-buanad. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Gaelic</b>— </td> -<td lang="gd" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Faid saoghail is seadh do re chuir a b-feidhm. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Welsh</b>— </td> -<td lang="cy" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Mae arbed amser yn estyn oes. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Manx</b>— </td> -<td lang="gv" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Dy hauail traa te jannoo bea ny sleurey. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Flemish</b>— </td> -<td lang="nl" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Tijd besparen is leven verlengen. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Frisian</b>— </td> -<td lang="fy" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Tüd besparje is libjen verlenge. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Icelandic</b>— </td> -<td lang="is" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Að spara tíma er að lengja lifið. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Bohemian</b>— </td> -<td lang="cs" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Úspora času jest prodlouženim života. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Roumanian</b>— </td> -<td lang="ro" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">A economisi timp este a prelungi viaţa. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Slovenian</b>— </td> -<td lang="sl" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Varčevanje s časom, je daljšanje življenja. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Slovak</b>— </td> -<td lang="sk" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Ušporuvat čas je prodluhit života. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Esthonian</b>— </td> -<td lang="es" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Jôudsam tôô on elu pidkendus. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Lettish</b>— </td> -<td lang="lv" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Laiku taupot—pagarina dzivibu. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Lithuanian</b>— </td> -<td lang="lt" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Użčēdyjimas laiko ilgina amżį. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Croatian</b>— </td> -<td lang="hr" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Tko vrijeme štedi, taj produžuje život. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Spaniolish</b>— </td> -<td lang="lad" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Economia di tiempu, alarga la vida. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Servian</b>— </td> -<td lang="sr" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight"><span class="trans" title="Tko vrijeme štedi, taj produžuje život."><span lang="sr">Тко вријеме штеди, тај <span class="corr" id="xd29e1750" title="Source: иродужу је">продужује</span> живот.</span></span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Ruthenian</b>— </td> -<td lang="rue" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight"><span class="trans" title="T͡si͡eniti chas, to dovshe zhite."><span>Цѣнити часъ, то довше жите.</span></span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Bulgarian</b>— </td> -<td lang="bg" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight"><span class="trans" title="Spest vaniei͡avrђme e uvelichavanie zhivota."><span>Спест ваниеяврђме е увеличавание живота.</span></span> -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>German</b>— </td> -<td lang="de" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Zeit sparen heisst das Leben verlängern. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Italian</b>— </td> -<td lang="it" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Risparmiando tempo prolungate la vita. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Latin</b>— </td> -<td lang="la" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Parcere tempori vitam longiorem facit. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Swedish</b>— </td> -<td lang="sv" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Att vinna tid är att förlänga lifvet. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Danish</b>— </td> -<td lang="da" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">At spare Tid er at forlænge Livet. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Norwegian</b>— </td> -<td lang="no" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">At spare tid er at forlænge livet. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Finnish</b>— </td> -<td lang="fi" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Aikaa voittaessa, elämä pidentyy. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Maltese</b>— </td> -<td lang="mt" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Min jahdem fis, itaughal haghtu. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Albanian</b>— </td> -<td lang="sq" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Kur ngi bier mot ron shum. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Romanch</b>— </td> -<td lang="rm" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Spargner temp ais prolunger la vita. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Ido</b>— </td> -<td lang="io" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Sparar tempo esas longigar la vivo. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Greek (Ancient)</b>— </td> -<td lang="grc" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight"><span class="trans" title="Pheidesthai chronou esti bion mēkynein."><span lang="grc" class="grek">Φείδεσθαι χρόνου ἐστὶ βίον μηκύνειν.</span></span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Greek (Modern)</b>— </td> -<td lang="el" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight"><span class="trans" title="Hē oikonomia tou chronou einai paratasis tēs zōēs."><span lang="grc" class="grek">Ἡ οἰκονομία τοῦ χρόνου εἶναι παράτασις τῆς ζωῆς.</span></span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Esperanto</b>— </td> -<td lang="eo" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Ŝpari tempon estas plilongigi la vivon. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Sioux</b>— </td> -<td lang="dak" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Wicoran yuptecana kin he wiconi yuhanske. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Winnebago</b>— </td> -<td lang="win" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Wō shkännä lä kä lä kĭ cĭ gĭ shĭ, wankshik hō ĭ nä nĭ gĭ sā lĕtch nä nä. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Aztec</b>— </td> -<td lang="nah" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Aquin àmo quixpoloa in cahuitl quihuellaquilia inemiliz. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Maya</b>— </td> -<td lang="yua" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Ká taquick tiempo cu chokuactal á kimil. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Ilocano</b>— </td> -<td lang="ilo" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Ti pinagtiped iti añget paatidduguen ni biag. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Visayan</b>— </td> -<td lang="ceb" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Magdaginot sa adlao, kay mao ang hataas ñga kinabuhi. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Bicol</b>— </td> -<td lang="bik" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Pag-imotan ang panahon pagpa-láwig nin buhay. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Pampango</b>— </td> -<td lang="pam" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Ing pamagarimuhan king panaun makakaba king bie. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Pangasinan</b>— </td> -<td lang="pag" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Say panagteper ed maong sa panahon so macasuldon ed pan bilay. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Tagalog</b>— </td> -<td lang="tl" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Ang pag-aarimuhán sa panahón ay nakapagpapahaba ñg buhay. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Sizulu</b>— </td> -<td lang="zu" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Lowo o gcina isikati sake u yena o nesikati eside ukusandisa emhlabeni. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Sesotho</b>— </td> -<td lang="st" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Ea sa senyeng linako tsa hae ke eena ea phelang halelele lefatseng. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Sixosa</b>— </td> -<td lang="xh" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Ongaciti ixesha lake nguyena o nexesha elide ukulandisa emhlabeni. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Setshangaan</b>— </td> -<td lang="xx" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">A lavisaka shikati utomi wa yena u tayengeteleka muhlabeni. -</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Russian</b>— </td> -<td lang="ru" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight"><span class="trans" title="Sberegai͡a vremi͡a udlini͡aem′ zhizn′."><span lang="ru" class="cyrl">Сберегая время удлиняемь жизнь.</span></span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Spanish</b>— </td> -<td lang="es" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Economizar tiempo es alargar la vida. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Dutch</b>— </td> -<td lang="nl" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Tyd uitwinnen is zyn leven verlengen. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Taal</b>— </td> -<td lang="af" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Tijd te spaar maakt gebruik langer. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Quoc-Ngu</b>— </td> -<td lang="vi" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Lợi ngày giờ, bằng sống lâu năm. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Hawaiian</b>— </td> -<td lang="haw" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Malama pono anamika manawa, He mea ia e hooloihi aku ai ike ola. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Maori</b>— </td> -<td lang="mi" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">E poto taima e ora roa. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Romanized-Malay</b>— </td> -<td lang="ms" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Me-niampumakan waktu itu me-nambahi panjang umor. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Eskimo</b>— </td> -<td lang="esx" colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e1561 cellRight">Uvdlunik aŭngnertusârinek inûtnertunarpok. </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Hova</b>— </td> -<td lang="mg" class="xd29e1561">Tsy mandany andro foana no manalava ny aina. </td> -<td lang="ja-kana" rowspan="17" class="rowspan cellRight xd29e2077"> <span><img src="images/p127-japanese.png" alt="ムタジカンテ ノバスハ イノチテ ノバスメヲ" width="31" height="428"></span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Arabic</b>— </td> -<td lang="ar" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="ar" class="arab">حفظ الوقت اطالة الحياة‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft xd29e2092"><b>Urdu</b>— </td> -<td lang="ur" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="ur" class="aran">ھى وقت كا بچانا بڑھانا حيات كا‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Malay</b>— </td> -<td lang="ms-arab" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="ar" class="arab">مپمر ناكن وقذو ايت منمباهى فنجڠ عمر‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft xd29e2092"><b>Persian</b>— </td> -<td lang="fa" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="fa" class="aran">وقت رامحافظت نمايى عمرت درازباشد‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft xd29e2092"><b>Sart</b>— </td> -<td lang="xx" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="fa" class="aran">وقتنكزتى گمتسانكر عمرنكر ازايجاق‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Tartar</b>— </td> -<td lang="tt" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="ar" class="arab">هركاه وقتى ملا جظه ايليه​سن عمرون اوزون اولار‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Turkish</b>— </td> -<td lang="tr-arab" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="ar" class="arab">وقت​قازانمق عمرى اوزاتمقدر‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Sanskrit</b>— </td> -<td lang="sa" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="sa" class="deva">कालक्षेपवर्जनमायुष्पतरणम्‌</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Hindi</b>— </td> -<td lang="hi" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="hi" class="deva">वरख्त बचानेके मायने यह हय के जिंदगी बटाना।</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Marawari</b>— </td> -<td lang="mwr" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="hi" class="deva">स्मये का पचाना वुमर का षटानाहै</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Magadhi</b>— </td> -<td lang="mag" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="hi" class="deva">काल का बचाना है आयु का बटाना।</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Marathi</b>— </td> -<td lang="mr" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="hi" class="deva">वेळ वांचविणें म्हणजे आयुष्प वाटविणें आहे</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Hebrew</b>— </td> -<td lang="he" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="he" class="hebr">‏חשכּון הקצר הוא ארוכת החיים.‏‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Yiddish</b>— </td> -<td lang="yi" class="xd29e1561"><span lang="he" class="hebr">‏צייט שפארען הייסט דאס לעבּען פערלענגערן.‏‎</span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Armenian</b>— </td> -<td lang="hy" class="xd29e1561">Պա պանե ւ ով ծամանակը եըկաըացնում ես կեանքը: </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft"><b>Karen</b>— </td> -<td lang="kar" class="xd29e1561"><span><img src="images/p127-karen.png" alt="Text in Karen (Burmese) script." width="474" height="34"></span> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="xd29e1560 cellLeft cellBottom"><b>Burmese</b>— </td> -<td lang="my" class="xd29e1561 cellBottom">။ အချိ ခ်ုမကု ခ်ုစေ အသက်တာ ရှည် လေ ။ </td> -<td class="cellRight cellBottom xd29e2233"><b>Japanese <br>(Katakana)</b> </td> -</tr> -</table> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>The languages of the American Indian are represented by only three examples, Sioux, -Winnebago and Aztec. “To save time is to lengthen life” takes nineteen words to say -in Winnebago. Evidently the moral of this motto was never applied very seriously by -the Winnebago Indians. If it took them as long as that to say everything, it is perhaps -no wonder that the Winnebagos are nearly all dead. -</p> -<p>Many other languages in this extensive list are worth lingering over, but we must -pass on to the most interesting feature of the collection, namely those languages -that are written in non-Roman characters. In the languages we have thus far considered, -the mechanical problem, from the typewriter standpoint, was an easy one. Where special -accents are required, they are easily supplied by the simple expedient of using “dead,” -i.e., non-spacing keys. The adaptation of the typewriter, however, to write the non-Roman -languages was in some instances a very difficult <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128">128</a>]</span>mechanical problem. There are twenty-four languages in this list, written in no less -than eight different characters, Russian, Hebrew, Greek, Armenian, Burmese, Hindi, -Arabic and Japanese (Katakana). -</p> -<p>The Russian group includes four languages, Russian, Servian, Ruthenian and Bulgarian. -The character in which these languages are written is known as Cyrilian, an invention -of St. Cyril in the ninth century, and is based on the Greek character, to which its -resemblance will be noted. The languages written today in the Greek and Cyrilian characters -correspond almost exactly to the present limits of the Orthodox Greek Church. -</p> -<p>The use of the Arabic character also corresponds very nearly to the geographical limits -of the Mohammedan religion. Seven languages written in this character are represented, -Arabic, Turkish, Persian, Sart, Urdu, Malay and Tartar. Of all the languages now written -on the typewriter, the Arabic group presented the gravest mechanical difficulties. -The Arabic character, as written, is not subject to any of the usual rules. It has -in its complete alphabet over one hundred individual characters; it writes backwards, -i.e., from right to left; the characters are written on the line, above the line and -below the line, and they are of various widths, requiring full spacing, half spacing -and no spacing at all. Here indeed was a medley of problems well calculated to tax -ingenuity to the limit, and the Arabic typewriter is a crowning triumph of mechanical -skill. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129">129</a>]</span></p> -<p>The Hindu group shows the ancient Sanscrit and four modern Hindu vernacular languages -written in the same character, which is known as Devanagari. These vernacular languages -are Hindi, Marawari, Magadhi, and Marathi. The Hindu vernacular machines, especially -the Marathi, are having a considerable sale today among the native princes and potentates -of British India. -</p> -<p>The Japanese (Katakana) sample is interesting mainly as a curiosity. It does not write -the complete Japanese language—only the syllabic system known as Katakana. This is -read from right to left in perpendicular columns. In order to write this character -on the horizontal lines of the typewriter, the type are laid on their faces and, in -reading, the lines are held in perpendicular position. -</p> -<p>After reviewing this formidable list of eighty-four languages, the question naturally -arises, “Are there any written languages that it does not include?” Yes, there are, -and this collection of typewritten samples has steadily grown until it now includes -more than 150 languages, while the number of different non-Roman characters now written -on the typewriter has increased from eight to twenty. There are two important languages, -however, which still lie outside the pale of the writing machine. These are the ideographic -languages, Chinese and Japanese. -</p> -<p>The ancient Japanese language was originally phonetic, but the syllabic signs are -now commonly intermixed with ideographic characters of Chinese origin. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130">130</a>]</span></p> -<p>Chinese is a strange language. It has no alphabet or phonetic signs—only ideographs. -These ideographs are literally word pictures, and there is a separate picture for -every word. There are from 40,000 to 50,000 of these ideographs, and to write each -one at a single stroke would require a typewriter with many thousands of keys. Can -the problem ever be solved of writing this language on a practical typewriter? Some -inventors claim they have already solved it. It seems hard to credit, but the typewriter -developments of the past and present warn us not to call anything impossible that -is demanded of the writing machine. -</p> -<p>Meanwhile the Chinese and Japanese buy typewriters—thousands of them; not to write -their own languages, of course, but other languages, usually English. And they are -coming to use these machines, not alone for foreign correspondence, but for business -correspondence among themselves. The time saving service of the typewriter is so great -that they find it “worth another language.” And this brings us to what many will regard -as the most interesting of all the achievements of the typewriter. The steady growth -of English as the commercial language of the Far East is a well known fact, and of -all the influences that have caused this growth, one of the most important is the -writing machine. Thus it may be said for the typewriter that it has not only facilitated -the use of language but it has been no mean influence in determining the spread of -language itself. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131">131</a>]</span></p> -<p>What is to be the future of this remarkable mechanism, which in fifty years has transformed -the whole world of business, and has wrought such fundamental changes in our modern -social order? As we pass the fiftieth milestone of typewriter history, it is natural, -not only to review the past, but to think of all that time may hold in store. That -the future of the typewriter will be wonderful, more wonderful than anything we have -yet known, is certain, but what new forms it may assume is for no man to say, for -the futility of such speculations has been demonstrated by all human experience. -</p> -<p>On the mechanical side such forecasts are obviously impossible. The most farseeing -typewriter man of today knows that the mechanical progress of the next fifty years -is a sealed book to him—even as the history we have just recorded was a sealed book -to the pioneers of 1873. Even on the side of its application to human needs, it is -hard to forecast the future progress of a machine, the use of which is already so -nearly universal. We know, however, that this fact does not impose any limits on future -development. Even if the reign of the typewriter today were complete and absolute, -and the pen had become as obsolete as the stylus, there would still be new worlds -for the writing machine to conquer. The need which first called the typewriter into -being, the problem of clerical time and labor saving, is always with us; it changes -its form, but never its essence. The enormous time-saving the machine has already -achieved is only the promise of more <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132">132</a>]</span>time-saving, and when every writing task has been annexed by the typewriter, it will -be more than ever its mission to perform these tasks with ever increasing efficiency, -increasing accuracy, and increasing speed. -</p> -<p>Only in one phase do the new developments of the present give a clear indication of -what the future has in store. The rapid growth in the personal and home use of the -typewriter, following the advent of the portable machines, is revealing to many thousands -a quality of the machine, long known but never before aggressively exploited, namely, -its incomparable value as an educational implement. We do not mean commercial education, -for in this field the typewriter established its reign many years ago. We mean the -education of the child in reading, writing, spelling, and, as he grows older, in all -the fundamentals of language composition. There are two reasons for this value. One -is the delight of the child in the machine itself, the use of which provides a vehicle -for his creative instinct. The other is the perfection of form in the typed words -and sentences, which present attainable standards to the child from the very outset -of his efforts. The extraordinary results obtained by the typewriter in this field -are attested by educators and by parents without number, and the progress of such -recent “wonder children” as Winifred Stoner and Willmore Kendall is directly attributed -to their early and continuous use of the writing machine. -</p> -<p>It is interesting to know that, among the founders of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133">133</a>]</span>the business, that man of vision, William O. Wyckoff, foresaw these results, and his -letters to Earle, written in the late seventies, to which we have already referred, -urge strongly the sale of machines in the home for educational use. Wyckoff was fifty -years ahead of his time, and it has remained for the portable machine of our day to -spread this great message. It may be a long time yet before the use of the typewriter -is established in the elementary schools, as an educational implement as necessary -as charts and blackboards, but in the home this service has already begun and will -be extended with every passing year. -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134">134</a>]</span> </p> -</div> -</div> -<div id="ch8" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e413">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead"> -<h2 class="label">CHAPTER VIII.</h2> -<h2 class="main">HOW WOMEN ACHIEVED ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION THROUGH THE WRITING MACHINE</h2> -</div> -<div class="divBody"> -<p class="first">The greatest of all the triumphs of the typewriter, greater even than its influence -on business or education or language, is the transformation it has wrought in our -whole social order. -</p> -<p>This is a phase of typewriter influence which even today is far too little understood. -The fact that the writing machine has freed the world from pen slavery is itself a -triumph so vast and palpable that it rivets attention, almost to the exclusion of -anything else. This is not because the facts are obscure concerning other phases of -typewriter influence. That it was the writing machine which opened to women the doors -of business life is so well known that the mere mention of it sounds like a commonplace. -But few indeed have considered the real importance of this fact in its relation to -human society. -</p> -<p>The movement that we know by the name of “feminism” is undoubtedly the most significant -and important social evolution of our time. The aims and aspirations behind this great -movement need not detain us. Suffice it is to say that, like all great social movements, -its cause <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135">135</a>]</span>and its aim have been primarily economic. What is known as “sex-emancipation” might -almost be translated to read “economic emancipation”; at any rate it could only be -attained through one means, namely, equal economic opportunity, and such opportunity -could never have been won by mere statute or enactment. Before the aims of “feminism” -could be achieved it was necessary that women should find and make this opportunity, -and they found it in the writing machine. -</p> -<p>We have described the transformation of the whole business world since the invention -of the writing machine. Equally revolutionary, and facilitated by the same agency, -has been the transformation in the economic status of women during the same period. -The business office of 1873 seems no more remote from the present than the economic -restrictions imposed on the women of fifty years ago. It might almost be said that -no real career was possible for her outside of the home. Such opportunities for gainful -occupation as did exist were usually for the untrained and uneducated, in shops, factories, -domestic service and the like. In only two other callings had they made themselves -indispensable, that of school teaching and nursing, and all the openings in this and -a few minor occupations could do little more than utilize a fraction of intelligent -womanhood. They furnished no adequate basis for true and general economic freedom. -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p136width"><img src="images/p136.jpg" alt="LETTER FROM PHILO REMINGTON TO GENERAL FRANCIS E. SPINNER, WRITTEN JUNE 5, 1875, ON ONE OF THE FIRST TYPEWRITERS. ORIGINAL IN REMINGTON HISTORICAL COLLECTION." width="573" height="720"><p class="figureHead">LETTER FROM PHILO REMINGTON TO GENERAL FRANCIS E. SPINNER, WRITTEN JUNE 5, 1875, ON -ONE OF THE FIRST TYPEWRITERS. ORIGINAL IN REMINGTON HISTORICAL COLLECTION.</p> -</div><p> -<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137" href="#pb137">137</a>]</span> -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p137width"><img src="images/p137.jpg" alt="STATUE OF GENERAL FRANCIS E. SPINNER AT HERKIMER, N.Y., ERECTED BY THE WOMEN OF THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT. NOTE THE INSCRIPTION ON THE PEDESTAL." width="507" height="720"><p class="figureHead">STATUE OF GENERAL FRANCIS E. SPINNER AT HERKIMER, N.Y., ERECTED BY THE WOMEN OF THE -DEPARTMENTS OF THE GOVERNMENT. NOTE THE INSCRIPTION ON THE PEDESTAL.</p> -<p class="first">The fact that <br>I was instrumental <br>in introducing women to employment in the <br>offices of the Government <br>gives me more real satisfaction <br>than all the other deeds of my life -</p> -<p>F. E. Spinner. </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>Obviously it was the business world, and that alone, which could furnish women with -the opportunity for real <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138">138</a>]</span>emancipation, and so long as this door remained closed, there could be no hope of -its attainment. -</p> -<p>The prejudice which existed fifty years ago against the employment of women in a business -office, or in clerical capacities of any kind, is something which in our day is hard -to understand. It was blind and unreasoning, as prejudices usually are, but it was -universal. How strong it was, and how unreasoning, was clearly shown in the one notable -attempt to utilize the services of women in clerical work, which came before the advent -of the typewriter. -</p> -<p>It is a singular fact that this attempt was made by a native and life-long resident -of Herkimer County, a forecast of the part that other native sons of Herkimer County -were yet to play in the great work of sex emancipation. -</p> -<p>This man was General Francis Elias Spinner, born in Mohawk, N.Y., a suburb of Ilion, -and a close friend of Philo Remington. General Spinner was appointed Treasurer of -the United States by President Lincoln on March 16, 1861, and continued to hold this -office until June 30, 1875. When he took up his official duties at Washington, he -found a condition similar to the one with which all of us were recently familiar during -the Great War. The men had gone to war in such vast numbers that there was everywhere -a scarcity of workers, and General Spinner conceived the idea of employing women as -government clerks. This was a startling innovation in those days; nevertheless several -hundred women were <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139">139</a>]</span>appointed to government clerkships through his agency. -</p> -<p>The grateful women of the time afterwards remembered General Spinner’s efforts, and -his statue, erected by the women of the Departments of the Government, now stands -in Herkimer, N.Y. On the pedestal of this statue are General Spinner’s words: “The -fact that I was instrumental in introducing women to employment in the offices of -the Government gives me more real satisfaction than all the other deeds of my life.” -</p> -<p>However, the unhappy experiences of many of these women showed how strong were the -prejudices of the time. Grace Greenwood, the authoress, tells of a letter she received -from one of them which says: “Would you work for nothing, board yourself, and be lied -about?” -</p> -<p>Such was the world’s attitude fifty years ago concerning women’s work. And then Herkimer -County made another contribution to the cause of sex emancipation. A new and strange -machine appeared, and it went to work, at first quietly and unobtrusively, but in -the end triumphantly to break down these barriers of conservatism and prejudice. -</p> -<p>Even at this day, many of us, though recognizing the facts, are puzzled to account -for this amazing achievement of the writing machine. Yet there is no mystery about -it, for it was all due to the operation of that law which is sure to break all barriers, -the law of necessity and fitness. We have shown that the typewriter did more than -save business time. It stimulated business activity, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140">140</a>]</span>and in time this activity reached the point where there were no longer men enough -to perform all of the clerical tasks. The girl stenographer and typist came into business -because she was needed, and with her coming the ancient barriers fell. The typist -blazed the path by which other women entered every department of business. Economic -emancipation was won and from this great triumph has resulted every other development -of modern feminism. The suffrage, the winning of greater social freedom, the wider -participation of women in every phase of public life, all these are children of the -same parent. When economic freedom was won, everything was won, and all else followed, -naturally and inevitably. -</p> -<p>The feminist movement has had its leaders, many and prominent ones, but it is sometimes -the one with no thought or consciousness of leadership who renders the greatest service. -In the choice of some historic figure to symbolize this movement, who has a better -claim than the man whose life and work created the great opportunity through which -sex emancipation was achieved? -</p> -<p></p> -<div class="figure p141width"><img src="images/p141.jpg" alt="PROPOSED MONUMENT TO CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES." width="431" height="720"><p class="figureHead">PROPOSED MONUMENT TO CHRISTOPHER LATHAM SHOLES.</p> -<p class="first"><span class="sc">See Pages 44–45.</span> </p> -</div><p> -</p> -<p>It is pleasing to know that the inventor of the typewriter lived to see the beginnings -of this great movement and the knowledge of it gladdened his later years. Sholes died -in Milwaukee on February 17, 1890, and for some years before his death he never rose -from his bed. But though more dead than alive in body, his mind remained clear, unclouded -and active to the very end. Mr. C. E. Weller tells of a private letter which relates -the following <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142">142</a>]</span>incident which occurred shortly before his death, when a daughter-in-law remarked -to him, “Father Sholes, what a wonderful thing you have done for the world.” He replied, -“I don’t know about the world, but I do feel that I have done something for the women -who have always had to work so hard. This will enable them more easily to earn a living.” -</p> -<p>In one of the last letters he ever wrote, Sholes says, “Whatever I may have felt in -the early days of the value of the typewriter, it is obviously a blessing to mankind, -and especially to womankind. I am glad I had something to do with it. I builded wiser -than I knew, and the world has the benefit of it.” -</p> -<p>These farewell words of Sholes form a suitable close to this story. He rendered the -world of womankind a great service, he lived long enough to know it, and he died contented -and happy in that knowledge. His closing words show that he thought more of this achievement -than of any other service rendered by his invention. -</p> -<p>In this anniversary year of the writing machine it is fitting that our thoughts should -turn to the simple, gentle, kindly, modest, lovable man, who in his lifetime neither -sought nor obtained rewards or honors, and whose very name is little known today in -the great world of business which he transformed with his invention, or to the millions -of women who owe so much to his efforts. -</p> -</div> -</div> -</div> -<div class="back"> -<div class="transcriberNote"> -<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> -<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> -<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project -Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at <a class="seclink xd29e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</p> -<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at <a class="seclink xd29e40" title="External link" href="https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>. -</p> -<p>Scans of this book are available from the Internet Archive (copy <a class="seclink xd29e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/storyoftypewrite00unse/page/n7">1</a>). -</p> -<h3 class="main">Metadata</h3> -<table class="colophonMetadata"> -<tr> -<td><b>Title:</b></td> -<td>The Story of the Typewriter</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Author:</b></td> -<td>Herkimer County Historical Society</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Language:</b></td> -<td>English</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Original publication date:</b></td> -<td>1923</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td><b>Keywords:</b></td> -<td>Typewriter -- History</td> -<td></td> -</tr> -</table> -<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> -<ul> -<li>2019-08-24 Started. </li> -</ul> -<h3 class="main">External References</h3> -<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These links may not work -for you.</p> -<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> -<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> -<table class="correctionTable" summary="Overview of corrections applied to the text."> -<tr> -<th>Page</th> -<th>Source</th> -<th>Correction</th> -<th>Edit distance</th> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e708">38</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Soulè</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Soulé</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e711">38</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Soule</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">Soulé</td> -<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1123">77</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">typwriting</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">typewriting</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1161">78</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom"> -[<i>Not in source</i>] -</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1262">90</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">”</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">’</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1321">100</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">mechines</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">machines</td> -<td class="bottom">1</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1750">126</a></td> -<td class="width40 bottom">иродужу је</td> -<td class="width40 bottom">продужује</td> -<td class="bottom">2</td> -</tr> -</table> -</div> -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Story of the Typewriter, by -Herkimer County Historical Society - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STORY OF THE TYPEWRITER *** - -***** This file should be named 60794-h.htm or 60794-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/7/9/60794/ - -Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project -Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously -made available by The Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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