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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b3d285 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #60126 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60126) diff --git a/old/60126-0.txt b/old/60126-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 40ca4ad..0000000 --- a/old/60126-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,12474 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pens and Types, by Benjamin Drew - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Pens and Types - or Hints and Helps for Those who Write, Print, Read, Teach, or Learn - -Author: Benjamin Drew - -Release Date: August 18, 2019 [EBook #60126] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PENS AND TYPES *** - - - - -Produced by MWS, RichardW, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - - PENS AND TYPES - OR - HINTS AND HELPS - FOR - THOSE WHO WRITE, PRINT, READ, TEACH, - OR LEARN - - A NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION - - BY - BENJAMIN DREW - - “A portion to Seven, and also to Eight” - - BOSTON 1889 - LEE AND SHEPARD PUBLISHERS - 10 MILK STREET NEXT “OLD SOUTH MEETING HOUSE” - NEW YORK CHARLES T. DILLINGHAM - 718 AND 720 BROADWAY - - - - - Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1889, - BY BENJAMIN DREW, - In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. - - - C. J. PETERS & SON, - TYPOGRAPHERS AND ELECTROTYPERS, - 145 HIGH STREET, BOSTON. - - - - - To the Memory - OF - GEORGE WASHINGTON HOSMER, D.D., - MY EARLY FRIEND AND INSTRUCTOR, - THIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED - BY - THE AUTHOR. - - - - -PUBLISHERS’ ADVERTISEMENT. - - -Our first edition of “Pens and Types: or Hints and Helps for those who -Write, Print, or Read,” was especially prepared for the benefit of -persons connected with the press. It had, however, a wide circulation -among persons of all professions, and became a reference book in some -notable institutions of learning. - -A distinguished lady teacher in a neighboring city writes us, “I found -the book [“Pens and Types”] of the greatest benefit, both in my work of -teaching, and in the writing I occasionally did for the press. It was -an invaluable aid to those who were trying to train the young in habits -of correctness and accuracy in the use of their mother tongue. Such a -work should never be out of print, and I am glad there is to be another -edition.” We might refer to many who have expressed similar opinions. - -This second edition contains all that was valuable in the first, -besides several new chapters and additions, as set forth in the -author’s preface: and on account of its past reputation and the -merits of the added matter, we bespeak anew the favor of printers -and teachers,—of both which professions Mr. Drew may fairly be {p6} -considered a representative; and although he has, in his book, kept -his personality out of sight, even using the editorial “we,” his -fitness for a work of this kind will, we think, be made apparent by a -brief sketch of his career. - -After a school life in which he paid much attention to Latin and Greek -classics, he learned the trade of printer. Soon after attaining his -majority, he was employed as teacher of a public school in his native -town, Plymouth, Mass., whence he was summoned to Boston, to take three -months’ charge of the Bowdoin School, during the illness and consequent -absence of Mr. James Robinson. Subsequently he became master in the -Otis School, which position he occupied during the whole period of its -continuance. - -While residing in Boston, Mr. Drew was a correspondent of the “Post,” -under the signature of SHANDY; and he also contributed the articles -of DR. DIGG and ENSIGN STEBBINGS to Shillaber’s “Carpet Bag.” His -contributions were of a humorous character, and are well remembered by -many gray-bearded gentlemen of Boston and its environs. From this city, -Mr. Drew removed to Minnesota, where he was Principal of the Public -Schools of St. Paul. - -After twenty years of teaching, Mr. Drew returned to the purlieus -of the printing-office, as proof-reader at the University Press, -Cambridge, and afterward with John Wilson & Son, and Alfred Mudge & Son. - -Next he became proof-reader in the Government {p7} printing-office, -at Washington, where for more than nine years he remained, reading -press-proofs of the various Government publications, including many -volumes issued by the Smithsonian Institution, and giving valuable -assistance to the Civil Service Commissioners, in the technical -examination of proof-readers for the Government Departments. At the age -of seventy-six he retired from public employment, and prepared this -second edition for the press. May he live long, and enjoy the reward of -an industrious and useful life—and a huge remuneration from an enormous -sale of his Second Edition. - - THE PUBLISHERS. - -{p9} - - - - -PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. - - -As “man measures man the world over,” so it may be presumed that the -experience of a laborer in any one department of literature will, -in the general, tally with that of all others occupying a similar -position. This volume gives the results of a proof-reader’s experience, -and such suggestions derived therefrom as may, he hopes, be useful to -all who prepare reading-matter for the press, to all who assist in -printing and publishing it, and, finally, to the reading public. - -But as a vein of imperfection runs through all human achievement; -and as the most carefully issued volume must contain errors,—so this -work, if critically examined, may perhaps be found to violate, in some -instances, its own rules; nay, the rules themselves may appear to be, -in some points, erroneous. Still, the inexperienced, we feel assured, -will find herein many things of immediate benefit; and those who need -no instruction may have their opinions and their wisdom re-enforced by -the examples used in illustration. So, believing that on the whole it -will {p10} be serviceable; that it contains “a portion” for “seven, and -also” for “eight,” we send this treatise to press. And if its perusal -shall incite some more competent person to produce a more valuable work -on the topics presented, we shall gladly withdraw, and leave him, so -far as we are concerned, the undisputed possession of the field. - -{p11} - - - - -PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. - - -The extensive circulation of the first edition of “Pens and Types,” -attested by the worn condition of the stereotype plates, induces the -author to present to his friends and the public a new and improved -edition, embodying the results of a wider experience. - -The most important portions of the first edition have been retained. -The chapter on Orthography has been enlarged by the addition of ONE -_correct and authorized spelling_ of the many hundreds of doubtful -words—words to which writer and printer _can give but one form_, while -lexicographers give two or more. For offices which adopt Webster as -the standard, Webster’s first column has been closely followed; and -for those which follow Worcester’s style, a list is added, adhering -to Worcester’s first column. Some words of the lexicographers’ second -columns are also placed in the lists (e. g. _draught_ as well as -_draft_), giving to each word its proper and distinct significations. - -Moreover we have in the same chapter placed a list of all the -words ending in _able_ and _ible_ which {p12} are to be found in -ordinary English dictionaries,—whether words in common use or rare or -obsolete,—a feature which compositors and many others will know how to -appreciate. - -A chapter on the Right Use of Capitals, with rules and examples; and -another on Old Style and its ligatures, with fac-similes from ancient -specimens of typography, give additional value to this edition. - -The index at the end of the volume will enable the reader to find at -once any particular rule or direction contained in the body of the work. - -Although originally intended for authors and printers, this volume -will, we are confident, be in many respects a valuable reference-book -for teachers and pupils in the public schools, and in seminaries of -learning generally. - -{p13} - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - I. Writing for the Press • 15 - - II. Proof-reading • 33 - - III. Style • 59 - - IV. General Remarks on Subject-matter of Foregoing - Three Chapters • 66 - - V. Punctuation • 71 - - VI. Orthography • 125 - - VII. Capitalization • 171 - - VIII. Old Style • 195 - - IX. Technical Terms used in this Work • 202 - - X. Various Sizes of Letter • 205 - - INDEX • 207 - - - - -PENS AND TYPES. - -CHAPTER I. - -WRITING FOR THE PRESS. - - -In an action recently brought against the proprietors of Lloyd’s paper, -in London, for damages for not inserting a newspaper advertisement -correctly, the verdict was for the defendant, by reason of the -illegibility of the writing. - -“The illegibility of the writing” is the cause of the larger portion of -what are conveniently termed “errors of the press.” One can scarcely -take up a periodical publication without finding, from editor or -correspondent, an apology for some error in a previous issue, couched -somewhat in this style: “The types made us say, in our last, something -about the ‘Dogs of the Seine’, we certainly wrote ‘Days of the -League.’” We have no doubt that, in a large majority of cases of this -sort, if the question between “the types” and “the pen” were left to a -jury, they would, as in the case of Lloyd’s paper, decide in favor of -the types. - -By dint of hard study, by comparison of letters in {p16} various -words, and by the sense of the context, the compositor generally -goes through his task creditably, in spite of the “illegibility of -the writing.” But sometimes, in despair, he puts into type that word -which most nearly resembles an unreadable word in the manuscript, -making nonsense of the passage because he can make nothing else of -it. We remember a great many instances of this sort, in our own -experience as a proof-reader,—instances which, according to custom, -might be attributed to “the types,” but which were really due to the -writers’ carelessness alone. Thus, in a medical work, it was stated -that “This case had been greatly aggravated by the _ossification_ -of warm poultices to the face”; the author having intended to write -“application.” - -Ames’s “Typographical Antiquities” has been made to figure as -“Typographical Ambiguities,”—owing to chirographical ambiguity. - -“The reports in the ‘Times’ and other journals, never give the name -of the Lord Chandler.” “Chancellor” was, of course, intended by the -writer, but this was an “error of the press.” - -In an investigation touching the field of a compound microscope, -a witness was made to say, “It would vary with the power of the -_lye-juice_ employed.” The reporter meant to write “eye-piece,” but he -succeeded in writing what the compositor set up. - -The title of a book,—“A Treatise on the Steam-engine; with -_Theological_ Investigations on the Motive Power of Heat.” The latter -clause might seem appropriate to “Fox’s Book of Martyrs”; but the -{p17} transcriber of the title imagined he had written “Theoretical.” - -A toast,—“The President of the —— County Agricultural Society,—May he -enjoy a _grim_ old age”: the word was corrected to “green,” before the -whole edition of the paper was worked off. - -We have seen an advertisement of “_Mattlebran’s_ Universal -Geography,”—no doubt a very entertaining work. - -In a treatise on botany, we have been told, “we first find those -that form the bud, then the _calx_, the _corrola_, the stamina and -_pistol_.” The writer should have spelled correctly, and dotted his -_i’s_. - -A catalogue of hardware to be sold by auction had an item, “3 bbls. -English pocket-knives.” This was set from “commercial” writing, in -which “bbls.,” or something like it, was used as a contraction for -“bladed.” - -“Nature intended man for a social being. Alone and isolated, man would -become _impatient_ and _peevish_.” No doubt this is true, but “the -types” were to blame again,—the author fancied that he had written -“impotent, and perish.” - -The constitution of a certain corporation appeared with the following -article in the proof-sheet: “The Directors shall have power to -purchase, build, equip or charter all such steamboats, propellers, -or other vessels, as the engineers of the Corporation shall in their -judgment require.” Why the Directors should be placed at the mercy of -the _engineers_ seemed unaccountable. But a critical examination of -the {p18} manuscript revealed that the “engineers” were “exigencies.” - -A “Bill of exceptions, having been examined, and found _unfavorable_ to -the truth, is allowed.” The Justice who signed the above, understood -the word which we have italicized to be “conformable.” - -“They could not admit those parts of the testimony until they had -examined the plaintiff in regard to the _poets_,”—“facts” should have -been written instead of “poets”; but the “pen” made an error which the -compositor did not feel at liberty to correct. - -We have read in a newspaper a description of a battle-field:—“It was -fearful to see: the men fell in ranks, and marched in _pantaloons_ to -their final account.” This was explained by an erasure and a blot on -the word “platoons.” - -It is very easy to say that errors of the kind we have recited, are -owing to the ignorance or carelessness of the printers; but, on the -other hand, when printed copy is reset, such errors almost never -occur,—and the absence of errors is in direct ratio to the legibility -of the copy. - -Men who write much, generally imagine that they write well; but their -imagination is often a vain one. The writer of the worst manuscript -we recollect to have met with, expressed surprise when told that -printers and proof-readers could not read his writing, and remarked -that he had often been complimented on the plainness and neatness -of his chirography. His memory was, no doubt, excellent,—the {p19} -compliments must have been bestowed in his juvenile days, when he was -imitating engraved copies. - -While one is imitating a copy, he may, indeed, write legibly, nay, even -elegantly; for he has nothing to attend to, save the formation of the -letters. But when one is writing a report or a sermon or a poem, his -mind is busy with something besides chirography. - -The fact is, that men seldom succeed well in doing more than one thing -at a time. The itinerant musician who imitates the various instruments -of a full band, may be detected in an occasional discord. Paley remarks -that we cannot easily swallow while we gape; and, if any one will try -the experiment, he will presently be satisfied that in this statement, -at least, Paley was physiologically and philosophically correct. - -Thus, in the haste of composition, ideas crowding upon us faster than -the pen can give them permanence, we can bestow little thought on mere -chirography, writing becomes mechanical, or even automatic; and we pay -scarcely more attention to the forms that follow the pen, than we do to -the contractions and dilatations of the vocal organs when engaged in -conversation with an entertaining friend. - -Let school training and practice be the same, yet such are the -differences of physical conformation that handwritings are as various -as the individuals that produce them; running through all degrees of -the scale, from an elegance transcending the engraver’s skill, down to -misshapen difficulties and puzzling deformity. {p20} - -But however widely our handwriting may vary from Wrifford, Spencer, or -Dunton, it is generally legible to ourselves, and soon becomes familiar -to our friends and acquaintances. Hence comes the danger that we -shall cease to bestow any care upon it when others than ourselves and -acquaintances are concerned, and hence it is, that, with scarcely any -consciousness of our shortcomings, we are liable to impose on an utter -stranger the task of deciphering a piece of manuscript in which not -only the letters have no proper characterization, but which is smutched -with erasures, deformed by interlineations, and obscured by frequent -and needless abbreviations. - -The loss of time spent in endeavoring to read such a document, -is reckoned among the “small things” of which “the law takes no -cognizance”; were it otherwise, many of us who fancy that our -manuscript is above reproach, would be astonished at the number of -bills collectible outstanding against us. - -The opinion of the “statists,” spoken of in Hamlet, that it is “a -baseness to write fair,” seems prevalent even in our day. Most men, on -leaving school, instead of endeavoring to improve their chirography, -allow it to deteriorate, and seem to take pride in its deteriority, and -many learned men write as if afraid that legibility would be considered -a proof of intellectual weakness. - -In all other cases of encroaching on the time and patience of -another,—as, for instance, our failure to fulfill an appointment, or -calling at an unseasonable hour, or seeking advice in an affair wholly -our {p21} own,—we feel bound to make due apology, nay, sometimes even -acknowledge a sense of shame; but who ever felt regret on hearing that -he had put some one to the trouble of studying, and guessing at, a -puzzling intricacy of cramped writing; his victim being obliged to seek -aid from dictionaries, gazetteers, directories, and even experts? We -never heard of a man’s suffering compunction on this score. - -We say this, referring to ordinary business transactions between man -and man, where bad writing, except in rare and extreme cases, does not -involve pecuniary loss. But when we are writing for the press, our duty -to write legibly becomes imperative; indeed, a failure in this respect -trenches so closely upon a violation of the eighth commandment, that it -can seldom happen but from a want of thought as to the relation between -those who write and those who print. - -Compositors usually work by the piece, and are paid a fixed rate per -thousand ems. If a line of type be divided by vertical lines into -equal squares, these squares show the number of ems in the line. -Suppose there are twenty such squares; then fifty lines would contain -one thousand ems. To set, correct, and distribute six thousand ems, -is considered a fair day’s work. With plain, legible copy, this can -ordinarily be done; and, at the close of the week, the compositor -receives full wages; all parties are satisfied, and no one is entitled -to complain. - -But if, at the end of the week, notwithstanding the closest -application, the compositor has averaged {p22} but four thousand ems -per day, whereby he receives but two-thirds of the sum he is capable of -earning under favorable conditions, who is morally responsible to him -for the lacking third? We need not go far to ascertain: a glance at his -“copy” answers the question. He has been laboring upon bad manuscript. -To show the difficulties which have been in his way, we will put a -supposititious case,—closely paralleled, however, in the experience of -almost every compositor who has worked in a book-office. - -He has been setting up a sermon of the Rev. Mr. Z. The society of -the reverend gentleman were so well pleased with the discourse, that -they requested a copy for the press. Mr. Z. should, of course, have -copied the whole manuscript fairly; for, the haste of composition -being past, he could have re-written it carefully, paying especial -attention to chirography, spelling out his abbreviations, reducing -dislocations, bringing interlineations into line,—in short, he should -have done to the compositor what he would that the compositor should -do unto him. But, instead of this, what did you do, Mr. Z.? Pen in -hand, you re-read the sermon, making erasures, striking out some -words and interlining others. You crowded new sentences, of two or -three lines each, between lines already closely written; and you -interlined these interlineations. You then wrote sundry additions on -loose pieces of paper, denoting them as “A,” “B,” “C,” etc., and then -placed the same capitals in the body of the work, without sufficiently -explaining that new matter was to be inserted; {p23} neither did you -make it appear whether the addenda were to constitute new paragraphs. -And in this amorphous condition you allowed the sermon to go to the -printing-office. It has, too, passed through several hands. Some of the -pieces belonging to “A” have got into “B,” and some of the “B” have -straggled into “C,”—and the printers cannot say where they do belong. - -One compositor finds in his “take”[1] the abbreviation “Xn,” and, -after many inquiries, learns that _X_ is the Greek _Chi_, and so “Xn” -signifies “Christian.” Another hesitates at a phrase which, to his -eye, seems to read “a _parboiled_ skeptic”; but as modern methods -with heretics do not include heated applications, he asks those about -him what the word is; perhaps goes to the proof-reader with it,—such -things are done sometimes,—for the compositor expects ultimately to -conform to the proof-reader’s decision,—and thus he loses five or -ten minutes in learning that the word is _purblind_. Now, reverend -sir, the compositor’s time is his money, and if you rob him of his -time—the inference is obvious. Your better course, henceforth, will be -to copy your manuscript, or employ some one to copy it, in a careful, -painstaking manner, after all your emendations of the text have been -made. - - [1] For this and all other technical terms used in this work, see - Chapter IX. - -There is a proverb to the effect that lawyers are bad penmen, but -we think the proverb unjust. So far as our experience goes, the -handwriting of {p24} lawyers compares favorably with that of any other -class of persons, of whatever profession. It is certainly as legible -as the mercantile style; since the latter, although generally pretty -to look at, is often very difficult to read,—abounding in flourish -and ornament, which are too often but another name for obscurity. -Sometimes, too, one meets with clerkly invoices or catalogues, -containing remarkably fanciful capitals; we have seen good readers -scarcely able to decide whether a given initial were a W, an H, or -an N. We are pleased to learn, however, that one leading “Commercial -College” has introduced a marked improvement in this respect, and -now teaches its pupils a plain, legible hand, instead of a mass of -overloaded ornamentation made not so much to be read, as simply to be -admired. - -But members of the bar, like most other persons, dislike the mechanical -labor of copying what they have once committed to paper. Their -arguments, and especially their briefs, are sometimes sent to the -printer in a confused, chaotic mass; in a shape, or, rather, with a -want of shape, which, if not resulting from inconsiderateness, would -be—we were on the point of saying—disgraceful. A manuscript of this -sort, covering but six or eight pages of letter-paper, sometimes -requires several hours’ labor in reading, correcting, and revising, -before a presentable proof can be obtained. - -Legal documents are often interlarded with technical terms in law -Latin and old French. Of course such terms ought to be made as -plain as print. {p25} Usually the principal divisions of a brief are -indicated by large roman numerals in the middle of the line; the points -under these greater divisions, by roman numerals at the commencement -of paragraphs; smaller divisions, by arabic numerals; and if still -smaller divisions are required, these are denoted by letters in -parenthesis, as (a), (b), (c), etc. In the haste of writing, however, -it is sometimes found difficult, perhaps vexatious, to keep the run of -so nice distinctions, and arabic numerals are used throughout, while -no proper care is taken to distinguish the various divisions of the -subject-matter by varying indentions.[2] The faults of the manuscript -reappear in the proof. This leads to much loss of time “at the stone”; -and as such work is frequently hurried during the sessions of the -courts, the delay is exceedingly vexatious to all parties concerned. If -one-eighth of the time now spent in correcting, overrunning the matter, -and revising, were bestowed upon perfecting the copy, there would -seldom be any delay in a well-appointed printing-office. - - [2] We do not mean “indentation” nor yet “inden’tion,” but - “indention,” as written in the text. The word is in the mouth of - every printer, proof-reader, author, and publisher: why should it not - be inserted in the dictionaries? - -When transcripts of records of court are to be printed, care should -be taken that only the very documents that are intended for the press -be sent to the printing-office. For want of proper attention in this -matter, it not unfrequently happens that certificates of notaries, -extraneous documents, and duplicates are put in type, to be presently -canceled. {p26} - -We have said something above, touching mercantile handwriting. Constant -practice with the pen gives facility and boldness of execution,—and -where these are combined with good taste, chirography approaches the -dignity of a fine art, and produces beautiful effects, and is seen to -be near of kin to drawing and painting. In signatures, especially, -flourish and ornamentation have a double use; they please the eye, and -they baffle the forger. But when lines stand as near each other as in -ordinary ruling, the flourish in one line interferes with the letters -of the next; and the elegance of a well-cut capital will scarcely -excuse its obtrusiveness, when it obliterates its more obscure but -equally useful neighbors. - -Further, business men, deeply impressed with the value of time, learn -to delight in abbreviations. Types have been cast to meet some of -these, as the “commercial _a_” [@] and the “per cent” [%]; but the -compositor is sometimes put to his trumps to cut, from German and job -letter, imitations of abbreviations which never ought to be sent to -a printing-office as copy. We are not astonished that a merchant of -Boston once received from a Prussian correspondent a request, that if -he, the Bostonian, were to write again, it might be either in German or -in good, plain English. We adopt the spirit of this advice; and would -say to the banker, the broker, the merchant, and to their respective -clerks, that when they write for the press, they should drop ornament, -drop pedantic abbreviations, drop German, and write in _plain_ -English. {p27} - -We do not know that there is anything specially characteristic in copy -furnished by the medical faculty, unless it be that their relations of -“cases,” both in medicine and surgery, abound, no doubt necessarily, in -“words of learned length”; which, being unfamiliar to the laity, should -be written with conscionable care; every letter performing its proper -function, and duly articulated to its neighbors. But the scientific -terms of their art, as written by most physicians, are, to the average -printer, as illegible as the Greek from which a portion of such terms -is derived. Recipes are seldom got typographically correct, until they -have passed through three or four revisions. Even apothecaries, it is -said, sometimes put up morphine instead of magnesia; in which case, -unless the revising is done in a hurry with the stomach-pump, a jury -may have something to say about the “illegibility of the writing.” When -troublesome consequences arise from misapprehension of a Latin word, -or of its meaning, we hear much said in favor of writing recipes in -English. - -But, whatever may be said to the contrary, there are weighty, and, we -think, irrefutable arguments for continuing the use of Latin and Greek -terms in medical writings,—even in recipes. Since it should be so, and -certainly _is_ so, we insist here, as elsewhere, that all technical -terms, proper names, or any words on which the context can throw but -little, if any, light, should be written not with ordinary, but with -_cardinary_ care,—which new word we hazard, that our meaning may make -a deeper impression. {p28} - -In passing, we may remark that the mode of indicating names of remedies -comes under the head of “Style” (see Chapter III.), and varies in -different offices. Names of medicines are often abbreviated, and set -in italics; and when a generic word is used, it should be capitalized; -as, “Dr. I. administered _Rhus tox_.” In homeopathic works, the number -expressing a dilution or trituration is placed in superiors at the -right; as, “Ordered _Cuprum metallicum_^{100}.” - - -A few suggestions to those who write any kind of copy for the press, -will close this part of our subject. - -Write on only one side of the paper. - -If you wish to make an addition to a page, do not write it on the back -of the sheet; cut the leaf, and paste the new matter in, just where -it belongs, being careful not to cover up so much as a single letter -in doing so: we have known lines to be omitted by the compositor, in -consequence of careless pasting. The leaf having thus been lengthened, -you may, for the sake of convenience, fold the lower edge forward upon -the writing. This minute direction may seem idle; but when a portion of -the leaf has been folded backward, out of sight, the folded part may -very likely escape notice, and, to insert it, many pages of matter may -afterward require to be overrun: we have known such cases. - -Abbreviate those words only, which you wish the printer to abbreviate. - -Never erase with a lead pencil; for an erasure with lead leaves it -questionable whether or not the marked {p29} word is to go in. Use -ink, drawing the pen horizontally through the words or lines to be -omitted; and be careful that the marking leave off on exactly the right -word. If you afterward regret the cancellation, you may write “stet” -in the margin, and place dots under the canceled words; but as “stet” -may not be noticed, in the presence of obvious erasures, the better way -will be to re-write the passage, and paste it in the place you wish it -to occupy. - -Take time to write plainly and legibly. In writing for the press, the -old adage holds good,—“The more haste, the worse speed”; and for every -hour you save by writing hurriedly, you will be called upon to pay for -several hours’ labor in making corrections. Write joinhand: mistakes -often arise from a long word being broken up, as it were, into two or -three words. - -I and J are often mistaken for each other. Either imitate the printed -letters, or uniformly carry the loop of the J below the line. - -It is often impossible to distinguish Jan. from June, in manuscript, -unless the context furnishes a clew. - -Whatever may be the divisions of your work (as books, chapters, -sections, cantos, and the like), let your entire manuscript be paged -in the order of the natural series of numbers from 1 upward. If you -commence each division with 1,—as is sometimes done,—and two or three -divisions are given out as “takes” to compositors, it is obvious that -portions of one division may exchange places with those of another; -and, further, if leaves happen to become transposed, they can readily -be restored to their right {p30} places if no duplicate numbers have -been used in indicating the pages. - -Make sure that the books, chapters, etc., are numbered consecutively. -The best proof-reader must confess to some unguarded moments; and it -would be very awkward, after having had two hundred and forty chapters -stereotyped, to find that two chapter V.’s have been cast, that every -subsequent chapter is numbered one less than it should have been, and -that compositor and proof-reader have exactly followed copy. - -Examine your manuscript carefully with reference to the points. Avoid -the dash when any other point will answer your purpose. A manuscript -that is over-punctuated occasions more perplexity than one that is -scarcely pointed at all. - -Before sending it to press, get your manuscript into a shape you can -abide by. Alterations made on the proof-sheet must be paid for; and, -further, matter that has undergone alterations seldom makes a handsome -page: some lines will appear crowded, others too widely spaced. - -In writing a footnote¹ let it immediately follow - -¹ In many works the footnotes, by a slight change of arrangement, -might advantageously become a portion of the text. - -the line of text which contains the asterisk, or other reference-mark; -just as you see in the above example, and do not write it at the -bottom of the manuscript page. The person who makes up the matter will -transfer such note to its proper place. - -If you feel obliged to strike out a word from the {p31} proof, endeavor -to insert another, in the same sentence, and in the same line if -possible, to fill the space. So, if you insert a word or words, see -whether you can strike out, nearly at the same place, as much as you -insert. - -When writing for the press, never use a lead pencil. Let your copy be -made with black ink on good white paper. We have been pained to see -the checkered pages of a report to an extensive religious association, -which report had been in the first place wholly written with a lead -pencil: then words canceled, words interlined, various changes -made,—and all these alterations done with pen and ink. Of course, -sleeve and hand rubbing over the plumbago gave the whole a dingy and -blurred appearance. The effect of the ink sprinkled among the faded -pencilings was so much like that of mending an old garment with new -cloth, that the manuscript had an unchristian, nay, even heathenish -aspect. However, from this copy the report was printed,—let us -charitably hope that it did much good in the world. - -If proof-sheets present peculiarities of spelling and language, such -for instance as appear in ancient works, and which are affected or -indulged in by some moderns, every word whose correctness he doubts and -is unable to verify, should be referred by the proof-reader to author -or editor. The latter, familiar with the terms used, may consider -some queries frivolous or puerile; but an author should appreciate -conscientiousness in the reader, and be glad to have {p32} all doubts -settled before his work reaches the eyes of reviewers. - -That Dr. Johnson was guilty of harshness toward a proof-reader is -not to be wondered at; but it is a matter of wonder that his conduct -appears to have been approved by other editors. In J. T. Buckingham’s -edition of Shakspeare (1814) is, at page 915, a remarkable note, -apologizing for a few “trifling errors,” and adopting as an excuse a -quotation from an advertisement “from the first edition of Reed, 1793”: - - He, whose business it is to offer this unusual apology, very well - remembers to have been sitting with Dr. Johnson, when an agent from - a neighboring press brought in a proof sheet of a republication, - requesting to know whether a particular word in it was not corrupted. - “So far from it, sir,” (replied the Doctor with some harshness,) “that - the word you suspect, and would displace, is conspicuously beautiful - where it stands, and is the only one that could do the duty expected - from it by Mr. Pope.” - -Dr. Johnson’s assumption that the agent _would displace_ the -word, seems to have been wholly gratuitous. The employees of the -neighboring press did precisely what they should have done,—what every -conscientious proof-reader often feels obliged to do. If suspected -words were passed without questioning, there would be many errors of -the press which would justify some show of “harshness” toward the -neglectful “agent.” - -{p33} - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -PROOF-READING. - - -So long as authors the most accomplished are liable to err, so long -as compositors the most careful make occasional mistakes, so long as -dictionaries authorize various spellings, just so long must there be -individuals trained and training to detect errors, to rectify mistakes, -and to decide upon and settle all points which lexicographers leave in -doubt. Such individuals are known as Proof-readers. - -Movable types, after having been used in printing newspaper or book, -etc., are distributed to their several compartments (boxes) for future -use. In distributing, the compositor, holding several lines in his left -hand, takes from the top line, between the thumb and forefinger of his -right hand, as many words or letters as he can conveniently manipulate, -and moving his hand over the case drops each letter into its proper -box. Suppose, for instance, he takes up the word “feasible”; he carries -his hand to the “f” box, and drops off the first letter; of course he -knows, without looking at the word again, that he is next to drop off -the “e”—and so, very quickly, his hand glides from box to box, each -receiving its proper letter. This process is repeated until the {p34} -types which composed the form are all, apparently, returned to the -compartments whence they were taken. - -Suppose, however, that when ready to distribute “feasible,” his -attention is drawn momentarily to a neighbor who desires his opinion -as to a blotted word in his take, and that, on returning to his work -of distributing, he imagines, or seems to remember, that the word in -hand is “fencible,”—the “a” goes into the “n” box, and the “s” finds -itself at “c.” By and by, in setting type from this same case, the -compositor picks up the letters for “emancipate.” If he happens to take -up the two _wrong_ letters consecutively from the _right_ boxes, his -proof-sheet—unless he reads and corrects the matter in his stick—will -present the word “ema_a_sipate”—which the proof-reader will mark, for -the compositor to correct. - -Or it may happen in distributing, that the “f” and “e” cohere, and are -both dropped into the “f” box. If the compositor’s mind is not intent -on the matter in hand, the error may not be noticed at once; in which -case the “a” gets into the “e” box, and some or all the other letters -of the word go wrong. The error must be discovered when the last letter -is reached; but to search for each misplaced type until it is found, -would probably take more time than would be required to correct the -errors which must otherwise appear in the proof. - -But it is not in distributing only, that blunders occur. There are -many other sources of error, and will be so long as present methods -continue in vogue. {p35} The only wonder is, that so few errors escape -detection before the printer’s work is handed over to the reading -public. We have by us an octavo Shakspeare, each page of type from -which it was printed, having contained, as can be demonstrated, over -six thousand pieces of metal, the misplacing of any one of which would -have caused a blunder. - -But the detection and marking of wrong letters forms a comparatively -small part of a proof-reader’s duty. He must be able to tell at sight -whether a lead is too thick or too thin, and to discriminate between a -three-em space and a four-em space. Many other important matters fall -within his province,—and these we shall endeavor to point out before -closing the present chapter. - -Other things being equal, printers make the best proof-readers. We have -known two or three remarkably skillful readers, whose work could not -be surpassed, who never imposed a form, nor set a line of type. These, -however, were rare exceptions. - -A practical printer who never heard of the digamma, and who has -never read anything but newspapers, will generally make a better -proof-reader than an educated man who is not practically acquainted -with the typographic art; for the printer has, year in and year out, -had a daily drill which makes him skillful in orthography, and he has -been compelled to give close attention to the grammatical points. -Further, his dealing with individual types enables him to see, without -searching, errors which men far more learned than he, do not readily -{p36} perceive; and his pen pounces on a wrong letter as instinctively -and unerringly as the bird darts on its insect prey. - -Sterne has uttered a sneer at the husk and shell of learning; but the -best bread is made from the whole meal, and includes the “shorts” and -the “middlings” as well as the fine flour. If every lawyer, physician, -and clergyman were to spend six months at the “case” before entering -upon his profession, he would find, even in that short term of labor, a -useful fitting and preparation for such literary tasks as may afterward -devolve upon him. - -Nearly all manuscript copy is indebted to the compositor and -proof-reader for the proper punctuation; and many errors in spelling, -made by men who probably know better, but write hastily, are silently -corrected in the printing-office. Contradictions, errors of fact, -anachronisms, imperfect sentences, solecisms, barbarisms, are -modestly pointed out to the author by the proof-reader’s “quære,” or -by a carefully worded suggestion; and, most usually, the proof is -returned without comment,—and none is needed,—corrected according to -the proof-reader’s intimations. Dickens, and a few other writers of -eminence, have acknowledged their indebtedness in such cases; but we -know one proof-reader—whose experience embraces an infinite variety of -subjects from bill-heads to Bibles—who can remember but three cases in -which his assistance, whether valuable or otherwise, was alluded to in -a kindly manner. On the other hand, the correction in the proof is -sometimes {p37} accompanied by some testy remark: as, “Does this suit -you?” or, “Will it do _now_?” The proof-reader is, however, or should -be, perfectly callous to all captious criticisms and foolish comments; -he need care nothing for “harshness” or other nonsense, provided his -work is well and thoroughly done. Let no nervous or touchy man meddle -with proof-reading. - -For the especial benefit of our non-professional readers, we will -here point out the usual routine in regard to proofs. The editor or -publisher of a book or periodical sends to the printer such portions of -reading-matter or manuscript as he can, from time to time, conveniently -supply. This copy is passed to a head-workman, who divides it into a -number of parts, called “takes,” each part being a suitable quantity -for a compositor to _take_ at one time; and the name of each compositor -is penciled at the top of his take. The type when set up is called -“matter.” - -When there is enough matter to fill a “galley” (a metallic or wooden -casing about two feet in length), an impression, or “proof,” is taken -on a strip of paper wide enough to receive in the margin the correction -of such errors as may be found. This proof, with the corresponding -copy, is carried to the proof-reader’s desk for examination and -correction. - -The reader will have at hand a copy of such directions as may have -been furnished by author, editor, or publisher, to which he appends, -from time to time, memoranda of all eccentricities of orthography and -capitalization,—in short, all peculiarities of style, as they arise. -This he consults frequently while {p38} reading the proof-sheet, and, -for obvious reasons, with especial attention after any unusual delay -in the progress of the work. Directions and notes as to captions, -sizes of type, form of tables, etc., are of utility, especially when -several readers are employed on the same publication; but directions -can scarcely be framed so as to ensure[3] uniformity, except in -few particulars. We subjoin two or three samples of directions and -memoranda: our remarks in brackets. - - [3] _Vide_ page 170, on the orthography of this word. - - -MEMORANDA FOR PROOF-READERS. - - The form is regular octavo. - - Text is long primer, single leaded. - - Tables and lists, having rules and boxheads, nonpareil solid. - - Headings of tables and lists, brevier italic, lower case. - - There are no numbered chapters. The heading of each section, which - takes the place of chapter heading, is pica light-face celtic caps, - spaced. - - Geological ages and epochs are capitalized; for example, “Devonian,” - “Trias,” “sub-Carboniferous” v. [page 176.] - - Quoted extracts in regular text type (long primer), between quotation - marks. - - Capitalize “the West,” “the South,” etc., but not “western New York,” - “central Pennsylvania,” etc. - - Do not use “&c.” for “etc.” - - “Prof.,” “Gen.,” etc., preceding initials or Christian name; - “Professor,” “General,” etc., when last name alone is used; for - example, “Prof. J. Smith,” “General Grant,” etc. - - Full point after roman numerals. - - “Saint Louis,” etc.; spell out “Saint.” - - Names of periodicals, in italics. - - Names of books, roman, in quotation marks. - - “Panther creek”; but “Panther Creek district.” That is, capitalize - titles. - -{p39} - -The following sample relates to an octavo on Fishes: - - Make “cod fishery” two words. - - “Offshore,” “Inshore” [no hyphen]. - - “Sheepshead” [name of fish. Webster inserts an apostrophe and a - hyphen,—“Sheep’s-head”]. - - “Herring fisheries” [no hyphen]. - - “Herring-nets” [insert hyphen]. - -From a quarto on Fishes: - - “Cod-fisherman” [hyphen]. - - “Cod fishery” [two words]. - -Engineer work: - - Make footnotes of the “Remarks” column. - - For “D. D.” in copy, spell “dry-dock.” - - Use figures in all cases, for weights, distances, etc. - -The following was for a Digest—Decisions: - - Spell “travelling,” “employee,” and divide “ser-vice.” [“Travelling” - and “ser-vice” are Worcester style. Webster divides “serv-ice.”—In - regard to “employee,” neither Webster nor Worcester gives it place; - but, instead, the French “employé.” Webster has this note following - the French word: “The English form of this word, viz., _employee_, - though perfectly conformable to analogy, and therefore perfectly - legitimate, is not sanctioned by the usage of good writers.” Since - Webster’s note was written, some good writers, as in the book of - Decisions above mentioned, have used the English word, as many - printing-office employees can testify,—and “_employé_” may as well be - sent home, according to the immigration laws, as unable to sustain - itself in this country.[4]] - - [4] Since the above remark was written, we have found “employee” - admitted as a correct English word, in Worcester’s “Supplement.” - -Weather Reports: - - The “upper Missouri valley” [small _v_]. - - The “Mississippi river” [small _r_]. - -{p40} - -Geological Survey: - - The “Missouri Valley” [cap. _V_]. - - The “Missouri River” [cap. _R_]. - -The proof-reader knows, that (as we have already remarked) every -printing-office has a style of its own; that, if left to itself, its -style would be practically uniform and always respectable,—and he soon -learns that some writers for the press have very firm opinions about -matters of little or no consequence, and are very tenacious, if not -pugnacious, in preferring _tweedledee_ to _tweedledum_; not because it -is written with more _e’s_, but because it is more correct—in their -opinion. However great may be a reader’s capacity for memorizing -trifling details, it is next to impossible to keep minute verbal -differences on different mental shelves. After the big book is bound, -one will be likely to find a mingling of styles; the big River of -one page becomes a little river on the next; “Pittsburg” here, reads -“Pittsburgh” there; and the dignified “National Park” of the first -chapter will dwindle to a mere “national park” in chapter the twelfth. - -If not hurried by a press of work, as may sometimes be the case, -the reader will first glance at the proof as a whole. A variation -in the thickness of the leads, or a wrong indention, will, in this -_tout-ensemble_ survey, very quickly catch his eye. Then, still -supposing he has time, he will read the galley through silently, -correcting errors in spelling; marking turned or inverted letters; -improving the {p41} spacing, the punctuation; noting whether the heads -and subheads are in the required type; whether the capitalization is -uniform; whether—if the “slip” beneath his eye happen to be near the -end of a large volume—the word “ourang-outang” which he now meets -with, was not printed somewhere in the earlier part of the work as -“orang-outang,” or, in fact, whether, after some questioning, it -finally went to press as “orang-utan,”—which word he must now, to -preserve uniformity, hunt for and find among his old proofs, if, -peradventure, author or publisher, or other person, have not borrowed -them “for a few minutes,”—alas! never to be returned. - -Having settled this, and all similar cases and other doubtful matters, -he hands the copy to an assistant, called a “copy-holder,” whose duty -it is to read the copy aloud, while he himself keeps his eye on the -print (but in newspaper offices, for the sake of greater celerity, -the proof-reader often reads aloud, while the copy-holder follows him -silently, intent on the copy: interrupting, however, whenever any -discrepancy is observed). If the reader desire the copy-holder to pause -while he makes a correction, he repeats the word where he wishes the -reading to stop; when ready to proceed he again pronounces the same -word, and the copy-holder reads on from that place. - -The manner of marking, in the text, all errors noticed, is shown, -_infra_, in the “Specimen of First Proof.” The corrections to be made -are indicated, in the margin, by appropriate words or characters -from “Marks used in correcting Proofs”—also {p42} inserted below. -Writers for the press who themselves examine proof-sheets of their -works, should familiarize themselves with proof-reading technics. An -author who received for the first time some proof-sheets returned -them “clean”—apparently having detected no errors. He was afterward -disgusted on finding it necessary to print a leaf of “errata,” and -complained that his corrections had been entirely disregarded. On -re-examining the proofs he had returned, it was found that he _had_ -corrected—with knife as well as pen. Where a comma was wanting, he had -used the pen, carefully and skillfully imitating the printed character; -and to convert semicolons into commas he had brought the knife into -play,—nicely scratching out the superfluous part of the point. - -Sometimes a line, or it may be several lines, of type are by some -mishap out of perpendicular—slanting; so that only one side of each -letter-face shows a full impression on the proof. It is usual in -such case to draw several slanting marks across the faulty line or -lines, and make similar marks in the margin. It is quite common, also, -for readers to insert in the margin the words “off its feet,”—that -being the printing-office designation for sloping matter. One reader -abandoned writing these words, for two reasons: the first, that a -compositor, when correcting, inserted them in the text, making an -astonishing sentence; the second, that the marked passage,—a piece of -close, logical reasoning,—after being carefully scanned by the author, -was brought to the reader, with a very earnest request that he would -{p43} point out what justice there was in that bluff remark. It is -enough to draw what beginners in writing call “straight marks” across -the matter, and also in the margin. We append other— - - -MARKS USED IN CORRECTING PROOFS. - - [Symbol] Insert an em-quadrat. - - [Symbol] Dele, take out; expunge. - - [Symbol] Insert space. - - [Symbol] Less space. - - [Symbol] Close up entirely. - - [Symbol] [Symbol] Dele some type, and insert a space in lieu of what is - removed. - - [Symbol] [Symbol] Dele some type, and close up. - - [Symbol] Broken or battered type. - - [Symbol] Plane down a letter. Push down a space or quadrat. - - . . . . Placed under erased words, restores them. - - Stet. Written in the margin, restores a canceled word or passage, - or such portions of erased text as have dots under them. - - ¶ Begin paragraph. - - [Symbol] or [Symbol] Remove to left. - - [Symbol] or [Symbol] Remove to right. - - [Symbol] Carry higher up on page. - - [Symbol] Carry down. - - [Symbol] Four lines subscript, denote italic capitals. - - [Symbol] Three lines subscript, denote capitals. - - [Symbol] Two lines subscript, denote small capitals. - - [Symbol] One line subscript, denotes italics. - - w. f. Wrong font. - - tr. Transpose. [Symbol] Period. [Symbol] Colon. - - [Symbol] Apostrophe. =/ Hyphen. -/ En-dash. |—| Em-dash. - -If there is an omission (an “out”) make a caret at the place of the -out, and if the out is short, write the omitted word or words in -margin; if long, write in margin “out—see copy,” and pin to the proof -the sheet of copy containing the omitted portion. - - l. c. Lower-case. s. c. Small capitals. - - Qu or Qy or ? calls attention to some doubtful word - or sentence. - - Several other marks are used, which need no explanation. - -{p44} - -In order to show our readers the practical application of the above -marks, we will suppose the following paragraph from Guizot to be put in -type abounding in errors, and will then exhibit the corrections as made -by the proof-reader: - - -SPECIMEN OF FIRST PROOF. - -[Illustration] - -The above is very bad, even for a first proof,—but we have seen worse, -and have, perhaps, ourself been responsible for some not much better. -While the copy-holder is reading aloud the copy from which {p45} the -above was set up, the reader is busy marking errors, and making such -characters in the margin as will inform the compositors what is to be -done to make their work correct. At the conclusion of the reading, the -proof will present an appearance somewhat like this corrected— - -SPECIMEN OF FIRST PROOF. - -[Illustration] - -If the proof in hand be a reprint, and the new edition is to conform to -the old, the copy-holder, while reading, pronounces aloud the points, -capitals, etc., {p46} as they occur in the copy—saving labor and time -by using well-understood abbreviations. Take, for instance, the second -stanza of Tennyson’s “Voyage”: - - “Warm broke the breeze against the brow, - Dry sang the tackle, sang the sail: - The Lady’s-head upon the prow - Caught the shrill salt, and sheer’d the gale. - The broad seas swell’d to meet the keel, - And swept behind: so quick the run, - We felt the good ship shake and reel, - We seem’d to sail into the Sun!” - -This stanza the copy-holder reads thus: - - _Quote_ “Warm broke the breeze against the brow, (_com._) - Dry sang the tackle, (_com._) sang the sail: (_colon._) - The Lady’s-(_cap. pos. s_, _hyphen._)head upon the prow - Caught the shrill salt, (_com._) and sheer’(_pos._)d the gale. - (_full point._) - The broad seas swell’(_pos._)d to meet the keel, (_com._) - And swept behind: (_colon._) so quick the run, (_com._) - We felt the good ship shake and reel, (_com._) - We seem’(_pos._)d to sail into the Sun!” (_cap. exclam. close of - quote._) - -If the work extend beyond a single galley, the slips of proof are -marked in regular sequence, A, B, C, etc., or 1, 2, 3, etc. Each slip -is marked at top “First Proof”: the names of the compositors, which -have been inscribed on their “takes,” are duly transferred to the -printed proof, which, with the errors plainly noted thereon, is then -given for correction to the same persons who set up the matter. Their -duty having been attended to, a “second proof” is taken: {p47} this -the reader compares carefully with the first, to ascertain whether the -requisite changes of type have been properly made; whether “doublets” -have been taken out, and “outs” put in. If any mark has escaped the -notice of the compositors, it is transferred to the second proof. -Close attention should be given to this process of “revising”; it is -not enough to see that a wrong letter has been taken out, and a right -one put in; in the line where a change has been made, all the words -should be compared, and also the line above and the line below a -correction,—since in correcting an error among movable types, some of -the types may move when they ought not, and get misplaced. - -As what escapes the notice of one observer may be perceived by another, -this second proof is again “read by copy” by another proof-reader and -assistant, and a second time corrected and revised. The “third proof” -is now sent to the author, editor, or publisher, with so much copy as -may cover it, the copy-holder being careful, however, to retain the -“mark-off”; _i. e._, the sheet on which is marked off the place where -the next “first proof” is to begin. But when the work is of such sort -as not to require extraordinary care, the second proof is sent out, a -single reading by copy being deemed sufficient. If the work is read -twice by copy, only one reader should attend to the punctuation. - -If, now, the copy have been hastily or carelessly prepared, or if the -author have gained new light since he prepared it, the outside party -having charge {p48} of the work (whom, for convenience, we will -designate as the “author”) will return his proofs, full of erasures, -additions, alterations, interlineations, and transpositions. With these -the original compositors have no concern; the changes required are made -by “the office,” and the time is charged to the person who contracted -for the printing of the work. - -A second, third, or even more consecutive revises of the same slip are -sometimes sent to the author, to the intent that he may see for himself -that his corrections have been duly made, and to allow him further -opportunity to introduce such alterations as to him may seem desirable. -Usually, however, the work, after the correction of the author’s first -proof, is made up into pages; and when there are enough of these for -a “signature” or form of octavo, duodecimo, or whatever the number of -pages on the sheet may be, the proof-reader revises these pages by the -author’s latest returned proof, cuts off the slip at the line where the -last page ends, and sends the folded leaves, labeled “Second,” “Third,” -or “Fourth” proof, as the case may be, together with the corresponding -slips of the next previous proof, to the author, as before. The portion -of slip proof remaining—termed the “make-up”—should be inscribed with -the proper page, and the letter or figure which is to be the signature -of the next sheet, and given, for his guidance, to the person who makes -up the work; to be returned again to the proof-reader, with the other -slip proofs of the next sheet of made-up pages, when that is ready for -revision. {p49} - -The author may be desirous of seeing a fifth, sixth, or, as the -algebraists say, any number, _n_, of proofs. When he expresses himself -as satisfied with his share of the correcting, the last author’s -proof is corrected, a “revise” taken, and the proof-reader gives this -last revise a final reading for the press. As any errors which escape -detection now, will show themselves in the book, this last reading -should be careful, deliberate, and painstaking. See to it, my young -beginner, that the “signature” is the letter or number next in sequence -to that on your previous press-proof. See to it, that the first page -of the sheet in hand connects in reading with the last page of the -previous one, and that the figures denoting the page form the next -cardinal number to that which you last sent to press. Having done this, -examine the “folios” (the “pagination,” as some say) throughout; read -the running titles; if there be a new chapter commenced, look back in -your previous proofs to make sure that said new chapter is “XIX.,” and -not “XVIII.”; see that the head-lines of the chapter are of the right -size, and in the right font of type; for, if the “minion” case happened -to be covered up, the compositor may have forgotten himself, and set -them up in “brevier”; if there is rule-work, see that the rules come -together properly, and are right side up; if there is Federal money, -see that the “$” is put at the beginning of the number following a -rule,[5] and of the number in the top line of every page; if points -are {p50} used as “leaders,” see that there are no commas or hyphens -among them. If the style require a comma before leaders, see that none -have been left out; if the style reject a comma, see that none have -been left in; in short, see to everything,—and then, on the corner of -the sheet, write the word “Press” as boldly as you can, but with the -moral certainty that some skulking blunder of author, compositor, or -corrector has eluded all your watchfulness. - - [5] In the Government Printing Office the style omits the “$” in this - case,—the sign at top of table or page being considered sufficient. - -The errors made by ourselves are those which occasion us the most pain. -Therefore be chary of changing anything in the author’s last proof. -If a sentence seem obscure, see whether the insertion of a comma will -make it clear. If you find “patonce,” do not change it to “potence,” -unless, from your knowledge of heraldry, you are aware of a good -reason for such an alteration. If you find _pro. ami_, look in the -dictionary before striking out the point after _pro._; peradventure -it is a contraction. If, finally, after puzzling over some intricate -sentence, you can make nothing of it, let it console you that the -following paragraph appears in Hävernick: “Accordingly it is only -from this passage that a conclusion can be drawn as to the historical -condition of the people, which is confirmed also by notices elsewhere”; -and let it content you to say, in the words of Colenso, “I am at a loss -to understand the meaning of the above paragraph.” So let the obscure -passage remain. - -Still, however, should you find some gross error of dates, some obvious -solecism, or some wrong footing {p51} in a column of figures, and find -yourself unable to change the reading with absolute certainty of being -right, this proof, which you had hoped would be a final one, must be -returned to the author with the proper quære. When it comes back to -your sanctum, you may perhaps be pleased at finding on the margin a few -words complimentary of your carefulness; or perhaps a question couched -in this encomiastic style: “Why did not your stupid proof-reader find -this out before?” - -Whether reading first or final proofs of Records of Court, you should -not change the spelling of words, nor supply omissions, nor strike -out a repeated word or words; for the printed record is assumed to -be an exact transcript of what is written, and there should be no -alterations,—neither uniformity nor correctness is to be sought at -the expense of departing from copy. Inserting the necessary points -where these have been neglected, is not considered a change of the -record,—as, for instance, an interrogation point after a direct -question to a witness; for, as “the punctuation is no part of the law,” -_a fortiori_ it is no part of the record. If the caption be “Deposition -of John Prat,” and the signature be “John Pratt,” and if in another -place you find the same individual designated as “John Pradt,” there -is no help for it. You have no authority to alter the record, and -must print it as it stands. So, too, in regard to dates. If you read -“1st Feb. 1889” on one page, “Feb. 1, 1889” on another, so let them -stand—the change of style is a trifle; and, if it be a fault, it is the -fault of the record, and not yours. {p52} - -And here let us say a word about this matter of uniformity: very -important in some works, in others it is of no consequence whatever, -however much some readers may stickle for it. If, for example, a mass -of letters, from all parts of the country, recommending a patent -inkstand, or stating the prospects of the potato crop, are sent in to -be printed, the dates and addresses will vary in style, according to -the taste and knowledge of the several writers; and there is not the -slightest need of changing them to make them alike, as if all these -widely scattered writers had graduated from the same school. Let -such writings be printed as diversely as they come to hand. If one -writes _plough_, and another _plow_, what matters it, so far as your -proof-reading is concerned? If one writes “15th June,” and another -“June 15” or “June 15th,” so let it stand on the printed page. It -is idle to waste time in making things alike, that could not by any -possibility have been written alike. But you can make each letter -consistent with itself, which is all that uniformity requires. You need -not stretch one man out, and cut off the feet of another, to justify -all authors in your composing-stick. So much for exceptional cases. - -As a general rule, study to preserve uniformity in every work. If “A. -M.” and “P. M.” are in capitals on one page, it will look very like -carelessness to have them appear “A.M.” and “P.M.” in small capitals, -on the next. With the exceptions above pointed out, your only safety -is to have but one style, and to adhere to it with the stiffness of a -martinet, {p53} in all contingencies, unless overruled by those who -have a right to dictate in the premises. - - -READING GREEK. - -Greek words sometimes appear in copy, and are somewhat vexatious to -printers who never had the good fortune to study Greek at school—or -elsewhere. In a proof-sheet, we once met a word whose etymology was -given thus in the copy: “From Ἕλιος the sun, and φιλος a lover” (the -_epsilon_ was the author’s mistake). The compositor, not aware of a -Greek alphabet, set up the passage in those English letters which most -nearly resemble the Hellenic characters, and it appeared in this guise: -“From Ediog the sun, and pidog a lover.” We advise proof-readers, -and compositors and copy-holders as well, to acquire—if they do not -already possess—so much knowledge of Greek letters and characters -as will enable them to acquit themselves without discredit, though -“Ediog” and “pidog” condog (_v._ Wb.) to annoy them. A few hours’ -attention to the alphabet and characters given below, and to the -annexed practical directions, will suffice to fix in the memory as much -knowledge of Greek as will serve for the mechanical following of the -copy,—mechanical following,—for, if you are setting up or reading a -reprint of the 450th page of Webster’s Dictionary, and meet with the -word ἐννενήκοντα you must put in the eleven letters as they stand: and -if copying Worcester’s 486th page, you find ἐννεήκοντα, put in {p54} -the ten letters. If you have any doubts, submit your query. - -The Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters. - - Alpha Α α a - Beta Β β b - Gamma Γ γ g - Delta Δ δ d - Epsilon Ε ε ĕ - Zeta Ζ ζ z - Eta Η η ē - Theta Θ ϑ θ th - Iota Ι ι i - Kappa Κ κ k - Lambda Λ λ l - Mu Μ μ m - Nu Ν ν n - Xi Ξ ξ x - Omicron Ο ο ŏ - Pi Π π p - Rho Ρ ϱ ρ r - Sigma Σ σ, final ς s - Tau Τ τ t - Upsilon Υ υ u - Phi Φ φ ph - Chi Χ χ ch - Psi Ψ ψ ps - Omega Ω ω ō - -In reading Greek, mention each letter by its English equivalent. - - -Ε is read, “cap. short e”; ε, “short e”; Η is read, “cap. long e”; η, -“long e.” - -Ο is read, “cap. short o”; ο, “short o”; Ω is read, “cap. long o”; ω, -“long o.” {p55} - -There are three accents,—the acute (΄), the grave (`), and the -circumflex (῀). - -ύ is read, “acute u”; ὶ is read, “grave i”; ᾶ is read, “circumflex a.” - - -Over every vowel or diphthong beginning a word is placed one of two -characters, called breathings, which, for the purpose of reading, we -may designate as the smooth (᾿) and the rough (῾). - -ἀ is read, “smooth a”; ἱ is read, “rough i.” - - -When two marks appear over a letter, both should be mentioned by the -copy-holder. - -ὔ is read, “smooth, acute u”; ὅ is read, “rough, acute, short o”; ὃ, -“rough, grave, short o”; ὦ, “circumflex, smooth, long o.” - - -The compositor and proof-reader should be careful that accented letters -are used according to the copy, as in many cases the difference of -accentuation serves also to mark the difference of signification. Thus, -νέος signifies _new_; νεὸς, _a field_: ἴον, _a violet_; ἰὸν, _going_. - -ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ, are diphthongs; their second vowel (ι), being silent, is -placed underneath, or subscribed. These should be read thus: ᾳ, “a, -subscript”; ῃ, “long e, subscript”; ῳ, “long o, subscript.” - - -In Greek, only four points or stops are used: the comma (,); the note -of interrogation (;); the colon, or point at top (·); and the full stop -(.). These should be mentioned as they occur. {p56} - - -EXAMPLE FOR READING. - -EPIGRAM ON THEMISTOCLES. - - Αντὶ τάφου λιτοῖο θὲς Ἑλλάδα, θὲς δ’ ὲπι ταύταν - Δούρατα, βαρβαρικᾶς σύμβολα ναυφθορίας, - Καὶ τύμβῳ κρηπῖδα περίγραφε Περσικὸν Ἄρη - Καὶ Ξέρξην· τούτοις θάπτε Θεμιστοκλέα. - Στάλα δ’ ἁ Σαλαμὶς ἐπικείσεται, ἔργα λέγουσα - Τἀμά· τί με σμὶκροῖς τὸν μέγαν ἐντίτθετε; - -The method of reading will, we think, be sufficiently exemplified if -we give but one line. We select the third, which should be read by the -copy-holder, as follows: - -Cap. K, a, grave i; t, acute u, m, b, long o subscript; k, r, long e, -p, circumflex i, d, a; p, short e, r, acute i, g, r, a, ph, short e; -cap. P, short e, r, s, i, k, grave short o, n; cap. smooth acute A, r, -long e. - - -Words from dead and foreign languages, introduced into English text, -are printed in italics, until, being frequently met, they cease to be -strangers; then printers and proof-readers anglicify them as much as -possible, by printing them in roman; but some of these retain certain -accents which indicate their alien origin. The Spanish _cañon_ is -completely anglicized into “canyon” (_o_ as in _no_); our miners write -“arrastra” in roman, although the term has not yet found its way into -our most popular dictionaries; our dreadful accident-makers have set -afloat so many “canards,” that that word has become better English than -French; “papier-mache” usually appears in roman without the accent on -the final _e_; _employé_ {p57} has become a good “employee” in our -workshops; and at an early day, every “protégé” and “protégée,” already -roman, will throw off the foreign accents, and remain none the less -acute “protegees”; “éclat,” “régime,” and “résumé” still cling to their -acute _e’s_. Many words and phrases are hesitating whether to remain -foreigners, or to become naturalized. They have “taken out their first -papers,” as it were, having at times appeared in English garb. - -It would be vastly convenient for every compositor and proof-reader -(every author, of course, reads proof) to have at hand two lists -of such Latin and foreign words as most frequently occur in books, -magazines, and newspapers,—the one containing the words to be set up in -italics, the other, words to “go in roman,” as the phrase is. We append -two such lists, as samples rather than as fixities to be followed, -although they represent very nearly, if not exactly, the present status -of the class of words we are considering. The roman list is destined to -be continually lengthening, while the italic, save as it receives new -accretions from foreign sources, must be correspondingly diminishing. - - -WORDS TO GO IN ITALICS. - - _ante_ - _ad captandum_ - _ad libitum_ - _ad quod damnum_ - _aliunde_ - _alma mater_ - _amende honorable_ - _amicus curiæ_ - _artiste_ - _avant coureur_ - _beau monde_ - _coram non judice_ - _corpus delicti_ - _coup d’état_ - _coup de grâce_ - _coup de main_ - _de bonis non_ - _de facto_ - _de jure_ - _del credere_ - _de novo_ - _dilettante_ - _dilettanti_ - _dramatis personæ_ {p58} - _duces tecum_ - _en route_ - _entrée_ - _et al._ - _ex officio_ - _ex parte_ - _ex post facto_ - _ex rel._ - _falsi crimen_ - _feme covert_ - _feme sole_ - _femme couverte_ - _femme sole_ - _fleur de lis_ - _functus officio_ - _garçon_ - _ignes fatui_ - _ignis fatuus_ - _in extenso_ - _infra_ - _in statu quo_ - _inter alia_ - _in toto_ - _in transitu_ - _juste milieu_ - _malum in se_ - _malum prohibitum_ - _matériel_ - _nem. con._ - _n’importe_ - _non constat_ - _non obstante_ - _nous verrons_ - _passim_ - _peculium_ - _personnel_ - _postea_ - _postliminium_ - _post mortem_ - _prima facie_ - _procès-verbal_ - _pro forma_ - _projet_ - _pro tempore_ - _rationale_ - _res adjudicata_ - _sans-culotte_ - _sine die_ - _soi disant_ - _sotto voce_ - _sub judice_ - _supra_ - _tabula rasa_ - _terra incognita_ - _tout ensemble_ - _ultima ratio_ - _ultima Thule_ - _vide_ - _vice versa_ - _viva voce_ - _vraisemblance_ - - -WORDS TO GO IN ROMAN. - - addenda - addendum - ad interim - ad valorem - alias - alibi - alumnus - alumnæ - alumni - animus - assumpsit - bagatelle - belles-lettres - bijou - billet-doux - bivouac - bizarre - bona fide - canaille - canard - capias - chargé d’ affaires - coterie - crevasse - data - datum - débris - dedimus - détour - devoir - diluvion - diluvium - éclat - emeute - ennui - entrepot - exequatur - exuviæ - fasces - faubourg - feuilleton - fiacre - fieri facias - habeas corpus - hacienda - hauteur - in banc - in situ - literati - literatim - Magna Charta - mandamus - menu - mittimus - nisi prius - nolle prosequi - oyer and terminer - papier-mache - per capita - per diem - posse comitatus - pro rata - protégé - quasi - régime - résumé - rôle - savant - seriatim - sobriquet - status - supersedeas - via - venire - venire facias - verbatim - -{p59} - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -STYLE. - - -Before beginning to read proof, a man usually prepares himself by -learning how to make the technical marks used in correcting; he then -reads a chapter on the use of capitals; takes up a grammar, and reviews -the rules of punctuation; and by reading, and conversing with readers, -gets such helps as give him a good degree of confidence. But at the -very threshold of his duties he is met by a little “dwarfish demon” -called “Style,” who addresses him somewhat after this fashion: “As -you see me now, so I have appeared ever since the first type was set -in this office. Everything here must be done as I say. You may mark -as you please, but don’t violate the commands of Style. I may seem -to disappear for a time, when there is a great rush of work, and you -may perhaps bring yourself to believe that Style is dead. But do not -deceive yourself,—Style never dies. When everything is going merrily, -and you are rejoicing at carrying out some pet plan of your own, -you will find me back again, tearing the forms to pieces, and again -asserting my irrevocable authority. Stick to my orders, and all will be -well. Don’t tell me of grammarians or lexicographers; say nothing of -better ways, or improvements or {p60} progress. I am Style, and my laws -are like those of the Medes and Persians.” And Style states his true -character. - -Unfortunately for the proof-reader, Style seldom writes his laws; or, -if at any time written, their visible form presently perishes, and -they can only be got at, as one may learn the common law of England, -through past decisions. You, my young friend, may in vain consult -old proofs; works formerly read, at the desk you now occupy, by some -vanished predecessor. Your searching cannot help you much; for authors -being without the jurisdiction, are independent of the authority, of -Style,—they may allow him to dominate over their works, or they may -not. How, then, are you to distinguish, and select as models, those -which were read under the direct supervision of Style? In the course of -a few years you may come to know a portion of his laws; but the whole -code is past finding out. - -To drop the personification, every office has a style—an arrangement -of details—peculiar to itself. In one, “Government” is spelled with a -capital; in a second, “government” is spelled with a lower-case “g”; in -this office, the four seasons are always “Spring, Summer, Autumn, and -Winter”; in that, they are “spring, summer,” etc., having capitals only -when personified: and so of a thousand other cases in capitalization. -In this office, before a quoted extract we put a colon and dash, -thus:—while, in the office across the way, the style is to put a -colon only: and, a little farther on, is an office which uses {p61} -only the dash—yet a fourth, round the corner, puts a comma and dash, -thus,—while a fifth undertakes to use all these and even additional -methods, as the period, the semicolon, and dash, selecting as the sense -or convenience or caprice may dictate.[6] Here, the style requires -a comma before _and_, in “pounds, shillings, and pence”; there, the -style is “pounds, shillings and pence.” “Viz,” in Mr. A.’s office, is -considered a contraction, and is printed “viz.”—with the period; in Mr. -B.’s office, it is not a contraction, and the period is not used; in -Mr. C.’s office, “viz” is put entirely under the ban, and compositors -and proof-readers are directed to substitute for it the word “namely,” -in all cases. As regards orthography, two styles—the Worcester and -Webster—have, in almost all offices, alternate sway; and—which -complicates matters still more—everywhere there is an “office style.” -Each “rules a moment; chaos umpire sits,” etc. - - [6] For some varieties of style in introducing quotations, see - “Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey. By Arthur Penrhyn - Stanley, D.D. London: John Murray, 1868”; especially pp. 256, 257. - -Suppose half-a-dozen works going through the press at the same time, -embracing three styles of orthography, and four or five styles in -capitalization; one style which requires turned commas at the beginning -only, of a quotation, and one which requires them at the beginning -of every line of an extract,—you see at once that a proof-reader, so -beset, must needs have his wits about him. For, notice, the first -“slip” which comes to hand is in the “Life of {p62} John Smith”; this -is in the Worcester style, and requires “traveller” and “jeweller” to -be spelled each with two _l’s_, and “impanelled” with two _l_’s. The -next galley-proof to be read is part of the “Life of James Smith”; this -is in the Webster style; and now the reader must change front, and -see to it that he spells “traveler” and “jeweler” with one _l_ each, -and “impaneled” with one _l_. Now as these works are in the same size -of type, and are very similar in appearance, it would not be strange -if now and then the styles were to “cross over”; but, observe, the -third slip, the “Life of William Smith,” is “office style,” requiring -“traveler” to be spelled with one _l_, and “jeweller” with two (very -absurd, but all styles have something absurd and arbitrary in them), -while “empanel” now repudiates an initial _i_. Further, the publishers -of the “Life of John” desire to have it in uniform style with their -“watch-pocket series,” in which names of ships were put between -quotation-marks; the author of the “Life of James” insists, that, in -his work, names of ships shall not be quoted, and shall be set in -roman; the “Life of William,” being in office style, requires names of -ships to be in italics. - -Again, each of these works has, at the commencement of its several -chapters, a cast of initial letter differing from the style of the -other two,—the first a two-line plain letter, the second a black -letter, the third an open-face letter; and still further (there is no -“finally”), the “Life of John” has “backwards,” “forwards,” “towards,” -all with the final _s_; and the proof-reader has just received from the -outside reader {p63} of the “Life of James,” a sharp note, stating -that he has stricken the _s_ from “towards,” as many as ten times, and -coolly assuring the said proof-reader that there is no such word as -“towards” in the English language. Meanwhile, intermingled with the -above readings, are four Sunday-school books, A, B, C, and D. A and B -require the words “everything,” “anything,” and “cannot” to be divided -respectively into two words,—“every thing,” “any thing,” “can not”; -while C and D, with a general direction to follow Webster, want these -words printed in the usual manner,—closed up. A and C must have two -words of “’t is,” “it ’s,” “do n’t,” “could n’t,” “must n’t”; B and D -require the same, with the exception of “don’t,” which must be made one -word. A and D want an apostrophe in “won’t”; while B and C insist that -the change from “will not” is so great, that “wont” is virtually a new -word, wherefore they cannot conscientiously permit the apostrophe. - -Among these literary foolishnesses and idle discriminations, are -inter-readings of pamphlets on the leather trade; the Swamptown -Directory, the copy being the pages of an old edition, pasted on -broadsides of paper, half the names stricken out, and new ones inserted -haphazard on the wide margin, their places in the text indicated -by lines crossing and recrossing each other, and occasionally lost -in a _plexus_ or ganglion; reports of the Panjandrum Grand Slump -Mining Company, the Glenmutchkin Railway Company, and the new and -improved Brown Paper {p64} Roofing Company; Proceedings of the -National Wool-Pulling Association, and of the Society for promoting -the Introduction of Water-Gas for Culinary and Illuminating Purposes; -likewise auction-bills, calendars, ball-cards, dunning-letters (some -of these to be returned through the post-office, the proof-reader’s -own feathers winging the shaft), glowing descriptions of Dyes, -Blackings, Polishes, and Varnishes; in short, proofs of the endless -variety of matters which constitute the daily pabulum of a book and job -office,—and, in all these, style has its requirements. - -If all this be borne in mind, it will not seem surprising, especially -when we reflect that all individuals in their progress toward a perfect -civilization are not yet within sight of their goal,—it will not seem -surprising, if now and then an irate brother should rush into the -proof-reader’s presence, exclaiming, “What do you mean, sir? I thought -I knew something, but it appears I don’t! Here you have put ‘Hudson -street’ with a little _s_, and ‘Hudson River’ with a capital _R_: -what sort of work do you call that?” Should this occur, the schooled -reader has but to reply, “That, my dear sir, is the uniform style of -this office,—we _always_ ‘put things’ as you have stated,” and the -questioner is satisfied, and apologetically withdraws. - -As no acknowledged literary Dictator has arisen since Johnson (if we -except Webster), and as we have no good grounds to expect one, let -us hope there may be a convention of the learned men of the United -States, with full powers to legislate upon, and {p65} finally settle, -all questions of syntax, orthography, punctuation, and style, and -authorized to punish literary dissenters, by banishment from the -Republic of Letters. - -Were there a common and acknowledged authority to which printer, -publisher, proof-reader, and author could appeal, the eye, the pen, -and the press would be relieved of much useless labor, and the cost of -books would be correspondingly reduced. The Smithsonian Institution -would confer a lasting benefit on mankind by establishing a Board or -Bureau of scholars, which should publish a dictionary of all English -and Anglicized words, _without various spellings_, and also such other -words as might meet the want long felt, and which was expressed in -“The Spectator,” so long ago as Aug. 4, 1711,—where the author, having -spoken of certain perplexities which beset writers, adds: “[These] will -never be decided till we have something like an academy, that by the -best authorities and rules drawn from the analogy of languages, shall -settle all controversies between grammar and idiom.” When such works -from the Smithsonian Institution shall have appeared, and Congress -shall have adopted them as standards to which all Departmental work -shall conform, the diversities of spelling will disappear from the -publications of the Government. Those who would diffuse knowledge among -men should have sharp oversight of the vehicle in which knowledge is to -be conveyed,—to wit, LANGUAGE,—“the foundation for the whole faculty of -thinking.” - -{p66} - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -GENERAL REMARKS: CONTAINING SOME ILLUSTRATIONS OF, AND ADDITIONS TO, -THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF THE FOREGOING THREE CHAPTERS. - - -If an author sends his manuscript to the printing-office without -any instructions or directions as to capitalization, punctuation, -etc., the printer will follow his own “office style,” and the work -will be, within certain limits, correctly done; that is, with as -near an approach to uniformity as it is possible for ordinary -fallible mortals to attain. But if the manuscript be accompanied with -numerous “Directions” to the printer, some of these will be forgotten -or overlooked, or become mixed in the minds of compositors and -proof-readers with some set of diametrically opposite “Directions,”—and -so the work will very likely abound in incongruities. - -We have known two works to be in hand at the same time, one with -directions to “Capitalize freely,” the other, to “Use capitals -sparingly.” The “Directions” are sometimes quite minute, almost -microscopic; still, it is the duty of the proof-reader to follow them -into the very extremities of their littleness. One writer says, “Put -up ‘eastern,’ ‘western,’ etc., in such cases as this: ‘The purple finch -sometimes passes the cold season in Eastern {p67} Massachusetts, and -even in Northern New Hampshire’”; another directs, “Put compass-points -down, as ‘In northern Nevada.’” If the office style is “Hudson and -Connecticut Rivers,” a direction will be sent in thus: “In all my work, -print ‘Weber and Sevier rivers,’ ‘Phalan’s and Johanna lakes’—not -Lakes.” One author wants “VIII-inch gun and 64-pounder”; another looks -upon this as numerically and typographically erroneous, and insists -on an “8-inch gun and a LXIV-pounder”; still another prefers arabic -figures throughout, and prints an “8-inch gun and 64-pounder”; yet -another likes best the first of the above styles, but wishes a period -placed after the roman numerals, so it shall read, an “VIII.-inch gun”; -one more dislikes “double pointing,” and would retain the period, but -strike out the hyphen. “In my novel, spell ‘Marquise De Gabriac’ with a -big D, and ‘Madame de Sparre’ with a little ‘d.’” - -With hundreds of Reports and reports from Institutions and -institutions, from Departments and departments, from Bureaus and -bureaus, trials at law, equity cases, interference cases, Revised -Statutes, and thousands of documents, all as anxious to attract the -public eye as ever Mr. Riddleberger was to catch the Speaker’s, and -rushing compositors and proof-readers and steam-presses with a dizzying -velocity which almost prohibits nicety of execution, it were far wiser -for authors and copyists to attend carefully to the legibility and -accuracy of their manuscripts, than to send to the printer blundering -haphazard pages, accompanied with directions running counter {p68} to -what the writers themselves have exhibited in their manuscripts. - -We recollect that a printer once received a manuscript accompanied -with minute directions, extending even to syllabication. It was given -out to the compositors, and a rough manuscript it was; one found in -his take, “One Spanish Mc Krel” and “One caperamber,”—as he and the -others in his chapel read the words,—conundrums which after hard study -of characteristics and comparison of letters were, by an ingenious old -typographic Champollion, solved as “One Spanish mackerel” and “One -café-au-lait.” - -If Gunther’s “Catalogue of Fishes, British Museum” is to be written, -it is proper to abbreviate it to “Gunther’s Cat. Fish., Brit. Mus.” An -author who undertook so to write it, jammed the Cat. close to the Fish, -and placed the first period above the line. He should not have been -surprised when he read in his proof-sheet, “Gunther’s Cat-Fish., Brit. -Mus.”,—which, although apparently according to copy, was not “according -to Gunther.” - -The use of commas and other pause-marks is to bring out the sense, -and when capitals will subserve the same purpose it is well to use -them also,—whether one finds a printed Rule directing it or not. Thus -Stedman writes: - - “In his verse, Emerson’s spiritual philosophy and laws of conduct - appear again, but transfigured. Always the idea of Soul, central and - pervading, of which Nature’s forms are but the created symbols. As in - his early discourse he recognized {p69} two entities, Nature and the - Soul, so to the last he believed Art to be simply the union of Nature - with man’s will—Thought symbolizing itself by Nature’s aid.” - - -Names of States and Territories, when following names of cities, towns, -and post-offices, are usually contracted; as: - - Savannah, Ga.; Brunswick, Me.; San Diego, Cal.; New Orleans, La.; - Plymouth, Mass. - -But in any other connection, names of States and Territories are -spelled in full; as: - - Mendocino County, California. We crossed Nevada Territory. We visited - Luray Cave, Virginia. - - -In an office where the employees are accustomed to the above rules, -absolute uniformity would be attainable, if it were not for the -interference of specialists. If, from such office, a book is issued -in which you find “Richmond, Virginia,” and, farther on, “Richmond, -Va.,” you may be sure that a “direction” to “spell out, in all cases, -names of States and Territories” accompanied the manuscript; that one -reader, mindful, as it happened, of the important direction, spelled -“Virginia,” while another, from force of habit, followed the office -style, and made no change from the customary “Va.”; and you may further -conclude, that the author of the work, when examining the proof-sheets, -had himself become oblivious of the direction he had given. - -We have known more than forty special directions {p70} to be sent to -a printing-office with the manuscript copy of one book. An author may -fancy that numerous minute rulings will ensure uniformity and beauty to -his book; but the chances of discrepancy and mistake are increased in -direct ratio to the number of such of his rulings as run counter to the -office style. His “more requires less,” but produces “more.” - -{p71} - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -PUNCTUATION. - - -Printers and proof-readers are to take for granted, that, in every -work which falls under their supervision, the proper agreement between -thought and expression has been effected by the author. He alone has -the right to change the words and their collocation; and, if fairly -punctuated, the manuscript should be closely followed, word for word, -and point for point. - -Every person who writes for the press should punctuate his work -presentably; but—since the majority of writers are inattentive to -punctuation—custom and convenience, if not necessity, have thrown upon -the compositor and proof-reader the task of inserting in their proper -places the grammatical points, and such other points and marks as shall -assist a reader in obtaining a ready apprehension of the author’s -meaning. These are the period (.), the colon (:), the semicolon (;), -the comma (,), the note of interrogation (?), the note of exclamation -(!), the parenthesis ( ), and the dash (—). - -Besides these principal characters, there are other marks and signs -used in writing and printing,—the hyphen (‐), the apostrophe (’), and -others; all which may be found in the concluding division of {p72} -this chapter, numbered VIII., and should be referred to as occasion -may require. - -Books which treat of English grammar speak of four of the points -in common use—to wit, the period, the colon, the semicolon, and -the comma—as “grammatical” points; while the dash, the note of -interrogation, the note of exclamation, and the parenthesis are -classified as “rhetorical,”—being used to indicate various effects -produced in conversation by changes in the tone of the voice. But as -“English grammar is the art of speaking and writing [or printing] the -English language with propriety,” and as all points and marks in the -printer’s case are necessary to printing with propriety, it is not -essential in this work to make the distinctions alluded to above. Nor -shall we treat at length, if at all, of technical marks not in common -use; as, for instance, signs used in algebra and chemistry, and in -various arts and sciences. These can be referred to, should occasion -require, in handbooks, and in Webster’s Dictionary, pp. 1864–68, or in -Worcester’s, pp. 1773–75. - -Our school-books used to tell us, that at the period we should stop -long enough to count four; at the colon, three; at the semicolon, -two; at the comma, one. But pauses vary in length, as readers and -speakers wish to affect or impress their hearers: hence reporters of -speeches and orations sometimes—finding ordinary points and marks -insufficient—insert, in brackets, some comment indicating that there -was a pause made which outreached the time {p73} allowed for an -ordinary period. We listened in April, 1861, to a speech by Wendell -Phillips, in which, at the close of one sentence, the orator paused -long enough to count ten or twelve; the reporters at that place -inserted in brackets the words “[An impressive pause].”[7] To denote -by distinctive characters every possible length of pause would require -an infinitude of signs, types, and cases. We must therefore do the -best we can with the few points now in use, leaving much to the taste -of authors, printers, and readers. Still, the immense advantage -modern students have over those of ancient times is made obvious -by a comparison of antique and modern writings,—for punctuation is -comparatively a modern affair, whose origin and changes it will be both -useful and interesting to trace,—and in doing this, we shall endeavor -to avoid the charge of prolixity, by condensing into brief space -information gained from a variety of sources. - - [7] “There is only one thing those cannon shot in the harbor of - Charleston settle,—that there never can be a compromise. . . . During - these long and weary weeks we have waited to hear the Northern - conscience assert its purpose. It comes at last. [An impressive - pause.] Massachusetts blood has consecrated the pavements of - Baltimore, and those stones are now too sacred to be trodden by - slaves.” - -The most ancient Greek manuscript known is among the papyri of the -Louvre. It is a work on astronomy, and is indorsed with deeds of 165 -and 164 B.C. This has “a certain sort of separation of words.” In -a copy of Homer, written B.C., a wedge-shaped sign > is inserted -“between the beginnings of {p74} lines” to mark a new passage. But even -these marks were soon lost sight of; subsequent Greek and Latin writing -runs on continuously without distinction of words. In the fifth century -of our era, the fourth verse of the Second Epistle of John was thus -written: - - τεκνωνσουπεριπατουν - τασεναληθειακαθωσεντο - ληνελαβομεναποτουπρς (The πρς a contraction for πατρος.) - -In Greek MSS. this method continued until the fourteenth century. - - HOWTHEANCIENTSREADTHEIRWORKSWRITTENIN - THISMANNERITISNOTEASYTOCONCEIVE - -St. Jerome (A.D. 324–420) wrote a Latin version of the Bible—“the -foundation of the Vulgate”—“per _cola_ et _commata_”; not with colons -and commas as we understand those words, but by a stichometric -arrangement,—dividing the text into short sentences or lines, according -to the sense, chiefly with a view to a better understanding of the -meaning, and a better delivery in public reading. It is not until the -latter part of the seventh century that there is some separation of -words in Latin MSS. In the later Latin (eighth century) the full point -in various positions was introduced,—being placed on a level with the -top, bottom, or middle of the letters,—as the students of “Andrews and -Stoddard” are well aware. In still later MSS. in small letter, the full -point on the line or high was first used; then the comma and {p75} -semicolon; and the inverted semicolon (؛), whose power was stronger -than the comma. - -In early Irish and English MSS., separation of words is quite -consistently followed; and in these the common mark of punctuation was -the full point, while to denote the final stop or period one or two -points with a comma (..,) were used. - -Contractions were much used in ancient MSS. to save time and labor. -Some of these were denoted by a semicolon ; as b; = bus; q; = que; vi; -= videlicet,—this character, in cursive writing, readily became a _z_, -whence we have our viz = videlicet. - -The Roman numerals in ancient texts were placed between full points; -e.g., .CXL., to prevent confusion. - -Punctuation remained very uncertain until the end of the fifteenth -century, when the Manutii, three generations of printers,—the -elder (1450–1515) the most learned, skillful, and energetic of the -three,—increased the number of points, and made rules for their -application; and these were so generally adopted, that Aldus Manutius -and his son and grandson may be considered inventors of the present -system of punctuation, notwithstanding it has been changed, and perhaps -improved upon, since their time,—notably in the use of the colon. -But scholars differ so widely in some respects as to the insertion -of commas, as well as other points, that not many rules are as yet -absolutely fixed. - -Modern writers tell us that “points are used to mark the _sense_ -rather than the _pauses_.” We would {p76} substitute “as well as” -for “rather.” In writing from dictation we place points where the -_dictator_ makes pauses; and in reading we make pauses where the writer -has put the points. For example, note the difference in sense and -pause, according as the comma is placed before or after “to the end,” -in the following sentence: - - I have advised the Attorney-General to read this letter to the end, - that he may see precisely how this matter will affect public interest. - - I have advised the Attorney-General to read this letter, to the end - that he may see precisely how this matter will affect public interest. - -Murray’s large octavo English Grammar and countless common-school -grammars, from Murray’s time to the present day, contain rules for -aiding students and writers to decide where points, and what points, -should be placed. These are of great utility, and every young person -should familiarize himself with them as found, briefly stated, in books -now in use. It should be borne in mind, however, that a close and -slavish adherence to stated forms, without ascertaining their bearings -in individual cases, tends to becloud the judgment, and may cause -an author’s meaning to be obscured, or even concealed, rather than -elucidated. - -In books issued by different houses will be found great diversity in -the manner of pointing similar and even the same sentences; and some -part of what we have called “style” results from the effort of a {p77} -house to be consistent with itself, and to establish a uniformity -among its own issues. - -The rules given in this chapter, and the observations accompanying -them, are mainly the results of our own training and experience as -compositor and proof-reader at different periods, covering in the -aggregate more than twenty years. To bring out by punctuation the -sense of difficult and involved sentences—which are of frequent -occurrence—requires close attention and careful study,—attention not -the less close, nor study the less careful, because prompted by the -necessity of immediate practical application. - -As all rules suitable to guide human conduct lie folded up in the -golden rule, so all rules for pointing sentences are embraced in -this: Punctuate so as to bring out the author’s meaning. And by their -consonance with this great rule all special rules must be judged. Yet -in this, as in all other matters, men disagree in their judgments; and -we must be content in our diversities, until the academy desiderated by -the “Spectator” shall have become an actual institution, invested with -a _quasi_ grammatical infallibility. - -For instance, as to placing a comma between a nominative phrase or -sentence and the predicate, the best authorities differ. Wilson’s rule -is,— - - “No point or pause-mark is admissible between the subject or - nominative and the predicate, . . . .” - -The “Practical Grammar,” by S. W. Clark, A.M., published by A. S. -Barnes & Co., New York, gives the following rule: {p78} - - “A phrase or sentence used as the subject of a verb, requires a comma - between it and the verb.” - -Of course the examples under the rule exhibit a corresponding -difference. - - “To be totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real defect in - character.”—_Wilson._ - - “To do good to others, constitutes an important object of - existence.”—_Clark._ - -Ingersoll’s Grammar (Portland, 1828) and Kerl’s—which last is now -very extensively used—agree with Clark. Both have the same example as -Wilson, but pointed as follows:— - - “To be totally indifferent to praise or censure, is a real defect in - character.” - -Goold Brown (Grammar of Grammars) inserts the comma. Cobbett’s Grammar -omits it. - -Take up the first dozen books that come to hand, and you will find -diversity of practice. - - “The influences which Atterbury had fostered long lingered in the - precincts.”—_Stanley’s Westminster Abbey._ - - “The distinction between transcendental and transcendent, is observed - by our elder divines and philosophers.”—_Coleridge’s Biographia._ - - “The interruption of friendly relations between England and Spain was - the fault . . . of the Emperor.”—_Froude’s England._ - -The better method is to omit the comma, except in those cases where -its insertion would prevent ambiguity; as in the quotation above, from -Stanley, where there should have been a comma after “fostered”; {p79} -as it stands, the word “long” may qualify either the word before or -after it. - -So, if you examine any number of volumes with reference to placing a -comma before _and_, _or_, or _nor_, when three or more words, in the -same category, are connected,—in some you will find “Faith, and hope, -and charity”; in others, “Faith and hope and charity.” We have just met -with the following lines in a well-known paper: - - “Round and round the atoms fly, - Turf, and stone, and sea, and sky.” - -Wilson’s example is (p. 38),— - - “Let us freely drink in the soul of love and beauty and - wisdom from all nature and art and history.” - -In view of these and similar differences of practice, and contradiction -of rules, one is tempted to say that it is of no moment whether the -commas are inserted or not. But, leaving “style” out of the question, -a proof-reader should endeavor to have a reason for every omission -he allows, and for every insertion he makes. We advise him, then, in -the first place to note which method seems required by the golden -rule of elucidating the meaning; then consider, further, if the -sentence already contains commas, whether inserting more would offend -the eye. Let him decide each case on its own merits; leaning, when -in doubt, in favor of such grammatical rule as he may have adopted. -But use judgment; for the most precise grammarians lay down pages of -exceptions; and Cobbett (Grammar, Letter XIV.) cannot be gainsaid when -{p80} he writes, “It is evident, that, in many cases, the use of the -comma must depend upon taste.” - -When a phrase or clause, in its nature parenthetic, is quite closely -connected with the parts of the sentence in which it is placed, the -insertion of the comma before and after such phrase or clause “must -depend upon taste.” The former comma especially, may often be omitted -(see Obs. 10, under Rule 16, _post_). If the commas are inserted, we -have a specimen of what is called “close pointing”; if omitted, we have -“liberal pointing.” - -Close pointing prevails in almost all publications except law-work, -and in all doubtful cases puts in the comma. Liberal pointing, on the -other hand, omits the points except when absolutely necessary to avoid -ambiguity. - -A middle course, retaining the spirit rather than adhering to the -letter of the rules, will be found the safest. When, as will often -be the case, a passage occurs, the meaning of which varies with the -insertion or omission of a comma, while it would be grammatical either -way, the compositor should _follow the copy_; the proof-reader should -mark the passages with his quære; but if he first notices the fault -when reading the press-proof, he should suffer it to stand as the -author left it, letting all responsibility remain where it rightfully -belongs. - -Abbreviated words, besides the period denoting their abbreviation, -require the same pointing as if they were spelled in full. Thus “Jno. -Smith, Esq., of Worcester; Abel Soane, M.D.; and James Doe, {p81} -LL.D.,—were appointed a comm. to take care of books, docs., etc., -etc.,” has the same pointing as “John Smith, Esquire, of Worcester; -Abel Soane, Doctor of Medicine; and James Doe, Doctor of Laws,—were -appointed a committee to take care of books, documents, and so forth, -and so forth.” But in some classes of work, as Directories, Catalogues -of books, Genealogies, and where titles and abbreviations are of -frequent occurrence, double pointing may be partially avoided by -omitting the comma after a period which denotes an abbreviation. - - -Neatness requires the omission of the comma before leaders; thus, - - John Roe . . . . . . . . New Orleans. - James Doe. . . . . . . . San Francisco. - -is more pleasing to the eye than - - John Roe, . . . . . . . . New Orleans. - James Doe, . . . . . . . San Francisco. - -Preambles to resolutions and laws are usually begun with “Whereas.” -After this word a comma is sometimes heedlessly inserted, although the -introductory word is not followed by a parenthetic clause. We append -the most improved forms for punctuating and capitalizing preambles, -resolves, and provisos: - - Whereas the present national interest in the matter of the American - fisheries has, &c.—_Cong. Record, July, 11, 1888._ - - Whereas, owing to the sudden demise of the secretary, no notice was - given of the receipts of the plans, etc.: - - _Resolved_, That the whole matter be referred to a committee: - _Provided_, [or _Provided however_,] That the whole expense shall not - exceed, etc. {p82} - -The semicolon should be placed before _as_, in an enumeration of -particulars following a general statement; thus: - - Many proper names admit of convenient contractions; as Jno., Wm., - Benj., Jas., Chas. - -But when _as_ is not preceded by a general or formal statement, no -point is necessary unless _as_ is followed by a parenthetic clause; as: - - Such names as John, Benjamin, William, admit of convenient - contractions. - - Some fishes, as, for instance, the cod, delight in cold baths, and are - never found in water above 40° Fahr., unless in care of the cook. - -But in liberal pointing, the commas before and after “for instance” -would be omitted. - -In regard to the points or marks connected with “viz.,” “namely,” -and “to wit,” the punctuation varies according to the structure -of the sentences in which they occur; but this does not prevent a -publishing-house from having a style of its own. It is interesting to -note the varieties which different offices present. We annex a few -examples, which may be serviceable; to wit: - - “Sussex Co., Del., July 5, 1776. We are sorry to say, that it is - our opinion that they (viz: the enemies of the war) are not better - affected than they were before the troops came.”—_Am. Archives_, 5th - series, Vol. 1, p. 10. - - I never depended on him for any men, or for any participation in the - Georgia Campaign. Soon after, viz., May 8th, that department was - transferred, etc.—_Memoirs Gen. Sherman._ {p83} - - There is one case in which it is never right to do this; viz., when - the opposite party, etc.—_Cavendish’s style._ - - The library is open every secular day throughout the year, except the - legal holidays, viz.,—Washington’s Birthday, Fast Day, Decoration Day, - Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.—_Brookline, - Mass., Pub. Lib. Report, 1887._ - - Seven of the bishops lived to be over 80—viz. Llandaff 84, Winchester - 84, etc.—_Nineteenth Century, March, ’88._ - - Woburn has a population of about 12,000, grouped at four principal - centers: namely, Woburn Centre, about 8000, etc.—_Mass. Drainage Comm._ - - The Dawes bill deals with two subjects only, namely, the ownership of - land and citizenship.—_N. A. Review, March, ’88._ - - This, then, is the upshot of the second part of the law, namely: (1) - that all to whom land is patented become at once citizens of the - United States; (2) that all, etc.—_ib._ - - There are four seasons, namely: spring, summer, autumn, winter. - - Four administrative areas are thus created: two primary areas—namely, - counties at large, and boroughs of 100,000 inhabitants and - upwards.—_Nineteenth Century Maga._ - - Annapolis, June 25, 1776. That four battalions be instantly raised - . . . . each company to consist of ninety men, to wit: one captain, - two lieutenants, etc.—_Am. Archives._ - -When _viz._ or _namely_ or _as follows_ ends a paragraph, the colon -is commonly inserted; but the dash or comma-dash or colon-dash may -sometimes be noticed,—it is a matter of office style. (See Punctuation, -Rule 8, _post_.) - -But if, referring to a succeeding sentence or paragraph, the words “the -following” or “as follows” appear, the sentence in which they occur -should be closed with the colon or colon-dash, as in the following -examples: {p84} - - The description given of the English Nonconformists in many pages - that stand for history, is as follows: That they started forth under - a well-settled order of constitution and discipline of the Church of - England, etc.—_Ellis’s Puritan Age._ - - Mr. Faulkner, from the Committee on Pensions, to whom were referred - the following bills, reported them severally without amendment, and - submitted reports thereon: - - A bill (H. R. 10318) granting a pension to Mary C. Davis; and - - A bill (H. R. 8400) to place the name of John J. Mitchell on the - pension-roll.—_Congressional Record, July 22, ’88._ - -The hyphen is used to connect the parts of a compound word; to show the -divisions of words into syllables; it is placed at the end of a line -when a word is not finished; and it is sometimes placed between vowels, -to show that they belong to different syllables (as “co-ordinate”). In -regard to its use in compound words great diversity exists; and the -proof-reader can have, as we believe, no fixed system which will apply -to all varieties of work. In specifications for bridges, buildings, -etc., the better way is to avoid compounding; for, in everything -of that kind, one will find so many “door-sills,” “newel-posts,” -“stair-balusters,” “pulley-stiles,” etc., that if he begin marking -in the hyphens he will scarcely make an end of it, and many hyphens -sadly deform a page: better put “door knobs,” “window frames,” “stair -nosings,” etc., omitting hyphens. - -Here, too, the dictionaries can scarcely be said to assist, if they -do not even mislead. Worcester has “brickwork,” “brasswork,” without -hyphens; {p85} “wood-work,” “iron-work,” with them. “Greenhouse” is -closed up, while “school-house” is not; “wood-house” has a hyphen, -“almshouse” has none. (Wilson writes “schoolhouse.”) Webster has -“brick-work” with the hyphen, “woodwork” without it,—just reversing -Worcester. Again, Worcester writes, “humblebee” and “bumblebee”: -Webster, under B, has “bumble-bee, . . . . sometimes called -humble-bee”; and, under H, writes “humblebee, . . . . often called -bumblebee,” apparently forgetful of his previous hyphens. - -To search for authority, then, in the matter of compounding words, -will avail next to nothing. In a volume containing “School Committees’ -Reports,”—and certainly school committees ought to know many things,—we -find “blackboard” and “black-board”; and, on one page, “schoolbooks,” -“schoolkeeping,” “schoolmaster,” “school-houses,” “school-checks.” -“Semi-annual” is frequently printed with the hyphen, according to -Webster; but Worcester, omitting the hyphen, has “semiannual.” - -Thus it appears, that, in regard to compounding (by which we mean -inserting the hyphen between the parts of a compound word), the -proof-reader is left to his own discretion, and can do very much as -he pleases. He should, however, adopt some method by which he can -approximate to uniformity in his own work; for as to agreeing with -anybody else, that is out of the question. - -Perhaps as good a rule as can be laid down on this subject is to -close up the word when {p86} compounding changes the accentuation; -otherwise, insert the hyphen. Thus, “Quartermaster” has a different -accentuation from the two words “quarter master”; therefore make one -word of it, without the hyphen. “Head-assistant” is accented like -the two words “head assistant,”—therefore insert the hyphen. By this -rule “schoolhouse” and “blackboard” should be severally closed up; -“salt-mine” takes the hyphen,—“saltsea” (adjective) does not. - -The word “tree,” with a prefix indicating the kind, should be -compounded; as “oak-tree,” “forest-tree,” “pine-tree,” etc. (Webster -has a hyphen in “whiffle-tree,” Worcester prints “whiffletree.”) - -“Cast-iron” and “wrought-iron” are usually compounded, and should -always be so when used as adjectives; as “cast-iron pillars,” -“wrought-iron boilers.” - -“Temple-street place” (or “Place,” according to style), “Suffolk-street -District,” “Pemberton-square School,” are quite correct; the hyphen is -too frequently omitted in such cases. - -The words _ex officio_ do not require a hyphen, but some very reputable -offices insert it. - -Hyphens are sometimes used to indicate grotesque pronunciation, as in -the following couplet from “Rejected Addresses”: - - “In borrowed luster seemed to sham - The rose and red sweet Will-i-am.” - -When two words connected by a conjunction are severally compound parts -of a following word, the hyphen is omitted; as: {p87} - - We use cast and wrought iron pillars. - I have pruned my peach and apple trees. - -Some authors follow the German style, inserting the hyphens; thus: - - We use cast- and wrought-iron pillars. - I have pruned my peach- and apple-trees. - -But this style is rare. - -Precision requires that hyphens should be inserted in fractions -expressed in words; as “one-half,” “three-fifths,” etc. - - How many oranges are seven and three fourths oranges? - -There being no hyphen in the above example, the “seven” and “three” -are in the same category as “peach” and “apple” in the last previous -example. The answer is ten-fourths, or 2½. - -If “seven” is meant to express a whole number, a hyphen should be -inserted after “three.” - - -A prolific source of trouble in correcting is wrong syllabication when -it is thought necessary to carry part of a word to the succeeding line. -Neither the English method of dividing on vowels, where this can be -conveniently done, nor the American method of dividing on syllables, -obtains exclusively in this country. Convenience, and the desire of -spacing in such a manner as to make the lines look well, frequently -determine the dividing letter; so that, in the same work, you may find -“pro-perty” and “prop-erty,” “trea-sure” and “treas-ure.” In a recent -English work, we note the following divisions: {p88} Pre-bendaries, -mea-sure, pre-decessors, supre-macy, the Re-formation, pro-perty, -theo-logy, bre-thren, pre-paration. - -But the division on the syllable is the mode most generally practiced -in the United States, and we must, however reluctantly, adhere to it as -closely as possible, until a convention of publishers shall sanction -the adoption of the English usage. Our authorities close the first -syllable of “fa-ther” on the _a_, of “moth-er” on the _th_, so that, -practically, the latter word should not be divided at all; the English -printer, without hesitation, places the hyphen after the _a_ and the -_o_ respectively. - -As to the word “discrepancy” there is a discrepancy. Webster accents -the second syllable, and divides “discrep-ancy”; while Worcester -accents the first syllable, and divides “discre-pancy.” In this, -printers and readers must be governed by the “style” of the work upon -which they are engaged. - -One of the most frequently recurring errors noticed in reading first -proof is the placing of an _s_ at the end of a line when it should -have been carried over. Corres-pondence, des-cribe, des-cription, -Aus-tralian, are wrong, and are corrected daily; and their reappearance -proves that in this, as in weightier matters, “error is wrought by want -of thought.” - -In newspapers, or any work which is to be read once and then cast -aside, the carrying over of an _ed_ or _ly_, or any other syllable of -two letters, may perhaps be tolerated; but in bookwork such a division -is inexcusable, except in side-notes, or when the {p89} measure is -very narrow. To avoid extremely wide or thin spacing, and to escape -the trouble and expense of overrunning pages already imposed, it must -be considered admissible, in certain cases, to carry over a consonant -preceding the final syllable _ed_; as, expec-ted, divi-ded. We state -this with some misgivings; but, as we have known it to be done by -excellent readers and skillful printers, even by John Wilson himself, -of blessed memory, we lay it down as allowable in extreme cases. -Theories are elastic,—are expansible and compressible; but types of -metal have set dimensions of extension, and, in some circumstances, -absolutely refuse to budge,—wherefore theories must gracefully yield, -and allow, it may be, a two-letter division even in wide measure. Types -are tyrannical, and will sometimes perpetrate solecisms under the plea -of necessity. - -An author can sometimes much improve the appearance of a page, by -slight changes in the phraseology. - -A good compositor studies to avoid divisions. Some printers, rather -than divide a word, will justify a line by separating the words with -two three-em spaces. But no arbitrary rule can be laid down in this -regard. A well-spaced page with several divided words looks much better -than a page unevenly spaced in which no divisions occur. The number of -hyphens occurring in succession at the end of the lines on any page, -should never exceed three. - - -In manuscript the dash occurs more frequently than any other mark of -punctuation, many writers {p90} using it as a substitute for every -other point. This habit very much retards the compositor in his task; -for, as we have already intimated, he feels obliged to study the sense -of his copy, and to waste his valuable time in considering how he shall -best supply those aids to meaning which the author has rejected, and -without which any work would be wholly unpresentable. - -That the author of the paragraph quoted below pointed it with perfect -accuracy before sending it to press, does not admit of a doubt. For the -nonce, however, we will, with his leave, punctuate the passage in the -manner in which the compositor frequently finds passages pointed on his -“takes”; thus: - - “It has been said—and—no doubt—truthfully—that the smartest boys - do not go to college. Yet—it is evident—to every one competent to - judge—that the ablest men have been at college.” - -With so many dashes before him, it would not be strange if the -compositor were to retain some of them; and the proof might, perhaps, -appear as follows: - - “It has been said—and no doubt truthfully—that the smartest boys do - not go to college. Yet it is evident to every one competent to judge, - that the ablest men have been at college.” - -This is much improved; and, if we substitute commas for the dashes in -the first sentence, the punctuation may be considered unobjectionable. - -Beginners at the “case” are often puzzled in regard to the insertion of -commas before the dashes which {p91} inclose a parenthetic clause. To -decide this point, it is enough to notice whether or not a comma would -be used, were the parenthetic clause omitted. This, we think, will be -readily understood by reference to the following examples: - - “It was necessary not only that Christianity should assume a standard - absolutely perfect, but that it should apply a perfect law to those - complex and infinitely diversified cases which arise when law is - violated.” - -Now, if a parenthetic clause is inserted before the word “but,” the -comma should be retained, and another placed at the end of the inserted -clause; thus: - - “It was necessary, not only that Christianity should assume a standard - absolutely perfect,—which, however far from anything that man has ever - done, would be comparatively easy,—but that it should apply a perfect - law,” etc. - -If there is no comma where the clause is to be inserted, dashes alone -should be used: - - “In the completed volume of the third report, the countries wherein - education has received the most attention are treated of at length.” - -If a parenthetic clause be inserted after “countries,”—where there is -no comma,—only dashes are required; thus: - - “In the completed volume of the third report, the countries—Prussia, - for instance—wherein education has received the most attention are - treated of at length.” - -A thin space should be placed before, and also after, a dash. - -If a parenthesis is inserted in a part of a sentence {p92} where no -point is required, no point should be placed before or after the marks -of parenthesis. - - “By living sparingly, and according to the dictates of reason, in less - than a year I found myself (some persons, perhaps, will not believe - it) entirely freed from all my complaints.”—_Cornaro._ - -As a general rule, if the parenthesis occur after a punctuated clause, -the point should be placed after the latter mark of parenthesis. - - “Popham’s monument, by the intercession of his wife’s friends (who had - interest at Court), was left in St. John’s Chapel on condition either - of erasing the inscription, or turning it inwards.” - - “Artist: Kneller (1723). Architects: Taylor (1788); Chambers (1796); - Wyatt (1813).” - - “Antiquities of St. Peter’s, by J. Crull (usually signed J. C.).” - -If a parenthesis which closes with a note of exclamation or -interrogation is inserted where a point occurs, that point should -precede the first mark of parenthesis. - - “Where foresight and good morals exist, (and do they not here?) the - taxes do not stand in the way of an industrious man’s comforts.” - - “He directed the letter to Gnat Smith, (spelling Nat with a G!) and - deposited it in a fire-alarm box.” - -An exclamation point is often found preceding the first mark of -parenthesis. - - “Ay, here now! (exclaimed the Critic,) here come Coleridge’s - metaphysics!”—_Biographia Literaria._ - - “I am, sir, sensible”—“Hear! Hear!” (they cheer him.) {p93} - -When a parenthesis occurs within a parenthesis, brackets should be -substituted for the first and last parenthetic marks. - - “As for the other party [I mean (do not misunderstand me) the original - inventor], he was absent from the country, at that time.” - -“Brackets are generally used . . . to inclose an explanation, note, or -observation, standing by itself.”—_Parker’s Aids._ - -A short comment inserted in a paragraph by a reviewer is placed in -brackets. - - “The sacks were badly eaten by rags [so in the affidavit], and the - almonds had run out.” - -In transcripts of trials at law, brackets are used to inclose -statements of things done in court, which things would not appear in a -report of the verbal proceedings alone; as,— - - “_Ans._ About a quarter past ten, he came into my shop, and picked out - a cane. . . . . - - “_Gore._ Of what wood was it made? - - “_Ans._ It was a good piece of hickory—heavy for hickory. . . . . - - “[The stick was handed to the witness, who declared it to be the same - he had sold Mr. Charles Austin.] - - “_Gore._ What sticks had he usually bought of you?”—_Trial of - Selfridge._ - -Whether the words in brackets should also be in italics is a matter of -style. In the following passage from the same report, italics are used: -{p94} - - “_Gore._ [_Showing the fracture of the hat on the fore-part._] Is not - that the fore-part of the hat, as this leather [_that on the hinder - part_] marks the part of the hat that is worn behind?” - -For inserting commas or other points after, before, or within brackets, -the same rules apply as in case of marks of parenthesis. - - -Whether when a noun singular terminates in _s_, its possessive case -requires an additional _s_ is yet an open question. We have no -hesitation in giving an affirmative answer, especially in the case of -proper names. If Mr. Adams were to manufacture ale, one might, perhaps, -from prohibitory considerations, advise him to advertise it as “Adams’ -ale”; but should Mr. Adams have no fear of the law, he would avoid -all misunderstanding by calling it “Adams’s ale.” It may be objected -that the position of the apostrophe makes the matter sufficiently -clear without the additional _s_. Yes,—to the eye; but to the ear the -propriety of the additional _s_ becomes very apparent. “Jacob’s pillow” -and “Jacobs’s pillow” may be of very different materials. But, to avoid -too much sibilation, we read “for conscience’ sake,” “for goodness’ -sake,” etc. - - -The apostrophe, with _s_ subjoined, is used to denote the plural of -letters and figures. - - “The discipline which is imposed by proving that some _x_’s are - some _y_’s, and that other _x_’s are all _y_’s, will enable you to - pulverize any hot-headed deacon who may hereafter attempt to prove - that you had better be looking out for another pastorate.”—_Ad - Clerum._ - - “This 7 differs from the other 7’s.” {p95} - -The apostrophe may be used in denoting the plural whenever its use will -assist in avoiding obscurity. - - “The children called loudly for their pa’s and ma’s.” - -For convenient reference we append a series of rules and examples, -which, we think, will be found useful by teachers and scholars, and our -friends of the press. - -{p96} - - - - -RULES OF PUNCTUATION. - - -I. PERIOD, OR FULL POINT. - - -1. The period is used at the end of every complete sentence which is -not interrogative or exclamatory. - - -2. Sentences interrogative and exclamatory in form, sometimes take the -period. - - Will you call at my office, say on Tuesday next, or whenever - you happen to be in town, and much oblige— - Yours truly, JOHN SMITH. - - How much better it is, considering the saving of distance to - the pupils, that two small schoolhouses should be built, rather - than one large one. - - -3. The period is put after initials when used alone; also after -abbreviations. - - J. Q. Adams. Supt. of R. R. A. M. - - -4. Place a period before decimals, and between pounds and shillings. - - The French meter is 3.2808992 feet. - £24. 6_s._ 8_d._ 5.75 miles. - - -5. A period should always be put after roman numerals, except when used -in the paging of prefaces, etc. - - George III. came to the throne in 1760. - -OBSERVATION 1. In many modern works the period is omitted; as,— - - William I made a mistake. - -There being no comma after “William,” it is supposed to be obvious that -the mistake was made by William the First. The insertion or omission of -the period is becoming wholly a matter of printing-office style. {p97} - - -II. COLON. - - -6. A colon is put at the end of a clause complete in sense, when -something follows which tends to make the sense fuller or clearer. -(_See_ Rules 9 and 13.) - - There is yet another sphere for the electric motor to fill: that of - street railway propulsion.—_N. A. Review; April, 1888._ - - In free states no man should take up arms, but with a view to defend - his country and its laws: he puts off the citizen when he enters - the camp; but it is because he is a citizen, and would continue to - be so, that he makes himself for a while a soldier.—_Blackstone’s - Commentaries, Book I., Ch. 13._ - - -7. The last of several clauses that introduce a concluding remark or -sentiment should be followed by a colon, if the preceding clauses have -been punctuated with semicolons. - - A pickpocket in every car; a cheat at every station; every third - switch on the road misplaced; the danger of being hurled from the - track, and then burned alive: these considerations prevent my - traveling on the railroad of which you speak. - -OBS. 2. In examples like the above, a very common and perhaps better -method is to put a comma and dash in place of the colon. The colon is -neater, but more old-fashioned. (See second example under Rule 10.) - - -8. The colon is commonly used whenever an example, a quotation, or a -speech is introduced. - - The Scriptures give us an amiable representation of the Deity in these - words: “God is love.” - -OBS. 3. Modern writers, instead of the colon, mostly use the semicolon, -dash, or period. Our first example, under Rule 9,—with a colon -substituted for the semicolon,—might with propriety have been placed -under Rule 6. We prefer the semicolon, however; {p98} and if the -word _for_ were inserted in the example mentioned, the colon would be -inadmissible: - - “Let there be no strife between theology and science; for there need - be none.” - -In reprinting old works, the colon should be carefully retained, as -essential to a clear understanding of them. - -The colon is generally placed after _as follows_, _the following_, -_in these words_, _thus_, or any other word or phrase which formally -introduces something; and when the matter introduced forms a distinct -paragraph, the colon may or may not be followed by a dash, as the style -of the author or office may require. - - -III. SEMICOLON. - - -9. When two or more clauses of a sentence are not so closely connected -as to admit the use of a comma, a semicolon is used. - - Let there be no strife between theology and science; there need be - none. - - Wisdom hath builded her house; she hath hewn out her seven pillars; - she hath killed her beasts; she hath mingled her wine; she hath also - furnished her table. - - -10. When a number of particulars depend on an introductory or a -final clause, such particulars may be separated from each other by a -semicolon. - - There are three difficulties in authorship: to write anything worth - the publishing; to get honest men to publish it; and to get sensible - men to read it. - - To present a general view of the whole Vedic literature; to define its - extent; to divide it into well-distinguished classes of writings; to - portray the circumstances of their origin, and the stage of cultural - development which they represent; and to explain the method of their - preservation and transmission to us,—were some of the objects which - Müller had in view. {p99} - - -11. Loosely connected clauses of a sentence should be separated by -semicolons, if those clauses or any of them are subdivided by commas. - - As the rays of the sun, notwithstanding their velocity, injure not - the eye by reason of their minuteness; so the attacks of envy, - notwithstanding their number, ought not to wound our virtue by reason - of their insignificance. - -OBS. 4. In the first sentence of the following example, a comma between -the clauses is sufficient, because there are no points in the clauses; -but the second sentence may serve to illustrate Rules 11 and 12: - - As there are some faults that have been termed faults on the right - side, so there are some errors that might be denominated errors on the - safe side. Thus, we seldom regret having been too mild, too cautious, - or too humble; but we often repent having been too violent, too - precipitate, or too proud. - - -12. When two clauses not closely dependent on each other, are connected -by _but_, _for_, _and_, or some similar connective, they are separated -by a semicolon. - - I will not be revenged, and this I owe to my enemy; but I will - remember, and this I owe to myself. - - A wise minister would rather preserve peace than gain a victory; - because he knows that even the most successful war leaves nations - generally more poor, always more profligate, than it found them. - - Ingratitude in a superior is very often nothing more than the refusal - of some unreasonable request; and if the patron does too little, it is - not unfrequently because the dependent expects too much. - - -13. Phrases are often set off by a semicolon, viz.: - - -_a._ Explanatory phrases. - - There remain to us moderns, only two roads to success; discovery and - conquest. - - -_b._ Participial and adjective phrases. {p100} - - I have first considered whether it be worth while to say anything at - all, before I have taken any trouble to say it well; knowing that - words are but air, and that both are capable of much condensation. - - These roads are what all roads should be; suitable for light - carriages, and for heavy-laden wagons. - - -_c._ Any phrase, especially if elliptical, or if divisible into smaller -portions by commas. - -(OBS. 5. In speaking or in writing, we “almost always leave out some of -the words which are necessary to a full expression of our meaning. This -leaving out is called the ellipsis.”) - - John Milton; born Dec. 9, 1608; completed Paradise Lost, 1665; died - Nov. 10, 1674. - - -IV. COMMA. - - -14. Repeated words or expressions; three or more serial terms; two -unconnected serial terms,—are separated from each other by the comma. - - -_a._ Repeated words or expressions. - - Shut, shut the door. - - I, I, I, I itself, I, - The inside and outside, the what and the why, - The when and the where, and the low and the high, - All I, I, I, I itself, I. - - Give me back, give me back the wild freshness of morning. - - -_b._ Three or more serial terms. - - Shakspeare, Butler, and Bacon have rendered it extremely difficult for - all who come after them to be sublime, witty, or profound. - - The firm of Smith, Longman, Jones, Llewellyn, & Co. - -But some printers, while observing the above rule in general, -except the names of firms and railroad companies; which, in their -publications, appear as follows: {p101} - - The firm of Longman, Jones, Llewellyn & Co. - - The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé R. R. Co. - - -_c._ Two unconnected serial terms. - - He had a keen, ready wit. - -OBS. 6. The second example under _a_ (“The inside and outside, the what -and the why,”) furnishes an illustration of the mode of punctuating -terms joined in pairs. - -OBS. 7. Style sometimes requires the omission of the comma before -_and_, _or_, _nor_, when one of these connectives precedes the last -term of a series: as “Shakspeare, Butler and Bacon have rendered it -extremely difficult for all who come after them to be sublime, witty -or profound.” But when the words are all in the same predicament, -the comma should be inserted; e. g.,—if you wish to state that three -certain persons are wise, you would point thus: - - “Thomas, Richard, and John are wise.” - -But if Richard and John are the Solons, and you wish to inform Thomas -of that fact, you would point thus: - - “Thomas, Richard and John are wise.” - -So, in the first example under _b_, if it is desired to qualify the -three adjectives by the phrase “in the highest degree,” the comma -after _witty_ must stand: “in the highest degree sublime, witty, or -profound.” But if that phrase is intended to apply to _sublime_ only, -the pointing should be thus: “in the highest degree sublime, witty or -profound.” - - -15. Phrases, clauses, and words, inverted, or otherwise not in their -natural position, generally require to be set off by a comma. - - Into this illustrious society, my friend was joyfully received. - - When we quarrel with ourselves, we are sure to be losers. - - To satisfy you on that point, I will make a short argument. - - He, like the world, his ready visits pays, - Where fortune smiles. - - Roe, Richard. Doe, John. - -{p102} - -OBS. 8. The exceptions to this rule are numerous. If the first and last -words of a passage are related (_for him_ the summer wind _murmured_); -if the inverted phrase be brief, and can be read in close connection -with what follows (_in youth_ we have little sympathy with the -misfortunes of age); or if the principal clause is itself inverted (In -the center of the common rises a noble monument),—the comma is usually -omitted. - -OBS. 9. In long lists of proper names, as Directories, etc., it is -usual to omit the comma, although the names are transposed, and to -print thus: - - Smith James W. - Thomson Theophilus. - - -16. When the principal sentence is broken to receive an incidental or -parenthetic expression, a comma is placed at the break, and another at -the end of the inserted clause. - - Rulers and magistrates should attempt to operate on the minds of their - respective subjects, if possible, by reward rather than punishment. - - Some writers, in a vain attempt to be cutting and dry, give us only - that which is cut and dried. - - It is known to every physician, that, whatever lazy people may say to - the contrary, early rising tends to longevity. - - Go, then, where, wrapt in fear and gloom, - Fond hearts and true are sighing. - -OBS. 10. The former comma is frequently omitted. Especially is this -the case when the previous part of the sentence has required commas. -Liberal pointing would omit the comma after “where,” in the above -example. And in the following sentence, from General Marcy’s “Ramblings -in the West,” note the omission of the comma after “and,” and from the -parenthetic clause “it was believed”: - - This, with the destruction of our trains, consumed the greater part - of our winter supplies, and as they could not be replenished from - the Missouri River before the following June, General Johnston, the - commander, determined to send a detachment directly over the mountains - to New Mexico, from whence it was believed supplies could be obtained - earlier than from farther east. {p103} - -Notice, also, the omission of the comma after “and” and “but,” in the -following paragraphs: - - He left college; and forsaken by his friends, he took refuge with the - parliament party.—_Marsh, Eccl. Hist._ - - The written law is sufficient to decide this case; but inasmuch as the - irregularity in question is a fertile source of disputes, the case has - been deemed worthy of insertion.—_Cavendish._ - -(The most common parenthetic expressions are _at least_, _at most_, -_accordingly_, _as it were_, _beyond question_, _consequently_, -_doubtless_, _furthermore_, _generally speaking_, _in the mean time_, -_on the other hand_, etc.) - - -17. Words or phrases expressing contrast, or emphatically -distinguished, and terms having a common relation to some other term -that follows them, require the comma. - - -_a._ Contrast or notable difference. - - His style is correct, yet familiar. - - I asked for money, not advice. - - ’Twas fat, not fate, by which Napoleon fell. - - Although Prince Hohenlohe was far more specific in pointing out what - ought to be avoided than in showing what ought to be done, yet there - could be no mistaking the course which the government was intending to - pursue. - - They are charitable, not to benefit the poor, but to court the rich. - -OBS. 11. Two contrasted words having a common dependence, and connected -by _but_, _though_, _yet_, or _as well as_, should not be separated; -as, There are springs of clear but brackish water. - - -_b._ Terms having a common relation to a succeeding term. - - Ordered, That the Committee on Banking be, and they hereby are, - instructed to report a bill. {p104} - - That officer was not in opposition to, but in close alliance with, - thieves. - -OBS. 12. Some proof-readers, however, omit the second comma, when but -a single word follows the latter proposition; as, “Many states were in -alliance _with_, and under the protection _of_ Rome.” The better method -is to insert the point. “[Bonner was] an accomplished Italian, and -probably also a Spanish, scholar.”—_Froude._ - - -18. Correlative terms, or expressions having a reciprocal relation, are -separated by a comma. - - The farther we look back into those distant periods, all the objects - seem to become more obscure. - - The more a man has, the more he wants. - - As he that knows how to put proper words in proper places evinces the - truest knowledge of books, so he that knows how to put fit persons in - fit stations evinces the truest knowledge of men. - - It is not so difficult a task to plant new truths, as to root out old - errors. - - Where MacDonald sits, there is the head of the table. - - Cincinnatus and Washington were greater in their retirement, than - Cæsar and Napoleon at the summit of their ambition; since it requires - less magnanimity to win the conquest, than to refuse the spoil. - -OBS. 13. Sometimes when _that_, and generally when _as_ or _than_, _so -that_ or _such that_ is used, the connection is too close to admit the -comma. - - Cromwell’s enemies say that he always fought with more sincerity than - he prayed. - - Your house is larger than mine. - - Paper is not so good as gold. - - The old gentleman is so infirm that he can scarcely move. - - He told such a story that we were all deceived by it. {p105} - - -19. Words used in direct address, and independent and absolute words, -with what belongs to them, are separated from the rest of the sentence -by commas. - - _Q._ You say, Mr. Witness, that you were present? - - _A._ Yes, sir. - - Flow gently, sweet Afton, among thy green braes. - - My son, give me thy heart. - - At length, having fought the good fight, he left the world in peace. - - To confess the truth, I was in fault. - - Richard Roe, his father being dead, succeeded to the estate. - - Silence having been obtained, the speaker went on with his remarks. - - -20. The clauses of a compound sentence may be separated by a comma when -the connection is too close for the semicolon. - - The winds roared in the woods, and the torrents tumbled from the hills. - - Hasten to your homes, and there teach your children to detest the - deeds of tyranny. - - It has, by some grammarians, been given as a rule, to use a comma to - set off every part of a compound sentence, which part has in it a verb - not in the infinitive mode. - -OBS. 14. A dependent clause should be separated by a comma, unless -closely connected. - - It argues a defect of method, when an author is obliged to write notes - upon his own works. - - Unless we hurry to the beach, the tide will overtake us. - - Whatever reception the present age may give this work, we rest - satisfied with our endeavors to deserve a kind one. - - When the Tartars make a Lama, their first care is to place him in a - dark corner of the temple. - -OBS. 15. If a clause beginning with _as_, _because_, _if_, _wherever_, -_how_, _lest_, _than_, _that_, _when_, _where_, _whether_, _while_, -_why_, or any {p106} adverb of time, place, or manner, follows a -clause with which it is closely connected in sense, it is not set off -by a comma: “He went away when the boat left.” “We love him because he -first loved us.” “He will pay if he is able.” “Tell me whether you will -return.” - -OBS. 16. An infinitive phrase closely connected with what it modifies, -should not be set off by a comma; as, “We use language to express our -thoughts.” “Nouns do not vary their endings to denote certain cases.” -But if the infinitive phrase is preceded by _in order_, or if it is -remote from what it modifies, it should be set off by a comma. “He -collected a great many young elms from various parts of England, to -adorn his grounds.” “If dissimulation is ever to be pardoned, it is -that which men have recourse to, in order to obtain situations which -will enlarge their sphere of general usefulness.” - - -21. A word or phrase used in apposition, to explicate or illustrate a -previous word or phrase, should be set off by commas; but if the words -in apposition constitute a single phrase or a proper name, they should -not be separated. - - -_a._ Comma required. - - Johnson, that mighty Caliban of literature, is held up to view in the - pages of Boswell. - - The alligator, or cayman, is found in the Orinoco. - - Paul, the apostle of the Gentiles, was eminent for his zeal and - knowledge. - -If the position of the terms in apposition is reversed, commas are -required. - - The apostle of the Gentiles, Paul, was eminent for his zeal and - knowledge. - - That old last century poet, Crowley, sings thus. - - -_b._ Comma not required. - - Johnson the lexicographer completed his dictionary in seven years. - {p107} - - We the undersigned agree to pay the sums set against our names - respectively. - - Jeremy the prophet commanded them that were carried away to take of - the fire, as it hath been signified. - - I Paul have written it with mine own hand. - - The poet Chaucer lived in the reign of Richard II. - - Sir John Walpole understood two grand secrets of state: the power of - principal, and the weakness of principle. - - -22. A simple sentence usually requires no point except the period at -the end of it. - - Count Bismarck has preserved a pleasant intimacy with his old - preceptor. - -OBS. 17. When the subject is a clause ending with a verb, or with a -noun that might be mistaken for the nominative, a comma should be -inserted before the predicate. - - That winter campaigns are undertaken, shows a desire to kill the - Indians. - - Captain Smith’s obedience to orders, issued in his promotion. - - Every year that is added to the age of the world, serves to lengthen - the thread of its history. - - He that gives a portion of his time and talent to the investigation of - mathematical truth, will come to all other questions with a decided - advantage over his opponents. - -In the following sentence, a comma after “them” might not be improper -(for we once heard a reader place a pause after “attacked”),—but we -shall not attack one of General Sherman’s sentences, lest we “get the -worst of it.” - - During this campaign hundreds if not thousands of miles of similar - intrenchments were built by both armies, and as a rule whichever party - attacked one of them got the worst of it.—_Memoirs Gen. W. T. Sherman._ - -OBS. 18. Whether a comma should be inserted after the verb _to be_, -when that verb is followed by an infinitive clause which might by -transposition be made the nominative, is a question on which the best -authorities differ. - - _First Method._—The highest art of the mind of man is to possess - itself with tranquillity in the hour of danger. {p108} - - _Second Method._—The highest art of the mind of man is, to possess - itself with tranquillity in the hour of danger. - -We are of opinion that usage is in favor of the omission of the comma, -as in the following examples: - - The proposed object of the Union Dictionary is to comprehend at once - all that is truly useful in Johnson, Sheridan, and Walker.—_Thomas - Browne._ - - The grandest of all conditions is to be at once healthy and wise and - good.—_D’Arcy Thompson._ - -OBS. 19. When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the better method is -not to separate it; as, “To be totally indifferent to praise or censure -is a real defect in character.” Still there is excellent authority -for inserting a comma, thus: “To be totally indifferent to praise or -censure, is a real defect in character.” In sentences of this kind we -advise the proof-reader to omit the comma unless the author is uniform -in the insertion of it. - -OBS. 20. Some grammarians set off by a comma the predicate, when it -refers to separated nominatives preceding it; as, “The benches, chairs, -and tables, were thrown down.” And, again, we find this example given: -“Veracity, justice, and charity, are essential virtues.” So, in the -ordinances of the City of Boston, “if any person or persons shall roast -any cocoa,” without having complied with certain conditions, “he, she, -or they, shall forfeit and pay for every such offense,” etc.,—a comma -appearing after _they_, although a conjunction precedes it. But the -weight of authority is against separating the last noun or pronoun -of such compound subject from the verb when the conjunction is used. -The last quotation, above given, should read, “he, she, or they shall -forfeit,” etc. - - -23. A comma should be placed before or after a word or phrase, to -associate it with the group to which it belongs, if, without the comma, -the sentence would be equivocal; and generally, a comma may be inserted -wherever its use will prevent ambiguity. - - This man, only cared to lay up money. - - This man only, cared to lay up money. - - Whoever lives opprobriously, must perish. - - The first maxim among philosophers is, that merit only, makes - distinction. {p109} - - The delight which I found in reading Pliny, first inspired me with the - idea of a work of this nature.—_Goldsmith._ - - My communication was offered and refused. - - My communication was offered, and refused on account of its length. - -OBS. 21. We recently met with this last sentence, pointed as follows: -“My communication was offered and refused, on account of its length”; -but it is not easy to see why the length of a communication should be -assigned as the reason for having offered it. - - “Every favor a man receives in some measure sinks him below his - dignity.”—_Goldsmith._ - -OBS. 22. A comma should have been placed after _receives_. - - -24. No comma is put between two words or phrases in apposition, -following the verbs _think_, _name_, _make_, _consider_, and others of -a similar meaning. - - They made him their ruler. - - They called him captain. - - They saluted him king. - - I esteem you my friend. - - Believing him an honest man, we elected him treasurer. - - We constituted our Secretary a depositary of German books. - - I consider him a gentleman. - -OBS. 23. Of the terms in apposition, one is the subject, and the other -the predicate, of _to be_, understood (“They made him _to be_ their -ruler”). The rule might, therefore, be worded thus: When, of two terms -in apposition, one is predicated of the other, no comma is required. - - -25. In a compound sentence, the comma is often inserted where a verb is -omitted. - - In literature, our taste will be discovered by that which we give; our - judgment, by that which we withhold. - - Wit consists in finding out resemblances; judgment, in discerning - differences. {p110} - - In the pursuit of intellectual pleasure lies every virtue; of sensual, - every vice. - - Sheridan once observed of a certain speech, that all its facts were - invention, and all its wit, memory. - -OBS. 24. But sometimes the comma is not inserted: especially when the -style is lively; when the clauses have a common relation to something -that follows; or when they are connected by a conjunction. - - Could Johnson have had less prejudice, Addison more profundity, or - Dryden more time, they would have been well qualified for the arduous - office of a critic. - - The Germans do not appear so vivacious, nor the Turks so energetic, as - to afford triumphant demonstrations in behalf of the sacred weed. - - The boat was tight, the day fine, the bait tempting, and the fishes - hungry. - - -26. A short quotation, a remarkable expression, or a short observation -somewhat in manner of a quotation, is set off by the comma. - - Plutarch calls lying, the vice of slaves. - - It hurts a man’s pride to say, I do not know. - - Cicero observed to a degenerate patrician, “I am the first of my - family, but you are the last of yours.” - - An upright minister asks, what recommends a man; a corrupt minister, - who. - - There is an old poet who has said, “No deity is absent, if prudence is - with thee.” - - They tell me here, that people frequent the theater to be instructed - as well as amused. - - The old proverb, “Too much freedery breeds despise,” is now rendered, - “Familiarity breeds contempt.” - -OBS. 25. When the introductory clause is short, the comma may be -omitted; as “Charles Fox said that restorations are the most bloody of -all revolutions.”—“Madame de Staël admits that she discovered, as she -grew old, the men could not find out that wit in her at fifty, which -she possessed at twenty-five.” {p111} - - -27. Numbers are divided by the comma into periods of three figures each. - - The distance of the sun from the earth is usually stated at 95,000,000 - miles. - -OBS. 26. In a number expressing the year of an era, the comma is not -used; as, July 4, 1876. In tabular work it is very neat and convenient -to omit the comma, as in the following example: - - The number of letters in 1600 lbs. of Pica is as follows: - - a 17000 - b 3200 - c 6000 - d 8800 - e 24000, etc. - -OBS. 27. In some offices the style requires all numbers less than 1,000 -to be expressed in words; 1,000 and upwards in figures. Some printers -insert the comma before hundreds, only when five figures or more occur. - - -28. Restrictive phrases or clauses are not set off by the comma. - - He reviewed such regiments _as were armed with Enfield rifles_. - - They flatter the vanities of those _with whom they have to do_. - - Attend to the remarks _which the preacher is about to make_. - - Bishop Watson most feelingly regrets the valuable time _he was obliged - to squander away_. - - A false concord in words may be pardoned in him _who has produced a - true concord_ between such momentous things _as the purest faith and - the profoundest reason_. - - “He is known by his company” is a proverb _that does not invariably - apply_. - - Cattle _which live in herds_, are subject to various diseases. {p112} - -OBS. 28. Adjective elements which are simply descriptive, and not -restrictive, should be set off by commas; thus: - - Cattle, which live in herds, are subject to various diseases. - - The first verse of the fourteenth chapter of Job, in the King James - Bible, reads: - - Man that is born of a woman is of few days, and full of trouble. - - The Douay Bible reads: - - Man born of a woman, living for a short time, is filled with many - miseries. - - The Protestant Episcopal Burial Service points correctly: - - Man, that is born of a woman, hath but a short time to live, and is - full of misery. - - -V. THE NOTE OF INTERROGATION. - - -29. The note of Interrogation is placed at the end of a direct question. - - Can gold gain friendship? - - Is that the best answer you can give to the fourteenth - cross-interrogatory? - - Is any among you afflicted? - - Oh, lives there, Heaven, beneath thy dread expanse, - One hopeless, dark idolater of Chance? - -OBS. 29. When several distinct questions occur in succession, the -practice of some writers is to separate them by commas or semicolons, -placing the question-mark at the close only; as: - - “Where was Lane then; what was his situation?”—_Trial of Selfridge._ - - “Am I Dromio, am I your man, am I myself?” - -This we regard as incorrect. Each several question should have the -interrogation point. - - _Dro. S._ Do you know me, sir? am I Dromio? am I your man? am I - myself? {p113} - - _Rosalind._ What did he when thou saw’st him? What said he? How looked - he? Wherein went he? What makes he here? Did he ask for me? Where - remains he? How parted he with thee? and when shalt thou see him again? - -OBS. 30. If several questions in one sentence are joined by -connectives, each question takes the note of interrogation. “Have I not -all their letters to meet me in arms by the ninth of the next month? -and are they not, some of them, set forward already?” - -OBS. 31. When a sentence contains several interrogative clauses, -having a common relation to, or dependence on, one term, a single -interrogation point is sufficient. - - “Was I, _for this_, nigh wrecked upon the sea; - And twice by awkward wind from England’s bank - Drove back again unto my native clime?” - - “By sensational preaching do you mean an incoherent raving about - things in general and nothing in particular; a perversion of every - text; an insult of common sense; a recital of anecdotes which are - untrue, and a use of illustrations which are unmeaning?” - - Who will count the value to a man to be raised one remove higher above - the brute creation; to be able to look with the eye of intelligence, - instead of vacant ignorance, upon the world in which he lives; to - penetrate as far as mortals may into the mystery of his own existence, - and to be made capable of enjoying the rational delights of that - existence; to be protected by his knowledge from every species of - quackery, fanaticism, and imposture; and to know how to estimate and - use the gifts which a beneficent Creator has spread around him?—_Prof. - L. Stevens, Girard Coll._ - - “What can preserve _my life_, or what destroy?” - -NOTE.—An assertion stating a question does not take the interrogation -point; as, “The question is, what lenses have the greatest magnifying -power.” - - -VI. THE NOTE OE EXCLAMATION. - - -30. The note of Exclamation is applied to expressions of sudden or -violent emotion; such as surprise, grief, joy, love, hatred, etc. - - O piteous spectacle! O noble Cæsar! O woful day! - - An old lady one day importuning Mahomet to know what {p114} she - ought to do, in order to gain Paradise,—“My good lady,” answered the - Prophet, “old women never get there.”—“What! never get to Paradise!” - returned the matron in a fury. “Never!” says he, “for they grow young - by the way!” - - Why was this heart of mine formed with so much sensibility! or why was - not my fortune adapted to its impulse! Poor houseless creatures! The - world will give you reproaches, but will not give you relief. - - Ah! well of old the Psalmist prayed - “Thy hand, not man’s, on me be laid!” - Earth frowns below, Heaven weeps above, - And man is hate, but God is love! - - -31. The exclamation point is used in invocations. - - Father of all! in every age adored. - - Gentle spirit of sweetest humor who erst did sit upon the easy pen of - my beloved Cervantes! - - Oh, my brothers! oh, my sisters! - Would to God that ye were near! - - -32. Several exclamation points are sometimes used together, to express -ridicule, or to intensify surprise, etc. - - Malherbe observed, that a good poet was of no more service to the - church or the state, than a good player at _ninepins_!! - - -VII. THE DASH. - - -33. The Dash is used where a sentence breaks off abruptly. - - _Charles._ You must invent some ingenious subterfuge—some—some kind of— - - _Project._ I understand; not a _suggestio falsi_, but a mild - _suppressio veri_. {p115} - - _Charles._ Oh, is that what you call it? There is a shorter word— - - _Project._ There is; but it is not professional. - - I shall divide the subject into fifteen heads, and then I shall argue - thus—but, not to give you and myself the spleen, be contented at - present with an Indian tale. - - -34. The dash is used before and after a parenthetic clause, when not -closely enough connected to admit the comma. - - But it remains—and the thought is not without its comforting - significance, however hardly it may bear on individual cases—that no - bestowal of bounty, no cultivation of the amenities of life, . . . can - wipe out the remembrance of even doubtful loyalty in the day of trial. - -OBS. 32. If a parenthetic clause is inserted where a comma is required -in the principal sentence, a comma should be placed before each of the -dashes inclosing such clause. (_See_ last paragraph on p. 90). - - I should like to undertake the Stonyshire side of that estate,—it’s in - a dismal condition,—and set improvements on foot. - - -35. Several clauses having a common dependence, are separated by a -comma and a dash from the clause on which they depend. - - To think that we have mastered the whole problem of existence; that - we have discovered the secret of creation; that we have solved the - problem of evil, and abolished mystery from nature and religion and - life,—leads naturally to a precipitation of action, a summary dealing - with evils, etc. (_See_ Example and Obs. under Rule 7.) - - -36. The dash is used with the comma, the semicolon, and the colon, -which it lengthens, or renders more emphatic. {p116} - - We read of “merry England”;—when England was not merry, things were - not going well with it. We hear of “the glory of hospitality,” - England’s pre-eminent boast,—by the rules of which all tables, from - the table of the twenty-shilling freeholder to the table in the - baron’s hall and abbey refectory, were open at the dinner-hour to all - comers.—_Froude._ - - _Matricaria_, _n._ A genus of plants, including the feverfew, or - wild camomile;—so called from the supposed value of some species as - remedies for certain disorders.—_Webster’s Dictionary._ - - They did it without being at all influenced by the Anabaptists of - the continent:—the examples of some of these had rather kept them - together.—_D’Aubigne._ - - -37. When words are too closely connected to admit a strictly -grammatical point, the dash is used to denote a pause. - - My hopes and fears - Start up alarmed, and o’er life’s narrow verge - Look down—on what? A fathomless abyss. - - The king of France, with twice ten thousand men, - Marched up the hill, and then—marched down again. - - -38. When a word or phrase is repeated emphatically, or _echoed_, it is -preceded by the dash. - - The immediate question is upon the rejection of the President’s - message. It has been moved to reject it,—to reject it, not after it - was considered, but before it was considered! - - The world continues to attach a peculiar significance to certain - names,—a significance which at once recurs to one on hearing the - isolated name unapplied to any individual. - - -39. An equivalent expression, or an idea repeated in different words, -is properly set off by the comma and dash. {p117} - - These are detached thoughts,—memoranda for future use. - - Wolsey’s return to power was discussed openly as a probability,—a - result which Anne Boleyn never ceased to fear. - - There are three kinds of power,—wealth, strength, and talent. - - The value of our actions will be confirmed and established by those - two sure and sateless destroyers of all other things,—Time and Death. - - The present time has one advantage over every other,—it is our own. - - Those who submit to encroachments to-day are only preparing for - themselves greater evils for to-morrow,—humiliation or resistance. - -OBS. 33. In a portion of the examples under this rule, the dash appears -to supply the place of _viz._, or _namely_. - - -40. A dash placed between two numbers indicates that the natural series -between those numbers is understood. - -OBS. 34. If a writer refer to “pp. 90, 95,” he means those two pages -only; but if he cite “pp. 90–95,” the reference is to pages 90, 91, 92, -93, 94, and 95.—In dates of the same century, the figures denoting the -century are omitted in the second number: “He has the Farmer’s Almanac -for 1810–70,—sixty-one years.” (It will be observed, that, under this -rule, the short or _en_ dash is used.) - - The style of the Government Printing Office, Washington, requires an - apostrophe to denote the elision of the centuries; as 1889–’90. - - -41. An Ellipsis of letters is denoted by a dash. - - Ex-President J—ns—n. - King F—der—ck W——m. - - -42. When a sentence is abrupted (1) to form a heading, or (2) for -a signature, or (3) to admit a {p118} new paragraph, or for other -purposes, a dash is used at the break; as: - - From the preceding tables we are now able to formulate in concise - language the— - - GRAND RESULT. - - 1. The number of employees . . . is at least 1,250,000.—_Mass. Labor - Report._ - - It is useless for you to dissemble in the presence of— - - Yours, etc. JOHN SMITH. - - The greatest cowards in our regiment were the greatest rascals in it. - There was Sergeant Kumber and Ensign— - - We’ll talk of them, said my father, another time.—_Sterne._ - - -VIII. VARIOUS MARKS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. - - The Hyphen is used to denote the division of a - word into syllables; as, _in-ter-dict_: it is placed at the - end of a line (usually at the close of a syllable), - when a word is not finished: and it connects the - parts of a compound word; as, “At Cambridge, - Cecil was present at the terrible and _never-to-be-for- - gotten_ battle between Cheke and Gardiner on the - pronunciation of the Greek epsilon, which convulsed - the academic world.” (_See_ p. 84, _et seq._) - -The Apostrophe is used to abbreviate a word; as, _’tis_ for _it is_, -_tho’_ for _though_, _don’t_ for _do not_. It denotes the possessive -case; as, “John’s hat,” “three years’ service,” “one hour’s work,” -“two days’ notice,” “Smith & Co.’s shops,” “Brook’s book,” “Brooks’s -book.” It appears in names; as, O’Brien; M’[Mac]Mahon. {p119} - -In French, no space is put after an apostrophe denoting elision; as, -“d’or”: in Italian, a space is inserted, as, “n’ arrivi.” - -A turned comma sometimes denotes the _ac_ in _Mac_; as, _MʻDonough_. - -Two commas (usually turned) are often used instead of _do._ (_ditto_). - - Carving knives - Pocket ʻʻ - Case ʻʻ - - Book of History. - ,, ,, Chemistry. - ,, ,, Algebra. - -Quotation marks [“” or ‟”] are used to include a copied passage. If -the copied passage itself contains a quotation, the latter is denoted -by single marks [‘’ or ‛’]; as, “My father said in banter, ‘James, the -notes are not correct.’ The farmer dryly answered, ‘I dinna ken what -they may be _noo_; but they were a’ richt afore ye had your fingers in -amang ’em.’” - -In some publications a little labor is saved by using single marks for -the principal quotations, and double if there happen to be inserted -ones; as in a recent novel by Mrs. Humphrey Ward: - - ‘To plunge into the Christian period without having first cleared the - mind as to what is meant in history and literature by “the critical - method” which in history may be defined,’ etc. - -The same neat style is used in Max Müller’s Translation of Kant: - - What Kant felt in his heart of hearts we know from some remarks found - after his death among his papers. ‘It is {p120} dishonorable,’ he - writes, ‘to retract or deny one’s real convictions, but silence in - a case like my own, is the duty of a subject; and though all we say - must be true, it is not our duty to declare publicly all that is - true.’—_Preface._ - -Brackets are used to inclose words omitted by a writer or copyist; as, -“Were you [on the] deck of the steamer at the [time] of the collision?” -(In the Holy Scriptures, supplied words are put in italics: “Because -_they sought it_ not by faith, but, as it were, by the works of the -law.”) Explanations inserted in text are usually inclosed in brackets; -as in the following instance, from “The Life of Dr. Goldsmith”: “You -see, my dear Dan, how long I have been talking about myself. [_Some -mention of private family affairs is here omitted._] My dear sir, these -things give me real uneasiness,” etc. - -Marks of Parenthesis are used to inclose a sentence, or part of a -sentence, which is inserted in another sentence: “One Sunday morning, -when her daughter (afterwards Lady Elton) went into the kitchen, she -was surprised to find a new jack (recently ordered, and which was -constructed on the principle of going constantly without winding up) -wholly paralyzed and useless.” - -The Index [☞] is used to draw attention to some particular passage. -Sometimes an Asterism [⁂] is used for the same purpose. Where there are -many footnotes on a page, the Index is a proper reference mark. {p121} - -The Caret [‸] is used in writing, to denote the point where an -interlineation is to be inserted. It is sometimes used in printing -when the exact character of a manuscript is to be represented,—as in -“exhibits” in law work. - -The Brace [Illustration: }] is used to connect a number of words with -one common term; and sometimes in poetry, to connect three lines which -rhyme together: - - Moore’s Works, - Saurin’s Sermons, [Illustration: }] $1.75 each. - Lewis’s Plays, - - Injustice, swift, erect, and unconfined, - Sweeps the wide earth, and tramples o’er mankind, [Illustration: }] - While prayers, to heal her wrongs, move slow behind. - -Marks of Ellipsis or Omission are the dash; as, “Col. Sm—h”: or -asterisks; as, “Col. Sm**h”: or, neatest of all, points; as, “Col. -Sm . . h.” - -Leaders are dots which lead the eye from something on the left of the -page, to some connected matter on the right: - - Globe Insurance Co. . . . . . London, Eng. - Mutual Life In. Co. . . . . . Hartford, Conn. - -Accents are the Grave [`], the Acute [´], and the Circumflex [^]: è is -read by the copy-holder _grave e_; é, _acute e_; ê, _circumflex e_. - -Marks of Quantity are the Long, as over _o_ in “shōw”; the Short, or -Breve, as over _o_ in “nŏt”; and the Diæresis, which denotes that the -latter of {p122} two vowels is not in the same syllable as the former; -as, “zoölogy,” “Antinoüs.” - -The Cedilla is a curve line under the letter _c_, to denote that it -has the sound of _s_; as in “garçon,” “façade.” It appears in words -from the French language. Worcester uses it also to denote the soft -sounds of _g_, _s_, and _x_; as in “mişle,” “ex̧aģģerate.” Webster -uses it only to denote the soft sound of _c_, as in “min-çing-ly.” We -remark here, by the way, that in dividing such words as “bra-cing,” -“min-cing,” “convin-cing,” etc., the _c_ should be carried over, -thereby preserving its proper sound. For a similar reason divide -“enga-ging,” “ra-ging,” etc., on the _a_. Whether “ma-gis-trate” should -follow this rule is a matter of style. There are offices which so -divide it, while others divide on the _g_. We prefer to syllable the -word as we have written it,—on the _a_. - -The Spanish ñ has the sound of _n_ in _onion_; as, “Señor,” “cañon.” - -Umlaut (pron. ōōmlowt), as defined by Webster, is the change or -modification of a vowel sound, peculiar to the Germanic languages; as -in German, _Mann_, man, _Männer_ or _Maenner_, men. The name _Roelker_ -may also be written _Rölker_. - -¶ denotes the beginning of a paragraph, as may be noticed in the Sacred -Scriptures. In proof-reading and in manuscript, it is used to denote -where a paragraph or break should be made. {p123} - -§ denotes a section; §§, sections; as, Gen. Stat., Chap. IX., § 19, and -Chap. X., §§ 20 and 21. - -Reference to notes at the bottom of the page (commonly termed -footnotes) is usually made by the asterisk, *, the obelisk, or dagger, -†; the double obelisk, or double dagger, ‡; the section, §; the -parallels, ‖; the paragraph, ¶; and the index, ☞;—but a neater mode is -to use superiors; as, ^{1, 2, 3,} or ^{a, b, c,} commencing with ^{1} -or ^{a} on each page where notes occur. - -In concluding our chapter on punctuation, we venture to say to our -friends at the case, that, in our opinion, no system of pointing can be -of uniform and universal application. Men differ as much in style of -writing as in personal appearance, and we might as well expect the same -robe to fit all forms, as that one set of rules shall nicely apply to -the endless diversities of diction. - -Other things being equal however, he who has paid most attention to -rule will punctuate with the nearest approximation to correctness. -With a clear understanding of an author’s meaning, the compositor -seldom need go far astray; and if, having done his best, he finds any -passage hopelessly involved, or the meaning too subtile to be grasped, -he has one safe resource,—and that is, to FOLLOW THE COPY closely -and mechanically. Could he have for reference a few pages preceding -a doubtful passage, the whole matter might become perfectly clear; -but, as that is out of the question, those pages being scattered as -{p124} “takes” in other hands, let the compositor adopt the safe -course,—FOLLOW COPY,—resting assured that no person whose opinion he -need value, could possibly think of finding fault with him for leaving -responsibility where it properly belongs. - -{p125} - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -ORTHOGRAPHY. - - -Webster defines Orthography as “the art of writing words with the -proper letters, according to common usage”; Worcester, as “the art or -the mode of spelling words.” They agree in this: that there are some -words—two or three thousand, perhaps—whose orthography common usage -has not settled. Prefixed to either Dictionary is a list showing in -double column the most prevalent methods of spelling words of doubtful -orthography; thus: - - Abettor Abetter - Escalade Scalade - Germane Germain, German - -The first column in the Webster List “presents the orthography -recognized in the body of [the] Dictionary as the preferable one, or -that in general use.” But “when in this list the word in the first -column is followed by _or_, as ‘Abatis, _or_ Abattis,’ it is implied -that the second form is nearly, often quite, in as good use as the -first.” When the word in the first column differs in meaning from that -in the second, the word in the first is followed by _and_, as ‘Lunet, -_and Lunette_,’ both words being in use, but applied to different -things. {p126} - -The orthography in the first column of the Worcester List “is deemed -to be well authorized, and in most cases preferable; but with respect -to the authority of that in the right-hand column, there is a great -diversity. Both orthographies of some of the words are right, the -words being differently spelled when used in different senses”; as, -“Draught, _or_ Draft,” “Subtle, _or_ Subtile,” etc. Sometimes _and_ -is used as the connective; as, “Canvas, _and_ Canvass.” But these -double arrangements are of almost no service to the proof-reader or -compositor,—for the interchangeable words cannot _both_ be inserted -in his work. If he could use the various spellings, it would save the -trouble of weighing authorities: we should then have such sentences as -these: - - The hostler _or_ ostler inveigled _or_ enveigled the horses into the - stockade _or_ stoccade. Meanwhile the infantry landed at the jettee - _or_ jetty _or_ jetta _or_ jutty, and at once constructed an abatis - _or_ abattis _or_ abbatis, as it behooved _or_ behoved them. - -Of these various correct spellings, _one_ must be selected to the -exclusion of the rest. But there being no common usage, no academy -to instruct, and the copy not being uniform, who or what is to guide -the printers and proof-readers in making the selection? “For the last -eighty years [or more], printers have exercised a general control over -English orthography,”—and we, to carry the general control a little -farther, propose to set forth for general use one list from Webster’s -first column, exhibiting only _one_ single correct spelling, to be used -where the Webster style prevails; and a similar list from Worcester’s -{p127} first column, to be used where the Worcester style has the -precedence. Would there were a _Smithsonian Bureau of the English -Language_, to render _two_ lists unnecessary; and to give _one_ style -to Government work,—a style which should have the approval of Congress, -and to which all printing done by or for the various Departments of the -United States Government should be conformed. - -THE WEBSTER LIST. - - [From the column which, he says, “presents the orthography recognized - in the body of this Dictionary (Wb. Unabridged) as the preferable - one, or that in general use.” But since he places in his first column - various spellings of the same words,—e. g. under _A_, _Ædile_; under - _E_, _Edile_,—we have, in accordance with our plan, omitted that - spelling which we have observed to be neglected by readers who profess - to follow Webster. We have inserted in brackets some words from - the second column which have a different signification from their - congeners in the first; also in brackets, some words from the defining - columns, and such remarks and explanations as may be of service to - printers and others.] - - A. - - Abatis - Abettor - [One who abets another to commit a crime.] - Abreuvoir - Abridgment - [Accessary - As used in law.] - Accessory - [“In its other senses” (than in law); as, “the accessories of a - picture.”] - Account, -ant, etc. - Accouter, etc. - Acetimeter - Ache - Achieve - Acknowledgment - Addible - Adipocere - Admittable - Adopter (_Chem._) - Adulterer, -ess - Adz - Ægis - Æolian - Aghast - Agriculturist - Aid-de-camp - Ajutage - Alcaid - Alchemy - Alcoran - Alkahest - Allege - Alleluia - [If written _Halleluiah_ or _Hallelujah_, follow copy.] - Alloy - Alum - Almanac - Ambassador - Ambergris - Ambs-ace - Amend, -ment - Amice - Ammoniuret - Amortize, -ment - Amphitheater - Anapest - Ancient, -ly - Andiron - Angiotomy - Ankle - Annotto - Antechamber - Anterior - Anti-emetic - Antihypnotic - Apostasy - Aposteme - [If written _Imposthume_, follow copy.] - Apothegm - Appall - Appallment - [Appanage] - Appareled, -ing - Appraise, -ed, etc. {p128} - Apprise (_to notify_) - Apricot - Arbitrament - Arbor - Archæology - Ardor - Argol - Armor, -er, etc. - Arquebuse - Arrack - Artisan - Asafœtida - Asbestus - Ascendant - Ascendency - Askance - Askant - Assuage - Atheneum - [If written _Athenæum_, follow copy.] - Aught - Author, etc. - Autocracy - Autoptical - Awkward - Awm - Ax - Ay - [Expressing assent.] - Aye - [An affirmative vote.] - - - B. - - Backshish - Bade (_v._) - Baldric - Balister - Balk - Baluster - Bandana - Bandoleer - Banderole - Banyan (_Bot._) - Bans - [Notice of proposed marriage.] - Barbacan - Barbecue - Barberry - Bark - Barouche - Barytone - Basin - Bass - Bass-viol - Bas-relief - Bastinade - Baton - Bateau - Battledoor - Bauble - Bazaar - Befall - Behavior - Behoove - Beldam - Belligerent - Benedict - Benumb - Bellfounder, - [And similar compounds.] - Bequeath - Bergamot - Berth (_Nav._) - [Bestrown - p. p. of Bestrew.] - Betel - Beveled, -ing - Bevile (_Her._) - Bezant - Biasing, -ed, -es, etc. - Bigoted - Bilge - Billiards - Billingsgate - Bin - Binnacle - Bister - Blende (_Min._) - Blessed (_a._) - Blithesome, -ly, etc. - Blomary - Blouse - Bodice - Boil (_n._) - Bombazet - Bombazine - Bonnyclabber - Bourgeois - Bourse - Bouse - Bousy - Boweled, -ing, etc. - Bowlder - Bowsprit - Brahmin - Brake (_Railways_) - Brazen - Brazier - Brier - Brooch - Bryony - Buccaneer - Buddhism - Buffet - Buhrstone - Bun - Buncombe - Bur - [If written _Burr_, follow copy.] - Burden, -some - Burin - Burned (_imp._) - Burganet - But-end - Butt - Byzantine - - - C. - - Caboose - Cacique - Caddice {p129} - Cæsura - Cag - [If written _Keg_ follow copy.] - Caique - Caisson - Calash - Caldron - Calendar - Calends - Caliber - Calipash - Calipee - Calipers - Caliph - Calk - Calligraphy - Caloyer - Caltrap - Calyx - Camlet - Camomile - [If written _Chamomile_, follow copy.] - Camphene - Camphor - Candor - Canceled, -ing, etc. - Cannel-coal - Cannoneer - Canny - Cañon (_Sp._) - Canyon [_Eng._] - [The Eng. form is the better if writing or printing English. - _Cañon_ in an English book seems pedantic.] - Cantaloup - Cantalever - Carbine - Carbineer - Carapace - Carat - Caravansary - Carcass - [In the King James Bible, spelled _carcase_.] - Carnelian - Caroled, -ing, etc. - Cartography - Cask (_a vessel_) - Casque (_helmet_) - Cassava - Cassimere - [If written _Kerseymere_, follow copy.] - Caster - [One who casts; a cruet; a furniture-wheel.] - Castor - [A genus of animals; a hat; a drug; a heavy cloth.] - Catchup - Catechise, -er - Cauliflower - Causeway - Caviare - Caviler, -ed, etc. - Cayman - Ceil -ing, -ed - Center - Centered - Centimeter - Centiped - Ceroon - Cess-pool - Chalcedony - Chameleon - Chamois - Champaign - [Flat, open country.] - Champagne (_wine_) - Champerty - Channeled, -ing, etc. - Chant, -er, -ed, etc. - Chap - [Both Wb. and Wor. place _chăp_ in the first column, and _chop_ - in the second. This preference of _chăp_ to _chop_ harmonizes - orthography and pronunciation in three instances: (1) when _chăp_ - is _v. t._, signifying “to cleave or open longitudinally, through - the effect of heat, cold, dryness, etc.; as, ‘Heat _chăps_ the - russet plain’”; (2) when _v. i._, as “The hands chăp”; (3) when - _n._, as a cleft in the earth’s surface, or in the hands or feet. - _Chăp_ (a youth) was never in doubt; while _chaps_ (the jaws) - must continue to be pronounced with the _a_ as in _what_.] - Chase - Check (_n._) - Checker, -ed, etc. - Chemist - Chemistry - Cherif - Chestnut - Chevron - Chilioliter - Chiliometer - Chine - Chintz - Chiseled, -ing - Chock-full - Choir - Chorister - Choke - Choose - Chore - Cigar - Cimeter - Cipher - Clamor, -ous, etc. - Clangor - Clarionet - Clew - Clinch - Clinique - Clinometer - Cloak - Clodpoll {p130} - Clothe, -ed, etc. - Clough - Clyster - Cockswain - Cœliac - Cognizor, -zee - Coif - Coiffure - Colander - Comb - [Unwatered part of valley, etc.] - Comfrey - Complete - Complexion - [Comptroller, -ship - There is an officer of the U. S. Government whose official title is - “Comptroller of the Currency.” The word appears in Wb. 2d column.] - Confectionery - Connection - Contemporary - Contra-dance - Controller, -ship - Control - Cony - Cooly - Coomb (4 _bushels_) - Copaiva - Copier - Copse - Coquette (_n._) - Coranach - Corbel - Cosy - Cot (_a hut_) - Cot (_a bed_) - Cotillon - Councilor - [A member of a council.] - Counselor - [One who gives counsel.] - Count - Courtesan - Courtesy (_Law_) - Cozen, -age - Craunch - Cray-fish - Creak (_v._) - Creosote - Critique - Crosslet - Cruet - Croup - [Behind the saddle.] - Crupper - Cruse (_bottle_) - Cucurbit - Cudgeled, -er, -ing - Cue - [Twist of back hair.] - Cuerpo - Cuneiform - Curb (_of a well_) - Cursed (_imperf._) - Curtal-ax - Cutlass - Cyclopedia - Cymar - Cyst - Czar, -ina - - - D. - - Dactyl - Damasken - Damson - Dandruff - Danegelt - Debarkation - Debonair, -ly, -ness - Decrepit - Defense, -less, etc. - Deflection - Deflour - Delf - Delphin - Deltoid - Demeanor - Demesne (_Law_) - Dentiroster - Dependent - Dependence - Deposit - Desert (_n._) - Deshabille - Dessert - Detecter - Detortion - Deuce - Develop, -ment - Dexterous - [But if written _Dextrous_ follow copy, to avoid subsequent change.] - Diæresis - Diarrhea - Diarrhetic - Dike - Diocese - Disheveled, -ing, etc. - Disk - Dispatch, -ed, -ing - Disseize, -in, -or - Distention - Distill - Distrainor - Diversely - Divest, -ed, etc. - [But in _Law_, _Devest_ is commonly used; in law work, follow - copy.] - Docket - Doctress - Dolor, -ous - Domicile - Doomsday-book - Dory - Dormer-window - Dote - Dotage - Doubloon - Dowry - Downfall {p131} - Dram - [A weight; a minute quantity; a potation.] - [Drachm - This word is in second column, connected to _Dram_ by _and_. Its - meaning seems to be properly limited, however, to an ancient Greek - coin, and a Greek weight (Drachma).] - Draff - Draft - [1. The act of drawing or pulling as by beasts of burden. - 2. Drawing of men for a military corps. - 3. An order for payment of money; a bill of exchange. - 4. An allowance in weighing. - 5. A drawing of lines for a plan; a figure described on paper; - delineation; sketch; plan delineated; an outline to be filled in or - completed for composition. In any other sense than these five, use - the original spelling, _Draught_.] - [Draught - (See _supra_.)] - Dragoman - Dribblet - Drier - Driveler, -ing, etc. - Drought - Dryly - Duchy - Duchess - Dueler, -ing, -ist - Dullness - Dungeon - Dunghill - Duress - Dye, etc. (_color_) - - - E. - - Eavesdropper - Eccentric, -al, etc. - Economy - Ecstasy - Ecstatic - Ecumenic, -al - Edematous - Edile, -ship - Eloign, -ment - Emarginate - Embalm, -ed, etc. - Embalmer, -ment - Embank, -ed, etc. - Embargo - Embark, -ed, etc. - Embarkation - Embassy - Embassage - Embed, -ded, etc. - Embezzle - Emblaze - Emblazon, -ed, etc. - Embody, -ied, etc. - Embolden, -ed, etc. - Emborder, etc. - Embosom - [If written _Imbosom_, follow copy.] - Emboss, -ed, etc. - Embowel, -ed, -ing - Emboweler, -ment - Embower, -ed, etc. - Embrace, -ed, etc. - Embracer, -ment - Embrasure - Embrocation - Embroil, -ed, etc. - Emerods - [The Biblical spelling; in ordinary work, _Hemorrhoids_.] - Emir - Empale, -ed, etc. - Emperor - Empoison - Empower, -ed, etc. - Emprise - Empurple - Emu - Enameled, -ing, etc. - Enamor, -ed, -ing - Encage, -ed, etc. - Encamp, -ed, etc. - Enchant - Enchiseled, -ing - Encloister - Encounter, etc. - Encroach, etc. - Encumber, -ed, etc. - Encyclopedia - Endear - Endeavor, -ed, etc. - Endow, etc. - Endue - Endure, -ance - Enforce, -ed, etc. - Engage, -ed, etc. - Engender - Engorge, -ed, etc. - Engross - Enhance - Enigma - Enjoin, etc. - Enkindle, -ed, etc. - Enlarge, etc. - Enlist - Enroll - Enrollment - Enshrine - Enshroud - Ensphere - Enstamp - Entail (_Arch._) - Entangle, etc. - Enterprise - Enthrone, -ed, etc. - Entire, -ly, etc. - Entitle, -ed, etc. - Entrance, -ed, etc. - Entrap, -ped, etc. - Entreat, -ed, etc. {p132} - Entreaty - Entresol - Entwine, -ed, etc. - Envelop (_v._) - Envelope (_n._) - Envelopment - Envenom - Eolipile - Epaulet - Epauleted, -ing - Equaled, -ing - Equiangular - Equivoque - Era - Error, etc. - Escalade - Escapement - Escarp (_Fort._) - [But if written _Scarp_, follow copy.] - Eschalot - Escheat - Escritoire - Escutcheon - Estafet - Esthetics - Estoppel - Estrich - Etiology - Étui - [A French word, anglicized as _Etwee_; follow copy.] - Exactor - Expense - Exsiccate, -ed, -ing, etc. - Exsiccation - Exsuccous - Exudation - Exude, etc. - Eyrie - - - F. - - Fæces - Fagot, -ed, -ing - Fairy - Fakir - Falchion - Falcon, -er, -ry - Fantasy - Fantastic - Farthingale - Fattener - Favor, -er, -ed, etc. - Fecal - Fecula - Feldspar - Felly - Feoffor - Fervor - Fetal - Feticide - Fetor - Fetus - Feud, -al, -atory - Feudalize, -ism - Fie - Filbert - Filibuster - Filigree - Fillibeg - [But if written _Filibeg_ or _Phillibeg_, follow copy.] - Finery (_a forge_) - Firman - Fishgig - Fives [_Veterinary_] - Flageolet - Flavor, -ed, etc. - Flier - Floatage (_Law_) - Flotsam - Flour (_of grain_) - Flower-de-luce - [If French is wanted,—_Fleur-de-lis_.] - Fluke (_Naut._) - Fluke (_Zoöl._) - Fogy - Font (_Typog._) - Forbade - Foray - Fosse - Foundery - [Very few writers so spell: if written _Foundry_, follow copy.] - Franc (_coin_) - Frantic - Frenzy - Frieze (_Arch._) - Frouzy - Frumenty - Frustum - Fueled, -ing - Fulfill, -ment - Fullness - Further - [Farther - When space or time is indicated.] - Furtherance - Furthermore - Furthest - [Farthest - When space or time is indicated.] - Fuse (_n._) - [In U. S. Govt. work _Fuze_ is the common usage, to distinguish it - from the verb to _Fuse_. Follow copy.] - Fusil (_gun_) - Fusileer - - - G. - - Gabardine - Galiot - Garish - Gallias - [So spelled in the first column; but in the defining columns of the - Dictionary, the _s_ is doubled. Follow copy.] - Gamboled, -ing - Gamut {p133} - Gang (_Min._) - [If written _Gangue_, follow copy.] - Gantlet - [A military punishment.] - Gasteropod - Gargoyle (_Arch._) - Gauge - Gault - Gauntlet - [A large glove of mail.] - Gayety - Gayly - Gazelle - Genet - Gerfalcon - Germane - Germ - Ghibelline - Gibe - Gimbals - Gimlet - Girasole - Girt (_v._) - [Girth (_n._)] - Glair - Glamour - Glave - Gloze - Gnarled - Gore - Good-by - Good-humor - Gormand - Governor - Graft, -ed - Grandam - Granddaughter - Granite - Graveled, -ing - [The _l_ in graveling should not be doubled.] - Gray, -ish, etc. - Grenade - Grenadier - Greyhound - Grewsome - Griffin - Grisly - [If written _Grizzly_, follow copy.] - Groats - Grogram - Grommet - Grotesque, -ly - Groundsel - Groveler, -ing - Group (_v._) - Guaranty - [If written _Guarantee_, follow copy.] - Guelder-rose - Guelf - [If written _Guelph_, follow copy.] - Guerrilla - Guilder (_coin_) - Guillotine - Gulf - Gunwale - Gurnard - Gypsy - Gyrfalcon - Gyves - - - H. - - Hackle - Hagbut - Haggard - Haggess - Ha-ha - Haik - Hake - Halberd - Halibut - Hallelujah - [But if written _Alleluia_, or _Halleluiah_, follow copy, to avoid - “correcting.”] - Halloo - Halidom - Halyard - Handicraft - Handiwork - Handsome - Handsel - Handseled - Harbor, -ed, etc. - Harebell - Harebrained - Harem - Haricot - Harrier - Harry - Haslet - Hasheesh - Hatti-sherif - Haulm - Haul - Haunch - Hautboy - Hawser - Headache - Hearse - Hectoliter - Hectometer - Hegira - Height, -en, etc. - Heinous, -ly, -ness - Hematite - Hematology - Hemistich - Hemorrhoids - Heretoch - Hermit, -age - Herpetology - Hexahedron - Hibernate - Hiccough - Hinderance - [If written _Hindrance_, follow copy. _See_ remark under _Foundery_, - _in loco_.] - Hindoo, -ism - Hip (_Pom._) - Hipped-roof {p134} - Hippogriff - Hippocras - Ho - Hoarhound - Hockey - Hodge-podge - Hoiden, -ish - Holiday - [If written _Holyday_, follow copy.] - Hollo - Holster - Hominy - Homeopathy - Homonym - Honeyed - Honor, -ed, etc. - Hoop (_v._) - Hoopoe - Hornblende - Horror - Hostelry - Hostler - Hough - Housewife - Howdah - Howlet - Hummock - Humor - Hurra - Hydrangea - Hypæthral - Hyperstene - Hypotenuse - Hyssop - - - I. - - Icicle - Illness - Imbibe - Imbitter - Imbrue - Imbue, -ed, -ing - Immarginate - Impanel, -ed, -ing - [Wb. has also _Empaneled_, _-ing_, etc., in his first column under - _E_. One way is enough; but to avoid changes in author’s proof, - compositor had better follow copy.] - Imparlance - Impassion - Impeach - Imperiled - Implead - Imposthume - [See _Aposteme_.] - Impoverish - Imprint - Incase - Inclasp - Inclose, -ure, etc. - Increase - Incrust - Incumbrance - [But Wb. prefers _Encumber_ for the verb.] - Indefeasible - Indelible - Indict (_Law_) - Indictment - Indite, -er - Indocile - Indoctrinate - Indorse, -ed, -ing - Indorser, -ment - Induce, -ment - Inferior - Inferable - Inflection - Infold - Infoliate - Ingraft, -er, -ment - Ingrain - Ingulf - Inkle - Innuendo - Inquire, -er, -y, etc. - Inscribe - Inscroll - Insnare - Install - Installment - Instate - Instill - Instructor - Insure, -ed, -ing - Insurer, -ance - Intenable - Intercessor - Interior - Inthrall - Intrench - Intrust - Inure - Inurement - Inveigle - Inventor - Inwheel - Inwrap - Inwreathe - Isocheimal - Ixolite - - - J. - - Jacobin - Jaconet - Jail, -er, etc. - Jalap - Jam (_Min._) - Janizary - Jasmine - Jaunt, -y, -ily - Jean - Jenneting - Jeremiad - Jetsam - Jetty - Jeweled - Jewelry - Jointress - Jonquil - Jostle - Jowl {p135} - Judgment - Jupon - Just - [A mock encounter on horseback.] - - - K. - - Kaffer - Kale - Kayle - Keelhaul - Keelson - Keg - Kenneled, -ing - Khan - Kiln (_n._) - Kilogram - Kiloliter - Kilometer - Knob - Koran - Kyanite - - - L. - - Labeled, -ing - Labor, -ed, -ing, etc. - Lachrymal - Lac (_coin_) - Lackey - Lacquer (_n._) - Lacquer, -ed, -ing - Lagoon - Lambdoidal - Landau - Landscape - Lantern - Lanyard - Lapsided - Larum - Launch - Leaven - Lecher, -y, -ous - Lecturn - Ledgement - [_Sic_; the retention of _e_ after _g_ seems somewhat remarkable.] - Ledger - Leger-line - Leggin - Lemming - Lettuce - Leveled, -ing, -er - Libeled, -ing, etc. - License - Lickerish - Licorice - Lief - Lilac - Linguiform - Linnæan - Linseed - Linstock - Liter - Lithontriptic - Llama (_Zoöl._) - Loadstar, -stone - Loath (_a._) - Lode (_Min._) - Lodgment - Logogriph - Longiroster - Louver - Lower - Luff - Lunet - [A little moon, or satellite. Obsolete.] - Lunette - [A detached bastion, etc.] - Lunge - Lustring - Lye - - - M. - - Macaw - Maccaboy - Maggoty - Maim - [Mayhem, _Law_.] - Mal (_prefix_) - [Here, in Wb., first column, appears “Mall,” followed by “_or_ Maul”; - but, since _Maul_ also appears in first column, both as noun and - verb, we omit _Mall_, as not preferable to _Maul_.] - Malkin - Mamaluke - Mamma - Mandatary (_n._) - Manikin - Maneuver - Mantel (_Arch._) - Mantel-piece - Marc (_coin_) - Magaron - Marquee - Marque (_letter of_) - Marquess - [Till of late, _marquis_ was the usual spelling, but it is now to - a great extent superseded by _marquess_, except in the foreign - title.—_Smart._] - Marshal - Marshaled, -ing - Martin (_Ornith._) - Martinet (_Naut._) - Martingale - Marveled, -ing, etc. - Mark - Maslin - Mastic - Matrice - [If written _Matrix_, follow copy.] - Mattress - Mauger - Maul (_n._ and _v._) - Mayhem (_Law_) - Meager, -ly, etc. - Merchandise {p136} - Meter - Mileage - Milleped - Milligram - Milliliter - Millimeter - Milrea - Misbehavior - Miscall - Misdemeanor - Misspell - Misspend - Misspent - Misstate - Mistletoe - Miter, -ed - Mizzen - Mizzle - Moccasin - Mode (_Gram._) - Mocha-stone - Modeled, -ing - Modillion - Mohammedan - Mohawk - Molasses - Mold - Molt - Moneyed - Mongrel - Moresque - Morris - Mortgageor (_Law_) - Mortgager - Mosque - Mosquito - Mullein - Multiped - Mummery - Murder, etc. - Murky - Murrhine - Muscadel - Muscle (_a shell fish_) - [If written _Mussel_, follow copy.] - Musket - Mustache - - - N. - - Nankeen - Narwal - Naught - Negotiate, -or, etc. - Neighbor, -ing, etc. - Net (_a._) - Neb (_Orn._) - Niter - Nobless - [If written _Noblesse_, follow copy.] - Nomads - Nombles - Nonesuch - Novitiate - Nylghau - - - O. - - Oaf - Ocher - Octahedron - Octostyle - Odalisque - Odor - Offense - Olio - Omber - Omer - Oolong - Opaque - Opobalsam - Orach - Orang-outang - Orchestra - Oriel - Oriflamb - Orison - Osier - Osprey - Otolite - Ottar (_of roses_) - Outrageous - Oxide - Oyes - - - P. - - Packet - Painim - Palanquin - Palestra - Palet - Palmiped - Panada - Pander - Pandore - Pandour - Panel (_Law_) - Paneled, -ing - Pantograph - Papoose - Paralyze - Parceled, -ing - Parcenary - Parlor - Parol (_a._) - Parquet - Parsnip - Parrakeet - Partible - Partisan - Pasha - Pashalic - Pask - Patrol (_n._) - Paver - Pawl - [Peaked - We insert this word as of the first column, because _Picked_ (in Wb. - first col.) has definitions not applicable to _Peaked_.] - Pean - Peart {p137} - Pedicel - Peddler - Pedobaptist - Pemmican - Penciled, -ing - Pennant - Pentahedral - Peony - Periled, -ing - Peroxide - Persimmon - Persistence - Pewit (_Orn._) - Phantasm - Phantom - Phenomenon - Phenix - Phial - [But if written _Vial_, follow copy.] - Philter, -ed - Phthisic - Piaster - Picked - Picket - Pie - Piebald - Piepoudre - Pimento - Pimpernel - Pinchers - Pistoled, -ing - Placard - Plaice (_Ichth._) - Plain - [Plane, in some senses.] - Plane-sailing - Plaster - Plait (_v._) - Plat (_n._) - Plethron - Pliers - Plow - Plumber - Plumiped - Pluviometer - Point-device - Poise - Polacca - Pole-ax - Poltroon - Polyhedron, -drous - Polyglot (_n._) - Polyp - Pommel - Pommeled, -ing - Ponton - Pony - Poniard - Porgy (_Ichth._) - Porpoise - Portray - Porteress - Possessor - Postilion - Potato - Potsherd - Powter (_Orn._) - Pozzolana - Practice (_v._) - Præmunire - Prænomen - Predial - Premise - Pretense - Pretermit - Pretor - Profane - Protector - Programme - Protoxide - Prunella - Pumpkin - Puppet - Purblind - Purr - Purslane - Putrefy - Pygmy - Pyx - - - Q. - - Quadroon - Quarantine - Quarrel (_an arrow_) - Quarreled, -ing - Quartet - Quaterfoil - Quay, -age - Questor - Quinsy - Quintain - Quintet - Quoin - - - R. - - Rabbet (_Carp._) - Rabbi - Raccoon - Raddock (_Orn._) - Ramadan - Rancor, -ous, -ly - Ransom - Rare (_adj._) - Rarefy - Raspberry - Rattan - Raveled, -ing - Raven (_plunder_) - Raze, -ed, -ing - Rasure - Real (_coin_) - Rearward - Recall - Recompense - Reconnoiter - Redoubt - Referable - Reflection - Reglet - Reindeer - Re-enforce - Re-install, -ment - Relic - Remiped {p138} - Renard - Rencounter - Rennet - Replier - Reposit - Resin - Rosin - [The resin left, after distilling off the volatile oils from the - different species of turpentine.] - Resistance, etc. - Restive, -ly, -ness - Retch (_to vomit_) - Reveled, -ing, -er - Reverie - Ribbon - Reversible - Rigor, -ous, etc. - Risk - Rivaled, -ing - Riveted, -ing - Roc (_Orn._) - Rodomontade - Rondeau - Ronyon - Roquelaure - Rotunda - Route - Ruble (_coin_) - Ruche - Rummage - Rumor, etc. - Rye - - - S. - - Sabian - Saber, -ed, etc. - Sackbut - Sainfoin - Salam - Salep - Salic - Saltpeter - Samester - Sandaled - Sandarac - Sandever - Sanskrit - Sapajo - Sapodilla - Sarcenet - Sat - Satchel - Satinet - Sauer-kraut - Savanna - Savior - [Saviour - We insert this as of first column, it being in universal use when - referring to Christ.] - Savor - Scallop, -ed, -ing - Scath - Scepter, -ed - Scherif - [Preferring this form to _Cherif_, we insert it here. Both spellings - appear in Wb. first column.] - Schist - Schorl - Sciagraphy - Scion - Scirrhosity - Scirrhus - Scissors - Sconce - Scot-free - Scow - Scrawny - Scythe - Seamstress - Sear - Secretaryship - Sedlitz - Seethe - Seignior - Seigniorage, -ory. - Seine - Seizin - Seleniuret - Sellender - Selvage - Sentinel - Sentry - Sepawn - Sepulcher - Sequin - Sergeant - Set (_n._) - Sevennight - Shad - Shah - Shawm - Shampoo - Shard - Sheathe (_v._) - Sheik - Sherbet - Sherry - Shill-I-shall-I - [But if written _Shilly-shally_, follow copy.] - Shore (_n._) - Shorl - Shoveled, -er, -ing - Show - Shrillness - Shriveled, -ing - Shuttlecock - Shyly, -ness - Sibyl - Sidewise - Silicious - Sillabub - Simoom - Siphon - Siren - Sirloin - Sirup - Sizar - Skein - Skeptic - Skillful, -ly, -ness - Skill-less - Skull (_cranium_) {p139} - Slabber - Sleight - Slyly, -ness - Smallness - Smolder - Smooth (_v._ and _a._) - Snapped (_imp._) - Sniveler, -ing - Socage - Socle - Solan-goose (_n._) - Solder, etc. - Soliped - Solvable - Somber - Somersault - Sonneteer - Soothe (_v._) - [Sorel] - Sorrel - Souchong - Spa - Spelt (_n._) - Specter - Spew - Spinach - Spinel - Spiritous - [_Spirituous_ is the more common form. Follow copy.] - Spite - Splendor - Sponge - Sprite - Spirt - Spunk - Staddle - Stanch - Stationery (_n._) - Steadfast - Steelyard - Stillness - Stockade - Story (_a floor_) - Strait (_n._) - Strengthener - Strew - Strop (_n._) - Stupefy - Sty - Style - Styptic - Subpœna - Subtile (_thin_) - Subtle (_artful_) - Successor - Succor - Suite - Suitor - Sulphureted - Sumac - Superior - Suretyship - Surname - Surprise, etc. - Survivor, -ship - Swainmote - Swale (_v._) - Swap - Swart (_adj._) - Swathe (_bandage_) - Swiple - Swob, -ber, etc. - [But if written _Swab_, _Swabber_, etc., follow copy.] - Swollen - Syenite - Symploce - Synonym - Syphilis - - - T. - - Tabard - Tabbinet - Tabor, etc. - Taffeta - [If written _Taffety_, follow copy.] - Taffrail - Tailage - Talc - Tallness - Tambour - Tambourine - Tarantula - Tarpaulin - Tasseled, -ing - Tasses - Taut (_Nav._) - Tawny - Tease - Teasel - Teetotal - Tenable - Tenor - Tenuirosters - Terror - Tetrahedron - Tetrastich - Theater - Thole - Thorp - Thralldom - Thrash - Threshold - Throe (_n._) - Ticking (_n._) - Tidbit - Tie (_n._ and _v._) - Tier - Tierce - Tiger - Tincal - Tithe - Toll (_v. t._) - Tollbooth - Ton (_the weight_) - [Tun (_the cask_)] - Tonnage - Tormentor - Tourmaline - Toweling - Trammeled, -ing - Tranquilize - Transferable - Transference {p140} - Transship, -ment - Trapan (_a snare_) - Traveler, -ed, -ing - Traverse - Travesty - Treadle - Trebuchet - Treenail - Trestle - Trigger - Trevet - Tricolor - Trihedral - Trod - Trousers - Troweled - Truckle-bed - Tryst - Tumbrel - Tumor - Tunneled, -ing - Turquois - Turnip - Turnsole - Tutenag - Tweedle - Twibil - Tymbal - Tyro - - - U. - - Umber - Unbiased - Unboweled - [And others of the same class.] - Unroll - Until - - - V. - - Vaivode - [If written _Waiwode_ or _Wayvode_, follow copy.] - Valise - Valor, -ous, -ously - Vantbrace - Vapor - Vat - Veil - Vedette - Vender - [But _Vendor_, as correlative of _Vendee_.] - Venomous - Veranda - Verderer - Verdigris - Vermin - Verst - Vertebra - Vervain - Vicious, -ly, -ness - Victualed, -er, -ing - Vigor, -ous, etc. - Villain - [But in feudal law, often spelled _Villein_, follow copy.] - Villainy, -ous - Vise - Visitor - Visor - Vitiate - Vizier - Volcano - - - W. - - Wadsett - Wagon - Waive - Wale (_n._) - Walrus - Warranter - [In law, _Warrantor_.] - Warrior - Warwhoop - Waucht - Waul (_as a cat_) - Wear (_v. Naut._) - Wear (_n._) - Weasand - Welsh - Whang - Whelk (_n._) - Whippletree - Whippoorwill - Whisky - Whoop - Whooping-cough - [If written _Hooping-cough_, be careful to follow copy. We have known - some trouble to be caused by a change of the initial in alphabetical - tabular work from hospitals, ships, etc.] - Whortleberry - Widgeon - Willful, -ly, -ness - Windlass - Wintery - [If written _Wintry_, follow copy.] - Wiry - Witch-elm - Witch-hazel - Withe - Wivern - Wizard - Wizen - Woe - Woful - Wondrous - Woodbine - Woolen, -ette. - Worshiper, -ed, etc. - Wrack (_to rack_) - Wye - [If written Y, follow copy.] - - - Y. - - Yataghan - Yaup - Yawl (_n._) - Yelk - Yttria, -um - - - Z. - - Zaffer - Zinc - Zinciferous - Zonnar - Zymometer - -{p141} - - -THE WORCESTER LIST. - - [The following vocabulary exhibits the orthography apparently deemed - preferable by Worcester. It will, we believe, be found very convenient - in offices where the Worcester style is in favor,—as the preceding - list will prove to be where the Webster style is in vogue. Any remarks - which we have inserted, and a few additional words, are in brackets.] - - A. - - Aam - Abatis - Abbey - Abetter - [In a good sense; nearly or quite obsolete.] - Abettor - [_Law._ One who abets an unlawful act.] - Abnormal - Abreuvoir - Abridgment - Accessary - [When used in _Law_.] - Accessory (_Art._) - Accountant - Acetimeter - Ache - Achieve - Acknowledgment - Acronycal - Addible - Adipocere - Adjudgment - Admittible - Adopter - [One who adopts, or assumes as one’s own.] - [Adapter - Tube used in Chemistry.] - Adscititious - Adulteress - Advertise - Advoutry - Advowee - Advowson - Adze - Æolic - Affector - Affeer - Affiliate - Affiliation - Afraid - Aghast - Agriculturist - Aide-de-camp - Aisle (_church_) - Ajutage - Alchemical - Alchemist - Alchemy - Alcoran - Alexipharmic - Alkahest - Alkali - Allege - Allocution - Alloy - Almacantar - Almanac - Almonry - Alnager - Alum - Amassment - Ambassador - Ambergris - Ambs-ace - Amercement - Amiability - Amice - Amortise - Anademe - Ananas - Anapest - Anapestic - Anbury - Ancestral - Ancient - Ancientry - Andiron - Anemone - Angiography - Angiology - Angiotomy - Ankle - Annotto - Antechamber - Antelope - Antiemetic - Apanage - Apostasy - Aposteme - [If written _Imposthume_, follow copy.] - Apothegm - Appall - Appalment - Appraise - Appraisement - Appraiser - Apprise - Appurtenance - Apricot - Arbitrament - Archæological - Archæology - Archduchess - Archil - Argol - Arquebuse - Arrack - Artisan - Arvel {p142} - Asbestos - Ascendency - Ascendent - Askance - Askant - Askew - Assafœtida - Assize - Assizer - Assuage - Athenæum - Auger - [Augur - A soothsayer.] - Aught - Autocracy - Avoirdupois - Awkward - Awn - Axe - - - B. - - Baccalaureate - Bachelor - Bade, _from_ bid - Balance - Baldrick - Balk - Ballister - Baluster - Bandanna - Bandoleer - Bandore - Bandrol - Banian - Banns - Barbacan - Barbecue - Barberry - Bark - Barouche - Baryta - Barytone - Basin - Bass (_Mus._) - Bass-viol - Bastinado - Bateau - Battledoor - Bawble - Bazaar - Beadle - Beaver - Befall - Behoove - Bellflower - Belligerent - Bellman - Bellmetal - Bellwether - Benumb - Bequeath - Bergamot - Bergander - Berth (_in ship_) - Bestrew - [Bestrewn - p. p. of Bestrew.] - Betel - Bevel - Bezant - Biassed - Biestings - Bigoted - Bilge - Billiards - Billingsgate - Binnacle - Bistre - Bivouac - Bizantine - Blanch - Blende (_Min._) - Blithely - Blitheness - Blithesome - Blomary - Blouse - Bodice - Boil (_a tumor_) - Bolt - Bombard - Bombast - Bombazette - Bombazine - Borage - Bourgeois - Bourn - Bourse - Bouse - Bousy - Bowlder - Bowsprit - Brakeman - Bramin - Brawl - Brazen - Brazier - Brazil - Brier - Brokerage - Bronze - Brooch - Brunette - Bryony - Buccaneer - Buffalo - Buhrstone - Bulimy - Bumblebee - Bunn - Bunyon - Burden - Burdensome - Burganet - Burin - Burlesque - Burr - Buzz - By (_n._) - - - C. - - Cabob - Cacique - Cæsura - Calcareous - Caldron {p143} - Calendar - Calends - Caliber (_Gun_) - [Calibre - Generally so spelled when used in a figurative sense; as “a mind - of inferior calibre”; and in this sense retains the French pron. - Ka·le·bur.] - Calipers - Caliph - Calk - Calligraphy - Calotte - Caloyer - Caltrop - Calyx - Cameo - Camlet - Camomile - [If written _Chamomile_, follow copy.] - Camphor - Cannel (_-coal_) - Cannoneer - Canoe - Cantilever - Canvas - [Canvass] - Capriole - Car - Carabine - Carabineer - Carat - Caravansary - Caravel - Caraway - [Carcase - Scripture.] - Carcass - Carle - Carnelian - Carolytic - Cartel - Cartridge - Cassada - Cassimere - [If spelled _Kerseymere_, follow copy.] - Cassowary - [Cast] - Caste, _class_ - Castellan - Caster - [One who casts; a cruet; a furniture-wheel.] - [Castor - A genus of animals; a hat; a drug.] - Castlery - Castrel - Catchpoll - Catchup - Catechise - Catherine - Cauliflower - Causeway - Cavazion (_Arch._) - Caviare - Caw - Cayman - Cedilla - Ceiling - Celt - Celtic - Centiped - Cess - Chalcedony - Chaldron - Chalice - Chameleon - Chamois - Champaign - [Flat, open country,—Deut. 11 : 30.] - [Champagne, _wine_] - Champerty - Chant - Chap - [See remark on this word, in Wb. List, _ante_.] - Chaps - Char - [A small job. - So spelled in England, and in Departments at Washington, where - “charwomen” are employed. But— - Chore - Is the common orthography in the United States,—and if so written, - follow copy.] - Chase - Chastely - Chasteness - Check - Checker - Cheer - Chemical - Chemist - Chemistry - Chestnut - Chiliahedron - Chillness - Chimb - Chintz - Chloride - Choir - Choke - Choose - Chorister - Chyle - Chylifactive - Cider - Cigar - Cimeter - Cipher - Clam (_v._) - Clarinet - Cleat - Clew - Clinch - Cloak - Clodpoll - Cloff - Clothe - Clothes {p144} - Cluck - Clyster - Cobbler - Cocoa - Coddle - Cœliac - Coif - Coiffure - Coke - Colander - Colic - College - Colliery - Colter - Comfrey - Commandery - Commissariat - Compatible - Complete - Concordat - Confectionery - Confidant (_n._) - Congealable - Connection - Connective - Consecrator - Contemporary - Contra-dance - Contributory - Control - Controllable - Controller - [Comptroller - 2d column. _See_ Wb. list.] - Conversable - Cony - Cony-burrow - Coomb (4 _bushels_) - Copier - Coping - Copse - Coquette (_n._) - Coranach - Corbel - Cordovan - Corpse - Correlative - Cosey - Cot - Cotillon - Counsellor - [One who gives advice.] - [Councillor - A member of a council.] - Courant - Courtesan - Courtesy - [Curtesy (_Law_)] - Covin - Covinous - Cozen - Cozenage - Craunch - Crawfish - Creak (_v._) - Crier - Croslet - Crowd - Crowfoot - Cruet - Crumb - Crusade - Cruse (_cruet_) - Crystal - Cucurbit - Cue - Cuerpo - Cuish - Cuneiform - Cupel - Curb - Curb-stone - Curtain - Cutlass - Cyclopædia - Cyst - Cysted - Czar - - - D. - - Dactyl - Daily - Daisied - Damaskeen (_v._) - Damson - Dandruff - Danegelt - Daub - Dawdle - Dearn - Debarkation - Debonair - Decoy - Decrepit - Defence - Defier - Deflection - Deflour - Delft - Delphine - Deltoid - Demesne - Demarcation - Democrat - Denizen - Dependant (_n._) - Dependence - Dependent (_a._) - Deposit - Desert (_n._) - Desolater - Despatch - [_Dispatch_ also appears in Wor. 1st column. Follow copy.] - Dessert (_n._) - Detecter - Detorsion - Detractor - Develop - Development - Devest - Dexterous - [If written _Dextrous_ follow copy.] - Diadron {p145} - Diæresis - Diarrhœa - Dike - Dime - Diocese - Disburden - Discount - Disfranchise - Disfranchisement - Dishabille - Disinthrall - Disk - Disseize - Disseizin - Disseizor - Dissolvable - Distention - Distil - Distrainor - Diversely - Divest - Docket - Doctress - Dodecahedron - Doggerel - Domicile - Doomsday-book - Dory - Dote - Doubloon - Dowry - Downfall - Drachm - [Properly limited to the Greek coin or weight.] - Dram - [A denomination in apothecaries’ and avoirdupois weight; a small - quantity; a potation.] - Dragoman - Draught - [This, the original and proper orthography, should be retained in all - senses other than the five mentioned under _Draft_.] - Draft - [1. Act of drawing or pulling. - 2. A body of men drawn for or from a military organization. - 3. An order by which one person draws on another for money; also the - money so drawn. - 4. An allowance in weighing. - 5. The drawing of lines for a plan; the plan so drawn.] - Dreadnaught - Driblet - Drier - Drought - Dryly - Dryness - Duchess - Duchy - Dulness - Dungeon - Dunghill - Duress - Dye (_color_) - Dyeing (_coloring_) - - - E. - - Eavesdropper - Eccentric - Echelon - Economics - Ecstasy - Ecstatic - Ecumenical - Edile - Eke - Embalm - Embank - Embankment - Embargo - Embark - Embarkation - Embase - Embassy - Embed - Embedded - Embezzle - Embezzlement - Emblazon - Embody - Embolden - Emborder - Embosk - Embosom - Emboss - Embowel - Embower - Embrasure - Empale - Empanel - [This orthography is recommended. (Wb. has _Empaneled_ in first - column.) There are so many _correct_ ways of spelling this word, that - a man who would get it wrong should be very ingenious.] - Empoison - Empower - Empress - Encage - Encenia - Enchant - Enchase - Encircle - Encroach - Encumber - Encumbrance - Encyclopædia - Endamage - Endear - Endow - Endue - Enfeeble - Enfeoff - Enfranchise - Engender - Engorge {p146} - Enhance - Enigma - Enjoin - Enlard - Enlarge - Enlighten - Enlist - Enlumine - Enroll - Enrolment - Enshrine - Entail - Entangle - Enterprise - Enthrone - Enthymeme - Entice - Entire - Entirety - Entitle - Entomb - Entrance (_v._) - Entrap - Entreat - Envelop (_v._) - Envelopment - Eolipile - Epaulet - Epigraph - Equerry - Equiangular - Equivoke - Era - Eremite - Escalade - Eschalot - Escritoire - Escutcheon - Estafette - [Esthetic] - Esthetics - Estoppel - Etiology - Exactor - Expense - Exsanguious - Exsect - Exsiccate - Exsiccation - Exsiccative - Exsuccous - Extrinsical - Exudation - Exude - Eyry - - - F. - - Fæces - Fagot - Fairy - Fakir - Falchion - Falcon - Fantasy - Farther - Farthest - [Present tendency is, to employ _farther_ and _farthest_ in - indicating space or time; in other senses, _further_ and _furthest_.] - Farthingale - Fattener - Fearnaught - Fecal - Felly - Felon - Felspar - Ferrule - [Ferule - This word is in second column; but as its signification is wholly - distinct from _ferrule_, it should have place here.] - Feud - Feudal - Feudality - Feudatory - Feuillemorte - Fie - Filanders - Filbert - Filigrane - Filigree - Fillibeg - Filly - Finery (_a forge_) - Firman - Fizgig - Flageolet - Fleam - Flier - Flotage - Flotsam - Flour (_meal_) - Fleur-de-lis - Flugelman - Fluke - Fluoride - Fœtus - Forestall - Foretell - Forray - Forte (_strong side_) - Fosse - Foundery - [But if written _Foundry_, follow copy.] - Franc (_coin_) - Frenetic - Frenzy - Frieze - Frigate - Frit - Frizzle - Frowzy - Frumentaceous - Frumenty - Frustum - Fuel - Fulfil - Fulfilment - Fulness - Furlough - Further - Furthest - [See _Farthest_.] {p147} - Fusee - Fusileer - Fuze (_n._) - - - G. - - Gabardine - Galiot - Gallipot - Galoche - Gamut - Gangue (_in ore_) - Gantlet - [A military punishment.] - Garish - Garreteer - Gauge - Gauger - Gault - Gauntlet (_glove_) - Gayety - Gayly - Gazelle - Gear - Gelatine - Genet - Gerfalcon - Germ - Ghastly - Ghibelline - Ghyll (_ravine_) - Gibberish - Gibe - Giglot - Gimlet - Gimmal - Girasole - Girth - Glair - Glave - Glazier - Glede - Gloar - Gloze - Glue - Gluey - Gnarled - Gneiss - Good-by - Gore - Gourmand - Gormandize - Governante - Graft - Grandam - Granddaughter - Granite - Grasshopper - Gray - Greeze (_a step_) - Grenade - Grenadier - Greyhound - Griffin - Grizzled - Grocer - Grogram - Grotesque - Groundsill - Group - Guarantee - Guild - Guilder (_coin_) - Guillotine - Gulf - Gunwale - Gurnet - Gypsy - Gyre - Gyve - - - H. - - Haggard - Haggess - Ha-ha - Hake - Halberd - Hale (_healthy_) - Halibut - Halyards - Halloo - Hame - Handicraftsman - Handiwork - Hards - Harebell - Harebrained - Harem - Harrier - Harslet - Hatchel - Haul (_to drag_) - Haum - Haunch - Haust (_cough_) - Hautboy - Havoc - Hawser - Hazel - Headache - Hearse - Heartache - Height - Heighten - Heinous - Hemistich - Hemorrhoids - Heptamerede - Herpetology - Hexahedron - Hibernate - Hibernation - Hiccough - Hinderance - [If written _Hindrance_, follow copy. In one of the largest - printing-offices in the world, an effort was made a few years since - to get the _e_ into Dext_e_rous, Found_e_ry, and Hind_e_rance (style - of _Wb._ and _Wor._); but so much trouble ensued,—presumably from - outside orthographers,—that compositors and proof-readers were - erelong instructed to leave the _e_ out. Follow copy.] {p148} - Hip (_v_). - Hip (_n_). - Hippocras - Hodge-podge - Hoiden - Holiday - Holster - Hominy - Homonyme - Hone - Honeyed - Hoot - Horde - Horehound - Hornblende - Hostler - Household - Housewife - Howlet - Hub - Hurrah - Hydrangea - Hypothenuse - - - I. - - Icicle - Illness - Imbitter - Imbound - Imbox - Imbrue - Impair - Imparlance - Impassion - Implead - Imposthume - [“This seems . . . to have been written erroneously for - _aposteme_.”—_Johnson._ Follow copy, whether spelled _aposteme_, - _apostume_, _impostem_, _imposthume_, or _impostume_,—any other - orthography might possibly be incorrect.] - Impoverish - Incase - Inclasp - Incloister - Inclose - Inclosure - Incondensable - Increase - Incrust - Indefeasible - Indelible - Indict - Indictment - Indite - Inditer - Indocile - Indorsable - Indorse - Indorsement - Indorser - Inferrible - Inflection - Infold - Infoliate - Ingraft - Ingraftment - Ingrain - Ingulf - Innuendo - Inquire - Inquirer - Inquiry - Insnare - Install - Instalment - Instil - Instructor - Insurance - Insure - Insurer - Intenable - Interlace - Interplead - Interpleader - Inthrall - Intrinsical - Intrust - Intwine - Inure - Inurement - Invalid (_n._) - Inveigle - Inventor - Inwheel - Inwrap - Inwreathe - Isle - - - J. - - Jackal - Jacobin - Jag - Jagghery - Jail - Jailer - Jalap - Jamb (_n._) - Janizary - Janty - Jasmine - Jaunt - Jelly - Jenneting - Jetty - Jewellery - [Thus in 1st column, as “the more regularly formed word”; but - _jewelry_ is the more common. Follow copy.] - Jiffy - Jingle - Jointress - Jole - [If written _jowl_, follow copy.] - Jonquille - Judgment - Julep - Junket - Just (_n._) - Justle - [If written _jostle_, compositor and proof-reader had better follow - copy, to save the trouble and expense of _correcting_.] {p149} - - - K. - - Kale - Kamsin - Kayle - Keelhaul - Keelson - Keg - Khan - Knapsack - Knell - - - L. - - Lackey - Lacquer - Lair - Lambdoidal - Lance - Landscape - Landsman - Lantern - Lanyard - Launch - Laundress - Laureate - Lavender - Lea (_a plain_) - Leach - Leaven - Ledger - Lettuce - License - Lickerish - Licorice - Lief - Lilac - Lily - Linguiform - Liniment - [An embrocation.] - [Linament - (Lint, etc.)] - Lintstock - Litharge - Llama (_animal_) - Loadstar - Loadstone - Loath (_a._) - Loathe (_v._) - Lode (_a vein_) - Lodgement - Lower - Luff - Luke - Lustring - Lye (_from ashes_) - - - M. - - Maggoty - Maim - [Mayhem (_Law_)] - Maize - Maleadministration - Malecontent - Malefeasance - Malepractice - Maltreat - Malkin - Mall - Malanders - Mameluke - Mandarin - Mandatary - Mandrel - Manifestable - Manikin - Manœuvre - Mantle - Mark - Marque (_license_) - Marquee - Marquis - Marshal - Marten - Martingale - Mask - Maslin - Mastic - Matins - Mattress - Meagre - Mediæval - Meliorate - [If written _ameliorate_, follow copy.] - Menagerie - Merchandise - Mere (_a pool_) - Metre - Mew - Mewl - Mileage - Milleped - Millrea - Miscall - Misspell - Misspend - Misy (_Min._) - Mistletoe - Mitre - Mizzen - Moccason - Mocha-stone - Modillion - Molasses - Moneyed - Mongrel - Monodrame - Mood - Moresque - Morion - Mortgageor - Mosque - Mosquito - Mould - Moult - Mulch - Mullin - Multiped - Mummery - Murder - Murderous - Murky - Murrhine - Muscle - [Animal tissue.] {p150} - [Mussel - (A shell-fish.)] - Musket - Mustache - Myth - - - N. - - Nankeen - Naught - Negotiate - Net (_a._, _clear_) - Nib - Nobless - Nombles - Novitiate - Nozle - Nuisance - - - O. - - Oblique - Octahedron - Offence - Offuscate - Olio - Omer - Opaque - Orach - Orison - Osier - Osmazome - Osprey - Ottar - [If written _Attar_, follow copy.] - Outrageous - Oxidate - Oxidation - Oxide - Oxidize - Oyes - - - P. - - Pacha - Packet - Painim - Palanquin - Palette - Palmiped - Pandore - Panel - Pansy - Pantagraph - Pappoose - Parallelopiped - Paralyze - Parcenary - Parol (_a._) - Paroquet - Parral - Parsnip - Partisan - Patin - Patrol - Paver - Pawl - Pedler - Pedlery - Peep - Penance - Penniless - Pentahedral - Pentahedron - Pentile - Peony - Perch - Persimmon - Persistence - Pewit - Phantasm - Phantom - Phenomenon - Phial - [If written _Vial_, follow copy.] - Philter - Phlegm - Phœnix - Phthisic - [Piked - Ending in a point.] - Picked - [Spruce; smartly or foppishly dressed.] - Picket - [Piquet - A game at cards.] - Picturesque - Pie - Piebald - Pimento - Pincers - Placard - Plain - [A level, open field.] - [Plane - So written in science and the arts.] - Plane-sailing - Plaster - Plat - Plethora - Pleurisy - Pliers - Plough - Ploughman - Ploughshare - Plumber - Plumiped - Pluviameter - Poise - Poltroon - Polyanthus - Polyhedral - Polyhedron - Pomade - Pommel - Pontoon - Pony - Porpoise - Portray - Portress - Postilion - Potato - Pottage - Practise (_v._) {p151} - Præmunire - Premise - Pretence - Preterite - Pretor - Prison-base - Probate - Profane - Protector - Prothonotaryship - Prunello - Pumpkin - [Puisne (_Law_) - Thus written as a technical word.] - Puny - Pupillary - Purblind - Purlin - Purr - Purslain - Pursy - Putrefy - Pygmean - Pygmy - Pyx - - - Q. - - Quarantine - Quartet - Quatercousin - Quay (_a mole_) - Quinsy - Quintain - Quintal - Quitter - Quoit - - - R. - - Raccoon - Raillery - Ransom - Rarefy - Raspberry - Ratafia - Rattan - Raven (_prey_) - Raze - Razure - Real (_coin_) - Rear - Rearmouse - Rearward - Recall - Recognizable - Recognizance - Recognize - Recognizee - Recognizor - Recompense - Reconnoitre - Redoubt - Redoubtable - Reenforcement - Referable - Reflection - Reflective - Reglet - Reindeer - Reinstall - Relic - Renard - [If written _Reynard_, follow copy.] - Rennet - Replier - Reposit - Resin - [This is the scientific term for the “inspissated exudations - of certain families of plants.”] - Rosin - [The name of the commonest resin in use, “when employed in - a solid state for ordinary purposes.”] - Resistance - Respite - Restiff - [If written _restive_, follow copy.] - Restiffness - [If written _restiveness_, follow copy.] - Retch (_to vomit_) - Reverie - [If written _revery_, follow copy.] - Reversible - Rhomb - [Rhumb (_Nav._)] - Ribbon - Rider - Rinse - Risk - Riveted - Robbin - [Robin (_Orn._)] - Rodomontade - Roquelaure - Route (_course_) - Rummage - Runnet - Rye - - - S. - - Sabianism - Sag - Saic - Sainfoin - Salic - Saltcellar - Sandarach - Sandiver - Sanitary - Sarcenet - Sat - Satchel - Satinet - Savin - Saviour - [When the Redeemer is meant, the _u_ should be retained. Worcester’s - note under this word says that _error_, _favor_, and _honor_ are - derived directly from {p152} the Latin, whereas there is no - classical Latin word corresponding to the Greek _saviour_ = σωτήρ.] - [Savior - This orthography is proper when a sacred meaning is not attached to - the word.] - Scallop - Scath - Scenery - Sceptic - Sceptical - Scepticism - Schist - Schistose - Scholium - Schorl - Sciagraphy - Sciomachy - Scion - Scirrhosity - Scirrhous [_a._] - Scirrhus [_n._] - Scissors - Sconce - Scotfree - Scow - Screen - Scrofula - Scythe - Seamstress - Sear - Searce - Secretaryship - Seethe - Seignior - Seine (_a net_) - Seizin - Sellenders - Selvage - Sentinel - Sentry - Sequin - Sergeant - Sergeantry - Sesspool - [If written _cesspool_, follow copy.] - Sevennight - Shad - Shard - Shark (_v._) - [But _shirk_ is more common, follow copy.] - Shawm - Sheathe (_v._) - Sheer (_pure_) - Sheik - Shemitic - Sherbet - Sherry - Shorling - Show - Showbread - Shrillness - Shroud - Shuttlecock - Shyly - Shyness - Sienite - Silicious - Sill - Sillabub - Simar - Siphon - Siren - Sirloin - Sirocco - Sirup - Sit (_to incubate_) - Site - Sizar - Size (_glue_) - Skate - Skein - Skilful - Skulk - Skull - Slabber - Slake (_to quench_) - Sleight (_n._) - Sley (_a reed_) - Sluice - Slyly - Slyness - Smallness - Smirk - Smooth (_v._) - Soap - Socage - Socle - Solan - Solder - Soldier - Soliped - Solitaire - Solvable - Somerset - Sonneteer - Soothe (_v._) - Sorrel - Souse - Spa - Spicknel - Spinach - Spinel - Splice - Sponge - Spongy - Spright - Sprightful - Spunk - Spurt - Stable - Staddle - Stanch - Stationery (_n._) - Steadfast - Steelyard - Sterile - Stillness - Stockade - Strait (_n._) - Strap - Strengthener - Strew - Stupefy {p153} - Sty - Style - Subtile (_thin_) - Subtle (_sly_) - Subtract - Subtraction - Suit - Suitor - Sulky (_n._) - Sulphuretted - Sumach - Suretyship - Surname - Surprise - Surreptitious - Survivor - Survivorship - Swale - Sward - Swath (_n._) - Sweepstakes - Swipple - Swop - [If written _swap_, follow copy.] - Sycamore - Sylvan - Synonyme - Syphilis - Systematize - - - T. - - Tabard - Taffety - Taffrail - Taillage - Talc (_a stone_) - Tallness - Talmud - Tambour - Tambourine - Tarpauling - Tartan - Tassel - Tawny - Tease - Teazle - Tenable - Terrier - Tether - Tetrastich - Theodolite - Thraldom - Thrash - Threshold - Throe (_a pang_) - Thyine (_wood_) - Thyme - Ticking - Tidbit - Tie - Tier (_a row_) - Tierce - Tiger - Tincal - Tint - Tiny - Tippler - Tithe - Toilet - Toll (_to allure_) - Tollbooth - Ton - [Tun - (_Tun_ is the usual orthography when a large cask or wine measure - [252 gallons] is meant; _Ton_ when a weight of 20 cwt., the space in - a ship, or a measure of timber is meant.—_Brande._)] - Tonnage - Tormentor - Touchy - Tourmaline - Trance - Tranquillity - Tranquillize - Transferable - Transferrence - Treadle - Treenail - Trellis - Trentals - Trestle - Trevet - Trousers - Truckle-bed - Tumbrel - Turkey - Turkois - Turnip - Turnsole - Tutenag - Tweedle - Twibil - Tymbal - Tyro - - - U. - - Umbles - Unbias - Unbiassed - Unbigoted - Unroll - Until - - - V. - - Vaivode - Vales (_money_) - Valise - Vantbrace - Vat (_a vessel_) - Vaudevil - Vavasor - Veil (_cover_) - Vender - [Vendor (_Law_)] - Veneer - Venomous - Verdigris - Vermilion - Vermin - Verst - Vertebre - [If written _Vertebra_, follow copy.] {p154} - Vervain - Vice (_a screw_) - Vicious - Villain - Villanous - Villany - Visitatorial - Visitor - Visor - Vitiate - Vizier - Volcano - - - W. - - Wagon - Waif - Waive (_to defer_) - Wale - Walrus - Warranter - [Warrantor (_Law_)] - War-whoop - Waul - Wear (_v._) - Wear (_n._) - Weasand - Welsh - Whang - Whelk - Whippletree - Whippoorwill - Whiskey - Whitleather - Whoop - Whooping-cough - Widgeon - Wilful - Windlass - Wintry - Wiry - Witch-elm - With (_n._) - Withal - Wizard - Woe - Woful - Wondrous - Woodbine - Woodchuck - Woollen - Wreathe (_v._) - Wreck - Wriggle - - - Y. - - Yawl - Yearn - Yeast - Yelk - Yerk - Yew - - - Z. - - Zaffre - Zinc - Zymology - -There is a large class of words ending either in _able_ or _ible_, -amounting to more than sixteen hundred. For these we know of no -general rule which can be given, that would readily indicate the -proper termination. In practice, writers and printers, with rare -exceptions, are obliged at times to depend on something besides memory -to secure correctness; and if the dictionary is not at hand, the wrong -termination may—as in fact it often does—get into print. So excellent -a work as “The American First Class Book” prints an extract from -Webster’s Plymouth oration thus: - - If any practices exist, contrary to the principles of justice and - humanity, within the reach of our laws or our influence, we are - inexcus_i_ble if we do not exert ourselves to restrain and abolish - them. {p155} - -And in a periodical which is sent broadcast over the United States, -occurs the following paragraph (April 24, 1888), copied from a report -made by Henry Clay in 1838: - - That authors and inventors have, according to the practice among - civilized nations, a property in the respective productions of their - genius is incontest_i_ble, etc. - -We append below, for convenient reference, a catalogue of the words -referred to, including (1) those in present use; (2) those that are -rare; and (3) the obsolete. The latter often occur in reprints, and -are sometimes resuscitated or galvanized for a present purpose,—as, -for instance, in a recent popular novel, of wide circulation, there -occurs three or more times, the word “ineluctable,” denoted by Webster -as obsolete. We may have omitted some words that should have been -inserted, but believe we have accomplished our object within very -negligible limits of error. - -A word in parenthesis indicates a various mode of spelling the word -immediately preceding. - - -WORDS ENDING IN _ABLE_. - - Abatable - Abdicable - Abolishable - Abominable - Abrogable - Absolvable - Absorbable - Abusable - Accentuable - Acceptable - Acclimatable - Accomplishable - Accordable - Accostable - Accountable - Accusable - Achievable - Acidifiable - Acquirable - Actable - Actionable - Adaptable - Addable - (Addible) - Adjustable - Administrable - Admirable - Admittable - (Admittible) - Adoptable - Adorable - Advantageable - Advisable - Affable - Affilliable - Affirmable - Aggrandizable - Agitable - Agreeable - Alienable - Alkalifiable - Allegeable - Allowable - Alterable - Amassable {p156} - Ameliorable - Amenable - Amendable - Amiable - Amicable - Amusable - Analyzable - Anchorable - Annihilable - Answerable - Appealable - Appeasable - Appliable - Applicable - Appointable - Appreciable - Approachable - Appropriable - Approvable - Arable - Arbitrable - Arguable - Argumentable - Ascertainable - Ascribable - Aspectable - Assailable - Assaultable - Assessable - Assignable - Assimilable - Associable - Atonable - Attachable - Attackable - Attainable - Attemptable - Attractable - Attributable - Augmentable - Authorizable - Available - Avoidable - Avouchable - Avowable - Bailable - Bankable - Batable - Bearable - Beggable - Believable - Bendable - Bequeathable - Bewailable - Blamable - Boardable - Boatable - Bounceable - Breakable - Breathable - Calcinable - Calculable - Capable - Carriable - Causable - Censurable - Challengeable - Changeable - Chargeable - Charitable - Chastisable - Cheatable - Circulable - Circumnavigable - Circumscribable - Citable - Civilizable - Claimable - Classifiable - Cleansable - Cleavable - Clergyable - Climbable - Coagulable - Cogitable - Cognizable - Collatable - Colorable - Combatable - Comfortable - Commandable - Commeasurable - Commemorable - Commendable - Commensurable - Commonable - Communicable - Commutable - Companionable - Comparable - Compassable - Compellable - Compliable - Comportable - Compoundable - Computable - Concealable - Conceivable - Concordable - Condemnable - Condensable - Conferrable - Confinable - Confirmable - Confiscable - Conformable - Confusable - Confutable - Congeable - Congealable - Conjecturable - Conquerable - Conscionable - Conservable - Considerable - Consolable - Constrainable - Consumable - Containable - Contaminable - Conterminable - Contestable - Continuable - Contradictable - Contributable - Contrivable - Controllable - Conversable {p157} - Conveyable - Countable - Countermandable - Covetable - Creatable - Creditable - Criticisable - Crummable - Crystallizable - Culpable - Cultivable - Cultivatable - Culturable - Curable - Customable - Damageable - Debatable - Deceivable - Decidable - Decipherable - Declarable - Declinable - Decomposable - Decompoundable - Decreeable - Definable - Deflagrable - Delectable - Deliverable - Deludable - Demandable - Demisable - Demonstrable - Deniable - Denominable - Denotable - Deplorable - Deposable - Deprecable - Deprivable - Derivable - Describable - Designable - Desirable - Despicable - Detectable - Determinable - Detestable - Devisable - Diggable - Dilatable - Diminishable - Disagreeable - Disallowable - Disciplinable - Discommendable - Disconformable - Discountable - Discourageable - Discoverable - Discreditable - Disenable - Dishonorable - Disintegrable - Dispensable - Displaceable - Disposable - Disproportionable - Disprovable - Dispunishable - Disputable - Disreputable - Disserviceable - Dissociable - Dissolvable - Distillable - Distinguishable - Distrainable - Distributable - Diversifiable - Dividable - Divorceable - (Divorcible) - Doubtable - Dowable - Drainable - Dramatizable - Drawable - Drinkable - Dupable - Durable - Dutiable - Eatable - Effable - Effaceable - Electrifiable - Electrolyzable - Emendable - Employable - Endable - Endurable - Enforceable - (Enforcible) - Englishable - Enjoyable - Enticeable - Enunciable - Enviable - Equable - Equitable - Eradicable - Erasable - Erectable - Escapable - Escheatable - Estimable - Evaporable - Examinable - Exceptionable - Exchangeable - Excisable - Excitable - Excommunicable - Exculpable - Excusable - Execrable - Exemplifiable - Exercisable - (Exercisible) - Exhalable - Exorable - Expectable - Expellable - Expiable - Expirable - Explainable - Explicable - Exportable {p158} - Extinguishable - Extirpable - Extractable - (Extractible) - Extricable - Exuviable - Falsifiable - Farmable - Fashionable - Fathomable - Favorable - Fellable - Fermentable - Figurable - Finable - Fixable - Fordable - Foreknowable - Forfeitable - Forgivable - Formidable - Fortifiable - Framable - Friable - Fundable - Furbishable - Gainable - Gaugeable - Gelable - Generable - Generalizable - Governable - Grantable - Graspable - Guardable - Guerdonable - Guessable - Guidable - Habitable - Hammerable - Handleable - Hatable - Hazardable - Healable - Heriotable - Heritable - Homageable - Honorable - Hospitable - Husbandable - Hybridizable - Identifiable - Illapsable - Illaudable - Illimitable - Illuminable - Illustrable - Imaginable - Imitable - Immalleable - Immeasurable - Immedicable - Immemorable - Immensurable - Immersable - (Immersible) - Immitigable - Immovable - Immutable - Impalpable - Impassable - Impassionable - Impeachable - Impeccable - Impenetrable - Imperforable - Imperishable - Impermeable - Imperturbable - Imperviable - Implacable - Impliable - Imponderable - Importable - Imposable - Impracticable - Impregnable - Impressionable - Impreventable - Improbable - Improvable - Impugnable - Imputable - Inaffable - Inalienable - Inamovable - Inappealable - Inapplicable - Inappreciable - Inapproachable - Inarable - Incalculable - Incapable - Incensurable - Incinerable - Inclinable - Incoagulable - Incogitable - Incognizable - Incommensurable - Incommunicable - Incommutable - Incomparable - Incompensable - Incompliable - Incomputable - Inconcealable - Inconceivable - Incondensable - Incongealable - Inconsiderable - Inconsolable - Inconsumable - Incontestable - Incontrollable - Increasable - Incrystallizable - Inculpable - Incurable - Indecimable - Indecipherable - Indeclinable - Indecomposable - Indefatigable - Indefinable - Indelectable - Indemonstrable - Indeprecable {p159} - Indeprivable - Indescribable - Indesirable - Indeterminable - Indictable - Indiminishable - Indisciplinable - Indiscoverable - Indispensable - Indisputable - Indissolvable - Indistinguishable - Indomitable - Indorsable - Indubitable - Ineffable - Ineffaceable - Inequitable - Ineradicable - Inestimable - Inevitable - Inexcitable - Inexcusable - Inexecutable - Inexorable - Inexpiable - Inexplicable - Inexplorable - Inexpugnable - Inexsuperable - Inexterminable - Inextinguishable - Inextirpable - Inextricable - Inferable - (Inferrible) - Inflammable - Inflatable - Ingelable - Ingenerable - Inhabitable - Inheritable - Inhospitable - Inimaginable - Inimitable - Inirritable - Innavigable - Innumerable - Inobservable - Inoculable - Inoxidizable - Inquirable - Insanable - Insatiable - Insaturable - Inscribable - Inscrutable - Insecable - Inseparable - Inseverable - Insolvable - Inspirable - Instable - Insufferable - Insultable - Insuperable - Insupportable - Insupposable - Insurable - Insurmountable - Intastable - Intenable - Interchangeable - Intercommunicable - Interminable - Interpolable - Interpretable - Intestable - Intolerable - Intractable - Intransmutable - Invaluable - Invariable - Investigable - Inviolable - Invitrifiable - Invulnerable - Irrebuttable - Irreclaimable - Irrecognizable - Irreconcilable - Irrecordable - Irrecoverable - Irrecusable - Irredeemable - Irrefragable - Irrefutable - Irrejectable - Irrelievable - Irremeable - Irremediable - Irremovable - Irremunerable - Irreparable - Irrepealable - Irrepleviable - Irreplevisable - Irrepresentable - Irreproachable - Irreprovable - Irresolvable - Irrespirable - Irresuscitable - Irretraceable - Irretrievable - Irreturnable - Irrevealable - Irrevocable - Irrevokable - Irritable - Isolable - Issuable - Judicable - Justiciable - Justifiable - Knittable - Knowable - Lacerable - Lamentable - Laminable - Lapsable - Laudable - Laughable - Learnable - Leasable - Lendable - Leviable - Levigable {p160} - Liable - Licensable - Liftable - Likable - Limitable - Liquable - Liquefiable - Litigable - Loanable - Lodgeable - Losable - Lovable - Magnifiable - Mailable - Mainpernable - Maintainable - Malleable - Manageable - Manifestable - (Manifestible) - Marketable - Marriageable - Masticable - Measurable - Medicable - Memorable - Mendable - Mensurable - Mentionable - Merchantable - Miserable - Misinterpretable - Mistakable - Mitigable - Mixable - Modifiable - Moldable - Mollifiable - Mootable - Mountable - Movable - Multipliable - Multiplicable - Mutable - Namable - Navigable - Negotiable - Nonexcommunicable - Notable - Noticeable - Nourishable - Numerable - Objectionable - Obligable - Observable - Obtainable - Offerable - Opposable - Ordainable - Orderable - Organizable - Originable - Overcapable - Oxidable - Oxidizable - Oxygenizable - Palatable - Palpable - Pardonable - Partable - (Partible) - Passable - Pasturable - Patentable - Pawnable - Payable - Peaceable - Peccable - Penetrable - Perceivable - Perdurable - Performable - Perishable - Permeable - Permutable - Perpetuable - Personable - Perspirable - Persuadable - Picturable - Pierceable - Pitiable - Placable - Plantable - Pleadable - Pleasurable - Pliable - Plowable - Poisonable - Polarizable - Polishable - Polysyllable - Ponderable - Portable - Potable - Powerable - Practicable - Precipitable - Predeterminable - Predicable - Preferable - Preparable - Presentable - Preservable - Prestable - Presumable - Preventable - Probable - Procurable - Profitable - Prognosticable - Prolongable - Pronounceable - Propagable - Proportionable - Proratable - Prosecutable - Protrudable - Provable - Provokable - Publishable - Pulverable - Pulverizable - Punishable - Purchasable - Pursuable - Quadrable - Qualifiable {p161} - Quenchable - Questionable - Quotable - Raisable - Ratable - (Rateable) - Reachable - Readable - Realizable - Reasonable - Rebukable - Recallable - Receivable - Reclaimable - Recognizable - Recommendable - Reconcilable - Recoverable - Rectifiable - Redeemable - Redemandable - Redoubtable - Reexaminable - Referable - (Referrible) - Refusable - Refutable - Regrettable - Reissuable - Rejectable - Relaxable - Releasable - Reliable - Relievable - Relishable - Remarkable - Remediable - Removable - Remunerable - Renderable - Renewable - Rentable - Reobtainable - Repairable - Reparable - Repayable - Repealable - Repleviable - Representable - Reproachable - Reprovable - Repudiable - Reputable - Rescindable - Rescuable - Resolvable - Respectable - Respirable - Restorable - Restrainable - Resumable - Resuscitable - Retainable - Retractable - (Retractible) - Retrievable - Returnable - Revealable - Revengeable - Reviewable - Revivable - Revocable - Rewardable - Rollable - Ruinable - Rulable - Sailable - Salable - Salifiable - Salvable - Sanable - Saponifiable - Satisfiable - Saturable - Savable - Scalable - Searchable - Seasonable - Securable - Seizable - Separable - Sequestrable - Servable - Serviceable - Shapable - Shiftable - Sizable - Sociable - Solvable - Sortable - Soundable - Spoilable - Squeezable - Statable - Statutable - Suable - Subconformable - Sublimable - Subscribable - Succorable - Sufferable - Suitable - Superserviceable - Supportable - Supposable - Surmountable - Surpassable - Sustainable - Tamable - Tannable - Tastable - Taxable - Teachable - Tellable - Temperable - Temptable - Tenable - Tenantable - Terminable - Testable - Tillable - Tithable - Tolerable - Tollable - Torturable - Touchable - Traceable - Tractable {p162} - Trainable - Transferable - (Transferrible) - Transformable - Translatable - Transmeatable - Transmutable - Transpirable - Transportable - Transposable - Traversable - Treasonable - Treatable - Triable - Triturable - Tunable - Ulcerable - Unacceptable - Unaccountable - Unadvisable - Unagreeable - Unaidable - Unamiable - Unanswerable - Unappealable - Unapproachable - Unaskable - Unavoidable - Uncharitable - Uncleanable - Uncomeatable - Uncomfortable - Uncommunicable - Unconformable - Unconscionable - Uncontrollable - Uncustomable - Undauntable - Undeniable - Undivinable - Unexceptionable - Unextinguishable - Unfashionable - Unfathomable - Unfavorable - Unforgetable - Ungovernable - Unimpeachable - Unitable - Unknowable - Unmalleable - Unmerchantable - Unmeritable - Unmistakable - Unpassable - Unpeaceable - Unpeerable - Unprofitable - Unquestionable - Unreasonable - Unreconcilable - Unreliable - Unrebukable - Unreckonable - Unreprovable - Unsalable - Unsearchable - Unseasonable - Unsociable - Unspeakable - Unstable - Unsuitable - Unutterable - Unwarrantable - Unwedgeable - Usable - Utterable - Valuable - Vanquishable - Vaporable - Vaporizable - Variable - Veerable - Vegetable - Venerable - Verifiable - Veritable - Viable - Vindicable - Violable - Visitable - Vitrifiable - Voidable - Volatilizable - Voyageable - Vulnerable - Warrantable - Washable - Wearable - Weighable - Weldable - Wieldable - Workable - - -WORDS ENDING IN “ABLE”; RARE. - - Accomptable (_or obs._) - Accommodable - Accustomable - Baptizable - Burnable - Borable - Carriageable - Catchable - Commiserable - Complainable - Defendable - Despisable - Destroyable - Discontinuable - Dissipable - Donable - Dubitable - Educable - Effluviable - Emulable - Entreatable - Equiparable - Errable - Esteemable {p163} - Executable - Expugnable - Frustrable - Gatherable - Gettable - Hereditable - Illaqueable - Imageable - Impalatable - Imperceivable - Impersuadable - Incicurable - Inequable - Innominable - Manducable - Marriable - Matchable - Medicinable - Meltable - Mockable - Pacificable - Pregnable - Quittable - Razorable - Recuperable - Refragable - Regardable - Regulable - Rememberable - Replantable - Replevisable - Repugnable - Scrutable - Smokable - Speakable - Strangleable - Subduable - Superable - Suspectable - Tractable - Thinkable - Transpassable - Unalienable - Unculpable - Understandable - Unforeseeable - Unhabitable - Unlimitable - Unmakable - Unmeasurable - Unmovable - Unscrutable - Untractable - Unvoyageable - Walkable - Weariable - Wishable - Worshipable - Woundable - Yieldable - - -WORDS ENDING IN “ABLE”; OBSOLETE. - - Abhominable - Acetable - Accompanable - Accomptable (_or rare_.) - Acquaintable - Animable - Aptable - Battable - Behoovable - Bowable - Chanceable - Colliquable - Circumstantiable - Combinable - Companable - Companiable - Compassionable - Compensable - Conciliable - Consortable - Conspectable - Conusable - Convenable - Counselable - Covenable - Creable - Defatigable - Delightable - Dependable - Depredable - Destinable - Devitable - Disable - Disadvantageable - Discomfortable - Discordable - Discriminable - Disfavorable - Dispraisable - Disprofitable - Doctrinable - Domable - Dreadable - Earable - Effrayable - Endamageable - Eterminable - Exceedable - Excoriable - Excreable - Excruciable - Exoptable - Exuperable - Fatigable - Fittable - Flammable - Foilable - Frequentable - Grievable - Guildable - Gustable - Illacerable - Illeviable - Immatchable - Immixable - Impacable - Impardonable - Imperscrutable - Impetrable {p164} - Impierceable - Improfitable - Improportionable - Inaidable - Inalterable - Inamiable - Incessable - Incharitable - Incomformable - Inconscionable - Incremable - Individable - Indomable - Indomptable - Ineluctable - Inenarrable - Inerrable - Inexhalable - Inexplainable - Inexuperable - Infashionable - Infatigable - Informidable - Ingustable - Injudicable - Inopinable - Insociable - Insuitable - Intricable - Inutterable - Irrecuperable - Irreputable - Iterable - Jaculable - Justiceable - Lachrymable - Leisurable - Makable - Maniable - Markable - Mercable - Merciable - Meritable - Mingleable - Mirable - Miscarriageable - Moderable - Modificable - Moltable - Narrable - Oathable - Objectable - Occasionable - Operable - Opinable - Optable - Ordinable - Overturnable - Painable - Parable - Parallelable - Perceable - Perflable - Perspicable - Postable - Praisable - Replevisable - Resemblable - Rowable - Sacrificable - Screable - Scribable - Semblable - Spirable - Strainable - Suspicable - Trafficable - Transmeable - Troublable - Unappliable - Unapplicable - Uncapable - Unconceivable - Uncontestable - Uncounselable - Uncovenable - Uncreditable - Uncurable - Undefatigable - Undepartable - Undertakable - Undestroyable - Undeterminable - Undisputable - Undoubtable - Undubitable - Undwellable - Unequalable - Unevitable - Unexcusable - Unextricable - Unfailable - Unframable - Unhospitable - Unimitable - Unmasterable - Unnumerable - Unpenetrable - Unperishable - Unplacable - Unpracticable - Unprizable - Unquarrelable - Unremovable - Unreproachable - Unreputable - Unsatiable - Unseparable - Unshakable - Unsightable - Unsucceedable - Unsufferable - Unsupportable - Unswayable - Untellable - Untriumphable - Untrowable - Unvaluable - Unvariable - Unvulnerable - Vailable - Vengeable - Veniable - Versable - Vituperable - Volitable - Wainable - Warhable - -{p165} - - -WORDS ENDING IN _IBLE_. - - Abhorrible - Accendible - Accessible - Addible - (Addable) - Adducible - Admissible - Adustible - Apprehensible - Ascendible - Audible - Bipartible - Circumscriptible - Classible - Coctible - Coercible - Cognoscible - Cohesible - Collectible - Combustible - Compactible - Compatible - Comprehensible - Compressible - Concrescible - Conducible - Conductible - Confluxible - Contemptible - Contractible - Controvertible - Conversible - Convertible - Convincible - Correctible - Corrigible - Corrodible - Corrosible - Corruptible - Credible - Decoctible - Deducible - Deductible - Defeasible - Defectible - Defensible - Descendible - Destructible - Diffusible - Digestible - Discernible - Dissectible - Distensible - Distractible - Divertible - Divestible - Divisible - Divorcible - (Divorceable) - Docible - Edible - Educible - Effectible - Effervescible - Eligible - Eludible - Enforcible - (Enforceable) - Evincible - Exercisible - (Exercisable) - Exhaustible - Expansible - Expressible - Extendible - Extensible - Extractible - (Extractable) - Fallible - Feasible - Fencible - Fermentescible - Flexible - Fluxible - Forcible - Frangible - Fungible - Fusible - Gullible - Horrible - Ignitible - Illegible - Immersible - (Immersable) - Immiscible - Impartible - Impassible - Impedible - Imperceptible - Impersuasible - Implausible - Impossible - Imprescriptible - Impressible - Imputrescible - Inaccessible - Inadmissible - Inapprehensible - Inaudible - Incircumscriptible - Incoercible - Incombustible - Incommiscible - Incompatible - Incomprehensible - Incompressible - Inconcussible - Incontrovertible - Inconvertible - Inconvincible - Incorrigible - Incorrodible - Incorruptible - Incredible - Indefeasible - Indefectible - Indefensible - Indelible - Indeprehensible {p166} - Indestructible - Indigestible - Indiscernible - Indiscerptible - Indivisible - Indocible - Inducible - Ineffervescible - Ineligible - Ineludible - Inevasible - Inexhaustible - Inexpansible - Inexpressible - Infallible - Infeasible - Inferrible - (Inferable) - Inflexible - Infrangible - Infusible - Inscriptible - Insensible - Instructible - Insuppressible - Insusceptible - Intactible - Intangible - Intelligible - Interconvertible - Intervisible - Invendible - Inventible - Invertible - Invincible - Invisible - Irascible - Irreducible - Irrefrangible - Irremissible - Irreprehensible - Irrepressible - Irresistible - Irresponsible - Irreversible - Legible - Manifestible - (Manifestable) - Marcescible - Miscible - Negligible - Nexible - Omissible - Ostensible - Partible - (Partable) - Passible - Perceptible - Perfectible - Permiscible - Permissible - Persuasible - Pervertible - Plausible - Possible - Prehensible - Prescriptible - Producible - Productible - Putrescible - Quadrible - Receptible - Redemptible - Redressible - Reducible - Re-eligible - Referrible - (Referable) - Reflectible - Reflexible - Refrangible - Remissible - Renascible - Rend-ible (from _rend_) - Ren-dible (from _render_) - Reprehensible - Resistible - Responsible - Retractible - (Retractable) - Reversible - Revertible - Risible - Seducible - Sensible - Sponsible - Subdivisible - Subvertible - Supersensible - Suppressible - Susceptible - Suspensible - Tangible - Terrible - Transferrible - (Tranferable) - Transfusible - Transmissible - Transmittible - Tripartible - Vendible - Vincible - Visible - Vitrescible - - -WORDS ENDING IN “IBLE”; RARE. - - Affectible - Cessible - Committible - Compossible - Convictible - Cullible - Discerpible - Discerptible - Evadible - Evasible - Exigible - Impatible {p167} - Impermissible - Incognoscible - Infractible - Insubmergible - Suasible - Tensible - Traducible - Transvertible - Unadmissible - Unadmittible - Unexhaustible - Unexpressible - Unflexible - Unfusible - Unrepressible - Unresponsible - - -WORDS ENDING IN “IBLE”; OBSOLETE. - - Agible - Appetible - Alible - Comestible - Comminuible - Competible - Comptible - Conceptible - Conclusible - Congestible - Deceptible - Decerptible - Depectible - Depertible - Deprehensible - Erigible - Exemptible - Expetible - Fensible - Fulcible - Ignoscible - Immarcescible - Imperdible - Impertransible - Inamissible - Incompossible - Inconceptible - Inconsumptible - Indefeisible - Indicible - Indiscerpible - Indistinctible - Inextinguible - Intransgressible - Inquisible - Intenible - Irremittible - Miscible - Obedible - Odible - Offensible - Patible - Regible - Sejungible - Sepelible - Suadible - Suasible - Subjicible - Unaccessible - Uncorrigible - Uncorruptible - Uncredible - Undefeasible - Uneligible - Unfallible - Unfrangible - Unpossible - Unresistible - Unsensible - Untangible - Unvisible - - -NOUNS ENDING IN _O_. - -Errors sometimes occur in forming the plural of nouns in _o_. We -frequently see _frescoes_, _mottos_,—both wrong. The general rule is, -If the final _o_ has a vowel before it, form the plural by adding _s_: -as “cameo, cameos”; if a consonant precede the final _o_, add _es_; as -“archipelago, archipelagoes.” Such exceptions to the general rule as -are most frequently met with, and a few that are rare, we here subjoin: -{p168} - - Albino Albinos - Armadillo Armadillos - Busto Bustos - Canto Cantos - Catso Catsos - Cento Centos - Dido Didos - Domino Dominos - Duo Duos - Duodecimo Duodecimos - Embryo Embryos - Exaltado Exaltados - Folio Folios - Fresco Frescos - Gaucho Gauchos - Grotto Grottos - Halo Halos - Inamorato Inamoratos - Internuncio Internuncios - Junto Juntos - Lasso Lassos - Limbo Limbos - Memento Mementos - Merino Merinos - Mestizo Mestizos - Nuncio Nuncios - Octavo Octavos - Octodecimo Octodecimos - Piano Pianos - Portico Porticoes, _Wb._ or Porticos, _Wor._ - Portfolio Portfolios - Proviso Provisos - Punctilio Punctilios - Quarto Quartos - Rotundo Rotundos - Salvo Salvos - Sextodecimo Sextodecimos - Sirocco Siroccos - Solo Solos - Trio Trios - Two Twos - Tyro Tyros - Virtuoso Virtuosos - Zero Zeros - -But “albugo” has _pl._ “albugines”; and to “imago” we should probably -have to write _pl._ “imagines.” There are many nouns ending in _o_, for -whose plurals we have not found any authority beyond the general rule. -With the exceptions given above, the rule may be safely followed. The -plural of “portico” is a matter of style: and there is some authority -for “quartoes.” - - -WORDS ENDING IN _ISE_. - -Words ending with the sound of _ize_ are variously spelled _ise_ or -_ize_. Of this class the correct spelling of the following words is -_ise_; nearly if not quite all others take _ize_. {p169} - - Advertise - Advise - Affranchise - Apprise - Catechise - Chastise - Circumcise - Comprise - Compromise - Criticise - Demise - Despise - Devise - Disfranchise - Disguise - Divertise - Emprise - Enfranchise - Enterprise - Exercise - Exorcise - Franchise - Merchandise - Misprise - Premise - Reprise - Revise - Supervise - Surmise - Surprise - - -_EI_ AND _IE_. - -Many persons find it difficult or impossible to recollect the relative -position of _e_ and _i_, in such words as _receive_, _believe_, etc. If -they will bear in mind the following rule, it may save them the trouble -of referring to a dictionary for this point. - -When the derivative noun ends in _tion_, the verb is spelled with _ei_: -thus,— - - Conception Conceive - Deception Deceive - Reception Receive - -But when the noun does not end in _tion_, the verb is spelled with -_ie_: as,— - - Belief Believe - - -WORDS ENDING IN “CION.” - -Disregarding the dissyllable _scion_, we think there are but three -words in use having this termination, viz.: Coercion, Ostracion, -Suspicion. Two obsolete words are Internecion and Pernicion. {p170} - - -ENSURE, INSURE, ETC. - -The language has been sometimes enriched by retaining the several -forms of a “doubtful” word, as in the case of _draft_ and _draught_, -each form having limitations of meaning peculiar to itself. _Ensure_ -and _Insure_ we propose to consider distinct words rather than various -spellings of the same words. So, also, of _Enure_ and _Inure_. - - Ensure. - [To make sure, certain, or safe; “How to ensure peace for any term of - years.” To _insure_ is to contract, for a consideration, to secure - against loss; as to insure houses, ships, lives.] - - Insure. - [To underwrite; “to covenant, for a consideration, to indemnify for - loss of anything specified”; as, to insure houses against fire, etc.] - - Enure. - [“To serve to the use or benefit of”; as, a gift of land enures to - the benefit of the grantee. - - “The argument was made [a century ago] as now, that its [a protective - policy’s] benefits _enured_ to particular classes or sections.”—_B. - Harrison’s Inaugural Address._] - - Inure - [To accustom; as, a man inures his body to heat and cold; a soldier - to blood inured.] - -{p171} - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -CAPITALIZATION. - - -To persons who have paid no special, technical attention to the -subject, capitalization appears a very simple matter. The rules are -few and easily understood; but as to the “application of them” there -is some perplexity and much diversity among authors, printers, and -proof-readers. Practically, the main difficulty seems to arise from the -want of a plain line of demarkation between common nouns and proper -nouns! Some write and print “Pacific Ocean” as the proper name of a -certain collection of water; others, “Pacific ocean,”—ocean being a -common noun. We may, perhaps, recur to this abstruse matter farther on; -but at present we will lay down such rules as we have used in our own -labors, and which we deem to be correct. It will be very convenient -for us, and therefore we hope excusable, to adopt two phrases from the -expressive terminology of the printing-office, where some words are -said to be “put up,” and others to be “put down”; e. g.: - - “When Music, heavenly maid, was young.” - -Here “Music” is said to be “put up,” because it begins with a capital -“M,” and “maid” is “put down,” because it begins with a small “m.” -{p172} - - “Abelard taught Eloisa music.” - -Here “Abelard,” “Eloisa” are “put up,” and “music” is “put down.” - -This premised, understood, and forgiven, we are ready for the— - - -RULES FOR THE RIGHT USE OF CAPITALS. - - -Rule 1. The initial letter of every sentence should be a capital. - - Yours received. Glad to hear from you. Will answer next week. - -Capitals, Y, G, W, as per Rule 1. - - And Cain said unto the Lord, My punishment is greater than I can - bear.—_Genesis 4 : 13._ - -Capitals, A and M; for here are two sentences, although one is included -in the other. - - Cain said that his punishment was greater than he could bear. - -Capital C, by Rule 1; but the included words of Cain being brought in -obliquely, no capital is required. - - Cicero said, “There is no moment without some duty”; and who doubts - the wisdom of Cicero? - -C and T are put up, by Rule 1. - - On the first day of January, Artemus Ward made this remark: Now is a - good time to _resoloot_. - -O and N are put up, by Rule 1. - - Few truisms are truer than this paradox of Aristotle,—To mankind in - general, the parts are greater than the whole. - -F and T are put up, by Rule 1. - -It has been said, that the included sentence should not be capitalized -unless immediately preceded by a colon: but the {p173} above examples -show, that a sentence _directly introduced_ must be capitalized, -whatever point precedes it,—comma, comma-dash, colon, or any other -pause-mark. - - He asked why he was arrested, and we replied that he was arrested on - suspicion. - -Initial capital H, by Rule 1. - - He asked, “Why am I arrested?” and we replied, “On suspicion.” - -Here are three initial capitals, and properly; for the reply, fully -expressed, would be, “You are arrested on suspicion.” - -So, also, captions, head-lines, side-heads, etc., being imperfect -sentences, fall under Rule 1. The same is true of particulars depending -from a general heading; as— - - Property destroyed by the late fire: - Seventy reams elephant paper; - Tables, chairs, desks; - Old-fashioned hall-clock; - Johnson’s Dictionary, 1st ed. - -We have remarked above, on the passage from Genesis, that a sentence -introduced obliquely requires no capital. In the following example, -_whether Sparta should be inclosed with walls_ is an indirect question, -and is not capitalized; while the answer, being direct, takes a capital. - - To the question whether Sparta should be inclosed with walls, Lycurgus - made this answer: “That city is well fortified which has a wall of men - instead of brick.” - -Kerl’s rule (Grammar, p. 41) is “Within a sentence, the first word of -any important beginning may commence with a capital letter.” This rule -is probably as precise as can be framed to meet his first example, -“_Resolved_, That our Senators be requested, etc.” His second example, -“One truth is clear: Whatever is, is right,” falls within his rule, -and our Rule 1. (_See_ page 81, for capitalizing, etc., preambles, -resolutions, provisos, etc.) {p174} - -When a sentence is introduced obliquely, a capital is not required, -even if the passage introduced have quotation marks, and make perfect -sense without the introductory prefix, as in the following example: - - It is remarked by Parton, that “a man who retains to the age of - seventy-nine the vigor of manhood and the liveliness of a boy, cannot, - at any period of his life, have egregiously violated the laws of his - being.” - - -2. The first letter in every line of poetry should be a capital. - - When on the larboard quarter they descry - A liquid column towering shoot on high, - The guns were primed; the vessel northward veers, - Till her black battery on the column bears. - - _Falconer’s Shipwreck._ - - Thereat the champions both stood still a space, - To weeten what that dreadful clamor meant: - Lo! where they spied with speedy whirling pace - One in a charet of strange furniment, - Towards them driving like a storm outsent. - The charet deckèd was in wondrous wise - With gold and many a gorgeous ornament, - After the Persian monarch’s antique guise, - Such as the maker’s self could best by art devise. - - _Spenser’s Faerie Queene._ - -But in reprinting ancient hymns, etc., follow the ancient style,—as in -the following from the Bible printed in London by Robert Barker, in -1615: - - Here is the Spring where waters flow, - to quench our heat of sinne: - Here is the Tree where trueth doth grow, - to leade our liues therein: - This is the Iudge that stints the strife - when mens deuices faile: - Here is the Bread that feeds the life - that death can not assaile. - -{p175} - - -3. Principal words in the titles of books, of important documents, -of proclamations, of edicts, of conventions, and words of especial -distinction in monographs, should be put up. - - Who is the author of “The Mill on the Floss”? - - The English barons obtained _Magna Charta_, or the Great Charter, from - King John, A.D. 1215. - - When the Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV., above 50,000 - Huguenots fled from France. - - The father of Watts the hymnist, suffered much after the withdrawal of - the Declaration of Indulgence. - - Every State having chess clubs in its cities should organize a State - Chess Association, and these associations should send delegates to the - Annual Convention of the National Association.—_Phil. Ledger._ - -The President of the United States, the Sovereign of England, and the -Governors of the several States of our Union, issue proclamations. -Despots issue edicts,—sometimes called by the more general name of -“decrees,” as in Ezra 6 : 1, 3. From Esther 1 : 19–22 we learn that a -“royal commandment” was sent into all the king’s provinces, “that -every man should bear rule in his own house.” If any of our readers -have occasion to put in type, or read the proof of, the title of an -edict or decree, they will, of course, make it agree with the rule. Of -proclamations we have several every year. Frequently all the letters -of the titles are capitals; otherwise, the capitals appear as in the -following example: - - BY HIS EXCELLENCY, B. A., - - _Governor of the State_ [or _Commonwealth_] of ——. - - A PROCLAMATION for a Day of Public Humiliation, Fasting, and Prayer. - -In a monograph of a geological survey the following paragraph appears: - - The dark laminated clays of the Cretaceous passing up into the Upper - Cretaceous are well shown . . . . passing up {p176} into brown - sandstones of the Coal group. There is great uniformity in the Upper - Cretaceous and Tertiary series.— - - _Hayden, Survey Montana._ - -Webster says, that the Carboniferous age “embraces three periods, the -Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and the Permian,” but the Fifth -Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, doubtless for some good reason, changes -the style to the sub-Carboniferous (_v._ remark under Rule 8, on -“transatlantic,” etc.). - -The main subject under discussion being Woman Suffrage, those words -were properly capitalized in the following paragraph: - - It is conceded . . . that the avowal even, of faith in the principle - of Woman Suffrage, would handicap the party most seriously. - -In accordance with Rule 3 was this direction touching a Report on -Education: - -Spell “report” with capital R, when it refers to this Report; l. c. -[lower-case] in other cases. - -Presidential, imperial, kingly, ducal, etc., titles are put down -when used generally, but are put up when applied to persons. In the -following example “_an_ emperor” is down, while “_the_ Emperor” is put -up. - - The events which now took place in the interior of Germany were such - as usually happened when either the throne was without an emperor, - or the Emperor without a sense of his imperial dignity.—_Schiller’s - Thirty Years’ War._ - - Beginning with President Washington and including President Harrison, - the United States has had twenty-three presidents. - - -4. Names and appellations of the Supreme Being should be capitalized. - -We forbear inserting a list of the sacred names, too often written and -uttered “in vain.” The reader is probably {p177} familiar with them -from listening to Sabbath services, and reading religious books with -which, we hope, his library abounds. - -The word “providence” should be put down or up, according to its -meaning, as may be seen in the two following sentences: - - But behold now another providence of God; a ship came into the harbor. - . . . This ship had store of English beads and some knives.—_New - England’s Memorial._ - - The world was all before them, where to choose - Their place of rest, and Providence their guide.—_Milton._ - -Nouns ordinarily common become proper when written as names of the -Supreme Being. - - I hope my merciful Judge will bear in mind my heavy punishment on - earth.—_Pickwick Papers_, ch. 44. - - Emerson refers “all productions at last to an aboriginal - Power.”—_Century Maga._ - - Plato said, that in all nations certain minds dwell on the - “fundamental Unity,” and “lose all being in one Being.”—_Ib._ - -In the above examples, the effect of capitals in conveying the idea of -personality is strikingly illustrated. - -Pronouns referring to the Deity are not usually put up,—excepting the -personals “He,” “Him.” - - O thou, whose justice reigns on high.—_Watts._ - - O thou, Most High—_Ps. 56 : 2._ - - Father of all mercies, we, thine unworthy servants, do give thee most - humble and hearty thanks for all thy goodness.—_Common Prayer._ - -_Thou_, _whose_, _thine_, _thy_, properly lower-case. - -Usage is ununiform as to capitalizing the pronoun of the third person, -when referring to the Deity; some using the capital in all three cases -(He, His, Him), while others capitalize the nominative and objective, -and put “his” down; and still others put all the cases down. - - God does love us. As any loving father or mother, He wants - us to want His society, and to love to be with and talk with - Him.—_Congregationalist._ - -Small letter in the possessive, capital in the objective: {p178} - - All the works of God . . . declare the glory of his perfections. - . . . But how gross are the conceptions generally entertained of the - character of Him “in whom we live and move!” - - _Dick. Improv’t Soc._ § VI. - -All the cases down: - - . . . They can know but little . . . of that happiness which God has - prepared for them that love him; but . . . this suffices them, that - they shall see him as he is, etc. . . . the expectation founded upon - his own gracious promise, etc.—_Rev. John Newton’s Sermon on the - “happy recovery” of King George (modern reprint)._ - -But, whatever the style of the office, there is one category in which -the personal pronoun must be capitalized: it is when no antecedent is -expressed. Such cases are not of infrequent occurrence. If one were to -write— - - In all her troubles this good lady never failed to express her - confidence in the care of him in whom she had put her trust— - -the meaning would be doubtful; “him” might refer to some humane -relative, or to the superintendent of the almshouse. But if the -sentence were written— - - . . . this good lady never failed to express her confidence in the - care of Him in whom, etc.— - -the meaning—that the Deity is intended—becomes clear. - -Adjuncts qualifying names applied to Deity usually require no capitals: - - For when we consider ourselves as the creatures of God . . . what can - induce us to love, fear, and trust Him, as our God, our Father, and - all-sufficient Friend and Helper.— - - _Mason’s Self-Knowledge._ - -Here “all-sufficient” is properly put down; as are also “great” and -“common” in the following paragraph: - - Not only honor and justice, and what I owe to man is my interest; but - gratitude also, acquiescence, resignation, adoration, and all I owe to - this great polity, and its great Governor our common Parent.—_Harris._ - {p179} - -But many cases occur where the adjective is properly put up; especially -if the adjective itself denotes sacredness, as the following examples -show: - - Klopstock . . . suffers himself to forget that the [French] revolution - itself is a process of the Divine Providence.— - - _Coleridge Biog. Lit._ - - Among the greater number of pagan nations, the most absurd - and grovelling notions are entertained respecting the Supreme - Intelligence, and the nature of that worship which his perfections - demand.—_Dick._ - - We are apt to entertain narrow conceptions of the Divine - Nature.—_Addison._ - -The words “Christian” and “Christianity” the best usage puts up; nor -does there seem to be any good reason why “christianize” should not -also be capitalized. - -There are instances where the word “divine,” though referring to sacred -personages, should not be put up; as— - - If Christ did not hold this key, how is He divine?— - - _Congregationalist._ - -The words “godly,” “godfather,” “godmother” are put down: Webster has -“godspeed,” and says it is “written also as two separate words, as in -2 John 10.” Worcester does not admit the phrase as one word in his -defining columns, but prints it as two, under the word “God”; quoting -the same text as Webster. The Congressional Record, 50th Congress, -uses capital and hyphen, thus: “God-speed”; and this form is adopted -by Abbot Bassett, the talented editor of the L. A. W. Bulletin, in his -Farewell to former Chief Consul Hayes: - - Take now the hand we so often have shaken, - Speak from our feelings so hard to subdue, - Send him in joyfulness out from our circle, - Give him a hearty God-speed and adieu. - -Still Webster’s style of one word, lower-case, is, we think, -preferable, and most used. - -The word “gospel” when used generally,—in the sense of good -tidings,—should be down; as “Woe is me, if I {p180} preach not the -gospel.” But when used as part of a title to a specific book, it goes -up; as “The Gospel according to St. Matthew”; “The Apocryphal Gospel of -St. Thomas”; “The Gospel of St. Luke.” - - -5. Names of ancient Greek and Roman divinities, and of all pagan and -heathen gods, should be put up. - -When the word “god” or “goddess” is applied to a paganic divinity, -it is put down. This remark and our Rule 5 are both exemplified in -Darwin’s lines,— - - First two dread snakes, at Juno’s vengeful nod, - Climbed round the cradle of the sleeping god. - - _Botanic Garden._ - -So, also, 1 Kings 11 : 33: - - Worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh the god of - the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon. - -The names applied to evil spirits should be put up: - - And Satan came also among them.—_Job_ 1 : 6. - - Then Apollyon said unto Christian, “Here will I spill thy - soul.”—_Bunyan._ - - During a violent thunderstorm, the converted Chinese steward - disappeared. The captain found him below, making prostrations before - a gilded image. “How is this?” demanded the astonished captain; “I - thought you were a Christian.” The Chinaman replied, “Your God velly - well, fine weather; stolm like this, want Joss.” - -In the above example, the objects of Christian and pagan worship are -properly capitalized. - -From the foregoing remarks, etc., especially under Rule 4, it will be -perceived that capitalization is, in the department of theology as in -all others, mostly regulated by office style. But in forming a style, -the above rules and examples may be found serviceable. - - -6. The pronoun I, and the interjection O, should always be put up. -{p181} - - I scarcely knew how long I had sat there when I became aware of a - recognition. - - Praise the Lord, O my soul.—_Ps._ cxlvi. - -But in Latin the “O” is frequently put down. - - Huc ades, ô formosa puer.—_Virgil._ - - Adestes o Maria, o Angele, o Patroni castitatis meæ.— - - _Libellus Precum, Georgiopoli, D.C._ - - -7. Some words which are put down when spelled in full, are put up when -contracted. - - The Dr. called upon me. Need I say, I regretted the happiness of - seeing the doctor? - - “Patent-office, number 16” may be written, “Patent-office, No. 16.” - - The honorable the Secretary of the Navy. - - The Hon. the Secretary of the Navy. - -But certain suffixes, whether spelled in full or contracted, are put up -or down, or in small caps, capitalized, according to the style of the -words to which they are suffixed; as, for instance, the words “junior” -and “esquire,” which are put one degree less in dignity than the words -to which they are attached; as: - - John Smith, jr., esq., [or “junior, esquire.”] - -The person’s name being lower-case capitalized, “jr.” and “esq.” are -put down. - - JOHN DOE, Jr. Esq., [or “Junior, Esquire.”] - -The names being small caps, capitalized, the “jr.” and “esq.” are put -up. - - RICHARD ROE, JR. ESQ., [or “JUNIOR, ESQUIRE.”] - -The names being in capitals, the suffixes are capitals and small -capitals. - -But “D.D.” “LL.D.” “M.D.” etc., are put in large or small capitals -according to office style, or a style adapted for the work in which -they appear: as— {p182} - - John Doe, LL.D.; RICHARD ROE, PH.D.; J. SMITH, M.D.; ABEL MONEY, F.R.S. - -Words connected with a number of designation are often put up,—and this -is the better way. So, though the words “Bay,” “Dock,” etc., in the -following examples may properly be put down if the office style require -it, yet the unfettered compositor and reader will prefer to put up -those, and all words similarly placed; as: - - The planks of Bay No. 6 on Chelsea Bridge have been replaced by - ordinary boards purchased at Dock No. 8. - - We arrived at Station 16, and proceeded thence through Lock 12 to Dam - No. 8. - - -8. Names of persons, of things personified, of nations, countries, -cities, towns, streets, ships, etc., should be put up. - - Capt. Samuel Jones sailed in ship Minerva, from Sandy Hook to Tanjong - Bolus, the most southerly point of the continent of Asia. - - A charming and _spirituelle_ Frenchwoman said of Julius Mohl, that - Nature, in forming his character, had skimmed the cream of the three - nationalities to which he belonged by birth, by adoption, and by - marriage; making him “deep as a German, _spirituel_ as a Frenchman, - and loyal as an Englishman.”—_Atlantic Monthly._ - - Charles, Susan, William, Henrietta Matilda, Benjamin Harrison Smith, - come in, this minute! - -Under this rule proper adjectives may also be classed; as: - - The French and American Claims Commission. - - He is familiar with the German, French, Russian, Bengalee, Chinese, - and Grebo languages. - - Is the Monroe doctrine heartily concurred in by European nations? - -Names of political parties should be put up. - - Democrat, Democratic, Democracy, Republican, Republicanism, - Woman-Suffragists, Women’s Rights party, Locofocos, Whigs, Tories, - Free-Soilers, Liberals, Independents, etc. {p183} - -But when any of these words are used in a general sense, they should be -put down; as: - - Whatever requires to be done by slow and cautious degrees does not - accord with the spirit of democracy.—_De Staël._ - - The tendency of some European nations is toward republicanism. - -The words “state” and “territory” applied to political divisions of the -United States should be put up; as: - - The State of North Dakota. The Territory of Utah. - - This State gave a Republican majority. - -Some nouns and adjectives originally proper have, by usage, the common -form; as: - - We sell silver, china, and iron wares. - - There is great demand for india-rubber goods. - - His pets are guinea-pigs and guinea-hens. - - That maltese cat follows her everywhere. - - He wears russia-leather boots, morocco gaiters, and a fez cap when - dancing the german. - - The burglars secured six german silver spoons. - -Numbers are denoted by roman capitals or arabic figures. - -There are some words yet on debatable ground. It is safe to write -“plaster of Paris” or “plaster of paris.” The latter form is well -enough for so common an article, and should be preferred by compositors. - -Some words which are put up when alone, are put down when they coalesce -with a preposition; as: - - I crossed the Atlantic to view transatlantic countries. - - The transpacific people are apt merchants. - -But some write “inter-State,” “cis-Platine,” “trans-Atlantic,” -“cis-Padane,” “cis-Alpine,” etc. We know of no good authority for such -work. It has no countenance from our lexicographers: and the hyphen and -capital in the middle of the words are needless deformities. - - -NOTE. The “etc.” in Rule 7 is like one spoken of by Coke (an “etc.” -of Littleton, I am told), “full of {p184} excellent meaning.” -Descending from the name of a continent to the designations “beat,” -“precinct,” “alley”; or ascending from “wharf,” “alley” to the name -of a continent, through lessening or increasing subdivisions, the -line must be drawn _somewhere_ between what is to be put up and what -is to be put down. Just where the line is drawn between capital and -lower-case initials, between the aristocrats of the page and _hoi -polloi_, is of very little consequence; but as uniformity in a work is -desirable while proof-readers are liable to differ, it is as important -to have an umpire in a proof-room as it is on a base-ball ground. And -as capitalization is wholly arbitrary, the essential qualities of an -umpire are, that he shall have a good memory, so as not to overset -to-day the decisions of yesterday, and a strong will of his own, which -shall not allow any obstinate reader to step across the important -imaginary line which separates the _ups_ from the _downs_,—the -majuscules from the minuscules. - -If a printing-office requires the services of but one reader, he, happy -man, can suit himself, even though reasonably sure that he will suit -nobody else—so various and set are the opinions of men on matters of -trifling moment. If, however, two readers are employed, and on the same -work, the one with the best judgment should be allowed to decide all -doubtful points; but in this case, as in matrimonial life, the question -as to which has the best judgment, is usually decided, if not by the -strongest will, by the will of the party most reckless of consequences. -But in proof-reading, any point in dispute is usually so trifling, that -the readers can call in the office-boy, technically called printer’s -—— but we were once youngest apprentice ourself, and choose to forget -the word,—and let him settle it; whereas, in matrimonial life it is a -different Agency with a similar name who is generally called in, and -“by decision more embroils the fray.” {p185} - -To show the absurdity of supposing that good readers will not differ in -the use of capitals, we once wrote a paragraph, and gave an exact copy -to each of two skilled proof-readers, desiring them to capitalize it as -they thought it should be capitalized if about to go to press. We will -here give the paragraph as we wrote it—without regard to rules—and then -exhibit their corrections, etc., in parallel columns: - - Mr. Quilp lives on a wharf which is connected by an alley with a city - reservation in beat 17, precinct 8, ward 14. Said reservation is - called poplar square; an avenue, known as chestnut avenue, connects - that square with Washington street; and Washington street is a - thoroughfare connecting the Snowhill division of Junction city with - the city of Boomerang, the capital of the state of Cherokee—a state - just admitted to the union, and to all the privileges of this happy - nation, the United States of America,—the foremost republic of the - western hemisphere. - -That the differences and agreements in capitalizing may be readily -observed, the two returned copies, as left by their respective readers, -are printed below, side by side. - - READER A. READER B. - - Mr. Quilp lives on a wharf │ Mr. Quilp lives on a wharf - which is connected by an alley │ which is connected by an alley - with a city reservation in beat │ with a city reservation in Beat - 17, precinct 8, ward 14. Said │ 17, Precinct 8, Ward 14. Said - reservation is called Poplar square; │ reservation is called Poplar Square; - an avenue, known as Chestnut avenue, │ an avenue, known as Chestnut avenue, - connects that square with Washington │ connects that square with Washington - street; and Washington street is a │ street; and Washington street is a - thoroughfare connecting Snowhill │ thoroughfare connecting Snowhill - division of Junction City with the │ division of Junction City with the - city of Boomerang, the capital of │ city of Boomerang, the capital of - the State of Cherokee—a State just │ the State of Cherokee—a State just - admitted to the Union, and to all │ admitted to the Union, and to all - the privileges of this happy nation, │ the privileges of this happy nation, - the United States of America—the │ the United States of America—the - foremost republic of the western │ foremost republic of the Western - hemisphere. │ Hemisphere. - -{p186} - -One of these styles may be just as good as the other (see chapter on -“Style”); but whichever were selected, should be strictly adhered to, -through the whole book or work to which it was deemed applicable. Had -the above paragraph been given to still a third reader, very likely -he would have capitalized “Division,” as being of more consequence -than a beat or a ward; another would have deemed “Precinct” worthy of -being put up, while “beat” would have been placed in the small-letter -obscurity of “wharf” and “alley.” Another would say that localities -designated by a number should always be put up; as “Beat 6,” “Station -A” (See closing remark and examples, under Rule 7). The words “street” -and “avenue” are left down by both the above readers. The _Atlantic -Monthly_ puts those words up,—“The junction of Beacon Street and -Brookline Avenue”; the _Century_ magazine has “Canal street, its former -upper boundary”; _Harper’s Maga._ speaks of “the old house in St. Louis -Street in which,” etc. Each office makes its own style. - -The word “city” in “Junction City” is put up,—the _two_ words forming -the city’s name. Whether to print “New York City” or “New York city” -is a moot point,—at present a matter of style. Some insist that as -_ocean_, _sea_, _city_, _street_, etc., are common nouns, they so -remain when connected with a proper adjective, and should be put -down,—and from this starting-point they have endeavored to frame a -general, and at the same time practical, rule for capitalizing common -nouns, which, when described by proper adjectives, form parts of -individual names. But, judging from our experience in proof-reading, -the endeavor has thus far been unsuccessful. The adjective, the {p187} -distinguishing word, always begins with a capital; as in “Bristol -county,” “Atlantic ocean.” The rule then, formulated, amounts to -this: “Put the distinguishing word up, and the class name down.” -But usage will not allow this; we must not write “Long island,” -“James smith,”—wherefore the rule has this qualification: “If the -distinguishing word alone _does not clearly designate the object_, -both words must be put up.” This qualification virtually annuls the -rule,—for different minds have different opinions as to whether the -object is, or is not, “clearly designated.” Reader A writes “Poplar -square,” while Reader B writes “Poplar Square.” Under the rule and -qualification, mentioned above, we have set before us, as correct -examples, “Hudson river, Red River”; as if the significance of such -prefixes as “red, swift, narrow, deep,” could not be determined by -the insertion or omission of the article _a_, of which we shall speak -farther on,—but must be made by capitalizing “river.” But admitting -that the capitalizing of “River” more clearly designates the object, we -doubt whether any printer or reader would wittingly pass one “river” -down, and another “River” up, in the same work; and the average writer -and reader for the press can hardly be supposed to take much time to -study whether a given river or city or square is just within or outside -of the limit of “clear designation.” Among the proof-readers of a -certain large work on geography, which seems to have been carefully -read, there must have been some difference of opinion on this point; -for it speaks of “the bay of Biscay” and “the Gulf of Mexico”; and -the “Atlantic ocean” of Vol. 1, becomes the “Atlantic Ocean” of Vol. -2. And such discrepancies must appear in every work which is printed -under {p188} the rule “Put the object down and the distinguishing -word up—_with exceptions_,” unless the exceptions are mentioned -individually, seriatim, and a list of the same given to all employees -who are expected to set type and read proof under such rule. - -The objection to putting the class name down, is not so much that the -distinguishing word alone ever fails to “clearly designate the object,” -as that usage in many instances, and a sense of personal dignity in -others, prevent all family and many other class names from sinking into -lower-case. It were—there being no usage in its favor—a shame to print -“Andrew Jackson” with a little “j,” although the distinguishing word -“Andrew” would clearly designate the individual intended. “We sailed -past Long island” could not possibly be mistaken for “We sailed past -a long island.” In conversation the mere omission of the article _a_ -would clearly indicate that we had a particular island in view, and -what island it was, even if we were not to inform an interlocutor, -that, were we to print our remark we should capitalize the “L,” and -very possibly the “I.” - -“We sailed on _a_ red river,”—it may have been the Raritan, or any -other river running among iron ore; or it may have been any one of -the twelve streams of the United States which bear each the name -“Red river”; the article _a_, as Murray observes, “determines the -object spoken of to be one single thing of a kind, leaving it still -uncertain which.” “It is,” says Murray further, “an excellence of the -English language,” that, “by means of its two articles it does _most -precisely determine the extent of signification of common names_.” By -the omission of the article _a_, then, a particular river is “most -precisely determined,”—and, in print, {p189} capitalizing the “R” of -the adjective makes assurance doubly sure. But since long-established -usage determines that “Long Island,” “Harper’s Ferry,” “Lake Ontario,” -“George Washington,” etc., shall have both words put up, uniformity can -be secured only by extending that mode of capitalization to all words -in the same category—unless, as we have intimated, each exception be -mentioned individually, so that every printer may “clearly designate” -(so to speak) what is expected of him. - - -9. A word usually put down may be put up, or _vice versa_, by reason of -propinquity to some other word which is in the opposite category as to -capitalization. - -We are not aware that this rule, or an equivalent to it, has been -formulated until now, but we have known changes in capitalizing to be -made in compliance with the principle of the rule. - -A printed report (Reform School) reads: - - The visitors were cordially received and welcomed by the - Superintendent and matron of the Board of Trustees. - -The style required that, usually, “Superintendent” should be up, and -“Matron” down, as printed above. But when the words are so near each -other, the small _m_ looks—without regard to the maxim, _Place aux -dames_—as if the lady were subjected to an intentional slight. We think -it had been better thus: - - The visitors were cordially . . . welcomed by the Superintendent and - the Matron of the Board of Trustees. - -By the way, this insertion of _the_ before “Matron” shows that the -Matron was not also the Superintendent—thus illustrating Murray’s -remark on the “two articles,” mentioned near the close of the note -under Rule 8, _ante_. {p190} - -This clause also occurs: - - Friends of the school residing in the city and District. - -Here “city” is put down, as if of less consequence than the outlying -parts of the “District” [of Columbia]. - -That is correct, according to usual office style; but had “city” been -put up, or “district” down, it would have been more pleasing to the -eye, and would not, probably, have wrought any mischief. In the use -of capitals, rules should be, and in fact are, very bendable. When we -write “the _member_ of Congress,” member is down, though we capitalize -“the Delegate from the Territory of Blank.” But when “Member and -Delegate” occur in the same sentence, both words are put up, agreeably -to Rule 9. - -It is a good rule adopted in some printing-offices, that where the same -appellation is given to several persons or public bodies, only the -highest in rank shall be honored with capitals. - -For instance, in speaking of the highest tribunal in the land, put up -“the Supreme Court”; but if a State court is spoken of put the initials -down, thus,—“the supreme court of Minnesota,” as in the following -paragraph: - - This view of the law was sustained by the supreme court of Louisiana, - and, upon writ of error, by the Supreme Court of the United States - (Day _vs._ Micou, 18 Wall., 156). - -So, also, “the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme -Court”—capitals; “the chief justice of the supreme court of -Maryland”—lower-case; the highest “Commissioner” in any Governmental -Department, up; a road commissioner, down. A steady adherence to -this rule might aid students and others to discriminate between the -“Governor” of a State and the “governor” of a family; and if a decision -is rendered by “the full bench of the Supreme Court,” one would know -that no appeal could be had,—while if a decision is made by “the -supreme court,” it might, perhaps, be carried up on appeal. - -But this distinction can never be fully carried out. We have known -it to be set aside by the following direction {p191} marking out a -“special style” for a volume of “Decisions”: “Capitalize Supreme Court, -Court of Claims, Circuit Court, District Court, and Supreme Court of -Tennessee.” Besides, Great Men are inimical to small letters. The -President of a Village Lyceum insists on being put up as high as the -President of the United States,—in fact, the said _p_resident may feel -that he is “a bi_g_er man” than the _P_resident. - -And if, on the other hand, as some proof-readers have contended, -capitalization should be employed to distinguish, in print, our -Government from every foreign Government, the effect would be almost -too ridiculous to state; as: - - The Chief Executive of the United States had an interview with the - chief executive of Mexico. The President said to the president, - “How do you do?”—and the president replied, “I am better than ever - I was before, for I see the President of the Great Colossus of the - North.”—“And I,” rejoined the President, “am delighted with the - honor of conversing with the great colossus of the south.” Here - the president bowed to the President, and the President shook the - president’s hand. The One then took his Oysters on the Half-Shell, and - the other his oysters on the half-shell. - -The style was once verging toward something very ridiculous, and might -have proceeded to the above extreme had not a distinguished Secretary -of State, several years ago, made some well-timed suggestions. - -If the office style require “board,” “bureau,” etc., referring to a -corporation, or collection of individuals, to be put down, cases like -the following should form exceptions: - - The festive board was graced by the festive board of directors of the - Rochester saw-mills. - -It should be printed “Board of Directors.” - - A new bureau has been forwarded to the new bureau of musical notation. - -Put up “Bureau of Musical Notation.” - -Thus, by a judicious selection and arrangement of capital and -lower-case letters, Boards and Bureaus of gentlemen may {p192} be -readily differentiated from mere furniture, mahogany or black-walnut -boards and bureaus. - -The principle of a change of style by reason of juxtaposition, is -recognized in the following direction for printing an important work -on the fisheries: “Put quantities, measurements, distances, and sums -of money in figures; numbers of men and vessels spelled, _except where -large numbers occur together_.” - - -RECAPITULATION. - -In the preceding part of this chapter we felt it necessary to give many -examples, and enter upon some discussion of styles. To save time and -trouble in turning many leaves to find some particular rule, we give -below, all the rules in compact form, with but brief, if any, examples -in illustration. - -RULE I. The initial letter of every sentence should be a capital. - - This rule has been long established. It scarcely requires an example. - -RULE II. The first letter in every line of poetry should be a capital. - - What though my wingèd hours of bliss have been - Like angel-visits, few and far between.—_Campbell._ - -RULE III. Principal words in the titles of books, of important -documents, of proclamations, of edicts, of conventions, and words of -especial distinction in monographs, should be put up. - - There is in the library a book entitled, “An Interesting Narrative - of the Travels of James Bruce, Esq., into Abyssinia, to Discover the - Source of the Nile.” {p193} - -RULE IV. Names and appellations of the Supreme Being should be -capitalized. - -RULE V. Names of ancient Greek and Roman divinities, and of all pagan -and heathen gods, should be put up. - - Æsculapius restored many to life, of which Pluto complained - to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with thunder, but Apollo, - angry at the death of his son, killed the Cyclops who made the - thunderbolts.—_Lempriere._ - -RULE VI. The pronoun I, and the interjection O, should always be put up. - - Here am I; send me, O king! - -RULE VII. Some words which are put down when spelled in full, are put -up when contracted. - - The honorable the Secretary of the Treasury. - - The Hon. the Secretary of the Treasury. - -RULE VIII. Names of persons, of things personified, of nations, -countries, cities, towns, streets, ships, etc., should be put up. - - And well may Doubt, the mother of Dismay, - Pause at her martyr’s tomb.—_Campbell._ - -RULE IX. A word usually put down may be put up, or _vice versa_, by -reason of propinquity to some other word which is in the opposite -category as to capitalization. - - The Secretary of War complimented the Secretary of the Typographical - Union, upon his skill with the shooting-stick. - - Shall the Choctaw Nation or this Nation adjust the northern boundary? - {p194} - -Before leaving the subject of capitalization, we must observe that -there is diversity among authors and printers in regard to the use -of capitals when two or more questions occur in succession. The rule -generally given is, “Capitalize each question”: but the exceptions are -so numerous, depending on some common relation to a term expressed or -understood (_see_ Obs. 30 and 31, Rule 29, Chap. V., _ante_), that we -forbear indorsing the rule to which we have above referred. Indeed, it -often happens that questions occurring singly are so connected with -what goes before, that they do not require to be capitalized. Each case -must be settled by the judgment of editor or author,—there is no common -standard of reference, as can easily be shown by comparing different -editions of the same work. In Buckingham’s Shakspeare, printed in -Boston, we read in As you Like It, Act 5, Sc. 2: - - _Orl._ Is’t possible that on so little acquaintance you should like - her? . . . And will you persever, etc., - -the last question having a capital _A_; but in the London edition of -French & Co., we have— - - _Orl._ Is’t possible that on so little acquaintance you should like - her? . . . and will you persever, etc., - -in which the last of the several questions has a lower-case _a_. Every -editor endeavors to capitalize correctly—by suiting himself. - -{p195} - - - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -OLD STYLE. - - -Fonts of movable Types, from their firſt Introduction into England -until late in the eighteenth Century, contained—owing principally to -the long “ſ” (= s) then in Uſe—far more Ligatures than the Fonts of -the preſent Day. Johnſon’s Dictionary furniſhes a Liſt which we here -inſert, with their more modern Equivalents: - - ct = ct; ſ = s; ſb = sb; ſh = sh; ſi = si; ſk = sk; ſſ = ss; ſt = st; - ſſi = ssi; ſſl = ssl: and in italic, _ct_ = _ct_; _ſ_ = _s_; _ſb_ - = _sb_; _ſh_ = _sh_; _ſk_ = _sk_; _ſſ_ = _ss_; _ſt_ = _st_; _ſſi_ - = _ssi_; _ſſl_ = _ssl_. - -It was our good Fortune, at a very early Period of Life, to attend a -dame School, where a Book, printed in Glaſgow, in the Year 1756, was -put into our Hands. This Book contained the Weſtminſter Larger and -Shorter Catechiſms, and a Directory of Public Worſhip,—the Intention -perhaps being to teach us good Engliſh and ſound “Kirk” Doctrines at -the ſame Time. Fortunately or otherwiſe, the Doctrines were above our -Comprehenſion _at that Time_; but the long _ſ_’s and the Ligatures -{p196} became Part of our Eye-Vernacular (if we may be pardoned for -ſuch an Expreſſion), at which we rejoice. We hope that the Young who -have not had the Advantages of antique Catechiſms will peruſe the Old -Style Pages of this Chapter until they become ſo familiar with ancient -and nearly forgotten Letters as to be able to enjoy the many good -Things to be found in old-time Books, whether printed in Glaſgow or -elſewhere. - -To Printers who have “ſerved their Time” in the Book-offices of the -Eaſt or the early ſettled Cities of the South and Weſt, a Chapter like -this may ſeem wholly ſuperfluous. But in a Country like ours, where new -Towns and Cities are daily ſpringing into Exiſtence, daily Newſpapers -ſpringing up with them, it often happens that Boys and young Men who -have had but ſcanty Schooling are taken as Apprentices to learn the Art -of Arts. Many of theſe become rapid and correct Compoſitors, and in -Proceſs of Time drift to Cities where are Printing-offices with more -Varieties of Type than the new Comers have been accuſtomed to,—among -the reſt, Old Style, both in its ancient and modernized Forms; and it -is, in good Part, for the Benefit of theſe that we devote a few Pages -to Old Style. - -In purſuing our Subject we ſhall paſs by {p197} Caxton, who, as -Everybody knows, introduced movable Types into England in the -ſeventh Year of the fourth Edward, make but brief Mention of Caſlon -(1692–1766), who about the Year 1720, made Matrices and call genuine -and beautiful old-ſtyle Type,—and come directly to the Fact that, in -1843, an Engliſh Printer deſired to reprint in Old Style a Book of -the Time of Charles II. The old Matrices of Caſlon were found (_v._ -Brit. Encyc.), and from them a Font was caſt, which, with improved -Preſſes, etc., gave a better Impreſſion than had been obtained in -Caſlon’s Time. Since then (1843), the Demand for Old Style has ſteadily -increaſed, both in England and America, and our Founders have produced -a modernized Old Style; in which, however, it is thought by many that -Legibility has been ſacrificed to Beauty and general Effect. Our -Purpoſe here is to treat of the earlier Style, which ſtill reaches -Printing-offices occaſionally as Copy, and in which Programmes for “Old -Folks’ Concerts,” and alſo ſome Pamphlets, are printed even in theſe -Days. - -In Old Style, _s final_ is a ſhort _s_; in all other Parts of a Word, -even if it is the laſt Letter of a Syllable of a Word divided at the -End of a Line, the long, kerned “ſ” is uſed. To prevent breaking the -Kern the long “ſ” was caſt in the ſame {p198} Matrix with ſuch Letters -as it would otherwiſe interfere with,—the two, or in Caſe of double -_ſ_ the three, Letters forming one Type; juſt as “f” is now ligated to -other Letters, as fi, ffl, etc. - -And here, while ſpeaking of Ligatures, we would fain digreſs a -Moment,—even at the Expenſe of lengthening our old-ſtyle Chapter,—to -remark that there are ſome interfering Combinations for which Ligatures -have not been caſt. We have ſeen Book-catalogues in which the Word -“_Illuſtrated_” frequently occurred, having the Kerns of the italic -_I_ and its Neighbor _l_, one or both, broken off. The ſame happens -when the Word “Illinois” is ſet in italic, unleſs the Compoſitor inſert -a thin Space to keep the Letters from encroaching on each other’s -Territory. The ſame Method muſt be obſerved when the Combination of -_f_ with _b_, _h_, or _k_, is met with; as in Hofburg, Hofhoof, and -Hoffkirchen; otherwiſe one or more Letters will preſent a mutilated -Appearance on the Proof-ſheet. - -An italic ſhort _s_ ligated with _t_, formerly in Uſe, does not ſeem -to have remained long in the Printer’s Caſe; but—perhaps from the -Beauty of its Curves—the “ct,” both in roman and italic, retains its -Popularity, and is found in Fonts of modernized Old Style which have -rejected the long _ſ_ and its Ligatures. Indeed, we have what are -{p199} called “ct Books,” in which the deſignating Term is uſed as -though it were as needful as “fi,” and the other Combinations of the -kerned Letter _f_. - -We conclude this Portion of our Work by preſenting ſome Fac-ſimiles of -Old Style, produced by Photogravure. The firſt is Part of a Page from -“Annals of King George,” printed in London, in 1717. - -The next is a Fac-ſimile of four roman and three italic Lines from T. -B. Reed’s “Hiſtory of Printing.” Theſe ſeven Lines were printed from -Type caſt in the Matrices made by the elder Caſlon, in 1720. They ſhow -an immenſe Improvement when compared with the Page of the “Annals” -executed but three Years before. - -The third Sample is from Fry & Steele’s “Specimens of Printing Type,” -dated 1794; while the fourth, from the Foundry of Caſlon the younger, -dated 1796, having dropped the long “ſ” and its Ligatures, informs us -of the Period when the Old was giving Place to the New. {p200} - -[Illustration: The above is a fac-simile from the second volume of -Annals of George I.; London, 1717.] - -{p201} - -[Illustration: Facsimile of four roman and three italic lines from T. -B. Reed’s “History of Printing”, printed in type cast in the matrices -made by the elder Caslon in 1720.] - -[Illustration: Facsimile of ten lines from Fry & Steele’s “Specimens of -Printing Type”, dated 1794.] - -[Illustration: Facsimile of ten lines from the Foundry of Caslon the -younger, dated 1796.] - -{p202} - - - - -CHAPTER IX. - -TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK. - - -CASE. A frame divided into boxes, or compartments, for holding types. -The upper case contains capitals; the lower case, small letters. - -CHAPEL. An association of workmen in a printing-office. - -CHASE. An iron frame in which the pages of matter are locked up. - -DOUBLET. A portion of a take repeated by the compositor. For instance: -“It is of no use to lament our misfortunes, of no benefit to grieve -over past mistakes.” Suppose the compositor to have set up as far -as the second “no” inclusive,—he then glances at his copy for the -following words, but his eye catches the _first_ “no,” and he resets -what is already in his stick. Of course the proof will read thus: -“It is of no use to lament our misfortunes, of no use to lament our -misfortunes, of no benefit to grieve over,” etc. - -FORM. The pages of matter inclosed in the chase. - -GALLEY. A frame which receives the contents of the composing-stick. -When the stick is full, it is emptied upon a galley. - -IMPOSE. To lay the made-up pages of matter on the stone, and fit on the -chase in order to carry the form to press. - -INDENTION. The blank space at the beginning of a common paragraph, or -of a line of poetry, etc. When the first line is not indented, while -the following lines of the paragraph have a blank space before them, -the paragraph is said to be set with a “hanging indention.” - - _Specimen of Hanging Indention._ - - Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in - General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same. - -{p203} - -JUSTIFY. To insert spaces between the words of a line of type, so that -the line shall exactly fit the width of the stick. - -_To_ LOCK UP A FORM is to drive quoins (wedges) in such a manner as to -hold the type firmly in the chase. - -_To_ MAKE UP is to adjust the matter in pages of equal length, as -nearly as may be, for imposition. - -MATTER. Types set up, so as to form a word or words. When it is to be -distributed (put back into the cases), it is known as “dead” matter. If -not yet printed, or if destined for further use, it is called “live” -matter. - -OUT. A portion of a take, accidentally omitted by a compositor. An -“out” is generally referable, as in the case of the “doublet,” to the -recurrence of some word, or sequence of letters. For instance: a take -had in it, “He injured his foot, by wearing a tight boot.” The proof -had, only, “He injured his foot.” The compositor had the whole sentence -in his mind; and having set the final letters “oot,” referred these to -the last word, “boot,” and thought he had set the whole sentence. - -QUÆRE, or QUERY, variously abbreviated, as _Qu._ _Qy._ or _Qr._, and -sometimes represented by an interrogation point, is written in the -margin of the proof-sheet, to draw the author’s attention to some -passage about which the proof-reader is in doubt. - -REVISE. The second proof is a revise of the first, the third is a -revise of the second, etc. _To_ REVISE is to compare the second, or -any subsequent proof, with a preceding one, to see whether the proper -corrections have been made. - -SHOOTING-STICK. A wedge-shaped piece of wood for tightening and -loosening the quoins that wedge up the pages in a chase. - -SIGNATURE. A letter or figure at the bottom of the first page of every -sheet. It denotes the proper order of the sheets in binding. - -SPACE. If a line of type be divided by vertical planes into exact -squares, each of these squares occupies the space of an _em_, or -_em-quadrat_. Ems are used to indent common paragraphs, and to separate -sentences in the same paragraph. {p204} The next thinner space is -the _en_, or _en-quadrat_, which is one-half of the em. The next -is one-third of the em, and is called the _three-em space_; next, -one-fourth of the em is the _four-em space_; then, one-fifth of the em -is the _five-em space_. Thinner than any of these is the _hair-space_. -The three-em space is generally used in composition; the other sizes -are needed in justifying. - -STICK (COMPOSING-STICK). A frame of iron or steel, in which the -compositor sets up the type. By means of a movable slide, it can be -adjusted to the required length of line. - -STONE. A table of marble, or other stone, on which forms are imposed, -and on which they are placed for correction. - -TAKE. That portion of copy which the compositor takes to put in type -(or “set up”) at one time. - -{p205} - - - - -CHAPTER X. - - -VARIOUS SIZES OF ROMAN LETTER—MODERN. - -[Illustration: Examples of Diamond through Great Primer sizes of type.] - - -VARIOUS SIZES OF ROMAN LETTER—OLD STYLE. - -[Illustration: Examples of Nonpareil through Great Primer sizes of -type.] - -{p207} - - - - -INDEX. - - - Abbreviated words, how punctuated, 80. - - Abbreviations, Catalogue of fishes, 68. - - Abbreviations, mischievous, 26. - - Abbreviations of States, Territories, Post-offices, 69. - - “able,” words ending in, 155–164. - - Accents, 121. - - Acute accent, 121. - - Adams’ _or_ Adams’s, 94. - - Advertisement, Publishers’, 5–7. - - Aldus Manutius, 75. - - Alterations on Proof-sheet, 30. - - Ancient and modern methods of punctuation compared, 73–75. - - Apostrophe, 118–119. - - Attention to revising, 47. - - Authors’ proofs, 47–49. - - Authors should punctuate their MS., 71. - - - Brace, The, 121. - - Brackets, 93, 94, 120. - - Briefs, Lawyers’, 24, 25. - - Bureau or Academy yet wanted to settle all difficulties in syntax - orthography, punctuation, etc., 65. - - Bureau, Smithsonian, of the English Language, desiderated, 65, 127. - - - Canceled words, how restored, 29. - - Capitalization, 171–194. - - Capitals and points, when to be mentioned by copy-holders, 45, 46, 55, - 56. - - Capitals, Rules for use of, very flexible, 190. - - Captions, size of type, form of tables, etc., Directions for, - furnished compositors and proof-readers, 37, 38. - - Caret, The, 121. - - Cedilla, The, 122. - - Chirography, Mercantile, 24, 26. - - Circumflex accent, 121. - - Close attention to revising, 47. - - Close pointing, 80. - - Colon, 97, 98. - - Comma between subject and predicate, 77–79. - - Comma, rules for use of, 100–112. - - Comma, use of, depending on taste in many cases, 80. - - Compositors and proof-readers punctuate, 36. - - Compositors and proof-readers should punctuate, if author neglects, 71. - - Compositors’ names on proofs, 46. - - Copy for printers, black ink on white paper, 31. - - Copy-holders’ duty, 41. - - Copy to be followed closely in doubtful cases, 123. - - Correcting proof-sheets, Marks used in, 43, 45. - - Correctly spelled list of doubtful words, Webster style, 127–140. - - Correctly spelled list of doubtful words, Worcester style, 141–154. - - Court, Records of, 51. - - Court, Transcripts of Records of, with extraneous documents, 25. - - - Dash, the, 89–91. - - Dash, the, Rules for use of, 114–118. - - Dash, used too freely by writers for the press, 90. - - D.D., LL.D., M.D., 181, 182. - - Difficulty of drawing line between words “up” and words “down,” - 183–189. - - “Directions” for style of any work, frequently consulted, 37. - - “Directions,” Samples of, 38–40. - - Discussion of various modes of spelling same word, 126. - - Distributing type, 33; results of error in, 34. - - Diversities of grammar and idiom—of orthography, etc., Smithsonian - Institution might settle all controversies by Bureau of Language, - whose rulings should be adopted in Governmental publications, 65. - - Division of words on vowels or syllables, 87, 88. - - Division of words—to be avoided or not, 89. - - Doubtful orthography; double column lists in dictionaries, 125, 126. - - Doubtful words, query to author or editor, 31. - - Dr. Johnson and proof-reader, 32. - - Duty of copy-holder, 41. - - - Eccentricities of orthography, punctuation, capitalization, etc., - recorded for reference by proof-reader, while a work is in progress, - 37. - - _ei_ and _ie_, Rule for, 169. - - Ellipsis, or Omission, Marks of, 121. - - Employé or Employee, 39. - - English Grammar defined, 72. - - _Ensure_ and _Insure_ differentiated, 170. - - _Enure_ and _Inure_ differentiated, 170. - - Erasures, to be made with ink, 29. - - Errors from mistakes in distributing, 34. - - Errors in MS. copy, corrected, or pointed out, in printing-office, 36. - - Errors,—marked in text, and correction denoted on margin, of - proof-sheets, 41–45. - - Errors, rare, from printed copy, 18. - - Errors unavoidable, while present methods continue, 34. - - Esq., Jr., rules for, 181. - - Exclamation, note of, rules for use of, 113, 114. - - - Fac-similes of Old Style, 200, 201. - - Faults of manuscript reappear in proof-sheets, 25. - - First letter in line of poetry, 174. - - First proof, specimen of, 44. - - Footnotes in manuscript, 30. - - Footnotes, references to, 123. - - Foreign words italic, 57, 58. - - Foreign words roman, 58. - - Full point, or period, 96. - - - General remarks on incongruities of style, 66–70. - - Gods, pagan, capitalized, 180. - - Golden rule of punctuation, 77. - - Grammatical points, 72. - - Grave accent, 121. - - Greek alphabet, 54. - - - Handwriting of Clergymen, 22, 23. - - Handwriting of lawyers, 23–25. - - Handwriting of mercantile and business men, 24, 26. - - Handwriting of physicians, 27. - - Heathen deities, names of, to be capitalized, 180. - - Hyphen, 118. - - Hyphens in _one-half_, _two-thirds_, etc., 87. - - Hyphens in succession at end of lines, not to exceed three, 89. - - Hyphens, use of, 84–89. - - - I and J, 29. - - I and O, to be capitals, 180, 181. - - “ible,” words ending in, 165–167. - - Illegibility of the writing, no damages, on account of the, 15. - - Importance of _a_ and _the_, 188. - - Initial letters put up, 172–174. - - Ink, black, on white paper, for press, 31. - - _Insure_ and _Ensure_ differentiated, 170. - - Interrogation, note of, rules for use of, 112, 113. - - _Inure_ and _Enure_ differentiated, 170. - - “ise,” words ending in, 168, 169. - - - Junior, Esquire, rules for, 181. - - Juxtaposition influences use of capitals, 189. - - - Language—“The Foundation for the Whole Faculty of Thinking”—should - have the sharp oversight of those who would “diffuse knowledge among - men,” 65. - - Last reading for press; careful, deliberate, etc., 49–51. - - Lawyers’ briefs, 24. - - Leaders, 121. - - Lead pencils, avoid, when writing for press, 31. - - Lead pencils, no erasure with, 28. - - Length of pause at the various points, 72, 73. - - Liberal pointing, 80. - - Ligated letters, Old Style, 195. - - Lines above and below a correction, to be compared when revising, 47. - - LL.D., D.D., M.D., 181, 182. - - - Manuscript, faults of, reappear in proof-sheets, 25. - - Manuscript for the press,—black ink on white paper, 31. - - Manutii, The, 75; Manutius, Aldus, 75. - - “Mark-off,” 47. - - Marks of Ellipsis, or Omission, 121. - - Marks of Parenthesis, 120. - - Marks of Quotation, 119, 120. - - Marks used in correcting proof-sheets, 43, 45. - - Matter “off its feet,” 42. - - Meaning of “Put up” and “Put down,” 171, 172. - - M.D., LL.D., D.D., 181, 182. - - Mercantile chirography, 24, 26. - - Method of reading points, capitals, etc., 46. - - Mingling of styles, 40. - - - Namely, viz., to wit, how punctuated, 82. - - Names of compositors on proofs, 46. - - Names of countries, states, ships, towns, streets, political parties, - etc., capitalized, 182. - - Note of exclamation, rules for use of, 113, 114. - - Note of interrogation, rules for use of, 112, 113. - - Note on the “etc.,” in Rule 7, on use of capitals, 183–189. - - Note-references, 123. - - Notes as to captions, size of type, form of tables, etc., to be - furnished employees, 38. - - Nouns ending in _o_, plurals of, 167, 168. - - - O and I, capitals, 181. - - O, nouns ending in, 167, 168. - - “Off its feet,” 42. - - Old Style, 195–201. - - Omission, or Ellipsis, Marks of, 121. - - One correct spelling, according to Webster, of variously spelled - words, 127–140. - - One correct spelling, according to Worcester, of variously spelled - words, 141–154. - - One style for Governmental publications desiderated, 127. - - Orthography, 125–170. - - Orthography, definitions of, 125. - - Orthography; the Webster list of doubtful words (1500+), in the _one_ - preferred manner of spelling, 127–140. - - Orthography; the Worcester list of doubtful words (1500+), in the - _one_ preferred manner of spelling, 141–154. - - Over-punctuated manuscript, 30. - - - Pagination of MS., 29. - - Paragraph mark (¶), 122. - - Parenthesis, 92–94. - - Parenthesis, marks of, 120. - - Pauses and sense both indicated by punctuation, 75, 76. - - Period, or full point, 96. - - Personified things capitalized, 182. - - Physicians’ chirography, 27. - - Plurals, when denoted by apostrophe and _s_, 94, 95. - - Pointing—close, liberal, 80. - - Points, capitals, etc., method of reading by copy-holder, 46. - - Points mark _sense_ as well as _pauses_, 75, 76. - - Possessive case of nouns singular ending in _s_, 94. - - Preambles, resolves, and provisos, how punctuated, 81. - - Preferred spelling, Webster’s, of 1500+ words of various orthography, - 127–140. - - Preferred spelling, Worcester’s, of 1500+ words of various - orthography, 141–154. - - Principal words capitalized, 175, 176. - - Printers, usually best proof-readers, 35. - - Professional men “at the case,” 36. - - Proof-reader and Dr. Johnson, 32. - - Proof-readers and compositors punctuate, 36. - - Proof-reader, to query doubtful words, etc., 31. - - Proof-reading, 33–58. - - Proof-sheets, marks used in correcting, 43, 45. - - Proof-sheets, numbered in regular sequence, 46. - - Proof-sheets of Records of Court, 51. - - Proof-sheets, second reading and revising of, 47. - - Proofs, routine in regard to, 37. - - Proper nouns, having common form, put down, 183. - - Propinquity a reason for putting up or putting down, 189–192. - - Provisos, preambles, and resolutions, how punctuated, 81. - - Punctuation, 71–124; a modern art, 73. - - Punctuation, ancient and modern methods of, 73–75. - - Punctuation by compositor and proof-reader, 36. - - Punctuation, by one reader only, 47. - - Punctuation of _viz._, _namely_, _to wit_, 82. - - Punctuation, rules of, not fixed, 75. - - Punctuation, uniformity of, not attainable, 123. - - “Put down” and “Put up,” meaning of, 171, 172. - - - Quantity, marks of, 121, 122. - - Quotation marks, 119, 120. - - - Reading final proof before printing, 49–51. - - Reading Greek, 53–56. - - Reading points and capitals, 46. - - Recapitulation of rules for right use of capitals, 192–194. - - Recipes—Greek and Latin, 27, 28. - - Records of Court, no alterations in, allowable, except clerical errors - in punctuation, 51. - - Records of Court, transcripts of, with extraneous documents, 25. - - Records of Court, uniform style in, not to be sought at expense of - departing from copy, 51. - - Reference marks to footnotes and sidenotes, 123. - - Resolutions, preambles, and provisos, how punctuated, 81. - - Restoring canceled words, 29. - - Revising, 47. - - Revising, in, great care required, 47. - - Rhetorical points, 72. - - Rules of punctuation, 96–118. - - Rules of punctuation not fixed, 75. - - Rules for capitalization very bendable, 190. - - - Samples or directions and notes to printers, 38–40. - - Second proof, 46. - - Second reading of proof by copy, 47. - - Second, third, etc., revision of proof-sheets, 48. - - Section mark (§), 123. - - Semicolon, 98–100. - - Semicolon before _as_, when particulars follow a general statement, 82. - - Sense and pauses, both indicated by points, 75, 76. - - Sentences difficult and involved, compositor and proof-reader to - follow copy carefully, 123, 124. - - Separation of words in manuscripts, 74. - - Size of type; captions; form of tables, etc., directions for, to be - supplied, 38. - - Slips of proof, numbered in sequence, 46. - - Space before and after dash, 91. - - Spanish ñ, 122. - - Specimen of first proof, 44. - - “Spectator” of 1711 wished for an Academy to settle differences - between grammar and idiom, 65. - - Spelling, errors in, silently corrected, 36. - - “Stet,” 29. - - Style, 59–65. - - Style of the office, 40. - - Style of writing in the fifth century, 74. - - Style, peculiarities of, to be noted by proof-reader, for reference, - 37. - - Styles, mingling of, 40. - - Styles; Worcester, Webster, and Office, 61. - - Subject and predicate, no comma between, except to prevent ambiguity, - 77–79. - - Suggestions to writers for press, 28. - - Supreme Being, names, etc., of, capitalized, 176–180. - - Syllabication, 87–89. - - - Tables, form of; size of type; style of captions, etc., sometimes - furnished to compositors and proof-readers, 38. - - Technical terms used in this book, 202–204. - - _Tout-ensemble_ survey of a proof-sheet, 40. - - To wit, namely, viz., ending paragraph, how punctuated, 82. - - Two “Chapter V.’s,” 30. - - Type, how distributed, 34. - - - Umlaut, 122. - - Uniformity—very important in some works, of no consequence in others, - 52. - - Use of comma, in many cases, depends upon taste, 80. - - - Varieties of style, 61–63. - - Various marks used in writing and printing, 118. - - Various sizes of type—modern, 205. - - Various sizes of type—old style, 205. - - Viz., namely, to wit; ending paragraph, how punctuated, 83. - - Viz., namely, to wit; how punctuated, 82. - - - Webster’s preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography, 127–140. - - Worcester’s preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography, - 141–154. - - Words connected with a No. of designation, 182. - - Words doubtful, query, 31. - - Words ending in _able_, 155–164; in _ible_, 165–167. - - Words ending in _ise_, 168, 169. - - Words from dead and foreign languages, 56–58. - - Words ending in _cion_, 169. - - Words l. c. when spelled in full, u. c. when contracted, 181. - - Words, not English, to be printed in italics, 57, 58. - - Words, not English, to be printed in roman, 58. - - Write _plain_ English, 26. - - Writers for press should understand technics of proof-reading, 42. - - Writing, bad, robs compositors, 21–23. - - Writing becomes automatic, 19. - - Writing for the press, 15–32. - - Writing legibly, imperative, 21. - - Writing, illegibility of the, protects printers in suits for damages, - 15. - -{p215} - - - - -ADVERTISEMENTS. - - - -READINGS FOR HOME HALL AND SCHOOL - -_Prepared by Professor LEWIS B. MONROE Founder of the Boston School of -Oratory_ - - -HUMOROUS READINGS In prose and verse. For the use of schools -reading-clubs public and parlor entertainments $1.50 - -“The book is readable from the first page to the last, and every -article contained in it is worth more than the price of the -volume.”—_Providence Herald._ - - -MISCELLANEOUS READINGS In prose and verse $1.50 - -“We trust this book may find its way into many schools, not to be used -as a book for daily drill, but as affording the pupil occasionally -an opportunity of leaving the old beaten track.”—_Rhode-Island -Schoolmaster._ - - -DIALOGUES AND DRAMAS For the use of dramatic and reading clubs and for -public social and school entertainments $1.50 - -“If the acting of dramas such as are contained in this book, could -be introduced into private circles, there would be an inducement for -the young to spend their evenings at home, instead of resorting to -questionable public places.”—_Nashua Gazette._ - - -YOUNG FOLKS’ READINGS For social and public entertainment $1.50 - -“Professor Monroe is one of the most successful teachers of elocution, -as well as a very popular public reader. In this volume he has given an -unusually fine selection for home and social reading, as well as for -public entertainments.”—_Boston Home Journal._ - - -DIALOGUES FROM DICKENS Arranged for schools and home amusement By W. -ELIOT FETTE A.M. First series $1.00 - - -DIALOGUES AND DRAMAS FROM DICKENS Second series Arranged by W. ELIOT -FETTE Illustrated $1.00 - - -The dialogues in the above books are selected from the best points of -the stories, and can be extended by taking several scenes together. - - -THE GRAND DICKENS COSMORAMA Comprising several unique entertainments -capable of being used separately for school home or hall By G. B. -BARTLETT Paper 25 cents - - -THE READINGS OF DICKENS as condensed by himself for his own use $1.00 - - -LITTLE PIECES FOR LITTLE SPEAKERS The primary-school teacher’s -assistant By a practical teacher 16mo. 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She is less didactic than experimental in her methods; but -the points which she makes are those that lead to success, because they -have been proved in the schoolroom, and have the authority of the great -schoolmasters of modern times.” - - - _Sold by all booksellers, and when sent by mail, ten per cent to be - added for postage_ - - LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - -Original spelling and grammar have been generally retained, with some -exceptions noted below. Original printed page numbers are shown like -this: {p52}. Original small caps are now uppercase. Italics look -_like this_. Footnotes have been relabeled 1–7, and moved from within -paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs. I produced the cover -image and hereby assign it to the public domain. Original page images -are available from archive.org—search for “penstypes00drew”. - -The turned comma in ‹MʻDonough› on page 119 is a glyph (Unicode -character [‹ʻ› U+02BB; modifier letter turned comma]) that is not -well supported in current browsers. It is retained in the simple text -edition, but an image is substituted in the html, epub, and mobi -editions. On page 122, the _x_ with combining cedilla has been rendered -as an image in all but the text edition. Other Unicode characters -rendered as images include: Arabic semicolon, double high-reversed-9 -quotation mark, single high-reversed-9 quotation mark, asterism, double -vertical line, and white right pointing index. Many glyphs that are not -included in the Unicode system are represented as ‹[Symbol]› in the -text edition, and as images in the other editions. - - -Page 68. The phrase ‹“Gunther’s Cat-Fish., Brit. Mus.,—which,› was -changed to ‹“Gunther’s Cat-Fish., Brit. Mus.”,—which,›. - -Page 91. The text posits as a rule, ‹A thin space should be placed -before, and also after, a dash.› Unfortunately, the Project Gutenberg -“House Style” has overruled Benjamin Drew’s rule in these ebook -editions. - -Pages 127–154. In the Orthography lists, Webster and Worcester, a few -words appear to be out of order, but have been retained as originally -printed. For example, there is the sequence [Reposit, Resin, Rosin, -Resistance] on page 151. - -Page 145. The word ‹Enclyclopædia› was changed to ‹Encyclopædia›. - -Page 155. The word ‹Affiiliable› was changed to ‹Affilliable›. - -Page 168. The enlarged left curly bracket was eliminated from the entry -‹Portico›. - -Page 191. The phrase ‹a bi_g_er man› is retained. - -Page 195–199. Chapter VIII was printed in an Old Style which included -the long “ſ” and many obsolete ligatures such as “ct”. Sadly, only the -_ſ_ can be represented in this ebook. For the html, epub, and mobi -editions, an image of the ct ligature has been provided. But to see all -the ligatures as originally printed, you must seek out the original -page scans. - -Page 201. Captions were constructed for the three illustrations on this -page, based on the text of page 199. - -Page 215. A new heading ‹ADVERTISEMENTS› was inserted for this section. -Text styling in this section has been considerably simplified. - -Page 207. The page reference for topic ‹Advertisement› was changed to -5–7. - -Page 224. The word ‹thoroughout› was changed to ‹throughout›. - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pens and Types, by Benjamin Drew - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PENS AND TYPES *** - -***** This file should be named 60126-0.txt or 60126-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/1/2/60126/ - -Produced by MWS, RichardW, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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- text-indent: 0; - font-size: 0.87em; - line-height: 1; -} -.p-adh2 + .p-adnote { - padding: 0 0 1.5em 0; -} -.p-adh2 + .p-book { - padding: 1.5em 0 0 1.5em; -} -.p-book { - padding: 0 1.5em; - text-align: left; - text-indent: -1.5em; - line-height: 1.25; -} -.p-adfoot1 { - font-style: italic; - font-size: 0.76em; - text-indent: 0; - text-align: center; - padding: 1.5em 0 0 0; - line-height: 1; -} -.p-adfoot2 { - font-size: 1.32em; - text-indent: 0; - text-align: center; - padding: 0 0 1.5em 0; - font-weight: bold; -} - -/* === handheld === */ -@media handheld { - body { - margin: 0.5em; - padding: 0; - font-size: 100%; - } - div, - p { - max-height: none; - } - .xxpn { - position: static; - } - .section { - margin: 0 auto; - } -} - -</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Pens and Types, by Benjamin Drew - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Pens and Types - or Hints and Helps for Those who Write, Print, Read, Teach, or Learn - -Author: Benjamin Drew - -Release Date: August 18, 2019 [EBook #60126] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PENS AND TYPES *** - - - - -Produced by MWS, RichardW, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div id="dcoverpage"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" -width="600" height="798" alt="" /> -</div> - -<div class="section"> -<h1 id="h1herein">PENS AND TYPES<br /> -OR<br /> -HINTS AND HELPS -FOR -THOSE WHO WRITE, PRINT, READ, TEACH, -OR LEARN</h1></div> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="fsz5 padtopa"> -<span class="spblk fsz1">PENS AND TYPES</span> -<span class="spblk fsz9">OR</span> -<span class="spblk fsz4">HINTS AND HELPS</span> -<span class="spblk fsz9">FOR</span> -<span class="spblk fsz6">THOSE WHO WRITE, PRINT, READ, TEACH, -OR LEARN</span></div> - -<div class="fsz5 padtopa"> -<span class="spblk fsz7">A NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION</span> -<span class="spblk fsz9">BY</span> -BENJAMIN DREW</div> - -<div class="fsz7 padtopa">“A portion to Seven, and also to Eight”</div> - -<div class="fsz6 padtopa"> -<span class="spblk fsz6">BOSTON 1889</span> -<span class="spblk">LEE AND SHEPARD PUBLISHERS</span> -<span class="spblk fsz9">10 MILK STREET NEXT “OLD SOUTH MEETING HOUSE”</span> -<span class="spblk fsz7">NEW YORK CHARLES T. DILLINGHAM</span> -<span class="spblk fsz9">718 AND 720 BROADWAY</span></div> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="fsz7 padtopa"> -<span class="spblk fsz7">Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1889,</span> -<span class="spblk fsz7"><span class="smcap">B<b>Y</b></span> -<span class="smcap">B<b>ENJAMIN</b></span> -<span class="smcap">D<b>REW</b>,</span></span> -<span class="spblk fsz7">In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.</span></div> - -<div class="fsz7 padtopa"> -<span class="spblk">C. J. PETERS & SON,</span> -<span class="spblk"><span class="smcap">T<b>YPOGRAPHERS</b></span> -<span class="smmaj">AND</span> -<span class="smcap">E<b>LECTROTYPERS,</b></span></span> -<span class="spblk fsz6">145 <span class="smcap">H<b>IGH</b></span> -<span class="smcap">S<b>TREET,</b></span> -<span class="smcap">B<b>OSTON.</b></span></span></div> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="fsz5 padtopa"> -<span class="spblk fsz5">To the Memory</span> -<span class="spblk fsz9">OF</span> -<span class="spblk fsz5">GEORGE WASHINGTON HOSMER, D.D.,</span> -<span class="spblk fsz9"><span class="fsz7">MY EARLY FRIEND AND INSTRUCTOR,</span></span> -<span class="spblk fsz7">THIS VOLUME IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED</span> -<span class="spblk fsz7"><span class="fsz7">BY</span></span> -<span class="spblk fsz6">THE AUTHOR.</span></div> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p005"> -<h2 class="h2herein">PUBLISHERS’ ADVERTISEMENT.</h2> - -<p>Our first edition of “Pens and Types: or Hints -and Helps for those who Write, Print, or Read,” was -especially prepared for the benefit of persons connected -with the press. It had, however, a wide circulation -among persons of all professions, and became a reference -book in some notable institutions of learning.</p> - -<p>A distinguished lady teacher in a neighboring city -writes us, “I found the book [“Pens and Types”] of the -greatest benefit, both in my work of teaching, and in -the writing I occasionally did for the press. It was an -invaluable aid to those who were trying to train the -young in habits of correctness and accuracy in the use -of their mother tongue. Such a work should never be -out of print, and I am glad there is to be another edition.” -We might refer to many who have expressed -similar opinions.</p> - -<p>This second edition contains all that was valuable in -the first, besides several new chapters and additions, as -set forth in the author’s preface: and on account of its -past reputation and the merits of the added matter, we -bespeak anew the favor of printers and teachers,—of -both which professions Mr. Drew -may fairly be <span class="xxpn" id="p006">{p6}</span> -considered a representative; and although he has, in his book, -kept his personality out of sight, even using the editorial -“we,” his fitness for a work of this kind will, we -think, be made apparent by a brief sketch of his career.</p> - -<p>After a school life in which he paid much attention to -Latin and Greek classics, he learned the trade of printer. -Soon after attaining his majority, he was employed as -teacher of a public school in his native town, Plymouth, -Mass., whence he was summoned to Boston, to take three -months’ charge of the Bowdoin School, during the illness -and consequent absence of Mr. James Robinson. -Subsequently he became master in the Otis School, which -position he occupied during the whole period of its -continuance.</p> - -<p>While residing in Boston, Mr. Drew was a correspondent -of the “Post,” under the signature of <span class="smcap">S<b>HANDY</b>;</span> and -he also contributed the articles of <span class="smcap">D<b>R.</b></span> -<span class="smcap">D<b>IGG</b></span> and <span class="smcap">E<b>NSIGN</b></span> -<span class="smcap">S<b>TEBBINGS</b></span> to Shillaber’s “Carpet Bag.” His contributions -were of a humorous character, and are well -remembered by many gray-bearded gentlemen of Boston -and its environs. From this city, Mr. Drew removed to -Minnesota, where he was Principal of the Public Schools -of St. Paul.</p> - -<p>After twenty years of teaching, Mr. Drew returned to -the purlieus of the printing-office, as proof-reader at the -University Press, Cambridge, and afterward with John -Wilson & Son, and Alfred Mudge & Son.</p> - -<p>Next he became proof-reader in the Government -<span class="xxpn" id="p007">{p7}</span> printing-office, -at Washington, where for more than nine years he remained, reading -press-proofs of the various Government publications, including many -volumes issued by the Smithsonian Institution, and giving valuable -assistance to the Civil Service Commissioners, in the technical -examination of proof-readers for the Government Departments. At the age -of seventy-six he retired from public employment, and prepared this -second edition for the press. May he live long, and enjoy the reward of -an industrious and useful life—and a huge remuneration from an enormous -sale of his Second Edition.</p> - -<p class="psignature">THE PUBLISHERS.</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h2 class="h2herein" id="p009">PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.</h2> - -<p>As “man measures man the world over,” so it may -be presumed that the experience of a laborer in any -one department of literature will, in the general, -tally with that of all others occupying a similar position. -This volume gives the results of a proof-reader’s -experience, and such suggestions derived -therefrom as may, he hopes, be useful to all who -prepare reading-matter for the press, to all who assist -in printing and publishing it, and, finally, to the reading -public.</p> - -<p>But as a vein of imperfection runs through all -human achievement; and as the most carefully issued -volume must contain errors,—so this work, if critically -examined, may perhaps be found to violate, in -some instances, its own rules; nay, the rules themselves -may appear to be, in some points, erroneous. -Still, the inexperienced, we feel assured, will find -herein many things of immediate benefit; and those -who need no instruction may have their opinions and -their wisdom re-enforced by the examples used in -illustration. So, believing that on the -whole it will <span class="xxpn" id="p010">{p10}</span> -be serviceable; that it contains “a portion” for -“seven, and also” for “eight,” we send this treatise -to press. And if its perusal shall incite some more -competent person to produce a more valuable work -on the topics presented, we shall gladly withdraw, -and leave him, so far as we are concerned, the undisputed -possession of the field.</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p011"> -<h2 class="h2herein">PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.</h2> - -<p>The extensive circulation of the first edition of -“Pens and Types,” attested by the worn condition -of the stereotype plates, induces the author to present -to his friends and the public a new and improved -edition, embodying the results of a wider experience.</p> - -<p>The most important portions of the first edition -have been retained. The chapter on Orthography -has been enlarged by the addition of <span class="smmaj">ONE</span> -<i>correct and -authorized spelling</i> of the many hundreds of doubtful -words—words to which writer and printer <i>can -give but one form</i>, while lexicographers give two or -more. For offices which adopt Webster as the standard, -Webster’s first column has been closely followed; -and for those which follow Worcester’s style, a list is -added, adhering to Worcester’s first column. Some -words of the lexicographers’ second columns are also -placed in the lists (e. g. <i>draught</i> as well as <i>draft</i>), -giving to each word its proper and distinct significations.</p> - -<p>Moreover we have in the same chapter placed a -list of all the words ending in <i>able</i> -and <i>ible</i> which <span class="xxpn" id="p012">{p12}</span> -are to be found in ordinary English dictionaries,—whether -words in common use or rare or obsolete,—a -feature which compositors and many others will know -how to appreciate.</p> - -<p>A chapter on the Right Use of Capitals, with rules -and examples; and another on Old Style and its ligatures, -with fac-similes from ancient specimens of -typography, give additional value to this edition.</p> - -<p>The index at the end of the volume will enable -the reader to find at once any particular rule or direction -contained in the body of the work.</p> - -<p>Although originally intended for authors and -printers, this volume will, we are confident, be in -many respects a valuable reference-book for teachers -and pupils in the public schools, and in seminaries -of learning generally.</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p013"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CONTENTS.</h2> - -<ul id="ulcontents"> -<li>I. Writing for the Press -•  <a href="#p015" title="to page 15">15</a></li> - -<li>II. Proof-reading -•  <a href="#p033" title="to page 33">33</a></li> - -<li>III. Style -•  <a href="#p059" title="to page 59">59</a></li> - -<li>IV. General Remarks on Subject-matter<br /> of Foregoing -Three Chapters -•  <a href="#p066" title="to page 66">66</a></li> - -<li>V. Punctuation -•  <a href="#p071" title="to page 71">71</a></li> - -<li>VI. Orthography -• <a href="#p125" title="to page 125">125</a></li> - -<li>VII. Capitalization -• <a href="#p171" title="to page 171">171</a></li> - -<li>VIII. Old Style -• <a href="#p195" title="to page 195">195</a></li> - -<li>IX. Technical Terms used in this Work -• <a href="#p202" title="to page 202">202</a></li> - -<li>X. Various Sizes of Letter -• <a href="#p205" title="to page 205">205</a></li> - -<li>INDEX -• <a href="#p207" title="to page 207">207</a></li></ul></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p015"> -<div class="fsz3">PENS AND TYPES.</div> - -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER I. -<span class="hsmall"> -WRITING FOR THE PRESS.</span></h2> - -<p class="pfirst">In -an action recently brought against the proprietors -of Lloyd’s paper, in London, for damages for -not inserting a newspaper advertisement correctly, -the verdict was for the defendant, by reason of the -illegibility of the writing.</p> - -<p>“The illegibility of the writing” is the cause of -the larger portion of what are conveniently termed -“errors of the press.” One can scarcely take up a -periodical publication without finding, from editor or -correspondent, an apology for some error in a previous -issue, couched somewhat in this style: “The -types made us say, in our last, something about the -‘Dogs of the Seine’, we certainly wrote ‘Days of -the League.’” We have no doubt that, in a large -majority of cases of this sort, if the question between -“the types” and “the pen” were left to a jury, they -would, as in the case of Lloyd’s paper, decide in -favor of the types.</p> - -<p>By dint of hard study, by comparison -of letters in <span class="xxpn" id="p016">{p16}</span> -various words, and by the sense of the context, the -compositor generally goes through his task creditably, -in spite of the “illegibility of the writing.” But -sometimes, in despair, he puts into type that word -which most nearly resembles an unreadable word in -the manuscript, making nonsense of the passage because -he can make nothing else of it. We remember -a great many instances of this sort, in our own experience -as a proof-reader,—instances which, according to -custom, might be attributed to “the types,” but which -were really due to the writers’ carelessness alone. -Thus, in a medical work, it was stated that “This -case had been greatly aggravated by the <i>ossification</i> -of warm poultices to the face”; the author having -intended to write “application.”</p> - -<p>Ames’s “Typographical Antiquities” has been made -to figure as “Typographical Ambiguities,”—owing -to chirographical ambiguity.</p> - -<p>“The reports in the ‘Times’ and other journals, -never give the name of the Lord <span class="spwdspb">Chandler.” “Chancellor”</span> -was, of course, intended by the writer, but -this was an “error of the press.”</p> - -<p>In an investigation touching the field of a compound -microscope, a witness was made to say, “It would -vary with the power of the <i>lye-juice</i> employed.” The -reporter meant to write “eye-piece,” but he succeeded -in writing what the compositor set up.</p> - -<p>The title of a book,—“A Treatise on the Steam-engine; -with <i>Theological</i> Investigations on the Motive -Power of Heat.” The latter clause might seem -appropriate to “Fox’s Book of -Martyrs”; but the <span class="xxpn" id="p017">{p17}</span> -transcriber of the title imagined he had written -“Theoretical.”</p> - -<p>A toast,—“The President of the —— County -Agricultural Society,—May he enjoy a <i>grim</i> old -age”: the word was corrected to “green,” before -the whole edition of the paper was worked off.</p> - -<p>We have seen an advertisement of “<i>Mattlebran’s</i> -Universal Geography,”—no doubt a very entertaining -work.</p> - -<p>In a treatise on botany, we have been told, “we -first find those that form the bud, then the <i>calx</i>, the -<i>corrola</i>, the stamina and <i>pistol</i>.” The writer should -have spelled correctly, and dotted his <i>i’s</i>.</p> - -<p>A catalogue of hardware to be sold by auction had -an item, “3 bbls. English pocket-knives.” This was -set from “commercial” writing, in which “bbls.,” -or something like it, was used as a contraction for -“bladed.”</p> - -<p>“Nature intended man for a social being. Alone -and isolated, man would become <i>impatient</i> and <i>peevish</i>.” -No doubt this is true, but “the types” were -to blame again,—the author fancied that he had -written “impotent, and perish.”</p> - -<p>The constitution of a certain corporation appeared -with the following article in the proof-sheet: “The -Directors shall have power to purchase, build, equip -or charter all such steamboats, propellers, or other -vessels, as the engineers of the Corporation shall in -their judgment require.” Why the Directors should -be placed at the mercy of the <i>engineers</i> seemed -unaccountable. But a critical -examination of the <span class="xxpn" id="p018">{p18}</span> -manuscript revealed that the “engineers” were -“exigencies.”</p> - -<p>A “Bill of exceptions, having been examined, -and found <i>unfavorable</i> to the truth, is allowed.” -The Justice who signed the above, understood the -word which we have italicized to be “conformable.”</p> - -<p>“They could not admit those parts of the testimony -until they had examined the plaintiff in regard -to the <i>poets</i>,”—“facts” should have been written -instead of “poets”; but the “pen” made an error -which the compositor did not feel at liberty to correct.</p> - -<p>We have read in a newspaper a description of a -battle-field:—“It was fearful to see: the men fell -in ranks, and marched in <i>pantaloons</i> to their final -account.” This was explained by an erasure and a -blot on the word “platoons.”</p> - -<p>It is very easy to say that errors of the kind we -have recited, are owing to the ignorance or carelessness -of the printers; but, on the other hand, when -printed copy is reset, such errors almost never occur,—and -the absence of errors is in direct ratio to the -legibility of the copy.</p> - -<p>Men who write much, generally imagine that they -write well; but their imagination is often a vain one. -The writer of the worst manuscript we recollect to -have met with, expressed surprise when told that -printers and proof-readers could not read his writing, -and remarked that he had often been complimented -on the plainness and neatness of his chirography. -His memory was, -no doubt, excellent,—the <span class="xxpn" id="p019">{p19}</span> -compliments must have been bestowed in his juvenile days, -when he was imitating engraved copies.</p> - -<p>While one is imitating a copy, he may, indeed, -write legibly, nay, even elegantly; for he has nothing -to attend to, save the formation of the letters. But -when one is writing a report or a sermon or a poem, -his mind is busy with something besides chirography.</p> - -<p>The fact is, that men seldom succeed well in doing -more than one thing at a time. The itinerant musician -who imitates the various instruments of a full -band, may be detected in an occasional discord. -Paley remarks that we cannot easily swallow while -we gape; and, if any one will try the experiment, he -will presently be satisfied that in this statement, at -least, Paley was physiologically and philosophically -correct.</p> - -<p>Thus, in the haste of composition, ideas crowding -upon us faster than the pen can give them permanence, -we can bestow little thought on mere -chirography, writing becomes mechanical, or even -automatic; and we pay scarcely more attention to -the forms that follow the pen, than we do to the -contractions and dilatations of the vocal organs when -engaged in conversation with an entertaining friend.</p> - -<p>Let school training and practice be the same, yet -such are the differences of physical conformation -that handwritings are as various as the individuals -that produce them; running through all degrees of -the scale, from an elegance transcending the engraver’s -skill, down to misshapen difficulties and puzzling -deformity. <span class="xxpn" id="p020">{p20}</span></p> - -<p>But however widely our handwriting may vary -from Wrifford, Spencer, or Dunton, it is generally -legible to ourselves, and soon becomes familiar to -our friends and acquaintances. Hence comes the -danger that we shall cease to bestow any care upon -it when others than ourselves and acquaintances are -concerned, and hence it is, that, with scarcely any -consciousness of our shortcomings, we are liable to -impose on an utter stranger the task of deciphering -a piece of manuscript in which not only the -letters have no proper characterization, but which is -smutched with erasures, deformed by interlineations, -and obscured by frequent and needless abbreviations.</p> - -<p>The loss of time spent in endeavoring to read such -a document, is reckoned among the “small things” -of which “the law takes no cognizance”; were it -otherwise, many of us who fancy that our manuscript -is above reproach, would be astonished at the number -of bills collectible outstanding against us.</p> - -<p>The opinion of the “statists,” spoken of in Hamlet, -that it is “a baseness to write fair,” seems prevalent -even in our day. Most men, on leaving school, -instead of endeavoring to improve their chirography, -allow it to deteriorate, and seem to take pride in its -deteriority, and many learned men write as if afraid -that legibility would be considered a proof of intellectual -weakness.</p> - -<p>In all other cases of encroaching on the time and -patience of another,—as, for instance, our failure to -fulfill an appointment, or calling at an unseasonable -hour, or seeking advice in an affair -wholly our <span class="xxpn" id="p021">{p21}</span> -own,—we feel bound to make due apology, nay, sometimes -even acknowledge a sense of shame; but who -ever felt regret on hearing that he had put some one -to the trouble of studying, and guessing at, a puzzling -intricacy of cramped writing; his victim being -obliged to seek aid from dictionaries, gazetteers, -directories, and even experts? We never heard of a -man’s suffering compunction on this score.</p> - -<p>We say this, referring to ordinary business transactions -between man and man, where bad writing, -except in rare and extreme cases, does not involve -pecuniary loss. But when we are writing for the -press, our duty to write legibly becomes imperative; -indeed, a failure in this respect trenches so closely -upon a violation of the eighth commandment, that it -can seldom happen but from a want of thought as to -the relation between those who write and those who -print.</p> - -<p>Compositors usually work by the piece, and are -paid a fixed rate per thousand ems. If a line of type -be divided by vertical lines into equal squares, these -squares show the number of ems in the line. Suppose -there are twenty such squares; then fifty lines -would contain one thousand ems. To set, correct, -and distribute six thousand ems, is considered a fair -day’s work. With plain, legible copy, this can ordinarily -be done; and, at the close of the week, the -compositor receives full wages; all parties are satisfied, -and no one is entitled to complain.</p> - -<p>But if, at the end of the week, notwithstanding -the closest application, the -compositor has averaged <span class="xxpn" id="p022">{p22}</span> -but four thousand ems per day, whereby he receives -but two-thirds of the sum he is capable of earning -under favorable conditions, who is morally responsible -to him for the lacking third? We need not go -far to ascertain: a glance at his “copy” answers the -question. He has been laboring upon bad manuscript. -To show the difficulties which have been in -his way, we will put a supposititious case,—closely -paralleled, however, in the experience of almost -every compositor who has worked in a book-office.</p> - -<p>He has been setting up a sermon of the Rev. Mr. -Z. The society of the reverend gentleman were so -well pleased with the discourse, that they requested -a copy for the press. Mr. Z. should, of course, have -copied the whole manuscript fairly; for, the haste of -composition being past, he could have re-written it -carefully, paying especial attention to chirography, -spelling out his abbreviations, reducing dislocations, -bringing interlineations into line,—in short, he -should have done to the compositor what he would -that the compositor should do unto him. But, -instead of this, what did you do, Mr. Z.? Pen -in hand, you re-read the sermon, making erasures, -striking out some words and interlining others. You -crowded new sentences, of two or three lines each, -between lines already closely written; and you interlined -these interlineations. You then wrote sundry -additions on loose pieces of paper, denoting them as <span class="spwdspb"> -“A,” “B,” “C,”</span> etc., and then placed the same capitals -in the body of the work, without sufficiently -explaining that new matter was -to be inserted; <span class="xxpn" id="p023">{p23}</span> -neither did you make it appear whether the addenda -were to constitute new paragraphs. And in this -amorphous condition you allowed the sermon to go -to the printing-office. It has, too, passed through -several hands. Some of the pieces belonging to -“A” have got into “B,” and some of the “B” -have straggled into “C,”—and the printers cannot -say where they do belong.</p> - -<p>One compositor finds in his -“take”⁠<a class="afnanc" href="#fn1" id="fnanc1">[1]</a> -the abbreviation -“Xn,” and, after many inquiries, learns that -<i>X</i> is the Greek <i>Chi</i>, and so “Xn” signifies “Christian.” -Another hesitates at a phrase which, to his -eye, seems to read “a <i>parboiled</i> skeptic”; but as -modern methods with heretics do not include heated -applications, he asks those about him what the word -is; perhaps goes to the proof-reader with it,—such -things are done sometimes,—for the compositor -expects ultimately to conform to the proof-reader’s -decision,—and thus he loses five or ten minutes in -learning that the word is <i>purblind</i>. Now, reverend -sir, the compositor’s time is his money, and if you -rob him of his time—the inference is obvious. -Your better course, henceforth, will be to copy -your manuscript, or employ some one to copy it, in -a careful, painstaking manner, after all your emendations -of the text have been made.</p> - -<div class="dftnt"> -<p class="pfnfirst"><a class="afnlabel" href="#fnanc1" id="fn1">1</a> -For this and all other technical terms used in this work, see -Chapter IX.</p></div> - -<p>There is a proverb to the effect that lawyers are -bad penmen, but we think the proverb unjust. So -far as our experience goes, the -handwriting of <span class="xxpn" id="p024">{p24}</span> -lawyers compares favorably with that of any other class -of persons, of whatever profession. It is certainly -as legible as the mercantile style; since the latter, -although generally pretty to look at, is often very -difficult to read,—abounding in flourish and ornament, -which are too often but another name for -obscurity. Sometimes, too, one meets with clerkly -invoices or catalogues, containing remarkably fanciful -capitals; we have seen good readers scarcely able to -decide whether a given initial were a W, an H, or an -N. We are pleased to learn, however, that one leading -“Commercial College” has introduced a marked -improvement in this respect, and now teaches its -pupils a plain, legible hand, instead of a mass of -overloaded ornamentation made not so much to be -read, as simply to be admired.</p> - -<p>But members of the bar, like most other persons, -dislike the mechanical labor of copying what they -have once committed to paper. Their arguments, -and especially their briefs, are sometimes sent to the -printer in a confused, chaotic mass; in a shape, or, -rather, with a want of shape, which, if not resulting -from inconsiderateness, would be—we were on the -point of saying—disgraceful. A manuscript of this -sort, covering but six or eight pages of letter-paper, -sometimes requires several hours’ labor in reading, -correcting, and revising, before a presentable proof -can be obtained.</p> - -<p>Legal documents are often interlarded with technical -terms in law Latin and old French. Of course -such terms ought to be made as -plain as print. <span class="xxpn" id="p025">{p25}</span> -Usually the principal divisions of a brief are indicated -by large roman numerals in the middle of the -line; the points under these greater divisions, by -roman numerals at the commencement of paragraphs; -smaller divisions, by arabic numerals; and -if still smaller divisions are required, these are -denoted by letters in parenthesis, as (a), (b), (c), -etc. In the haste of writing, however, it is sometimes -found difficult, perhaps vexatious, to keep the -run of so nice distinctions, and arabic numerals are -used throughout, while no proper care is taken to distinguish -the various divisions of the subject-matter -by varying indentions.⁠<a class="afnanc" href="#fn2" id="fnanc2">[2]</a> -The faults of the manuscript -reappear in the proof. This leads to much loss of -time “at the stone”; and as such work is frequently -hurried during the sessions of the courts, the delay -is exceedingly vexatious to all parties concerned. If -one-eighth of the time now spent in correcting, overrunning -the matter, and revising, were bestowed upon -perfecting the copy, there would seldom be any delay -in a well-appointed printing-office.</p> - -<div class="dftnt"> -<p class="pfnfirst"><a class="afnlabel" href="#fnanc2" id="fn2">2</a> -We do not mean “indentation” nor yet “inden’tion,” but -“indention,” as written in the text. The word is in the mouth of every -printer, proof-reader, author, and publisher: why should it not be -inserted in the dictionaries?</p></div> - -<p>When transcripts of records of court are to be -printed, care should be taken that only the very documents -that are intended for the press be sent to the -printing-office. For want of proper attention in this -matter, it not unfrequently happens that certificates -of notaries, extraneous documents, and duplicates -are put in type, to -be presently canceled. <span class="xxpn" id="p026">{p26}</span></p> - -<p>We have said something above, touching mercantile -handwriting. Constant practice with the pen gives -facility and boldness of execution,—and where these -are combined with good taste, chirography approaches -the dignity of a fine art, and produces beautiful effects, -and is seen to be near of kin to drawing and painting. -In signatures, especially, flourish and ornamentation -have a double use; they please the eye, and -they baffle the forger. But when lines stand as near -each other as in ordinary ruling, the flourish in one -line interferes with the letters of the next; and the -elegance of a well-cut capital will scarcely excuse its -obtrusiveness, when it obliterates its more obscure -but equally useful neighbors.</p> - -<p>Further, business men, deeply impressed with the -value of time, learn to delight in abbreviations. -Types have been cast to meet some of these, as the -“commercial <i>a</i>” [@] and the “per cent” [%]; but -the compositor is sometimes put to his trumps to cut, -from German and job letter, imitations of abbreviations -which never ought to be sent to a printing-office -as copy. We are not astonished that a merchant of -Boston once received from a Prussian correspondent -a request, that if he, the Bostonian, were to write -again, it might be either in German or in good, plain -English. We adopt the spirit of this advice; and -would say to the banker, the broker, the merchant, -and to their respective clerks, that when they write -for the press, they should drop ornament, drop -pedantic abbreviations, drop German, and write in -<i>plain</i> English. <span class="xxpn" id="p027">{p27}</span></p> - -<p>We do not know that there is anything specially -characteristic in copy furnished by the medical faculty, -unless it be that their relations of “cases,” both -in medicine and surgery, abound, no doubt necessarily, -in “words of learned length”; which, being -unfamiliar to the laity, should be written with conscionable -care; every letter performing its proper -function, and duly articulated to its neighbors. But -the scientific terms of their art, as written by most -physicians, are, to the average printer, as illegible as -the Greek from which a portion of such terms is -derived. Recipes are seldom got typographically -correct, until they have passed through three or four -revisions. Even apothecaries, it is said, sometimes -put up morphine instead of magnesia; in which case, -unless the revising is done in a hurry with the -stomach-pump, a jury may have something to say -about the “illegibility of the writing.” When -troublesome consequences arise from misapprehension -of a Latin word, or of its meaning, we hear -much said in favor of writing recipes in English.</p> - -<p>But, whatever may be said to the contrary, there -are weighty, and, we think, irrefutable arguments for -continuing the use of Latin and Greek terms in -medical writings,—even in recipes. Since it should -be so, and certainly <i>is</i> so, we insist here, as elsewhere, -that all technical terms, proper names, or any words -on which the context can throw but little, if any, -light, should be written not with ordinary, but with -<i>cardinary</i> care,—which new word we hazard, that -our meaning may make -a deeper impression. <span class="xxpn" id="p028">{p28}</span></p> - -<p>In passing, we may remark that the mode of indicating -names of remedies comes under the head of -“Style” (see Chapter III.), and varies in different -offices. Names of medicines are often abbreviated, -and set in italics; and when a generic word is used, it -should be capitalized; as, “Dr. I. administered <i>Rhus -tox</i>.” In homeopathic works, the number expressing -a dilution or trituration is placed in superiors at the -right; as, “Ordered <i>Cuprum metallicum</i><sup>100</sup>.”</p> - -<hr class="hrblk" /> - -<p>A few suggestions to those who write any kind of -copy for the press, will close this part of our subject.</p> - -<p>Write on only one side of the paper.</p> - -<p>If you wish to make an addition to a page, do not -write it on the back of the sheet; cut the leaf, and -paste the new matter in, just where it belongs, being -careful not to cover up so much as a single letter in -doing so: we have known lines to be omitted by -the compositor, in consequence of careless pasting. -The leaf having thus been lengthened, you may, for -the sake of convenience, fold the lower edge forward -upon the writing. This minute direction may seem -idle; but when a portion of the leaf has been folded -backward, out of sight, the folded part may very -likely escape notice, and, to insert it, many pages of -matter may afterward require to be overrun: we -have known such cases.</p> - -<p>Abbreviate those words only, which you wish the -printer to abbreviate.</p> - -<p>Never erase with a lead pencil; for an erasure with -lead leaves it questionable whether or -not the marked <span class="xxpn" id="p029">{p29}</span> -word is to go in. Use ink, drawing the pen horizontally -through the words or lines to be omitted; and -be careful that the marking leave off on exactly the -right word. If you afterward regret the cancellation, -you may write “stet” in the margin, and place dots -under the canceled words; but as “stet” may not be -noticed, in the presence of obvious erasures, the -better way will be to re-write the passage, and paste -it in the place you wish it to occupy.</p> - -<p>Take time to write plainly and legibly. In writing -for the press, the old adage holds good,—“The more -haste, the worse speed”; and for every hour you save -by writing hurriedly, you will be called upon to pay -for several hours’ labor in making corrections. Write -joinhand: mistakes often arise from a long word -being broken up, as it were, into two or three words.</p> - -<p>I and J are often mistaken for each other. Either -imitate the printed letters, or uniformly carry the -loop of the J below the line.</p> - -<p>It is often impossible to distinguish Jan. from June, -in manuscript, unless the context furnishes a clew.</p> - -<p>Whatever may be the divisions of your work (as -books, chapters, sections, cantos, and the like), let -your entire manuscript be paged in the order of the -natural series of numbers from 1 upward. If you -commence each division with 1,—as is sometimes -done,—and two or three divisions are given out as -“takes” to compositors, it is obvious that portions -of one division may exchange places with those of -another; and, further, if leaves happen to become -transposed, they can readily be restored -to their right <span class="xxpn" id="p030">{p30}</span> -places if no duplicate numbers have been used in -indicating the pages.</p> - -<p>Make sure that the books, chapters, etc., are numbered -consecutively. The best proof-reader must -confess to some unguarded moments; and it would -be very awkward, after having had two hundred and -forty chapters stereotyped, to find that two chapter -V.’s have been cast, that every subsequent chapter is -numbered one less than it should have been, and that -compositor and proof-reader have exactly followed -copy.</p> - -<p>Examine your manuscript carefully with reference -to the points. Avoid the dash when any other point -will answer your purpose. A manuscript that is -over-punctuated occasions more perplexity than one -that is scarcely pointed at all.</p> - -<p>Before sending it to press, get your manuscript -into a shape you can abide by. Alterations made on -the proof-sheet must be paid for; and, further, matter -that has undergone alterations seldom makes a handsome -page: some lines will appear crowded, others -too widely spaced.</p> - -<p>In writing a footnote¹ let it immediately follow</p> - -<div id="dftnt"> -<p class="pfirst">¹ In many works the footnotes, by a -slight change of arrangement, might advantageously -become a portion of the text.</p></div> - -<p class="pcontinue">the line of text which contains -the asterisk, or other reference-mark; just as you -see in the above example, and do not write it at the -bottom of the manuscript page. The person who makes -up the matter will transfer such note to its proper -place.</p> - -<p>If you feel obliged to strike out a -word from the <span class="xxpn" id="p031">{p31}</span> -proof, endeavor to insert another, in the same sentence, -and in the same line if possible, to fill the -space. So, if you insert a word or words, see whether -you can strike out, nearly at the same place, as much -as you insert.</p> - -<p>When writing for the press, never use a lead -pencil. Let your copy be made with black ink on -good white paper. We have been pained to see the -checkered pages of a report to an extensive religious -association, which report had been in the first place -wholly written with a lead pencil: then words canceled, -words interlined, various changes made,—and -all these alterations done with pen and ink. Of -course, sleeve and hand rubbing over the plumbago -gave the whole a dingy and blurred appearance. The -effect of the ink sprinkled among the faded pencilings -was so much like that of mending an old -garment with new cloth, that the manuscript had -an unchristian, nay, even heathenish aspect. However, -from this copy the report was printed,—let -us charitably hope that it did much good in the -world.</p> - -<p>If proof-sheets present peculiarities of spelling and -language, such for instance as appear in ancient -works, and which are affected or indulged in by some -moderns, every word whose correctness he doubts -and is unable to verify, should be referred by the -proof-reader to author or editor. The latter, familiar -with the terms used, may consider some queries frivolous -or puerile; but an author should appreciate -conscientiousness in the reader, and be -glad to have <span class="xxpn" id="p032">{p32}</span> -all doubts settled before his work reaches the eyes of -reviewers.</p> - -<p>That Dr. Johnson was guilty of harshness toward -a proof-reader is not to be wondered at; but it is a -matter of wonder that his conduct appears to have -been approved by other editors. In J. T. Buckingham’s -edition of Shakspeare (1814) is, at page 915, -a remarkable note, apologizing for a few “trifling -errors,” and adopting as an excuse a quotation from -an advertisement “from the first edition of Reed, -1793”:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>He, whose business it is to offer this unusual apology, very -well remembers to have been sitting with Dr. Johnson, when -an agent from a neighboring press brought in a proof sheet of -a republication, requesting to know whether a particular word -in it was not corrupted. “So far from it, sir,” (replied the -Doctor with some harshness,) “that the word you suspect, and -would displace, is conspicuously beautiful where it stands, and -is the only one that could do the duty expected from it by Mr. -Pope.”</p></div> - -<p>Dr. Johnson’s assumption that the agent <i>would -displace</i> the word, seems to have been wholly gratuitous. -The employees of the neighboring press did -precisely what they should have done,—what every -conscientious proof-reader often feels obliged to do. -If suspected words were passed without questioning, -there would be many errors of the press which would -justify some show of “harshness” toward the neglectful -“agent.”</p></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p033"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER II. -<span class="hsmall"> -PROOF-READING.</span></h2> - -<p class="pfirst">So long as authors the most -accomplished are liable to err, so long as compositors -the most careful make occasional mistakes, so long -as dictionaries authorize various spellings, just so -long must there be individuals trained and training to -detect errors, to rectify mistakes, and to decide upon -and settle all points which lexicographers leave in -doubt. Such individuals are known as Proof-readers.</p> - -<p>Movable types, after having been used in printing -newspaper or book, etc., are distributed to their -several compartments (boxes) for future use. In -distributing, the compositor, holding several lines in -his left hand, takes from the top line, between the -thumb and forefinger of his right hand, as many -words or letters as he can conveniently manipulate, -and moving his hand over the case drops each letter -into its proper box. Suppose, for instance, he takes -up the word “feasible”; he carries his hand to the -“f” box, and drops off the first letter; of course he -knows, without looking at the word again, that he -is next to drop off the “e”—and so, very quickly, -his hand glides from box to box, each receiving its -proper letter. This process is -repeated until the <span class="xxpn" id="p034">{p34}</span> -types which composed the form are all, apparently, -returned to the compartments whence they were -taken.</p> - -<p>Suppose, however, that when ready to distribute -“feasible,” his attention is drawn momentarily to a -neighbor who desires his opinion as to a blotted word -in his take, and that, on returning to his work of distributing, -he imagines, or seems to remember, that -the word in hand is “fencible,”—the “a” goes into -the “n” box, and the “s” finds itself at “c.” By -and by, in setting type from this same case, the compositor -picks up the letters for “emancipate.” If he -happens to take up the two <i>wrong</i> letters consecutively -from the <i>right</i> boxes, his proof-sheet—unless -he reads and corrects the matter in his stick—will -present the word “ema<i>a</i>sipate”—which the proof-reader -will mark, for the compositor to correct.</p> - -<p>Or it may happen in distributing, that the “f” and -“e” cohere, and are both dropped into the “f” box. -If the compositor’s mind is not intent on the matter -in hand, the error may not be noticed at once; in -which case the “a” gets into the “e” box, and some -or all the other letters of the word go wrong. The -error must be discovered when the last letter is -reached; but to search for each misplaced type until -it is found, would probably take more time than -would be required to correct the errors which must -otherwise appear in the proof.</p> - -<p>But it is not in distributing only, that blunders -occur. There are many other sources of error, and -will be so long as present methods -continue in vogue. <span class="xxpn" id="p035">{p35}</span> -The only wonder is, that so few errors escape detection -before the printer’s work is handed over to the -reading public. We have by us an octavo Shakspeare, -each page of type from which it was printed, -having contained, as can be demonstrated, over six -thousand pieces of metal, the misplacing of any one -of which would have caused a blunder.</p> - -<p>But the detection and marking of wrong letters -forms a comparatively small part of a proof-reader’s -duty. He must be able to tell at sight whether a -lead is too thick or too thin, and to discriminate -between a three-em space and a four-em space. -Many other important matters fall within his province,—and -these we shall endeavor to point out -before closing the present chapter.</p> - -<p>Other things being equal, printers make the best -proof-readers. We have known two or three remarkably -skillful readers, whose work could not be surpassed, -who never imposed a form, nor set a line of -type. These, however, were rare exceptions.</p> - -<p>A practical printer who never heard of the -digamma, and who has never read anything but -newspapers, will generally make a better proof-reader -than an educated man who is not practically -acquainted with the typographic art; for the printer -has, year in and year out, had a daily drill which -makes him skillful in orthography, and he has been -compelled to give close attention to the grammatical -points. Further, his dealing with individual types -enables him to see, without searching, errors which -men far more learned than he, -do not readily <span class="xxpn" id="p036">{p36}</span> -perceive; and his pen pounces on a wrong letter as -instinctively and unerringly as the bird darts on its -insect prey.</p> - -<p>Sterne has uttered a sneer at the husk and shell of -learning; but the best bread is made from the whole -meal, and includes the “shorts” and the “middlings” -as well as the fine flour. If every lawyer, physician, -and clergyman were to spend six months at the -“case” before entering upon his profession, he -would find, even in that short term of labor, a -useful fitting and preparation for such literary tasks -as may afterward devolve upon him.</p> - -<p>Nearly all manuscript copy is indebted to the compositor -and proof-reader for the proper punctuation; -and many errors in spelling, made by men who probably -know better, but write hastily, are silently corrected -in the printing-office. Contradictions, errors -of fact, anachronisms, imperfect sentences, solecisms, -barbarisms, are modestly pointed out to the author -by the proof-reader’s “quære,” or by a carefully -worded suggestion; and, most usually, the proof is -returned without comment,—and none is needed,—corrected -according to the proof-reader’s intimations. -Dickens, and a few other writers of eminence, have -acknowledged their indebtedness in such cases; but -we know one proof-reader—whose experience embraces -an infinite variety of subjects from bill-heads -to Bibles—who can remember but three cases in -which his assistance, whether valuable or otherwise, -was alluded to in a kindly manner. On the other -hand, the correction in the -proof is sometimes <span class="xxpn" id="p037">{p37}</span> -accompanied by some testy remark: as, “Does this suit -you?” or, “Will it do <i>now</i>?” The proof-reader is, -however, or should be, perfectly callous to all captious -criticisms and foolish comments; he need care -nothing for “harshness” or other nonsense, provided -his work is well and thoroughly done. Let no nervous -or touchy man meddle with proof-reading.</p> - -<p>For the especial benefit of our non-professional -readers, we will here point out the usual routine in -regard to proofs. The editor or publisher of a book -or periodical sends to the printer such portions of -reading-matter or manuscript as he can, from time to -time, conveniently supply. This copy is passed to a -head-workman, who divides it into a number of parts, -called “takes,” each part being a suitable quantity -for a compositor to <i>take</i> at one time; and the name -of each compositor is penciled at the top of his take. -The type when set up is called “matter.”</p> - -<p>When there is enough matter to fill a “galley” -(a metallic or wooden casing about two feet in -length), an impression, or “proof,” is taken on a -strip of paper wide enough to receive in the margin -the correction of such errors as may be found. This -proof, with the corresponding copy, is carried to the -proof-reader’s desk for examination and correction.</p> - -<p>The reader will have at hand a copy of such directions -as may have been furnished by author, editor, -or publisher, to which he appends, from time to time, -memoranda of all eccentricities of orthography and -capitalization,—in short, all peculiarities of style, as -they arise. This he -consults frequently while <span class="xxpn" id="p038">{p38}</span> -reading the proof-sheet, and, for obvious reasons, with -especial attention after any unusual delay in the -progress of the work. Directions and notes as to -captions, sizes of type, form of tables, etc., are of -utility, especially when several readers are employed -on the same publication; but directions can scarcely -be framed so as to ensure⁠<a class="afnanc" href="#fn3" id="fnanc3">[3]</a> -uniformity, except in few -particulars. We subjoin two or three samples of directions -and memoranda: our remarks in brackets.</p> - -<div class="dftnt"> -<p class="pfnfirst"><a class="afnlabel" href="#fnanc3" -id="fn3">3</a> <i>Vide</i> page -<a href="#p170" title="to page 170">170</a>, on the orthography of -this word.</p></div> - -<h3 class="h3a">MEMORANDA FOR PROOF-READERS.</h3> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The form is regular octavo.</p> - -<p>Text is long primer, single leaded.</p> - -<p>Tables and lists, having rules and boxheads, nonpareil solid.</p> - -<p>Headings of tables and lists, brevier italic, lower case.</p> - -<p>There are no numbered chapters. The heading of each section, -which takes the place of chapter heading, is pica light-face -celtic caps, spaced.</p> - -<p>Geological ages and epochs are capitalized; for example, -<span class="spwdspb">“Devonian,” “Trias,” “sub-Carboniferous”</span> -v. [page <a href="#p176" title="to page 176">176</a>.]</p> - -<p>Quoted extracts in regular text type (long primer), between -quotation marks.</p> - -<p>Capitalize “the <span class="spwdspb">West,” “the</span> South,” etc., but not “western -New <span class="spwdspb">York,” “central</span> Pennsylvania,” etc.</p> - -<p>Do not use “&c.” for “etc.”</p> - -<p><span class="spwdspb">“Prof.,” “Gen.,”</span> -etc., preceding initials or Christian name; <span -class="spwdspb">“Professor,” “General,”</span> etc., -when last name alone is used; for example, “Prof. J. -<span class="spwdspb">Smith,” “General</span> Grant,” -etc.</p> - -<p>Full point after roman numerals.</p> - -<p>“Saint Louis,” etc.; spell out “Saint.”</p> - -<p>Names of periodicals, in italics.</p> - -<p>Names of books, roman, in quotation marks.</p> - -<p>“Panther creek”; but “Panther Creek district.” That is, -capitalize titles. -<span class="xxpn" id="p039">{p39}</span></p></div> - -<p>The following sample relates to an octavo on -Fishes:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Make “cod fishery” two words.</p> - -<p><span class="spwdspb">“Offshore,” “Inshore”</span> [no hyphen].</p> - -<p>“Sheepshead” [name of fish. Webster inserts an apostrophe -and a hyphen,—“Sheep’s-head”].</p> - -<p>“Herring fisheries” [no hyphen].</p> - -<p>“Herring-nets” [insert hyphen].</p></div> - -<p>From a quarto on Fishes:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Cod-fisherman” [hyphen].</p> - -<p>“Cod fishery” [two words].</p></div> - -<p>Engineer work:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Make footnotes of the “Remarks” column.</p> - -<p>For “D. D.” in copy, spell “dry-dock.”</p> - -<p>Use figures in all cases, for weights, distances, etc.</p></div> - -<p>The following was for a Digest—Decisions:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Spell <span class="spwdspb">“travelling,” “employee,”</span> and divide “ser-vice.” -[“Travelling” and “ser-vice” are Worcester style. Webster -divides “serv-ice.”—In regard to “employee,” neither Webster -nor Worcester gives it place; but, instead, the French -“employé.” Webster has this note following the French -word: “The English form of this word, viz., <i>employee</i>, -though perfectly conformable to analogy, and therefore perfectly -legitimate, is not sanctioned by the usage of good -writers.” Since Webster’s note was written, some good -writers, as in the book of Decisions above mentioned, have -used the English word, as many printing-office employees can -testify,—and “<i>employé</i>” may as well be sent home, according -to the immigration laws, as unable to sustain itself in this -country.⁠<a class="afnanc" href="#fn4" id="fnanc4">[4]</a>]</p></div> - -<div class="dftnt"> -<p class="pfnfirst"><a class="afnlabel" href="#fnanc4" id="fn4">4</a> -Since the above remark was written, we have found “employee” -admitted as a correct English word, in Worcester’s “Supplement.”</p></div> - -<p>Weather Reports:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The “upper Missouri valley” [small <i>v</i>].</p> - -<p>The “Mississippi river” [small <i>r</i>].</p></div> - -<p id="p040">Geological Survey:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The “Missouri Valley” [cap. <i>V</i>].</p> - -<p>The “Missouri River” [cap. <i>R</i>].</p></div> - -<hr class="hrblk" /> - -<p>The proof-reader knows, that (as we have already -remarked) every printing-office has a style of its -own; that, if left to itself, its style would be practically -uniform and always respectable,—and he soon -learns that some writers for the press have very firm -opinions about matters of little or no consequence, -and are very tenacious, if not pugnacious, in preferring -<i>tweedledee</i> to <i>tweedledum</i>; not because it is written -with more <i>e’s</i>, but because it is more correct—in -their opinion. However great may be a reader’s -capacity for memorizing trifling details, it is next to -impossible to keep minute verbal differences on different -mental shelves. After the big book is bound, -one will be likely to find a mingling of styles; the -big River of one page becomes a little river on the -next; “Pittsburg” here, reads “Pittsburgh” there; -and the dignified “National Park” of the first chapter -will dwindle to a mere “national park” in chapter -the twelfth.</p> - -<p>If not hurried by a press of work, as may sometimes -be the case, the reader will first glance at the -proof as a whole. A variation in the thickness of -the leads, or a wrong indention, will, in this <i>tout-ensemble</i> -survey, very quickly catch his eye. Then, -still supposing he has time, he will read the galley -through silently, correcting errors in spelling; marking -turned or inverted -letters; improving the <span class="xxpn" id="p041">{p41}</span> -spacing, the punctuation; noting whether the heads and -subheads are in the required type; whether the -capitalization is uniform; whether—if the “slip” -beneath his eye happen to be near the end of a -large volume—the word “ourang-outang” which -he now meets with, was not printed somewhere in -the earlier part of the work as “orang-outang,” or, in -fact, whether, after some questioning, it finally went -to press as “orang-utan,”—which word he must -now, to preserve uniformity, hunt for and find among -his old proofs, if, peradventure, author or publisher, -or other person, have not borrowed them “for a few -minutes,”—alas! never to be returned.</p> - -<p>Having settled this, and all similar cases and other -doubtful matters, he hands the copy to an assistant, -called a “copy-holder,” whose duty it is to read the -copy aloud, while he himself keeps his eye on the -print (but in newspaper offices, for the sake of -greater celerity, the proof-reader often reads aloud, -while the copy-holder follows him silently, intent on -the copy: interrupting, however, whenever any discrepancy -is observed). If the reader desire the copy-holder -to pause while he makes a correction, he repeats -the word where he wishes the reading to stop; -when ready to proceed he again pronounces the same -word, and the copy-holder reads on from that place.</p> - -<p>The manner of marking, in the text, all errors -noticed, is shown, <i>infra</i>, in the “Specimen of First -Proof.” The corrections to be made are indicated, -in the margin, by appropriate words or characters -from “Marks used -in correcting Proofs”—also <span class="xxpn" id="p042">{p42}</span> -inserted below. Writers for the press who themselves -examine proof-sheets of their works, should -familiarize themselves with proof-reading technics. -An author who received for the first time some -proof-sheets returned them “clean”—apparently having -detected no errors. He was afterward disgusted -on finding it necessary to print a leaf of “errata,” -and complained that his corrections had been entirely -disregarded. On re-examining the proofs he had -returned, it was found that he <i>had</i> corrected—with -knife as well as pen. Where a comma was wanting, -he had used the pen, carefully and skillfully imitating -the printed character; and to convert semicolons -into commas he had brought the knife into play,—nicely -scratching out the superfluous part of the point.</p> - -<p>Sometimes a line, or it may be several lines, of -type are by some mishap out of perpendicular—slanting; -so that only one side of each letter-face -shows a full impression on the proof. It is usual -in such case to draw several slanting marks across -the faulty line or lines, and make similar marks in -the margin. It is quite common, also, for readers to -insert in the margin the words “off its feet,”—that -being the printing-office designation for sloping matter. -One reader abandoned writing these words, for -two reasons: the first, that a compositor, when correcting, -inserted them in the text, making an astonishing -sentence; the second, that the marked passage,—a -piece of close, logical reasoning,—after being -carefully scanned by the author, was brought to the -reader, with a very earnest request -that he would <span class="xxpn" id="p043">{p43}</span> -point out what justice there was in that bluff remark. -It is enough to draw what beginners in writing call -“straight marks” across the matter, and also in the -margin. We append <span class="nowrap">other—</span></p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="dtablebox"> -<h3 class="h3a">MARKS USED IN CORRECTING PROOFS.</h3> -<table summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pminsert.png" - width="75" height="76" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Insert an em-quadrat.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmdele.png" - width="111" height="100" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Dele, take out; expunge.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pminsertspace.png" - width="97" height="101" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Insert space.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmlessspace.png" - width="118" height="58" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Less space.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmcloseup.png" - width="118" height="86" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Close up entirely.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmdelinsspace.png" - width="216" height="106" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Dele some type, and insert a space in lieu of what is removed.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmdelecloseup.png" - width="235" height="106" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Dele some type, and close up.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmbrokentype.png" - width="65" height="56" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Broken or battered type.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmpushdown.png" - width="60" height="74" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Plane down a letter. Push down a space or quadrat.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright">. . . .</td> - <td class="tdleft">Placed under erased words, restores them.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmstet.png" - width="174" height="78" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Written in the margin, restores a - canceled word or passage, or such portions of erased - text as have dots under them.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmpilcrow.png" - width="68" height="109" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Begin paragraph.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmremovetoleft.png" - width="219" height="62" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Remove to left.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmremovetoright.png" - width="196" height="62" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Remove to right.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmcarryup.png" - width="114" height="62" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Carry higher up on page.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmcarrydown.png" - width="114" height="62" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Carry down.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmitaliccaps.png" - width="114" height="66" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Four lines subscript, denote italic capitals.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmcaps.png" - width="114" height="66" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Three lines subscript, denote capitals.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmsmcaps.png" - width="114" height="66" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Two lines subscript, denote small capitals.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmitalics.png" - width="114" height="66" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">One line subscript, denotes italics.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmwrongfont.png" - width="177" height="111" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Wrong font.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmtranspose.png" - width="72" height="58" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Transpose.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmperiod.png" - width="119" height="116" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Period.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmcolon.png" - width="119" height="116" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Colon.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmapostrophe.png" - width="67" height="87" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Apostrophe.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright">=/</td> - <td class="tdleft">Hyphen.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright">–/</td> - <td class="tdleft">En-dash.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright">|—|</td> - <td class="tdleft">Em-dash.</td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdleftindent" colspan="2">If there is an omission (an “out”) - make a caret at the place of the out, and if the out - is short, write the omitted word or words in margin; - if long, write in margin “out—see copy,” and pin to - the proof the sheet of copy containing the omitted - portion.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmlowcase.png" - width="121" height="87" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Lower-case.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmsmallcaps.png" - width="124" height="87" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">Small capitals.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdright"><img class="iglypha" src="images/pmattn1.png" - width="150" height="114" alt="symbol" /> or - <img class="iglypha" src="images/pmattn2.png" - width="150" height="114" alt="symbol" /> or - <img class="iglypha" src="images/pmattn3.png" - width="62" height="114" alt="symbol" /></td> - <td class="tdleft">calls attention to some doubtful - word or sentence.</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>Several other marks are used, which need no explanation.</p> - -<p id="p044">In order to show our readers the practical application -of the above marks, we will suppose the following -paragraph from Guizot to be put in type abounding -in errors, and will then exhibit the corrections as -made by the proof-reader:</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">SPECIMEN OF FIRST PROOF.</h3> - -<div class="dctr01"> -<img src="images/ia046.jpg" width="800" height="688" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>The above is very bad, even for a first proof,—but -we have seen worse, and have, perhaps, ourself -been responsible for some not much better. While -the copy-holder is reading aloud the -copy from which <span class="xxpn" id="p045">{p45}</span> -the above was set up, the reader is busy marking -errors, and making such characters in the margin as -will inform the compositors what is to be done to -make their work correct. At the conclusion of the -reading, the proof will present an appearance somewhat -like this <span class="nowrap">corrected—</span></p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">SPECIMEN OF FIRST PROOF.</h3> - -<div class="dctr02"> -<img src="images/i045.jpg" width="800" height="846" alt="" /> -</div> - -<p>If the proof in hand be a reprint, and the new edition -is to conform to the old, the copy-holder, while -reading, pronounces aloud the -points, capitals, etc., <span class="xxpn" id="p046">{p46}</span> -as they occur in the copy—saving labor and time by -using well-understood abbreviations. Take, for instance, -the second stanza of Tennyson’s “Voyage”:</p> - -<div class="dpoemfarlft fsz6"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dquoteverse"><span class="spquotebox">“</span>Warm - broke the breeze against the brow,</div> -<div class="dpp01">Dry sang the tackle, sang the sail:</div> -<div class="dpp00">The Lady’s-head upon the prow</div> -<div class="dpp01">Caught the shrill salt, and sheer’d the gale.</div> -<div class="dpp00">The broad seas swell’d to meet the keel,</div> -<div class="dpp01">And swept behind: so quick the run,</div> -<div class="dpp00">We felt the good ship shake and reel,</div> -<div class="dpp01">We seem’d to sail into the Sun!”</div> -</div></div> - -<p>This stanza the copy-holder reads thus:</p> - -<div class="dpoemfarlft fsz6"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00"><i>Quote</i> “Warm broke the breeze against the brow, (<i>com.</i>)</div> -<div class="dpp01">Dry sang the tackle, (<i>com.</i>) sang the sail: (<i>colon.</i>)</div> -<div class="dpp00">The Lady’s-(<i>cap. pos. s</i>, <i>hyphen.</i>)head upon the prow</div> -<div class="dpp01">Caught the shrill salt, (<i>com.</i>) and sheer’(<i>pos.</i>)d the gale. (<i>full point.</i>)</div> -<div class="dpp00">The broad seas swell’(<i>pos.</i>)d to meet the keel, (<i>com.</i>)</div> -<div class="dpp01">And swept behind: (<i>colon.</i>) so quick the run, (<i>com.</i>)</div> -<div class="dpp00">We felt the good ship shake and reel, (<i>com.</i>)</div> -<div class="dpp01">We seem’(<i>pos.</i>)d to sail into the Sun!” (<i>cap. exclam. close of quote.</i>)</div> -</div></div> - -<p>If the work extend beyond a single galley, the -slips of proof are marked in regular sequence, A, B, -C, etc., or 1, 2, 3, etc. Each slip is marked at top -“First Proof”: the names of the compositors, which -have been inscribed on their “takes,” are duly transferred -to the printed proof, which, with the errors -plainly noted thereon, is then given for correction to -the same persons who set up the matter. Their duty -having been attended to, a “second -proof” is taken: <span class="xxpn" id="p047">{p47}</span> -this the reader compares carefully with the first, to -ascertain whether the requisite changes of type have -been properly made; whether “doublets” have been -taken out, and “outs” put in. If any mark has -escaped the notice of the compositors, it is transferred -to the second proof. Close attention should -be given to this process of “revising”; it is not -enough to see that a wrong letter has been taken out, -and a right one put in; in the line where a change -has been made, all the words should be compared, -and also the line above and the line below a correction,—since -in correcting an error among movable -types, some of the types may move when they ought -not, and get misplaced.</p> - -<p>As what escapes the notice of one observer may -be perceived by another, this second proof is again -“read by copy” by another proof-reader and assistant, -and a second time corrected and revised. The -“third proof” is now sent to the author, editor, or -publisher, with so much copy as may cover it, the -copy-holder being careful, however, to retain the -“mark-off”; <i>i. e.</i>, the sheet on which is marked off -the place where the next “first proof” is to begin. -But when the work is of such sort as not to require -extraordinary care, the second proof is sent out, a -single reading by copy being deemed sufficient. If -the work is read twice by copy, only one reader -should attend to the punctuation.</p> - -<p>If, now, the copy have been hastily or carelessly -prepared, or if the author have gained new light -since he prepared it, the outside -party having charge <span class="xxpn" id="p048">{p48}</span> -of the work (whom, for convenience, we will designate -as the “author”) will return his proofs, full of -erasures, additions, alterations, interlineations, and -transpositions. With these the original compositors -have no concern; the changes required are made -by “the office,” and the time is charged to the person -who contracted for the printing of the work.</p> - -<p>A second, third, or even more consecutive revises -of the same slip are sometimes sent to the author, to -the intent that he may see for himself that his corrections -have been duly made, and to allow him further -opportunity to introduce such alterations as to him -may seem desirable. Usually, however, the work, -after the correction of the author’s first proof, is -made up into pages; and when there are enough -of these for a “signature” or form of octavo, duodecimo, -or whatever the number of pages on the -sheet may be, the proof-reader revises these pages -by the author’s latest returned proof, cuts off the -slip at the line where the last page ends, and sends -the folded leaves, labeled <span class="spwdspb">“Second,” “Third,”</span> or -“Fourth” proof, as the case may be, together with -the corresponding slips of the next previous proof, to -the author, as before. The portion of slip proof -remaining—termed the “make-up”—should be -inscribed with the proper page, and the letter or -figure which is to be the signature of the next sheet, -and given, for his guidance, to the person who makes -up the work; to be returned again to the proof-reader, -with the other slip proofs of the next sheet -of made-up pages, when that is -ready for revision. <span class="xxpn" id="p049">{p49}</span></p> - -<p>The author may be desirous of seeing a fifth, sixth, -or, as the algebraists say, any number, <i>n</i>, of proofs. -When he expresses himself as satisfied with his share -of the correcting, the last author’s proof is corrected, -a “revise” taken, and the proof-reader gives this last -revise a final reading for the press. As any errors -which escape detection now, will show themselves in -the book, this last reading should be careful, deliberate, -and painstaking. See to it, my young beginner, -that the “signature” is the letter or number next in -sequence to that on your previous press-proof. See -to it, that the first page of the sheet in hand connects -in reading with the last page of the previous one, -and that the figures denoting the page form the next -cardinal number to that which you last sent to press. -Having done this, examine the “folios” (the “pagination,” -as some say) throughout; read the running -titles; if there be a new chapter commenced, look -back in your previous proofs to make sure that said -new chapter is <span class="nowrap">“<span class="smmaj">XIX.</span>,”</span> -and not <span class="nowrap">“<span class="smmaj">XVIII.</span>”;</span> -see that -the head-lines of the chapter are of the right size, -and in the right font of type; for, if the “minion” -case happened to be covered up, the compositor may -have forgotten himself, and set them up in “brevier”; -if there is rule-work, see that the rules come -together properly, and are right side up; if there is -Federal money, see that the “$” is put at the beginning -of the number following a -rule,⁠<a class="afnanc" href="#fn5" id="fnanc5">[5]</a> -and of the -number in the top line of every page; -if points are <span class="xxpn" id="p050">{p50}</span> -used as “leaders,” see that there are no commas or -hyphens among them. If the style require a comma -before leaders, see that none have been left out; if -the style reject a comma, see that none have been -left in; in short, see to everything,—and then, on -the corner of the sheet, write the word “Press” as -boldly as you can, but with the moral certainty that -some skulking blunder of author, compositor, or corrector -has eluded all your watchfulness.</p> - -<div class="dftnt"> -<p class="pfnfirst"><a class="afnlabel" href="#fnanc5" -id="fn5">5</a> In the Government Printing Office the -style omits the “$” in this case,—the sign at top of -table or page being considered sufficient.</p></div> - -<p>The errors made by ourselves are those which -occasion us the most pain. Therefore be chary of -changing anything in the author’s last proof. If a -sentence seem obscure, see whether the insertion of -a comma will make it clear. If you find “patonce,” -do not change it to “potence,” unless, from your -knowledge of heraldry, you are aware of a good -reason for such an alteration. If you find <i>pro. ami</i>, -look in the dictionary before striking out the point -after <i>pro.</i>; peradventure it is a contraction. If, -finally, after puzzling over some intricate sentence, -you can make nothing of it, let it console you -that the following paragraph appears in Hävernick: -“Accordingly it is only from this passage that a conclusion -can be drawn as to the historical condition -of the people, which is confirmed also by notices elsewhere”; -and let it content you to say, in the words -of Colenso, “I am at a loss to understand the meaning -of the above paragraph.” So let the obscure -passage remain.</p> - -<p>Still, however, should you find some gross error of -dates, some obvious solecism, or -some wrong footing <span class="xxpn" id="p051">{p51}</span> -in a column of figures, and find yourself unable to -change the reading with absolute certainty of being -right, this proof, which you had hoped would be a final -one, must be returned to the author with the proper -quære. When it comes back to your sanctum, you -may perhaps be pleased at finding on the margin a few -words complimentary of your carefulness; or perhaps a -question couched in this encomiastic style: “Why -did not your stupid proof-reader find this out before?”</p> - -<p>Whether reading first or final proofs of Records of -Court, you should not change the spelling of words, -nor supply omissions, nor strike out a repeated word -or words; for the printed record is assumed to be an -exact transcript of what is written, and there should -be no alterations,—neither uniformity nor correctness -is to be sought at the expense of departing from -copy. Inserting the necessary points where these -have been neglected, is not considered a change of -the record,—as, for instance, an interrogation point -after a direct question to a witness; for, as “the -punctuation is no part of the law,” <i>a fortiori</i> it is no -part of the record. If the caption be “Deposition -of John Prat,” and the signature be “John Pratt,” -and if in another place you find the same individual -designated as “John Pradt,” there is no help for it. -You have no authority to alter the record, and must -print it as it stands. So, too, in regard to dates. If -you read “1st Feb. 1889” on one page, “Feb. 1, -1889” on another, so let them stand—the change of -style is a trifle; and, if it be a fault, it is the fault -of the record, and not yours. <span class="xxpn" id="p052">{p52}</span></p> - -<p>And here let us say a word about this matter of -uniformity: very important in some works, in others -it is of no consequence whatever, however much some -readers may stickle for it. If, for example, a mass of -letters, from all parts of the country, recommending -a patent inkstand, or stating the prospects of the -potato crop, are sent in to be printed, the dates and -addresses will vary in style, according to the taste -and knowledge of the several writers; and there is -not the slightest need of changing them to make -them alike, as if all these widely scattered writers -had graduated from the same school. Let such writings -be printed as diversely as they come to hand. -If one writes <i>plough</i>, and another <i>plow</i>, what matters -it, so far as your proof-reading is concerned? If one -writes “15th June,” and another “June 15” or -“June 15th,” so let it stand on the printed page. It -is idle to waste time in making things alike, that -could not by any possibility have been written alike. -But you can make each letter consistent with itself, -which is all that uniformity requires. You need not -stretch one man out, and cut off the feet of another, -to justify all authors in your composing-stick. So -much for exceptional cases.</p> - -<p>As a general rule, study to preserve uniformity in -every work. If “A. M.” and “P. M.” are in capitals -on one page, it will look very like carelessness -to have them appear -<span class="nowrap">“<span class="smmaj">A.M.</span>”</span> and -<span class="nowrap">“<span class="smmaj">P.M.</span>”</span> in small -capitals, on the next. With the exceptions above -pointed out, your only safety is to have but one style, -and to adhere to it with the stiffness -of a martinet, <span class="xxpn" id="p053">{p53}</span> -in all contingencies, unless overruled by those who -have a right to dictate in the premises.</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">READING GREEK.</h3> - -<p>Greek words sometimes appear in copy, and are -somewhat vexatious to printers who never had the -good fortune to study Greek at school—or elsewhere. -In a proof-sheet, we once met a word whose -etymology was given thus in the copy: “From Ἕλιος -the sun, and φιλος a lover” (the <i>epsilon</i> was the -author’s mistake). The compositor, not aware of a -Greek alphabet, set up the passage in those English -letters which most nearly resemble the Hellenic -characters, and it appeared in this guise: “From -Ediog the sun, and pidog a lover.” We advise -proof-readers, and compositors and copy-holders as -well, to acquire—if they do not already possess—so -much knowledge of Greek letters and characters -as will enable them to acquit themselves without -discredit, though “Ediog” and “pidog” condog -(<i>v.</i> Wb.) to annoy them. A few hours’ attention to -the alphabet and characters given below, and to the -annexed practical directions, will suffice to fix in the -memory as much knowledge of Greek as will serve -for the mechanical following of the copy,—mechanical -following,—for, if you are setting up or reading -a reprint of the 450th page of Webster’s Dictionary, -and meet with the word ἐννενήκοντα you must put in -the eleven letters as they stand: and if copying -Worcester’s 486th page, you find ἐννεήκοντα, put in -<span class="xxpn" id="p054">{p54}</span> -the ten letters. If you have any doubts, submit -your query.</p> - -<p>The Greek alphabet consists of twenty-four letters.</p> - -<div class="dtablebox"> -<table summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Alpha</td> - <td class="tdleft">Α α</td> - <td class="tdleft">a</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Beta</td> - <td class="tdleft">Β β</td> - <td class="tdleft">b</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Gamma</td> - <td class="tdleft">Γ γ</td> - <td class="tdleft">g</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Delta</td> - <td class="tdleft">Δ δ</td> - <td class="tdleft">d</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Epsilon</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ε ε</td> - <td class="tdleft">ĕ</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Zeta</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ζ ζ</td> - <td class="tdleft">z</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Eta</td> - <td class="tdleft">Η η</td> - <td class="tdleft">ē</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Theta</td> - <td class="tdleft">Θ ϑ θ</td> - <td class="tdleft">th</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Iota</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ι ι</td> - <td class="tdleft">i</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Kappa</td> - <td class="tdleft">Κ κ</td> - <td class="tdleft">k</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Lambda</td> - <td class="tdleft">Λ λ</td> - <td class="tdleft">l</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Mu</td> - <td class="tdleft">Μ μ</td> - <td class="tdleft">m</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Nu</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ν ν</td> - <td class="tdleft">n</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Xi</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ξ ξ</td> - <td class="tdleft">x</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Omicron</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ο ο</td> - <td class="tdleft">ŏ</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Pi</td> - <td class="tdleft">Π π</td> - <td class="tdleft">p</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Rho</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ρ ϱ ρ</td> - <td class="tdleft">r</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Sigma</td> - <td class="tdleft">Σ σ, final ς</td> - <td class="tdleft">s</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Tau</td> - <td class="tdleft">Τ τ</td> - <td class="tdleft">t</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Upsilon</td> - <td class="tdleft">Υ υ</td> - <td class="tdleft">u</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Phi</td> - <td class="tdleft">Φ φ</td> - <td class="tdleft">ph</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Chi</td> - <td class="tdleft">Χ χ</td> - <td class="tdleft">ch</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Psi</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ψ ψ</td> - <td class="tdleft">ps</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Omega</td> - <td class="tdleft">Ω ω</td> - <td class="tdleft">ō</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>In reading Greek, mention each letter by its English -equivalent.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Ε is read, “cap. -short e”; ε, “short e”; Η is read, “cap. long e”; η, -“long e.”</p> - -<p>Ο is read, -“cap. short o”; ο, “short o”; Ω is read, “cap. -long o”; ω, “long o.” <span class="xxpn" -id="p055">{p55}</span></p> - -<p>There are three accents,—the -acute <span class="nowrap">( ΄ ),</span> the -grave <span class="nowrap">( <img class="iglyphc" src="images/u1fef.png" - width="21" height="79" alt="`" /> ),</span> and the -circumflex <span class="nowrap">( <img class="iglyphc" src="images/u1fc0.png" - width="29" height="79" alt="῀" /> ).</span></p> - -<p>ύ is read, “acute u”; ὶ is read, “grave i”; ᾶ is -read, “circumflex a.”</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Over every vowel or diphthong beginning a word -is placed one of two characters, called breathings, -which, for the purpose of reading, we may designate -as the -smooth <span class="nowrap">( ᾿ )</span> and the -rough <span class="nowrap">( ῾ ).</span></p> - -<p>ἀ is read, “smooth a”; ἱ is read, “rough i.”</p> - -<p class="padtopc">When two marks appear over a letter, both should -be mentioned by the copy-holder.</p> - -<p>ὔ is read, “smooth, acute u”; ὅ is read, “rough, -acute, short o”; ὃ, “rough, grave, short o”; ὦ, “circumflex, -smooth, long o.”</p> - -<p class="padtopc">The compositor and proof-reader -should be careful that accented letters are used -according to the copy, as in many cases the difference -of accentuation serves also to mark the difference of -signification. Thus, νέος signifies <i>new</i>; νεὸς, <i>a -field</i>: ἴον, <i>a violet</i>; ἰὸν, <i>going</i>.</p> - -<p>ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ, are diphthongs; their second vowel (ι), being -silent, is placed underneath, or subscribed. These -should be read thus: ᾳ, “a, subscript”; ῃ, “long e, -subscript”; ῳ, “long o, subscript.”</p> - -<p class="padtopc">In Greek, only four points or stops are used: the -comma (,); the note of interrogation (;); the colon, -or point at top (·); and the full stop (.). These -should be mentioned -as they occur. <span class="xxpn" id="p056">{p56}</span></p> - -<h3 class="h3a">EXAMPLE FOR READING.</h3> - -<div class="dpoemlft fsz6"> -<p class="smmaj">EPIGRAM ON THEMISTOCLES.</p> -<div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Αντὶ τάφου λιτοῖο θὲς Ἑλλάδα, θὲς δ’ ὲπι ταύταν</div> -<div class="dpp01">Δούρατα, βαρβαρικᾶς σύμβολα ναυφθορίας,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Καὶ τύμβῳ κρηπῖδα περίγραφε Περσικὸν Ἄρη</div> -<div class="dpp01">Καὶ Ξέρξην· τούτοις θάπτε Θεμιστοκλέα.</div> -<div class="dpp00">Στάλα δ’ ἁ Σαλαμὶς ἐπικείσεται, ἔργα λέγουσα</div> -<div class="dpp01">Τἀμά· τί με σμὶκροῖς τὸν μέγαν ἐντίτθετε;</div> -</div></div> - -<p>The method of reading will, we think, be sufficiently -exemplified if we give but one line. We -select the third, which should be read by the copy-holder, -as follows:</p> - -<p>Cap. K, a, grave i; t, acute u, m, b, long o subscript; -k, r, long e, p, circumflex i, d, a; p, short e, -r, acute i, g, r, a, ph, short e; cap. P, short e, r, s, i, -k, grave short o, n; cap. smooth acute A, r, long e.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Words from dead and foreign languages, introduced -into English text, are printed in italics, until, being -frequently met, they cease to be strangers; then -printers and proof-readers anglicify them as much -as possible, by printing them in roman; but some -of these retain certain accents which indicate their -alien origin. The Spanish <i>cañon</i> is completely anglicized -into “canyon” (<i>o</i> as in <i>no</i>); our miners write -“arrastra” in roman, although the term has not yet -found its way into our most popular dictionaries; our -dreadful accident-makers have set afloat so many -“canards,” that that word has become better English -than French; “papier-mache” usually appears -in roman without the accent on the -final <i>e</i>; <i>employé</i> <span class="xxpn" id="p057">{p57}</span> -has become a good “employee” in our workshops; -and at an early day, every “protégé” and “protégée,” -already roman, will throw off the foreign accents, and -remain none the less acute “protegees”; <span class="spwdspb">“éclat,” -“régime,”</span> and “résumé” still cling to their acute <i>e’s</i>. -Many words and phrases are hesitating whether to -remain foreigners, or to become naturalized. They -have “taken out their first papers,” as it were, having -at times appeared in English garb.</p> - -<p>It would be vastly convenient for every compositor -and proof-reader (every author, of course, reads proof) -to have at hand two lists of such Latin and foreign -words as most frequently occur in books, magazines, -and newspapers,—the one containing the words to -be set up in italics, the other, words to “go in -roman,” as the phrase is. We append two such -lists, as samples rather than as fixities to be followed, -although they represent very nearly, if not -exactly, the present status of the class of words we -are considering. The roman list is destined to be -continually lengthening, while the italic, save as it -receives new accretions from foreign sources, must -be correspondingly diminishing.</p> - -<ul><li class="li0"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS TO GO IN ITALICS.</h3> -<ul class="spitalic ulliinline"> -<li>ante</li> -<li>ad captandum</li> -<li>ad libitum</li> -<li>ad quod damnum</li> -<li>aliunde</li> -<li>alma mater</li> -<li>amende honorable</li> -<li>amicus curiæ</li> -<li>artiste</li> -<li>avant coureur</li> -<li>beau monde</li> -<li>coram non judice</li> -<li>corpus delicti</li> -<li>coup d’état</li> -<li>coup de grâce</li> -<li>coup de main</li> -<li>de bonis non</li> -<li>de facto</li> -<li>de jure</li> -<li>del credere</li> -<li>de novo</li> -<li>dilettante</li> -<li>dilettanti</li> -<li>dramatis personæ <span class="xxpn" id="p058">{p58}</span></li> -<li>duces tecum</li> -<li>en route</li> -<li>entrée</li> -<li>et al.</li> -<li>ex officio</li> -<li>ex parte</li> -<li>ex post facto</li> -<li>ex rel.</li> -<li>falsi crimen</li> -<li>feme covert</li> -<li>feme sole</li> -<li>femme couverte</li> -<li>femme sole</li> -<li>fleur de lis</li> -<li>functus officio</li> -<li>garçon</li> -<li>ignes fatui</li> -<li>ignis fatuus</li> -<li>in extenso</li> -<li>infra</li> -<li>in statu quo</li> -<li>inter alia</li> -<li>in toto</li> -<li>in transitu</li> -<li>juste milieu</li> -<li>malum in se</li> -<li>malum prohibitum</li> -<li>matériel</li> -<li>nem. con.</li> -<li>n’importe</li> -<li>non constat</li> -<li>non obstante</li> -<li>nous verrons</li> -<li>passim</li> -<li>peculium</li> -<li>personnel</li> -<li>postea</li> -<li>postliminium</li> -<li>post mortem</li> -<li>prima facie</li> -<li>procès-verbal</li> -<li>pro forma</li> -<li>projet</li> -<li>pro tempore</li> -<li>rationale</li> -<li>res adjudicata</li> -<li>sans-culotte</li> -<li>sine die</li> -<li>soi disant</li> -<li>sotto voce</li> -<li>sub judice</li> -<li>supra</li> -<li>tabula rasa</li> -<li>terra incognita</li> -<li>tout ensemble</li> -<li>ultima ratio</li> -<li>ultima Thule</li> -<li>vide</li> -<li>vice versa</li> -<li>viva voce</li> -<li>vraisemblance</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="li0"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS TO GO IN ROMAN.</h3> -<ul class="ulliinline"> -<li>addenda</li> -<li>addendum</li> -<li>ad interim</li> -<li>ad valorem</li> -<li>alias</li> -<li>alibi</li> -<li>alumnus</li> -<li>alumnæ</li> -<li>alumni</li> -<li>animus</li> -<li>assumpsit</li> -<li>bagatelle</li> -<li>belles-lettres</li> -<li>bijou</li> -<li>billet-doux</li> -<li>bivouac</li> -<li>bizarre</li> -<li>bona fide</li> -<li>canaille</li> -<li>canard</li> -<li>capias</li> -<li>chargé d’ affaires</li> -<li>coterie</li> -<li>crevasse</li> -<li>data</li> -<li>datum</li> -<li>débris</li> -<li>dedimus</li> -<li>détour</li> -<li>devoir</li> -<li>diluvion</li> -<li>diluvium</li> -<li>éclat</li> -<li>emeute</li> -<li>ennui</li> -<li>entrepot</li> -<li>exequatur</li> -<li>exuviæ</li> -<li>fasces</li> -<li>faubourg</li> -<li>feuilleton</li> -<li>fiacre</li> -<li>fieri facias</li> -<li>habeas corpus</li> -<li>hacienda</li> -<li>hauteur</li> -<li>in banc</li> -<li>in situ</li> -<li>literati</li> -<li>literatim</li> -<li>Magna Charta</li> -<li>mandamus</li> -<li>menu</li> -<li>mittimus</li> -<li>nisi prius</li> -<li>nolle prosequi</li> -<li>oyer and terminer</li> -<li>papier-mache</li> -<li>per capita</li> -<li>per diem</li> -<li>posse comitatus</li> -<li>pro rata</li> -<li>protégé</li> -<li>quasi</li> -<li>régime</li> -<li>résumé</li> -<li>rôle</li> -<li>savant</li> -<li>seriatim</li> -<li>sobriquet</li> -<li>status</li> -<li>supersedeas</li> -<li>via</li> -<li>venire</li> -<li>venire facias</li> -<li>verbatim</li> -</ul></li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p059"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER III. -<span class="hsmall"> -STYLE.</span></h2> - -<p class="pfirst">Before beginning to read proof, a man usually -prepares himself by learning how to make the technical -marks used in correcting; he then reads a -chapter on the use of capitals; takes up a grammar, -and reviews the rules of punctuation; and by reading, -and conversing with readers, gets such helps as -give him a good degree of confidence. But at the -very threshold of his duties he is met by a little -“dwarfish demon” called “Style,” who addresses -him somewhat after this fashion: “As you see me -now, so I have appeared ever since the first type was -set in this office. Everything here must be done as -I say. You may mark as you please, but don’t violate -the commands of Style. I may seem to disappear -for a time, when there is a great rush of work, -and you may perhaps bring yourself to believe that -Style is dead. But do not deceive yourself,—Style -never dies. When everything is going merrily, and -you are rejoicing at carrying out some pet plan of -your own, you will find me back again, tearing the -forms to pieces, and again asserting my irrevocable -authority. Stick to my orders, and all will be well. -Don’t tell me of grammarians or lexicographers; -say nothing of better ways, -or improvements or <span class="xxpn" id="p060">{p60}</span> -progress. I am Style, and my laws are like those of -the Medes and Persians.” And Style states his true -character.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately for the proof-reader, Style seldom -writes his laws; or, if at any time written, their visible -form presently perishes, and they can only be -got at, as one may learn the common law of England, -through past decisions. You, my young friend, may -in vain consult old proofs; works formerly read, at -the desk you now occupy, by some vanished predecessor. -Your searching cannot help you much; for -authors being without the jurisdiction, are independent -of the authority, of Style,—they may allow -him to dominate over their works, or they may not. -How, then, are you to distinguish, and select as -models, those which were read under the direct supervision -of Style? In the course of a few years you -may come to know a portion of his laws; but the -whole code is past finding out.</p> - -<p>To drop the personification, every office has a style—an -arrangement of details—peculiar to itself. In -one, “Government” is spelled with a capital; in a -second, “government” is spelled with a lower-case -“g”; in this office, the four seasons are always -“Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter”; in that, -they are “spring, summer,” etc., having capitals only -when personified: and so of a thousand other cases -in capitalization. In this office, before a quoted -extract we put a colon and dash, thus:—while, in -the office across the way, the style is to put a colon -only: and, a little farther on, is an -office which uses <span class="xxpn" id="p061">{p61}</span> -only the dash—yet a fourth, round the corner, puts -a comma and dash, thus,—while a fifth undertakes -to use all these and even additional methods, as the -period, the semicolon, and dash, selecting as the sense -or convenience or caprice may dictate.⁠<a class="afnanc" href="#fn6" id="fnanc6">[6]</a> -Here, the -style requires a comma before <i>and</i>, in “pounds, shillings, -and pence”; there, the style is “pounds, shillings -and <span class="spwdspb">pence.” “Viz,”</span> in Mr. A.’s office, is -considered a contraction, and is printed “viz.”—with -the period; in Mr. B.’s office, it is not a contraction, -and the period is not used; in Mr. C.’s office, -“viz” is put entirely under the ban, and compositors -and proof-readers are directed to substitute for it the -word “namely,” in all cases. As regards orthography, -two styles—the Worcester and Webster—have, -in almost all offices, alternate sway; and—which -complicates matters still more—everywhere -there is an “office style.” Each “rules a moment; -chaos umpire sits,” etc.</p> - -<div class="dftnt"> -<p class="pfnfirst"><a class="afnlabel" href="#fnanc6" id="fn6">6</a> -For some varieties of style in introducing quotations, see -“Historical Memorials of Westminster Abbey. By Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, -D.D. London: John Murray, 1868”; especially pp. 256, 257.</p></div> - -<p>Suppose half-a-dozen works going through the -press at the same time, embracing three styles of -orthography, and four or five styles in capitalization; -one style which requires turned commas at the beginning -only, of a quotation, and one which requires -them at the beginning of every line of an extract,—you -see at once that a proof-reader, so beset, must -needs have his wits about him. For, notice, the -first “slip” which comes to hand is in -the “Life of <span class="xxpn" id="p062">{p62}</span> -John Smith”; this is in the Worcester style, and -requires “traveller” and “jeweller” to be spelled -each with two -<span class="nowrap"><i>l</i>’s,</span> and “impanelled” with two -<span class="nowrap"><i>l</i>’s.</span> The -next galley-proof to be read is part of the “Life of -James Smith”; this is in the Webster style; and -now the reader must change front, and see to it that -he spells “traveler” and “jeweler” with one <i>l</i> each, -and “impaneled” with one <i>l</i>. Now as these works -are in the same size of type, and are very similar in -appearance, it would not be strange if now and then -the styles were to “cross over”; but, observe, the -third slip, the “Life of William Smith,” is “office -style,” requiring “traveler” to be spelled with one <i>l</i>, -and “jeweller” with two (very absurd, but all styles -have something absurd and arbitrary in them), while -“empanel” now repudiates an initial <i>i</i>. Further, the -publishers of the “Life of John” desire to have it in -uniform style with their “watch-pocket series,” in -which names of ships were put between quotation-marks; -the author of the “Life of James” insists, -that, in his work, names of ships shall not be quoted, -and shall be set in roman; the “Life of William,” being -in office style, requires names of ships to be in italics.</p> - -<p>Again, each of these works has, at the commencement -of its several chapters, a cast of initial letter -differing from the style of the other two,—the -first a two-line plain letter, the second a black -letter, the third an open-face letter; and still -further (there is no “finally”), the “Life of John” -has <span class="spwdspb">“backwards,” “forwards,” -“towards,”</span> all with the final <i>s</i>; and the -proof-reader has just received from the outside -reader <span class="xxpn" id="p063">{p63}</span> of -the “Life of James,” a sharp note, stating that he -has stricken the <i>s</i> from “towards,” as many as ten -times, and coolly assuring the said proof-reader -that there is no such word as “towards” in the -English language. Meanwhile, intermingled with -the above readings, are four Sunday-school books, -A, B, C, and D. A and B require the words <span -class="spwdspb">“everything,” “anything,”</span> -and “cannot” to be divided respectively into -two words,—“every <span class="spwdspb">thing,” -“any</span> <span class="spwdspb">thing,” “can</span> -not”; while C and D, with a general direction -to follow Webster, want these words printed in -the usual manner,—closed up. A and C must have -two words of “ ’t <span class="spwdspb">is,” -“it</span> <span class="spwdspb">’s,” “do</span> -<span class="spwdspb">n’t,” “could</span> <span -class="spwdspb">n’t,” “must</span> n’t”; B and D -require the same, with the exception of “don’t,” which -must be made one word. A and D want an apostrophe in -“won’t”; while B and C insist that the change from -“will not” is so great, that “wont” is virtually a new -word, wherefore they cannot conscientiously permit the -apostrophe.</p> - -<p>Among these literary foolishnesses and idle discriminations, -are inter-readings of pamphlets on the -leather trade; the Swamptown Directory, the copy -being the pages of an old edition, pasted on broadsides -of paper, half the names stricken out, and new -ones inserted haphazard on the wide margin, their -places in the text indicated by lines crossing and recrossing -each other, and occasionally lost in a <i>plexus</i> -or ganglion; reports of the Panjandrum Grand -Slump Mining Company, the Glenmutchkin Railway -Company, and the new and -improved Brown Paper <span class="xxpn" id="p064">{p64}</span> -Roofing Company; Proceedings of the National -Wool-Pulling Association, and of the Society for -promoting the Introduction of Water-Gas for Culinary -and Illuminating Purposes; likewise auction-bills, -calendars, ball-cards, dunning-letters (some of -these to be returned through the post-office, the proof-reader’s -own feathers winging the shaft), glowing -descriptions of Dyes, Blackings, Polishes, and Varnishes; -in short, proofs of the endless variety of matters -which constitute the daily pabulum of a book and job -office,—and, in all these, style has its requirements.</p> - -<p>If all this be borne in mind, it will not seem surprising, -especially when we reflect that all individuals -in their progress toward a perfect civilization -are not yet within sight of their goal,—it will not -seem surprising, if now and then an irate brother -should rush into the proof-reader’s presence, exclaiming, -“What do you mean, sir? I thought I knew -something, but it appears I don’t! Here you have -put ‘Hudson street’ with a little <i>s</i>, and ‘Hudson -River’ with a capital <i>R</i>: what sort of work do you -call that?” Should this occur, the schooled reader -has but to reply, “That, my dear sir, is the uniform -style of this office,—we <i>always</i> ‘put things’ as you -have stated,” and the questioner is satisfied, and -apologetically withdraws.</p> - -<p>As no acknowledged literary Dictator has arisen -since Johnson (if we except Webster), and as we -have no good grounds to expect one, let us hope -there may be a convention of the learned men of the -United States, with full powers to -legislate upon, and <span class="xxpn" id="p065">{p65}</span> -finally settle, all questions of syntax, orthography, -punctuation, and style, and authorized to punish -literary dissenters, by banishment from the Republic -of Letters.</p> - -<p>Were there a common and acknowledged authority -to which printer, publisher, proof-reader, and -author could appeal, the eye, the pen, and the press -would be relieved of much useless labor, and the -cost of books would be correspondingly reduced. -The Smithsonian Institution would confer a lasting -benefit on mankind by establishing a Board or Bureau -of scholars, which should publish a dictionary of -all English and Anglicized words, <i>without various -spellings</i>, and also such other words as might meet -the want long felt, and which was expressed in “The -Spectator,” so long ago as Aug. 4, 1711,—where -the author, having spoken of certain perplexities -which beset writers, adds: “[These] will never be -decided till we have something like an academy, that -by the best authorities and rules drawn from the -analogy of languages, shall settle all controversies -between grammar and idiom.” When such works from the -Smithsonian Institution shall have appeared, and -Congress shall have adopted them as standards to which -all Departmental work shall conform, the diversities -of spelling will disappear from the publications of -the Government. Those who would diffuse knowledge -among men should have sharp oversight of the vehicle -in which knowledge is to be conveyed,—to wit, -<span class="smcap">L<b>ANGUAGE</b>,</span>—“the -foundation for the whole faculty of -thinking.”</p></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p066"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER IV. -<span class="hsmallleft"> -GENERAL REMARKS: CONTAINING SOME ILLUSTRATIONS -OF, AND ADDITIONS TO, THE SUBJECT-MATTER -OF THE FOREGOING THREE CHAPTERS.</span></h2> - -<p class="pfirst">If an author sends his manuscript -to the printing-office without any instructions or -directions as to capitalization, punctuation, etc., -the printer will follow his own “office style,” and -the work will be, within certain limits, correctly -done; that is, with as near an approach to uniformity -as it is possible for ordinary fallible mortals to -attain. But if the manuscript be accompanied with -numerous “Directions” to the printer, some of these -will be forgotten or overlooked, or become mixed in -the minds of compositors and proof-readers with some -set of diametrically opposite “Directions,”—and so the -work will very likely abound in incongruities.</p> - -<p>We have known two works to be in hand at the -same time, one with directions to “Capitalize freely,” -the other, to “Use capitals sparingly.” The “Directions” -are sometimes quite minute, almost microscopic; -still, it is the duty of the proof-reader to -follow them into the very extremities of their littleness. -One writer says, “Put up ‘eastern,’ ‘western,’ -etc., in such cases as this: ‘The purple finch sometimes -passes the cold -season in Eastern <span class="xxpn" id="p067">{p67}</span> -Massachusetts, and even in Northern New Hampshire’”; -another directs, “Put compass-points down, as ‘In -northern Nevada.’” If the office style is “Hudson -and Connecticut Rivers,” a direction will be sent in -thus: “In all my work, print ‘Weber and Sevier -rivers,’ ‘Phalan’s and Johanna lakes’—not Lakes.” -One author wants “VIII-inch gun and 64-pounder”; -another looks upon this as numerically and typographically -erroneous, and insists on an “8-inch gun -and a LXIV-pounder”; still another prefers arabic -figures throughout, and prints an “8-inch gun and 64-pounder”; -yet another likes best the first of the -above styles, but wishes a period placed after the -roman numerals, so it shall read, an “VIII.-inch -gun”; one more dislikes “double pointing,” and -would retain the period, but strike out the hyphen. -“In my novel, spell ‘Marquise De Gabriac’ with -a big D, and ‘Madame de Sparre’ with a little ‘d.’”</p> - -<p>With hundreds of Reports and reports from Institutions -and institutions, from Departments and departments, -from Bureaus and bureaus, trials at law, equity -cases, interference cases, Revised Statutes, and thousands -of documents, all as anxious to attract the -public eye as ever Mr. Riddleberger was to catch -the Speaker’s, and rushing compositors and proof-readers -and steam-presses with a dizzying velocity -which almost prohibits nicety of execution, it were -far wiser for authors and copyists to attend carefully -to the legibility and accuracy of their manuscripts, -than to send to the printer blundering haphazard -pages, accompanied with -directions running counter <span class="xxpn" id="p068">{p68}</span> -to what the writers themselves have exhibited in -their manuscripts.</p> - -<p>We recollect that a printer once received a manuscript -accompanied with minute directions, extending -even to syllabication. It was given out to the compositors, -and a rough manuscript it was; one found -in his take, “One Spanish Mc Krel” and “One -caperamber,”—as he and the others in his chapel -read the words,—conundrums which after hard -study of characteristics and comparison of letters -were, by an ingenious old typographic Champollion, -solved as “One Spanish mackerel” and “One café-au-lait.”</p> - -<p>If Gunther’s “Catalogue of Fishes, British Museum” -is to be written, it is proper to abbreviate it -to “Gunther’s Cat. Fish., Brit. Mus.” An author -who undertook so to write it, jammed the Cat. close -to the Fish, and placed the first period above the -line. He should not have been surprised when he -read in his proof-sheet, “Gunther’s Cat-Fish., Brit. -Mus.”,—which, although apparently according to -copy, was not “according to Gunther.”</p> - -<p>The use of commas and other pause-marks is to -bring out the sense, and when capitals will subserve -the same purpose it is well to use them also,—whether -one finds a printed Rule directing it or not. -Thus Stedman writes:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“In his verse, Emerson’s spiritual philosophy and laws of -conduct appear again, but transfigured. Always the idea of -Soul, central and pervading, of which Nature’s forms are but -the created symbols. As in his early -discourse he recognized <span class="xxpn" id="p069">{p69}</span> -two entities, Nature and the Soul, so to the last he believed -Art to be simply the union of Nature with man’s will—Thought -symbolizing itself by Nature’s aid.”</p></div> - -<p>Names of States and Territories, when following -names of cities, towns, and post-offices, are usually -contracted; as:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Savannah, Ga.; Brunswick, Me.; San Diego, Cal.; New -Orleans, La.; Plymouth, Mass.</p></div> - -<p>But in any other connection, names of States and -Territories are spelled in full; as:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Mendocino County, California. We crossed Nevada Territory. -We visited Luray Cave, Virginia.</p></div> - -<p>In an office where the employees are accustomed -to the above rules, absolute uniformity would be -attainable, if it were not for the interference of specialists. -If, from such office, a book is issued in -which you find “Richmond, Virginia,” and, farther -on, “Richmond, Va.,” you may be sure that a -“direction” to “spell out, in all cases, names of -States and Territories” accompanied the manuscript; -that one reader, mindful, as it happened, of -the important direction, spelled “Virginia,” while -another, from force of habit, followed the office style, -and made no change from the customary “Va.”; and -you may further conclude, that the author of the -work, when examining the proof-sheets, had himself -become oblivious of the direction he had given.</p> - -<p>We have known more than -forty special directions <span class="xxpn" id="p070">{p70}</span> -to be sent to a printing-office with the manuscript -copy of one book. An author may fancy that numerous -minute rulings will ensure uniformity and beauty -to his book; but the chances of discrepancy and mistake -are increased in direct ratio to the number of -such of his rulings as run counter to the office style. -His “more requires less,” -but produces “more.”</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p071"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER V. -<span class="hsmall"> -PUNCTUATION.</span></h2> - -<p class="pfirst">Printers and proof-readers are to -take for granted, that, in every work which falls -under their supervision, the proper agreement between -thought and expression has been effected by the -author. He alone has the right to change the words -and their collocation; and, if fairly punctuated, the -manuscript should be closely followed, word for word, -and point for point.</p> - -<p>Every person who writes for the press should -punctuate his work presentably; but—since the -majority of writers are inattentive to punctuation—custom -and convenience, if not necessity, have -thrown upon the compositor and proof-reader the -task of inserting in their proper places the grammatical -points, and such other points and marks as shall -assist a reader in obtaining a ready apprehension of -the author’s meaning. These are the period (.), the -colon (:), the semicolon (;), the comma (,), the -note of interrogation (?), the note of exclamation -(!), the parenthesis ( ), and the dash (—).</p> - -<p>Besides these principal characters, there are other -marks and signs used in writing and printing,—the -hyphen (‐), the apostrophe (’), and others; all -which may be found in the -concluding division of <span class="xxpn" id="p072">{p72}</span> -this chapter, numbered <span class="smmaj">VIII.,</span> -and should be referred -to as occasion may require.</p> - -<p>Books which treat of English grammar speak of -four of the points in common use—to wit, the -period, the colon, the semicolon, and the comma—as -“grammatical” points; while the dash, the note of -interrogation, the note of exclamation, and the parenthesis -are classified as “rhetorical,”—being used -to indicate various effects produced in conversation -by changes in the tone of the voice. But -as “English grammar is the art of speaking and -writing [or printing] the English language with propriety,” -and as all points and marks in the printer’s -case are necessary to printing with propriety, it is -not essential in this work to make the distinctions -alluded to above. Nor shall we treat at length, if at -all, of technical marks not in common use; as, for -instance, signs used in algebra and chemistry, and in -various arts and sciences. These can be referred -to, should occasion require, in handbooks, and in -Webster’s Dictionary, pp. 1864–68, or in Worcester’s, -pp. 1773–75.</p> - -<p>Our school-books used to tell us, that at the period -we should stop long enough to count four; at the -colon, three; at the semicolon, two; at the comma, -one. But pauses vary in length, as readers and -speakers wish to affect or impress their hearers: -hence reporters of speeches and orations sometimes—finding -ordinary points and marks insufficient—insert, -in brackets, some comment indicating that -there was a pause made which -outreached the time <span class="xxpn" id="p073">{p73}</span> -allowed for an ordinary period. We listened in -April, 1861, to a speech by Wendell Phillips, in -which, at the close of one sentence, the orator paused -long enough to count ten or twelve; the reporters at -that place inserted in brackets the words “[An impressive -pause].”⁠<a class="afnanc" href="#fn7" id="fnanc7">[7]</a> -To denote by distinctive characters -every possible length of pause would require an -infinitude of signs, types, and cases. We must therefore -do the best we can with the few points now in -use, leaving much to the taste of authors, printers, -and readers. Still, the immense advantage modern -students have over those of ancient times is made -obvious by a comparison of antique and modern -writings,—for punctuation is comparatively a modern -affair, whose origin and changes it will be both useful -and interesting to trace,—and in doing this, we shall -endeavor to avoid the charge of prolixity, by condensing -into brief space information gained from a -variety of sources.</p> - -<div class="dftnt"> -<p class="pfnfirst"><a class="afnlabel" href="#fnanc7" id="fn7">7</a> -“There is only one thing those cannon shot in the harbor of -Charleston settle,—that there never can be a compromise. . . . -During these long and weary weeks we have waited to hear the -Northern conscience assert its purpose. It comes at last. [An impressive -pause.] Massachusetts blood has consecrated the pavements -of Baltimore, and those stones are now too sacred to be trodden by -slaves.”</p></div> - -<p>The most ancient Greek manuscript known is among -the papyri of the Louvre. It is a work on astronomy, -and is indorsed with deeds of 165 and 164 <span -class="smmaj">B.C.</span> This has “a certain sort -of separation of words.” In a copy of Homer, written -<span class="smmaj">B.C.,</span> a wedge-shaped sign -> is inserted “between the beginnings of <span -class="xxpn" id="p074">{p74}</span> lines” to mark -a new passage. But even these marks were soon lost -sight of; subsequent Greek and Latin writing runs on -continuously without distinction of words. In the -fifth century of our era, the fourth verse of the -Second Epistle of John was thus written:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>τεκνωνσουπεριπατουν</p> -<p>τασεναληθειακαθωσεντο</p> -<p>ληνελαβομεναποτουπρς -(The πρς a contraction for πατρος.)</p> -</div> - -<p>In Greek MSS. this method continued until the -fourteenth century.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>HOWTHEANCIENTSREADTHEIRWORKSWRITTENIN</p> -<p>THISMANNERITISNOTEASYTOCONCEIVE</p> -</div> - -<p>St. Jerome (<span class="smmaj">A.D.</span> 324–420) wrote a Latin version -of the Bible—“the foundation of the Vulgate”—“per -<i>cola</i> et <i>commata</i>”; not with colons and commas -as we understand those words, but by a stichometric -arrangement,—dividing the text into short sentences -or lines, according to the sense, chiefly with a view -to a better understanding of the meaning, and a -better delivery in public reading. It is not until the -latter part of the seventh century that there is some -separation of words in Latin MSS. In the later -Latin (eighth century) the full point in various positions -was introduced,—being placed on a level with -the top, bottom, or middle of the letters,—as the students -of “Andrews and Stoddard” are well aware. -In still later MSS. in small letter, the full point -on the line or high was first used; then -the comma and <span class="xxpn" id="p075">{p75}</span> -semicolon; and the inverted semicolon -<span class="nowrap">(<img class="iglyphc" src="images/u061b.png" - width="24" height="80" alt="؛" />),</span> whose -power was stronger than the comma.</p> - -<p>In early Irish and English MSS., separation of -words is quite consistently followed; and in these -the common mark of punctuation was the full point, -while to denote the final stop or period one or two -points with a comma (..,) were used.</p> - -<p>Contractions were much used in ancient MSS. to -save time and labor. Some of these were denoted by -a semicolon ; as b; = bus; q; = que; vi; = videlicet,—this -character, in cursive writing, readily became -a <i>z</i>, whence we have our viz = videlicet.</p> - -<p>The Roman numerals in ancient texts were placed -between full points; e.g., .CXL., to prevent confusion.</p> - -<p>Punctuation remained very uncertain until the end -of the fifteenth century, when the Manutii, three -generations of printers,—the elder (1450–1515) the -most learned, skillful, and energetic of the three,—increased -the number of points, and made rules for -their application; and these were so generally -adopted, that Aldus Manutius and his son and grandson -may be considered inventors of the present system -of punctuation, notwithstanding it has been -changed, and perhaps improved upon, since their -time,—notably in the use of the colon. But scholars -differ so widely in some respects as to the insertion -of commas, as well as other points, that not many -rules are as yet absolutely fixed.</p> - -<p>Modern writers tell us that “points are used to -mark the <i>sense</i> rather than the -<i>pauses</i>.” We would <span class="xxpn" id="p076">{p76}</span> -substitute “as well as” for “rather.” In writing -from dictation we place points where the <i>dictator</i> -makes pauses; and in reading we make pauses where -the writer has put the points. For example, note -the difference in sense and pause, according as the -comma is placed before or after “to the end,” in the -following sentence:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>I have advised the Attorney-General to read this letter to -the end, that he may see precisely how this matter will affect -public interest.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">I have advised the Attorney-General to read this letter, to -the end that he may see precisely how this matter will affect -public interest.</p></div> - -<p>Murray’s large octavo English Grammar and countless -common-school grammars, from Murray’s time to -the present day, contain rules for aiding students -and writers to decide where points, and what points, -should be placed. These are of great utility, and -every young person should familiarize himself with -them as found, briefly stated, in books now in use. -It should be borne in mind, however, that a close -and slavish adherence to stated forms, without ascertaining -their bearings in individual cases, tends to -becloud the judgment, and may cause an author’s -meaning to be obscured, or even concealed, rather -than elucidated.</p> - -<p>In books issued by different houses will be found -great diversity in the manner of pointing similar and -even the same sentences; and some part of what we -have called “style” results from the -effort of a <span class="xxpn" id="p077">{p77}</span> -house to be consistent with itself, and to establish -a uniformity among its own issues.</p> - -<p>The rules given in this chapter, and the observations -accompanying them, are mainly the results of -our own training and experience as compositor and -proof-reader at different periods, covering in the aggregate -more than twenty years. To bring out by -punctuation the sense of difficult and involved sentences—which -are of frequent occurrence—requires -close attention and careful study,—attention not the -less close, nor study the less careful, because prompted -by the necessity of immediate practical application.</p> - -<p>As all rules suitable to guide human conduct lie -folded up in the golden rule, so all rules for pointing -sentences are embraced in this: Punctuate so -as to bring out the author’s meaning. And by their -consonance with this great rule all special rules must -be judged. Yet in this, as in all other matters, men -disagree in their judgments; and we must be content -in our diversities, until the academy desiderated by -the “Spectator” shall have become an actual institution, -invested with a <i>quasi</i> grammatical infallibility.</p> - -<p>For instance, as to placing a comma between a -nominative phrase or sentence and the predicate, the -best authorities differ. Wilson’s rule <span class="nowrap">is,—</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“No point or pause-mark is admissible between the subject -or nominative and the predicate, . . . .”</p></div> - -<p>The “Practical Grammar,” by S. W. Clark, A.M., -published by A. S. Barnes & Co., New York, gives -the following rule: <span class="xxpn" id="p078">{p78}</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“A phrase or sentence used as the subject of a verb, requires -a comma between it and the verb.”</p></div> - -<p>Of course the examples under the rule exhibit a -corresponding difference.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“To be totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real -defect in character.”—<i>Wilson.</i></p> - -<p>“To do good to others, constitutes an important object of -existence.”—<i>Clark.</i></p></div> - -<p>Ingersoll’s Grammar (Portland, 1828) and Kerl’s—which -last is now very extensively used—agree -with Clark. Both have the same example as Wilson, -but pointed as <span class="nowrap">follows:—</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“To be totally indifferent to praise or censure, is a real -defect in character.”</p></div> - -<p>Goold Brown (Grammar of Grammars) inserts the -comma. Cobbett’s Grammar omits it.</p> - -<p>Take up the first dozen books that come to hand, -and you will find diversity of practice.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“The influences which Atterbury had fostered long lingered -in the precincts.”—<i>Stanley’s Westminster Abbey.</i></p> - -<p>“The distinction between transcendental and transcendent, -is observed by our elder divines and philosophers.”—<i>Coleridge’s -Biographia.</i></p> - -<p>“The interruption of friendly relations between England -and Spain was the fault . . . of the Emperor.”—<i>Froude’s -England.</i></p></div> - -<p>The better method is to omit the comma, except in -those cases where its insertion would prevent ambiguity; -as in the quotation above, from Stanley, where -there should have been a -comma after “fostered”; <span class="xxpn" id="p079">{p79}</span> -as it stands, the word “long” may qualify either the -word before or after it.</p> - -<p>So, if you examine any number of volumes with -reference to placing a comma before <i>and</i>, <i>or</i>, or <i>nor</i>, -when three or more words, in the same category, are -connected,—in some you will find “Faith, and hope, -and charity”; in others, “Faith and hope and charity.” -We have just met with the following lines in -a well-known paper:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dquoteverse"><span class="spquotebox">“</span>Round - and round the atoms fly,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Turf, and stone, and sea, and sky.”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="pcontinue">Wilson’s example is (p. <span -class="nowrap">38),—</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Let us freely drink in the soul of love and beauty -and wisdom from all nature and art and history.”</p></div> - -<p>In view of these and similar differences of practice, -and contradiction of rules, one is tempted to say that -it is of no moment whether the commas are inserted -or not. But, leaving “style” out of the question, a -proof-reader should endeavor to have a reason for -every omission he allows, and for every insertion he -makes. We advise him, then, in the first place to -note which method seems required by the golden -rule of elucidating the meaning; then consider, further, -if the sentence already contains commas, whether -inserting more would offend the eye. Let him decide -each case on its own merits; leaning, when in doubt, -in favor of such grammatical rule as he may have -adopted. But use judgment; for the most precise -grammarians lay down pages of exceptions; and Cobbett -(Grammar, Letter -<span class="nowrap"><span class="smmaj">XIV.</span>)</span> cannot -be gainsaid when <span class="xxpn" id="p080">{p80}</span> -he writes, “It is evident, that, in many cases, the use -of the comma must depend upon taste.”</p> - -<p>When a phrase or clause, in its nature parenthetic, -is quite closely connected with the parts of the -sentence in which it is placed, the insertion of the -comma before and after such phrase or clause “must -depend upon taste.” The former comma especially, -may often be omitted (see Obs. 10, under Rule 16, -<i>post</i>). If the commas are inserted, we have a specimen -of what is called “close pointing”; if omitted, -we have “liberal pointing.”</p> - -<p>Close pointing prevails in almost all publications -except law-work, and in all doubtful cases puts in the -comma. Liberal pointing, on the other hand, omits -the points except when absolutely necessary to avoid -ambiguity.</p> - -<p>A middle course, retaining the spirit rather than -adhering to the letter of the rules, will be found the -safest. When, as will often be the case, a passage -occurs, the meaning of which varies with the insertion -or omission of a comma, while it would be grammatical -either way, the compositor should <i>follow the -copy</i>; the proof-reader should mark the passages -with his quære; but if he first notices the fault when -reading the press-proof, he should suffer it to stand -as the author left it, letting all responsibility remain -where it rightfully belongs.</p> - -<p>Abbreviated words, besides the period denoting -their abbreviation, require the same pointing as if -they were spelled in full. Thus “Jno. Smith, Esq., -of Worcester; Abel Soane, M.D.; -and James Doe, <span class="xxpn" id="p081">{p81}</span> -LL.D.,—were appointed a comm. to take care of -books, docs., etc., etc.,” has the same pointing as -“John Smith, Esquire, of Worcester; Abel Soane, -Doctor of Medicine; and James Doe, Doctor of -Laws,—were appointed a committee to take care of -books, documents, and so forth, and so forth.” But -in some classes of work, as Directories, Catalogues -of books, Genealogies, and where titles and abbreviations -are of frequent occurrence, double pointing -may be partially avoided by omitting the comma -after a period which denotes an abbreviation.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Neatness requires the omission of the comma before -leaders; thus,</p> - -<div class="blockquot ffmono"> -<p>John Roe . . . . . . New Oleans.</p> -<p>James Doe. . . . . . San Francisco.</p> -</div> - -<p class="pcontinue">is more pleasing to the eye than</p> - -<div class="blockquot ffmono"> -<p>John Roe, . . . . . . New Orleans.</p> -<p>James Doe, . . . . . San Francisco.</p> -</div> - -<p>Preambles to resolutions and laws are usually -begun with “Whereas.” After this word a comma -is sometimes heedlessly inserted, although the introductory -word is not followed by a parenthetic clause. -We append the most improved forms for punctuating -and capitalizing preambles, resolves, and provisos:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Whereas the present national interest in the matter of the -American fisheries has, &c.—<i>Cong. Record, July, 11, 1888.</i></p> - -<p>Whereas, owing to the sudden demise of the secretary, no -notice was given of the receipts of the plans, etc.:</p> - -<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the whole matter be referred to a committee: -<i>Provided</i>, [or <i>Provided however</i>,] That the whole expense shall -not exceed, etc. <span class="xxpn" id="p082">{p82}</span></p></div> - -<p>The semicolon should be placed before <i>as</i>, in an -enumeration of particulars following a general statement; -thus:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Many proper names admit of convenient contractions; as -Jno., Wm., Benj., Jas., Chas.</p></div> - -<p>But when <i>as</i> is not preceded by a general or formal -statement, no point is necessary unless <i>as</i> is followed -by a parenthetic clause; as:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Such names as John, Benjamin, William, admit of convenient -contractions.</p> - -<p>Some fishes, as, for instance, the cod, delight in cold baths, -and are never found in water above 40° Fahr., unless in care -of the cook.</p></div> - -<p>But in liberal pointing, the commas before and -after “for instance” would be omitted.</p> - -<p>In regard to the points or marks connected with -<span class="spwdspb">“viz.,” “namely,”</span> and “to wit,” the punctuation -varies according to the structure of the sentences in -which they occur; but this does not prevent a publishing-house -from having a style of its own. It is -interesting to note the varieties which different offices -present. We annex a few examples, which may be -serviceable; to wit:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Sussex Co., Del., July 5, 1776. We are sorry to say, that -it is our opinion that they (viz: the enemies of the war) are -not better affected than they were before the troops came.”—<i>Am. -Archives</i>, 5th series, Vol. 1, p. 10.</p> - -<p>I never depended on him for any men, or for any participation -in the Georgia Campaign. Soon after, viz., May 8th, that -department was transferred, etc.—<i>Memoirs -Gen. Sherman.</i> <span class="xxpn" id="p083">{p83}</span></p> - -<p>There is one case in which it is never right to do this; viz., -when the opposite party, etc.—<i>Cavendish’s style.</i></p> - -<p>The library is open every secular day throughout the year, -except the legal holidays, viz.,—Washington’s Birthday, Fast -Day, Decoration Day, Fourth of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, -and Christmas.—<i>Brookline, Mass., Pub. Lib. Report, 1887.</i></p> - -<p>Seven of the bishops lived to be over 80—viz. Llandaff 84, -Winchester 84, etc.—<i>Nineteenth Century, March, ’88.</i></p> - -<p>Woburn has a population of about 12,000, grouped at four -principal centers: namely, Woburn Centre, about 8000, etc.—<i>Mass. -Drainage Comm.</i></p> - -<p>The Dawes bill deals with two subjects only, namely, the -ownership of land and citizenship.—<i>N. A. Review, March, ’88.</i></p> - -<p>This, then, is the upshot of the second part of the law, -namely: (1) that all to whom land is patented become at once -citizens of the United States; (2) that all, etc.—<i>ib.</i></p> - -<p>There are four seasons, namely: spring, summer, autumn, -winter.</p> - -<p>Four administrative areas are thus created: two primary -areas—namely, counties at large, and boroughs of 100,000 -inhabitants and upwards.—<i>Nineteenth Century Maga.</i></p> - -<p>Annapolis, June 25, 1776. That four battalions be instantly -raised . . . . each company to consist of ninety men, to wit: -one captain, two lieutenants, etc.—<i>Am. Archives.</i></p></div> - -<p>When <i>viz.</i> or <i>namely</i> or <i>as follows</i> ends a paragraph, -the colon is commonly inserted; but the -dash or comma-dash or colon-dash may sometimes -be noticed,—it is a matter of office style. (See -Punctuation, Rule 8, <i>post</i>.)</p> - -<p>But if, referring to a succeeding sentence or paragraph, -the words “the following” or “as follows” -appear, the sentence in which they occur should be -closed with the colon or colon-dash, as in the following -examples: <span class="xxpn" id="p084">{p84}</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The description given of the English Nonconformists in -many pages that stand for history, is as follows: That they -started forth under a well-settled order of constitution and -discipline of the Church of England, etc.—<i>Ellis’s Puritan -Age.</i></p> - -<p>Mr. Faulkner, from the Committee on Pensions, to whom -were referred the following bills, reported them severally -without amendment, and submitted reports thereon:</p> - -<p>A bill (H. R. 10318) granting a pension to Mary C. Davis; -and</p> - -<p>A bill (H. R. 8400) to place the name of John J. Mitchell -on the pension-roll.—<i>Congressional Record, July 22, ’88.</i></p></div> - -<p>The hyphen is used to connect the parts of a compound -word; to show the divisions of words into -syllables; it is placed at the end of a line when a -word is not finished; and it is sometimes placed -between vowels, to show that they belong to different -syllables (as “co-ordinate”). In regard to its use -in compound words great diversity exists; and the -proof-reader can have, as we believe, no fixed system -which will apply to all varieties of work. In specifications -for bridges, buildings, etc., the better way is -to avoid compounding; for, in everything of that -kind, one will find so many <span class="spwdspb">“door-sills,” “newel-posts,” -“stair-balusters,” “pulley-stiles,”</span> etc., that if -he begin marking in the hyphens he will scarcely -make an end of it, and many hyphens sadly deform a -page: better put “door <span class="spwdspb">knobs,” “window</span> <span class="spwdspb">frames,” -“stair</span> nosings,” etc., omitting hyphens.</p> - -<p>Here, too, the dictionaries can scarcely be said -to assist, if they do not even mislead. Worcester -has <span class="spwdspb">“brickwork,” -“brasswork,”</span> without hyphens; <span class="xxpn" id="p085">{p85}</span> -<span class="spwdspb">“wood-work,” “iron-work,”</span> with them. “Greenhouse” -is closed up, while “school-house” is not; -“wood-house” has a hyphen, “almshouse” has none. -(Wilson writes “schoolhouse.”) Webster has “brick-work” -with the hyphen, “woodwork” without it,—just -reversing Worcester. Again, Worcester writes, -“humblebee” and “bumblebee”: Webster, under B, -has “bumble-bee, . . . . sometimes called humble-bee”; -and, under H, writes “humblebee, . . . . -often called bumblebee,” apparently forgetful of his -previous hyphens.</p> - -<p>To search for authority, then, in the matter of compounding -words, will avail next to nothing. In a -volume containing “School Committees’ Reports,”—and -certainly school committees ought to know many -things,—we find “blackboard” and “black-board”; -and, on one page, <span class="spwdspb">“schoolbooks,” “schoolkeeping,” -“schoolmaster,” “school-houses,” “school-checks.” -“Semi-annual”</span> is frequently printed with the hyphen, -according to Webster; but Worcester, omitting -the hyphen, has “semiannual.”</p> - -<p>Thus it appears, that, in regard to compounding -(by which we mean inserting the hyphen between -the parts of a compound word), the proof-reader is -left to his own discretion, and can do very much as -he pleases. He should, however, adopt some method -by which he can approximate to uniformity in his -own work; for as to agreeing with anybody else, -that is out of the question.</p> - -<p>Perhaps as good a rule as can be laid down on this -subject is to close up -the word when <span class="xxpn" id="p086">{p86}</span> -compounding changes the accentuation; otherwise, insert the -hyphen. Thus, “Quartermaster” has a different -accentuation from the two words “quarter master”; -therefore make one word of it, without the hyphen. -“Head-assistant” is accented like the two words -“head assistant,”—therefore insert the hyphen. By -this rule “schoolhouse” and “blackboard” should be -severally closed up; “salt-mine” takes the hyphen,—“saltsea” -(adjective) does not.</p> - -<p>The word “tree,” with a prefix indicating -the kind, should be compounded; as <span -class="spwdspb">“oak-tree,” “forest-tree,” -“pine-tree,”</span> etc. (Webster has a hyphen in -“whiffle-tree,” Worcester prints “whiffletree.”)</p> - -<p>“Cast-iron” and “wrought-iron” are usually compounded, -and should always be so when used as -adjectives; as “cast-iron <span class="spwdspb">pillars,” “wrought-iron</span> -boilers.”</p> - -<p>“Temple-street place” (or “Place,” according to -style), “Suffolk-street <span class="spwdspb">District,” “Pemberton-square</span> -School,” are quite correct; the hyphen is too frequently -omitted in such cases.</p> - -<p>The words <i>ex officio</i> do not require a hyphen, but -some very reputable offices insert it.</p> - -<p>Hyphens are sometimes used to indicate grotesque -pronunciation, as in the following couplet from “Rejected -Addresses”:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dquoteverse"><span class="spquotebox">“</span>In - borrowed luster seemed to sham</div> -<div class="dpp00">The rose and red sweet Will-i-am.”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>When two words connected by a conjunction are -severally compound parts of a following word, -the hyphen is omitted; as: <span class="xxpn" -id="p087">{p87}</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">We use cast and wrought iron pillars.</div> -<div class="dpp00">I have pruned my peach and apple trees.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Some authors follow the German style, inserting -the hyphens; thus:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">We use cast- and wrought-iron pillars.</div> -<div class="dpp00">I have pruned my peach- and apple-trees.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="pcontinue">But this style is rare.</p> - -<p>Precision requires that hyphens should be inserted -in fractions expressed in words; as <span class="spwdspb">“one-half,” -“three-fifths,”</span> etc.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>How many oranges are seven and three fourths oranges?</p></div> - -<p>There being no hyphen in the above example, the -“seven” and “three” are in the same category as -“peach” and “apple” in the last previous example. -The answer is ten‐fourths, or 2⁠½.</p> - -<p>If “seven” is meant to express a whole number, a -hyphen should be inserted after “three.”</p> - -<hr class="hrblk" /> - -<p>A prolific source of trouble in correcting is wrong -syllabication when it is thought necessary to carry -part of a word to the succeeding line. Neither the -English method of dividing on vowels, where this -can be conveniently done, nor the American method -of dividing on syllables, obtains exclusively in this -country. Convenience, and the desire of spacing in -such a manner as to make the lines look well, frequently -determine the dividing letter; so that, in the -same work, you may find “pro‐perty” and <span class="spwdspb">“prop‐erty,” -“trea‐sure”</span> and “treas‐ure.” In a recent -English work, we note -the following divisions: <span class="xxpn" id="p088">{p88}</span> -Pre‐bendaries, mea‐sure, pre‐decessors, supre‐macy, the -Re‐formation, pro‐perty, theo‐logy, bre‐thren, pre‐paration.</p> - -<p>But the division on the syllable is the mode most -generally practiced in the United States, and we -must, however reluctantly, adhere to it as closely as -possible, until a convention of publishers shall sanction -the adoption of the English usage. Our authorities -close the first syllable of “fa‐ther” on the <i>a</i>, of -“moth‐er” on the <i>th</i>, so that, practically, the latter -word should not be divided at all; the English -printer, without hesitation, places the hyphen after -the <i>a</i> and the <i>o</i> respectively.</p> - -<p>As to the word “discrepancy” there is a discrepancy. -Webster accents the second syllable, and -divides “discrep‐ancy”; while Worcester accents the -first syllable, and divides “discre‐pancy.” In this, -printers and readers must be governed by the “style” -of the work upon which they are engaged.</p> - -<p>One of the most frequently recurring errors noticed -in reading first proof is the placing of an <i>s</i> at -the end of a line when it should have been carried -over. Corres‐pondence, des‐cribe, des‐cription, Aus‐tralian, -are wrong, and are corrected daily; and their -reappearance proves that in this, as in weightier matters, -“error is wrought by want of thought.”</p> - -<p>In newspapers, or any work which is to be read -once and then cast aside, the carrying over of an <i>ed</i> -or <i>ly</i>, or any other syllable of two letters, may perhaps -be tolerated; but in bookwork such a division -is inexcusable, except in side‐notes, -or when the <span class="xxpn" id="p089">{p89}</span> -measure is very narrow. To avoid extremely wide -or thin spacing, and to escape the trouble and expense -of overrunning pages already imposed, it must -be considered admissible, in certain cases, to carry -over a consonant preceding the final syllable <i>ed</i>; as, -expec‐ted, divi‐ded. We state this with some misgivings; -but, as we have known it to be done by -excellent readers and skillful printers, even by John -Wilson himself, of blessed memory, we lay it down -as allowable in extreme cases. Theories are elastic,—are -expansible and compressible; but types of -metal have set dimensions of extension, and, in some -circumstances, absolutely refuse to budge,—wherefore -theories must gracefully yield, and allow, it may -be, a two‐letter division even in wide measure. -Types are tyrannical, and will sometimes perpetrate -solecisms under the plea of necessity.</p> - -<p>An author can sometimes much improve the appearance -of a page, by slight changes in the phraseology.</p> - -<p>A good compositor studies to avoid divisions. -Some printers, rather than divide a word, will justify -a line by separating the words with two three‐em -spaces. But no arbitrary rule can be laid down in -this regard. A well‐spaced page with several divided -words looks much better than a page unevenly spaced -in which no divisions occur. The number of hyphens -occurring in succession at the end of the lines on any -page, should never exceed three.</p> - -<hr class="hrblk" /> - -<p>In manuscript the dash occurs more frequently -than any other mark of -punctuation, many writers <span class="xxpn" id="p090">{p90}</span> -using it as a substitute for every other point. This -habit very much retards the compositor in his task; -for, as we have already intimated, he feels obliged to -study the sense of his copy, and to waste his valuable -time in considering how he shall best supply -those aids to meaning which the author has rejected, -and without which any work would be wholly unpresentable.</p> - -<p>That the author of the paragraph quoted below -pointed it with perfect accuracy before sending it -to press, does not admit of a doubt. For the nonce, -however, we will, with his leave, punctuate the passage -in the manner in which the compositor frequently -finds passages pointed on his “takes”; thus:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“It has been said—and—no doubt—truthfully—that the -smartest boys do not go to college. Yet—it is evident—to -every one competent to judge—that the ablest men have been -at college.”</p></div> - -<p>With so many dashes before him, it would not be -strange if the compositor were to retain some of them; -and the proof might, perhaps, appear as follows:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“It has been said—and no doubt truthfully—that the -smartest boys do not go to college. Yet it is evident to every -one competent to judge, that the ablest men have been at college.”</p></div> - -<p>This is much improved; and, if we substitute -commas for the dashes in the first sentence, the -punctuation may be considered unobjectionable.</p> - -<p>Beginners at the “case” are often puzzled in regard -to the insertion of commas before -the dashes which <span class="xxpn" id="p091">{p91}</span> -inclose a parenthetic clause. To decide this point, -it is enough to notice whether or not a comma would -be used, were the parenthetic clause omitted. This, -we think, will be readily understood by reference to -the following examples:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“It was necessary not only that Christianity should assume -a standard absolutely perfect, but that it should apply a perfect -law to those complex and infinitely diversified cases which -arise when law is violated.”</p></div> - -<p>Now, if a parenthetic clause is inserted before the -word “but,” the comma should be retained, and -another placed at the end of the inserted clause; -thus:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“It was necessary, not only that Christianity should assume -a standard absolutely perfect,—which, however far from anything -that man has ever done, would be comparatively easy,—but -that it should apply a perfect law,” etc.</p></div> - -<p>If there is no comma where the clause is to be -inserted, dashes alone should be used:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“In the completed volume of the third report, the countries -wherein education has received the most attention are treated -of at length.”</p></div> - -<p>If a parenthetic clause be inserted after “countries,”—where -there is no comma,—only dashes -are required; thus:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“In the completed volume of the third report, the countries—Prussia, -for instance—wherein education has received the -most attention are treated of at length.”</p></div> - -<p>A thin space should be placed before, and also -after, a dash.</p> - -<p>If a parenthesis is inserted in a part -of a sentence <span class="xxpn" id="p092">{p92}</span> -where no point is required, no point should be placed -before or after the marks of parenthesis.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“By living sparingly, and according to the dictates of reason, -in less than a year I found myself (some persons, perhaps, -will not believe it) entirely freed from all my complaints.”—<i>Cornaro.</i></p></div> - -<p>As a general rule, if the parenthesis occur after a -punctuated clause, the point should be placed after -the latter mark of parenthesis.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Popham’s monument, by the intercession of his wife’s -friends (who had interest at Court), was left in St. John’s -Chapel on condition either of erasing the inscription, or turning -it inwards.”</p> - -<p>“Artist: Kneller (1723). Architects: Taylor (1788); -Chambers (1796); Wyatt (1813).”</p> - -<p>“Antiquities of St. Peter’s, by J. Crull (usually signed -J. C.).”</p></div> - -<p>If a parenthesis which closes with a note of exclamation -or interrogation is inserted where a point -occurs, that point should precede the first mark of -parenthesis.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Where foresight and good morals exist, (and do they not -here?) the taxes do not stand in the way of an industrious -man’s comforts.”</p> - -<p>“He directed the letter to Gnat Smith, (spelling Nat with -a G!) and deposited it in a fire‐alarm box.”</p></div> - -<p>An exclamation point is often found preceding the -first mark of parenthesis.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Ay, here now! (exclaimed the Critic,) here come Coleridge’s -metaphysics!”—<i>Biographia Literaria.</i></p> - -<p>“I am, sir, sensible”—“Hear! Hear!” -(they cheer him.) <span class="xxpn" -id="p093">{p93}</span></p></div> - -<p>When a parenthesis occurs within a parenthesis, -brackets should be substituted for the first and last -parenthetic marks.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“As for the other party [I mean (do not misunderstand -me) the original inventor], he was absent from the country, -at that time.”</p></div> - -<p>“Brackets are generally used . . . to inclose an -explanation, note, or observation, standing by itself.”—<i>Parker’s -Aids.</i></p> - -<p>A short comment inserted in a paragraph by a -reviewer is placed in brackets.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“The sacks were badly eaten by rags [so in the affidavit], -and the almonds had run out.”</p></div> - -<p>In transcripts of trials at law, brackets are used to -inclose statements of things done in court, which -things would not appear in a report of the verbal -proceedings alone; <span class="nowrap">as,—</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“<i>Ans.</i> About a quarter past ten, he came into my shop, -and picked out a cane. . . . .</p> - -<p>“<i>Gore.</i> Of what wood was it made?</p> - -<p>“<i>Ans.</i> It was a good piece of hickory—heavy for hickory. . . . .</p> - -<p>“[The stick was handed to the witness, who declared it to -be the same he had sold Mr. Charles Austin.]</p> - -<p>“<i>Gore.</i> What sticks had he usually bought of you?”—<i>Trial -of Selfridge.</i></p></div> - -<p>Whether the words in brackets should also be -in italics is a matter of style. In the following -passage from the same report, italics are used: <span -class="xxpn" id="p094">{p94}</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“<i>Gore.</i> [<i>Showing the fracture of the hat on the fore‐part.</i>] -Is not that the fore‐part of the hat, as this leather [<i>that on the -hinder part</i>] marks the part of the hat that is worn behind?”</p></div> - -<p>For inserting commas or other points after, before, -or within brackets, the same rules apply as in case of -marks of parenthesis.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Whether when a noun singular -terminates in <i>s</i>, its possessive case requires an -additional <i>s</i> is yet an open question. We have no -hesitation in giving an affirmative answer, especially -in the case of proper names. If Mr. Adams were to -manufacture ale, one might, perhaps, from prohibitory -considerations, advise him to advertise it as “Adams’ -ale”; but should Mr. Adams have no fear of the law, -he would avoid all misunderstanding by calling it -“Adams’s ale.” It may be objected that the position -of the apostrophe makes the matter sufficiently clear -without the additional <i>s</i>. Yes,—to the eye; but to -the ear the propriety of the additional <i>s</i> becomes -very apparent. “Jacob’s pillow” and “Jacobs’s pillow” -may be of very different materials. But, to avoid too -much sibilation, we read “for conscience’ <span class="spwdspb">sake,” “for</span> -goodness’ sake,” etc.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">The apostrophe, with <i>s</i> subjoined, -is used to denote the plural of letters and -figures.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“The discipline which is imposed by proving that some <i>x</i>’s are -some <i>y</i>’s, and that other <i>x</i>’s are all <i>y</i>’s, will enable you to -pulverize any hot‐headed deacon who may hereafter attempt to prove -that you had better be looking out for another pastorate.”—<i>Ad -Clerum.</i></p> - -<p>“This 7 differs from the other 7’s.” <span -class="xxpn" id="p095">{p95}</span></p></div> - -<p>The apostrophe may be used in denoting the plural -whenever its use will assist in avoiding obscurity.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“The children called loudly for their pa’s and ma’s.”</p></div> - -<p>For convenient reference we append a series of -rules and examples, which, we think, will be found -useful by teachers and scholars, and our friends of -the press.</p></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p096"> -<h3 class="h3a">RULES OF PUNCTUATION.</h3> - -<h4>I. PERIOD, OR FULL POINT.</h4> - -<p>1. The period is used at the end of every complete -sentence which is not interrogative or exclamatory.</p> - -<p>2. Sentences interrogative and exclamatory in -form, sometimes take the period.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Will you call at my office, say on Tuesday next, or whenever -you happen to be in town, and much oblige—</p> -<div>Yours truly,</div> -<div class="psignature"><span class="smcap">J<b>OHN</b></span> -<span class="smcap">S<b>MITH</b>.</span></div> - -<p class="padtopc">How much better it is, considering -the saving of distance to the pupils, that two small -schoolhouses should be built, rather than one large -one.</p></div><!--section--> - -<p>3. The period is put after initials when used -alone; also after abbreviations.</p> - -<div class="dblockquota"><ul> -<li>J. Q. Adams.</li> -<li>Supt. of R. R.</li> -<li>A. M.</li> -</ul></div> - -<p>4. Place a period before decimals, and between -pounds and shillings.</p> - -<div class="dblockquota"><ul> -<li>The French meter is 3.2808992 feet.</li> -<li>£24. 6<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i></li> -<li>5.75 miles.</li></ul> -</div><!--dblockquota--> - -<p>5. A period should always be put after roman -numerals, except when used in the paging of prefaces, -etc.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>George III. came to the throne in 1760.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BSERVATION</b></span> 1. -In many modern works the period is omitted; <span -class="nowrap">as,—</span></p> - -<p>William I made a mistake.</p> - -<p class="pcontinue">There being no comma after -“William,” it is supposed to be obvious that the -mistake was made by William the First. The insertion -or omission of the period is becoming wholly a -matter of printing-office style.</p></div> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p097"> -<h4>II. COLON.</h4> - -<p>6. A colon is put at the end of a clause complete -in sense, when something follows which tends to -make the sense fuller or clearer. (<i>See</i> Rules 9 -and 13.)</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> <p>There is yet another -sphere for the electric motor to fill: that of street -railway propulsion.—<i>N. A. Review; April, 1888.</i></p> - -<p>In free states no man should take up arms, but with -a view to defend his country and its laws: he puts off -the citizen when he enters the camp; but it is because -he is a citizen, and would continue to be so, that he -makes himself for a while a soldier.—<i>Blackstone’s -Commentaries, Book I., Ch. 13.</i></p></div> - -<p>7. The last of several clauses that introduce a -concluding remark or sentiment should be followed -by a colon, if the preceding clauses have been punctuated -with semicolons.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>A pickpocket in every car; a cheat at every station; every -third switch on the road misplaced; the danger of being hurled -from the track, and then burned alive: these considerations -prevent my traveling on the railroad of which you speak.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 2. In -examples like the above, a very common and perhaps -better method is to put a comma and dash in place -of the colon. The colon is neater, but more -old-fashioned. (See second example under Rule 10.)</p></div> - -<p>8. The colon is commonly used whenever an example, -a quotation, or a speech is introduced.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The Scriptures give us an amiable representation of the -Deity in these words: “God is love.”</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 3. Modern writers, instead of the colon, mostly use the -semicolon, dash, or period. Our first example, under Rule 9,—with -a colon substituted for the semicolon,—might with propriety -have been placed under Rule 6. We prefer the -semicolon, however; <span class="xxpn" id="p098">{p98}</span> -and if the word <i>for</i> were inserted in the example mentioned, the -colon would be inadmissible:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Let there be no strife between theology and science; for there -need be none.”</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>In reprinting old works, the colon should be carefully retained, -as essential to a clear understanding of them.</p> - -<p>The colon is generally placed after <i>as follows</i>, <i>the following</i>, <i>in -these words</i>, <i>thus</i>, or any other word or phrase which formally -introduces something; and when the matter introduced forms a -distinct paragraph, the colon may or may not be followed by a -dash, as the style of the author or office may require.</p></div> - -<h4>III. SEMICOLON.</h4> - -<p>9. When two or more clauses of a sentence are -not so closely connected as to admit the use of a -comma, a semicolon is used.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Let there be no strife between theology and science; there -need be none.</p> - -<p>Wisdom hath builded her house; she hath hewn out her -seven pillars; she hath killed her beasts; she hath mingled -her wine; she hath also furnished her table.</p></div> - -<p>10. When a number of particulars depend on an -introductory or a final clause, such particulars may -be separated from each other by a semicolon.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>There are three difficulties in authorship: to write anything -worth the publishing; to get honest men to publish it; and to -get sensible men to read it.</p> - -<p>To present a general view of the whole Vedic literature; to -define its extent; to divide it into well-distinguished classes of -writings; to portray the circumstances of their origin, and the -stage of cultural development which they represent; and to -explain the method of their preservation and transmission to -us,—were some of the objects which -Müller had in view. <span class="xxpn" id="p099">{p99}</span></p></div> - -<p>11. Loosely connected clauses of a sentence should -be separated by semicolons, if those clauses or any of -them are subdivided by commas.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>As the rays of the sun, notwithstanding their velocity, injure -not the eye by reason of their minuteness; so the attacks of -envy, notwithstanding their number, ought not to wound our -virtue by reason of their insignificance.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 4. In the -first sentence of the following example, a comma -between the clauses is sufficient, because there are -no points in the clauses; but the second sentence may -serve to illustrate Rules 11 and 12:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>As there are some faults that have been termed faults on the -right side, so there are some errors that might be denominated -errors on the safe side. Thus, we seldom regret having been too -mild, too cautious, or too humble; but we often repent having been -too violent, too precipitate, or too proud.</p></div> - -<p>12. When two clauses not closely dependent on -each other, are connected by <i>but</i>, <i>for</i>, <i>and</i>, or some -similar connective, they are separated by a semicolon.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>I will not be revenged, and this I owe to my enemy; but I -will remember, and this I owe to myself.</p> - -<p>A wise minister would rather preserve peace than gain a -victory; because he knows that even the most successful war -leaves nations generally more poor, always more profligate, -than it found them.</p> - -<p>Ingratitude in a superior is very often nothing more than -the refusal of some unreasonable request; and if the patron -does too little, it is not unfrequently because the dependent -expects too much.</p></div> - -<p>13. Phrases are often set off by a semicolon, viz.:</p> - -<p><i>a.</i> Explanatory phrases.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>There remain to us moderns, only two roads to success; -discovery and conquest.</p></div> - -<p><i>b.</i> Participial and adjective phrases. <span -class="xxpn" id="p100">{p100}</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>I have first considered whether it be worth while to say anything -at all, before I have taken any trouble to say it well; -knowing that words are but air, and that both are capable of -much condensation.</p> - -<p>These roads are what all roads should be; suitable for light -carriages, and for heavy-laden wagons.</p></div> - -<p><i>c.</i> Any phrase, especially if elliptical, or if divisible -into smaller portions by commas.</p> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>(<span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 5. In -speaking or in writing, we “almost always leave out -some of the words which are necessary to a full -expression of our meaning. This leaving out is called -the ellipsis.”)</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>John Milton; born Dec. 9, 1608; completed Paradise Lost, -1665; died Nov. 10, 1674.</p></div> - -<h4>IV. COMMA.</h4> - -<p>14. Repeated words or expressions; three or more -serial terms; two unconnected serial terms,—are -separated from each other by the comma.</p> - -<p><i>a.</i> Repeated words or expressions.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Shut, shut the door.</p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp06">I, I, I, I itself, I,</div> -<div class="dpp00">The inside and outside, the what and the why,</div> -<div class="dpp00">The when and the where, and the low and the high,</div> -<div class="dpp06">All I, I, I, I itself, I.</div> -</div></div> - -<p>Give me back, give me back the wild freshness of morning.</p> -</div> - -<p><i>b.</i> Three or more serial terms.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Shakspeare, Butler, and Bacon have rendered it extremely -difficult for all who come after them to be sublime, witty, or -profound.</p> - -<p>The firm of Smith, Longman, Jones, Llewellyn, & Co.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>But some printers, while observing the above rule -in general, except the names of firms and railroad -companies; which, in their publications, appear as -follows: <span class="xxpn" id="p101">{p101}</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The firm of Longman, Jones, Llewellyn & Co.</p> - -<p>The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé R. R. Co.</p></div> - -<p><i>c.</i> Two unconnected serial terms.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>He had a keen, ready wit.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 6. The -second example under <i>a</i> (“The inside and outside, the -what and the why,”) furnishes an illustration of the -mode of punctuating terms joined in pairs.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 7. Style -sometimes requires the omission of the comma before -<i>and</i>, <i>or</i>, <i>nor</i>, when one of these connectives -precedes the last term of a series: as “Shakspeare, -Butler and Bacon have rendered it extremely difficult -for all who come after them to be sublime, witty or -profound.” But when the words are all in the same -predicament, the comma should be inserted; e. g.,—if -you wish to state that three certain persons are wise, -you would point thus:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -“Thomas, Richard, and John are wise.” -</div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p class="pcontinue">But if Richard and John are the -Solons, and you wish to inform Thomas of that fact, -you would point thus:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -“Thomas, Richard and John are wise.” -</div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>So, in the first example under <i>b</i>, if it is desired to qualify the -three adjectives by the phrase “in the highest degree,” the comma -after <i>witty</i> must stand: “in the highest degree sublime, witty, or -profound.” But if that phrase is intended to apply to <i>sublime</i> -only, the pointing should be thus: “in the highest degree sublime, -witty or profound.”</p></div> - -<p>15. Phrases, clauses, and words, inverted, or otherwise -not in their natural position, generally require -to be set off by a comma.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Into this illustrious society, my friend was joyfully received.</p> - -<p>When we quarrel with ourselves, we are sure to be losers.</p> - -<p>To satisfy you on that point, I will make a short argument.</p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">He, like the world, his ready visits pays,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Where fortune smiles.</div> -</div></div> - -<p>Roe, <span class="spwdspa">Richard. Doe,</span> John.</p> -</div><!--dblockquot--> - -<div class="dobsn" id="p102"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 8. The -exceptions to this rule are numerous. If the first and -last words of a passage are related (<i>for him</i> the -summer wind <i>murmured</i>); if the inverted phrase be -brief, and can be read in close connection with what -follows (<i>in youth</i> we have little sympathy with the -misfortunes of age); or if the principal clause is -itself inverted (In the center of the common rises a -noble monument),—the comma is usually omitted.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 9. In long -lists of proper names, as Directories, etc., it is -usual to omit the comma, although the names are -transposed, and to print thus:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquota"><ul> -<li>Smith James W.</li> -<li>Thomson Theophilus.</li> -</ul></div> - -<p>16. When the principal sentence is broken to -receive an incidental or parenthetic expression, a -comma is placed at the break, and another at the -end of the inserted clause.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Rulers and magistrates should attempt to operate on the -minds of their respective subjects, if possible, by reward -rather than punishment.</p> - -<p>Some writers, in a vain attempt to be cutting and dry, give -us only that which is cut and dried.</p> - -<p>It is known to every physician, that, whatever lazy people -may say to the contrary, early rising tends to longevity.</p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Go, then, where, wrapt in fear and gloom,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Fond hearts and true are sighing.</div> -</div></div></div><!--dblockquot--> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 10. The -former comma is frequently omitted. Especially is -this the case when the previous part of the sentence -has required commas. Liberal pointing would omit the -comma after “where,” in the above example. And in the -following sentence, from General Marcy’s “Ramblings in -the West,” note the omission of the comma after “and,” -and from the parenthetic clause “it was believed”:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>This, with the destruction of our trains, consumed the greater -part of our winter supplies, and as they could not be replenished -from the Missouri River before the following June, General -Johnston, the commander, determined to send a detachment -directly over the mountains to New Mexico, from whence it was -believed supplies could be obtained earlier than -from farther east. <span class="xxpn" id="p103">{p103}</span></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Notice, also, the omission of the comma after “and” and -“but,” in the following paragraphs:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>He left college; and forsaken by his friends, he -took refuge with the parliament party.—<i>Marsh, Eccl. -Hist.</i></p> - -<p>The written law is sufficient to decide this case; -but inasmuch as the irregularity in question is a -fertile source of disputes, the case has been deemed -worthy of insertion.—<i>Cavendish.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>(The most common parenthetic expressions are <i>at -least</i>, <i>at most</i>, <i>accordingly</i>, <i>as it were</i>, -<i>beyond question</i>, <i>consequently</i>, <i>doubtless</i>, -<i>furthermore</i>, <i>generally speaking</i>, <i>in the mean -time</i>, <i>on the other hand</i>, etc.)</p></div> - -<p>17. Words or phrases expressing contrast, or emphatically -distinguished, and terms having a common -relation to some other term that follows them, require -the comma.</p> - -<p><i>a.</i> Contrast or notable difference.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>His style is correct, yet familiar.</p> - -<p>I asked for money, not advice.</p> - -<p>’Twas fat, not fate, by which Napoleon fell.</p> - -<p>Although Prince Hohenlohe was far more specific in pointing -out what ought to be avoided than in showing what ought -to be done, yet there could be no mistaking the course which -the government was intending to pursue.</p> - -<p>They are charitable, not to benefit the poor, but to court the -rich.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 11. Two -contrasted words having a common dependence, and -connected by <i>but</i>, <i>though</i>, <i>yet</i>, or <i>as well as</i>, -should not be separated; as, There are springs of -clear but brackish water.</p></div> - -<p><i>b.</i> Terms having a common relation to a succeeding -term.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Ordered, That the Committee on Banking be, and -they hereby are, instructed to report a bill. <span -class="xxpn" id="p104">{p104}</span></p> - -<p>That officer was not in opposition to, but in close alliance -with, thieves.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 12. Some -proof-readers, however, omit the second comma, when -but a single word follows the latter proposition; as, -“Many states were in alliance <i>with</i>, and under the -protection <i>of</i> Rome.” The better method is to insert -the point. “[Bonner was] an accomplished Italian, and -probably also a Spanish, scholar.”—<i>Froude.</i></p></div> - -<p>18. Correlative terms, or expressions having a -reciprocal relation, are separated by a comma.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The farther we look back into those distant periods, all the -objects seem to become more obscure.</p> - -<p>The more a man has, the more he wants.</p> - -<p>As he that knows how to put proper words in proper places -evinces the truest knowledge of books, so he that knows how -to put fit persons in fit stations evinces the truest knowledge -of men.</p> - -<p>It is not so difficult a task to plant new truths, as to root out -old errors.</p> - -<p>Where MacDonald sits, there is the head of the table.</p> - -<p>Cincinnatus and Washington were greater in their retirement, -than Cæsar and Napoleon at the summit of their ambition; -since it requires less magnanimity to win the conquest, -than to refuse the spoil.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 13. -Sometimes when <i>that</i>, and generally when <i>as</i> -or <i>than</i>, <i>so that</i> or <i>such that</i> is used, the -connection is too close to admit the comma.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Cromwell’s enemies say that he always fought with more sincerity -than he prayed.</p> - -<p>Your house is larger than mine.</p> - -<p>Paper is not so good as gold.</p> - -<p>The old gentleman is so infirm that he can scarcely move.</p> - -<p>He told such a story that we were -all deceived by it. <span class="xxpn" -id="p105">{p105}</span></p></div> - -<p>19. Words used in direct address, and independent -and absolute words, with what belongs to them, are -separated from the rest of the sentence by commas.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p><i>Q.</i> You say, Mr. Witness, that you were present?</p> - -<p><i>A.</i> Yes, sir.</p> - -<p>Flow gently, sweet Afton, among thy green braes.</p> - -<p>My son, give me thy heart.</p> - -<p>At length, having fought the good fight, he left the world -in peace.</p> - -<p>To confess the truth, I was in fault.</p> - -<p>Richard Roe, his father being dead, succeeded to the estate.</p> - -<p>Silence having been obtained, the speaker went on with his -remarks.</p></div> - -<p>20. The clauses of a compound sentence may be -separated by a comma when the connection is too -close for the semicolon.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The winds roared in the woods, and the torrents tumbled -from the hills.</p> - -<p>Hasten to your homes, and there teach your children to -detest the deeds of tyranny.</p> - -<p>It has, by some grammarians, been given as a rule, to use -a comma to set off every part of a compound sentence, which -part has in it a verb not in the infinitive mode.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 14. A -dependent clause should be separated by a comma, -unless closely connected.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>It argues a defect of method, when an author is obliged to -write notes upon his own works.</p> - -<p>Unless we hurry to the beach, the tide will overtake us.</p> - -<p>Whatever reception the present age may give this work, we rest -satisfied with our endeavors to deserve a kind one.</p> - -<p>When the Tartars make a Lama, their first care is to place him -in a dark corner of the temple.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> <p><span -class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 15. If a clause -beginning with <i>as</i>, <i>because</i>, <i>if</i>, <i>wherever</i>, -<i>how</i>, <i>lest</i>, <i>than</i>, <i>that</i>, <i>when</i>, <i>where</i>, -<i>whether</i>, <i>while</i>, <i>why</i>, or any <span class="xxpn" -id="p106">{p106}</span> adverb of time, place, or -manner, follows a clause with which it is closely -connected in sense, it is not set off by a comma: “He -went away when the boat <span class="spwdspb">left.” -“We</span> love him because he first loved <span -class="spwdspb">us.” “He</span> will pay if he is <span -class="spwdspb">able.” “Tell</span> me whether you will -return.”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 16. -An infinitive phrase closely connected with -what it modifies, should not be set off by a -comma; as, “We use language to express our <span -class="spwdspb">thoughts.” “Nouns</span> do not vary -their endings to denote certain cases.” But if the -infinitive phrase is preceded by <i>in order</i>, or if -it is remote from what it modifies, it should be set -off by a comma. “He collected a great many young elms -from various parts of England, to adorn his <span -class="spwdspb">grounds.” “If</span> dissimulation -is ever to be pardoned, it is that which men have -recourse to, in order to obtain situations which will -enlarge their sphere of general usefulness.”</p></div> - -<p>21. A word or phrase used in apposition, to explicate -or illustrate a previous word or phrase, should -be set off by commas; but if the words in apposition -constitute a single phrase or a proper name, they -should not be separated.</p> - -<p><i>a.</i> Comma required.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Johnson, that mighty Caliban of literature, is held up to -view in the pages of Boswell.</p> - -<p>The alligator, or cayman, is found in the Orinoco.</p> - -<p>Paul, the apostle of the Gentiles, was eminent for his zeal -and knowledge.</p></div> - -<p>If the position of the terms in apposition is reversed, -commas are required.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The apostle of the Gentiles, Paul, was eminent for his zeal -and knowledge.</p> - -<p>That old last century poet, Crowley, sings thus.</p></div> - -<p><i>b.</i> Comma not required.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Johnson the lexicographer completed his dictionary in seven -years. <span class="xxpn" id="p107">{p107}</span></p> - -<p>We the undersigned agree to pay the sums set against our -names respectively.</p> - -<p>Jeremy the prophet commanded them that were carried -away to take of the fire, as it hath been signified.</p> - -<p>I Paul have written it with mine own hand.</p> - -<p>The poet Chaucer lived in the reign of Richard II.</p> - -<p>Sir John Walpole understood two grand secrets of state: -the power of principal, and the weakness of principle.</p></div> - -<p>22. A simple sentence usually requires no point -except the period at the end of it.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Count Bismarck has preserved a pleasant intimacy with his -old preceptor.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 17. When the -subject is a clause ending with a verb, or with a noun -that might be mistaken for the nominative, a comma -should be inserted before the predicate.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>That winter campaigns are undertaken, shows a desire to kill -the Indians.</p> - -<p>Captain Smith’s obedience to orders, issued in his promotion.</p> - -<p>Every year that is added to the age of the world, serves to -lengthen the thread of its history.</p> - -<p>He that gives a portion of his time and talent to the investigation -of mathematical truth, will come to all other questions with -a decided advantage over his opponents.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>In the following sentence, a comma after “them” might not -be improper (for we once heard a reader place a pause after -“attacked”),—but we shall not attack one of General Sherman’s -sentences, lest we “get the worst of it.”</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>During this campaign hundreds if not thousands of miles -of similar intrenchments were built by both armies, and as a -rule whichever party attacked one of them got the worst of -it.—<i>Memoirs Gen. W. T. Sherman.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 18. Whether -a comma should be inserted after the verb <i>to be</i>, -when that verb is followed by an infinitive clause -which might by transposition be made the nominative, -is a question on which the best authorities -differ.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p><i>First Method.</i>—The highest art of the mind of man -is to possess itself with tranquillity in the hour of -danger. <span class="xxpn" id="p108">{p108}</span></p> - -<p><i>Second Method.</i>—The highest art of the mind of man -is, to possess itself with tranquillity in the hour of -danger.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>We are of opinion that usage is in favor of the omission of the -comma, as in the following examples:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The proposed object of the Union Dictionary is to comprehend -at once all that is truly useful in Johnson, Sheridan, and Walker.—<i>Thomas -Browne.</i></p> - -<p>The grandest of all conditions is to be at once healthy and wise -and good.—<i>D’Arcy Thompson.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 19. When the -subject is an infinitive phrase, the better method is -not to separate it; as, “To be totally indifferent -to praise or censure is a real defect in character.” -Still there is excellent authority for inserting a -comma, thus: “To be totally indifferent to praise or -censure, is a real defect in character.” In sentences -of this kind we advise the proof-reader to omit the -comma unless the author is uniform in the insertion of -it.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 20. Some -grammarians set off by a comma the predicate, when -it refers to separated nominatives preceding it; as, -“The benches, chairs, and tables, were thrown down.” -And, again, we find this example given: “Veracity, -justice, and charity, are essential virtues.” So, in -the ordinances of the City of Boston, “if any person -or persons shall roast any cocoa,” without having -complied with certain conditions, “he, she, or they, -shall forfeit and pay for every such offense,” etc.,—a -comma appearing after <i>they</i>, although a conjunction -precedes it. But the weight of authority is against -separating the last noun or pronoun of such compound -subject from the verb when the conjunction is used. -The last quotation, above given, should read, “he, -she, or they shall forfeit,” etc.</p> -</div> - -<p>23. A comma should be placed before or after a -word or phrase, to associate it with the group to -which it belongs, if, without the comma, the sentence -would be equivocal; and generally, a comma may be -inserted wherever its use will prevent ambiguity.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>This man, only cared to lay up money.</p> - -<p>This man only, cared to lay up money.</p> - -<p>Whoever lives opprobriously, must perish.</p> - -<p>The first maxim among philosophers is, that merit only, -makes distinction. <span class="xxpn" id="p109">{p109}</span></p> - -<p>The delight which I found in reading Pliny, first inspired -me with the idea of a work of this nature.—<i>Goldsmith.</i></p> - -<p>My communication was offered and refused.</p> - -<p>My communication was offered, and refused on account of -its length.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 21. We -recently met with this last sentence, pointed as -follows: “My communication was offered and refused, on -account of its length”; but it is not easy to see why -the length of a communication should be assigned as -the reason for having offered it.</p> -</div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Every favor a man receives in some measure sinks him below -his dignity.”—<i>Goldsmith.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 22. A comma -should have been placed after <i>receives</i>.</p></div> - -<p>24. No comma is put between two words or phrases -in apposition, following the verbs <i>think</i>, <i>name</i>, <i>make</i>, -<i>consider</i>, and others of a similar meaning.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>They made him their ruler.</p> - -<p>They called him captain.</p> - -<p>They saluted him king.</p> - -<p>I esteem you my friend.</p> - -<p>Believing him an honest man, we elected him treasurer.</p> - -<p>We constituted our Secretary a depositary of German books.</p> - -<p>I consider him a gentleman.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 23. Of the -terms in apposition, one is the subject, and the other -the predicate, of <i>to be</i>, understood (“They made him -<i>to be</i> their ruler”). The rule might, therefore, be -worded thus: When, of two terms in apposition, one is -predicated of the other, no comma is required.</p> -</div> - -<p>25. In a compound sentence, the comma is often -inserted where a verb is omitted.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>In literature, our taste will be discovered by that which we -give; our judgment, by that which we withhold.</p> - -<p>Wit consists in finding out resemblances; judgment, in discerning -differences. <span class="xxpn" id="p110">{p110}</span></p> - -<p>In the pursuit of intellectual pleasure lies every virtue; of -sensual, every vice.</p> - -<p>Sheridan once observed of a certain speech, that all its facts -were invention, and all its wit, memory.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 24. But -sometimes the comma is not inserted: especially when -the style is lively; when the clauses have a common -relation to something that follows; or when they are -connected by a conjunction.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Could Johnson have had less prejudice, Addison more profundity, -or Dryden more time, they would have been well qualified for -the arduous office of a critic.</p> - -<p>The Germans do not appear so vivacious, nor the Turks so -energetic, as to afford triumphant demonstrations in behalf of the -sacred weed.</p> - -<p>The boat was tight, the day fine, the bait tempting, and the -fishes hungry.</p></div> - -<p>26. A short quotation, a remarkable expression, or -a short observation somewhat in manner of a quotation, -is set off by the comma.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Plutarch calls lying, the vice of slaves.</p> - -<p>It hurts a man’s pride to say, I do not know.</p> - -<p>Cicero observed to a degenerate patrician, “I am the first -of my family, but you are the last of yours.”</p> - -<p>An upright minister asks, what recommends a man; a corrupt -minister, who.</p> - -<p>There is an old poet who has said, “No deity is absent, if -prudence is with thee.”</p> - -<p>They tell me here, that people frequent the theater to be -instructed as well as amused.</p> - -<p>The old proverb, “Too much freedery breeds despise,” is -now rendered, “Familiarity breeds contempt.”</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"><p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 25. When -the introductory clause is short, the comma may be -omitted; as “Charles Fox said that restorations are -the most bloody of all revolutions.”—“Madame de Staël -admits that she discovered, as she grew old, the men -could not find out that wit in her at fifty, which -she possessed at twenty-five.” <span class="xxpn" -id="p111">{p111}</span></p></div> - -<p>27. Numbers are divided by the comma into -periods of three figures each.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The distance of the sun from the earth is usually stated at -95,000,000 miles.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 26. In a -number expressing the year of an era, the comma is -not used; as, July 4, 1876. In tabular work it is -very neat and convenient to omit the comma, as in the -following example:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The number of letters in 1600 lbs. of Pica is as follows:</p></div> - -<div class="dtablebox"> -<table summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">a</td> - <td class="tdright">17000 </td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">b</td> - <td class="tdright">3200 </td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">c</td> - <td class="tdright">6000 </td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">d</td> - <td class="tdright">8800 </td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">e</td> - <td class="tdright">24000,</td> - <td class="tdleft">etc.</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 27. In -some offices the style requires all numbers less -than 1,000 to be expressed in words; 1,000 and -upwards in figures. Some printers insert the comma -before hundreds, only when five figures or more -occur.</p></div> - -<p>28. Restrictive phrases or clauses are not set off -by the comma.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>He reviewed such regiments <i>as were armed with Enfield -rifles</i>.</p> - -<p>They flatter the vanities of those <i>with whom they have to do</i>.</p> - -<p>Attend to the remarks <i>which the preacher is about to make</i>.</p> - -<p>Bishop Watson most feelingly regrets the valuable time <i>he -was obliged to squander away</i>.</p> - -<p>A false concord in words may be pardoned in him <i>who has -produced a true concord</i> between such momentous things <i>as the -purest faith and the profoundest reason</i>.</p> - -<p>“He is known by his company” is a proverb <i>that does not -invariably apply</i>.</p> - -<p>Cattle <i>which live in herds</i>, are subject to -various diseases. <span class="xxpn" id="p112">{p112}</span></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 28. -Adjective elements which are simply descriptive, and -not restrictive, should be set off by commas; thus:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Cattle, which live in herds, are subject to various diseases.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The first verse of the fourteenth chapter of Job, in the King -James Bible, reads:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Man that is born of a woman is of few days, and full of trouble.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The Douay Bible reads:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Man born of a woman, living for a short time, is filled with -many miseries.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The Protestant Episcopal Burial Service points correctly:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Man, that is born of a woman, hath but a short time to live, -and is full of misery.</p></div> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h4>V. THE NOTE OF INTERROGATION.</h4> - -<p>29. The note of Interrogation is placed at the end -of a direct question.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Can gold gain friendship?</p> - -<p>Is that the best answer you can give to the -fourteenth cross-interrogatory?</p> - -<p>Is any among you afflicted?</p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Oh, lives there, Heaven, beneath thy dread expanse,</div> -<div class="dpp00">One hopeless, dark idolater of Chance?</div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 29. When -several distinct questions occur in succession, the -practice of some writers is to separate them by commas -or semicolons, placing the question-mark at the close -only; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>“Where was Lane then; what was his situation?”—<i>Trial of -Selfridge.</i></p> - -<p>“Am I Dromio, am I your man, am I myself?”</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>This we regard as incorrect. Each several question should have -the interrogation point.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p><i>Dro. S.</i> Do you know me, sir? am I Dromio? am I your -man? am I myself? <span class="xxpn" id="p113">{p113}</span></p> - -<p><i>Rosalind.</i> What did he when thou saw’st him? What said -he? How looked he? Wherein went he? What makes he here? -Did he ask for me? Where remains he? How parted he with -thee? and when shalt thou see him again?</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 30. -If several questions in one sentence are joined -by connectives, each question takes the note of -interrogation. “Have I not all their letters to meet -me in arms by the ninth of the next month? and are -they not, some of them, set forward already?”</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 31. When -a sentence contains several interrogative clauses, -having a common relation to, or dependence on, one -term, a single interrogation point is sufficient.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp01">“Was I, <i>for this</i>, nigh wrecked upon the sea;</div> -<div class="dpp00">And twice by awkward wind from England’s bank</div> -<div class="dpp00">Drove back again unto my native clime?”</div> -</div></div> - -<p>“By sensational preaching do you mean an incoherent raving -about things in general and nothing in particular; a perversion of -every text; an insult of common sense; a recital of anecdotes -which are untrue, and a use of illustrations which are unmeaning?”</p> - -<p>Who will count the value to a man to be raised one remove -higher above the brute creation; to be able to look with the eye of -intelligence, instead of vacant ignorance, upon the world in which -he lives; to penetrate as far as mortals may into the mystery of -his own existence, and to be made capable of enjoying the rational -delights of that existence; to be protected by his knowledge from -every species of quackery, fanaticism, and imposture; and to know -how to estimate and use the gifts which a beneficent Creator has -spread around him?—<i>Prof. L. Stevens, Girard Coll.</i></p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">“What can preserve <i>my life</i>, or -what destroy?”</div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">N<b>OTE.</b></span>—An -assertion stating a question does not take the -interrogation point; as, “The question is, what lenses -have the greatest magnifying power.”</p></div> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h4>VI. THE NOTE OE EXCLAMATION.</h4> - -<p>30. The note of Exclamation is applied to expressions -of sudden or violent emotion; such as surprise, -grief, joy, love, hatred, etc.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">O piteous spectacle! O noble Cæsar! -O woful day!</div></div></div> - -<p>An old lady one day importuning Mahomet -to know what <span class="xxpn" id="p114">{p114}</span> -she ought to do, in order to gain Paradise,—“My good lady,” -answered the Prophet, “old women never get there.”—“What! -never get to Paradise!” returned the matron in -a fury. “Never!” says he, “for they grow young by the -way!”</p> - -<p>Why was this heart of mine formed with so much sensibility! -or why was not my fortune adapted to its impulse! Poor -houseless creatures! The world will give you reproaches, but -will not give you relief.</p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Ah! well of old the Psalmist prayed</div> -<div class="dpp00">“Thy hand, not man’s, on me be laid!”</div> -<div class="dpp00">Earth frowns below, Heaven weeps above,</div> -<div class="dpp00">And man is hate, but God is love!</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>31. The exclamation point is used in invocations.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Father of all! in every age adored.</div> -</div></div> - -<p>Gentle spirit of sweetest humor who erst did sit upon the -easy pen of my beloved Cervantes!</p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Oh, my brothers! oh, my sisters!</div> -<div class="dpp01">Would to God that ye were near!</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>32. Several exclamation points are sometimes used -together, to express ridicule, or to intensify surprise, -etc.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Malherbe observed, that a good poet was of no more -service to the church or the state, than a good player -at <i>ninepins</i>!!</p></div> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h4>VII. THE DASH.</h4> - -<p>33. The Dash is used where a sentence breaks off -abruptly.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p><span class="spwdspb"><i>Charles.</i> You</span> must invent some ingenious subterfuge—some—some -kind <span class="nowrap">of—</span></p> - -<p><span class="spwdspb"><i>Project.</i> I</span> understand; not a <i>suggestio falsi</i>, but a mild <i>suppressio -veri</i>. <span class="xxpn" id="p115">{p115}</span></p> - -<p><span class="spwdspb"><i>Charles.</i> Oh,</span> is that what you call it? There is a shorter -<span class="nowrap">word—</span></p> - -<p><span class="spwdspb"><i>Project.</i> There</span> is; -but it is not professional.</p> - -<p>I shall divide the subject into fifteen heads, and then I shall -argue thus—but, not to give you and myself the spleen, be -contented at present with an Indian tale.</p></div> - -<p>34. The dash is used before and after a parenthetic -clause, when not closely enough connected to -admit the comma.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>But it remains—and the thought is not without its comforting -significance, however hardly it may bear on individual -cases—that no bestowal of bounty, no cultivation of the amenities -of life, . . . can wipe out the remembrance of even -doubtful loyalty in the day of trial.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 32. If -a parenthetic clause is inserted where a comma is -required in the principal sentence, a comma should -be placed before each of the dashes inclosing such -clause. (<i>See</i> last paragraph on p. -<a href="#p090" title="to page 90">90</a>).</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>I should like to undertake the Stonyshire side of that estate,—it’s -in a dismal condition,—and set improvements on foot.</p></div> - -<p>35. Several clauses having a common dependence, -are separated by a comma and a dash from the clause -on which they depend.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>To think that we have mastered the whole problem of -existence; that we have discovered the secret of creation; that -we have solved the problem of evil, and abolished mystery -from nature and religion and life,—leads naturally to a precipitation -of action, a summary dealing with evils, etc. (<i>See</i> -Example and Obs. under Rule 7.)</p></div> - -<p>36. The dash is used with the comma, the semicolon, -and the colon, which it lengthens, or renders -more emphatic. <span class="xxpn" id="p116">{p116}</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>We read of “merry England”;—when England was not -merry, things were not going well with it. We hear of “the -glory of hospitality,” England’s pre-eminent boast,—by the -rules of which all tables, from the table of the twenty-shilling -freeholder to the table in the baron’s hall and abbey refectory, -were open at the dinner-hour to all comers.—<i>Froude.</i></p> - -<p><i>Matricaria</i>, <span class="spwdspa"><i>n.</i> A</span> -genus of plants, including the feverfew, or wild -camomile;—so called from the supposed value of some -species as remedies for certain disorders.—<i>Webster’s -Dictionary.</i></p> - -<p>They did it without being at all influenced by the Anabaptists -of the continent:—the examples of some of these had -rather kept them together.—<i>D’Aubigne.</i></p></div> - -<p>37. When words are too closely connected to -admit a strictly grammatical point, the dash is -used to denote a pause.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp12">My hopes and fears</div> -<div class="dpp02">Start up alarmed, and o’er life’s narrow verge</div> -<div class="dpp02">Look down—on what? A fathomless abyss.</div> -</div></div> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">The king of France, with twice ten thousand men,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Marched up the hill, and then—marched down again.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>38. When a word or phrase is repeated emphatically, -or <i>echoed</i>, it is preceded by the dash.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The immediate question is upon the rejection of the President’s -message. It has been moved to reject it,—to reject it, -not after it was considered, but before it was considered!</p> - -<p>The world continues to attach a peculiar -significance to certain names,—a significance which -at once recurs to one on hearing the isolated name -unapplied to any individual.</p></div> - -<p>39. An equivalent expression, or an idea repeated -in different words, is properly set off by the comma -and dash. <span class="xxpn" id="p117">{p117}</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>These are detached thoughts,—memoranda for future use.</p> - -<p>Wolsey’s return to power was discussed openly as a probability,—a -result which Anne Boleyn never ceased to fear.</p> - -<p>There are three kinds of power,—wealth, strength, and -talent.</p> - -<p>The value of our actions will be confirmed and established -by those two sure and sateless destroyers of all other things,—Time -and Death.</p> - -<p>The present time has one advantage over every other,—it -is our own.</p> - -<p>Those who submit to encroachments to-day are only preparing -for themselves greater evils for to-morrow,—humiliation -or resistance.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 33. In a -portion of the examples under this rule, the dash -appears to supply the place of <i>viz.</i>, or <i>namely</i>.</p></div> - -<p>40. A dash placed between two numbers indicates -that the natural series between those numbers is -understood.</p> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>BS.</b></span> 34. If a -writer refer to “pp. 90, 95,” he means those two pages -only; but if he cite “pp. 90–95,” the reference is to -pages 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, and 95.—In dates of the same -century, the figures denoting the century are omitted -in the second number: “He has the Farmer’s Almanac for -1810–70,—sixty-one years.” (It will be observed, that, -under this rule, the short or <i>en</i> dash is used.)</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The style of the Government Printing Office, Washington, requires -an apostrophe to denote the elision of the centuries; as -1889–’90.</p></div> - -<p>41. An Ellipsis of letters is denoted by a dash.</p> - -<div class="dblockquota"> -<ul> -<li>Ex-President J—ns—n.</li> -<li>King F—der—ck W——m.</li> -</ul></div> - -<p>42. When a sentence is abrupted (1) to form a -heading, or (2) for a signature, or (3) -to admit a <span class="xxpn" id="p118">{p118}</span> -new paragraph, or for other purposes, a dash is used -at the break; as:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>From the preceding tables we are now able to formulate in -concise language <span class="nowrap">the—</span></p> - -<div><span class="smcap">G<b>RAND</b></span> -<span class="smcap">R<b>ESULT.</b></span></div> - -<p>1. The number of employees . . . is at -least 1,250,000.—<i>Mass. Labor Report.</i></p> - -<p>It is useless for you to dissemble in the presence -<span class="nowrap">of—</span></p> - -<div>Yours, etc.</div> -<p class="psignature"><span -class="smcap">J<b>OHN</b></span> <span -class="smcap">S<b>MITH</b>.</span></p> - -<p>The greatest cowards in our regiment were the -greatest rascals in it. There was Sergeant Kumber and -<span class="nowrap">Ensign—</span></p> - -<p>We’ll talk of them, said my father, another -time.—<i>Sterne.</i></p></div> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h4>VIII. VARIOUS MARKS USED IN WRITING AND -PRINTING.</h4> - -<p>The Hyphen is used to denote the division of a<br /> -word into syllables; as, <i>in-ter-dict</i>: it is placed at the<br /> -end of a line (usually at the close of a syllable),<br /> -when a word is not finished: and it connects the<br /> -parts of a compound word; as, “At Cambridge,<br /> -Cecil was present at the terrible and <i>never-to-be-for-<br />gotten</i> -battle between Cheke and Gardiner on the<br /> -pronunciation of the Greek epsilon, which convulsed<br /> -the academic world.” (<i>See</i> p. -<a href="#p084" title="to page 84">84</a>, <i>et seq.</i>)</p> - -<p>The Apostrophe is used to abbreviate a word; as, -<i>’tis</i> for <i>it is</i>, <i>tho’</i> for <i>though</i>, <i>don’t</i> for -<i>do not</i>. It denotes the possessive case; as, “John’s -<span class="spwdspb">hat,” “three</span> years’ -<span class="spwdspb">service,” “one</span> hour’s -<span class="spwdspb">work,” “two</span> days’ <span -class="spwdspb">notice,” “Smith</span> & Co.’s -<span class="spwdspb">shops,” “Brook’s</span> <span -class="spwdspb">book,” “Brooks’s</span> book.” It -appears in names; as, O’Brien; M’[Mac]Mahon. <span -class="xxpn" id="p119">{p119}</span></p> - -<p>In French, no space is put after an apostrophe -denoting elision; as, “d’or”: in Italian, a space is -inserted, as, “n’ arrivi.”</p> - -<p class="padtopc">A turned comma sometimes denotes -the <i>ac</i> in <i>Mac</i>; as, <span class="nowrap"><i>M<img -class="iglyphc" src="images/u02bb.png" width="17" -height="82" alt="ʻ" />Donough</i>.</span></p> - -<p class="padtopc">Two commas (usually turned) are often used instead -of <i>do.</i> (<i>ditto</i>).</p> - -<div class="dblockquota ffmono"> -<ul> -<li>Carving knives</li> -<li>Pocket    <img class="iglyphc" src="images/u02bb.png" - width="17" height="82" alt="ʻ" /><img class="iglyphc" src="images/u02bb.png" - width="17" height="82" alt="ʻ" /></li> -<li>Case      <img class="iglyphc" src="images/u02bb.png" - width="17" height="82" alt="ʻ" /><img class="iglyphc" src="images/u02bb.png" - width="17" height="82" alt="ʻ" /></li> -</ul> - -<ul> -<li>Book of History.</li> -<li> ,,  ,, Chemistry.</li> -<li> ,,  ,, Algebra.</li></ul> -</div> - -<p>Quotation marks [“ ” or -<span class="nowrap"><img class="iglyphc" src="images/u201f.png" - width="31" height="80" alt="‟" /> ”]</span> are used to include -a copied passage. If the copied passage itself contains -a quotation, the latter is denoted by single -marks [‘ ’ or -<span class="nowrap"><img class="iglyphc" src="images/u201b.png" - width="18" height="80" alt="‛" /> ’];</span> -as, “My father said in banter, -‘James, the notes are not correct.’ The farmer -dryly answered, ‘I dinna ken what they may be <i>noo</i>; -but they were a’ richt afore ye had your fingers in -amang ’em.’”</p> - -<p class="padtopc">In some publications a little labor is saved by using -single marks for the principal quotations, and double -if there happen to be inserted ones; as in a recent -novel by Mrs. Humphrey Ward:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>‘To plunge into the Christian period without having first -cleared the mind as to what is meant in history and literature -by “the critical method” which in history may be defined,’ etc.</p></div> - -<p>The same neat style is used in Max Müller’s -Translation of Kant:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>What Kant felt in his heart of hearts we know from some -remarks found after his death among his -papers. ‘It is <span class="xxpn" id="p120">{p120}</span> -dishonorable,’ he writes, ‘to retract or deny one’s real convictions, -but silence in a case like my own, is the duty of a subject; -and though all we say must be true, it is not our duty to declare -publicly all that is true.’—<i>Preface.</i></p></div> - -<p class="padtopc">Brackets are used to inclose words omitted by a -writer or copyist; as, “Were you [on the] deck of -the steamer at the [time] of the collision?” (In the -Holy Scriptures, supplied words are put in italics: -“Because <i>they sought it</i> not by faith, but, as it were, -by the works of the law.”) Explanations inserted -in text are usually inclosed in brackets; as in the -following instance, from “The Life of Dr. Goldsmith”: -“You see, my dear Dan, how long I have -been talking about myself. [<i>Some mention of private -family affairs is here omitted.</i>] My dear sir, these -things give me real uneasiness,” etc.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Marks of Parenthesis are used to inclose a sentence, -or part of a sentence, which is inserted in another -sentence: “One Sunday morning, when her daughter -(afterwards Lady Elton) went into the kitchen, she -was surprised to find a new jack (recently ordered, -and which was constructed on the principle of going -constantly without winding up) wholly paralyzed -and useless.”</p> - -<p class="padtopc">The Index -<span class="nowrap">[<img class="iglyphc" src="images/u261e.png" - width="74" height="82" alt="☞" />]</span> -is used to draw attention to -some particular passage. Sometimes an Asterism -<span class="nowrap">[<img class="iglyphc" src="images/u2042.png" - width="59" height="80" alt="⁂" />]</span> -is used for the same purpose. Where there -are many footnotes on a page, the Index is a proper -reference mark. <span class="xxpn" id="p121">{p121}</span></p> - -<p class="padtopc">The Caret <span class="nowrap"> -[<img class="iglyphc" src="images/caret-large.png" - width="87" height="95" alt="‸" />]</span> -is used in writing, -to denote the point where an interlineation is -to be inserted. It is sometimes used in printing -when the exact character of a manuscript is to be -represented,—as in “exhibits” in law work.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">The Brace [<img class="iglypha" -src="images/p121braceh.png" width="197" height="98" -alt="curly bracket, horizontal" />] is used to connect -a number of words with one common term; and sometimes -in poetry, to connect three lines which rhyme -together:</p> - -<div class="dblockquota"> -<table summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Moore’s Works,</td> -<td class="tdright" rowspan="3"><img class="iglyphb" - src="images/p121bracev.png" width="63" height="267" - alt="curly bracket, large" /></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Saurin’s Sermons,</td> - <td class="tdleft">$1.75 each.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Lewis’s Plays,</td></tr> -</table> - -<table class="padtopc" summary=""> -<tr> -<td class="tdleft">Injustice, swift, erect, and -unconfined,</td> -<td class="tdright" rowspan="3"><img class="iglyphb" - src="images/p121bracev.png" width="63" height="267" - alt="curly bracket, large" /></td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdleft">Sweeps the wide earth, and tramples - o’er mankind,</td></tr> -<tr> -<td class="tdleft">While prayers, to heal her wrongs, -move slow behind.</td></tr> -</table> -</div> - -<p class="padtopc">Marks of Ellipsis or Omission are the dash; as, -“Col. Sm—h”: or asterisks; as, “Col. Sm**h”: -or, neatest of all, points; as, “Col. Sm . . h.”</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Leaders are dots which lead the eye from something -on the left of the page, to some connected -matter on the right:</p> - -<div class="dblockquota ffmono"> -<ul> -<li>Globe Insurance -Co. . . . . . London, -Eng.</li> -<li>Mutual Life In. -Co. . . . . . Hartford, -Conn.</li></ul></div> - -<p class="padtopc">Accents are the Grave [`], the Acute [´], and -the Circumflex [<sup>^</sup>]: è is read by the copy-holder -<i>grave e</i>; é, <i>acute e</i>; ê, <i>circumflex e</i>.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Marks of Quantity are the Long, as over <i>o</i> in -“shōw”; the Short, or Breve, as over <i>o</i> in “nŏt”; -and the Diæresis, which denotes that -the latter of <span class="xxpn" id="p122">{p122}</span> -two vowels is not in the same syllable as the former; -as, <span class="spwdspb">“zoölogy,” “Antinoüs.”</span></p> - -<p class="padtopc">The Cedilla is a curve line -under the letter <i>c</i>, to denote that it has the -sound of <i>s</i>; as in <span class="spwdspb">“garçon,” -“façade.”</span> It appears in words from the -French language. Worcester uses it also to denote -the soft sounds of <i>g</i>, <i>s</i>, and <i>x</i>; as in <span -class="spwdspb">“mişle,” -<span class="nowrap">“e<img class="iglyphc" src="images/u0078u0327.png" - width="38" height="82" alt="x̧" />aģģerate.”</span></span> -Webster uses it only to denote the soft sound -of <i>c</i>, as in “min-çing-ly.” We remark here, by -the way, that in dividing such words as <span -class="spwdspb">“bra-cing,” “min-cing,”</span> -“convin-cing,” etc., the <i>c</i> should be carried over, -thereby preserving its proper sound. For a similar -reason divide <span class="spwdspb">“enga-ging,” -“ra-ging,”</span> etc., on the <i>a</i>. Whether -“ma-gis-trate” should follow this rule is a matter of -style. There are offices which so divide it, while -others divide on the <i>g</i>. We prefer to syllable the -word as we have written it,—on the <i>a</i>.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">The Spanish ñ has the sound of <i>n</i> in <i>onion</i>; as, -<span class="spwdspb">“Señor,” “cañon.”</span></p> - -<p class="padtopc">Umlaut (pron. ōōmlowt), as defined by Webster, -is the change or modification of a vowel sound, peculiar -to the Germanic languages; as in German, <i>Mann</i>, -man, <i>Männer</i> or <i>Maenner</i>, men. The name <i>Roelker</i> -may also be written <i>Rölker</i>.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">¶ denotes the beginning of a -paragraph, as may be noticed in the Sacred Scriptures. -In proof-reading and in manuscript, it is used to -denote where a paragraph or break should be made. -<span class="xxpn" id="p123">{p123}</span></p> - -<p class="padtopc">§ denotes a section; §§, sections; as, Gen. Stat., -Chap. IX., § 19, and Chap. X., §§ 20 and 21.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">Reference to notes at the bottom -of the page (commonly termed footnotes) is usually -made by the asterisk, *, the obelisk, or dagger, †; -the double obelisk, or double dagger, ‡; the section, -§; the parallels, -<span class="nowrap"><img class="iglyphc" src="images/u2016.png" - width="18" height="80" alt="‖" />;</span> -the paragraph, ¶; and the index, -<span class="nowrap"><img class="iglyphc" src="images/u261e.png" - width="74" height="82" alt="☞" />;</span>—but -a neater mode is to use superiors; as, <sup>1, -2, 3,</sup> or <sup>a, b, c,</sup> commencing with -<sup>1</sup> or <sup>a</sup> on each page where notes -occur.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">In concluding our chapter on punctuation, we -venture to say to our friends at the case, that, in our -opinion, no system of pointing can be of uniform and -universal application. Men differ as much in style -of writing as in personal appearance, and we might -as well expect the same robe to fit all forms, as that -one set of rules shall nicely apply to the endless -diversities of diction.</p> - -<p>Other things being equal however, he who has paid -most attention to rule will punctuate with the nearest -approximation to correctness. With a clear understanding -of an author’s meaning, the compositor -seldom need go far astray; and if, having done his -best, he finds any passage hopelessly involved, or the -meaning too subtile to be grasped, he has one safe -resource,—and that is, to <span class="smmaj">FOLLOW</span> -<span class="smmaj">THE</span> -<span class="smmaj">COPY</span> closely -and mechanically. Could he have for reference a -few pages preceding a doubtful passage, the whole -matter might become perfectly clear; but, as that is -out of the question, those pages -being scattered as <span class="xxpn" id="p124">{p124}</span> -“takes” in other hands, let the compositor adopt the -safe course,—FOLLOW COPY,—resting assured -that no person whose opinion he need value, could -possibly think of finding fault with him for leaving -responsibility where -it properly belongs.</p></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p125"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER VI. -<span class="hsmall">ORTHOGRAPHY.</span></h2> - -<p class="pfirst">Webster defines Orthography as “the art of -writing words with the proper letters, according to -common usage”; Worcester, as “the art or the -mode of spelling words.” They agree in this: that -there are some words—two or three thousand, perhaps—whose -orthography common usage has not -settled. Prefixed to either Dictionary is a list showing -in double column the most prevalent methods of -spelling words of doubtful orthography; thus:</p> - -<div class="dblockquota"> -<table summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdlefta">Abettor</td> - <td class="tdleft">Abetter</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlefta">Escalade</td> - <td class="tdleft">Scalade</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdlefta">Germane</td> - <td class="tdleft">Germain, German</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The first column in the Webster List “presents -the orthography recognized in the body of [the] -Dictionary as the preferable one, or that in general -use.” But “when in this list the word in the first -column is followed by <i>or</i>, as ‘Abatis, <i>or</i> Abattis,’ it is -implied that the second form is nearly, often quite, in -as good use as the first.” When the word in the -first column differs in meaning from that in the -second, the word in the first is followed by <i>and</i>, as -‘Lunet, <i>and Lunette</i>,’ both words being in use, but -applied to different things. <span class="xxpn" id="p126">{p126}</span></p> - -<p>The orthography in the first column of the Worcester -List “is deemed to be well authorized, and in -most cases preferable; but with respect to the authority -of that in the right-hand column, there is a great -diversity. Both orthographies of some of the words -are right, the words being differently spelled when -used in different senses”; as, “Draught, <i>or</i> <span class="spwdspb">Draft,” -“Subtle,</span> <i>or</i> Subtile,” etc. Sometimes <i>and</i> is used as -the connective; as, “Canvas, <i>and</i> Canvass.” But -these double arrangements are of almost no service -to the proof-reader or compositor,—for the interchangeable -words cannot <i>both</i> be inserted in his work. -If he could use the various spellings, it would save -the trouble of weighing authorities: we should then -have such sentences as these:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The hostler <i>or</i> ostler inveigled <i>or</i> enveigled -the horses into the stockade <i>or</i> stoccade. Meanwhile -the infantry landed at the jettee <i>or</i> jetty <i>or</i> -jetta <i>or</i> jutty, and at once constructed an abatis -<i>or</i> abattis <i>or</i> abbatis, as it behooved <i>or</i> behoved -them.</p></div> - -<p>Of these various correct spellings, <i>one</i> must be -selected to the exclusion of the rest. But there -being no common usage, no academy to instruct, and -the copy not being uniform, who or what is to guide -the printers and proof-readers in making the selection? -“For the last eighty years [or more], printers -have exercised a general control over English orthography,”—and -we, to carry the general control a little -farther, propose to set forth for general use one list -from Webster’s first column, exhibiting only <i>one</i> -single correct spelling, to be used where the Webster -style prevails; and a similar -list from Worcester’s <span class="xxpn" id="p127">{p127}</span> -first column, to be used where the Worcester style has -the precedence. Would there were a <i>Smithsonian -Bureau of the English Language</i>, to render <i>two</i> lists -unnecessary; and to give <i>one</i> style to Government -work,—a style which should have the approval of -Congress, and to which all printing done by or for -the various Departments of the United States Government -should be conformed.</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3>THE WEBSTER LIST.</h3> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p class="pfirst">[From the column which, he says, “presents the -orthography recognized in the body of this Dictionary -(Wb. Unabridged) as the preferable one, or that in -general use.” But since he places in his first column -various spellings of the same words,—e. g. under <i>A</i>, -<i>Ædile</i>; under <i>E</i>, <i>Edile</i>,—we have, in accordance -with our plan, omitted that spelling which we have -observed to be neglected by readers who profess to -follow Webster. We have inserted in brackets some -words from the second column which have a different -signification from their congeners in the first; also -in brackets, some words from the defining columns, and -such remarks and explanations as may be of service to -printers and others.]</p></div> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">A. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Abatis</li> - -<li>Abettor -<span class="spdictnote">[One who abets another to -commit a crime.]</span></li> - -<li>Abreuvoir</li> - -<li>Abridgment</li> - -<li>[Accessary -<span class="spdictnote">As used in law.]</span></li> - -<li>Accessory -<span class="spdictnote">[“In its other senses” (than -in law); as, “the accessories of a picture.”]</span></li> - -<li>Account, -ant, etc.</li> - -<li>Accouter, etc.</li> - -<li>Acetimeter</li> - -<li>Ache</li> - -<li>Achieve</li> - -<li>Acknowledgment</li> - -<li>Addible</li> - -<li>Adipocere</li> - -<li>Admittable</li> - -<li>Adopter (<i>Chem.</i>)</li> - -<li>Adulterer, -ess</li> - -<li>Adz</li> - -<li>Ægis</li> - -<li>Æolian</li> - -<li>Aghast</li> - -<li>Agriculturist</li> - -<li>Aid-de-camp</li> - -<li>Ajutage</li> - -<li>Alcaid</li> - -<li>Alchemy</li> - -<li>Alcoran</li> - -<li>Alkahest</li> - -<li>Allege</li> - -<li>Alleluia -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Halleluiah</i> or <i>Hallelujah</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Alloy</li> - -<li>Alum</li> - -<li>Almanac</li> - -<li>Ambassador</li> - -<li>Ambergris</li> - -<li>Ambs-ace</li> - -<li>Amend, -ment</li> - -<li>Amice</li> - -<li>Ammoniuret</li> - -<li>Amortize, -ment</li> - -<li>Amphitheater</li> - -<li>Anapest</li> - -<li>Ancient, -ly</li> - -<li>Andiron</li> - -<li>Angiotomy</li> - -<li>Ankle</li> - -<li>Annotto</li> - -<li>Antechamber</li> - -<li>Anterior</li> - -<li>Anti-emetic</li> - -<li>Antihypnotic</li> - -<li>Apostasy</li> - -<li>Aposteme -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Imposthume</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Apothegm</li> - -<li>Appall</li> - -<li>Appallment</li> - -<li>[Appanage]</li> - -<li>Appareled, -ing</li> - -<li>Appraise, -ed, etc. <span class="xxpn" id="p128">{p128}</span></li> - -<li>Apprise (<i>to notify</i>)</li> - -<li>Apricot</li> - -<li>Arbitrament</li> - -<li>Arbor</li> - -<li>Archæology</li> - -<li>Ardor</li> - -<li>Argol</li> - -<li>Armor, -er, etc.</li> - -<li>Arquebuse</li> - -<li>Arrack</li> - -<li>Artisan</li> - -<li>Asafœtida</li> - -<li>Asbestus</li> - -<li>Ascendant</li> - -<li>Ascendency</li> - -<li>Askance</li> - -<li>Askant</li> - -<li>Assuage</li> - -<li>Atheneum -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Athenæum</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Aught</li> - -<li>Author, etc.</li> - -<li>Autocracy</li> - -<li>Autoptical</li> - -<li>Awkward</li> - -<li>Awm</li> - -<li>Ax</li> - -<li>Ay -<span class="spdictnote">[Expressing assent.]</span></li> - -<li>Aye -<span class="spdictnote">[An affirmative vote.]</span> -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">B. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Backshish</li> - -<li>Bade (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Baldric</li> - -<li>Balister</li> - -<li>Balk</li> - -<li>Baluster</li> - -<li>Bandana</li> - -<li>Bandoleer</li> - -<li>Banderole</li> - -<li>Banyan (<i>Bot.</i>)</li> - -<li>Bans -<span class="spdictnote">[Notice of proposed marriage.]</span></li> - -<li>Barbacan</li> - -<li>Barbecue</li> - -<li>Barberry</li> - -<li>Bark</li> - -<li>Barouche</li> - -<li>Barytone</li> - -<li>Basin</li> - -<li>Bass</li> - -<li>Bass-viol</li> - -<li>Bas-relief</li> - -<li>Bastinade</li> - -<li>Baton</li> - -<li>Bateau</li> - -<li>Battledoor</li> - -<li>Bauble</li> - -<li>Bazaar</li> - -<li>Befall</li> - -<li>Behavior</li> - -<li>Behoove</li> - -<li>Beldam</li> - -<li>Belligerent</li> - -<li>Benedict</li> - -<li>Benumb</li> - -<li>Bellfounder, -<span class="spdictnote">[And similar compounds.]</span></li> - -<li>Bequeath</li> - -<li>Bergamot</li> - -<li>Berth (<i>Nav.</i>)</li> - -<li>[Bestrown -<span class="spdictnote">p. p. of Bestrew.]</span></li> - -<li>Betel</li> - -<li>Beveled, -ing</li> - -<li>Bevile (<i>Her.</i>)</li> - -<li>Bezant</li> - -<li>Biasing, -ed, -es, etc.</li> - -<li>Bigoted</li> - -<li>Bilge</li> - -<li>Billiards</li> - -<li>Billingsgate</li> - -<li>Bin</li> - -<li>Binnacle</li> - -<li>Bister</li> - -<li>Blende (<i>Min.</i>)</li> - -<li>Blessed (<i>a.</i>)</li> - -<li>Blithesome, -ly, etc.</li> - -<li>Blomary</li> - -<li>Blouse</li> - -<li>Bodice</li> - -<li>Boil (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Bombazet</li> - -<li>Bombazine</li> - -<li>Bonnyclabber</li> - -<li>Bourgeois</li> - -<li>Bourse</li> - -<li>Bouse</li> - -<li>Bousy</li> - -<li>Boweled, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Bowlder</li> - -<li>Bowsprit</li> - -<li>Brahmin</li> - -<li>Brake (<i>Railways</i>)</li> - -<li>Brazen</li> - -<li>Brazier</li> - -<li>Brier</li> - -<li>Brooch</li> - -<li>Bryony</li> - -<li>Buccaneer</li> - -<li>Buddhism</li> - -<li>Buffet</li> - -<li>Buhrstone</li> - -<li>Bun</li> - -<li>Buncombe</li> - -<li>Bur -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Burr</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Burden, -some</li> - -<li>Burin</li> - -<li>Burned (<i>imp.</i>)</li> - -<li>Burganet</li> - -<li>But-end</li> - -<li>Butt</li> - -<li>Byzantine</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">C. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Caboose</li> - -<li>Cacique</li> - -<li>Caddice <span class="xxpn" id="p129">{p129}</span></li> - -<li>Cæsura</li> - -<li>Cag -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Keg</i> follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Caique</li> - -<li>Caisson</li> - -<li>Calash</li> - -<li>Caldron</li> - -<li>Calendar</li> - -<li>Calends</li> - -<li>Caliber</li> - -<li>Calipash</li> - -<li>Calipee</li> - -<li>Calipers</li> - -<li>Caliph</li> - -<li>Calk</li> - -<li>Calligraphy</li> - -<li>Caloyer</li> - -<li>Caltrap</li> - -<li>Calyx</li> - -<li>Camlet</li> - -<li>Camomile -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Chamomile</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Camphene</li> - -<li>Camphor</li> - -<li>Candor</li> - -<li>Canceled, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Cannel-coal</li> - -<li>Cannoneer</li> - -<li>Canny</li> - -<li>Cañon (<i>Sp.</i>)</li> - -<li>Canyon [<i>Eng.</i>] -<span class="spdictnote">[The Eng. form is the better if writing or printing English. -<i>Cañon</i> in an English book seems pedantic.]</span></li> - -<li>Cantaloup</li> - -<li>Cantalever</li> - -<li>Carbine</li> - -<li>Carbineer</li> - -<li>Carapace</li> - -<li>Carat</li> - -<li>Caravansary</li> - -<li>Carcass -<span class="spdictnote">[In the King James Bible, spelled <i>carcase</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Carnelian</li> - -<li>Caroled, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Cartography</li> - -<li>Cask (<i>a vessel</i>)</li> - -<li>Casque (<i>helmet</i>)</li> - -<li>Cassava</li> - -<li>Cassimere -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Kerseymere</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Caster -<span class="spdictnote">[One who casts; a cruet; a furniture-wheel.]</span></li> - -<li>Castor -<span class="spdictnote">[A genus of animals; a hat; a drug; a heavy cloth.]</span></li> - -<li>Catchup</li> - -<li>Catechise, -er</li> - -<li>Cauliflower</li> - -<li>Causeway</li> - -<li>Caviare</li> - -<li>Caviler, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Cayman</li> - -<li>Ceil -ing, -ed</li> - -<li>Center</li> - -<li>Centered</li> - -<li>Centimeter</li> - -<li>Centiped</li> - -<li>Ceroon</li> - -<li>Cess-pool</li> - -<li>Chalcedony</li> - -<li>Chameleon</li> - -<li>Chamois</li> - -<li>Champaign -<span class="spdictnote">[Flat, open country.]</span></li> - -<li>Champagne (<i>wine</i>)</li> - -<li>Champerty</li> - -<li>Channeled, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Chant, -er, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Chap -<span class="spdictnote">[Both Wb. and Wor. place -<i>chăp</i> in the first column, and <i>chop</i> in the second. -This preference of <i>chăp</i> to <i>chop</i> harmonizes -orthography and pronunciation in three <span class="spwdspb">instances: (1)</span> -when <i>chăp</i> is <i>v. t.</i>, signifying “to cleave or open -longitudinally, through the effect of heat, cold, -dryness, etc.; as, ‘Heat <i>chăps</i> the russet <span class="spwdspb">plain’”; -(2)</span> when <i>v. i.</i>, as “The hands <span class="spwdspb">chăp”; (3)</span> when <i>n.</i>, -as a cleft in the earth’s surface, or in the hands -or feet. <i>Chăp</i> (a youth) was never in doubt; while -<i>chaps</i> (the jaws) must continue to be pronounced with -the <i>a</i> as in <i>what</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Chase</li> - -<li>Check (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Checker, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Chemist</li> - -<li>Chemistry</li> - -<li>Cherif</li> - -<li>Chestnut</li> - -<li>Chevron</li> - -<li>Chilioliter</li> - -<li>Chiliometer</li> - -<li>Chine</li> - -<li>Chintz</li> - -<li>Chiseled, -ing</li> - -<li>Chock-full</li> - -<li>Choir</li> - -<li>Chorister</li> - -<li>Choke</li> - -<li>Choose</li> - -<li>Chore</li> - -<li>Cigar</li> - -<li>Cimeter</li> - -<li>Cipher</li> - -<li>Clamor, -ous, etc.</li> - -<li>Clangor</li> - -<li>Clarionet</li> - -<li>Clew</li> - -<li>Clinch</li> - -<li>Clinique</li> - -<li>Clinometer</li> - -<li>Cloak</li> - -<li>Clodpoll <span class="xxpn" id="p130">{p130}</span></li> - -<li>Clothe, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Clough</li> - -<li>Clyster</li> - -<li>Cockswain</li> - -<li>Cœliac</li> - -<li>Cognizor, -zee</li> - -<li>Coif</li> - -<li>Coiffure</li> - -<li>Colander</li> - -<li>Comb -<span class="spdictnote">[Unwatered part of valley, etc.]</span></li> - -<li>Comfrey</li> - -<li>Complete</li> - -<li>Complexion</li> - -<li>[Comptroller, -ship -<span class="spdictnote">There is an officer of the U. S. Government whose official title is -“Comptroller of the Currency.” The word appears in Wb. 2d column.]</span></li> - -<li>Confectionery</li> - -<li>Connection</li> - -<li>Contemporary</li> - -<li>Contra-dance</li> - -<li>Controller, -ship</li> - -<li>Control</li> - -<li>Cony</li> - -<li>Cooly</li> - -<li>Coomb (4 <i>bushels</i>)</li> - -<li>Copaiva</li> - -<li>Copier</li> - -<li>Copse</li> - -<li>Coquette (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Coranach</li> - -<li>Corbel</li> - -<li>Cosy</li> - -<li>Cot (<i>a hut</i>)</li> - -<li>Cot (<i>a bed</i>)</li> - -<li>Cotillon</li> - -<li>Councilor -<span class="spdictnote">[A member of a council.]</span></li> - -<li>Counselor -<span class="spdictnote">[One who gives counsel.]</span></li> - -<li>Count</li> - -<li>Courtesan</li> - -<li>Courtesy (<i>Law</i>)</li> - -<li>Cozen, -age</li> - -<li>Craunch</li> - -<li>Cray-fish</li> - -<li>Creak (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Creosote</li> - -<li>Critique</li> - -<li>Crosslet</li> - -<li>Cruet</li> - -<li>Croup -<span class="spdictnote">[Behind the saddle.]</span></li> - -<li>Crupper</li> - -<li>Cruse (<i>bottle</i>)</li> - -<li>Cucurbit</li> - -<li>Cudgeled, -er, -ing</li> - -<li>Cue -<span class="spdictnote">[Twist of back hair.]</span></li> - -<li>Cuerpo</li> - -<li>Cuneiform</li> - -<li>Curb (<i>of a well</i>)</li> - -<li>Cursed (<i>imperf.</i>)</li> - -<li>Curtal-ax</li> - -<li>Cutlass</li> - -<li>Cyclopedia</li> - -<li>Cymar</li> - -<li>Cyst</li> - -<li>Czar, -ina</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">D. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Dactyl</li> - -<li>Damasken</li> - -<li>Damson</li> - -<li>Dandruff</li> - -<li>Danegelt</li> - -<li>Debarkation</li> - -<li>Debonair, -ly, -ness</li> - -<li>Decrepit</li> - -<li>Defense, -less, etc.</li> - -<li>Deflection</li> - -<li>Deflour</li> - -<li>Delf</li> - -<li>Delphin</li> - -<li>Deltoid</li> - -<li>Demeanor</li> - -<li>Demesne (<i>Law</i>)</li> - -<li>Dentiroster</li> - -<li>Dependent</li> - -<li>Dependence</li> - -<li>Deposit</li> - -<li>Desert (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Deshabille</li> - -<li>Dessert</li> - -<li>Detecter</li> - -<li>Detortion</li> - -<li>Deuce</li> - -<li>Develop, -ment</li> - -<li>Dexterous -<span class="spdictnote">[But if written <i>Dextrous</i> follow copy, to avoid subsequent change.]</span></li> - -<li>Diæresis</li> - -<li>Diarrhea</li> - -<li>Diarrhetic</li> - -<li>Dike</li> - -<li>Diocese</li> - -<li>Disheveled, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Disk</li> - -<li>Dispatch, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Disseize, -in, -or</li> - -<li>Distention</li> - -<li>Distill</li> - -<li>Distrainor</li> - -<li>Diversely</li> - -<li>Divest, -ed, etc. -<span class="spdictnote">[But in <i>Law</i>, <i>Devest</i> is commonly used; in law work, follow -copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Docket</li> - -<li>Doctress</li> - -<li>Dolor, -ous</li> - -<li>Domicile</li> - -<li>Doomsday-book</li> - -<li>Dory</li> - -<li>Dormer-window</li> - -<li>Dote</li> - -<li>Dotage</li> - -<li>Doubloon</li> - -<li>Dowry</li> - -<li>Downfall <span class="xxpn" id="p131">{p131}</span></li> - -<li>Dram -<span class="spdictnote">[A weight; a minute quantity; a potation.]</span></li> - -<li>[Drachm -<span class="spdictnote">This word is in second column, connected to <i>Dram</i> by <i>and</i>. Its -meaning seems to be properly limited, however, to an ancient Greek -coin, and a Greek weight (Drachma).]</span></li> - -<li>Draff</li> - -<li>Draft -<span class="spdictnote">[1. The act of -drawing or pulling as by beasts of <span -class="spwdspb">burden. 2.</span> Drawing of men for -a military <span class="spwdspb">corps. 3.</span> -An order for payment of money; a bill of <span -class="spwdspb">exchange. 4.</span> An allowance in -<span class="spwdspb">weighing. 5.</span> A drawing -of lines for a plan; a figure described on paper; -delineation; sketch; plan delineated; an outline to be -filled in or completed for composition. In any other -sense than these five, use the original spelling, -<i>Draught</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>[Draught -<span class="spdictnote">(See <i>supra</i>.)]</span></li> - -<li>Dragoman</li> - -<li>Dribblet</li> - -<li>Drier</li> - -<li>Driveler, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Drought</li> - -<li>Dryly</li> - -<li>Duchy</li> - -<li>Duchess</li> - -<li>Dueler, -ing, -ist</li> - -<li>Dullness</li> - -<li>Dungeon</li> - -<li>Dunghill</li> - -<li>Duress</li> - -<li>Dye, etc. (<i>color</i>)</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">E. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Eavesdropper</li> - -<li>Eccentric, -al, etc.</li> - -<li>Economy</li> - -<li>Ecstasy</li> - -<li>Ecstatic</li> - -<li>Ecumenic, -al</li> - -<li>Edematous</li> - -<li>Edile, -ship</li> - -<li>Eloign, -ment</li> - -<li>Emarginate</li> - -<li>Embalm, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Embalmer, -ment</li> - -<li>Embank, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Embargo</li> - -<li>Embark, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Embarkation</li> - -<li>Embassy</li> - -<li>Embassage</li> - -<li>Embed, -ded, etc.</li> - -<li>Embezzle</li> - -<li>Emblaze</li> - -<li>Emblazon, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Embody, -ied, etc.</li> - -<li>Embolden, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Emborder, etc.</li> - -<li>Embosom -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Imbosom</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Emboss, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Embowel, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Emboweler, -ment</li> - -<li>Embower, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Embrace, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Embracer, -ment</li> - -<li>Embrasure</li> - -<li>Embrocation</li> - -<li>Embroil, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Emerods -<span class="spdictnote">[The Biblical spelling; in ordinary work, <i>Hemorrhoids</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Emir</li> - -<li>Empale, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Emperor</li> - -<li>Empoison</li> - -<li>Empower, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Emprise</li> - -<li>Empurple</li> - -<li>Emu</li> - -<li>Enameled, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Enamor, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Encage, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Encamp, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Enchant</li> - -<li>Enchiseled, -ing</li> - -<li>Encloister</li> - -<li>Encounter, etc.</li> - -<li>Encroach, etc.</li> - -<li>Encumber, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Encyclopedia</li> - -<li>Endear</li> - -<li>Endeavor, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Endow, etc.</li> - -<li>Endue</li> - -<li>Endure, -ance</li> - -<li>Enforce, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Engage, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Engender</li> - -<li>Engorge, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Engross</li> - -<li>Enhance</li> - -<li>Enigma</li> - -<li>Enjoin, etc.</li> - -<li>Enkindle, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Enlarge, etc.</li> - -<li>Enlist</li> - -<li>Enroll</li> - -<li>Enrollment</li> - -<li>Enshrine</li> - -<li>Enshroud</li> - -<li>Ensphere</li> - -<li>Enstamp</li> - -<li>Entail (<i>Arch.</i>)</li> - -<li>Entangle, etc.</li> - -<li>Enterprise</li> - -<li>Enthrone, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Entire, -ly, etc.</li> - -<li>Entitle, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Entrance, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Entrap, -ped, etc.</li> - -<li>Entreat, -ed, etc. <span class="xxpn" id="p132">{p132}</span></li> - -<li>Entreaty</li> - -<li>Entresol</li> - -<li>Entwine, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Envelop (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Envelope (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Envelopment</li> - -<li>Envenom</li> - -<li>Eolipile</li> - -<li>Epaulet</li> - -<li>Epauleted, -ing</li> - -<li>Equaled, -ing</li> - -<li>Equiangular</li> - -<li>Equivoque</li> - -<li>Era</li> - -<li>Error, etc.</li> - -<li>Escalade</li> - -<li>Escapement</li> - -<li>Escarp (<i>Fort.</i>) -<span class="spdictnote">[But if written <i>Scarp</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Eschalot</li> - -<li>Escheat</li> - -<li>Escritoire</li> - -<li>Escutcheon</li> - -<li>Estafet</li> - -<li>Esthetics</li> - -<li>Estoppel</li> - -<li>Estrich</li> - -<li>Etiology</li> - -<li>Étui -<span class="spdictnote">[A French word, anglicized as <i>Etwee</i>; follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Exactor</li> - -<li>Expense</li> - -<li>Exsiccate, -ed, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Exsiccation</li> - -<li>Exsuccous</li> - -<li>Exudation</li> - -<li>Exude, etc.</li> - -<li>Eyrie -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">F. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Fæces</li> - -<li>Fagot, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Fairy</li> - -<li>Fakir</li> - -<li>Falchion</li> - -<li>Falcon, -er, -ry</li> - -<li>Fantasy</li> - -<li>Fantastic</li> - -<li>Farthingale</li> - -<li>Fattener</li> - -<li>Favor, -er, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Fecal</li> - -<li>Fecula</li> - -<li>Feldspar</li> - -<li>Felly</li> - -<li>Feoffor</li> - -<li>Fervor</li> - -<li>Fetal</li> - -<li>Feticide</li> - -<li>Fetor</li> - -<li>Fetus</li> - -<li>Feud, -al, -atory</li> - -<li>Feudalize, -ism</li> - -<li>Fie</li> - -<li>Filbert</li> - -<li>Filibuster</li> - -<li>Filigree</li> - -<li>Fillibeg -<span class="spdictnote">[But if written <i>Filibeg</i> or <i>Phillibeg</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Finery (<i>a forge</i>)</li> - -<li>Firman</li> - -<li>Fishgig</li> - -<li>Fives [<i>Veterinary</i>]</li> - -<li>Flageolet</li> - -<li>Flavor, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Flier</li> - -<li>Floatage (<i>Law</i>)</li> - -<li>Flotsam</li> - -<li>Flour (<i>of grain</i>)</li> - -<li>Flower-de-luce -<span class="spdictnote">[If French is wanted,—<i>Fleur-de-lis</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Fluke (<i>Naut.</i>)</li> - -<li>Fluke (<i>Zoöl.</i>)</li> - -<li>Fogy</li> - -<li>Font (<i>Typog.</i>)</li> - -<li>Forbade</li> - -<li>Foray</li> - -<li>Fosse</li> - -<li>Foundery -<span class="spdictnote">[Very few writers so spell: if written <i>Foundry</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Franc (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Frantic</li> - -<li>Frenzy</li> - -<li>Frieze (<i>Arch.</i>)</li> - -<li>Frouzy</li> - -<li>Frumenty</li> - -<li>Frustum</li> - -<li>Fueled, -ing</li> - -<li>Fulfill, -ment</li> - -<li>Fullness</li> - -<li>Further</li> - -<li>[Farther -<span class="spdictnote">When space or time is indicated.]</span></li> - -<li>Furtherance</li> - -<li>Furthermore</li> - -<li>Furthest</li> - -<li>[Farthest -<span class="spdictnote">When space or time is indicated.]</span></li> - -<li>Fuse (<i>n.</i>) -<span class="spdictnote">[In U. S. Govt. work <i>Fuze</i> is the common usage, to distinguish it -from the verb to <i>Fuse</i>. Follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Fusil (<i>gun</i>)</li> - -<li>Fusileer -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">G. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Gabardine</li> - -<li>Galiot</li> - -<li>Garish</li> - -<li>Gallias -<span class="spdictnote">[So spelled in the first column; but in the defining columns of the -Dictionary, the <i>s</i> is doubled. Follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Gamboled, -ing</li> - -<li>Gamut <span class="xxpn" id="p133">{p133}</span></li> - -<li>Gang (<i>Min.</i>) -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Gangue</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Gantlet -<span class="spdictnote">[A military punishment.]</span></li> - -<li>Gasteropod</li> - -<li>Gargoyle (<i>Arch.</i>)</li> - -<li>Gauge</li> - -<li>Gault</li> - -<li>Gauntlet -<span class="spdictnote">[A large glove of mail.]</span></li> - -<li>Gayety</li> - -<li>Gayly</li> - -<li>Gazelle</li> - -<li>Genet</li> - -<li>Gerfalcon</li> - -<li>Germane</li> - -<li>Germ</li> - -<li>Ghibelline</li> - -<li>Gibe</li> - -<li>Gimbals</li> - -<li>Gimlet</li> - -<li>Girasole</li> - -<li>Girt (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>[Girth (<i>n.</i>)]</li> - -<li>Glair</li> - -<li>Glamour</li> - -<li>Glave</li> - -<li>Gloze</li> - -<li>Gnarled</li> - -<li>Gore</li> - -<li>Good-by</li> - -<li>Good-humor</li> - -<li>Gormand</li> - -<li>Governor</li> - -<li>Graft, -ed</li> - -<li>Grandam</li> - -<li>Granddaughter</li> - -<li>Granite</li> - -<li>Graveled, -ing -<span class="spdictnote">[The <i>l</i> in graveling should not be doubled.]</span></li> - -<li>Gray, -ish, etc.</li> - -<li>Grenade</li> - -<li>Grenadier</li> - -<li>Greyhound</li> - -<li>Grewsome</li> - -<li>Griffin</li> - -<li>Grisly -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Grizzly</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Groats</li> - -<li>Grogram</li> - -<li>Grommet</li> - -<li>Grotesque, -ly</li> - -<li>Groundsel</li> - -<li>Groveler, -ing</li> - -<li>Group (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Guaranty -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Guarantee</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Guelder-rose</li> - -<li>Guelf -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Guelph</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Guerrilla</li> - -<li>Guilder (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Guillotine</li> - -<li>Gulf</li> - -<li>Gunwale</li> - -<li>Gurnard</li> - -<li>Gypsy</li> - -<li>Gyrfalcon</li> - -<li>Gyves -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">H. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Hackle</li> - -<li>Hagbut</li> - -<li>Haggard</li> - -<li>Haggess</li> - -<li>Ha-ha</li> - -<li>Haik</li> - -<li>Hake</li> - -<li>Halberd</li> - -<li>Halibut</li> - -<li>Hallelujah -<span class="spdictnote">[But if written <i>Alleluia</i>, or <i>Halleluiah</i>, follow copy, to avoid -“correcting.”]</span></li> - -<li>Halloo</li> - -<li>Halidom</li> - -<li>Halyard</li> - -<li>Handicraft</li> - -<li>Handiwork</li> - -<li>Handsome</li> - -<li>Handsel</li> - -<li>Handseled</li> - -<li>Harbor, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Harebell</li> - -<li>Harebrained</li> - -<li>Harem</li> - -<li>Haricot</li> - -<li>Harrier</li> - -<li>Harry</li> - -<li>Haslet</li> - -<li>Hasheesh</li> - -<li>Hatti-sherif</li> - -<li>Haulm</li> - -<li>Haul</li> - -<li>Haunch</li> - -<li>Hautboy</li> - -<li>Hawser</li> - -<li>Headache</li> - -<li>Hearse</li> - -<li>Hectoliter</li> - -<li>Hectometer</li> - -<li>Hegira</li> - -<li>Height, -en, etc.</li> - -<li>Heinous, -ly, -ness</li> - -<li>Hematite</li> - -<li>Hematology</li> - -<li>Hemistich</li> - -<li>Hemorrhoids</li> - -<li>Heretoch</li> - -<li>Hermit, -age</li> - -<li>Herpetology</li> - -<li>Hexahedron</li> - -<li>Hibernate</li> - -<li>Hiccough</li> - -<li>Hinderance -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Hindrance</i>, follow copy. <i>See</i> remark under <i>Foundery</i>, -<i>in loco</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Hindoo, -ism</li> - -<li>Hip (<i>Pom.</i>)</li> - -<li>Hipped-roof <span class="xxpn" id="p134">{p134}</span></li> - -<li>Hippogriff</li> - -<li>Hippocras</li> - -<li>Ho</li> - -<li>Hoarhound</li> - -<li>Hockey</li> - -<li>Hodge-podge</li> - -<li>Hoiden, -ish</li> - -<li>Holiday -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Holyday</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Hollo</li> - -<li>Holster</li> - -<li>Hominy</li> - -<li>Homeopathy</li> - -<li>Homonym</li> - -<li>Honeyed</li> - -<li>Honor, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Hoop (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Hoopoe</li> - -<li>Hornblende</li> - -<li>Horror</li> - -<li>Hostelry</li> - -<li>Hostler</li> - -<li>Hough</li> - -<li>Housewife</li> - -<li>Howdah</li> - -<li>Howlet</li> - -<li>Hummock</li> - -<li>Humor</li> - -<li>Hurra</li> - -<li>Hydrangea</li> - -<li>Hypæthral</li> - -<li>Hyperstene</li> - -<li>Hypotenuse</li> - -<li>Hyssop</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">I. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Icicle</li> - -<li>Illness</li> - -<li>Imbibe</li> - -<li>Imbitter</li> - -<li>Imbrue</li> - -<li>Imbue, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Immarginate</li> - -<li>Impanel, -ed, -ing -<span class="spdictnote">[Wb. has also <i>Empaneled</i>, <i>-ing</i>, etc., in his first column under -<i>E</i>. One way is enough; but to avoid changes in author’s proof, -compositor had better follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Imparlance</li> - -<li>Impassion</li> - -<li>Impeach</li> - -<li>Imperiled</li> - -<li>Implead</li> - -<li>Imposthume -<span class="spdictnote">[See <i>Aposteme</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Impoverish</li> - -<li>Imprint</li> - -<li>Incase</li> - -<li>Inclasp</li> - -<li>Inclose, -ure, etc.</li> - -<li>Increase</li> - -<li>Incrust</li> - -<li>Incumbrance -<span class="spdictnote">[But Wb. prefers <i>Encumber</i> for the verb.]</span></li> - -<li>Indefeasible</li> - -<li>Indelible</li> - -<li>Indict (<i>Law</i>)</li> - -<li>Indictment</li> - -<li>Indite, -er</li> - -<li>Indocile</li> - -<li>Indoctrinate</li> - -<li>Indorse, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Indorser, -ment</li> - -<li>Induce, -ment</li> - -<li>Inferior</li> - -<li>Inferable</li> - -<li>Inflection</li> - -<li>Infold</li> - -<li>Infoliate</li> - -<li>Ingraft, -er, -ment</li> - -<li>Ingrain</li> - -<li>Ingulf</li> - -<li>Inkle</li> - -<li>Innuendo</li> - -<li>Inquire, -er, -y, etc.</li> - -<li>Inscribe</li> - -<li>Inscroll</li> - -<li>Insnare</li> - -<li>Install</li> - -<li>Installment</li> - -<li>Instate</li> - -<li>Instill</li> - -<li>Instructor</li> - -<li>Insure, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Insurer, -ance</li> - -<li>Intenable</li> - -<li>Intercessor</li> - -<li>Interior</li> - -<li>Inthrall</li> - -<li>Intrench</li> - -<li>Intrust</li> - -<li>Inure</li> - -<li>Inurement</li> - -<li>Inveigle</li> - -<li>Inventor</li> - -<li>Inwheel</li> - -<li>Inwrap</li> - -<li>Inwreathe</li> - -<li>Isocheimal</li> - -<li>Ixolite</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">J. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Jacobin</li> - -<li>Jaconet</li> - -<li>Jail, -er, etc.</li> - -<li>Jalap</li> - -<li>Jam (<i>Min.</i>)</li> - -<li>Janizary</li> - -<li>Jasmine</li> - -<li>Jaunt, -y, -ily</li> - -<li>Jean</li> - -<li>Jenneting</li> - -<li>Jeremiad</li> - -<li>Jetsam</li> - -<li>Jetty</li> - -<li>Jeweled</li> - -<li>Jewelry</li> - -<li>Jointress</li> - -<li>Jonquil</li> - -<li>Jostle</li> - -<li>Jowl <span class="xxpn" id="p135">{p135}</span></li> - -<li>Judgment</li> - -<li>Jupon</li> - -<li>Just -<span class="spdictnote">[A mock encounter on horseback.]</span></li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">K. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Kaffer</li> - -<li>Kale</li> - -<li>Kayle</li> - -<li>Keelhaul</li> - -<li>Keelson</li> - -<li>Keg</li> - -<li>Kenneled, -ing</li> - -<li>Khan</li> - -<li>Kiln (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Kilogram</li> - -<li>Kiloliter</li> - -<li>Kilometer</li> - -<li>Knob</li> - -<li>Koran</li> - -<li>Kyanite</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">L. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Labeled, -ing</li> - -<li>Labor, -ed, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Lachrymal</li> - -<li>Lac (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Lackey</li> - -<li>Lacquer (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Lacquer, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Lagoon</li> - -<li>Lambdoidal</li> - -<li>Landau</li> - -<li>Landscape</li> - -<li>Lantern</li> - -<li>Lanyard</li> - -<li>Lapsided</li> - -<li>Larum</li> - -<li>Launch</li> - -<li>Leaven</li> - -<li>Lecher, -y, -ous</li> - -<li>Lecturn</li> - -<li>Ledgement -<span class="spdictnote">[<i>Sic</i>; the retention of <i>e</i> after <i>g</i> seems somewhat remarkable.]</span></li> - -<li>Ledger</li> - -<li>Leger-line</li> - -<li>Leggin</li> - -<li>Lemming</li> - -<li>Lettuce</li> - -<li>Leveled, -ing, -er</li> - -<li>Libeled, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>License</li> - -<li>Lickerish</li> - -<li>Licorice</li> - -<li>Lief</li> - -<li>Lilac</li> - -<li>Linguiform</li> - -<li>Linnæan</li> - -<li>Linseed</li> - -<li>Linstock</li> - -<li>Liter</li> - -<li>Lithontriptic</li> - -<li>Llama (<i>Zoöl.</i>)</li> - -<li>Loadstar, -stone</li> - -<li>Loath (<i>a.</i>)</li> - -<li>Lode (<i>Min.</i>)</li> - -<li>Lodgment</li> - -<li>Logogriph</li> - -<li>Longiroster</li> - -<li>Louver</li> - -<li>Lower</li> - -<li>Luff</li> - -<li>Lunet -<span class="spdictnote">[A little moon, or satellite. Obsolete.]</span></li> - -<li>Lunette -<span class="spdictnote">[A detached bastion, etc.]</span></li> - -<li>Lunge</li> - -<li>Lustring</li> - -<li>Lye</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">M. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Macaw</li> - -<li>Maccaboy</li> - -<li>Maggoty</li> - -<li>Maim -<span class="spdictnote">[Mayhem, <i>Law</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Mal (<i>prefix</i>) -<span class="spdictnote">[Here, in Wb., first column, appears “Mall,” followed by “<i>or</i> Maul”; -but, since <i>Maul</i> also appears in first column, both as noun and -verb, we omit <i>Mall</i>, as not preferable to <i>Maul</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Malkin</li> - -<li>Mamaluke</li> - -<li>Mamma</li> - -<li>Mandatary (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Manikin</li> - -<li>Maneuver</li> - -<li>Mantel (<i>Arch.</i>)</li> - -<li>Mantel-piece</li> - -<li>Marc (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Magaron</li> - -<li>Marquee</li> - -<li>Marque (<i>letter of</i>)</li> - -<li>Marquess -<span class="spdictnote">[Till of late, <i>marquis</i> was the usual spelling, but it is now to -a great extent superseded by <i>marquess</i>, except in the foreign -title.—<i>Smart.</i>]</span></li> - -<li>Marshal</li> - -<li>Marshaled, -ing</li> - -<li>Martin (<i>Ornith.</i>)</li> - -<li>Martinet (<i>Naut.</i>)</li> - -<li>Martingale</li> - -<li>Marveled, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Mark</li> - -<li>Maslin</li> - -<li>Mastic</li> - -<li>Matrice -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Matrix</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Mattress</li> - -<li>Mauger</li> - -<li>Maul (<i>n.</i> and <i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Mayhem (<i>Law</i>)</li> - -<li>Meager, -ly, etc.</li> - -<li>Merchandise <span class="xxpn" id="p136">{p136}</span></li> - -<li>Meter</li> - -<li>Mileage</li> - -<li>Milleped</li> - -<li>Milligram</li> - -<li>Milliliter</li> - -<li>Millimeter</li> - -<li>Milrea</li> - -<li>Misbehavior</li> - -<li>Miscall</li> - -<li>Misdemeanor</li> - -<li>Misspell</li> - -<li>Misspend</li> - -<li>Misspent</li> - -<li>Misstate</li> - -<li>Mistletoe</li> - -<li>Miter, -ed</li> - -<li>Mizzen</li> - -<li>Mizzle</li> - -<li>Moccasin</li> - -<li>Mode (<i>Gram.</i>)</li> - -<li>Mocha-stone</li> - -<li>Modeled, -ing</li> - -<li>Modillion</li> - -<li>Mohammedan</li> - -<li>Mohawk</li> - -<li>Molasses</li> - -<li>Mold</li> - -<li>Molt</li> - -<li>Moneyed</li> - -<li>Mongrel</li> - -<li>Moresque</li> - -<li>Morris</li> - -<li>Mortgageor (<i>Law</i>)</li> - -<li>Mortgager</li> - -<li>Mosque</li> - -<li>Mosquito</li> - -<li>Mullein</li> - -<li>Multiped</li> - -<li>Mummery</li> - -<li>Murder, etc.</li> - -<li>Murky</li> - -<li>Murrhine</li> - -<li>Muscadel</li> - -<li>Muscle (<i>a shell fish</i>) -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Mussel</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Musket</li> - -<li>Mustache</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">N. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Nankeen</li> - -<li>Narwal</li> - -<li>Naught</li> - -<li>Negotiate, -or, etc.</li> - -<li>Neighbor, -ing, etc.</li> - -<li>Net (<i>a.</i>)</li> - -<li>Neb (<i>Orn.</i>)</li> - -<li>Niter</li> - -<li>Nobless -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Noblesse</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Nomads</li> - -<li>Nombles</li> - -<li>Nonesuch</li> - -<li>Novitiate</li> - -<li>Nylghau</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">O. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Oaf</li> - -<li>Ocher</li> - -<li>Octahedron</li> - -<li>Octostyle</li> - -<li>Odalisque</li> - -<li>Odor</li> - -<li>Offense</li> - -<li>Olio</li> - -<li>Omber</li> - -<li>Omer</li> - -<li>Oolong</li> - -<li>Opaque</li> - -<li>Opobalsam</li> - -<li>Orach</li> - -<li>Orang-outang</li> - -<li>Orchestra</li> - -<li>Oriel</li> - -<li>Oriflamb</li> - -<li>Orison</li> - -<li>Osier</li> - -<li>Osprey</li> - -<li>Otolite</li> - -<li>Ottar (<i>of roses</i>)</li> - -<li>Outrageous</li> - -<li>Oxide</li> - -<li>Oyes</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">P. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Packet</li> - -<li>Painim</li> - -<li>Palanquin</li> - -<li>Palestra</li> - -<li>Palet</li> - -<li>Palmiped</li> - -<li>Panada</li> - -<li>Pander</li> - -<li>Pandore</li> - -<li>Pandour</li> - -<li>Panel (<i>Law</i>)</li> - -<li>Paneled, -ing</li> - -<li>Pantograph</li> - -<li>Papoose</li> - -<li>Paralyze</li> - -<li>Parceled, -ing</li> - -<li>Parcenary</li> - -<li>Parlor</li> - -<li>Parol (<i>a.</i>)</li> - -<li>Parquet</li> - -<li>Parsnip</li> - -<li>Parrakeet</li> - -<li>Partible</li> - -<li>Partisan</li> - -<li>Pasha</li> - -<li>Pashalic</li> - -<li>Pask</li> - -<li>Patrol (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Paver</li> - -<li>Pawl</li> - -<li>[Peaked -<span class="spdictnote">We insert this word as of the first column, because <i>Picked</i> (in Wb. -first col.) has definitions not applicable to <i>Peaked</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Pean</li> - -<li>Peart <span class="xxpn" id="p137">{p137}</span></li> - -<li>Pedicel</li> - -<li>Peddler</li> - -<li>Pedobaptist</li> - -<li>Pemmican</li> - -<li>Penciled, -ing</li> - -<li>Pennant</li> - -<li>Pentahedral</li> - -<li>Peony</li> - -<li>Periled, -ing</li> - -<li>Peroxide</li> - -<li>Persimmon</li> - -<li>Persistence</li> - -<li>Pewit (<i>Orn.</i>)</li> - -<li>Phantasm</li> - -<li>Phantom</li> - -<li>Phenomenon</li> - -<li>Phenix</li> - -<li>Phial -<span class="spdictnote">[But if written <i>Vial</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Philter, -ed</li> - -<li>Phthisic</li> - -<li>Piaster</li> - -<li>Picked</li> - -<li>Picket</li> - -<li>Pie</li> - -<li>Piebald</li> - -<li>Piepoudre</li> - -<li>Pimento</li> - -<li>Pimpernel</li> - -<li>Pinchers</li> - -<li>Pistoled, -ing</li> - -<li>Placard</li> - -<li>Plaice (<i>Ichth.</i>)</li> - -<li>Plain -<span class="spdictnote">[Plane, in some senses.]</span></li> - -<li>Plane-sailing</li> - -<li>Plaster</li> - -<li>Plait (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Plat (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Plethron</li> - -<li>Pliers</li> - -<li>Plow</li> - -<li>Plumber</li> - -<li>Plumiped</li> - -<li>Pluviometer</li> - -<li>Point-device</li> - -<li>Poise</li> - -<li>Polacca</li> - -<li>Pole-ax</li> - -<li>Poltroon</li> - -<li>Polyhedron, -drous</li> - -<li>Polyglot (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Polyp</li> - -<li>Pommel</li> - -<li>Pommeled, -ing</li> - -<li>Ponton</li> - -<li>Pony</li> - -<li>Poniard</li> - -<li>Porgy (<i>Ichth.</i>)</li> - -<li>Porpoise</li> - -<li>Portray</li> - -<li>Porteress</li> - -<li>Possessor</li> - -<li>Postilion</li> - -<li>Potato</li> - -<li>Potsherd</li> - -<li>Powter (<i>Orn.</i>)</li> - -<li>Pozzolana</li> - -<li>Practice (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Præmunire</li> - -<li>Prænomen</li> - -<li>Predial</li> - -<li>Premise</li> - -<li>Pretense</li> - -<li>Pretermit</li> - -<li>Pretor</li> - -<li>Profane</li> - -<li>Protector</li> - -<li>Programme</li> - -<li>Protoxide</li> - -<li>Prunella</li> - -<li>Pumpkin</li> - -<li>Puppet</li> - -<li>Purblind</li> - -<li>Purr</li> - -<li>Purslane</li> - -<li>Putrefy</li> - -<li>Pygmy</li> - -<li>Pyx -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">Q. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Quadroon</li> - -<li>Quarantine</li> - -<li>Quarrel (<i>an arrow</i>)</li> - -<li>Quarreled, -ing</li> - -<li>Quartet</li> - -<li>Quaterfoil</li> - -<li>Quay, -age</li> - -<li>Questor</li> - -<li>Quinsy</li> - -<li>Quintain</li> - -<li>Quintet</li> - -<li>Quoin -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">R. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Rabbet (<i>Carp.</i>)</li> - -<li>Rabbi</li> - -<li>Raccoon</li> - -<li>Raddock (<i>Orn.</i>)</li> - -<li>Ramadan</li> - -<li>Rancor, -ous, -ly</li> - -<li>Ransom</li> - -<li>Rare (<i>adj.</i>)</li> - -<li>Rarefy</li> - -<li>Raspberry</li> - -<li>Rattan</li> - -<li>Raveled, -ing</li> - -<li>Raven (<i>plunder</i>)</li> - -<li>Raze, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Rasure</li> - -<li>Real (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Rearward</li> - -<li>Recall</li> - -<li>Recompense</li> - -<li>Reconnoiter</li> - -<li>Redoubt</li> - -<li>Referable</li> - -<li>Reflection</li> - -<li>Reglet</li> - -<li>Reindeer</li> - -<li>Re-enforce</li> - -<li>Re-install, -ment</li> - -<li>Relic</li> - -<li>Remiped <span class="xxpn" id="p138">{p138}</span></li> - -<li>Renard</li> - -<li>Rencounter</li> - -<li>Rennet</li> - -<li>Replier</li> - -<li>Reposit</li> - -<li>Resin</li> - -<li>Rosin -<span class="spdictnote">[The resin left, after distilling off the volatile oils from the -different species of turpentine.]</span></li> - -<li>Resistance, etc.</li> - -<li>Restive, -ly, -ness</li> - -<li>Retch (<i>to vomit</i>)</li> - -<li>Reveled, -ing, -er</li> - -<li>Reverie</li> - -<li>Ribbon</li> - -<li>Reversible</li> - -<li>Rigor, -ous, etc.</li> - -<li>Risk</li> - -<li>Rivaled, -ing</li> - -<li>Riveted, -ing</li> - -<li>Roc (<i>Orn.</i>)</li> - -<li>Rodomontade</li> - -<li>Rondeau</li> - -<li>Ronyon</li> - -<li>Roquelaure</li> - -<li>Rotunda</li> - -<li>Route</li> - -<li>Ruble (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Ruche</li> - -<li>Rummage</li> - -<li>Rumor, etc.</li> - -<li>Rye -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">S. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Sabian</li> - -<li>Saber, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Sackbut</li> - -<li>Sainfoin</li> - -<li>Salam</li> - -<li>Salep</li> - -<li>Salic</li> - -<li>Saltpeter</li> - -<li>Samester</li> - -<li>Sandaled</li> - -<li>Sandarac</li> - -<li>Sandever</li> - -<li>Sanskrit</li> - -<li>Sapajo</li> - -<li>Sapodilla</li> - -<li>Sarcenet</li> - -<li>Sat</li> - -<li>Satchel</li> - -<li>Satinet</li> - -<li>Sauer-kraut</li> - -<li>Savanna</li> - -<li>Savior</li> - -<li>[Saviour -<span class="spdictnote">We insert this as of first column, it being in universal use when -referring to Christ.]</span></li> - -<li>Savor</li> - -<li>Scallop, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Scath</li> - -<li>Scepter, -ed</li> - -<li>Scherif -<span class="spdictnote">[Preferring this form to <i>Cherif</i>, we insert it here. Both spellings -appear in Wb. first column.]</span></li> - -<li>Schist</li> - -<li>Schorl</li> - -<li>Sciagraphy</li> - -<li>Scion</li> - -<li>Scirrhosity</li> - -<li>Scirrhus</li> - -<li>Scissors</li> - -<li>Sconce</li> - -<li>Scot-free</li> - -<li>Scow</li> - -<li>Scrawny</li> - -<li>Scythe</li> - -<li>Seamstress</li> - -<li>Sear</li> - -<li>Secretaryship</li> - -<li>Sedlitz</li> - -<li>Seethe</li> - -<li>Seignior</li> - -<li>Seigniorage, -ory.</li> - -<li>Seine</li> - -<li>Seizin</li> - -<li>Seleniuret</li> - -<li>Sellender</li> - -<li>Selvage</li> - -<li>Sentinel</li> - -<li>Sentry</li> - -<li>Sepawn</li> - -<li>Sepulcher</li> - -<li>Sequin</li> - -<li>Sergeant</li> - -<li>Set (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Sevennight</li> - -<li>Shad</li> - -<li>Shah</li> - -<li>Shawm</li> - -<li>Shampoo</li> - -<li>Shard</li> - -<li>Sheathe (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Sheik</li> - -<li>Sherbet</li> - -<li>Sherry</li> - -<li>Shill-I-shall-I -<span class="spdictnote">[But if written <i>Shilly-shally</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Shore (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Shorl</li> - -<li>Shoveled, -er, -ing</li> - -<li>Show</li> - -<li>Shrillness</li> - -<li>Shriveled, -ing</li> - -<li>Shuttlecock</li> - -<li>Shyly, -ness</li> - -<li>Sibyl</li> - -<li>Sidewise</li> - -<li>Silicious</li> - -<li>Sillabub</li> - -<li>Simoom</li> - -<li>Siphon</li> - -<li>Siren</li> - -<li>Sirloin</li> - -<li>Sirup</li> - -<li>Sizar</li> - -<li>Skein</li> - -<li>Skeptic</li> - -<li>Skillful, -ly, -ness</li> - -<li>Skill-less</li> - -<li>Skull (<i>cranium</i>) <span class="xxpn" id="p139">{p139}</span></li> - -<li>Slabber</li> - -<li>Sleight</li> - -<li>Slyly, -ness</li> - -<li>Smallness</li> - -<li>Smolder</li> - -<li>Smooth (<i>v.</i> and <i>a.</i>)</li> - -<li>Snapped (<i>imp.</i>)</li> - -<li>Sniveler, -ing</li> - -<li>Socage</li> - -<li>Socle</li> - -<li>Solan-goose (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Solder, etc.</li> - -<li>Soliped</li> - -<li>Solvable</li> - -<li>Somber</li> - -<li>Somersault</li> - -<li>Sonneteer</li> - -<li>Soothe (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>[Sorel]</li> - -<li>Sorrel</li> - -<li>Souchong</li> - -<li>Spa</li> - -<li>Spelt (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Specter</li> - -<li>Spew</li> - -<li>Spinach</li> - -<li>Spinel</li> - -<li>Spiritous -<span class="spdictnote">[<i>Spirituous</i> is the more common form. Follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Spite</li> - -<li>Splendor</li> - -<li>Sponge</li> - -<li>Sprite</li> - -<li>Spirt</li> - -<li>Spunk</li> - -<li>Staddle</li> - -<li>Stanch</li> - -<li>Stationery (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Steadfast</li> - -<li>Steelyard</li> - -<li>Stillness</li> - -<li>Stockade</li> - -<li>Story (<i>a floor</i>)</li> - -<li>Strait (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Strengthener</li> - -<li>Strew</li> - -<li>Strop (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Stupefy</li> - -<li>Sty</li> - -<li>Style</li> - -<li>Styptic</li> - -<li>Subpœna</li> - -<li>Subtile (<i>thin</i>)</li> - -<li>Subtle (<i>artful</i>)</li> - -<li>Successor</li> - -<li>Succor</li> - -<li>Suite</li> - -<li>Suitor</li> - -<li>Sulphureted</li> - -<li>Sumac</li> - -<li>Superior</li> - -<li>Suretyship</li> - -<li>Surname</li> - -<li>Surprise, etc.</li> - -<li>Survivor, -ship</li> - -<li>Swainmote</li> - -<li>Swale (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Swap</li> - -<li>Swart (<i>adj.</i>)</li> - -<li>Swathe (<i>bandage</i>)</li> - -<li>Swiple</li> - -<li>Swob, -ber, etc. -<span class="spdictnote">[But if written <i>Swab</i>, <i>Swabber</i>, etc., follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Swollen</li> - -<li>Syenite</li> - -<li>Symploce</li> - -<li>Synonym</li> - -<li>Syphilis</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">T. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Tabard</li> - -<li>Tabbinet</li> - -<li>Tabor, etc.</li> - -<li>Taffeta -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Taffety</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Taffrail</li> - -<li>Tailage</li> - -<li>Talc</li> - -<li>Tallness</li> - -<li>Tambour</li> - -<li>Tambourine</li> - -<li>Tarantula</li> - -<li>Tarpaulin</li> - -<li>Tasseled, -ing</li> - -<li>Tasses</li> - -<li>Taut (<i>Nav.</i>)</li> - -<li>Tawny</li> - -<li>Tease</li> - -<li>Teasel</li> - -<li>Teetotal</li> - -<li>Tenable</li> - -<li>Tenor</li> - -<li>Tenuirosters</li> - -<li>Terror</li> - -<li>Tetrahedron</li> - -<li>Tetrastich</li> - -<li>Theater</li> - -<li>Thole</li> - -<li>Thorp</li> - -<li>Thralldom</li> - -<li>Thrash</li> - -<li>Threshold</li> - -<li>Throe (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Ticking (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Tidbit</li> - -<li>Tie (<i>n.</i> and <i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Tier</li> - -<li>Tierce</li> - -<li>Tiger</li> - -<li>Tincal</li> - -<li>Tithe</li> - -<li>Toll (<i>v. t.</i>)</li> - -<li>Tollbooth</li> - -<li>Ton (<i>the weight</i>)</li> - -<li>[Tun (<i>the cask</i>)]</li> - -<li>Tonnage</li> - -<li>Tormentor</li> - -<li>Tourmaline</li> - -<li>Toweling</li> - -<li>Trammeled, -ing</li> - -<li>Tranquilize</li> - -<li>Transferable</li> - -<li>Transference <span class="xxpn" id="p140">{p140}</span></li> - -<li>Transship, -ment</li> - -<li>Trapan (<i>a snare</i>)</li> - -<li>Traveler, -ed, -ing</li> - -<li>Traverse</li> - -<li>Travesty</li> - -<li>Treadle</li> - -<li>Trebuchet</li> - -<li>Treenail</li> - -<li>Trestle</li> - -<li>Trigger</li> - -<li>Trevet</li> - -<li>Tricolor</li> - -<li>Trihedral</li> - -<li>Trod</li> - -<li>Trousers</li> - -<li>Troweled</li> - -<li>Truckle-bed</li> - -<li>Tryst</li> - -<li>Tumbrel</li> - -<li>Tumor</li> - -<li>Tunneled, -ing</li> - -<li>Turquois</li> - -<li>Turnip</li> - -<li>Turnsole</li> - -<li>Tutenag</li> - -<li>Tweedle</li> - -<li>Twibil</li> - -<li>Tymbal</li> - -<li>Tyro</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">U. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Umber</li> - -<li>Unbiased</li> - -<li>Unboweled -<span class="spdictnote">[And others of the same class.]</span></li> - -<li>Unroll</li> - -<li>Until -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">V. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Vaivode -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Waiwode</i> or <i>Wayvode</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Valise</li> - -<li>Valor, -ous, -ously</li> - -<li>Vantbrace</li> - -<li>Vapor</li> - -<li>Vat</li> - -<li>Veil</li> - -<li>Vedette</li> - -<li>Vender -<span class="spdictnote">[But <i>Vendor</i>, as correlative of <i>Vendee</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Venomous</li> - -<li>Veranda</li> - -<li>Verderer</li> - -<li>Verdigris</li> - -<li>Vermin</li> - -<li>Verst</li> - -<li>Vertebra</li> - -<li>Vervain</li> - -<li>Vicious, -ly, -ness</li> - -<li>Victualed, -er, -ing</li> - -<li>Vigor, -ous, etc.</li> - -<li>Villain -<span class="spdictnote">[But in feudal law, often spelled <i>Villein</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Villainy, -ous</li> - -<li>Vise</li> - -<li>Visitor</li> - -<li>Visor</li> - -<li>Vitiate</li> - -<li>Vizier</li> - -<li>Volcano</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">W. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Wadsett</li> - -<li>Wagon</li> - -<li>Waive</li> - -<li>Wale (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Walrus</li> - -<li>Warranter -<span class="spdictnote">[In law, <i>Warrantor</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Warrior</li> - -<li>Warwhoop</li> - -<li>Waucht</li> - -<li>Waul (<i>as a cat</i>)</li> - -<li>Wear (<i>v. Naut.</i>)</li> - -<li>Wear (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Weasand</li> - -<li>Welsh</li> - -<li>Whang</li> - -<li>Whelk (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Whippletree</li> - -<li>Whippoorwill</li> - -<li>Whisky</li> - -<li>Whoop</li> - -<li>Whooping-cough -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Hooping-cough</i>, be careful to follow copy. We have known -some trouble to be caused by a change of the initial in alphabetical -tabular work from hospitals, ships, etc.]</span></li> - -<li>Whortleberry</li> - -<li>Widgeon</li> - -<li>Willful, -ly, -ness</li> - -<li>Windlass</li> - -<li>Wintery -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Wintry</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Wiry</li> - -<li>Witch-elm</li> - -<li>Witch-hazel</li> - -<li>Withe</li> - -<li>Wivern</li> - -<li>Wizard</li> - -<li>Wizen</li> - -<li>Woe</li> - -<li>Woful</li> - -<li>Wondrous</li> - -<li>Woodbine</li> - -<li>Woolen, -ette.</li> - -<li>Worshiper, -ed, etc.</li> - -<li>Wrack (<i>to rack</i>)</li> - -<li>Wye -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <b>Y</b>, follow copy.]</span></li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">Y. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Yataghan</li> - -<li>Yaup</li> - -<li>Yawl (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Yelk</li> - -<li>Yttria, -um -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">Z. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Zaffer</li> - -<li>Zinc</li> - -<li>Zinciferous</li> - -<li>Zonnar</li> - -<li>Zymometer</li> -</ul></li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p141"> -<h3>THE WORCESTER LIST.</h3> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p class="pfirst">[The following vocabulary exhibits -the orthography apparently deemed preferable by -Worcester. It will, we believe, be found very -convenient in offices where the Worcester style is in -favor,—as the preceding list will prove to be where -the Webster style is in vogue. Any remarks which we -have inserted, and a few additional words, are in -brackets.]</p></div> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">A. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Aam</li> - -<li>Abatis</li> - -<li>Abbey</li> - -<li>Abetter -<span class="spdictnote">[In a good sense; nearly or quite obsolete.]</span></li> - -<li>Abettor -<span class="spdictnote">[<i>Law.</i> One who abets an unlawful act.]</span></li> - -<li>Abnormal</li> - -<li>Abreuvoir</li> - -<li>Abridgment</li> - -<li>Accessary -<span class="spdictnote">[When used in <i>Law</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Accessory (<i>Art.</i>)</li> - -<li>Accountant</li> - -<li>Acetimeter</li> - -<li>Ache</li> - -<li>Achieve</li> - -<li>Acknowledgment</li> - -<li>Acronycal</li> - -<li>Addible</li> - -<li>Adipocere</li> - -<li>Adjudgment</li> - -<li>Admittible</li> - -<li>Adopter -<span class="spdictnote">[One who adopts, or assumes as one’s own.]</span></li> - -<li>[Adapter -<span class="spdictnote">Tube used in Chemistry.]</span></li> - -<li>Adscititious</li> - -<li>Adulteress</li> - -<li>Advertise</li> - -<li>Advoutry</li> - -<li>Advowee</li> - -<li>Advowson</li> - -<li>Adze</li> - -<li>Æolic</li> - -<li>Affector</li> - -<li>Affeer</li> - -<li>Affiliate</li> - -<li>Affiliation</li> - -<li>Afraid</li> - -<li>Aghast</li> - -<li>Agriculturist</li> - -<li>Aide-de-camp</li> - -<li>Aisle (<i>church</i>)</li> - -<li>Ajutage</li> - -<li>Alchemical</li> - -<li>Alchemist</li> - -<li>Alchemy</li> - -<li>Alcoran</li> - -<li>Alexipharmic</li> - -<li>Alkahest</li> - -<li>Alkali</li> - -<li>Allege</li> - -<li>Allocution</li> - -<li>Alloy</li> - -<li>Almacantar</li> - -<li>Almanac</li> - -<li>Almonry</li> - -<li>Alnager</li> - -<li>Alum</li> - -<li>Amassment</li> - -<li>Ambassador</li> - -<li>Ambergris</li> - -<li>Ambs-ace</li> - -<li>Amercement</li> - -<li>Amiability</li> - -<li>Amice</li> - -<li>Amortise</li> - -<li>Anademe</li> - -<li>Ananas</li> - -<li>Anapest</li> - -<li>Anapestic</li> - -<li>Anbury</li> - -<li>Ancestral</li> - -<li>Ancient</li> - -<li>Ancientry</li> - -<li>Andiron</li> - -<li>Anemone</li> - -<li>Angiography</li> - -<li>Angiology</li> - -<li>Angiotomy</li> - -<li>Ankle</li> - -<li>Annotto</li> - -<li>Antechamber</li> - -<li>Antelope</li> - -<li>Antiemetic</li> - -<li>Apanage</li> - -<li>Apostasy</li> - -<li>Aposteme -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Imposthume</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Apothegm</li> - -<li>Appall</li> - -<li>Appalment</li> - -<li>Appraise</li> - -<li>Appraisement</li> - -<li>Appraiser</li> - -<li>Apprise</li> - -<li>Appurtenance</li> - -<li>Apricot</li> - -<li>Arbitrament</li> - -<li>Archæological</li> - -<li>Archæology</li> - -<li>Archduchess</li> - -<li>Archil</li> - -<li>Argol</li> - -<li>Arquebuse</li> - -<li>Arrack</li> - -<li>Artisan</li> - -<li>Arvel <span class="xxpn" id="p142">{p142}</span></li> - -<li>Asbestos</li> - -<li>Ascendency</li> - -<li>Ascendent</li> - -<li>Askance</li> - -<li>Askant</li> - -<li>Askew</li> - -<li>Assafœtida</li> - -<li>Assize</li> - -<li>Assizer</li> - -<li>Assuage</li> - -<li>Athenæum</li> - -<li>Auger</li> - -<li>[Augur -<span class="spdictnote">A soothsayer.]</span></li> - -<li>Aught</li> - -<li>Autocracy</li> - -<li>Avoirdupois</li> - -<li>Awkward</li> - -<li>Awn</li> - -<li>Axe -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">B. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Baccalaureate</li> - -<li>Bachelor</li> - -<li>Bade, <i>from</i> bid</li> - -<li>Balance</li> - -<li>Baldrick</li> - -<li>Balk</li> - -<li>Ballister</li> - -<li>Baluster</li> - -<li>Bandanna</li> - -<li>Bandoleer</li> - -<li>Bandore</li> - -<li>Bandrol</li> - -<li>Banian</li> - -<li>Banns</li> - -<li>Barbacan</li> - -<li>Barbecue</li> - -<li>Barberry</li> - -<li>Bark</li> - -<li>Barouche</li> - -<li>Baryta</li> - -<li>Barytone</li> - -<li>Basin</li> - -<li>Bass (<i>Mus.</i>)</li> - -<li>Bass-viol</li> - -<li>Bastinado</li> - -<li>Bateau</li> - -<li>Battledoor</li> - -<li>Bawble</li> - -<li>Bazaar</li> - -<li>Beadle</li> - -<li>Beaver</li> - -<li>Befall</li> - -<li>Behoove</li> - -<li>Bellflower</li> - -<li>Belligerent</li> - -<li>Bellman</li> - -<li>Bellmetal</li> - -<li>Bellwether</li> - -<li>Benumb</li> - -<li>Bequeath</li> - -<li>Bergamot</li> - -<li>Bergander</li> - -<li>Berth (<i>in ship</i>)</li> - -<li>Bestrew</li> - -<li>[Bestrewn -<span class="spdictnote">p. p. of Bestrew.]</span></li> - -<li>Betel</li> - -<li>Bevel</li> - -<li>Bezant</li> - -<li>Biassed</li> - -<li>Biestings</li> - -<li>Bigoted</li> - -<li>Bilge</li> - -<li>Billiards</li> - -<li>Billingsgate</li> - -<li>Binnacle</li> - -<li>Bistre</li> - -<li>Bivouac</li> - -<li>Bizantine</li> - -<li>Blanch</li> - -<li>Blende (<i>Min.</i>)</li> - -<li>Blithely</li> - -<li>Blitheness</li> - -<li>Blithesome</li> - -<li>Blomary</li> - -<li>Blouse</li> - -<li>Bodice</li> - -<li>Boil (<i>a tumor</i>)</li> - -<li>Bolt</li> - -<li>Bombard</li> - -<li>Bombast</li> - -<li>Bombazette</li> - -<li>Bombazine</li> - -<li>Borage</li> - -<li>Bourgeois</li> - -<li>Bourn</li> - -<li>Bourse</li> - -<li>Bouse</li> - -<li>Bousy</li> - -<li>Bowlder</li> - -<li>Bowsprit</li> - -<li>Brakeman</li> - -<li>Bramin</li> - -<li>Brawl</li> - -<li>Brazen</li> - -<li>Brazier</li> - -<li>Brazil</li> - -<li>Brier</li> - -<li>Brokerage</li> - -<li>Bronze</li> - -<li>Brooch</li> - -<li>Brunette</li> - -<li>Bryony</li> - -<li>Buccaneer</li> - -<li>Buffalo</li> - -<li>Buhrstone</li> - -<li>Bulimy</li> - -<li>Bumblebee</li> - -<li>Bunn</li> - -<li>Bunyon</li> - -<li>Burden</li> - -<li>Burdensome</li> - -<li>Burganet</li> - -<li>Burin</li> - -<li>Burlesque</li> - -<li>Burr</li> - -<li>Buzz</li> - -<li>By (<i>n.</i>) -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">C. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Cabob</li> - -<li>Cacique</li> - -<li>Cæsura</li> - -<li>Calcareous</li> - -<li>Caldron <span class="xxpn" id="p143">{p143}</span></li> - -<li>Calendar</li> - -<li>Calends</li> - -<li>Caliber (<i>Gun</i>)</li> - -<li>[Calibre -<span class="spdictnote">Generally so spelled when -used in a figurative sense; as “a mind of inferior -calibre”; and in this sense retains the French pron. -Ka·le·bur.]</span></li> - -<li>Calipers</li> - -<li>Caliph</li> - -<li>Calk</li> - -<li>Calligraphy</li> - -<li>Calotte</li> - -<li>Caloyer</li> - -<li>Caltrop</li> - -<li>Calyx</li> - -<li>Cameo</li> - -<li>Camlet</li> - -<li>Camomile -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Chamomile</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Camphor</li> - -<li>Cannel (<i>-coal</i>)</li> - -<li>Cannoneer</li> - -<li>Canoe</li> - -<li>Cantilever</li> - -<li>Canvas</li> - -<li>[Canvass]</li> - -<li>Capriole</li> - -<li>Car</li> - -<li>Carabine</li> - -<li>Carabineer</li> - -<li>Carat</li> - -<li>Caravansary</li> - -<li>Caravel</li> - -<li>Caraway</li> - -<li>[Carcase -<span class="spdictnote">Scripture.]</span></li> - -<li>Carcass</li> - -<li>Carle</li> - -<li>Carnelian</li> - -<li>Carolytic</li> - -<li>Cartel</li> - -<li>Cartridge</li> - -<li>Cassada</li> - -<li>Cassimere -<span class="spdictnote">[If spelled <i>Kerseymere</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Cassowary</li> - -<li>[Cast]</li> - -<li>Caste, <i>class</i></li> - -<li>Castellan</li> - -<li>Caster -<span class="spdictnote">[One who casts; a cruet; a furniture-wheel.]</span></li> - -<li>[Castor -<span class="spdictnote">A genus of animals; a hat; a drug.]</span></li> - -<li>Castlery</li> - -<li>Castrel</li> - -<li>Catchpoll</li> - -<li>Catchup</li> - -<li>Catechise</li> - -<li>Catherine</li> - -<li>Cauliflower</li> - -<li>Causeway</li> - -<li>Cavazion (<i>Arch.</i>)</li> - -<li>Caviare</li> - -<li>Caw</li> - -<li>Cayman</li> - -<li>Cedilla</li> - -<li>Ceiling</li> - -<li>Celt</li> - -<li>Celtic</li> - -<li>Centiped</li> - -<li>Cess</li> - -<li>Chalcedony</li> - -<li>Chaldron</li> - -<li>Chalice</li> - -<li>Chameleon</li> - -<li>Chamois</li> - -<li>Champaign -<span class="spdictnote">[Flat, open country,—Deut. 11 : 30.]</span></li> - -<li>[Champagne, <i>wine</i>]</li> - -<li>Champerty</li> - -<li>Chant</li> - -<li>Chap -<span class="spdictnote">[See remark on this word, in Wb. List, <i>ante</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Chaps</li> - -<li>Char -<span class="spdictnote">[A small job. -So spelled in England, and in Departments at Washington, where -“charwomen” are employed. But—</span></li> - -<li>Chore -<span class="spdictnote">Is the common orthography -in the United States,—and if so written, follow -copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Chase</li> - -<li>Chastely</li> - -<li>Chasteness</li> - -<li>Check</li> - -<li>Checker</li> - -<li>Cheer</li> - -<li>Chemical</li> - -<li>Chemist</li> - -<li>Chemistry</li> - -<li>Chestnut</li> - -<li>Chiliahedron</li> - -<li>Chillness</li> - -<li>Chimb</li> - -<li>Chintz</li> - -<li>Chloride</li> - -<li>Choir</li> - -<li>Choke</li> - -<li>Choose</li> - -<li>Chorister</li> - -<li>Chyle</li> - -<li>Chylifactive</li> - -<li>Cider</li> - -<li>Cigar</li> - -<li>Cimeter</li> - -<li>Cipher</li> - -<li>Clam (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Clarinet</li> - -<li>Cleat</li> - -<li>Clew</li> - -<li>Clinch</li> - -<li>Cloak</li> - -<li>Clodpoll</li> - -<li>Cloff</li> - -<li>Clothe</li> - -<li>Clothes <span class="xxpn" id="p144">{p144}</span></li> - -<li>Cluck</li> - -<li>Clyster</li> - -<li>Cobbler</li> - -<li>Cocoa</li> - -<li>Coddle</li> - -<li>Cœliac</li> - -<li>Coif</li> - -<li>Coiffure</li> - -<li>Coke</li> - -<li>Colander</li> - -<li>Colic</li> - -<li>College</li> - -<li>Colliery</li> - -<li>Colter</li> - -<li>Comfrey</li> - -<li>Commandery</li> - -<li>Commissariat</li> - -<li>Compatible</li> - -<li>Complete</li> - -<li>Concordat</li> - -<li>Confectionery</li> - -<li>Confidant (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Congealable</li> - -<li>Connection</li> - -<li>Connective</li> - -<li>Consecrator</li> - -<li>Contemporary</li> - -<li>Contra-dance</li> - -<li>Contributory</li> - -<li>Control</li> - -<li>Controllable</li> - -<li>Controller</li> - -<li>[Comptroller -<span class="spdictnote">2d column. <i>See</i> Wb. list.]</span></li> - -<li>Conversable</li> - -<li>Cony</li> - -<li>Cony-burrow</li> - -<li>Coomb (4 <i>bushels</i>)</li> - -<li>Copier</li> - -<li>Coping</li> - -<li>Copse</li> - -<li>Coquette (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Coranach</li> - -<li>Corbel</li> - -<li>Cordovan</li> - -<li>Corpse</li> - -<li>Correlative</li> - -<li>Cosey</li> - -<li>Cot</li> - -<li>Cotillon</li> - -<li>Counsellor -<span class="spdictnote">[One who gives advice.]</span></li> - -<li>[Councillor -<span class="spdictnote">A member of a council.]</span></li> - -<li>Courant</li> - -<li>Courtesan</li> - -<li>Courtesy</li> - -<li>[Curtesy (<i>Law</i>)]</li> - -<li>Covin</li> - -<li>Covinous</li> - -<li>Cozen</li> - -<li>Cozenage</li> - -<li>Craunch</li> - -<li>Crawfish</li> - -<li>Creak (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Crier</li> - -<li>Croslet</li> - -<li>Crowd</li> - -<li>Crowfoot</li> - -<li>Cruet</li> - -<li>Crumb</li> - -<li>Crusade</li> - -<li>Cruse (<i>cruet</i>)</li> - -<li>Crystal</li> - -<li>Cucurbit</li> - -<li>Cue</li> - -<li>Cuerpo</li> - -<li>Cuish</li> - -<li>Cuneiform</li> - -<li>Cupel</li> - -<li>Curb</li> - -<li>Curb-stone</li> - -<li>Curtain</li> - -<li>Cutlass</li> - -<li>Cyclopædia</li> - -<li>Cyst</li> - -<li>Cysted</li> - -<li>Czar -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">D. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Dactyl</li> - -<li>Daily</li> - -<li>Daisied</li> - -<li>Damaskeen (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Damson</li> - -<li>Dandruff</li> - -<li>Danegelt</li> - -<li>Daub</li> - -<li>Dawdle</li> - -<li>Dearn</li> - -<li>Debarkation</li> - -<li>Debonair</li> - -<li>Decoy</li> - -<li>Decrepit</li> - -<li>Defence</li> - -<li>Defier</li> - -<li>Deflection</li> - -<li>Deflour</li> - -<li>Delft</li> - -<li>Delphine</li> - -<li>Deltoid</li> - -<li>Demesne</li> - -<li>Demarcation</li> - -<li>Democrat</li> - -<li>Denizen</li> - -<li>Dependant (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Dependence</li> - -<li>Dependent (<i>a.</i>)</li> - -<li>Deposit</li> - -<li>Desert (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Desolater</li> - -<li>Despatch -<span class="spdictnote">[<i>Dispatch</i> also appears in Wor. 1st column. Follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Dessert (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Detecter</li> - -<li>Detorsion</li> - -<li>Detractor</li> - -<li>Develop</li> - -<li>Development</li> - -<li>Devest</li> - -<li>Dexterous -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Dextrous</i> follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Diadron <span class="xxpn" id="p145">{p145}</span></li> - -<li>Diæresis</li> - -<li>Diarrhœa</li> - -<li>Dike</li> - -<li>Dime</li> - -<li>Diocese</li> - -<li>Disburden</li> - -<li>Discount</li> - -<li>Disfranchise</li> - -<li>Disfranchisement</li> - -<li>Dishabille</li> - -<li>Disinthrall</li> - -<li>Disk</li> - -<li>Disseize</li> - -<li>Disseizin</li> - -<li>Disseizor</li> - -<li>Dissolvable</li> - -<li>Distention</li> - -<li>Distil</li> - -<li>Distrainor</li> - -<li>Diversely</li> - -<li>Divest</li> - -<li>Docket</li> - -<li>Doctress</li> - -<li>Dodecahedron</li> - -<li>Doggerel</li> - -<li>Domicile</li> - -<li>Doomsday-book</li> - -<li>Dory</li> - -<li>Dote</li> - -<li>Doubloon</li> - -<li>Dowry</li> - -<li>Downfall</li> - -<li>Drachm -<span class="spdictnote">[Properly limited to the -Greek coin or weight.]</span></li> - -<li>Dram -<span class="spdictnote">[A denomination in -apothecaries’ and avoirdupois weight; a small -quantity; a potation.]</span></li> - -<li>Dragoman</li> - -<li>Draught -<span class="spdictnote">[This, the original -and proper orthography, should be retained in -all senses other than the five mentioned under -<i>Draft</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Draft -<span class="spdictnote">[1. Act of drawing or <span class="spwdspb">pulling. -2.</span> A body of men drawn for or from a military -<span class="spwdspb">organization. 3.</span> An order -by which one person draws on another for money; also -the money so <span class="spwdspb">drawn. 4.</span> An -allowance in <span class="spwdspb">weighing. 5.</span> -The drawing of lines for a plan; the plan so drawn.]</span></li> - -<li>Dreadnaught</li> - -<li>Driblet</li> - -<li>Drier</li> - -<li>Drought</li> - -<li>Dryly</li> - -<li>Dryness</li> - -<li>Duchess</li> - -<li>Duchy</li> - -<li>Dulness</li> - -<li>Dungeon</li> - -<li>Dunghill</li> - -<li>Duress</li> - -<li>Dye (<i>color</i>)</li> - -<li>Dyeing (<i>coloring</i>) -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">E. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Eavesdropper</li> - -<li>Eccentric</li> - -<li>Echelon</li> - -<li>Economics</li> - -<li>Ecstasy</li> - -<li>Ecstatic</li> - -<li>Ecumenical</li> - -<li>Edile</li> - -<li>Eke</li> - -<li>Embalm</li> - -<li>Embank</li> - -<li>Embankment</li> - -<li>Embargo</li> - -<li>Embark</li> - -<li>Embarkation</li> - -<li>Embase</li> - -<li>Embassy</li> - -<li>Embed</li> - -<li>Embedded</li> - -<li>Embezzle</li> - -<li>Embezzlement</li> - -<li>Emblazon</li> - -<li>Embody</li> - -<li>Embolden</li> - -<li>Emborder</li> - -<li>Embosk</li> - -<li>Embosom</li> - -<li>Emboss</li> - -<li>Embowel</li> - -<li>Embower</li> - -<li>Embrasure</li> - -<li>Empale</li> - -<li>Empanel -<span class="spdictnote">[This orthography is -recommended. (Wb. has <i>Empaneled</i> in first column.) -There are so many <i>correct</i> ways of spelling this -word, that a man who would get it wrong should be very -ingenious.]</span></li> - -<li>Empoison</li> - -<li>Empower</li> - -<li>Empress</li> - -<li>Encage</li> - -<li>Encenia</li> - -<li>Enchant</li> - -<li>Enchase</li> - -<li>Encircle</li> - -<li>Encroach</li> - -<li>Encumber</li> - -<li>Encumbrance</li> - -<li>Encyclopædia</li> - -<li>Endamage</li> - -<li>Endear</li> - -<li>Endow</li> - -<li>Endue</li> - -<li>Enfeeble</li> - -<li>Enfeoff</li> - -<li>Enfranchise</li> - -<li>Engender</li> - -<li>Engorge <span class="xxpn" id="p146">{p146}</span></li> - -<li>Enhance</li> - -<li>Enigma</li> - -<li>Enjoin</li> - -<li>Enlard</li> - -<li>Enlarge</li> - -<li>Enlighten</li> - -<li>Enlist</li> - -<li>Enlumine</li> - -<li>Enroll</li> - -<li>Enrolment</li> - -<li>Enshrine</li> - -<li>Entail</li> - -<li>Entangle</li> - -<li>Enterprise</li> - -<li>Enthrone</li> - -<li>Enthymeme</li> - -<li>Entice</li> - -<li>Entire</li> - -<li>Entirety</li> - -<li>Entitle</li> - -<li>Entomb</li> - -<li>Entrance (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Entrap</li> - -<li>Entreat</li> - -<li>Envelop (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Envelopment</li> - -<li>Eolipile</li> - -<li>Epaulet</li> - -<li>Epigraph</li> - -<li>Equerry</li> - -<li>Equiangular</li> - -<li>Equivoke</li> - -<li>Era</li> - -<li>Eremite</li> - -<li>Escalade</li> - -<li>Eschalot</li> - -<li>Escritoire</li> - -<li>Escutcheon</li> - -<li>Estafette</li> - -<li>[Esthetic]</li> - -<li>Esthetics</li> - -<li>Estoppel</li> - -<li>Etiology</li> - -<li>Exactor</li> - -<li>Expense</li> - -<li>Exsanguious</li> - -<li>Exsect</li> - -<li>Exsiccate</li> - -<li>Exsiccation</li> - -<li>Exsiccative</li> - -<li>Exsuccous</li> - -<li>Extrinsical</li> - -<li>Exudation</li> - -<li>Exude</li> - -<li>Eyry</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">F. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Fæces</li> - -<li>Fagot</li> - -<li>Fairy</li> - -<li>Fakir</li> - -<li>Falchion</li> - -<li>Falcon</li> - -<li>Fantasy</li> - -<li>Farther</li> - -<li>Farthest -<span class="spdictnote">[Present tendency is, -to employ <i>farther</i> and <i>farthest</i> in indicating -space or time; in other senses, <i>further</i> and -<i>furthest</i>.]</span></li> - -<li>Farthingale</li> - -<li>Fattener</li> - -<li>Fearnaught</li> - -<li>Fecal</li> - -<li>Felly</li> - -<li>Felon</li> - -<li>Felspar</li> - -<li>Ferrule</li> - -<li>[Ferule -<span class="spdictnote">This word is in second column; but as its signification is wholly distinct -from <i>ferrule</i>, it should have place here.]</span></li> - -<li>Feud</li> - -<li>Feudal</li> - -<li>Feudality</li> - -<li>Feudatory</li> - -<li>Feuillemorte</li> - -<li>Fie</li> - -<li>Filanders</li> - -<li>Filbert</li> - -<li>Filigrane</li> - -<li>Filigree</li> - -<li>Fillibeg</li> - -<li>Filly</li> - -<li>Finery (<i>a forge</i>)</li> - -<li>Firman</li> - -<li>Fizgig</li> - -<li>Flageolet</li> - -<li>Fleam</li> - -<li>Flier</li> - -<li>Flotage</li> - -<li>Flotsam</li> - -<li>Flour (<i>meal</i>)</li> - -<li>Fleur-de-lis</li> - -<li>Flugelman</li> - -<li>Fluke</li> - -<li>Fluoride</li> - -<li>Fœtus</li> - -<li>Forestall</li> - -<li>Foretell</li> - -<li>Forray</li> - -<li>Forte (<i>strong side</i>)</li> - -<li>Fosse</li> - -<li>Foundery -<span class="spdictnote">[But if written <i>Foundry</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Franc (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Frenetic</li> - -<li>Frenzy</li> - -<li>Frieze</li> - -<li>Frigate</li> - -<li>Frit</li> - -<li>Frizzle</li> - -<li>Frowzy</li> - -<li>Frumentaceous</li> - -<li>Frumenty</li> - -<li>Frustum</li> - -<li>Fuel</li> - -<li>Fulfil</li> - -<li>Fulfilment</li> - -<li>Fulness</li> - -<li>Furlough</li> - -<li>Further</li> - -<li>Furthest -<span class="spdictnote">[See <i>Farthest</i>.] -<span class="xxpn" id="p147">{p147}</span></span></li> - -<li>Fusee</li> - -<li>Fusileer</li> - -<li>Fuze (<i>n.</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">G. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Gabardine</li> - -<li>Galiot</li> - -<li>Gallipot</li> - -<li>Galoche</li> - -<li>Gamut</li> - -<li>Gangue (<i>in ore</i>)</li> - -<li>Gantlet -<span class="spdictnote">[A military punishment.]</span></li> - -<li>Garish</li> - -<li>Garreteer</li> - -<li>Gauge</li> - -<li>Gauger</li> - -<li>Gault</li> - -<li>Gauntlet (<i>glove</i>)</li> - -<li>Gayety</li> - -<li>Gayly</li> - -<li>Gazelle</li> - -<li>Gear</li> - -<li>Gelatine</li> - -<li>Genet</li> - -<li>Gerfalcon</li> - -<li>Germ</li> - -<li>Ghastly</li> - -<li>Ghibelline</li> - -<li>Ghyll (<i>ravine</i>)</li> - -<li>Gibberish</li> - -<li>Gibe</li> - -<li>Giglot</li> - -<li>Gimlet</li> - -<li>Gimmal</li> - -<li>Girasole</li> - -<li>Girth</li> - -<li>Glair</li> - -<li>Glave</li> - -<li>Glazier</li> - -<li>Glede</li> - -<li>Gloar</li> - -<li>Gloze</li> - -<li>Glue</li> - -<li>Gluey</li> - -<li>Gnarled</li> - -<li>Gneiss</li> - -<li>Good-by</li> - -<li>Gore</li> - -<li>Gourmand</li> - -<li>Gormandize</li> - -<li>Governante</li> - -<li>Graft</li> - -<li>Grandam</li> - -<li>Granddaughter</li> - -<li>Granite</li> - -<li>Grasshopper</li> - -<li>Gray</li> - -<li>Greeze (<i>a step</i>)</li> - -<li>Grenade</li> - -<li>Grenadier</li> - -<li>Greyhound</li> - -<li>Griffin</li> - -<li>Grizzled</li> - -<li>Grocer</li> - -<li>Grogram</li> - -<li>Grotesque</li> - -<li>Groundsill</li> - -<li>Group</li> - -<li>Guarantee</li> - -<li>Guild</li> - -<li>Guilder (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Guillotine</li> - -<li>Gulf</li> - -<li>Gunwale</li> - -<li>Gurnet</li> - -<li>Gypsy</li> - -<li>Gyre</li> - -<li>Gyve -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">H. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Haggard</li> - -<li>Haggess</li> - -<li>Ha-ha</li> - -<li>Hake</li> - -<li>Halberd</li> - -<li>Hale (<i>healthy</i>)</li> - -<li>Halibut</li> - -<li>Halyards</li> - -<li>Halloo</li> - -<li>Hame</li> - -<li>Handicraftsman</li> - -<li>Handiwork</li> - -<li>Hards</li> - -<li>Harebell</li> - -<li>Harebrained</li> - -<li>Harem</li> - -<li>Harrier</li> - -<li>Harslet</li> - -<li>Hatchel</li> - -<li>Haul (<i>to drag</i>)</li> - -<li>Haum</li> - -<li>Haunch</li> - -<li>Haust (<i>cough</i>)</li> - -<li>Hautboy</li> - -<li>Havoc</li> - -<li>Hawser</li> - -<li>Hazel</li> - -<li>Headache</li> - -<li>Hearse</li> - -<li>Heartache</li> - -<li>Height</li> - -<li>Heighten</li> - -<li>Heinous</li> - -<li>Hemistich</li> - -<li>Hemorrhoids</li> - -<li>Heptamerede</li> - -<li>Herpetology</li> - -<li>Hexahedron</li> - -<li>Hibernate</li> - -<li>Hibernation</li> - -<li>Hiccough</li> - -<li>Hinderance -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Hindrance</i>, follow copy. In one of -the largest printing-offices in the world, an -effort was made a few years since to get the <i>e</i> -into Dext<i>e</i>rous, Found<i>e</i>ry, and Hind<i>e</i>rance -(style of <i>Wb.</i> and <i>Wor.</i>); but so much trouble -ensued,—presumably from outside orthographers,—that -compositors and proof-readers were erelong instructed -to leave the <i>e</i> out. Follow copy.] <span class="xxpn" -id="p148">{p148}</span></span></li> - -<li>Hip (<i>v</i>).</li> - -<li>Hip (<i>n</i>).</li> - -<li>Hippocras</li> - -<li>Hodge-podge</li> - -<li>Hoiden</li> - -<li>Holiday</li> - -<li>Holster</li> - -<li>Hominy</li> - -<li>Homonyme</li> - -<li>Hone</li> - -<li>Honeyed</li> - -<li>Hoot</li> - -<li>Horde</li> - -<li>Horehound</li> - -<li>Hornblende</li> - -<li>Hostler</li> - -<li>Household</li> - -<li>Housewife</li> - -<li>Howlet</li> - -<li>Hub</li> - -<li>Hurrah</li> - -<li>Hydrangea</li> - -<li>Hypothenuse -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">I. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Icicle</li> - -<li>Illness</li> - -<li>Imbitter</li> - -<li>Imbound</li> - -<li>Imbox</li> - -<li>Imbrue</li> - -<li>Impair</li> - -<li>Imparlance</li> - -<li>Impassion</li> - -<li>Implead</li> - -<li>Imposthume -<span class="spdictnote">[“This seems . . . to have been written -erroneously for <i>aposteme</i>.”—<i>Johnson.</i> Follow copy, -whether spelled <i>aposteme</i>, <i>apostume</i>, <i>impostem</i>, -<i>imposthume</i>, or <i>impostume</i>,—any other orthography -might possibly be incorrect.]</span></li> - -<li>Impoverish</li> - -<li>Incase</li> - -<li>Inclasp</li> - -<li>Incloister</li> - -<li>Inclose</li> - -<li>Inclosure</li> - -<li>Incondensable</li> - -<li>Increase</li> - -<li>Incrust</li> - -<li>Indefeasible</li> - -<li>Indelible</li> - -<li>Indict</li> - -<li>Indictment</li> - -<li>Indite</li> - -<li>Inditer</li> - -<li>Indocile</li> - -<li>Indorsable</li> - -<li>Indorse</li> - -<li>Indorsement</li> - -<li>Indorser</li> - -<li>Inferrible</li> - -<li>Inflection</li> - -<li>Infold</li> - -<li>Infoliate</li> - -<li>Ingraft</li> - -<li>Ingraftment</li> - -<li>Ingrain</li> - -<li>Ingulf</li> - -<li>Innuendo</li> - -<li>Inquire</li> - -<li>Inquirer</li> - -<li>Inquiry</li> - -<li>Insnare</li> - -<li>Install</li> - -<li>Instalment</li> - -<li>Instil</li> - -<li>Instructor</li> - -<li>Insurance</li> - -<li>Insure</li> - -<li>Insurer</li> - -<li>Intenable</li> - -<li>Interlace</li> - -<li>Interplead</li> - -<li>Interpleader</li> - -<li>Inthrall</li> - -<li>Intrinsical</li> - -<li>Intrust</li> - -<li>Intwine</li> - -<li>Inure</li> - -<li>Inurement</li> - -<li>Invalid (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Inveigle</li> - -<li>Inventor</li> - -<li>Inwheel</li> - -<li>Inwrap</li> - -<li>Inwreathe</li> - -<li>Isle -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">J. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Jackal</li> - -<li>Jacobin</li> - -<li>Jag</li> - -<li>Jagghery</li> - -<li>Jail</li> - -<li>Jailer</li> - -<li>Jalap</li> - -<li>Jamb (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Janizary</li> - -<li>Janty</li> - -<li>Jasmine</li> - -<li>Jaunt</li> - -<li>Jelly</li> - -<li>Jenneting</li> - -<li>Jetty</li> - -<li>Jewellery -<span class="spdictnote">[Thus in 1st column, as “the -more regularly formed word”; but <i>jewelry</i> is the more -common. Follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Jiffy</li> - -<li>Jingle</li> - -<li>Jointress</li> - -<li>Jole -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>jowl</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Jonquille</li> - -<li>Judgment</li> - -<li>Julep</li> - -<li>Junket</li> - -<li>Just (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Justle -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>jostle</i>, compositor and proof-reader -had better follow copy, to save the trouble and -expense of <i>correcting</i>.] <span class="xxpn" -id="p149">{p149}</span></span> -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">K. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Kale</li> - -<li>Kamsin</li> - -<li>Kayle</li> - -<li>Keelhaul</li> - -<li>Keelson</li> - -<li>Keg</li> - -<li>Khan</li> - -<li>Knapsack</li> - -<li>Knell -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">L. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Lackey</li> - -<li>Lacquer</li> - -<li>Lair</li> - -<li>Lambdoidal</li> - -<li>Lance</li> - -<li>Landscape</li> - -<li>Landsman</li> - -<li>Lantern</li> - -<li>Lanyard</li> - -<li>Launch</li> - -<li>Laundress</li> - -<li>Laureate</li> - -<li>Lavender</li> - -<li>Lea (<i>a plain</i>)</li> - -<li>Leach</li> - -<li>Leaven</li> - -<li>Ledger</li> - -<li>Lettuce</li> - -<li>License</li> - -<li>Lickerish</li> - -<li>Licorice</li> - -<li>Lief</li> - -<li>Lilac</li> - -<li>Lily</li> - -<li>Linguiform</li> - -<li>Liniment -<span class="spdictnote">[An embrocation.]</span></li> - -<li>[Linament -<span class="spdictnote">(Lint, etc.)]</span></li> - -<li>Lintstock</li> - -<li>Litharge</li> - -<li>Llama (<i>animal</i>)</li> - -<li>Loadstar</li> - -<li>Loadstone</li> - -<li>Loath (<i>a.</i>)</li> - -<li>Loathe (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Lode (<i>a vein</i>)</li> - -<li>Lodgement</li> - -<li>Lower</li> - -<li>Luff</li> - -<li>Luke</li> - -<li>Lustring</li> - -<li>Lye (<i>from ashes</i>) -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">M. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Maggoty</li> - -<li>Maim</li> - -<li>[Mayhem (<i>Law</i>)]</li> - -<li>Maize</li> - -<li>Maleadministration</li> - -<li>Malecontent</li> - -<li>Malefeasance</li> - -<li>Malepractice</li> - -<li>Maltreat</li> - -<li>Malkin</li> - -<li>Mall</li> - -<li>Malanders</li> - -<li>Mameluke</li> - -<li>Mandarin</li> - -<li>Mandatary</li> - -<li>Mandrel</li> - -<li>Manifestable</li> - -<li>Manikin</li> - -<li>Manœuvre</li> - -<li>Mantle</li> - -<li>Mark</li> - -<li>Marque (<i>license</i>)</li> - -<li>Marquee</li> - -<li>Marquis</li> - -<li>Marshal</li> - -<li>Marten</li> - -<li>Martingale</li> - -<li>Mask</li> - -<li>Maslin</li> - -<li>Mastic</li> - -<li>Matins</li> - -<li>Mattress</li> - -<li>Meagre</li> - -<li>Mediæval</li> - -<li>Meliorate -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>ameliorate</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Menagerie</li> - -<li>Merchandise</li> - -<li>Mere (<i>a pool</i>)</li> - -<li>Metre</li> - -<li>Mew</li> - -<li>Mewl</li> - -<li>Mileage</li> - -<li>Milleped</li> - -<li>Millrea</li> - -<li>Miscall</li> - -<li>Misspell</li> - -<li>Misspend</li> - -<li>Misy (<i>Min.</i>)</li> - -<li>Mistletoe</li> - -<li>Mitre</li> - -<li>Mizzen</li> - -<li>Moccason</li> - -<li>Mocha-stone</li> - -<li>Modillion</li> - -<li>Molasses</li> - -<li>Moneyed</li> - -<li>Mongrel</li> - -<li>Monodrame</li> - -<li>Mood</li> - -<li>Moresque</li> - -<li>Morion</li> - -<li>Mortgageor</li> - -<li>Mosque</li> - -<li>Mosquito</li> - -<li>Mould</li> - -<li>Moult</li> - -<li>Mulch</li> - -<li>Mullin</li> - -<li>Multiped</li> - -<li>Mummery</li> - -<li>Murder</li> - -<li>Murderous</li> - -<li>Murky</li> - -<li>Murrhine</li> - -<li>Muscle -<span class="spdictnote">[Animal tissue.] -<span class="xxpn" id="p150">{p150}</span></span></li> - -<li>[Mussel -<span class="spdictnote">(A shell-fish.)]</span></li> - -<li>Musket</li> - -<li>Mustache</li> - -<li>Myth</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">N. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Nankeen</li> - -<li>Naught</li> - -<li>Negotiate</li> - -<li>Net (<i>a.</i>, <i>clear</i>)</li> - -<li>Nib</li> - -<li>Nobless</li> - -<li>Nombles</li> - -<li>Novitiate</li> - -<li>Nozle</li> - -<li>Nuisance -</li></ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">O. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Oblique</li> - -<li>Octahedron</li> - -<li>Offence</li> - -<li>Offuscate</li> - -<li>Olio</li> - -<li>Omer</li> - -<li>Opaque</li> - -<li>Orach</li> - -<li>Orison</li> - -<li>Osier</li> - -<li>Osmazome</li> - -<li>Osprey</li> - -<li>Ottar -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Attar</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Outrageous</li> - -<li>Oxidate</li> - -<li>Oxidation</li> - -<li>Oxide</li> - -<li>Oxidize</li> - -<li>Oyes -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">P. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Pacha</li> - -<li>Packet</li> - -<li>Painim</li> - -<li>Palanquin</li> - -<li>Palette</li> - -<li>Palmiped</li> - -<li>Pandore</li> - -<li>Panel</li> - -<li>Pansy</li> - -<li>Pantagraph</li> - -<li>Pappoose</li> - -<li>Parallelopiped</li> - -<li>Paralyze</li> - -<li>Parcenary</li> - -<li>Parol (<i>a.</i>)</li> - -<li>Paroquet</li> - -<li>Parral</li> - -<li>Parsnip</li> - -<li>Partisan</li> - -<li>Patin</li> - -<li>Patrol</li> - -<li>Paver</li> - -<li>Pawl</li> - -<li>Pedler</li> - -<li>Pedlery</li> - -<li>Peep</li> - -<li>Penance</li> - -<li>Penniless</li> - -<li>Pentahedral</li> - -<li>Pentahedron</li> - -<li>Pentile</li> - -<li>Peony</li> - -<li>Perch</li> - -<li>Persimmon</li> - -<li>Persistence</li> - -<li>Pewit</li> - -<li>Phantasm</li> - -<li>Phantom</li> - -<li>Phenomenon</li> - -<li>Phial -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Vial</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Philter</li> - -<li>Phlegm</li> - -<li>Phœnix</li> - -<li>Phthisic</li> - -<li>[Piked -<span class="spdictnote">Ending in a point.]</span></li> - -<li>Picked -<span class="spdictnote">[Spruce; smartly or foppishly dressed.]</span></li> - -<li>Picket</li> - -<li>[Piquet -<span class="spdictnote">A game at cards.]</span></li> - -<li>Picturesque</li> - -<li>Pie</li> - -<li>Piebald</li> - -<li>Pimento</li> - -<li>Pincers</li> - -<li>Placard</li> - -<li>Plain -<span class="spdictnote">[A level, open field.]</span></li> - -<li>[Plane -<span class="spdictnote">So written in science and the arts.]</span></li> - -<li>Plane-sailing</li> - -<li>Plaster</li> - -<li>Plat</li> - -<li>Plethora</li> - -<li>Pleurisy</li> - -<li>Pliers</li> - -<li>Plough</li> - -<li>Ploughman</li> - -<li>Ploughshare</li> - -<li>Plumber</li> - -<li>Plumiped</li> - -<li>Pluviameter</li> - -<li>Poise</li> - -<li>Poltroon</li> - -<li>Polyanthus</li> - -<li>Polyhedral</li> - -<li>Polyhedron</li> - -<li>Pomade</li> - -<li>Pommel</li> - -<li>Pontoon</li> - -<li>Pony</li> - -<li>Porpoise</li> - -<li>Portray</li> - -<li>Portress</li> - -<li>Postilion</li> - -<li>Potato</li> - -<li>Pottage</li> - -<li>Practise (<i>v.</i>) <span class="xxpn" id="p151">{p151}</span></li> - -<li>Præmunire</li> - -<li>Premise</li> - -<li>Pretence</li> - -<li>Preterite</li> - -<li>Pretor</li> - -<li>Prison-base</li> - -<li>Probate</li> - -<li>Profane</li> - -<li>Protector</li> - -<li>Prothonotaryship</li> - -<li>Prunello</li> - -<li>Pumpkin</li> - -<li>[Puisne (<i>Law</i>) -<span class="spdictnote">Thus written as a technical word.]</span></li> - -<li>Puny</li> - -<li>Pupillary</li> - -<li>Purblind</li> - -<li>Purlin</li> - -<li>Purr</li> - -<li>Purslain</li> - -<li>Pursy</li> - -<li>Putrefy</li> - -<li>Pygmean</li> - -<li>Pygmy</li> - -<li>Pyx -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">Q. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Quarantine</li> - -<li>Quartet</li> - -<li>Quatercousin</li> - -<li>Quay (<i>a mole</i>)</li> - -<li>Quinsy</li> - -<li>Quintain</li> - -<li>Quintal</li> - -<li>Quitter</li> - -<li>Quoit -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">R. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Raccoon</li> - -<li>Raillery</li> - -<li>Ransom</li> - -<li>Rarefy</li> - -<li>Raspberry</li> - -<li>Ratafia</li> - -<li>Rattan</li> - -<li>Raven (<i>prey</i>)</li> - -<li>Raze</li> - -<li>Razure</li> - -<li>Real (<i>coin</i>)</li> - -<li>Rear</li> - -<li>Rearmouse</li> - -<li>Rearward</li> - -<li>Recall</li> - -<li>Recognizable</li> - -<li>Recognizance</li> - -<li>Recognize</li> - -<li>Recognizee</li> - -<li>Recognizor</li> - -<li>Recompense</li> - -<li>Reconnoitre</li> - -<li>Redoubt</li> - -<li>Redoubtable</li> - -<li>Reenforcement</li> - -<li>Referable</li> - -<li>Reflection</li> - -<li>Reflective</li> - -<li>Reglet</li> - -<li>Reindeer</li> - -<li>Reinstall</li> - -<li>Relic</li> - -<li>Renard -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Reynard</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Rennet</li> - -<li>Replier</li> - -<li>Reposit</li> - -<li>Resin -<span class="spdictnote">[This is the scientific term for the “inspissated exudations -of certain families of plants.”]</span></li> - -<li>Rosin -<span class="spdictnote">[The name of the commonest resin in use, “when employed in -a solid state for ordinary purposes.”]</span></li> - -<li>Resistance</li> - -<li>Respite</li> - -<li>Restiff -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>restive</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Restiffness -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>restiveness</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Retch (<i>to vomit</i>)</li> - -<li>Reverie -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>revery</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Reversible</li> - -<li>Rhomb</li> - -<li>[Rhumb (<i>Nav.</i>)]</li> - -<li>Ribbon</li> - -<li>Rider</li> - -<li>Rinse</li> - -<li>Risk</li> - -<li>Riveted</li> - -<li>Robbin</li> - -<li>[Robin (<i>Orn.</i>)]</li> - -<li>Rodomontade</li> - -<li>Roquelaure</li> - -<li>Route (<i>course</i>)</li> - -<li>Rummage</li> - -<li>Runnet</li> - -<li>Rye -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">S. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Sabianism</li> - -<li>Sag</li> - -<li>Saic</li> - -<li>Sainfoin</li> - -<li>Salic</li> - -<li>Saltcellar</li> - -<li>Sandarach</li> - -<li>Sandiver</li> - -<li>Sanitary</li> - -<li>Sarcenet</li> - -<li>Sat</li> - -<li>Satchel</li> - -<li>Satinet</li> - -<li>Savin</li> - -<li>Saviour -<span class="spdictnote">[When the Redeemer is -meant, the <i>u</i> should be retained. Worcester’s note -under this word says that <i>error</i>, <i>favor</i>, and -<i>honor</i> are derived directly from <span class="xxpn" -id="p152">{p152}</span> the Latin, whereas there is -no classical Latin word corresponding to the Greek -<i>saviour</i> = σωτήρ.]</span></li> - -<li>[Savior -<span class="spdictnote">This orthography is proper when a sacred meaning is not attached to -the word.]</span></li> - -<li>Scallop</li> - -<li>Scath</li> - -<li>Scenery</li> - -<li>Sceptic</li> - -<li>Sceptical</li> - -<li>Scepticism</li> - -<li>Schist</li> - -<li>Schistose</li> - -<li>Scholium</li> - -<li>Schorl</li> - -<li>Sciagraphy</li> - -<li>Sciomachy</li> - -<li>Scion</li> - -<li>Scirrhosity</li> - -<li>Scirrhous [<i>a.</i>]</li> - -<li>Scirrhus [<i>n.</i>]</li> - -<li>Scissors</li> - -<li>Sconce</li> - -<li>Scotfree</li> - -<li>Scow</li> - -<li>Screen</li> - -<li>Scrofula</li> - -<li>Scythe</li> - -<li>Seamstress</li> - -<li>Sear</li> - -<li>Searce</li> - -<li>Secretaryship</li> - -<li>Seethe</li> - -<li>Seignior</li> - -<li>Seine (<i>a net</i>)</li> - -<li>Seizin</li> - -<li>Sellenders</li> - -<li>Selvage</li> - -<li>Sentinel</li> - -<li>Sentry</li> - -<li>Sequin</li> - -<li>Sergeant</li> - -<li>Sergeantry</li> - -<li>Sesspool -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>cesspool</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Sevennight</li> - -<li>Shad</li> - -<li>Shard</li> - -<li>Shark (<i>v.</i>) -<span class="spdictnote">[But <i>shirk</i> is more common, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Shawm</li> - -<li>Sheathe (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Sheer (<i>pure</i>)</li> - -<li>Sheik</li> - -<li>Shemitic</li> - -<li>Sherbet</li> - -<li>Sherry</li> - -<li>Shorling</li> - -<li>Show</li> - -<li>Showbread</li> - -<li>Shrillness</li> - -<li>Shroud</li> - -<li>Shuttlecock</li> - -<li>Shyly</li> - -<li>Shyness</li> - -<li>Sienite</li> - -<li>Silicious</li> - -<li>Sill</li> - -<li>Sillabub</li> - -<li>Simar</li> - -<li>Siphon</li> - -<li>Siren</li> - -<li>Sirloin</li> - -<li>Sirocco</li> - -<li>Sirup</li> - -<li>Sit (<i>to incubate</i>)</li> - -<li>Site</li> - -<li>Sizar</li> - -<li>Size (<i>glue</i>)</li> - -<li>Skate</li> - -<li>Skein</li> - -<li>Skilful</li> - -<li>Skulk</li> - -<li>Skull</li> - -<li>Slabber</li> - -<li>Slake (<i>to quench</i>)</li> - -<li>Sleight (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Sley (<i>a reed</i>)</li> - -<li>Sluice</li> - -<li>Slyly</li> - -<li>Slyness</li> - -<li>Smallness</li> - -<li>Smirk</li> - -<li>Smooth (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Soap</li> - -<li>Socage</li> - -<li>Socle</li> - -<li>Solan</li> - -<li>Solder</li> - -<li>Soldier</li> - -<li>Soliped</li> - -<li>Solitaire</li> - -<li>Solvable</li> - -<li>Somerset</li> - -<li>Sonneteer</li> - -<li>Soothe (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Sorrel</li> - -<li>Souse</li> - -<li>Spa</li> - -<li>Spicknel</li> - -<li>Spinach</li> - -<li>Spinel</li> - -<li>Splice</li> - -<li>Sponge</li> - -<li>Spongy</li> - -<li>Spright</li> - -<li>Sprightful</li> - -<li>Spunk</li> - -<li>Spurt</li> - -<li>Stable</li> - -<li>Staddle</li> - -<li>Stanch</li> - -<li>Stationery (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Steadfast</li> - -<li>Steelyard</li> - -<li>Sterile</li> - -<li>Stillness</li> - -<li>Stockade</li> - -<li>Strait (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Strap</li> - -<li>Strengthener</li> - -<li>Strew</li> - -<li>Stupefy <span class="xxpn" id="p153">{p153}</span></li> - -<li>Sty</li> - -<li>Style</li> - -<li>Subtile (<i>thin</i>)</li> - -<li>Subtle (<i>sly</i>)</li> - -<li>Subtract</li> - -<li>Subtraction</li> - -<li>Suit</li> - -<li>Suitor</li> - -<li>Sulky (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Sulphuretted</li> - -<li>Sumach</li> - -<li>Suretyship</li> - -<li>Surname</li> - -<li>Surprise</li> - -<li>Surreptitious</li> - -<li>Survivor</li> - -<li>Survivorship</li> - -<li>Swale</li> - -<li>Sward</li> - -<li>Swath (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Sweepstakes</li> - -<li>Swipple</li> - -<li>Swop -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>swap</i>, follow copy.]</span></li> - -<li>Sycamore</li> - -<li>Sylvan</li> - -<li>Synonyme</li> - -<li>Syphilis</li> - -<li>Systematize -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">T. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Tabard</li> - -<li>Taffety</li> - -<li>Taffrail</li> - -<li>Taillage</li> - -<li>Talc (<i>a stone</i>)</li> - -<li>Tallness</li> - -<li>Talmud</li> - -<li>Tambour</li> - -<li>Tambourine</li> - -<li>Tarpauling</li> - -<li>Tartan</li> - -<li>Tassel</li> - -<li>Tawny</li> - -<li>Tease</li> - -<li>Teazle</li> - -<li>Tenable</li> - -<li>Terrier</li> - -<li>Tether</li> - -<li>Tetrastich</li> - -<li>Theodolite</li> - -<li>Thraldom</li> - -<li>Thrash</li> - -<li>Threshold</li> - -<li>Throe (<i>a pang</i>)</li> - -<li>Thyine (<i>wood</i>)</li> - -<li>Thyme</li> - -<li>Ticking</li> - -<li>Tidbit</li> - -<li>Tie</li> - -<li>Tier (<i>a row</i>)</li> - -<li>Tierce</li> - -<li>Tiger</li> - -<li>Tincal</li> - -<li>Tint</li> - -<li>Tiny</li> - -<li>Tippler</li> - -<li>Tithe</li> - -<li>Toilet</li> - -<li>Toll (<i>to allure</i>)</li> - -<li>Tollbooth</li> - -<li>Ton</li> - -<li>[Tun -<span class="spdictnote">(<i>Tun</i> is the usual -orthography when a large cask or wine measure [252 -gallons] is meant; <i>Ton</i> when a weight of 20 cwt., -the space in a ship, or a measure of timber is -meant.—<i>Brande.</i>)]</span></li> - -<li>Tonnage</li> - -<li>Tormentor</li> - -<li>Touchy</li> - -<li>Tourmaline</li> - -<li>Trance</li> - -<li>Tranquillity</li> - -<li>Tranquillize</li> - -<li>Transferable</li> - -<li>Transferrence</li> - -<li>Treadle</li> - -<li>Treenail</li> - -<li>Trellis</li> - -<li>Trentals</li> - -<li>Trestle</li> - -<li>Trevet</li> - -<li>Trousers</li> - -<li>Truckle-bed</li> - -<li>Tumbrel</li> - -<li>Turkey</li> - -<li>Turkois</li> - -<li>Turnip</li> - -<li>Turnsole</li> - -<li>Tutenag</li> - -<li>Tweedle</li> - -<li>Twibil</li> - -<li>Tymbal</li> - -<li>Tyro -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">U. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Umbles</li> - -<li>Unbias</li> - -<li>Unbiassed</li> - -<li>Unbigoted</li> - -<li>Unroll</li> - -<li>Until -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">V. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Vaivode</li> - -<li>Vales (<i>money</i>)</li> - -<li>Valise</li> - -<li>Vantbrace</li> - -<li>Vat (<i>a vessel</i>)</li> - -<li>Vaudevil</li> - -<li>Vavasor</li> - -<li>Veil (<i>cover</i>)</li> - -<li>Vender</li> - -<li>[Vendor (<i>Law</i>)]</li> - -<li>Veneer</li> - -<li>Venomous</li> - -<li>Verdigris</li> - -<li>Vermilion</li> - -<li>Vermin</li> - -<li>Verst</li> - -<li>Vertebre -<span class="spdictnote">[If written <i>Vertebra</i>, follow copy.] -<span class="xxpn" id="p154">{p154}</span></span></li> - -<li>Vervain</li> - -<li>Vice (<i>a screw</i>)</li> - -<li>Vicious</li> - -<li>Villain</li> - -<li>Villanous</li> - -<li>Villany</li> - -<li>Visitatorial</li> - -<li>Visitor</li> - -<li>Visor</li> - -<li>Vitiate</li> - -<li>Vizier</li> - -<li>Volcano -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">W. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Wagon</li> - -<li>Waif</li> - -<li>Waive (<i>to defer</i>)</li> - -<li>Wale</li> - -<li>Walrus</li> - -<li>Warranter</li> - -<li>[Warrantor (<i>Law</i>)]</li> - -<li>War-whoop</li> - -<li>Waul</li> - -<li>Wear (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Wear (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Weasand</li> - -<li>Welsh</li> - -<li>Whang</li> - -<li>Whelk</li> - -<li>Whippletree</li> - -<li>Whippoorwill</li> - -<li>Whiskey</li> - -<li>Whitleather</li> - -<li>Whoop</li> - -<li>Whooping-cough</li> - -<li>Widgeon</li> - -<li>Wilful</li> - -<li>Windlass</li> - -<li>Wintry</li> - -<li>Wiry</li> - -<li>Witch-elm</li> - -<li>With (<i>n.</i>)</li> - -<li>Withal</li> - -<li>Wizard</li> - -<li>Woe</li> - -<li>Woful</li> - -<li>Wondrous</li> - -<li>Woodbine</li> - -<li>Woodchuck</li> - -<li>Woollen</li> - -<li>Wreathe (<i>v.</i>)</li> - -<li>Wreck</li> - -<li>Wriggle -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">Y. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Yawl</li> - -<li>Yearn</li> - -<li>Yeast</li> - -<li>Yelk</li> - -<li>Yerk</li> - -<li>Yew -</li> -</ul></li></ul> - -<ul><li class="lidicthead">Z. - -<ul class="uldict"> -<li>Zaffre</li> - -<li>Zinc</li> - -<li>Zymology -</li></ul></li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<p>There is a large class of words -ending either in <i>able</i> or <i>ible</i>, amounting to -more than sixteen hundred. For these we know of no -general rule which can be given, that would readily -indicate the proper termination. In practice, writers -and printers, with rare exceptions, are obliged at -times to depend on something besides memory to secure -correctness; and if the dictionary is not at hand, the -wrong termination may—as in fact it often does—get -into print. So excellent a work as “The American First -Class Book” prints an extract from Webster’s Plymouth -oration thus:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>If any practices exist, contrary to the principles of justice -and humanity, within the reach of our laws or our influence, -we are inexcus<i>i</i>ble if we do not exert ourselves to restrain and -abolish them. <span class="xxpn" id="p155">{p155}</span></p></div> - -<p>And in a periodical which is sent broadcast over -the United States, occurs the following paragraph -(April 24, 1888), copied from a report made by -Henry Clay in 1838:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>That authors and inventors have, according to the practice -among civilized nations, a property in the respective productions -of their genius is incontest<i>i</i>ble, etc.</p></div> - -<p>We append below, for convenient reference, a catalogue -of the words referred to, including (1) those -in present use; (2) those that are rare; and (3) -the obsolete. The latter often occur in reprints, and -are sometimes resuscitated or galvanized for a present -purpose,—as, for instance, in a recent popular novel, -of wide circulation, there occurs three or more times, -the word “ineluctable,” denoted by Webster as obsolete. -We may have omitted some words that should -have been inserted, but believe we have accomplished -our object within very negligible limits of error.</p> - -<p>A word in parenthesis indicates a various mode of -spelling the word immediately preceding.</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS ENDING IN <i>ABLE</i>.</h3> - -<ul class="ulorthog"> -<li>Abatable</li> -<li>Abdicable</li> -<li>Abolishable</li> -<li>Abominable</li> -<li>Abrogable</li> -<li>Absolvable</li> -<li>Absorbable</li> -<li>Abusable</li> -<li>Accentuable</li> -<li>Acceptable</li> -<li>Acclimatable</li> -<li>Accomplishable</li> -<li>Accordable</li> -<li>Accostable</li> -<li>Accountable</li> -<li>Accusable</li> -<li>Achievable</li> -<li>Acidifiable</li> -<li>Acquirable</li> -<li>Actable</li> -<li>Actionable</li> -<li>Adaptable</li> -<li>Addable</li> -<li>(Addible)</li> -<li>Adjustable</li> -<li>Administrable</li> -<li>Admirable</li> -<li>Admittable</li> -<li>(Admittible)</li> -<li>Adoptable</li> -<li>Adorable</li> -<li>Advantageable</li> -<li>Advisable</li> -<li>Affable</li> -<li>Affilliable</li> -<li>Affirmable</li> -<li>Aggrandizable</li> -<li>Agitable</li> -<li>Agreeable</li> -<li>Alienable</li> -<li>Alkalifiable</li> -<li>Allegeable</li> -<li>Allowable</li> -<li>Alterable</li> -<li>Amassable</li> -<li id="p156">Ameliorable</li> -<li>Amenable</li> -<li>Amendable</li> -<li>Amiable</li> -<li>Amicable</li> -<li>Amusable</li> -<li>Analyzable</li> -<li>Anchorable</li> -<li>Annihilable</li> -<li>Answerable</li> -<li>Appealable</li> -<li>Appeasable</li> -<li>Appliable</li> -<li>Applicable</li> -<li>Appointable</li> -<li>Appreciable</li> -<li>Approachable</li> -<li>Appropriable</li> -<li>Approvable</li> -<li>Arable</li> -<li>Arbitrable</li> -<li>Arguable</li> -<li>Argumentable</li> -<li>Ascertainable</li> -<li>Ascribable</li> -<li>Aspectable</li> -<li>Assailable</li> -<li>Assaultable</li> -<li>Assessable</li> -<li>Assignable</li> -<li>Assimilable</li> -<li>Associable</li> -<li>Atonable</li> -<li>Attachable</li> -<li>Attackable</li> -<li>Attainable</li> -<li>Attemptable</li> -<li>Attractable</li> -<li>Attributable</li> -<li>Augmentable</li> -<li>Authorizable</li> -<li>Available</li> -<li>Avoidable</li> -<li>Avouchable</li> -<li>Avowable</li> -<li>Bailable</li> -<li>Bankable</li> -<li>Batable</li> -<li>Bearable</li> -<li>Beggable</li> -<li>Believable</li> -<li>Bendable</li> -<li>Bequeathable</li> -<li>Bewailable</li> -<li>Blamable</li> -<li>Boardable</li> -<li>Boatable</li> -<li>Bounceable</li> -<li>Breakable</li> -<li>Breathable</li> -<li>Calcinable</li> -<li>Calculable</li> -<li>Capable</li> -<li>Carriable</li> -<li>Causable</li> -<li>Censurable</li> -<li>Challengeable</li> -<li>Changeable</li> -<li>Chargeable</li> -<li>Charitable</li> -<li>Chastisable</li> -<li>Cheatable</li> -<li>Circulable</li> -<li>Circumnavigable</li> -<li>Circumscribable</li> -<li>Citable</li> -<li>Civilizable</li> -<li>Claimable</li> -<li>Classifiable</li> -<li>Cleansable</li> -<li>Cleavable</li> -<li>Clergyable</li> -<li>Climbable</li> -<li>Coagulable</li> -<li>Cogitable</li> -<li>Cognizable</li> -<li>Collatable</li> -<li>Colorable</li> -<li>Combatable</li> -<li>Comfortable</li> -<li>Commandable</li> -<li>Commeasurable</li> -<li>Commemorable</li> -<li>Commendable</li> -<li>Commensurable</li> -<li>Commonable</li> -<li>Communicable</li> -<li>Commutable</li> -<li>Companionable</li> -<li>Comparable</li> -<li>Compassable</li> -<li>Compellable</li> -<li>Compliable</li> -<li>Comportable</li> -<li>Compoundable</li> -<li>Computable</li> -<li>Concealable</li> -<li>Conceivable</li> -<li>Concordable</li> -<li>Condemnable</li> -<li>Condensable</li> -<li>Conferrable</li> -<li>Confinable</li> -<li>Confirmable</li> -<li>Confiscable</li> -<li>Conformable</li> -<li>Confusable</li> -<li>Confutable</li> -<li>Congeable</li> -<li>Congealable</li> -<li>Conjecturable</li> -<li>Conquerable</li> -<li>Conscionable</li> -<li>Conservable</li> -<li>Considerable</li> -<li>Consolable</li> -<li>Constrainable</li> -<li>Consumable</li> -<li>Containable</li> -<li>Contaminable</li> -<li>Conterminable</li> -<li>Contestable</li> -<li>Continuable</li> -<li>Contradictable</li> -<li>Contributable</li> -<li>Contrivable</li> -<li>Controllable</li> -<li>Conversable</li> -<li id="p157">Conveyable</li> -<li>Countable</li> -<li>Countermandable</li> -<li>Covetable</li> -<li>Creatable</li> -<li>Creditable</li> -<li>Criticisable</li> -<li>Crummable</li> -<li>Crystallizable</li> -<li>Culpable</li> -<li>Cultivable</li> -<li>Cultivatable</li> -<li>Culturable</li> -<li>Curable</li> -<li>Customable</li> -<li>Damageable</li> -<li>Debatable</li> -<li>Deceivable</li> -<li>Decidable</li> -<li>Decipherable</li> -<li>Declarable</li> -<li>Declinable</li> -<li>Decomposable</li> -<li>Decompoundable</li> -<li>Decreeable</li> -<li>Definable</li> -<li>Deflagrable</li> -<li>Delectable</li> -<li>Deliverable</li> -<li>Deludable</li> -<li>Demandable</li> -<li>Demisable</li> -<li>Demonstrable</li> -<li>Deniable</li> -<li>Denominable</li> -<li>Denotable</li> -<li>Deplorable</li> -<li>Deposable</li> -<li>Deprecable</li> -<li>Deprivable</li> -<li>Derivable</li> -<li>Describable</li> -<li>Designable</li> -<li>Desirable</li> -<li>Despicable</li> -<li>Detectable</li> -<li>Determinable</li> -<li>Detestable</li> -<li>Devisable</li> -<li>Diggable</li> -<li>Dilatable</li> -<li>Diminishable</li> -<li>Disagreeable</li> -<li>Disallowable</li> -<li>Disciplinable</li> -<li>Discommendable</li> -<li>Disconformable</li> -<li>Discountable</li> -<li>Discourageable</li> -<li>Discoverable</li> -<li>Discreditable</li> -<li>Disenable</li> -<li>Dishonorable</li> -<li>Disintegrable</li> -<li>Dispensable</li> -<li>Displaceable</li> -<li>Disposable</li> -<li>Disproportionable</li> -<li>Disprovable</li> -<li>Dispunishable</li> -<li>Disputable</li> -<li>Disreputable</li> -<li>Disserviceable</li> -<li>Dissociable</li> -<li>Dissolvable</li> -<li>Distillable</li> -<li>Distinguishable</li> -<li>Distrainable</li> -<li>Distributable</li> -<li>Diversifiable</li> -<li>Dividable</li> -<li>Divorceable</li> -<li>(Divorcible)</li> -<li>Doubtable</li> -<li>Dowable</li> -<li>Drainable</li> -<li>Dramatizable</li> -<li>Drawable</li> -<li>Drinkable</li> -<li>Dupable</li> -<li>Durable</li> -<li>Dutiable</li> -<li>Eatable</li> -<li>Effable</li> -<li>Effaceable</li> -<li>Electrifiable</li> -<li>Electrolyzable</li> -<li>Emendable</li> -<li>Employable</li> -<li>Endable</li> -<li>Endurable</li> -<li>Enforceable</li> -<li>(Enforcible)</li> -<li>Englishable</li> -<li>Enjoyable</li> -<li>Enticeable</li> -<li>Enunciable</li> -<li>Enviable</li> -<li>Equable</li> -<li>Equitable</li> -<li>Eradicable</li> -<li>Erasable</li> -<li>Erectable</li> -<li>Escapable</li> -<li>Escheatable</li> -<li>Estimable</li> -<li>Evaporable</li> -<li>Examinable</li> -<li>Exceptionable</li> -<li>Exchangeable</li> -<li>Excisable</li> -<li>Excitable</li> -<li>Excommunicable</li> -<li>Exculpable</li> -<li>Excusable</li> -<li>Execrable</li> -<li>Exemplifiable</li> -<li>Exercisable</li> -<li>(Exercisible)</li> -<li>Exhalable</li> -<li>Exorable</li> -<li>Expectable</li> -<li>Expellable</li> -<li>Expiable</li> -<li>Expirable</li> -<li>Explainable</li> -<li>Explicable</li> -<li>Exportable</li> -<li id="p158">Extinguishable</li> -<li>Extirpable</li> -<li>Extractable</li> -<li>(Extractible)</li> -<li>Extricable</li> -<li>Exuviable</li> -<li>Falsifiable</li> -<li>Farmable</li> -<li>Fashionable</li> -<li>Fathomable</li> -<li>Favorable</li> -<li>Fellable</li> -<li>Fermentable</li> -<li>Figurable</li> -<li>Finable</li> -<li>Fixable</li> -<li>Fordable</li> -<li>Foreknowable</li> -<li>Forfeitable</li> -<li>Forgivable</li> -<li>Formidable</li> -<li>Fortifiable</li> -<li>Framable</li> -<li>Friable</li> -<li>Fundable</li> -<li>Furbishable</li> -<li>Gainable</li> -<li>Gaugeable</li> -<li>Gelable</li> -<li>Generable</li> -<li>Generalizable</li> -<li>Governable</li> -<li>Grantable</li> -<li>Graspable</li> -<li>Guardable</li> -<li>Guerdonable</li> -<li>Guessable</li> -<li>Guidable</li> -<li>Habitable</li> -<li>Hammerable</li> -<li>Handleable</li> -<li>Hatable</li> -<li>Hazardable</li> -<li>Healable</li> -<li>Heriotable</li> -<li>Heritable</li> -<li>Homageable</li> -<li>Honorable</li> -<li>Hospitable</li> -<li>Husbandable</li> -<li>Hybridizable</li> -<li>Identifiable</li> -<li>Illapsable</li> -<li>Illaudable</li> -<li>Illimitable</li> -<li>Illuminable</li> -<li>Illustrable</li> -<li>Imaginable</li> -<li>Imitable</li> -<li>Immalleable</li> -<li>Immeasurable</li> -<li>Immedicable</li> -<li>Immemorable</li> -<li>Immensurable</li> -<li>Immersable</li> -<li>(Immersible)</li> -<li>Immitigable</li> -<li>Immovable</li> -<li>Immutable</li> -<li>Impalpable</li> -<li>Impassable</li> -<li>Impassionable</li> -<li>Impeachable</li> -<li>Impeccable</li> -<li>Impenetrable</li> -<li>Imperforable</li> -<li>Imperishable</li> -<li>Impermeable</li> -<li>Imperturbable</li> -<li>Imperviable</li> -<li>Implacable</li> -<li>Impliable</li> -<li>Imponderable</li> -<li>Importable</li> -<li>Imposable</li> -<li>Impracticable</li> -<li>Impregnable</li> -<li>Impressionable</li> -<li>Impreventable</li> -<li>Improbable</li> -<li>Improvable</li> -<li>Impugnable</li> -<li>Imputable</li> -<li>Inaffable</li> -<li>Inalienable</li> -<li>Inamovable</li> -<li>Inappealable</li> -<li>Inapplicable</li> -<li>Inappreciable</li> -<li>Inapproachable</li> -<li>Inarable</li> -<li>Incalculable</li> -<li>Incapable</li> -<li>Incensurable</li> -<li>Incinerable</li> -<li>Inclinable</li> -<li>Incoagulable</li> -<li>Incogitable</li> -<li>Incognizable</li> -<li>Incommensurable</li> -<li>Incommunicable</li> -<li>Incommutable</li> -<li>Incomparable</li> -<li>Incompensable</li> -<li>Incompliable</li> -<li>Incomputable</li> -<li>Inconcealable</li> -<li>Inconceivable</li> -<li>Incondensable</li> -<li>Incongealable</li> -<li>Inconsiderable</li> -<li>Inconsolable</li> -<li>Inconsumable</li> -<li>Incontestable</li> -<li>Incontrollable</li> -<li>Increasable</li> -<li>Incrystallizable</li> -<li>Inculpable</li> -<li>Incurable</li> -<li>Indecimable</li> -<li>Indecipherable</li> -<li>Indeclinable</li> -<li>Indecomposable</li> -<li>Indefatigable</li> -<li>Indefinable</li> -<li>Indelectable</li> -<li>Indemonstrable</li> -<li>Indeprecable</li> -<li id="p159">Indeprivable</li> -<li>Indescribable</li> -<li>Indesirable</li> -<li>Indeterminable</li> -<li>Indictable</li> -<li>Indiminishable</li> -<li>Indisciplinable</li> -<li>Indiscoverable</li> -<li>Indispensable</li> -<li>Indisputable</li> -<li>Indissolvable</li> -<li>Indistinguishable</li> -<li>Indomitable</li> -<li>Indorsable</li> -<li>Indubitable</li> -<li>Ineffable</li> -<li>Ineffaceable</li> -<li>Inequitable</li> -<li>Ineradicable</li> -<li>Inestimable</li> -<li>Inevitable</li> -<li>Inexcitable</li> -<li>Inexcusable</li> -<li>Inexecutable</li> -<li>Inexorable</li> -<li>Inexpiable</li> -<li>Inexplicable</li> -<li>Inexplorable</li> -<li>Inexpugnable</li> -<li>Inexsuperable</li> -<li>Inexterminable</li> -<li>Inextinguishable</li> -<li>Inextirpable</li> -<li>Inextricable</li> -<li>Inferable</li> -<li>(Inferrible)</li> -<li>Inflammable</li> -<li>Inflatable</li> -<li>Ingelable</li> -<li>Ingenerable</li> -<li>Inhabitable</li> -<li>Inheritable</li> -<li>Inhospitable</li> -<li>Inimaginable</li> -<li>Inimitable</li> -<li>Inirritable</li> -<li>Innavigable</li> -<li>Innumerable</li> -<li>Inobservable</li> -<li>Inoculable</li> -<li>Inoxidizable</li> -<li>Inquirable</li> -<li>Insanable</li> -<li>Insatiable</li> -<li>Insaturable</li> -<li>Inscribable</li> -<li>Inscrutable</li> -<li>Insecable</li> -<li>Inseparable</li> -<li>Inseverable</li> -<li>Insolvable</li> -<li>Inspirable</li> -<li>Instable</li> -<li>Insufferable</li> -<li>Insultable</li> -<li>Insuperable</li> -<li>Insupportable</li> -<li>Insupposable</li> -<li>Insurable</li> -<li>Insurmountable</li> -<li>Intastable</li> -<li>Intenable</li> -<li>Interchangeable</li> -<li>Intercommunicable</li> -<li>Interminable</li> -<li>Interpolable</li> -<li>Interpretable</li> -<li>Intestable</li> -<li>Intolerable</li> -<li>Intractable</li> -<li>Intransmutable</li> -<li>Invaluable</li> -<li>Invariable</li> -<li>Investigable</li> -<li>Inviolable</li> -<li>Invitrifiable</li> -<li>Invulnerable</li> -<li>Irrebuttable</li> -<li>Irreclaimable</li> -<li>Irrecognizable</li> -<li>Irreconcilable</li> -<li>Irrecordable</li> -<li>Irrecoverable</li> -<li>Irrecusable</li> -<li>Irredeemable</li> -<li>Irrefragable</li> -<li>Irrefutable</li> -<li>Irrejectable</li> -<li>Irrelievable</li> -<li>Irremeable</li> -<li>Irremediable</li> -<li>Irremovable</li> -<li>Irremunerable</li> -<li>Irreparable</li> -<li>Irrepealable</li> -<li>Irrepleviable</li> -<li>Irreplevisable</li> -<li>Irrepresentable</li> -<li>Irreproachable</li> -<li>Irreprovable</li> -<li>Irresolvable</li> -<li>Irrespirable</li> -<li>Irresuscitable</li> -<li>Irretraceable</li> -<li>Irretrievable</li> -<li>Irreturnable</li> -<li>Irrevealable</li> -<li>Irrevocable</li> -<li>Irrevokable</li> -<li>Irritable</li> -<li>Isolable</li> -<li>Issuable</li> -<li>Judicable</li> -<li>Justiciable</li> -<li>Justifiable</li> -<li>Knittable</li> -<li>Knowable</li> -<li>Lacerable</li> -<li>Lamentable</li> -<li>Laminable</li> -<li>Lapsable</li> -<li>Laudable</li> -<li>Laughable</li> -<li>Learnable</li> -<li>Leasable</li> -<li>Lendable</li> -<li>Leviable</li> -<li>Levigable</li> -<li id="p160">Liable</li> -<li>Licensable</li> -<li>Liftable</li> -<li>Likable</li> -<li>Limitable</li> -<li>Liquable</li> -<li>Liquefiable</li> -<li>Litigable</li> -<li>Loanable</li> -<li>Lodgeable</li> -<li>Losable</li> -<li>Lovable</li> -<li>Magnifiable</li> -<li>Mailable</li> -<li>Mainpernable</li> -<li>Maintainable</li> -<li>Malleable</li> -<li>Manageable</li> -<li>Manifestable</li> -<li>(Manifestible)</li> -<li>Marketable</li> -<li>Marriageable</li> -<li>Masticable</li> -<li>Measurable</li> -<li>Medicable</li> -<li>Memorable</li> -<li>Mendable</li> -<li>Mensurable</li> -<li>Mentionable</li> -<li>Merchantable</li> -<li>Miserable</li> -<li>Misinterpretable</li> -<li>Mistakable</li> -<li>Mitigable</li> -<li>Mixable</li> -<li>Modifiable</li> -<li>Moldable</li> -<li>Mollifiable</li> -<li>Mootable</li> -<li>Mountable</li> -<li>Movable</li> -<li>Multipliable</li> -<li>Multiplicable</li> -<li>Mutable</li> -<li>Namable</li> -<li>Navigable</li> -<li>Negotiable</li> -<li>Nonexcommunicable</li> -<li>Notable</li> -<li>Noticeable</li> -<li>Nourishable</li> -<li>Numerable</li> -<li>Objectionable</li> -<li>Obligable</li> -<li>Observable</li> -<li>Obtainable</li> -<li>Offerable</li> -<li>Opposable</li> -<li>Ordainable</li> -<li>Orderable</li> -<li>Organizable</li> -<li>Originable</li> -<li>Overcapable</li> -<li>Oxidable</li> -<li>Oxidizable</li> -<li>Oxygenizable</li> -<li>Palatable</li> -<li>Palpable</li> -<li>Pardonable</li> -<li>Partable</li> -<li>(Partible)</li> -<li>Passable</li> -<li>Pasturable</li> -<li>Patentable</li> -<li>Pawnable</li> -<li>Payable</li> -<li>Peaceable</li> -<li>Peccable</li> -<li>Penetrable</li> -<li>Perceivable</li> -<li>Perdurable</li> -<li>Performable</li> -<li>Perishable</li> -<li>Permeable</li> -<li>Permutable</li> -<li>Perpetuable</li> -<li>Personable</li> -<li>Perspirable</li> -<li>Persuadable</li> -<li>Picturable</li> -<li>Pierceable</li> -<li>Pitiable</li> -<li>Placable</li> -<li>Plantable</li> -<li>Pleadable</li> -<li>Pleasurable</li> -<li>Pliable</li> -<li>Plowable</li> -<li>Poisonable</li> -<li>Polarizable</li> -<li>Polishable</li> -<li>Polysyllable</li> -<li>Ponderable</li> -<li>Portable</li> -<li>Potable</li> -<li>Powerable</li> -<li>Practicable</li> -<li>Precipitable</li> -<li>Predeterminable</li> -<li>Predicable</li> -<li>Preferable</li> -<li>Preparable</li> -<li>Presentable</li> -<li>Preservable</li> -<li>Prestable</li> -<li>Presumable</li> -<li>Preventable</li> -<li>Probable</li> -<li>Procurable</li> -<li>Profitable</li> -<li>Prognosticable</li> -<li>Prolongable</li> -<li>Pronounceable</li> -<li>Propagable</li> -<li>Proportionable</li> -<li>Proratable</li> -<li>Prosecutable</li> -<li>Protrudable</li> -<li>Provable</li> -<li>Provokable</li> -<li>Publishable</li> -<li>Pulverable</li> -<li>Pulverizable</li> -<li>Punishable</li> -<li>Purchasable</li> -<li>Pursuable</li> -<li>Quadrable</li> -<li>Qualifiable</li> -<li id="p161">Quenchable</li> -<li>Questionable</li> -<li>Quotable</li> -<li>Raisable</li> -<li>Ratable</li> -<li>(Rateable)</li> -<li>Reachable</li> -<li>Readable</li> -<li>Realizable</li> -<li>Reasonable</li> -<li>Rebukable</li> -<li>Recallable</li> -<li>Receivable</li> -<li>Reclaimable</li> -<li>Recognizable</li> -<li>Recommendable</li> -<li>Reconcilable</li> -<li>Recoverable</li> -<li>Rectifiable</li> -<li>Redeemable</li> -<li>Redemandable</li> -<li>Redoubtable</li> -<li>Reexaminable</li> -<li>Referable</li> -<li>(Referrible)</li> -<li>Refusable</li> -<li>Refutable</li> -<li>Regrettable</li> -<li>Reissuable</li> -<li>Rejectable</li> -<li>Relaxable</li> -<li>Releasable</li> -<li>Reliable</li> -<li>Relievable</li> -<li>Relishable</li> -<li>Remarkable</li> -<li>Remediable</li> -<li>Removable</li> -<li>Remunerable</li> -<li>Renderable</li> -<li>Renewable</li> -<li>Rentable</li> -<li>Reobtainable</li> -<li>Repairable</li> -<li>Reparable</li> -<li>Repayable</li> -<li>Repealable</li> -<li>Repleviable</li> -<li>Representable</li> -<li>Reproachable</li> -<li>Reprovable</li> -<li>Repudiable</li> -<li>Reputable</li> -<li>Rescindable</li> -<li>Rescuable</li> -<li>Resolvable</li> -<li>Respectable</li> -<li>Respirable</li> -<li>Restorable</li> -<li>Restrainable</li> -<li>Resumable</li> -<li>Resuscitable</li> -<li>Retainable</li> -<li>Retractable</li> -<li>(Retractible)</li> -<li>Retrievable</li> -<li>Returnable</li> -<li>Revealable</li> -<li>Revengeable</li> -<li>Reviewable</li> -<li>Revivable</li> -<li>Revocable</li> -<li>Rewardable</li> -<li>Rollable</li> -<li>Ruinable</li> -<li>Rulable</li> -<li>Sailable</li> -<li>Salable</li> -<li>Salifiable</li> -<li>Salvable</li> -<li>Sanable</li> -<li>Saponifiable</li> -<li>Satisfiable</li> -<li>Saturable</li> -<li>Savable</li> -<li>Scalable</li> -<li>Searchable</li> -<li>Seasonable</li> -<li>Securable</li> -<li>Seizable</li> -<li>Separable</li> -<li>Sequestrable</li> -<li>Servable</li> -<li>Serviceable</li> -<li>Shapable</li> -<li>Shiftable</li> -<li>Sizable</li> -<li>Sociable</li> -<li>Solvable</li> -<li>Sortable</li> -<li>Soundable</li> -<li>Spoilable</li> -<li>Squeezable</li> -<li>Statable</li> -<li>Statutable</li> -<li>Suable</li> -<li>Subconformable</li> -<li>Sublimable</li> -<li>Subscribable</li> -<li>Succorable</li> -<li>Sufferable</li> -<li>Suitable</li> -<li>Superserviceable</li> -<li>Supportable</li> -<li>Supposable</li> -<li>Surmountable</li> -<li>Surpassable</li> -<li>Sustainable</li> -<li>Tamable</li> -<li>Tannable</li> -<li>Tastable</li> -<li>Taxable</li> -<li>Teachable</li> -<li>Tellable</li> -<li>Temperable</li> -<li>Temptable</li> -<li>Tenable</li> -<li>Tenantable</li> -<li>Terminable</li> -<li>Testable</li> -<li>Tillable</li> -<li>Tithable</li> -<li>Tolerable</li> -<li>Tollable</li> -<li>Torturable</li> -<li>Touchable</li> -<li>Traceable</li> -<li>Tractable</li> -<li id="p162">Trainable</li> -<li>Transferable</li> -<li>(Transferrible)</li> -<li>Transformable</li> -<li>Translatable</li> -<li>Transmeatable</li> -<li>Transmutable</li> -<li>Transpirable</li> -<li>Transportable</li> -<li>Transposable</li> -<li>Traversable</li> -<li>Treasonable</li> -<li>Treatable</li> -<li>Triable</li> -<li>Triturable</li> -<li>Tunable</li> -<li>Ulcerable</li> -<li>Unacceptable</li> -<li>Unaccountable</li> -<li>Unadvisable</li> -<li>Unagreeable</li> -<li>Unaidable</li> -<li>Unamiable</li> -<li>Unanswerable</li> -<li>Unappealable</li> -<li>Unapproachable</li> -<li>Unaskable</li> -<li>Unavoidable</li> -<li>Uncharitable</li> -<li>Uncleanable</li> -<li>Uncomeatable</li> -<li>Uncomfortable</li> -<li>Uncommunicable</li> -<li>Unconformable</li> -<li>Unconscionable</li> -<li>Uncontrollable</li> -<li>Uncustomable</li> -<li>Undauntable</li> -<li>Undeniable</li> -<li>Undivinable</li> -<li>Unexceptionable</li> -<li>Unextinguishable</li> -<li>Unfashionable</li> -<li>Unfathomable</li> -<li>Unfavorable</li> -<li>Unforgetable</li> -<li>Ungovernable</li> -<li>Unimpeachable</li> -<li>Unitable</li> -<li>Unknowable</li> -<li>Unmalleable</li> -<li>Unmerchantable</li> -<li>Unmeritable</li> -<li>Unmistakable</li> -<li>Unpassable</li> -<li>Unpeaceable</li> -<li>Unpeerable</li> -<li>Unprofitable</li> -<li>Unquestionable</li> -<li>Unreasonable</li> -<li>Unreconcilable</li> -<li>Unreliable</li> -<li>Unrebukable</li> -<li>Unreckonable</li> -<li>Unreprovable</li> -<li>Unsalable</li> -<li>Unsearchable</li> -<li>Unseasonable</li> -<li>Unsociable</li> -<li>Unspeakable</li> -<li>Unstable</li> -<li>Unsuitable</li> -<li>Unutterable</li> -<li>Unwarrantable</li> -<li>Unwedgeable</li> -<li>Usable</li> -<li>Utterable</li> -<li>Valuable</li> -<li>Vanquishable</li> -<li>Vaporable</li> -<li>Vaporizable</li> -<li>Variable</li> -<li>Veerable</li> -<li>Vegetable</li> -<li>Venerable</li> -<li>Verifiable</li> -<li>Veritable</li> -<li>Viable</li> -<li>Vindicable</li> -<li>Violable</li> -<li>Visitable</li> -<li>Vitrifiable</li> -<li>Voidable</li> -<li>Volatilizable</li> -<li>Voyageable</li> -<li>Vulnerable</li> -<li>Warrantable</li> -<li>Washable</li> -<li>Wearable</li> -<li>Weighable</li> -<li>Weldable</li> -<li>Wieldable</li> -<li>Workable</li> -</ul></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS ENDING IN “ABLE”; RARE.</h3> - -<ul class="ulorthog"> -<li>Accomptable (<i>or obs.</i>)</li> -<li>Accommodable</li> -<li>Accustomable</li> -<li>Baptizable</li> -<li>Burnable</li> -<li>Borable</li> -<li>Carriageable</li> -<li>Catchable</li> -<li>Commiserable</li> -<li>Complainable</li> -<li>Defendable</li> -<li>Despisable</li> -<li>Destroyable</li> -<li>Discontinuable</li> -<li>Dissipable</li> -<li>Donable</li> -<li>Dubitable</li> -<li>Educable</li> -<li>Effluviable</li> -<li>Emulable</li> -<li>Entreatable</li> -<li>Equiparable</li> -<li>Errable</li> -<li>Esteemable</li> -<li id="p163">Executable</li> -<li>Expugnable</li> -<li>Frustrable</li> -<li>Gatherable</li> -<li>Gettable</li> -<li>Hereditable</li> -<li>Illaqueable</li> -<li>Imageable</li> -<li>Impalatable</li> -<li>Imperceivable</li> -<li>Impersuadable</li> -<li>Incicurable</li> -<li>Inequable</li> -<li>Innominable</li> -<li>Manducable</li> -<li>Marriable</li> -<li>Matchable</li> -<li>Medicinable</li> -<li>Meltable</li> -<li>Mockable</li> -<li>Pacificable</li> -<li>Pregnable</li> -<li>Quittable</li> -<li>Razorable</li> -<li>Recuperable</li> -<li>Refragable</li> -<li>Regardable</li> -<li>Regulable</li> -<li>Rememberable</li> -<li>Replantable</li> -<li>Replevisable</li> -<li>Repugnable</li> -<li>Scrutable</li> -<li>Smokable</li> -<li>Speakable</li> -<li>Strangleable</li> -<li>Subduable</li> -<li>Superable</li> -<li>Suspectable</li> -<li>Tractable</li> -<li>Thinkable</li> -<li>Transpassable</li> -<li>Unalienable</li> -<li>Unculpable</li> -<li>Understandable</li> -<li>Unforeseeable</li> -<li>Unhabitable</li> -<li>Unlimitable</li> -<li>Unmakable</li> -<li>Unmeasurable</li> -<li>Unmovable</li> -<li>Unscrutable</li> -<li>Untractable</li> -<li>Unvoyageable</li> -<li>Walkable</li> -<li>Weariable</li> -<li>Wishable</li> -<li>Worshipable</li> -<li>Woundable</li> -<li>Yieldable</li> -</ul></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS ENDING IN “ABLE”; OBSOLETE.</h3> - -<ul class="ulorthog"> -<li>Abhominable</li> -<li>Acetable</li> -<li>Accompanable</li> -<li>Accomptable (<i>or rare</i>.)</li> -<li>Acquaintable</li> -<li>Animable</li> -<li>Aptable</li> -<li>Battable</li> -<li>Behoovable</li> -<li>Bowable</li> -<li>Chanceable</li> -<li>Colliquable</li> -<li>Circumstantiable</li> -<li>Combinable</li> -<li>Companable</li> -<li>Companiable</li> -<li>Compassionable</li> -<li>Compensable</li> -<li>Conciliable</li> -<li>Consortable</li> -<li>Conspectable</li> -<li>Conusable</li> -<li>Convenable</li> -<li>Counselable</li> -<li>Covenable</li> -<li>Creable</li> -<li>Defatigable</li> -<li>Delightable</li> -<li>Dependable</li> -<li>Depredable</li> -<li>Destinable</li> -<li>Devitable</li> -<li>Disable</li> -<li>Disadvantageable</li> -<li>Discomfortable</li> -<li>Discordable</li> -<li>Discriminable</li> -<li>Disfavorable</li> -<li>Dispraisable</li> -<li>Disprofitable</li> -<li>Doctrinable</li> -<li>Domable</li> -<li>Dreadable</li> -<li>Earable</li> -<li>Effrayable</li> -<li>Endamageable</li> -<li>Eterminable</li> -<li>Exceedable</li> -<li>Excoriable</li> -<li>Excreable</li> -<li>Excruciable</li> -<li>Exoptable</li> -<li>Exuperable</li> -<li>Fatigable</li> -<li>Fittable</li> -<li>Flammable</li> -<li>Foilable</li> -<li>Frequentable</li> -<li>Grievable</li> -<li>Guildable</li> -<li>Gustable</li> -<li>Illacerable</li> -<li>Illeviable</li> -<li>Immatchable</li> -<li>Immixable</li> -<li>Impacable</li> -<li>Impardonable</li> -<li>Imperscrutable</li> -<li>Impetrable</li> -<li id="p164">Impierceable</li> -<li>Improfitable</li> -<li>Improportionable</li> -<li>Inaidable</li> -<li>Inalterable</li> -<li>Inamiable</li> -<li>Incessable</li> -<li>Incharitable</li> -<li>Incomformable</li> -<li>Inconscionable</li> -<li>Incremable</li> -<li>Individable</li> -<li>Indomable</li> -<li>Indomptable</li> -<li>Ineluctable</li> -<li>Inenarrable</li> -<li>Inerrable</li> -<li>Inexhalable</li> -<li>Inexplainable</li> -<li>Inexuperable</li> -<li>Infashionable</li> -<li>Infatigable</li> -<li>Informidable</li> -<li>Ingustable</li> -<li>Injudicable</li> -<li>Inopinable</li> -<li>Insociable</li> -<li>Insuitable</li> -<li>Intricable</li> -<li>Inutterable</li> -<li>Irrecuperable</li> -<li>Irreputable</li> -<li>Iterable</li> -<li>Jaculable</li> -<li>Justiceable</li> -<li>Lachrymable</li> -<li>Leisurable</li> -<li>Makable</li> -<li>Maniable</li> -<li>Markable</li> -<li>Mercable</li> -<li>Merciable</li> -<li>Meritable</li> -<li>Mingleable</li> -<li>Mirable</li> -<li>Miscarriageable</li> -<li>Moderable</li> -<li>Modificable</li> -<li>Moltable</li> -<li>Narrable</li> -<li>Oathable</li> -<li>Objectable</li> -<li>Occasionable</li> -<li>Operable</li> -<li>Opinable</li> -<li>Optable</li> -<li>Ordinable</li> -<li>Overturnable</li> -<li>Painable</li> -<li>Parable</li> -<li>Parallelable</li> -<li>Perceable</li> -<li>Perflable</li> -<li>Perspicable</li> -<li>Postable</li> -<li>Praisable</li> -<li>Replevisable</li> -<li>Resemblable</li> -<li>Rowable</li> -<li>Sacrificable</li> -<li>Screable</li> -<li>Scribable</li> -<li>Semblable</li> -<li>Spirable</li> -<li>Strainable</li> -<li>Suspicable</li> -<li>Trafficable</li> -<li>Transmeable</li> -<li>Troublable</li> -<li>Unappliable</li> -<li>Unapplicable</li> -<li>Uncapable</li> -<li>Unconceivable</li> -<li>Uncontestable</li> -<li>Uncounselable</li> -<li>Uncovenable</li> -<li>Uncreditable</li> -<li>Uncurable</li> -<li>Undefatigable</li> -<li>Undepartable</li> -<li>Undertakable</li> -<li>Undestroyable</li> -<li>Undeterminable</li> -<li>Undisputable</li> -<li>Undoubtable</li> -<li>Undubitable</li> -<li>Undwellable</li> -<li>Unequalable</li> -<li>Unevitable</li> -<li>Unexcusable</li> -<li>Unextricable</li> -<li>Unfailable</li> -<li>Unframable</li> -<li>Unhospitable</li> -<li>Unimitable</li> -<li>Unmasterable</li> -<li>Unnumerable</li> -<li>Unpenetrable</li> -<li>Unperishable</li> -<li>Unplacable</li> -<li>Unpracticable</li> -<li>Unprizable</li> -<li>Unquarrelable</li> -<li>Unremovable</li> -<li>Unreproachable</li> -<li>Unreputable</li> -<li>Unsatiable</li> -<li>Unseparable</li> -<li>Unshakable</li> -<li>Unsightable</li> -<li>Unsucceedable</li> -<li>Unsufferable</li> -<li>Unsupportable</li> -<li>Unswayable</li> -<li>Untellable</li> -<li>Untriumphable</li> -<li>Untrowable</li> -<li>Unvaluable</li> -<li>Unvariable</li> -<li>Unvulnerable</li> -<li>Vailable</li> -<li>Vengeable</li> -<li>Veniable</li> -<li>Versable</li> -<li>Vituperable</li> -<li>Volitable</li> -<li>Wainable</li> -<li>Warhable</li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p165"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS ENDING IN <i>IBLE</i>.</h3> - -<ul class="ulorthog"> -<li>Abhorrible</li> -<li>Accendible</li> -<li>Accessible</li> -<li>Addible</li> -<li>(Addable)</li> -<li>Adducible</li> -<li>Admissible</li> -<li>Adustible</li> -<li>Apprehensible</li> -<li>Ascendible</li> -<li>Audible</li> -<li>Bipartible</li> -<li>Circumscriptible</li> -<li>Classible</li> -<li>Coctible</li> -<li>Coercible</li> -<li>Cognoscible</li> -<li>Cohesible</li> -<li>Collectible</li> -<li>Combustible</li> -<li>Compactible</li> -<li>Compatible</li> -<li>Comprehensible</li> -<li>Compressible</li> -<li>Concrescible</li> -<li>Conducible</li> -<li>Conductible</li> -<li>Confluxible</li> -<li>Contemptible</li> -<li>Contractible</li> -<li>Controvertible</li> -<li>Conversible</li> -<li>Convertible</li> -<li>Convincible</li> -<li>Correctible</li> -<li>Corrigible</li> -<li>Corrodible</li> -<li>Corrosible</li> -<li>Corruptible</li> -<li>Credible</li> -<li>Decoctible</li> -<li>Deducible</li> -<li>Deductible</li> -<li>Defeasible</li> -<li>Defectible</li> -<li>Defensible</li> -<li>Descendible</li> -<li>Destructible</li> -<li>Diffusible</li> -<li>Digestible</li> -<li>Discernible</li> -<li>Dissectible</li> -<li>Distensible</li> -<li>Distractible</li> -<li>Divertible</li> -<li>Divestible</li> -<li>Divisible</li> -<li>Divorcible</li> -<li>(Divorceable)</li> -<li>Docible</li> -<li>Edible</li> -<li>Educible</li> -<li>Effectible</li> -<li>Effervescible</li> -<li>Eligible</li> -<li>Eludible</li> -<li>Enforcible</li> -<li>(Enforceable)</li> -<li>Evincible</li> -<li>Exercisible</li> -<li>(Exercisable)</li> -<li>Exhaustible</li> -<li>Expansible</li> -<li>Expressible</li> -<li>Extendible</li> -<li>Extensible</li> -<li>Extractible</li> -<li>(Extractable)</li> -<li>Fallible</li> -<li>Feasible</li> -<li>Fencible</li> -<li>Fermentescible</li> -<li>Flexible</li> -<li>Fluxible</li> -<li>Forcible</li> -<li>Frangible</li> -<li>Fungible</li> -<li>Fusible</li> -<li>Gullible</li> -<li>Horrible</li> -<li>Ignitible</li> -<li>Illegible</li> -<li>Immersible</li> -<li>(Immersable)</li> -<li>Immiscible</li> -<li>Impartible</li> -<li>Impassible</li> -<li>Impedible</li> -<li>Imperceptible</li> -<li>Impersuasible</li> -<li>Implausible</li> -<li>Impossible</li> -<li>Imprescriptible</li> -<li>Impressible</li> -<li>Imputrescible</li> -<li>Inaccessible</li> -<li>Inadmissible</li> -<li>Inapprehensible</li> -<li>Inaudible</li> -<li>Incircumscriptible</li> -<li>Incoercible</li> -<li>Incombustible</li> -<li>Incommiscible</li> -<li>Incompatible</li> -<li>Incomprehensible</li> -<li>Incompressible</li> -<li>Inconcussible</li> -<li>Incontrovertible</li> -<li>Inconvertible</li> -<li>Inconvincible</li> -<li>Incorrigible</li> -<li>Incorrodible</li> -<li>Incorruptible</li> -<li>Incredible</li> -<li>Indefeasible</li> -<li>Indefectible</li> -<li>Indefensible</li> -<li>Indelible</li> -<li>Indeprehensible</li> -<li id="p166">Indestructible</li> -<li>Indigestible</li> -<li>Indiscernible</li> -<li>Indiscerptible</li> -<li>Indivisible</li> -<li>Indocible</li> -<li>Inducible</li> -<li>Ineffervescible</li> -<li>Ineligible</li> -<li>Ineludible</li> -<li>Inevasible</li> -<li>Inexhaustible</li> -<li>Inexpansible</li> -<li>Inexpressible</li> -<li>Infallible</li> -<li>Infeasible</li> -<li>Inferrible</li> -<li>(Inferable)</li> -<li>Inflexible</li> -<li>Infrangible</li> -<li>Infusible</li> -<li>Inscriptible</li> -<li>Insensible</li> -<li>Instructible</li> -<li>Insuppressible</li> -<li>Insusceptible</li> -<li>Intactible</li> -<li>Intangible</li> -<li>Intelligible</li> -<li>Interconvertible</li> -<li>Intervisible</li> -<li>Invendible</li> -<li>Inventible</li> -<li>Invertible</li> -<li>Invincible</li> -<li>Invisible</li> -<li>Irascible</li> -<li>Irreducible</li> -<li>Irrefrangible</li> -<li>Irremissible</li> -<li>Irreprehensible</li> -<li>Irrepressible</li> -<li>Irresistible</li> -<li>Irresponsible</li> -<li>Irreversible</li> -<li>Legible</li> -<li>Manifestible</li> -<li>(Manifestable)</li> -<li>Marcescible</li> -<li>Miscible</li> -<li>Negligible</li> -<li>Nexible</li> -<li>Omissible</li> -<li>Ostensible</li> -<li>Partible</li> -<li>(Partable)</li> -<li>Passible</li> -<li>Perceptible</li> -<li>Perfectible</li> -<li>Permiscible</li> -<li>Permissible</li> -<li>Persuasible</li> -<li>Pervertible</li> -<li>Plausible</li> -<li>Possible</li> -<li>Prehensible</li> -<li>Prescriptible</li> -<li>Producible</li> -<li>Productible</li> -<li>Putrescible</li> -<li>Quadrible</li> -<li>Receptible</li> -<li>Redemptible</li> -<li>Redressible</li> -<li>Reducible</li> -<li>Re-eligible</li> -<li>Referrible</li> -<li>(Referable)</li> -<li>Reflectible</li> -<li>Reflexible</li> -<li>Refrangible</li> -<li>Remissible</li> -<li>Renascible</li> -<li>Rend-ible (from <i>rend</i>)</li> -<li>Ren-dible (from <i>render</i>)</li> -<li>Reprehensible</li> -<li>Resistible</li> -<li>Responsible</li> -<li>Retractible</li> -<li>(Retractable)</li> -<li>Reversible</li> -<li>Revertible</li> -<li>Risible</li> -<li>Seducible</li> -<li>Sensible</li> -<li>Sponsible</li> -<li>Subdivisible</li> -<li>Subvertible</li> -<li>Supersensible</li> -<li>Suppressible</li> -<li>Susceptible</li> -<li>Suspensible</li> -<li>Tangible</li> -<li>Terrible</li> -<li>Transferrible</li> -<li>(Tranferable)</li> -<li>Transfusible</li> -<li>Transmissible</li> -<li>Transmittible</li> -<li>Tripartible</li> -<li>Vendible</li> -<li>Vincible</li> -<li>Visible</li> -<li>Vitrescible</li> -</ul></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS ENDING IN “IBLE”; RARE.</h3> - -<ul class="ulorthog"><li>Affectible</li> -<li>Cessible</li> -<li>Committible</li> -<li>Compossible</li> -<li>Convictible</li> -<li>Cullible</li> -<li>Discerpible</li> -<li>Discerptible</li> -<li>Evadible</li> -<li>Evasible</li> -<li>Exigible</li> -<li>Impatible</li> -<li id="p167">Impermissible</li> -<li>Incognoscible</li> -<li>Infractible</li> -<li>Insubmergible</li> -<li>Suasible</li> -<li>Tensible</li> -<li>Traducible</li> -<li>Transvertible</li> -<li>Unadmissible</li> -<li>Unadmittible</li> -<li>Unexhaustible</li> -<li>Unexpressible</li> -<li>Unflexible</li> -<li>Unfusible</li> -<li>Unrepressible</li> -<li>Unresponsible</li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS ENDING IN “IBLE”; OBSOLETE.</h3> - -<ul class="ulorthog"> -<li>Agible</li> -<li>Appetible</li> -<li>Alible</li> -<li>Comestible</li> -<li>Comminuible</li> -<li>Competible</li> -<li>Comptible</li> -<li>Conceptible</li> -<li>Conclusible</li> -<li>Congestible</li> -<li>Deceptible</li> -<li>Decerptible</li> -<li>Depectible</li> -<li>Depertible</li> -<li>Deprehensible</li> -<li>Erigible</li> -<li>Exemptible</li> -<li>Expetible</li> -<li>Fensible</li> -<li>Fulcible</li> -<li>Ignoscible</li> -<li>Immarcescible</li> -<li>Imperdible</li> -<li>Impertransible</li> -<li>Inamissible</li> -<li>Incompossible</li> -<li>Inconceptible</li> -<li>Inconsumptible</li> -<li>Indefeisible</li> -<li>Indicible</li> -<li>Indiscerpible</li> -<li>Indistinctible</li> -<li>Inextinguible</li> -<li>Intransgressible</li> -<li>Inquisible</li> -<li>Intenible</li> -<li>Irremittible</li> -<li>Miscible</li> -<li>Obedible</li> -<li>Odible</li> -<li>Offensible</li> -<li>Patible</li> -<li>Regible</li> -<li>Sejungible</li> -<li>Sepelible</li> -<li>Suadible</li> -<li>Suasible</li> -<li>Subjicible</li> -<li>Unaccessible</li> -<li>Uncorrigible</li> -<li>Uncorruptible</li> -<li>Uncredible</li> -<li>Undefeasible</li> -<li>Uneligible</li> -<li>Unfallible</li> -<li>Unfrangible</li> -<li>Unpossible</li> -<li>Unresistible</li> -<li>Unsensible</li> -<li>Untangible</li> -<li>Unvisible</li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">NOUNS ENDING IN <i>O</i>.</h3> - -<p>Errors sometimes occur in forming -the plural of nouns in <i>o</i>. We frequently see -<i>frescoes</i>, <i>mottos</i>,—both wrong. The general rule -is, If the final <i>o</i> has a vowel before it, form -the plural by adding <i>s</i>: as “cameo, cameos”; if -a consonant precede the final <i>o</i>, add <i>es</i>; as -“archipelago, archipelagoes.” Such exceptions to the -general rule as are most frequently met with, and a -few that are rare, we here subjoin: <span class="xxpn" -id="p168">{p168}</span></p> - -<div class="dtablebox"> -<table class="fsz6" summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Albino</td> - <td class="tdleft">Albinos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Armadillo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Armadillos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Busto</td> - <td class="tdleft">Bustos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Canto</td> - <td class="tdleft">Cantos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Catso</td> - <td class="tdleft">Catsos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Cento</td> - <td class="tdleft">Centos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Dido</td> - <td class="tdleft">Didos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Domino</td> - <td class="tdleft">Dominos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Duo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Duos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Duodecimo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Duodecimos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Embryo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Embryos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Exaltado</td> - <td class="tdleft">Exaltados</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Folio</td> - <td class="tdleft">Folios</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Fresco</td> - <td class="tdleft">Frescos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Gaucho</td> - <td class="tdleft">Gauchos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Grotto</td> - <td class="tdleft">Grottos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Halo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Halos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Inamorato</td> - <td class="tdleft">Inamoratos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Internuncio</td> - <td class="tdleft">Internuncios</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Junto</td> - <td class="tdleft">Juntos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Lasso</td> - <td class="tdleft">Lassos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Limbo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Limbos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Memento</td> - <td class="tdleft">Mementos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Merino</td> - <td class="tdleft">Merinos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Mestizo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Mestizos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Nuncio</td> - <td class="tdleft">Nuncios</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Octavo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Octavos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Octodecimo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Octodecimos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Piano</td> - <td class="tdleft">Pianos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Portico</td> - <td class="tdleft">Porticoes, <i>Wb.</i> or Porticos, <i>Wor.</i></td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Portfolio</td> - <td class="tdleft">Portfolios</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Proviso</td> - <td class="tdleft">Provisos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Punctilio</td> - <td class="tdleft">Punctilios</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Quarto</td> - <td class="tdleft">Quartos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Rotundo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Rotundos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Salvo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Salvos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Sextodecimo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Sextodecimos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Sirocco</td> - <td class="tdleft">Siroccos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Solo</td> - <td class="tdleft">Solos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Trio</td> - <td class="tdleft">Trios</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Two</td> - <td class="tdleft">Twos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Tyro</td> - <td class="tdleft">Tyros</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Virtuoso</td> - <td class="tdleft">Virtuosos</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Zero</td> - <td class="tdleft">Zeros</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>But “albugo” has <i>pl.</i> “albugines”; and to -“imago” we should probably have to write <i>pl.</i> “imagines.” -There are many nouns ending in <i>o</i>, for -whose plurals we have not found any authority beyond -the general rule. With the exceptions given -above, the rule may be safely followed. The plural -of “portico” is a matter of style: and there is some -authority for “quartoes.”</p></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS ENDING IN <i>ISE</i>.</h3> - -<p>Words ending with the sound of <i>ize</i> are variously -spelled <i>ise</i> or <i>ize</i>. Of this class the correct -spelling of the following words is <i>ise</i>; nearly if -not quite all others take <i>ize</i>. <span class="xxpn" -id="p169">{p169}</span></p> - -<ul class="ulorthog"> -<li>Advertise</li> -<li>Advise</li> -<li>Affranchise</li> -<li>Apprise</li> -<li>Catechise</li> -<li>Chastise</li> -<li>Circumcise</li> -<li>Comprise</li> -<li>Compromise</li> -<li>Criticise</li> -<li>Demise</li> -<li>Despise</li> -<li>Devise</li> -<li>Disfranchise</li> -<li>Disguise</li> -<li>Divertise</li> -<li>Emprise</li> -<li>Enfranchise</li> -<li>Enterprise</li> -<li>Exercise</li> -<li>Exorcise</li> -<li>Franchise</li> -<li>Merchandise</li> -<li>Misprise</li> -<li>Premise</li> -<li>Reprise</li> -<li>Revise</li> -<li>Supervise</li> -<li>Surmise</li> -<li>Surprise</li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a"><i>EI</i> AND <i>IE</i>.</h3> - -<p>Many persons find it difficult or impossible to -recollect the relative position of <i>e</i> and <i>i</i>, in such -words as <i>receive</i>, <i>believe</i>, etc. If they will bear in -mind the following rule, it may save them the trouble -of referring to a dictionary for this point.</p> - -<p>When the derivative noun ends in <i>tion</i>, the verb is -spelled with <i>ei</i>: <span class="nowrap">thus,—</span></p> - -<div class="dtablebox"> -<table class="fsz6" summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Conception</td> - <td class="tdleft">Conceive</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Deception</td> - <td class="tdleft">Deceive</td></tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Reception</td> - <td class="tdleft">Receive</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>But when the noun does not end in <i>tion</i>, the verb -is spelled with <i>ie</i>: <span class="nowrap">as,—</span></p> - -<div class="dtablebox"> -<table class="fsz6" summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdleft">Belief</td> - <td class="tdleft">Believe</td></tr> -</table></div></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">WORDS ENDING IN “CION.”</h3> - -<p>Disregarding the dissyllable <i>scion</i>, we think -there are but three words in use having this -termination, viz.: Coercion, Ostracion, Suspicion. Two -obsolete words are Internecion and Pernicion. <span -class="xxpn" id="p170">{p170}</span></p> - -<h3 class="h3a">ENSURE, INSURE, <span -class="smcap">E<b>TC.</b></span></h3> - -<p>The language has been sometimes enriched by -retaining the several forms of a “doubtful” word, as -in the case of <i>draft</i> and <i>draught</i>, each form having -limitations of meaning peculiar to itself. <i>Ensure</i> -and <i>Insure</i> we propose to consider distinct words -rather than various spellings of the same words. -So, also, of <i>Enure</i> and <i>Inure</i>.</p> - -<ul> -<li>Ensure. -<span class="spdictnote">[To make sure, certain, or -safe; “How to ensure peace for any term of years.” -To <i>insure</i> is to contract, for a consideration, to -secure against loss; as to insure houses, ships, -lives.]</span></li> - -<li>Insure. -<span class="spdictnote">[To underwrite; “to covenant, -for a consideration, to indemnify for loss of anything -specified”; as, to insure houses against fire, -etc.]</span></li> - -<li>Enure. -<span class="spdictnote">[“To serve to the use or -benefit of”; as, a gift of land enures to the benefit -of the grantee.</span> <span class="spdictnote"> -“The argument was made [a century ago] as now, that -its [a protective policy’s] benefits <i>enured</i> to -particular classes or sections.”—<i>B. Harrison’s -Inaugural Address.</i>]</span></li> - -<li>Inure -<span class="spdictnote">[To accustom; as, a man -inures his body to heat and cold; a soldier to blood -inured.]</span></li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p171"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER VII. -<span class="hsmall">CAPITALIZATION.</span></h2> - -<p class="pfirst">To persons who have paid no special, technical -attention to the subject, capitalization appears a very -simple matter. The rules are few and easily understood; -but as to the “application of them” there is -some perplexity and much diversity among authors, -printers, and proof-readers. Practically, the main -difficulty seems to arise from the want of a plain -line of demarkation between common nouns and -proper nouns! Some write and print “Pacific -Ocean” as the proper name of a certain collection -of water; others, “Pacific ocean,”—ocean being a -common noun. We may, perhaps, recur to this abstruse -matter farther on; but at present we will lay -down such rules as we have used in our own labors, -and which we deem to be correct. It will be very -convenient for us, and therefore we hope excusable, -to adopt two phrases from the expressive terminology -of the printing-office, where some words are said to -be “put up,” and others to be “put down”; e. g.:</p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">“When Music, heavenly maid, was young.”</div> -</div></div> - -<p class="pcontinue">Here “Music” is said to be “put -up,” because it begins with a capital “M,” and “maid” -is “put down,” because it begins with a small “m.” -<span class="xxpn" id="p172">{p172}</span></p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">“Abelard taught Eloisa music.”</div> -</div></div> - -<p class="pcontinue">Here <span -class="spwdspb">“Abelard,” “Eloisa”</span> are “put -up,” and “music” is “put down.”</p> - -<p>This premised, understood, and forgiven, we are -ready for <span class="nowrap">the—</span></p> - -<h3 class="h3a">RULES FOR THE RIGHT USE OF CAPITALS.</h3> - -<p>Rule 1. The initial letter of every sentence should -be a capital.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Yours received. Glad to hear from you. Will answer next -week.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Capitals, Y, G, W, as per Rule 1.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>And Cain said unto the Lord, My punishment is greater -than I can bear.—<i>Genesis 4 : 13.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Capitals, A and M; for here are two sentences, although -one is included in the other.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Cain said that his punishment was greater than he could -bear.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Capital C, by Rule 1; but the included words of Cain being -brought in obliquely, no capital is required.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Cicero said, “There is no moment without some duty”; -and who doubts the wisdom of Cicero?</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>C and T are put up, by Rule 1.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>On the first day of January, Artemus Ward made this remark: -Now is a good time to <i>resoloot</i>.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>O and N are put up, by Rule 1.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Few truisms are truer than this paradox of Aristotle,—To -mankind in general, the parts are greater than the whole.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>F and T are put up, by Rule 1.</p> - -<p>It has been said, that the included sentence should not be -capitalized unless immediately preceded by a -colon: but the <span class="xxpn" id="p173">{p173}</span> -above examples show, that a sentence <i>directly introduced</i> -must be capitalized, whatever point precedes it,—comma, -comma-dash, colon, or any other pause-mark.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>He asked why he was arrested, and we replied that he was -arrested on suspicion.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Initial capital H, by Rule 1.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>He asked, “Why am I arrested?” and we replied, “On -suspicion.”</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Here are three initial capitals, and properly; -for the reply, fully expressed, would be, “You are -arrested on suspicion.”</p> - -<p>So, also, captions, head-lines, side-heads, etc., -being imperfect sentences, fall under Rule 1. The -same is true of particulars depending from a general -heading; <span class="nowrap">as—</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquota"> -<ul class="fsz6"> -<li>Property destroyed by the late fire: - <ul><li>Seventy reams elephant paper;</li> - <li>Tables, chairs, desks;</li> - <li>Old-fashioned hall-clock;</li> - <li>Johnson’s Dictionary, 1st ed.</li></ul></li></ul></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>We have remarked above, on the passage from Genesis, -that a sentence introduced obliquely requires no capital. In -the following example, <i>whether Sparta should be inclosed with -walls</i> is an indirect question, and is not capitalized; while the -answer, being direct, takes a capital.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>To the question whether Sparta should be inclosed with -walls, Lycurgus made this answer: “That city is well fortified -which has a wall of men instead of brick.”</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Kerl’s rule (Grammar, p. -<a href="#p041" title="to page 41">41</a>) is “Within a sentence, the -first word of any important beginning may commence with a -capital letter.” This rule is probably as precise as can be -framed to meet his first example, “<i>Resolved</i>, That our Senators -be requested, etc.” His second example, “One truth is clear: -Whatever is, is right,” falls within his rule, and our Rule 1. -(<i>See</i> page -<a href="#p081" title="to page 81">81</a>, -for capitalizing, etc., preambles, resolutions, -provisos, etc.) <span class="xxpn" id="p174">{p174}</span></p> - -<p>When a sentence is introduced obliquely, a capital is not -required, even if the passage introduced have quotation marks, -and make perfect sense without the introductory prefix, as in -the following example:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>It is remarked by Parton, that “a man who retains to the -age of seventy-nine the vigor of manhood and the liveliness -of a boy, cannot, at any period of his life, have egregiously -violated the laws of his being.”</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc">2. The first letter in every line -of poetry should be a capital.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">When on the larboard quarter they descry</div> -<div class="dpp00">A liquid column towering shoot on high,</div> -<div class="dpp00">The guns were primed; the vessel northward veers,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Till her black battery on the column bears.</div> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<div class="dpoemcite"><i>Falconer’s Shipwreck.</i></div> -</div></div> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Thereat the champions both stood still a space,</div> -<div class="dpp01">To weeten what that dreadful clamor meant:</div> -<div class="dpp00">Lo! where they spied with speedy whirling pace</div> -<div class="dpp01">One in a charet of strange furniment,</div> -<div class="dpp01">Towards them driving like a storm outsent.</div> -<div class="dpp00">The charet deckèd was in wondrous wise</div> -<div class="dpp01">With gold and many a gorgeous ornament,</div> -<div class="dpp00">After the Persian monarch’s antique guise,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Such as the maker’s self could best by art devise.</div> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<div class="dpoemcite"><i>Spenser’s Faerie Queene.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>But in reprinting ancient hymns, etc., follow the ancient -style,—as in the following from the Bible printed in London -by Robert Barker, in 1615:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Here is the Spring where waters flow,</div> -<div class="dpp01">to quench our heat of sinne:</div> -<div class="dpp00">Here is the Tree where trueth doth grow,</div> -<div class="dpp01">to leade our liues therein:</div> -<div class="dpp00">This is the Iudge that stints the strife</div> -<div class="dpp01">when mens deuices faile:</div> -<div class="dpp00">Here is the Bread that feeds the life</div> -<div class="dpp01">that death can not assaile.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p id="p175" class="padtopc">3. Principal words -in the titles of books, of important documents, of -proclamations, of edicts, of conventions, and words -of especial distinction in monographs, should be put -up.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Who is the author of “The Mill on the Floss”?</p> - -<p>The English barons obtained <i>Magna Charta</i>, or the Great -Charter, from King John, A.D. 1215.</p> - -<p>When the Edict of Nantes was revoked by Louis XIV., -above 50,000 Huguenots fled from France.</p> - -<p>The father of Watts the hymnist, suffered much after the -withdrawal of the Declaration of Indulgence.</p> - -<p>Every State having chess clubs in its cities should organize -a State Chess Association, and these associations should send -delegates to the Annual Convention of the National Association.—<i>Phil. -Ledger.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The President of the United States, the Sovereign of England, -and the Governors of the several States of our Union, -issue proclamations. Despots issue edicts,—sometimes called -by the more general name of “decrees,” as in Ezra 6 : 1, 3. -From Esther 1 : 19–22 we learn that a “royal commandment” -was sent into all the king’s provinces, “that every man should -bear rule in his own house.” If any of our readers have -occasion to put in type, or read the proof of, the title of an -edict or decree, they will, of course, make it agree with the -rule. Of proclamations we have several every year. Frequently -all the letters of the titles are capitals; otherwise, the -capitals appear as in the following example:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div><span class="smcap">B<b>Y</b></span> -<span class="smcap">H<b>IS</b></span> -<span class="smcap">E<b>XCELLENCY,</b></span> -<span class="smmaj">B. A.,</span></div> - -<div><i>Governor of the State</i> [or <i>Commonwealth</i>] of -——.</div> - -<p>A <span class="smcap">P<b>ROCLAMATION</b></span> -for a Day of Public Humiliation, Fasting, and -Prayer.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>In a monograph of a geological survey the following paragraph -appears:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The dark laminated clays of the Cretaceous passing up -into the Upper Cretaceous are well -shown . . . . passing up <span class="xxpn" id="p176">{p176}</span> -into brown sandstones of the Coal group. There is great uniformity -in the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary <span class="nowrap">series.—</span></p> - -<p class="psignature"><i>Hayden, Survey Montana.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Webster says, that the Carboniferous age “embraces three -periods, the Subcarboniferous, the Carboniferous, and the -Permian,” but the Fifth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, -doubtless for some good reason, changes the style to the sub-Carboniferous -(<i>v.</i> remark under Rule 8, on “transatlantic,” -etc.).</p> - -<p>The main subject under discussion being Woman Suffrage, -those words were properly capitalized in the following paragraph:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>It is conceded . . . that the avowal even, of faith in the -principle of Woman Suffrage, would handicap the party most -seriously.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>In accordance with Rule 3 was this direction touching a -Report on Education:</p> - -<p>Spell “report” with capital R, when it refers to this Report; -l. c. [lower-case] in other cases.</p> - -<p>Presidential, imperial, kingly, ducal, etc., titles are put -down when used generally, but are put up when applied to -persons. In the following example “<i>an</i> emperor” is down, -while “<i>the</i> Emperor” is put up.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The events which now took place in the interior of Germany -were such as usually happened when either the throne was -without an emperor, or the Emperor without a sense of his -imperial dignity.—<i>Schiller’s Thirty Years’ War.</i></p> - -<p>Beginning with President Washington and including President -Harrison, the United States has had twenty-three presidents.</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc">4. Names and appellations of the -Supreme Being should be capitalized.</p> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>We forbear inserting a list of the sacred names, -too often written and uttered “in vain.” The reader is -probably <span class="xxpn" id="p177">{p177}</span> -familiar with them from listening to Sabbath -services, and reading religious books with which, we -hope, his library abounds.</p> - -<p>The word “providence” should be put down or up, -according to its meaning, as may be seen in the two -following sentences:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>But behold now another providence of God; a ship came -into the harbor. . . . This ship had store of English beads -and some knives.—<i>New England’s Memorial.</i></p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">The world was all before them, where to choose</div> -<div class="dpp00">Their place of rest, and Providence - their guide.—<i>Milton.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Nouns ordinarily common become proper when written as -names of the Supreme Being.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>I hope my merciful Judge will bear in mind my heavy punishment -on earth.—<i>Pickwick Papers</i>, ch. 44.</p> - -<p>Emerson refers “all productions at last to an aboriginal -Power.”—<i>Century Maga.</i></p> - -<p>Plato said, that in all nations certain minds dwell -on the “fundamental Unity,” and “lose all being in one -Being.”—<i>Ib.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>In the above examples, the effect of capitals -in conveying the idea of personality is strikingly -illustrated.</p> - -<p>Pronouns referring to the Deity are not -usually put up,—excepting the personals <span -class="spwdspb">“He,” “Him.”</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>O thou, whose justice reigns on high.—<i>Watts.</i></p> - -<p>O thou, Most High—<i>Ps.</i> 56 : 2.</p> - -<p>Father of all mercies, we, thine unworthy servants, -do give thee most humble and hearty thanks for all thy -goodness.—<i>Common Prayer.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p><i>Thou</i>, <i>whose</i>, <i>thine</i>, <i>thy</i>, properly -lower-case.</p> - -<p>Usage is ununiform as to capitalizing the pronoun of the -third person, when referring to the Deity; some using the -capital in all three cases (He, His, Him), while others capitalize -the nominative and objective, and put “his” down; and still -others put all the cases down.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>God does love us. As any loving father or mother, He -wants us to want His society, and to love to be with and talk -with Him.—<i>Congregationalist.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Small letter in the possessive, capital in -the objective: <span class="xxpn" id="p178">{p178}</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>All the works of God . . . declare the glory of his perfections. . . . -But how gross are the conceptions generally entertained -of the character of Him “in whom we live and move!”</p> - -<p class="psignature"><i>Dick. Improv’t Soc.</i> § VI.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>All the cases down:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>. . . They can know -but little . . . of that happiness -which God has prepared for them that love him; -but . . . this suffices -them, that they shall see him as he is, etc. -. . . the expectation founded -upon his own gracious promise, etc.—<i>Rev. John -Newton’s Sermon on the “happy recovery” of King George -(modern reprint).</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>But, whatever the style of the office, there is one category -in which the personal pronoun must be capitalized: it is when -no antecedent is expressed. Such cases are not of infrequent -occurrence. If one were to <span class="nowrap">write—</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>In all her troubles this good lady never failed to express -her confidence in the care of him in whom she had put her -<span class="nowrap">trust—</span></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p class="pcontinue">the meaning would be doubtful; -“him” might refer to some humane relative, or to the -superintendent of the almshouse. But if the sentence -were <span class="nowrap">written—</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>. . . this good lady never -failed to express her confidence in the care of Him in -whom, <span class="nowrap">etc.—</span></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p class="pcontinue">the meaning—that the Deity is -intended—becomes clear.</p> - -<p>Adjuncts qualifying names applied to Deity usually require -no capitals:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>For when we consider ourselves as the creatures of God -. . . what can induce us to love, fear, and trust Him, as our -God, our Father, and all-sufficient Friend and <span class="nowrap">Helper.—</span></p> - -<p class="psignature"><i>Mason’s -Self-Knowledge.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Here “all-sufficient” is properly put down; as are also -“great” and “common” in the following paragraph:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Not only honor and justice, and what I owe -to man is my interest; but gratitude also, -acquiescence, resignation, adoration, and all I -owe to this great polity, and its great Governor -our common Parent.—<i>Harris.</i> <span class="xxpn" -id="p179">{p179}</span></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>But many cases occur where the adjective is properly put -up; especially if the adjective itself denotes sacredness, as the -following examples show:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Klopstock . . . suffers himself to forget -that the [French] revolution itself is a process of -the Divine <span class="nowrap">Providence.—</span></p> - -<p class="psignature"><i>Coleridge Biog. Lit.</i></p> - -<p>Among the greater number of pagan nations, the most -absurd and grovelling notions are entertained respecting the -Supreme Intelligence, and the nature of that worship which -his perfections demand.—<i>Dick.</i></p> - -<p>We are apt to entertain narrow conceptions of the Divine -Nature.—<i>Addison.</i></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The words “Christian” and “Christianity” the -best usage puts up; nor does there seem to be any -good reason why “christianize” should not also be -capitalized.</p> - -<p>There are instances where the word “divine,” though -referring to sacred personages, should not be put up; -<span class="nowrap">as—</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>If Christ did not hold this key, how is He <span -class="nowrap">divine?—</span></p> - -<p class="psignature spitalic">Congregationalist.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The words <span class="spwdspb">“godly,” -“godfather,” “godmother”</span> are put down: Webster -has “godspeed,” and says it is “written also as two -separate words, as in 2 John 10.” Worcester does -not admit the phrase as one word in his defining -columns, but prints it as two, under the word “God”; -quoting the same text as Webster. The Congressional -Record, 50th Congress, uses capital and hyphen, -thus: “God-speed”; and this form is adopted by Abbot -Bassett, the talented editor of the L. A. W. Bulletin, -in his Farewell to former Chief Consul Hayes:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Take now the hand we so often have shaken,</div> -<div class="dpp01">Speak from our feelings so hard to subdue,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Send him in joyfulness out from our circle,</div> -<div class="dpp01">Give him a hearty God-speed and adieu.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p class="pcontinue">Still Webster’s style of one -word, lower-case, is, we think, preferable, and most -used.</p> - -<p>The word “gospel” when used generally,—in the sense -of good tidings,—should be down; as “Woe is me, if I -<span class="xxpn" id="p180">{p180}</span> preach not -the gospel.” But when used as part of a title to a -specific book, it goes up; as “The Gospel according to -St. Matthew”; “The Apocryphal Gospel of St. Thomas”; -“The Gospel of St. Luke.”</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc">5. Names of ancient Greek and Roman divinities, -and of all pagan and heathen gods, should be put up.</p> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>When the word “god” or “goddess” is applied to a -paganic divinity, it is put down. This remark and -our Rule 5 are both exemplified in Darwin’s <span -class="nowrap">lines,—</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">First two dread snakes, at Juno’s vengeful nod,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Climbed round the cradle of the sleeping god.</div> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<div class="dpoemcite spitalic">Botanic Garden.</div> -</div></div></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>So, also, 1 Kings 11 : 33:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh -the god of the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the children -of Ammon.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The names applied to evil spirits should be put -up:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>And Satan came also among them.—<i>Job</i> 1 : 6.</p> - -<p>Then Apollyon said unto Christian, “Here will I spill thy -soul.”—<i>Bunyan.</i></p> - -<p>During a violent thunderstorm, the converted Chinese steward -disappeared. The captain found him below, making prostrations -before a gilded image. “How is this?” demanded the -astonished captain; “I thought you were a Christian.” The -Chinaman replied, “Your God velly well, fine weather; -stolm like this, want Joss.”</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>In the above example, the objects of Christian and pagan -worship are properly capitalized.</p> - -<p>From the foregoing remarks, etc., especially under Rule 4, -it will be perceived that capitalization is, in the department of -theology as in all others, mostly regulated by office style. -But in forming a style, the above rules and examples may be -found serviceable.</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc">6. The pronoun I, and the -interjection O, should always be put up. <span -class="xxpn" id="p181">{p181}</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>I scarcely knew how long I had sat there when I became -aware of a recognition.</p> - -<p>Praise the Lord, O my soul.—<i>Ps.</i> cxlvi.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>But in Latin the “O” is frequently put down.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Huc ades, ô formosa puer.—<i>Virgil.</i></p> - -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">Adestes o Maria, o Angele, o Patroni castitatis meæ.—</div> -</div> -<div class="dpoemcite"> -<i>Libellus Precum, Georgiopoli, D.C.</i></div></div> -</div> - -<p class="padtopc">7. Some words which are put down when spelled -in full, are put up when contracted.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The Dr. called upon me. Need I say, I regretted the happiness -of seeing the doctor?</p> - -<p>“Patent-office, number 16” may be written, “Patent-office, -No. 16.”</p> - -<p>The honorable the Secretary of the Navy.</p> - -<p>The Hon. the Secretary of the Navy.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>But certain suffixes, whether spelled in full or contracted, -are put up or down, or in small caps, capitalized, according to -the style of the words to which they are suffixed; as, for -instance, the words “junior” and “esquire,” which are put -one degree less in dignity than the words to which they are -attached; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>John Smith, jr., esq., [or “junior, esquire.”]</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The person’s name being lower-case capitalized, “jr.” and -“esq.” are put down.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p><span class="smcap">J<b>OHN</b></span> -<span class="smcap">D<b>OE</b>,</span> Jr. Esq., [or “Junior, Esquire.”]</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The names being small caps, capitalized, the “jr.” and -“esq.” are put up.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>RICHARD ROE, <span class="smcap">J<b>R.</b></span> -<span class="smcap">E<b>SQ.</b>,</span> [or “<span class="smcap">J<b>UNIOR,</b></span> -<span class="smcap">E<b>SQUIRE</b>.”]</span></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The names being in capitals, the suffixes are capitals and -small capitals.</p> - -<p>But <span class="spwdspb">“D.D.” “LL.D.” -“M.D.”</span> etc., are put in large or small capitals -according to office style, or a style adapted for the -work in which they appear: as— <span class="xxpn" -id="p182">{p182}</span></p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>John Doe, LL.D.; <span class="smcap">R<b>ICHARD</b></span> -<span class="smcap">R<b>OE,</b></span> -<span class="smcap">P<b>H.D.</b>;</span> J. SMITH, -<span class="nowrap"><span class="smmaj">M.D.</span>;</span> -ABEL MONEY, F.R.S.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Words connected with a number of designation are often -put up,—and this is the better way. So, though the words -<span class="spwdspb">“Bay,” “Dock,”</span> etc., in the following examples may properly -be put down if the office style require it, yet the unfettered -compositor and reader will prefer to put up those, and all -words similarly placed; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The planks of Bay No. 6 on Chelsea Bridge have been replaced -by ordinary boards purchased at Dock No. 8.</p> - -<p>We arrived at Station 16, and proceeded thence through -Lock 12 to Dam No. 8.</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc">8. Names of persons, of things -personified, of nations, countries, cities, towns, -streets, ships, etc., should be put up.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Capt. Samuel Jones sailed in ship Minerva, from Sandy -Hook to Tanjong Bolus, the most southerly point of the continent -of Asia.</p> - -<p>A charming and <i>spirituelle</i> Frenchwoman said of -Julius Mohl, that Nature, in forming his character, -had skimmed the cream of the three nationalities -to which he belonged by birth, by adoption, and by -marriage; making him “deep as a German, <i>spirituel</i> as -a Frenchman, and loyal as an Englishman.”—<i>Atlantic -Monthly.</i></p> - -<p>Charles, Susan, William, Henrietta Matilda, Benjamin -Harrison Smith, come in, this minute!</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Under this rule proper adjectives may also be classed; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The French and American Claims Commission.</p> - -<p>He is familiar with the German, French, Russian, Bengalee, -Chinese, and Grebo languages.</p> - -<p>Is the Monroe doctrine heartily concurred in by European -nations?</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Names of political parties should be put up.</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Democrat, Democratic, Democracy, Republican, Republicanism, -Woman-Suffragists, Women’s Rights party, Locofocos, -Whigs, Tories, Free-Soilers, Liberals, Independents, etc. <span class="xxpn" id="p183">{p183}</span></p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>But when any of these words are used in a general sense, -they should be put down; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Whatever requires to be done by slow and cautious degrees -does not accord with the spirit of democracy.—<i>De Staël.</i></p> - -<p>The tendency of some European nations is toward republicanism.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The words “state” and “territory” applied to political -divisions of the United States should be put up; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The State of North Dakota. The Territory of Utah.</p> - -<p>This State gave a Republican majority.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Some nouns and adjectives originally proper have, by usage, -the common form; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>We sell silver, china, and iron wares.</p> - -<p>There is great demand for india-rubber goods.</p> - -<p>His pets are guinea-pigs and guinea-hens.</p> - -<p>That maltese cat follows her everywhere.</p> - -<p>He wears russia-leather boots, morocco gaiters, and a fez -cap when dancing the german.</p> - -<p>The burglars secured six german silver spoons.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Numbers are denoted by roman capitals or arabic figures.</p> - -<p>There are some words yet on debatable ground. It is safe -to write “plaster of Paris” or “plaster of paris.” The latter -form is well enough for so common an article, and should be -preferred by compositors.</p> - -<p>Some words which are put up when alone, are put down -when they coalesce with a preposition; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>I crossed the Atlantic to view transatlantic countries.</p> - -<p>The transpacific people are apt merchants.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>But some write <span class="spwdspb">“inter-State,” -“cis-Platine,” “trans-Atlantic,” “cis-Padane,” -“cis-Alpine,”</span> etc. We know of no good authority -for such work. It has no countenance from our -lexicographers: and the hyphen and capital in the -middle of the words are needless deformities.</p></div> - -<hr class="hrblk" /> - -<p><span class="smcap">N<b>OTE.</b></span> The “etc.” -in Rule 7 is like one spoken of by Coke (an “etc.” of -Littleton, I am told), “full of <span class="xxpn" -id="p184">{p184}</span> excellent meaning.” Descending -from the name of a continent to the designations <span -class="spwdspb">“beat,” “precinct,” “alley”;</span> -or ascending from <span class="spwdspb">“wharf,” -“alley”</span> to the name of a continent, through -lessening or increasing subdivisions, the line must -be drawn <i>somewhere</i> between what is to be put up -and what is to be put down. Just where the line -is drawn between capital and lower-case initials, -between the aristocrats of the page and <i>hoi polloi</i>, -is of very little consequence; but as uniformity in -a work is desirable while proof-readers are liable -to differ, it is as important to have an umpire in -a proof-room as it is on a base-ball ground. And -as capitalization is wholly arbitrary, the -essential qualities of an umpire are, that he shall -have a good memory, so as not to overset to-day the -decisions of yesterday, and a strong will of his own, -which shall not allow any obstinate reader to step -across the important imaginary line which separates -the <i>ups</i> from the <i>downs</i>,—the majuscules from the -minuscules.</p> - -<p>If a printing-office requires the services of but one -reader, he, happy man, can suit himself, even though -reasonably sure that he will suit nobody else—so various -and set are the opinions of men on matters of trifling -moment. If, however, two readers are employed, -and on the same work, the one with the best judgment -should be allowed to decide all doubtful points; but in -this case, as in matrimonial life, the question as to -which has the best judgment, is usually decided, if not -by the strongest will, by the will of the party most reckless -of consequences. But in proof-reading, any point -in dispute is usually so trifling, that the readers can call -in the office-boy, technically called printer’s —— but -we were once youngest apprentice ourself, and choose to -forget the word,—and let him settle it; whereas, in -matrimonial life it is a different Agency with a similar -name who is generally called in, and “by decision more -embroils the fray.” <span class="xxpn" id="p185">{p185}</span></p> - -<p>To show the absurdity of supposing that good readers -will not differ in the use of capitals, we once wrote a -paragraph, and gave an exact copy to each of two -skilled proof-readers, desiring them to capitalize it as -they thought it should be capitalized if about to go to -press. We will here give the paragraph as we wrote it—without -regard to rules—and then exhibit their corrections, -etc., in parallel columns:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Mr. Quilp lives on a wharf which is connected by an alley -with a city reservation in beat 17, precinct 8, ward 14. Said -reservation is called poplar square; an avenue, known as -chestnut avenue, connects that square with Washington street; -and Washington street is a thoroughfare connecting the Snowhill -division of Junction city with the city of Boomerang, the -capital of the state of Cherokee—a state just admitted to the -union, and to all the privileges of this happy nation, the United -States of America,—the foremost republic of the western -hemisphere.</p></div> - -<p>That the differences and agreements in capitalizing -may be readily observed, the two returned copies, as left -by their respective readers, are printed below, side by -side.</p></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<div class="dblockquot"> -<table summary=""> -<colgroup><col width="50%" /><col width="50%" /></colgroup> -<tr> -<th>READER A.</th> - -<th>READER B.</th></tr> - -<tr> -<td class="tdleftindenta">Mr. Quilp lives on a wharf -which is connected by an alley with a city reservation -in beat 17, precinct 8, ward 14. Said reservation is -called Poplar square; an avenue, known as Chestnut -avenue, connects that square with Washington street; -and Washington street is a thoroughfare connecting -Snowhill division of Junction City with the city of -Boomerang, the capital of the State of Cherokee—a -State just admitted to the Union, and to all the -privileges of this happy nation, the United States -of America—the foremost republic of the western -hemisphere.</td> - -<td class="tdleftindenta">Mr. Quilp lives on a wharf -which is connected by an alley with a city reservation -in Beat 17, Precinct 8, Ward 14. Said reservation is -called Poplar Square; an avenue, known as Chestnut -avenue, connects that square with Washington street; -and Washington street is a thoroughfare connecting -Snowhill division of Junction City with the city of -Boomerang, the capital of the State of Cherokee—a -State just admitted to the Union, and to all the -privileges of this happy nation, the United States -of America—the foremost republic of the Western -Hemisphere.</td></tr></table> -</div></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<p id="p186">One of these styles may be just as good as the other -(see chapter on “Style”); but whichever were selected, -should be strictly adhered to, through the whole book or -work to which it was deemed applicable. Had the above -paragraph been given to still a third reader, very likely -he would have capitalized “Division,” as being of more -consequence than a beat or a ward; another would have -deemed “Precinct” worthy of being put up, while -“beat” would have been placed in the small-letter -obscurity of “wharf” and “alley.” Another would -say that localities designated by a number should -always be put up; as “Beat <span class="spwdspb">6,” “Station</span> A” (See -closing remark and examples, under Rule 7). The -words “street” and “avenue” are left down by both -the above readers. The <i>Atlantic Monthly</i> puts those -words up,—“The junction of Beacon Street and Brookline -Avenue”; the <i>Century</i> magazine has “Canal -street, its former upper boundary”; <i>Harper’s Maga.</i> -speaks of “the old house in St. Louis Street in which,” -etc. Each office makes its own style.</p> - -<p>The word “city” in “Junction City” is put up,—the -<i>two</i> words forming the city’s name. Whether to -print “New York City” or “New York city” is a -moot point,—at present a matter of style. Some -insist that as <i>ocean</i>, <i>sea</i>, <i>city</i>, <i>street</i>, etc., are common -nouns, they so remain when connected with a proper -adjective, and should be put down,—and from this -starting-point they have endeavored to frame a general, -and at the same time practical, rule for capitalizing -common nouns, which, when described by proper adjectives, -form parts of individual names. But, judging -from our experience in proof-reading, the endeavor has -thus far been unsuccessful. The -adjective, the <span class="xxpn" id="p187">{p187}</span> -distinguishing word, always begins with a capital; as in -“Bristol <span class="spwdspb">county,” “Atlantic</span> ocean.” The rule then, -formulated, amounts to this: “Put the distinguishing -word up, and the class name down.” But usage will -not allow this; we must not write “Long <span class="spwdspb">island,” -“James</span> smith,”—wherefore the rule has this qualification: -“If the distinguishing word alone <i>does not -clearly designate the object</i>, both words must be put -up.” This qualification virtually annuls the rule,—for -different minds have different opinions as to whether -the object is, or is not, “clearly designated.” Reader A -writes “Poplar square,” while Reader B writes “Poplar -Square.” Under the rule and qualification, mentioned -above, we have set before us, as correct examples, -“Hudson river, Red River”; as if the significance of -such prefixes as “red, swift, narrow, deep,” could not be -determined by the insertion or omission of the article <i>a</i>, -of which we shall speak farther on,—but must be made -by capitalizing “river.” But admitting that the capitalizing -of “River” more clearly designates the object, we -doubt whether any printer or reader would wittingly -pass one “river” down, and another “River” up, in the -same work; and the average writer and reader for the -press can hardly be supposed to take much time to study -whether a given river or city or square is just within or -outside of the limit of “clear designation.” Among the -proof-readers of a certain large work on geography, -which seems to have been carefully read, there must -have been some difference of opinion on this point; for -it speaks of “the bay of Biscay” and “the Gulf of -Mexico”; and the “Atlantic ocean” of Vol. 1, becomes -the “Atlantic Ocean” of Vol. 2. And such discrepancies -must appear in every work which is -printed under <span class="xxpn" id="p188">{p188}</span> -the rule “Put the object down and the distinguishing -word up—<i>with exceptions</i>,” unless the exceptions are -mentioned individually, seriatim, and a list of the same -given to all employees who are expected to set type and -read proof under such rule.</p> - -<p>The objection to putting the class name down, is not -so much that the distinguishing word alone ever fails to -“clearly designate the object,” as that usage in many -instances, and a sense of personal dignity in others, prevent -all family and many other class names from sinking -into lower-case. It were—there being no usage in its -favor—a shame to print “Andrew Jackson” with a -little “j,” although the distinguishing word “Andrew” -would clearly designate the individual intended. “We -sailed past Long island” could not possibly be mistaken -for “We sailed past a long island.” In conversation -the mere omission of the article <i>a</i> would clearly indicate -that we had a particular island in view, and what island -it was, even if we were not to inform an interlocutor, -that, were we to print our remark we should capitalize -the “L,” and very possibly the “I.”</p> - -<p>“We sailed on <i>a</i> red river,”—it may have been -the Raritan, or any other river running among iron -ore; or it may have been any one of the twelve -streams of the United States which bear each the name -“Red river”; the article <i>a</i>, as Murray observes, -“determines the object spoken of to be one single -thing of a kind, leaving it still uncertain <span -class="spwdspb">which.” “It</span> is,” says Murray -further, “an excellence of the English language,” -that, “by means of its two articles it does <i>most -precisely determine the extent of signification -of common names</i>.” By the omission of the article -<i>a</i>, then, a particular river is “most precisely -determined,”—and, in print, <span class="xxpn" -id="p189">{p189}</span> capitalizing the “R” of -the adjective makes assurance doubly sure. But -since long-established usage determines that “Long -<span class="spwdspb">Island,” “Harper’s</span> -<span class="spwdspb">Ferry,” “Lake</span> <span -class="spwdspb">Ontario,” “George</span> Washington,” -etc., shall have both words put up, uniformity can be -secured only by extending that mode of capitalization -to all words in the same category—unless, as we have -intimated, each exception be mentioned individually, -so that every printer may “clearly designate” (so to -speak) what is expected of him.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">9. A word usually put down may be put up, or -<i>vice versa</i>, by reason of propinquity to some other -word which is in the opposite category as to capitalization.</p> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>We are not aware that this rule, or an equivalent to it, has -been formulated until now, but we have known changes in -capitalizing to be made in compliance with the principle of -the rule.</p> - -<p>A printed report (Reform School) reads:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The visitors were cordially received and welcomed by the -Superintendent and matron of the Board of Trustees.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The style required that, usually, “Superintendent” should -be up, and “Matron” down, as printed above. But when the -words are so near each other, the small <i>m</i> looks—without -regard to the maxim, <i>Place aux dames</i>—as if the lady were -subjected to an intentional slight. We think it had been better -thus:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The visitors were cordially . . . welcomed by the Superintendent -and the Matron of the Board of Trustees.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>By the way, this insertion of <i>the</i> before -“Matron” shows that the Matron was not also the -Superintendent—thus illustrating Murray’s remark -on the “two articles,” mentioned near the close of -the note under Rule 8, <i>ante</i>. <span class="xxpn" -id="p190">{p190}</span></p> - -<p>This clause also occurs:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Friends of the school residing in the city and District.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Here “city” is put down, as if of less consequence than the -outlying parts of the “District” [of Columbia].</p> - -<p>That is correct, according to usual office style; but had -“city” been put up, or “district” down, it would have been -more pleasing to the eye, and would not, probably, have -wrought any mischief. In the use of capitals, rules should -be, and in fact are, very bendable. When we write “the -<i>member</i> of Congress,” member is down, though we capitalize -“the Delegate from the Territory of Blank.” But when -“Member and Delegate” occur in the same sentence, both -words are put up, agreeably to Rule 9.</p> - -<p>It is a good rule adopted in some printing-offices, that where -the same appellation is given to several persons or public -bodies, only the highest in rank shall be honored with capitals.</p> - -<p>For instance, in speaking of the highest tribunal in the land, -put up “the Supreme Court”; but if a State court is spoken -of put the initials down, thus,—“the supreme court of Minnesota,” -as in the following paragraph:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>This view of the law was sustained by the supreme court -of Louisiana, and, upon writ of error, by the Supreme Court -of the United States (Day <i>vs.</i> Micou, 18 Wall., 156).</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>So, also, “the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme -Court”—capitals; “the chief justice of the supreme court of -Maryland”—lower-case; the highest “Commissioner” in -any Governmental Department, up; a road commissioner, -down. A steady adherence to this rule might aid students and -others to discriminate between the “Governor” of a State and -the “governor” of a family; and if a decision is rendered by -“the full bench of the Supreme Court,” one would know that -no appeal could be had,—while if a decision is made by “the -supreme court,” it might, perhaps, be carried up on appeal.</p> - -<p>But this distinction can never be fully carried out. We -have known it to be set aside by the -following direction <span class="xxpn" id="p191">{p191}</span> -marking out a “special style” for a volume of “Decisions”: -“Capitalize Supreme Court, Court of Claims, Circuit Court, -District Court, and Supreme Court of Tennessee.” Besides, -Great Men are inimical to small letters. The President of a -Village Lyceum insists on being put up as high as the President -of the United States,—in fact, the said <i>p</i>resident may -feel that he is “a bi<i>g</i>er man” than the <i>P</i>resident.</p> - -<p>And if, on the other hand, as some proof-readers have contended, -capitalization should be employed to distinguish, in -print, our Government from every foreign Government, the -effect would be almost too ridiculous to state; as:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The Chief Executive of the United States had an interview -with the chief executive of Mexico. The President said to -the president, “How do you do?”—and the president replied, -“I am better than ever I was before, for I see the President -of the Great Colossus of the North.”—“And I,” rejoined the -President, “am delighted with the honor of conversing with -the great colossus of the south.” Here the president bowed -to the President, and the President shook the president’s hand. -The One then took his Oysters on the Half-Shell, and the other -his oysters on the half-shell.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>The style was once verging toward something -very ridiculous, and might have proceeded to the -above extreme had not a distinguished Secretary -of State, several years ago, made some well-timed -suggestions.</p> - -<p>If the office style require <span -class="spwdspb">“board,” “bureau,”</span> etc., -referring to a corporation, or collection of -individuals, to be put down, cases like the following -should form exceptions:</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The festive board was graced by the festive board of directors -of the Rochester saw-mills.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>It should be printed “Board of Directors.”</p></div> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>A new bureau has been forwarded to the new bureau of -musical notation.</p></div> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>Put up “Bureau of Musical Notation.”</p> - -<p>Thus, by a judicious selection and arrangement of capital -and lower-case letters, Boards and Bureaus -of gentlemen may <span class="xxpn" id="p192">{p192}</span> -be readily differentiated from mere furniture, mahogany or -black-walnut boards and bureaus.</p> - -<p>The principle of a change of style by reason of juxtaposition, -is recognized in the following direction for printing an -important work on the fisheries: “Put quantities, measurements, -distances, and sums of money in figures; numbers of -men and vessels spelled, <i>except where large numbers occur -together</i>.”</p></div></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<h3 class="h3a">RECAPITULATION.</h3> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>In the preceding part of this chapter we felt it necessary to -give many examples, and enter upon some discussion of styles. -To save time and trouble in turning many leaves to find some -particular rule, we give below, all the rules in compact form, -with but brief, if any, examples in illustration.</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc"><span class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> I. The -initial letter of every sentence should be a -capital.</p> - -<div class="dobsn"> -<p>This rule has been long established. It scarcely requires -an example.</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc"><span -class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> II. The first letter -in every line of poetry should be a capital.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">What though my wingèd hours of bliss have been</div> -<div class="dpp00">Like angel-visits, few and far between.—<i>Campbell.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="padtopc"><span -class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> III. Principal words -in the titles of books, of important documents, of -proclamations, of edicts, of conventions, and words -of especial distinction in monographs, should be put -up.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>There is in the library a book entitled, -“An Interesting Narrative of the Travels of -James Bruce, Esq., into Abyssinia, to Discover -the Source of the Nile.” <span class="xxpn" -id="p193">{p193}</span></p></div> - -<p class="padtopc"><span -class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> IV. Names and -appellations of the Supreme Being should be -capitalized.</p> - -<p class="padtopc"><span -class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> V. Names of ancient -Greek and Roman divinities, and of all pagan and -heathen gods, should be put up.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Æsculapius restored many to life, of which Pluto complained -to Jupiter, who struck Æsculapius with thunder, but -Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the Cyclops who -made the thunderbolts.—<i>Lempriere.</i></p></div> - -<p class="padtopc"><span -class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> VI. The pronoun I, -and the interjection O, should always be put up.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>Here am I; send me, O king!</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc"><span class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> -VII. Some words which are put down when -spelled in full, are put up when contracted.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The honorable the Secretary of the Treasury.</p> - -<p>The Hon. the Secretary of the Treasury.</p></div> - -<p class="padtopc"><span class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> -VIII. Names of persons, of things personified, -of nations, countries, cities, towns, streets, ships, -etc., should be put up.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<div class="dpoemlft"><div class="dstanzalft"> -<div class="dpp00">And well may Doubt, the mother of Dismay,</div> -<div class="dpp00">Pause at her martyr’s tomb.—<i>Campbell.</i></div> -</div></div></div> - -<p class="padtopc"><span -class="smcap">R<b>ULE</b></span> IX. A word usually -put down may be put up, or <i>vice versa</i>, by reason -of propinquity to some other word which is in the -opposite category as to capitalization.</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p>The Secretary of War complimented the Secretary of the -Typographical Union, upon his skill with the shooting-stick.</p> - -<p>Shall the Choctaw Nation or this Nation adjust the northern -boundary? <span class="xxpn" id="p194">{p194}</span></p></div> - -<p class="padtopc">Before leaving the subject of -capitalization, we must observe that there is -diversity among authors and printers in regard to the -use of capitals when two or more questions occur in -succession. The rule generally given is, “Capitalize -each question”: but the exceptions are so numerous, -depending on some common relation to a term expressed -or understood (<i>see</i> Obs. 30 and 31, Rule 29, Chap. -V., <i>ante</i>), that we forbear indorsing the rule to -which we have above referred. Indeed, it often happens -that questions occurring singly are so connected with -what goes before, that they do not require to be -capitalized. Each case must be settled by the judgment -of editor or author,—there is no common standard -of reference, as can easily be shown by comparing -different editions of the same work. In Buckingham’s -Shakspeare, printed in Boston, we read in As you Like -It, Act 5, Sc. 2:</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p><i>Orl.</i> Is’t possible that on so little acquaintance you should -like her? . . . And will you persever, etc.,</p></div> - -<p class="pcontinue">the last question having a -capital <i>A</i>; but in the London edition of French & -Co., we <span class="nowrap">have—</span></p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<p><i>Orl.</i> Is’t possible that on so little acquaintance you should -like her? . . . and will you persever, etc.,</p></div> - -<p class="pcontinue">in which the last of the several -questions has a lower-case <i>a</i>. Every editor endeavors -to capitalize correctly—by suiting himself.</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p195"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER VIII. -<span class="hsmall">OLD STYLE.</span></h2> - -<p class="pfirst">Fonts of movable Types, from their firſt -<span class="nowrap">Introdu<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" />ion</span> -into England until late in the eighteenth -Century, contained—owing principally to the -long “ſ” (= s) then in Uſe—far more Ligatures -than the Fonts of the preſent Day. Johnſon’s -<span class="nowrap">Di<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" />ionary</span> -furniſhes a Liſt which we here inſert, -with their more modern Equivalents:</p> - -<p class="padtopc pcontinue"> -<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" /> = ct; ſ = s; ſb -= sb; ſh = sh; ſi = si; ſk = sk; -ſſ = ss; ſt = st; ſſi = ssi; ſſl -= ssl: and in italic, -<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctitalic.png" - width="74" height="109" alt="ct ligature, italic" /> = <i>ct</i>; -<i>ſ</i> -= <i>s</i>; <i>ſb</i> = <i>sb</i>; <i>ſh</i> = <i>sh</i>; <i>ſk</i> -= <i>sk</i>; <i>ſſ</i> = <i>ss</i>; <i>ſt</i> = <i>st</i>; <i>ſſi</i> -= <i>ssi</i>; <i>ſſl</i> = <i>ssl</i>.</p> - -<p class="padtopc">It was our good Fortune, at a -very early Period of Life, to attend a dame School, -where a Book, printed in Glaſgow, in the Year 1756, -was put into our Hands. This Book contained the -Weſtminſter Larger and Shorter Catechiſms, and -a <span class="nowrap">Dire<img class="iglyphc" -src="images/ligctupright.png" width="58" height="110" -alt="ct ligature, upright" />ory</span> of Public -Worſhip,—the Intention perhaps being to teach us good -Engliſh and ſound “Kirk” <span class="nowrap">Do<img -class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" -width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" -/>rines</span> at the ſame Time. Fortunately -or otherwiſe, the <span class="nowrap">Do<img -class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" -width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" -/>rines</span> were above our Comprehenſion <i>at that -Time</i>; but the long <i>ſ</i> ’s and the Ligatures <span -class="xxpn" id="p196">{p196}</span> became Part of -our Eye-Vernacular (if we may be pardoned for ſuch -an Expreſſion), at which we rejoice. We hope that -the Young who have not had the Advantages of antique -Catechiſms will peruſe the Old Style Pages of this -Chapter until they become ſo familiar with ancient -and nearly forgotten Letters as to be able to enjoy -the many good Things to be found in old-time Books, -whether printed in Glaſgow or elſewhere.</p> - -<p>To Printers who have “ſerved their Time” in -the Book-offices of the Eaſt or the early ſettled -Cities of the South and Weſt, a Chapter like this -may ſeem wholly ſuperfluous. But in a Country -like ours, where new Towns and Cities are daily -ſpringing into Exiſtence, daily Newſpapers ſpringing -up with them, it often happens that Boys and -young Men who have had but ſcanty Schooling -are taken as Apprentices to learn the Art of Arts. -Many of theſe become rapid and -<span class="nowrap">corre<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" /></span> -Compoſitors, -and in Proceſs of Time drift to Cities where -are Printing-offices with more Varieties of Type -than the new Comers have been accuſtomed to,—among -the reſt, Old Style, both in its ancient and -modernized Forms; and it is, in good Part, for -the Benefit of theſe that we devote a few Pages to -Old Style.</p> - -<p>In purſuing our -<span class="nowrap">Subje<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" /></span> we -ſhall paſs by <span class="xxpn" id="p197">{p197}</span> -Caxton, who, as Everybody knows, introduced movable -Types into England in the ſeventh Year of the -fourth Edward, make but brief Mention of Caſlon -(1692–1766), who about the Year 1720, made -Matrices and call genuine and beautiful old-ſtyle -Type,—and come -<span class="nowrap">dire<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" />ly</span> -to the <span class="nowrap">Fa<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" /></span> that, in -1843, an Engliſh Printer deſired to reprint in Old -Style a Book of the Time of Charles II. The old -Matrices of Caſlon were found (<i>v.</i> Brit. Encyc.), -and from them a Font was caſt, which, with improved -Preſſes, etc., gave a better Impreſſion than -had been obtained in Caſlon’s Time. Since then -(1843), the Demand for Old Style has ſteadily increaſed, -both in England and America, and our -Founders have produced a modernized Old Style; -in which, however, it is thought by many that -Legibility has been ſacrificed to Beauty and general -<span class="nowrap">Effe<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" />.</span> -Our Purpoſe here is to treat of the -earlier Style, which ſtill reaches Printing-offices -occaſionally as Copy, and in which Programmes -for “Old Folks’ Concerts,” and alſo ſome Pamphlets, -are printed even in theſe Days.</p> - -<p>In Old Style, <i>s final</i> is a ſhort <i>s</i>; in all other -Parts of a Word, even if it is the laſt Letter of a -Syllable of a Word divided at the End of a Line, -the long, kerned “ſ” is uſed. To prevent breaking -the Kern the long “ſ” was caſt -in the ſame <span class="xxpn" id="p198">{p198}</span> -Matrix with ſuch Letters as it would otherwiſe -interfere with,—the two, or in Caſe of double <i>ſ</i> -the three, Letters forming one Type; juſt as “f” -is now ligated to other Letters, as fi, ffl, etc.</p> - -<p>And here, while ſpeaking of Ligatures, we would -fain digreſs a Moment,—even at the Expenſe of -lengthening our old-ſtyle Chapter,—to remark -that there are ſome interfering Combinations for -which Ligatures have not been caſt. We have -ſeen Book-catalogues in which the Word “<i>Illuſtrated</i>” -frequently occurred, having the Kerns of -the italic <i>I</i> and its Neighbor <i>l</i>, one or both, broken -off. The ſame happens when the Word “Illinois” -is ſet in italic, unleſs the Compoſitor inſert a thin -Space to keep the Letters from encroaching on -each other’s Territory. The ſame Method muſt -be obſerved when the Combination of <i>f</i> with <i>b</i>, <i>h</i>, -or <i>k</i>, is met with; as in Hofburg, Hofhoof, and -Hoffkirchen; otherwiſe one or more Letters will -preſent a mutilated Appearance on the Proof-ſheet.</p> - -<p>An italic ſhort <i>s</i> ligated with <i>t</i>, formerly in -Uſe, does not ſeem to have remained long in the -Printer’s Caſe; but—perhaps from the Beauty of -its Curves—the -<span class="nowrap">“<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" />,”</span> -both in roman and italic, -retains its Popularity, and is found in Fonts of -modernized Old Style which have -<span class="nowrap">reje<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" />ed</span> the long -<i>ſ</i> and its Ligatures. Indeed, we -have what are <span class="xxpn" id="p199">{p199}</span> -called -<span class="nowrap">“<img class="iglyphc" src="images/ligctupright.png" - width="58" height="110" alt="ct ligature, upright" /></span> Books,” -in which the deſignating Term -is uſed as though it were as needful as “fi,” and -the other Combinations of the kerned Letter <i>f</i>.</p> - -<p>We conclude this Portion of our Work by preſenting -ſome Fac-ſimiles of Old Style, produced -by Photogravure. The firſt is Part of a Page -from “Annals of King George,” printed in London, -in 1717.</p> - -<p>The next is a Fac-ſimile of four roman and three -italic Lines from T. B. Reed’s “Hiſtory of Printing.” -Theſe ſeven Lines were printed from Type -caſt in the Matrices made by the elder Caſlon, -in 1720. They ſhow an immenſe Improvement -when compared with the Page of the “Annals” -executed but three Years before.</p> - -<p>The third Sample is from Fry & Steele’s “Specimens -of Printing Type,” dated 1794; while the -fourth, from the Foundry of Caſlon the younger, -dated 1796, having dropped the long “ſ” and its -Ligatures, informs us of the Period when the Old -was giving Place -to the New. <span class="xxpn" id="p200">{p200}</span></p> - -<div class="dctr03"> -<img src="images/i200.png" width="800" height="1081" alt="" /> -<div class="dcaptionctr">The above is a fac-simile -from the second volume of Annals of George I.; London, -1717.</div></div> - -<div class="dctr01" id="p201"> -<img src="images/i201a.png" width="800" height="313" alt="" /> -<div class="dcaptionctr"><i>OLD STYLE</i><br /> -Facsimile of four roman and three italic lines -from T. B. Reed’s “History of Printing”, printed -in type cast in the matrices made by -the elder Caslon in 1720.</div> -</div> - -<div class="dctr01"> -<img src="images/i201b.png" width="800" height="330" alt="" /> -<div class="dcaptionctr"><span class="smcap">S<b>MALL</b></span> -<span class="smcap">P<b>ICA</b></span> -<span class="smcap">R<b>OMAN</b>.</span> -<span class="smcap">N<b>O.</b></span> 1.<br /> -Facsimile of ten lines from Fry & Steele’s “Specimens -of Printing Type”, dated 1794.</div> -</div> - -<div class="dctr01"> -<img src="images/i201c.png" width="800" height="330" alt="" /> -<div class="dcaptionctr">Small Pica Roman. No. 1.<br /> -Facsimile of ten lines from the Foundry of Caslon -the younger, dated 1796.</div> -</div></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p202"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER IX. -<span class="hsmall">TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK.</span></h2> - -<p><span class="smcap">C<b>ASE.</b></span> A frame -divided into boxes, or compartments, for holding -types. The upper case contains capitals; the lower -case, small letters.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">C<b>HAPEL.</b></span> An -association of workmen in a printing-office.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">C<b>HASE.</b></span> An iron -frame in which the pages of matter are locked up.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">D<b>OUBLET.</b></span> A portion of a take repeated by the compositor. -For instance: “It is of no use to lament our misfortunes, of -no benefit to grieve over past mistakes.” Suppose the compositor -to have set up as far as the second “no” inclusive,—he -then glances at his copy for the following words, but his -eye catches the <i>first</i> “no,” and he resets what is already in his -stick. Of course the proof will read thus: “It is of no use to -lament our misfortunes, of no use to lament our misfortunes, -of no benefit to grieve over,” etc.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">F<b>ORM.</b></span> The pages of matter inclosed in the chase.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">G<b>ALLEY.</b></span> A frame which receives the contents of the composing-stick. -When the stick is full, it is emptied upon a -galley.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">I<b>MPOSE.</b></span> To lay the made-up pages of matter on the stone, -and fit on the chase in order to carry the form to press.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">I<b>NDENTION.</b></span> The blank space at the beginning of a common -paragraph, or of a line of poetry, etc. When the first -line is not indented, while the following lines of the paragraph -have a blank space before them, the paragraph is said to be -set with a “hanging indention.”</p> - -<div class="dblockquot"> -<i>Specimen of Hanging Indention.</i> - -<p class="phanga">Be it enacted by the Senate and -House of Representatives, in General Court assembled, -and by the authority of the same.</p></div> - -<p id="p203"><span class="smcap">J<b>USTIFY.</b></span> To insert spaces between the words of a line of -type, so that the line shall exactly fit the width of the stick.</p> - -<p><i>To</i> <span class="smcap">L<b>OCK</b></span> <span class="smmaj">UP A</span> -<span class="smcap">F<b>ORM</b></span> is to drive quoins (wedges) in such a -manner as to hold the type firmly in the chase.</p> - -<p><i>To</i> <span class="smcap">M<b>AKE</b></span> <span class="smmaj">UP</span> is to adjust the matter in pages of equal -length, as nearly as may be, for imposition.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">M<b>ATTER.</b></span> Types set up, so as to form a word or words. -When it is to be distributed (put back into the cases), it is -known as “dead” matter. If not yet printed, or if destined -for further use, it is called “live” matter.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">O<b>UT.</b></span> A portion of a take, accidentally omitted by a compositor. -An “out” is generally referable, as in the case of -the “doublet,” to the recurrence of some word, or sequence of -letters. For instance: a take had in it, “He injured his foot, -by wearing a tight boot.” The proof had, only, “He injured -his foot.” The compositor had the whole sentence in his mind; -and having set the final letters “oot,” referred these to the last -word, “boot,” and thought he had set the whole sentence.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Q<b>UÆRE</b>,</span> or <span class="smcap">Q<b>UERY</b>,</span> variously abbreviated, as <i>Qu.</i> <i>Qy.</i> or -<i>Qr.</i>, and sometimes represented by an interrogation point, is -written in the margin of the proof-sheet, to draw the author’s -attention to some passage about which the proof-reader is in -doubt.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">R<b>EVISE.</b></span> The second proof is a revise of the first, the third -is a revise of the second, etc. <i>To</i> <span class="smcap">R<b>EVISE</b></span> is to compare the -second, or any subsequent proof, with a preceding one, to see -whether the proper corrections have been made.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">S<b>HOOTING-STICK.</b></span> A wedge-shaped piece of wood for -tightening and loosening the quoins that wedge up the pages -in a chase.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">S<b>IGNATURE.</b></span> A letter or figure at the bottom of the first -page of every sheet. It denotes the proper order of the sheets -in binding.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">S<b>PACE.</b></span> If a line of type be divided by vertical planes into -exact squares, each of these squares occupies the space of an -<i>em</i>, or <i>em-quadrat</i>. Ems are used to indent common paragraphs, -and to separate sentences in -the same paragraph. <span class="xxpn" id="p204">{p204}</span> -The next thinner space is the <i>en</i>, or <i>en-quadrat</i>, which is one-half -of the em. The next is one-third of the em, and is called -the <i>three-em space</i>; next, one-fourth of the em is the <i>four-em -space</i>; then, one-fifth of the em is the <i>five-em space</i>. Thinner -than any of these is the <i>hair-space</i>. The three-em space is -generally used in composition; the other sizes are needed in -justifying.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">S<b>TICK</b></span> -<span class="smcap">(C<b>OMPOSING</b>-S<b>TICK</b>)</span>. -A frame of iron or steel, in -which the compositor sets up the type. By means of a movable -slide, it can be adjusted to the required length of line.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">S<b>TONE.</b></span> A table of marble, or other stone, on which forms -are imposed, and on which they are placed for correction.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">T<b>AKE.</b></span> That portion of copy which the compositor takes to -put in type (or “set up”) -at one time.</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p205"> -<h2 class="h2herein">CHAPTER X.</h2> -<h3 class="h3a">VARIOUS SIZES OF ROMAN LETTER—MODERN.</h3> - -<div class="dctr01"> -<img src="images/i205a.png" width="800" height="499" alt="" /> -</div> - -<h3 class="h3a">VARIOUS SIZES OF ROMAN LETTER—OLD STYLE.</h3> - -<div class="dctr01"> -<img src="images/i205b.png" width="800" height="412" alt="" /> -</div></div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p207"> -<h2 class="h2herein">INDEX.</h2> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Abbreviated words, how punctuated, -<a href="#p080" title="to page 80">80</a>.</li> - -<li>Abbreviations, Catalogue of fishes, -<a href="#p068" title="to page 68">68</a>.</li> - -<li>Abbreviations, mischievous, -<a href="#p026" title="to page 26">26</a>.</li> - -<li>Abbreviations of States, Territories, Post-offices, -<a href="#p069" title="to page 69">69</a>.</li> - -<li>“able,” words ending in, -<a href="#p155" title="to page 155">155</a>–164.</li> - -<li>Accents, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Acute accent, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Adams’ <i>or</i> Adams’s, -<a href="#p094" title="to page 94">94</a>.</li> - -<li>Advertisement, Publishers’, -<a href="#p005" title="to page 5">5</a>–7.</li> - -<li>Aldus Manutius, -<a href="#p075" title="to page 75">75</a>.</li> - -<li>Alterations on Proof-sheet, -<a href="#p030" title="to page 30">30</a>.</li> - -<li>Ancient and modern methods of punctuation compared, -<a href="#p073" title="to page 73">73</a>–75.</li> - -<li>Apostrophe, -<a href="#p118" title="to page 118">118</a>–119.</li> - -<li>Attention to revising, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>Authors’ proofs, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>–49.</li> - -<li>Authors should punctuate their MS., -<a href="#p071" title="to page 71">71</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Brace, The, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Brackets, -<a href="#p093" title="to page 93">93</a>, -<a href="#p094" title="to page 94">94</a>, -<a href="#p120" title="to page 120">120</a>.</li> - -<li>Briefs, Lawyers’, -<a href="#p024" title="to page 24">24</a>, -<a href="#p025" title="to page 25">25</a>.</li> - -<li>Bureau or Academy yet wanted to settle all difficulties in syntax orthography, punctuation, etc., -<a href="#p065" title="to page 65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>Bureau, Smithsonian, of the English Language, desiderated, -<a href="#p065" title="to page 65">65</a>, -<a href="#p127" title="to page 127">127</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Canceled words, how restored, -<a href="#p029" title="to page 29">29</a>.</li> - -<li>Capitalization, -<a href="#p171" title="to page 171">171</a>–194.</li> - -<li>Capitals and points, when to be mentioned by copy-holders, -<a href="#p045" title="to page 45">45</a>, -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>, -<a href="#p055" title="to page 55">55</a>, -<a href="#p056" title="to page 56">56</a>.</li> - -<li>Capitals, Rules for use of, very flexible, -<a href="#p190" title="to page 190">190</a>.</li> - -<li>Captions, size of type, form of tables, etc., Directions for, furnished compositors and proof-readers, -<a href="#p037" title="to page 37">37</a>, -<a href="#p038" title="to page 38">38</a>.</li> - -<li>Caret, The, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Cedilla, The, -<a href="#p122" title="to page 122">122</a>.</li> - -<li>Chirography, Mercantile, -<a href="#p024" title="to page 24">24</a>, -<a href="#p026" title="to page 26">26</a>.</li> - -<li>Circumflex accent, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Close attention to revising, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>Close pointing, -<a href="#p080" title="to page 80">80</a>.</li> - -<li>Colon, -<a href="#p097" title="to page 97">97</a>, -<a href="#p098" title="to page 98">98</a>.</li> - -<li>Comma between subject and predicate, -<a href="#p077" title="to page 77">77</a>–79.</li> - -<li>Comma, rules for use of, -<a href="#p100" title="to page 100">100</a>–112.</li> - -<li>Comma, use of, depending on taste in many cases, -<a href="#p080" title="to page 80">80</a>.</li> - -<li>Compositors and proof-readers punctuate, -<a href="#p036" title="to page 36">36</a>.</li> - -<li>Compositors and proof-readers should punctuate, if author neglects, -<a href="#p071" title="to page 71">71</a>.</li> - -<li>Compositors’ names on proofs, -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>.</li> - -<li>Copy for printers, black ink on white paper, -<a href="#p031" title="to page 31">31</a>.</li> - -<li>Copy-holders’ duty, -<a href="#p041" title="to page 41">41</a>.</li> - -<li>Copy to be followed closely in doubtful cases, -<a href="#p123" title="to page 123">123</a>.</li> - -<li>Correcting proof-sheets, Marks used in, -<a href="#p043" title="to page 43">43</a>, -<a href="#p045" title="to page 45">45</a>.</li> - -<li>Correctly spelled list of doubtful words, Webster style, -<a href="#p127" title="to page 127">127</a>–140.</li> - -<li>Correctly spelled list of doubtful words, Worcester style, -<a href="#p141" title="to page 141">141</a>–154.</li> - -<li>Court, Records of, -<a href="#p051" title="to page 51">51</a>.</li> - -<li>Court, Transcripts of Records of, with extraneous documents, -<a href="#p025" title="to page 25">25</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Dash, the, -<a href="#p089" title="to page 89">89</a>–91.</li> - -<li>Dash, the, Rules for use of, -<a href="#p114" title="to page 114">114</a>–118.</li> - -<li>Dash, used too freely by writers for the press, -<a href="#p090" title="to page 90">90</a>.</li> - -<li>D.D., LL.D., M.D., -<a href="#p181" title="to page 181">181</a>, -<a href="#p182" title="to page 182">182</a>.</li> - -<li>Difficulty of drawing line between words “up” and words “down,” -<a href="#p183" title="to page 183">183</a>–189.</li> - -<li>“Directions” for style of any work, frequently consulted, -<a href="#p037" title="to page 37">37</a>.</li> - -<li>“Directions,” Samples of, -<a href="#p038" title="to page 38">38</a>–40.</li> - -<li>Discussion of various modes of spelling same word, -<a href="#p126" title="to page 126">126</a>.</li> - -<li>Distributing type, -<a href="#p033" title="to page 33">33</a>; results of error in, -<a href="#p034" title="to page 34">34</a>.</li> - -<li>Diversities of grammar and idiom—of orthography, etc., Smithsonian Institution might settle all controversies by Bureau of Language, whose rulings should be adopted in Governmental publications, -<a href="#p065" title="to page 65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>Division of words on vowels or syllables, -<a href="#p087" title="to page 87">87</a>, -<a href="#p088" title="to page 88">88</a>.</li> - -<li>Division of words—to be avoided or not, -<a href="#p089" title="to page 89">89</a>.</li> - -<li>Doubtful orthography; double column lists in dictionaries, -<a href="#p125" title="to page 125">125</a>, -<a href="#p126" title="to page 126">126</a>.</li> - -<li>Doubtful words, query to author or editor, -<a href="#p031" title="to page 31">31</a>.</li> - -<li>Dr. Johnson and proof-reader, -<a href="#p032" title="to page 32">32</a>.</li> - -<li>Duty of copy-holder, -<a href="#p041" title="to page 41">41</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Eccentricities of orthography, punctuation, capitalization, etc., -recorded for reference by proof-reader, while a work is in progress, -<a href="#p037" title="to page 37">37</a>.</li> - -<li><i>ei</i> and <i>ie</i>, Rule for, -<a href="#p169" title="to page 169">169</a>.</li> - -<li>Ellipsis, or Omission, Marks of, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Employé or Employee, -<a href="#p039" title="to page 39">39</a>.</li> - -<li>English Grammar defined, -<a href="#p072" title="to page 72">72</a>.</li> - -<li><i>Ensure</i> and <i>Insure</i> differentiated, -<a href="#p170" title="to page 170">170</a>.</li> - -<li><i>Enure</i> and <i>Inure</i> differentiated, -<a href="#p170" title="to page 170">170</a>.</li> - -<li>Erasures, to be made with ink, -<a href="#p029" title="to page 29">29</a>.</li> - -<li>Errors from mistakes in distributing, -<a href="#p034" title="to page 34">34</a>.</li> - -<li>Errors in MS. copy, corrected, or pointed out, in printing-office, -<a href="#p036" title="to page 36">36</a>.</li> - -<li>Errors,—marked in text, and correction denoted on margin, of proof-sheets, -<a href="#p041" title="to page 41">41</a>–45.</li> - -<li>Errors, rare, from printed copy, -<a href="#p018" title="to page 18">18</a>.</li> - -<li>Errors unavoidable, while present methods continue, -<a href="#p034" title="to page 34">34</a>.</li> - -<li>Esq., Jr., rules for, -<a href="#p181" title="to page 181">181</a>.</li> - -<li>Exclamation, note of, rules for use of, -<a href="#p113" title="to page 113">113</a>, 114.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Fac-similes of Old Style, -<a href="#p200" title="to page 200">200</a>, -<a href="#p201" title="to page 201">201</a>.</li> - -<li>Faults of manuscript reappear in proof-sheets, -<a href="#p025" title="to page 25">25</a>.</li> - -<li>First letter in line of poetry, -<a href="#p174" title="to page 174">174</a>.</li> - -<li>First proof, specimen of, -<a href="#p044" title="to page 44">44</a>.</li> - -<li>Footnotes in manuscript, -<a href="#p030" title="to page 30">30</a>.</li> - -<li>Footnotes, references to, -<a href="#p123" title="to page 123">123</a>.</li> - -<li>Foreign words italic, -<a href="#p057" title="to page 57">57</a>, -<a href="#p058" title="to page 58">58</a>.</li> - -<li>Foreign words roman, -<a href="#p058" title="to page 58">58</a>.</li> - -<li>Full point, or period, -<a href="#p096" title="to page 96">96</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>General remarks on incongruities of style, -<a href="#p066" title="to page 66">66</a>–70.</li> - -<li>Gods, pagan, capitalized, -<a href="#p180" title="to page 180">180</a>.</li> - -<li>Golden rule of punctuation, -<a href="#p077" title="to page 77">77</a>.</li> - -<li>Grammatical points, -<a href="#p072" title="to page 72">72</a>.</li> - -<li>Grave accent, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Greek alphabet, -<a href="#p054" title="to page 54">54</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Handwriting of Clergymen, -<a href="#p022" title="to page 22">22</a>, -<a href="#p023" title="to page 23">23</a>.</li> - -<li>Handwriting of lawyers, -<a href="#p023" title="to page 23">23</a>–25.</li> - -<li>Handwriting of mercantile and business men, -<a href="#p024" title="to page 24">24</a>, -<a href="#p026" title="to page 26">26</a>.</li> - -<li>Handwriting of physicians, -<a href="#p027" title="to page 27">27</a>.</li> - -<li>Heathen deities, names of, to be capitalized, -<a href="#p180" title="to page 180">180</a>.</li> - -<li>Hyphen, -<a href="#p118" title="to page 118">118</a>.</li> - -<li>Hyphens in <i>one-half</i>, <i>two-thirds</i>, etc., -<a href="#p087" title="to page 87">87</a>.</li> - -<li>Hyphens in succession at end of lines, not to exceed three, -<a href="#p089" title="to page 89">89</a>.</li> - -<li>Hyphens, use of, -<a href="#p084" title="to page 84">84</a>–89.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>I and J, -<a href="#p029" title="to page 29">29</a>.</li> - -<li>I and O, to be capitals, -<a href="#p180" title="to page 180">180</a>, -<a href="#p181" title="to page 181">181</a>.</li> - -<li>“ible,” words ending in, -<a href="#p165" title="to page 165">165</a>–167.</li> - -<li>Illegibility of the writing, no damages, on account of the, -<a href="#p015" title="to page 15">15</a>.</li> - -<li>Importance of <i>a</i> and <i>the</i>, -<a href="#p188" title="to page 188">188</a>.</li> - -<li>Initial letters put up, -<a href="#p172" title="to page 172">172</a>–174.</li> - -<li>Ink, black, on white paper, for press, -<a href="#p031" title="to page 31">31</a>.</li> - -<li><i>Insure</i> and <i>Ensure</i> differentiated, -<a href="#p170" title="to page 170">170</a>.</li> - -<li>Interrogation, note of, rules for use of, -<a href="#p112" title="to page 112">112</a>, -<a href="#p113" title="to page 113">113</a>.</li> - -<li><i>Inure</i> and <i>Enure</i> differentiated, -<a href="#p170" title="to page 170">170</a>.</li> - -<li>“ise,” words ending in, -<a href="#p168" title="to page 168">168</a>, -<a href="#p169" title="to page 169">169</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Junior, Esquire, rules for, -<a href="#p181" title="to page 181">181</a>.</li> - -<li>Juxtaposition influences use of capitals, -<a href="#p189" title="to page 189">189</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Language—“The Foundation for the Whole Faculty of Thinking”—should -have the sharp oversight of those who would “diffuse knowledge among -men,” -<a href="#p065" title="to page 65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>Last reading for press; careful, deliberate, etc., -<a href="#p049" title="to page 49">49</a>–51.</li> - -<li>Lawyers’ briefs, -<a href="#p024" title="to page 24">24</a>.</li> - -<li>Leaders, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Lead pencils, avoid, when writing for press, -<a href="#p031" title="to page 31">31</a>.</li> - -<li>Lead pencils, no erasure with, -<a href="#p028" title="to page 28">28</a>.</li> - -<li>Length of pause at the various points, -<a href="#p072" title="to page 72">72</a>, -<a href="#p073" title="to page 73">73</a>.</li> - -<li>Liberal pointing, -<a href="#p080" title="to page 80">80</a>.</li> - -<li>Ligated letters, Old Style, -<a href="#p195" title="to page 195">195</a>.</li> - -<li>Lines above and below a correction, to be compared when revising, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>LL.D., D.D., M.D., -<a href="#p181" title="to page 181">181</a>, -<a href="#p182" title="to page 182">182</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Manuscript, faults of, reappear in proof-sheets, -<a href="#p025" title="to page 25">25</a>.</li> - -<li>Manuscript for the press,—black ink on white paper, -<a href="#p031" title="to page 31">31</a>.</li> - -<li>Manutii, The, -<a href="#p075" title="to page 75">75</a>; Manutius, Aldus, -<a href="#p075" title="to page 75">75</a>.</li> - -<li>“Mark-off,” -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>Marks of Ellipsis, or Omission, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>Marks of Parenthesis, -<a href="#p120" title="to page 120">120</a>.</li> - -<li>Marks of Quotation, -<a href="#p119" title="to page 119">119</a>, -<a href="#p120" title="to page 120">120</a>.</li> - -<li>Marks used in correcting proof-sheets, -<a href="#p043" title="to page 43">43</a>, -<a href="#p045" title="to page 45">45</a>.</li> - -<li>Matter “off its feet,” -<a href="#p042" title="to page 42">42</a>.</li> - -<li>Meaning of “Put up” and “Put down,” -<a href="#p171" title="to page 171">171</a>, -<a href="#p172" title="to page 172">172</a>.</li> - -<li>M.D., LL.D., D.D., -<a href="#p181" title="to page 181">181</a>, -<a href="#p182" title="to page 182">182</a>.</li> - -<li>Mercantile chirography, -<a href="#p024" title="to page 24">24</a>, -<a href="#p026" title="to page 26">26</a>.</li> - -<li>Method of reading points, capitals, etc., -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>.</li> - -<li>Mingling of styles, -<a href="#p040" title="to page 40">40</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Namely, viz., to wit, how punctuated, -<a href="#p082" title="to page 82">82</a>.</li> - -<li>Names of compositors on proofs, -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>.</li> - -<li>Names of countries, states, ships, towns, streets, political parties, etc., capitalized, -<a href="#p182" title="to page 182">182</a>.</li> - -<li>Note of exclamation, rules for use of, -<a href="#p113" title="to page 113">113</a>, -<a href="#p114" title="to page 114">114</a>.</li> - -<li>Note of interrogation, rules for use of, -<a href="#p112" title="to page 112">112</a>, -<a href="#p113" title="to page 113">113</a>.</li> - -<li>Note on the “etc.,” in Rule 7, on use of capitals, -<a href="#p183" title="to page 183">183</a>–189.</li> - -<li>Note-references, -<a href="#p123" title="to page 123">123</a>.</li> - -<li>Notes as to captions, size of type, form of tables, etc., to be furnished employees, -<a href="#p038" title="to page 38">38</a>.</li> - -<li>Nouns ending in <i>o</i>, plurals of, -<a href="#p167" title="to page 167">167</a>, -<a href="#p168" title="to page 168">168</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>O and I, capitals, -<a href="#p181" title="to page 181">181</a>.</li> - -<li>O, nouns ending in, -<a href="#p167" title="to page 167">167</a>, -<a href="#p168" title="to page 168">168</a>.</li> - -<li>“Off its feet,” -<a href="#p042" title="to page 42">42</a>.</li> - -<li>Old Style, -<a href="#p195" title="to page 195">195</a>–201.</li> - -<li>Omission, or Ellipsis, Marks of, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>.</li> - -<li>One correct spelling, according to Webster, of variously spelled words, -<a href="#p127" title="to page 127">127</a>–140.</li> - -<li>One correct spelling, according to Worcester, of variously spelled words, -<a href="#p141" title="to page 141">141</a>–154.</li> - -<li>One style for Governmental publications desiderated, -<a href="#p127" title="to page 127">127</a>.</li> - -<li>Orthography, -<a href="#p125" title="to page 125">125</a>–170.</li> - -<li>Orthography, definitions of, -<a href="#p125" title="to page 125">125</a>.</li> - -<li>Orthography; the Webster list of doubtful words (1500+), in the <i>one</i> preferred manner of spelling, -<a href="#p127" title="to page 127">127</a>–140.</li> - -<li>Orthography; the Worcester list of doubtful words (1500+), in the <i>one</i> preferred manner of spelling, -<a href="#p141" title="to page 141">141</a>–154.</li> - -<li>Over-punctuated manuscript, -<a href="#p030" title="to page 30">30</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Pagination of MS., -<a href="#p029" title="to page 29">29</a>.</li> - -<li>Paragraph mark (¶), -<a href="#p122" title="to page 122">122</a>.</li> - -<li>Parenthesis, -<a href="#p092" title="to page 92">92</a>–94.</li> - -<li>Parenthesis, marks of, -<a href="#p120" title="to page 120">120</a>.</li> - -<li>Pauses and sense both indicated by punctuation, -<a href="#p075" title="to page 75">75</a>, -<a href="#p076" title="to page 76">76</a>.</li> - -<li>Period, or full point, -<a href="#p096" title="to page 96">96</a>.</li> - -<li>Personified things capitalized, -<a href="#p182" title="to page 182">182</a>.</li> - -<li>Physicians’ chirography, -<a href="#p027" title="to page 27">27</a>.</li> - -<li>Plurals, when denoted by apostrophe and <i>s</i>, -<a href="#p094" title="to page 94">94</a>, -<a href="#p095" title="to page 95">95</a>.</li> - -<li>Pointing—close, liberal, -<a href="#p080" title="to page 80">80</a>.</li> - -<li>Points, capitals, etc., method of reading by copy-holder, -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>.</li> - -<li>Points mark <i>sense</i> as well as <i>pauses</i>, -<a href="#p075" title="to page 75">75</a>, -<a href="#p076" title="to page 76">76</a>.</li> - -<li>Possessive case of nouns singular ending in <i>s</i>, -<a href="#p094" title="to page 94">94</a>.</li> - -<li>Preambles, resolves, and provisos, how punctuated, -<a href="#p081" title="to page 81">81</a>.</li> - -<li>Preferred spelling, Webster’s, of 1500+ words of various orthography, -<a href="#p127" title="to page 127">127</a>–140.</li> - -<li>Preferred spelling, Worcester’s, of 1500+ words of various orthography, -<a href="#p141" title="to page 141">141</a>–154.</li> - -<li>Principal words capitalized, -<a href="#p175" title="to page 175">175</a>, -<a href="#p176" title="to page 176">176</a>.</li> - -<li>Printers, usually best proof-readers, -<a href="#p035" title="to page 35">35</a>.</li> - -<li>Professional men “at the case,” -<a href="#p036" title="to page 36">36</a>.</li> - -<li>Proof-reader and Dr. Johnson, -<a href="#p032" title="to page 32">32</a>.</li> - -<li>Proof-readers and compositors punctuate, -<a href="#p036" title="to page 36">36</a>.</li> - -<li>Proof-reader, to query doubtful words, etc., -<a href="#p031" title="to page 31">31</a>.</li> - -<li>Proof-reading, -<a href="#p033" title="to page 33">33</a>–58.</li> - -<li>Proof-sheets, marks used in correcting, -<a href="#p043" title="to page 43">43</a>, -<a href="#p045" title="to page 45">45</a>.</li> - -<li>Proof-sheets, numbered in regular sequence, -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>.</li> - -<li>Proof-sheets of Records of Court, -<a href="#p051" title="to page 51">51</a>.</li> - -<li>Proof-sheets, second reading and revising of, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>Proofs, routine in regard to, -<a href="#p037" title="to page 37">37</a>.</li> - -<li>Proper nouns, having common form, put down, -<a href="#p183" title="to page 183">183</a>.</li> - -<li>Propinquity a reason for putting up or putting down, -<a href="#p189" title="to page 189">189</a>–192.</li> - -<li>Provisos, preambles, and resolutions, how punctuated, -<a href="#p081" title="to page 81">81</a>.</li> - -<li>Punctuation, -<a href="#p071" title="to page 71">71</a>–124; a modern art, -<a href="#p073" title="to page 73">73</a>.</li> - -<li>Punctuation, ancient and modern methods of, -<a href="#p073" title="to page 73">73</a>–75.</li> - -<li>Punctuation by compositor and proof-reader, -<a href="#p036" title="to page 36">36</a>.</li> - -<li>Punctuation, by one reader only, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>Punctuation of <i>viz.</i>, <i>namely</i>, <i>to wit</i>, -<a href="#p082" title="to page 82">82</a>.</li> - -<li>Punctuation, rules of, not fixed, -<a href="#p075" title="to page 75">75</a>.</li> - -<li>Punctuation, uniformity of, not attainable, -<a href="#p123" title="to page 123">123</a>.</li> - -<li>“Put down” and “Put up,” meaning of, -<a href="#p171" title="to page 171">171</a>, -<a href="#p172" title="to page 172">172</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Quantity, marks of, -<a href="#p121" title="to page 121">121</a>, -<a href="#p122" title="to page 122">122</a>.</li> - -<li>Quotation marks, -<a href="#p119" title="to page 119">119</a>, -<a href="#p120" title="to page 120">120</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Reading final proof before printing, -<a href="#p049" title="to page 49">49</a>–51.</li> - -<li>Reading Greek, -<a href="#p053" title="to page 53">53</a>–56.</li> - -<li>Reading points and capitals, -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>.</li> - -<li>Recapitulation of rules for right use of capitals, -<a href="#p192" title="to page 192">192</a>–194.</li> - -<li>Recipes—Greek and Latin, -<a href="#p027" title="to page 27">27</a>, -<a href="#p028" title="to page 28">28</a>.</li> - -<li>Records of Court, no alterations in, allowable, except clerical errors in punctuation, -<a href="#p051" title="to page 51">51</a>.</li> - -<li>Records of Court, transcripts of, with extraneous documents, -<a href="#p025" title="to page 25">25</a>.</li> - -<li>Records of Court, uniform style in, not to be sought at expense of departing from copy, -<a href="#p051" title="to page 51">51</a>.</li> - -<li>Reference marks to footnotes and sidenotes, -<a href="#p123" title="to page 123">123</a>.</li> - -<li>Resolutions, preambles, and provisos, how punctuated, -<a href="#p081" title="to page 81">81</a>.</li> - -<li>Restoring canceled words, -<a href="#p029" title="to page 29">29</a>.</li> - -<li>Revising, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>Revising, in, great care required, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>Rhetorical points, -<a href="#p072" title="to page 72">72</a>.</li> - -<li>Rules of punctuation, -<a href="#p096" title="to page 96">96</a>–118.</li> - -<li>Rules of punctuation not fixed, -<a href="#p075" title="to page 75">75</a>.</li> - -<li>Rules for capitalization very bendable, -<a href="#p190" title="to page 190">190</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Samples or directions and notes to printers, -<a href="#p038" title="to page 38">38</a>–40.</li> - -<li>Second proof, -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>.</li> - -<li>Second reading of proof by copy, -<a href="#p047" title="to page 47">47</a>.</li> - -<li>Second, third, etc., revision of proof-sheets, -<a href="#p048" title="to page 48">48</a>.</li> - -<li>Section mark (§), -<a href="#p123" title="to page 123">123</a>.</li> - -<li>Semicolon, -<a href="#p098" title="to page 98">98</a>–100.</li> - -<li>Semicolon before <i>as</i>, when particulars follow a general statement, -<a href="#p082" title="to page 82">82</a>.</li> - -<li>Sense and pauses, both indicated by points, -<a href="#p075" title="to page 75">75</a>, -<a href="#p076" title="to page 76">76</a>.</li> - -<li>Sentences difficult and involved, compositor and proof-reader to follow copy carefully, -<a href="#p123" title="to page 123">123</a>, -<a href="#p124" title="to page 124">124</a>.</li> - -<li>Separation of words in manuscripts, -<a href="#p074" title="to page 74">74</a>.</li> - -<li>Size of type; captions; form of tables, etc., directions for, to be supplied, -<a href="#p038" title="to page 38">38</a>.</li> - -<li>Slips of proof, numbered in sequence, -<a href="#p046" title="to page 46">46</a>.</li> - -<li>Space before and after dash, -<a href="#p091" title="to page 91">91</a>.</li> - -<li>Spanish ñ, -<a href="#p122" title="to page 122">122</a>.</li> - -<li>Specimen of first proof, -<a href="#p044" title="to page 44">44</a>.</li> - -<li>“Spectator” of 1711 wished for an Academy to settle differences between grammar and idiom, -<a href="#p065" title="to page 65">65</a>.</li> - -<li>Spelling, errors in, silently corrected, -<a href="#p036" title="to page 36">36</a>.</li> - -<li>“Stet,” -<a href="#p029" title="to page 29">29</a>.</li> - -<li>Style, -<a href="#p059" title="to page 59">59</a>–65.</li> - -<li>Style of the office, -<a href="#p040" title="to page 40">40</a>.</li> - -<li>Style of writing in the fifth century, -<a href="#p074" title="to page 74">74</a>.</li> - -<li>Style, peculiarities of, to be noted by proof-reader, for reference, -<a href="#p037" title="to page 37">37</a>.</li> - -<li>Styles, mingling of, -<a href="#p040" title="to page 40">40</a>.</li> - -<li>Styles; Worcester, Webster, and Office, -<a href="#p061" title="to page 61">61</a>.</li> - -<li>Subject and predicate, no comma between, except to prevent ambiguity, -<a href="#p077" title="to page 77">77</a>–79.</li> - -<li>Suggestions to writers for press, -<a href="#p028" title="to page 28">28</a>.</li> - -<li>Supreme Being, names, etc., of, capitalized, -<a href="#p176" title="to page 176">176</a>–180.</li> - -<li>Syllabication, -<a href="#p087" title="to page 87">87</a>–89.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Tables, form of; size of type; style of captions, etc., sometimes furnished to compositors and proof-readers, -<a href="#p038" title="to page 38">38</a>.</li> - -<li>Technical terms used in this book, -<a href="#p202" title="to page 202">202</a>–204.</li> - -<li><i>Tout-ensemble</i> survey of a proof-sheet, -<a href="#p040" title="to page 40">40</a>.</li> - -<li>To wit, namely, viz., ending paragraph, how punctuated, -<a href="#p082" title="to page 82">82</a>.</li> - -<li>Two “Chapter V.’s,” -<a href="#p030" title="to page 30">30</a>.</li> - -<li>Type, how distributed, -<a href="#p034" title="to page 34">34</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Umlaut, -<a href="#p122" title="to page 122">122</a>.</li> - -<li>Uniformity—very important in some works, of no consequence in others, -<a href="#p052" title="to page 52">52</a>.</li> - -<li>Use of comma, in many cases, depends upon taste, -<a href="#p080" title="to page 80">80</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Varieties of style, -<a href="#p061" title="to page 61">61</a>–63.</li> - -<li>Various marks used in writing and printing, -<a href="#p118" title="to page 118">118</a>.</li> - -<li>Various sizes of type—modern, -<a href="#p205" title="to page 205">205</a>.</li> - -<li>Various sizes of type—old style, -<a href="#p205" title="to page 205">205</a>.</li> - -<li>Viz., namely, to wit; ending paragraph, how punctuated, -<a href="#p083" title="to page 83">83</a>.</li> - -<li>Viz., namely, to wit; how punctuated, -<a href="#p082" title="to page 82">82</a>.</li></ul> - -<ul class="ulindex"> -<li>Webster’s preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography, -<a href="#p127" title="to page 127">127</a>–140.</li> - -<li>Worcester’s preferred columns of words of doubtful orthography, -<a href="#p141" title="to page 141">141</a>–154.</li> - -<li>Words connected with a No. of designation, -<a href="#p182" title="to page 182">182</a>.</li> - -<li>Words doubtful, query, -<a href="#p031" title="to page 31">31</a>.</li> - -<li>Words ending in <i>able</i>, -<a href="#p155" title="to page 155">155</a>–164; in <i>ible</i>, -<a href="#p165" title="to page 165">165</a>–167.</li> - -<li>Words ending in <i>ise</i>, -<a href="#p168" title="to page 168">168</a>, -<a href="#p169" title="to page 169">169</a>.</li> - -<li>Words from dead and foreign languages, -<a href="#p056" title="to page 56">56</a>–58.</li> - -<li>Words ending in <i>cion</i>, -<a href="#p169" title="to page 169">169</a>.</li> - -<li>Words l. c. when spelled in full, u. c. when contracted, -<a href="#p181" title="to page 181">181</a>.</li> - -<li>Words, not English, to be printed in italics, -<a href="#p057" title="to page 57">57</a>, -<a href="#p058" title="to page 58">58</a>.</li> - -<li>Words, not English, to be printed in roman, -<a href="#p058" title="to page 58">58</a>.</li> - -<li>Write <i>plain</i> English, -<a href="#p026" title="to page 26">26</a>.</li> - -<li>Writers for press should understand technics of proof-reading, -<a href="#p042" title="to page 42">42</a>.</li> - -<li>Writing, bad, robs compositors, -<a href="#p021" title="to page 21">21</a>–23.</li> - -<li>Writing becomes automatic, -<a href="#p019" title="to page 19">19</a>.</li> - -<li>Writing for the press, -<a href="#p015" title="to page 15">15</a>–32.</li> - -<li>Writing legibly, imperative, -<a href="#p021" title="to page 21">21</a>.</li> - -<li>Writing, illegibility of the, protects printers in -suits for damages, -<a href="#p015" title="to page 15">15</a>.</li></ul> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p215"> -<h2 class="h2herein">ADVERTISEMENTS.</h2> - -<p class="p-adh2">READINGS FOR HOME HALL AND SCHOOL</p> - -<p class="p-adnote spitalic">Prepared by Professor LEWIS B. MONROE -Founder of the Boston School of Oratory</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">HUMOROUS READINGS</em> In prose -and verse. For the use of schools reading-clubs public -and parlor entertainments $1.50</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“The book is readable from the first page to the -last, and every article contained in it is worth more -than the price of the volume.”—<i>Providence Herald.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">MISCELLANEOUS -READINGS</em> In prose and verse $1.50</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“We trust this book may find -its way into many schools, not to be used as a -book for daily drill, but as affording the pupil -occasionally an opportunity of leaving the old beaten -track.”—<i>Rhode-Island Schoolmaster.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">DIALOGUES AND -DRAMAS</em> For the use of dramatic and reading clubs -and for public social and school entertainments -$1.50</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“If the acting of dramas such as -are contained in this book, could be introduced into -private circles, there would be an inducement for -the young to spend their evenings at home, instead -of resorting to questionable public places.”—<i>Nashua -Gazette.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">YOUNG FOLKS’ -READINGS</em> For social and public entertainment -$1.50</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“Professor Monroe is one of -the most successful teachers of elocution, as -well as a very popular public reader. In this -volume he has given an unusually fine selection -for home and social reading, as well as for public -entertainments.”—<i>Boston Home Journal.</i></p> - - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">DIALOGUES FROM DICKENS</em> Arranged for schools and home -amusement By W. <span class="smcap">E<b>LIOT</b></span> -<span class="smcap">F<b>ETTE</b></span> A.M. First series $1.00</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">DIALOGUES AND DRAMAS FROM DICKENS</em> Second series -Arranged by W. <span class="smcap">E<b>LIOT</b></span> -<span class="smcap">F<b>ETTE</b></span> Illustrated $1.00</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">The dialogues in the above books are selected from the best points of the -stories, and can be extended by taking several scenes together.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE GRAND DICKENS COSMORAMA</em> Comprising several unique -entertainments capable of being used separately for school home or hall -By G. B. <span class="smcap">B<b>ARTLETT</b></span> Paper 25 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE READINGS OF DICKENS</em> as condensed by himself for his own -use $1.00</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">LITTLE PIECES FOR LITTLE SPEAKERS</em> The primary-school -teacher’s assistant By a practical teacher 16mo. Illustrated -Cloth 75 cents Also in boards 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE MODEL SUNDAY-SCHOOL SPEAKER</em> Containing selections -in prose and verse from the most popular pieces and dialogues for -Sunday-school exhibitions Illustrated Cloth 75 cents Boards 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“A book very much needed.”</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot1">Sold by all booksellers or sent -by mail postpaid on receipt of price</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot2">LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers -Boston</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<p class="p-adh2">GEO. M. BAKER’S POPULAR READERS SPEAKERS AND DRAMAS</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE READING -CLUB</em> and Handy Speaker Being selections in prose -and poetry Serious humorous pathetic patriotic and -dramatic In 18 parts of 50 selections each Each part -cloth 50 cents paper 15 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE POPULAR SPEAKER</em> -Containing the selections published in the Reading -Club Nos. 13 14 15 and 16 Cloth $1.00</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE PREMIUM SPEAKER</em> -Containing the selections published in the Reading -Club Nos. 9 10 11 and 12 Cloth $1.00</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE PRIZE SPEAKER</em> -Containing the selections published in the Reading -Club Nos. 5 6 7 and 8 Cloth $1.00</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE HANDY SPEAKER</em> Combining -the selections published in the Reading Club Nos. 1 2 -3 and 4 Cloth Over 400 pages $1.00</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">BAKER’S HUMOROUS SPEAKER</em> A -compilation of popular selections in prose and verse -in Irish Dutch Negro and Yankee dialect Uniform with -“The Handy <span class="spwdspb">Speaker” “The</span> -Prize <span class="spwdspb">Speaker” “The</span> -Popular <span class="spwdspb">Speaker” “The</span> -Premium Speaker” Cloth $1.00</p> - -<p class="p-adh3">Baker’s Dialect Recitations</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">YANKEE DIALECT RECITATIONS</em> -A humorous collection of the best stories and poems -for reading and recitations Boards 50 cents Paper 30 -cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">MEDLEY DIALECT RECITATIONS</em> -A series of the most popular German French and Scotch -readings Boards 50 cents Paper 30 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">IRISH DIALECT RECITATIONS</em> -A series of popular readings and recitations in prose -and verse Boards 50 cents Paper 30 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">NEGRO DIALECT RECITATIONS</em> A -series of the most popular readings in prose and verse -Boards 50 cents Paper 30 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE GRAND ARMY SPEAKER</em> A -collection of the best readings and recitations on the -Civil War Boards 50 cents Paper 30 cents</p> - -<p class="p-adh3">Baker’s Original Plays and Dialogues</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">A BAKER’S DOZEN</em> Thirteen Original Humorous Dialogues Cloth -75 cents Boards 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE TEMPERANCE -DRAMA</em> Eight Original Plays 16mo. Cloth 75 cents -Fancy boards 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE EXHIBITION -DRAMA</em> Original Plays Dramas Comedies Farces -Dialogues etc. $1.50</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">HANDY DRAMAS FOR -AMATEUR ACTORS</em> Cloth $1.50</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE DRAWING-ROOM -STAGE</em> Dramas Farces and Comedies for the amateur -stage home theatricals and school exhibitions Ill. -$1.50</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE SOCIAL -STAGE</em> Dramas Comedies Farces Dialogues etc. for -home and school Illustrated $1.50</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE MIMIC -STAGE</em> A new collection of Dramas Farces Comedies -and Burlesques for parlor theatricals evening -entertainments and school exhibitions Illustrated -$1.50</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">AMATEUR -DRAMAS</em> For parlor theatricals evening -entertainments and school exhibitions Illustrated -$1.50</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE GLOBE -DRAMA</em> Original Plays Illustrated $1.50</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot1">Sold by all booksellers or sent by -mail postpaid on receipt of price</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot2">LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<p class="p-adh2">ADVANCED ELOCUTIONARY BOOKS</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">ADVANCED -READINGS AND RECITATIONS</em> By <span -class="smcap">A<b>USTIN</b></span> B. <span -class="smcap">F<b>LETCHER</b></span> A.M. LL.B. late -professor of oratory Brown University and Boston -University School of Law This book has been already -adopted in a large number of universities, colleges, -post-graduate schools of law and theology, seminaries, -etc. $1.50</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“Professor Fletcher’s noteworthy -compilation has been made with rare rhetorical -judgment, and evinces a sympathy for the best forms of -literature, adapted to attract readers and speakers, -and mould their literary taste.”—Professor J. W. -<span class="smcap">C<b>HURCHILL</b>,</span> <i>Andover -Theological Seminary</i>.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">THE BOOK OF -ELOQUENCE</em> A collection of extracts in prose -and verse from the most famous orators and poets -By <span class="smcap">C<b>HARLES</b></span> -<span class="smcap">D<b>UDLEY</b></span> <span -class="smcap">W<b>ARNER</b></span> $1.50</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“What can be said that is more -eloquent praise than that Charles Dudley Warner has -carefully selected three hundred and sixty-four -specimens of the choicest things from the world’s -literature? If there is any subject untouched, we fail -to discover it. It is a compendium of the world’s -eloquence. It is useless to tell who is in here, for -everybody is; and it is clear that Mr. Warner has -made his extracts with great care. It has the most -eloquence ever packed into twice as many pages.”</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">VOCAL AND ACTION -LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND EXPRESSION</em> New edition -By E. N. <span class="smcap">K<b>IRBY</b></span> -instructor in elocution in Harvard University $1.25</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“This is a treatise, at once -scientific and practical, on the theory and art -of elocution. It treats of the structure of the -vocal organs, of vocal culture and expression, of -action-language, gesticulation, the use of the -body and hands in oratory, etc. There is also a -well-arranged collection of extracts for elocution. -The work is well adapted for use as a text-book -on elocution, and for study by professional -students.”—<i>Indianapolis Journal.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">FIVE-MINUTE -READINGS</em> Selected and adapted by <span -class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> K. <span -class="smcap">F<b>OBES</b></span> 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">FIVE-MINUTE -DECLAMATIONS</em> Selected and adapted by <span -class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> K. <span -class="smcap">F<b>OBES</b></span> teacher of elocution -and public reader 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">FIVE-MINUTE -RECITATIONS</em> By <span -class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> K. <span -class="smcap">F<b>OBES</b></span> 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">Pupils in public schools, on -declamation days, are limited to five minutes each for -the delivery of “pieces.” There is a great complaint -of the scarcity of material for such a purpose, -while the injudicious pruning of eloquent extracts -has often marred the desired effects. To obviate -these difficulties new “Five-Minute” books have been -prepared by a competent teacher.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“We have never before seen -packed in so small a compass so much that may be -considered really representative of the higher class -of oratory.”—<i>Boston Transcript.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">ELOCUTION -SIMPLIFIED</em> With an appendix on Lisping, -Stammering and other Impediments of Speech By -<span class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> K. <span -class="smcap">F<b>OBES</b></span> graduate of the -“Boston School of Oratory” Cloth 50 cents. Paper 30 -cents</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“The whole art of elocution is succinctly set forth -in this small volume, which might be judiciously -included among the text-books of schools.”—<i>New -Orleans Picayune.</i></p> - -<p class="p-adfoot1">Sold by all booksellers or sent -by mail postpaid on receipt of price</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot2">LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<p class="p-adh2">LEE AND SHEPARD’S POPULAR HANDBOOKS</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">Price, each, in cloth, 50 cents, -except when other price is given.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Forgotten -Meanings</em>; or an Hour with a Dictionary. By -<span class="smcap">A<b>LFRED</b></span> <span -class="smcap">W<b>AITES</b>,</span> author of -Historical Student’s Manual.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Handbook -of Elocution Simplified.</em> By <span -class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> K. -<span class="smcap">F<b>OBES</b>,</span> -with an Introduction by <span -class="smcap">G<b>EORGE</b></span> M. <span -class="smcap">B<b>AKER</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Handbook -of English Synonyms.</em> With an Appendix, -showing the Correct Use of Prepositions; also -a Collection of Foreign Phrases. By <span -class="smcap">L<b>OOMIS</b></span> J. <span -class="smcap">C<b>AMPBELL</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Handbook of -Conversation.</em> Its Faults and its Graces. -Compiled by <span class="smcap">A<b>NDREW</b></span> -P. <span class="smcap">P<b>EABODY</b>,</span> -D.D., LL.D. Comprising: (1) Dr. <span -class="smcap">P<b>EABODY’S</b></span> Address; (2) Mr. -<span class="smcap">T<b>RENCH’S</b></span> Lecture; -(3) Mr. <span class="smcap">P<b>ARRY</b></span> <span -class="smcap">G<b>WYNNE’S</b></span> “A Word to the -Wise; or, Hints on the Current Improprieties of -Expression in Reading and Writing;” (4) Mistakes and -Improprieties of Speaking and Writing Corrected.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Handbook of -Punctuation</em> and other Typographical Matters. For -the Use of Printers, Authors, Teachers, and Scholars. -By <span class="smcap">M<b>ARSHALL</b></span> T. <span -class="smcap">B<b>IGELOW</b>,</span> Corrector at the -University Press, Cambridge, Mass.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Handbook -of Blunders.</em> Designed to prevent 1,000 -common blunders in writing and speaking. By <span -class="smcap">H<b>ARLAN</b></span> H. <span -class="smcap">B<b>ALLARD</b>,</span> A.M., Principal -of Lenox Academy, Lenox, Mass.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Broken -English.</em> A Frenchman’s Struggle in the -English Language. Instructive as a handbook of -French conversation. By Professor E. C. <span -class="smcap">D<b>UBOIS</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Beginnings with -the Microscope.</em> A working handbook containing -simple instructions in the art and method of using the -microscope, and preparing articles for examination. -By <span class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> P. <span -class="smcap">M<b>ANTON</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Field -Botany.</em> A Handbook for the Collector. -Containing instructions for gathering and preserving -Plants, and the formation of an Herbarium. Also -complete instructions in Leaf Photography, Plant -Printing, and the Skeletonizing of Leaves. By -<span class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> P. <span -class="smcap">M<b>ANTON</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Taxidermy -without a Teacher.</em> Comprising a complete manual -of instructions for Preparing and Preserving Birds, -Animals, and Fishes, with a chapter on Hunting and -Hygiene; together with instructions for Preserving -Eggs, and Making Skeletons, and a number of valuable -recipes. By <span class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> -P. <span class="smcap">M<b>ANTON</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Insects.</em> How -to Catch and how to Prepare them for the Cabinet. A -Manual of Instruction for the Field-Naturalist. By W. -P. <span class="smcap">M<b>ANTON</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">What is to -be Done?</em> A Handbook for the Nursery, with -Useful Hints for Children and Adults. By <span -class="smcap">R<b>OBERT</b></span> B. <span -class="smcap">D<b>IXON</b>,</span> M.D.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Whirlwinds, -Cyclones, and Tornadoes.</em> By <span -class="smcap">W<b>ILLIAM</b></span> <span -class="smcap">M<b>ORRIS</b></span> <span -class="smcap">D<b>AVIS</b>,</span> Instructor in -Harvard College. Illustrated.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Mistakes in -Writing English, and How to Avoid Them.</em> For the -use of all who Teach, Write, or Speak the language. By -<span class="smcap">M<b>ARSHALL</b></span> T. <span -class="smcap">B<b>IGELOW</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Warrington’s -Manual.</em> A Manual for the Information of -Officers and Members of Legislatures, Conventions, -Societies, etc., in the practical governing and -membership of all such bodies, according to the -Parliamentary Law and Practice in the United States. -By W. S. <span class="smcap">R<b>OBINSON</b></span> -(<i>Warrington</i>).</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Practical -Boat-Sailing.</em> By <span -class="smcap">D<b>OUGLAS</b></span> <span -class="smcap">F<b>RAZAR</b>.</span> Classic size, -$1.00. With numerous diagrams and illustrations.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Handbook -of Wood Engraving.</em> With practical -instructions in the art, for persons wishing -to learn without an instructor. By <span -class="smcap">W<b>ILLIAM</b></span> A. <span -class="smcap">E<b>MERSON</b>.</span> Illustrated. -Price $1.00.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Five-Minute -Recitations.</em> Selected and arranged by <span -class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> K. <span -class="smcap">F<b>OBES</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Five-Minute -Declamations.</em> Selected and arranged by <span -class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> K. <span -class="smcap">F<b>OBES</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Five-Minute -Readings for Young Ladies.</em> Selected and adapted -by <span class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> K. <span -class="smcap">F<b>OBES</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Educational -Psychology.</em> A Treatise for Parents and Educators. -By <span class="smcap">L<b>OUISE</b></span> -<span class="smcap">P<b>ARSONS</b></span> <span -class="smcap">H<b>OPKINS</b>,</span> Supervisor in -Boston Public Schools.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">The Nation -in a Nutshell.</em> A Rapid Outline of American -History. By <span class="smcap">G<b>EORGE</b></span> -<span class="smcap">M<b>AKEPEACE</b></span> <span -class="smcap">T<b>OWLE</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">English -Synonymes Discriminated.</em> By <span -class="smcap">R<b>ICHARD</b></span> <span -class="smcap">W<b>HATELY</b>,</span> D.D., Archbishop -of Dublin. A new edition.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Hints -on Writing and Speech-making.</em> By <span -class="smcap">T<b>HOMAS</b></span> <span -class="smcap">W<b>ENTWORTH</b></span> <span -class="smcap">H<b>IGGINSON</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Arithmetic -for Young Children.</em> Being a series of -Exercises exemplifying the manner in which -Arithmetic should be taught to young children. By -<span class="smcap">H<b>ORACE</b></span> <span -class="smcap">G<b>RANT</b>.</span> American Edition. -Edited by <span class="smcap">W<b>ILLARD</b></span> -<span class="smcap">S<b>MALL</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Bridge Disasters -in America.</em> The Cause and the Remedy. By Prof. -<span class="smcap">G<b>EORGE</b></span> L. <span -class="smcap">V<b>OSE</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">A Few -Thoughts for a Young Man.</em> By <span -class="smcap">H<b>ORACE</b></span> <span -class="smcap">M<b>ANN</b>.</span> A new Edition.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Handbook of -Debate.</em> The Character of Julius Cæsar. Adapted -from J. <span class="smcap">S<b>HERIDAN</b></span> -<span class="smcap">K<b>NOWLES</b>.</span> Arranged -for Practice in Speaking, for Debating Clubs, and -Classes in Public and Private Schools.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Exercises -for the Improvement of the Senses.</em> For Young -Children. By <span class="smcap">H<b>ORACE</b></span> -<span class="smcap">G<b>RANT</b>,</span> author -of “Arithmetic for Young Children.” Edited by -<span class="smcap">W<b>ILLARD</b></span> <span -class="smcap">S<b>MALL</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Hints on -Language</em> in connection with Sight-Reading and -Writing in Primary and Intermediate Schools. By -S. <span class="smcap">A<b>RTHUR</b></span> <span -class="smcap">B<b>ENT</b>,</span> A.M., Superintendent -of Public Schools, Clinton, Mass.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">The -Hunter’s Handbook.</em> Containing lists of -provisions and camp paraphernalia, and hints -on the fire, cooking utensils, etc.; with -approved receipts for camp-cookery. By “An -<span class="smcap">O<b>LD</b></span> <span -class="smcap">H<b>UNTER</b>.</span>”</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Universal -Phonography</em>; or, Shorthand by the “Allen -Method.” A self-instructor. By G. G. <span -class="smcap">A<b>LLEN</b>.</span></p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Hints and -Helps</em> for those who Write, Print, or Read. -By B. <span class="smcap">D<b>REW</b>,</span> -proof-reader.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Pronouncing -Handbook</em> of Three Thousand Words -often Mispronounced. By R. <span -class="smcap">S<b>OULE</b></span> and L. 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L. -<span class="smcap">A<b>USTIN</b>,</span> M.D.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">Handbook -of Light Gymnastics.</em> By <span -class="smcap">L<b>UCY</b></span> B. <span -class="smcap">H<b>UNT</b>,</span> instructor in -gymnastics at Smith (female) College, Northampton, -Mass.</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">The -Parlor Gardener.</em> A Treatise on the -House-Culture of Ornamental Plants. By <span -class="smcap">C<b>ORNELIA</b></span> J. <span -class="smcap">R<b>ANDOLPH</b>.</span> With -illustrations.</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot1">Sold by all booksellers, and sent -by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price.</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot2">LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers -Boston</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<p class="p-adh2">BRIGHT AND BREEZY BOOKS OF TRAVEL, -BY SIX BRIGHT WOMEN</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">A WINTER IN -CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO</em></p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By <span -class="smcap">H<b>ELEN</b></span> J. <span -class="smcap">S<b>ANBORN</b>.</span> Cloth, $1.50.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“A bright, attractive narrative by -a wide-awake Boston girl.”</p> - -<p class="p-book"><em class="embold">A SUMMER IN THE -AZORES, with a Glimpse of Madeira</em></p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By Miss C. <span -class="smcap">A<b>LICE</b></span> <span -class="smcap">B<b>AKER</b>.</span> Little Classic -style. 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Cloth, $2.50.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“He has given us a life-picture. -Europe is done in a style that must serve as an -invaluable guide to those who go ‘over the ocean,’ -as well as an interesting companion.”—<i>Halifax -Citizen.</i></p> - -<p class="p-adfoot1">Sold by all booksellers, and sent -by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot2">LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers -Boston</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<p class="p-adh2">NARRATIVES OF NOTED TRAVELLERS</p> - -<p class="p-book">GERMANY SEEN WITHOUT SPECTACLES; -or, Random Sketches of Various Subjects, Penned from -Different Standpoints in the Empire</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By <span class="smcap">H<b>ENRY</b></span> -<span class="smcap">R<b>UGGLES</b>,</span> late -United States Consul at the Island of Malta, and at -Barcelona, Spain. $1.50.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“Mr. Ruggles writes briskly: he chats and -gossips, slashing right and left with stout American -prejudices, and has made withal a most entertaining -book.”—<i>New-York Tribune.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book">TRAVELS AND OBSERVATIONS IN THE -ORIENT, with a Hasty Flight in the Countries of -Europe</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By <span class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> <span -class="smcap">H<b>ARRIMAN</b></span> (ex-Governor of -New Hampshire). $1.50.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“The author, in his graphic description of these -sacred localities, refers with great aptness to scenes -and personages which history has made famous. 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Crown 8vo. $1.50.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“Mr. Bishop did a very bold thing, and has -described it with a happy mixture of spirit, keen -observation, and <i>bonhomie</i>.”—<i>London Graphic.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book">FOUR MONTHS IN A SNEAK-BOX</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">A Boat Voyage of Twenty-six Hundred Miles down the -Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, and along the Gulf of -Mexico. By <i>Nathaniel H. Bishop</i>. With numerous maps -and illustrations. $1.50.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“His glowing pen-pictures of ‘shanty-boat’ life on -the great rivers are true to life. His descriptions of -persons and places are graphic.”—<i>Zion’s Herald.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book">A THOUSAND MILES’ WALK ACROSS SOUTH -AMERICA, Over the Pampas and the Andes</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By <span class="smcap">N<b>ATHANIEL</b></span> H. -<span class="smcap">B<b>ISHOP</b>.</span> Crown 8vo. -New edition. Illustrated. $1.50.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“Mr. Bishop made this journey when a boy of -sixteen, has never forgotten it, and tells it in such -a way that the reader will always remember it, and -wish there had been more.”</p> - -<p class="p-book">CAMPS IN THE CARIBBEES</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">Being the Adventures of a Naturalist -Bird-hunting in the West-India Islands. By -<span class="smcap">F<b>RED</b></span> A. <span -class="smcap">O<b>BER</b>.</span> New edition. With -maps and illustrations. $1.50.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“During two years he visited mountains, forests, -and people, that few, if any, tourists had ever -reached before. He carried his camera with him, and -photographed from nature the scenes by which the book -is illustrated.”—<i>Louisville Courier-Journal.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book">ENGLAND FROM A BACK WINDOW; With -Views of Scotland and Ireland</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By J. M. <span class="smcap">B<b>AILEY</b>,</span> -the “‘Danbury News’ Man.” 12mo. $1.00.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“The peculiar humor of this writer is well known. -The British Isles have never before been looked at in -just the same way,—at least, not by any one who has -notified us of the fact. Mr. Bailey’s travels possess, -accordingly, a value of their own for the reader, -no matter how many previous records of journeys in -the mother country he may have read.”—<i>Rochester -Express.</i></p> - -<p class="p-adfoot1"><i>Sold by all booksellers, and -sent by mail, postpaid, on receipt of price</i></p> - -<p class="p-adfoot2">LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers -Boston</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section"> -<p class="p-book">EVERY-DAY BUSINESS, PRACTICAL NOTES -ON ITS DETAILS</p> - -<p class="p-adnote"><i>Arranged for Young People -by M. S. EMERY</i><br /> Price, cloth, 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">An accurate knowledge of how -to attend to the every-day affairs of a business -life is, indeed, a most valuable possession. The -requirements of modern business life are manifold -and exacting, demanding technical information, and, -besides, quite a degree of what may justly be termed -“cultivation.” This valuable and indispensable book -covers a wide range of information of much importance, -and is designed as a text-book for schools, and for -ready reference for young people and those who need -such instruction as it contains. It treats in an -attractive and clear manner subjects which bear on -every-day callings, like “Letter-writing,” by which -so large a percentage of business is conducted; -“Bills, Receipts, and <span class="spwdspb">Accounts;” -“Post-Office</span> Business,” with instructions -regarding late advantages and scope of accommodation; -<span class="spwdspb">“Telegrams,” “Express</span> -<span class="spwdspb">Business,” “United</span> -States <span class="spwdspb">Money,” “Savings</span> -<span class="spwdspb">Banks,” “National</span> -<span class="spwdspb">Banks,” “Bank</span> <span -class="spwdspb">Checks,” “Notes</span> and <span -class="spwdspb">Drafts,” “Mortgages,”</span> -“Investment and <span class="spwdspb">Speculation,” -“Taxes,”</span> “Fire Insurance,” and “Life -Insurance.” These are topics conveying a general idea -of the worth of the book—topics about which business -men must know, and covering that which they who would -be business men must learn. Keeping relatively abreast -of modern methods, the educators of our day see the -necessity of imparting <i>business knowledge</i>, as well -as that which is purely scientific, historical, or -literary in its nature; hence, the adaptability of -“Every-Day Business” to the necessities of American -schools and our progressive ways of life.</p> - -<p class="p-book">AN HOUR WITH DELSARTE</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">A <span -class="smcap">S<b>TUDY</b></span> -<span class="smmaj">OF</span> <span -class="smcap">E<b>XPRESSION</b>,</span> by Anna -Morgan, of the Chicago Conservatory. Illustrated -by Rosa Mueller Sprague and Marian Reynolds, with -full-page figure illustrations, 4to, cloth, $2.00.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“This beautiful quarto volume -presents the ideas of Delsarte in words which all -may understand. It is explicit and comprehensible. -No one can read this book or study its twenty-two -graceful and graphic illustrations without perceiving -the possibility of adding strength and expression to -gestures and movements, as well as simplicity and -ease. Mr. Turveydrop went through life with universal -approval, simply by his admirable ‘deportment.’ Every -young person may profitably take a hint from his -success, and this book will be found invaluable as an -instructor.”—<i>Woman’s Journal</i>, Boston.</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“‘Flexibility and grace’ are the -watchwords of this great teacher, and it must be -conceded that the charming young ladies who serve -as models throughout the book have their share of -these two desiderata of expression; this book gives -an altogether charming insight into Delsarte’s -system, and no young lady who desires to acquire -ease of manner and grace of carriage could do better -than to read it carefully. The style is quite in -keeping with the subject, light, graceful, and -entertaining.”—<i>American Stationer.</i></p> - -<p class="p-adfoot1">Sold by all booksellers and sent by mail -postpaid on receipt of price</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot2">LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div class="section" id="p224"> -<p class="p-adh2">TOOLS FOR THE TEACHER’S WORKSHOP</p> - -<p class="p-book">METHODS AND AIDS IN TEACHING GEOGRAPHY</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By <span class="smcap">C<b>HARLES</b></span> F. <span class="smcap">K<b>ING</b></span> A.M. Head-master of the Dearborn School Boston -Price $1.60 net</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“This is a work independent of any geography, and may be used by teachers -equally well with any of the authorized text-books. The numerous illustrations -in this volume are of a practical nature, being generally diagrams, charts, and -simple devices, such as a teacher may easily draw upon a blackboard to illustrate -the teaching of geography, and the book will be received as an excellent -addition to the aids which modern instructors desire in their work.”</p> - -<p class="p-book">EXCELLENT QUOTATIONS for Home and School</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">For the Use of Teachers and Pupils By <span class="smcap">J<b>ULIA</b></span> P. <span class="smcap">H<b>OITT</b></span> Deputy Superintendent -of Public Instruction State of California Cloth 75 cents net</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“Contains choice excerpts from the productions of eminent authors, at home -and abroad, in prose and poetry. Poetry of the highest order, eloquent -biographical eulogies, patriotic selections, recitations for young pupils, and -several pages of proverbs, give this book a secure place in the home and school.”</p> - -<p class="p-book">CHIPS FROM A TEACHER’S WORKSHOP</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By L. R. <span class="smcap">K<b>LEMM</b></span> Ph.D. late Superintendent of Public Schools Hamilton -Ohio Cloth $1.20 net</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“This work is among the first we have ever seen that puts the young teacher -on the right track and keeps him there through all the departments of his work. -It is throughout based upon common sense. It teaches principles, but the -principles are always presented concretely in a form to be understood. This is -really the teacher’s <i>vade mecum</i>. If it could be put into the hands of every -instructor in our public schools, it would work a revolution in our methods of -education and in the results achieved.”—<i>School Journal.</i></p> - -<p class="p-adnote">Dr. Klemm has now in preparation, nearly ready for publication, his second -volume, entitled “Chips from Educational Workshops in Europe.”</p> - -<p class="p-book">FIRST STEPS WITH AMERICAN AND BRITISH AUTHORS</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">By <span class="smcap">A<b>LBERT</b></span> F. <span class="smcap">B<b>LAISDELL</b></span> A.M. author of “Study in the English <span class="spwdspb">Classics” -“Our</span> Bodies and How we <span class="spwdspb">Live” “How</span> to Keep <span class="spwdspb">Well” “Child’s</span> Book -of Health” Cloth 75 cents net</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“The plan of the book is unique, attractive, and thoroughly philosophical. -In a general way, the plan is to study the text of a few representative authors, -and not merely to read about many authors. It is to study what great authors -have written, and not what some one has written about them. Every thing is -made subordinate to this great aim. In the first few chapters, the method of -studying a given subject is fully explained and illustrated.”—<i>True Education.</i></p> - -<p class="p-book">METHODS IN ZOOLOGY TEACHING FOR BEGINNERS</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">For Teachers in Common Schools By <span class="smcap">W<b>ALTER</b></span> P. <span class="smcap">M<b>ANTON</b></span> M.D. author -of “Field <span class="spwdspb">Botany” “Insects”</span> “Beginnings with the <span class="spwdspb">Microscope” -“Taxidermy”</span> Cloth 50 cents</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">Dr. Manton has been very successful in his practical helps in various -branches of study, and this manual will prove welcome to all interested in this -subject. The book is clearly and concisely written, and the directions are plain -and to the point, the different instruments and tools necessary being fully -illustrated and explained.</p> - -<p class="p-book">HOW SHALL MY CHILD BE TAUGHT?</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">Practical Pedagogy or the Science of Teaching Illustrated By <span class="smcap">L<b>OUISA</b></span> -<span class="smcap">P<b>ARSONS</b></span> -<span class="smcap">H<b>OPKINS</b></span> Supervisor in Boston Public Schools Cloth $1.20 net</p> - -<p class="p-adnote">“The Boston Herald” says: “Mrs. Louisa Parsons Hopkins has made a -careful study of the science of teaching, and her book will be of the greatest -service to those who are engaged in the tasks of primary teaching. She is less -didactic than experimental in her methods; but the points which she makes -are those that lead to success, because they have been proved in the schoolroom, -and have the authority of the great schoolmasters of modern times.”</p> - -<p class="p-adfoot1"><i>Sold by all booksellers, and when sent by mail, ten per cent to be added -for postage</i></p> - -<p class="p-adfoot2">LEE AND SHEPARD Publishers Boston</p> -</div><!--section--> - -<div id="dtransnote"> -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE - -<p class="pfirst">Original spelling and grammar have -been generally retained, with some exceptions noted -below. Original printed page numbers are shown like -this: {p52}. -Footnotes have been -relabeled 1–7, and moved from within paragraphs to -nearby locations between paragraphs. I -produced the cover image and hereby assign it to the -public domain. Original page images are available from -archive.org—search for “penstypes00drew”.</p> - -<p>The turned comma in ‹MʻDonough› on page -<a href="#p119" title="to page 119">119</a> is a glyph (Unicode character [‹ʻ› <span -class="smmaj">U+02BB</span>; modifier letter turned -comma]) that is not well supported in current -browsers. It is retained in the simple text -edition, but an image is substituted in the html, -epub, and mobi editions. On page -<a href="#p122" title="to page 122">122</a>, the <i>x</i> with -combining cedilla has been rendered as an image in -all but the text edition. Other Unicode characters -rendered as images include: Arabic semicolon, double -high-reversed-9 quotation mark, single high-reversed-9 -quotation mark, asterism, double vertical line, and -white right pointing index. Many glyphs that are not -included in the Unicode system are represented as ‹[Symbol]› -in the text edition, and as images in the other editions.</p> - -<ul class="padtopb"> -<li>Page <a href="#p068" title="to page 68">68</a>. -The phrase ‹“Gunther’s Cat-Fish., Brit. -Mus.,—which,› was changed to ‹“Gunther’s Cat-Fish., -Brit. Mus.”,—which,›.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p091" title="to page 91">91</a>. -The text posits as a rule, ‹A thin space -should be placed before, and also after, a dash.› -Unfortunately, the Project Gutenberg “House Style” -has overruled Benjamin Drew’s rule in these ebook -editions.</li> - -<li>Pages <a href="#p127" title="to page 127">127</a>–154. -In the Orthography lists, Webster -and Worcester, a few words appear to be out of order, -but have been retained as originally printed. For -example, there is the sequence [Reposit, Resin, Rosin, -Resistance] on page <a href="#p151" title="to page 151">151</a>.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p145" title="to page 145">145</a>. -The word ‹Enclyclopædia› was changed to -‹Encyclopædia›.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p155" title="to page 155">155</a>. -The word ‹Affiiliable› was changed to -‹Affilliable›.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p168" title="to page 168">168</a>. -The enlarged left curly bracket was -eliminated from the entry ‹Portico›.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p191" title="to page 191">191</a>. -The phrase ‹a bi<i>g</i>er man› is -retained.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p195" title="to page 195">195</a>–199. -Chapter VIII was originally printed -in an Old Style which included the long “ſ” and -several obsolete or font-dependent ligatures such as -“ct”. Sadly, only the <i>ſ</i> can be represented in this -ebook. For the html, epub, and mobi editions, an image of -the <i>ct</i> ligature has been provided. But to see all -the ligatures as originally printed, you must seek out -the original page scans.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p201" title="to page 201">201</a>. -Captions were constructed for the three -illustrations on this page, based on the text of page -<a href="#p199" title="to page 199">199</a>.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p215" title="to page 215">215</a>. -A new heading <span -class="smmaj">‹ADVERTISEMENTS›</span> was inserted for -this section. Text styling in this section has been -considerably simplified.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p207" title="to page 207">207</a>. -The page reference for topic ‹Advertisement› was changed to -5–7.</li> - -<li>Page <a href="#p224" title="to page 224">224</a>. -The word ‹thoroughout› was changed to -‹throughout›.</li></ul> - -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Pens and Types, by Benjamin Drew - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PENS AND TYPES *** - -***** This file should be named 60126-h.htm or 60126-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/1/2/60126/ - -Produced by MWS, RichardW, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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