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diff --git a/59579-8.txt b/59579-0.txt index e031ebb..916ab75 100644 --- a/59579-8.txt +++ b/59579-0.txt @@ -1,38 +1,8 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The American Agriculturist. Vol. II. No. XI, by Various +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59579 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. -Title: The American Agriculturist. Vol. II. No. XI - Designed to Improve the Planter, the Farmer, the - Stock-breeder, and the Horticulturist - -Author: Various - -Editor: A.B. Allen - -Release Date: May 22, 2019 [EBook #59579] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. *** - - - - -Produced by Alan and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by The Internet Archive) - @@ -257,8 +227,8 @@ damp; and worse, consequently, for animals to repose upon, than when frozen dry, or covered with snow. Sudden changes are continually taking place. Mild weather prevails for a few days, relaxing the system; this is then followed not unfrequently by intense cold; the thermometer -sinking in 48 hours from 55° or 60° above, to zero, and sometimes 8° to -10° below it. These sudden changes are very injurious to man and beast, +sinking in 48 hours from 55° or 60° above, to zero, and sometimes 8° to +10° below it. These sudden changes are very injurious to man and beast, and far more to be dreaded than the steady cold of northern latitudes; and for this reason, more attention should be paid to the warmth of their dress on the part of the people here, and to the housing of @@ -721,7 +691,7 @@ close by the inn of which, is the entrance to Chatsworth. The village is situated within the park, and is the property of the Duke, and certainly it is the most charming one we ever saw. Every cottage is of stone, and no two alike in their architecture. One is a mimic Gothic -castle; another a cottage ornèe; a third in the Elizabethan, a fourth +castle; another a cottage ornèe; a third in the Elizabethan, a fourth in the Swiss, and perhaps a fifth in the Tudor style. Everything then was so complete about them--the pretty gardens full of flowers--the hedges so neatly trimmed--the yards, laid down with the greenest and @@ -2050,9 +2020,9 @@ practical wool-grower knows, that that proportion is too large--if you had said one third, you would have come nearer the truth. I think you are mistaken also that the census of 1840 included lambs, it was exclusive of lambs.(_a_) You are, however, perfectly safe in estimating -the average weight of fleece in the United States at 2¼ lbs. This is +the average weight of fleece in the United States at 2¼ lbs. This is certainly too low by one fourth of a pound.(_b_) In this region it -exceeds 2¾ lbs. Then you say, that by producing a superior quality +exceeds 2¾ lbs. Then you say, that by producing a superior quality of wool, its value would be increased nine cents per pound; this certainly is attainable; but the way in which you propose to bring it about, namely, by crossing with the "Paular, or old-fashioned Merinos," @@ -2062,8 +2032,8 @@ as much as you wish to improve it. Coarse sheep would be improved by the cross; but to apply it to all the sheep in the United States, as I understand you to say, you would find yourself very much mistaken in the result. I venture to say, that on the same quantity of feed, you -can not increase the heft of fleece of a fine flock shearing from 2¾ to -3 lbs., by your cross up to 3¾ to 4 lbs. per head, and have the wool in +can not increase the heft of fleece of a fine flock shearing from 2¾ to +3 lbs., by your cross up to 3¾ to 4 lbs. per head, and have the wool in equally good condition.(_d_) An increase of feed will do much toward increasing the heft of fleece. A few words more and I have done. @@ -2187,7 +2157,7 @@ short time since, he stated some facts in relation to the fertilising power of a red marl abundantly existing at Nyack, which induced me to visit the spot. I found Mr. Maxwell's farm of 110 acres bounded by the Hudson, well worth a visit. The whole was in excellent fence, made of -the loose stones found on the land, neatly piled about 4½ feet high, +the loose stones found on the land, neatly piled about 4½ feet high, forming fields of from 4 to 8 acres. The formation of these fences has used nearly all the stones which were on the surface of the lands. And in this it would seem as if Divine Providence had caused the rocks to @@ -2414,29 +2384,29 @@ ultimate value of his crop. As a starting point, it will, perhaps, be most instructive to inquire, what are the constituent elements of wheat? Sprengel has analyzed both grain and straw, and the following is the -result:--1000 lbs. of wheat afford 11·77 lbs. and of wheat straw, 35·18 +result:--1000 lbs. of wheat afford 11·77 lbs. and of wheat straw, 35·18 lbs. of ash, consisting of Grain of wheat. Straw of wheat. - Potash 2·25 lbs. 0·20 lbs. - Soda 2·40 ·29 - Lime ·96 2·40 - Magnesia ·90 ·32 - Alumina with a trace of iron ·26 ·90 - Silica 4·00 28·70 - Sulphuric acid ·50 ·37 - Phosphoric acid ·40 1·70 - Chlorine ·10 0·30 + Potash 2·25 lbs. 0·20 lbs. + Soda 2·40 ·29 + Lime ·96 2·40 + Magnesia ·90 ·32 + Alumina with a trace of iron ·26 ·90 + Silica 4·00 28·70 + Sulphuric acid ·50 ·37 + Phosphoric acid ·40 1·70 + Chlorine ·10 0·30 ----- ----- - 11·77 35·18 + 11·77 35·18 This analysis shows an amount of ash far below the average. Davy found -15·5 lbs. of ash in 100 lbs. of ripe wheat straw; and Johnstone, in one -variety, grown on a soil abounding in limestone, 16·5 per cent. of ash. +15·5 lbs. of ash in 100 lbs. of ripe wheat straw; and Johnstone, in one +variety, grown on a soil abounding in limestone, 16·5 per cent. of ash. Thus it will be seen, according to the above analysis of Sprengel, -that of the total of grain, less than 1½ per cent., and of straw, -rather more than 3½ per cent. is earthy or inorganic matter; while all +that of the total of grain, less than 1½ per cent., and of straw, +rather more than 3½ per cent. is earthy or inorganic matter; while all the remainder is composed of the organic materials, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, of which carbon alone constitutes about one half. All these constituents are absolutely essential to the perfection @@ -2460,8 +2430,8 @@ once nourished successfully, there is one or more ingredients wanted, in such a condition, that the plants can appropriate them to their own nourishment. And first of the inorganic matters. -The proportion of straw will vary from 2 to 3½ times the weight of the -grain. Suppose the quantity taken off the land be estimated at 2½ times +The proportion of straw will vary from 2 to 3½ times the weight of the +grain. Suppose the quantity taken off the land be estimated at 2½ times the weight of the grain. In a series of crops averaging 20 bushels of wheat per acre, for 30 years, we shall have as the result 36,000 lbs. of grain, and 90,000 lbs. of straw carried off the soil, charged with @@ -2611,8 +2581,8 @@ flour, a practice the high prices of land and produce may render profitable there, though it is hardly to be expected they could generally be used in this country to a profit. In an experiment lately tried in England, one acre of wheat dressed with one cwt. of nitrate -of soda, gave 42½ bushels, weighing 60¾ lbs. per bushel; another acre -dressed with two cwt. yielded 47-3/8 bushels, weighing 60½ lbs.; while +of soda, gave 42½ bushels, weighing 60¾ lbs. per bushel; another acre +dressed with two cwt. yielded 47-3/8 bushels, weighing 60½ lbs.; while an undressed acre, in every other respect similar to the others, yielded only 27-7/8 bushels, weighing 61 lbs. Numerous other instances could be given equally conclusive. @@ -2627,9 +2597,9 @@ flesh, blood, &c. All of these contain large proportions of nitrogen, and if carefully incorporated into the soil, would tend largely to the increased production and value of the wheat crops throughout the country. An experiment was made in manuring wheat with cow dung, which -contains the smallest proportion of nitrogen, and this yielded 11·95 +contains the smallest proportion of nitrogen, and this yielded 11·95 per cent. of gluten. Another parcel, grown on land manured with human -urine, gave 35·1 per cent. Thus it will be seen, that the maximum of +urine, gave 35·1 per cent. Thus it will be seen, that the maximum of value in wheat, may be reached, by the application of an article, almost everywhere wasted in the United States. @@ -2872,10 +2842,10 @@ The whole time occupied, from the cutting of the cane to finishing its boiling, should not exceed one hour. 5. To know when the boiling is finished, place a thermometer in the -kettle, and continue to evaporate until it stands at 239° Fahrenheit. +kettle, and continue to evaporate until it stands at 239° Fahrenheit. If, when placed to run off after cooling, it should be found too freely -boiled, the next time boil to 240°, or, if too light to run off, to -238°, and so on. +boiled, the next time boil to 240°, or, if too light to run off, to +238°, and so on. 6. The kettle or boiler should be so arranged, that the moment it is done its charge should be thrown into a cooler, capable of holding a @@ -2884,7 +2854,7 @@ stirring, until the second charge is thrown in; then with an oar scrape the crystals found on the side and bottom of the cooler loose, and gently stir the whole mass together: the less stirred the better; so continue at the letting in of each charge, to stir gently; and when all -is in the cooler, let the whole stand until it cools down to 175°; then +is in the cooler, let the whole stand until it cools down to 175°; then fill out into sugar-moulds of a capacity not less than 14 gallons. When cooled in the mould sufficiently, say fourteen hours, pull the plug out of the bottom of the mould, and insert a sharp point, nearly as large @@ -2892,7 +2862,7 @@ as the hole, some six inches; withdraw the point, and stand the mould on a pot to drip. 7. If the sugar is intended to be brown, leaving it standing on the pot -for a sufficient length of time, in a temperature of 80°, will run off +for a sufficient length of time, in a temperature of 80°, will run off its molasses, and leave it in a merchantable shape; it will probably require twenty days. It can then be thrown out of the moulds, and will be fit for use. When moulds can not be obtained, conical vessels of @@ -2966,7 +2936,7 @@ have been accustomed to treat with deference, will not be without their wholesome effect on them. This is the best month for spreading out hemp for dew-rotting, in the -latitudes below 40°, as it gets a whiter and better rot than if spread +latitudes below 40°, as it gets a whiter and better rot than if spread earlier. KITCHEN-GARDEN.--Every fine day uncover the frames in which are lettuce @@ -3096,7 +3066,7 @@ _Prince Albert's Annual Sale of Live Stock._--Since Prince Albert has turned farmer, he has an annual sale of his fat stock, and is said to realize from 50 to 60 per cent. profit on it. The last took place in October, at which time 417 sheep, 55 oxen, and 9 cows and heifers, were -disposed of, realising him £1,743, (about $8,000;) a clever sum for fat +disposed of, realising him £1,743, (about $8,000;) a clever sum for fat sheep and cattle. _Produce of Ewes._--Count de Gourcey states in that part of his @@ -3234,10 +3204,10 @@ destruction. This is the true explanation of the mischief caused by the barberry to grain in its neighborhood. [This is the common explanation, but if any one will take the trouble to examine the parasitical plant which attacks the barberry, and that of grain, he will find that they -are totally different things. One is the Æcidium Berberidis, and the +are totally different things. One is the Æcidium Berberidis, and the other some species of Uredo or Puccinia, for it is sometimes one and sometimes the other. We should as soon believe that a hen's egg would -be hatched into toads, as that the seed of an Æcidium would produce an +be hatched into toads, as that the seed of an Æcidium would produce an Uredo or Puccinia. We are aware of the facts mentioned by Mr. Wighton, for we have seen them ourselves, and they form a curious problem yet to solve.] @@ -3252,16 +3222,16 @@ PRICES CURRENT IN NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 28, 1843. ASHES, Pots, per 100 lbs. $4 62 to $4 68 Pearls, do. 5 12 " 5 18 - BACON SIDES, Smoked, per lb. 3½ " 4½ + BACON SIDES, Smoked, per lb. 3½ " 4½ In pickle do. 3 " 4 BALE ROPE do. 6 " 9 BARK, Quercitron per ton 23 00 " 24 50 BARLEY per bush. 52 " 56 - BEANS, White do. 1 12½ " 1 25 + BEANS, White do. 1 12½ " 1 25 BEEF, Mess per bbl. 6 00 " 7 00 Prime do. 4 00 " 5 00 - Smoked per lb. 6 " 7½ - Rounds, in pickle do. 4 " 5½ + Smoked per lb. 6 " 7½ + Rounds, in pickle do. 4 " 5½ BEESWAX, Am. Yellow do. 28 " 30 BOLT ROPE do. 12 " 13 BRISTLES, American do. 25 " 65 @@ -3273,7 +3243,7 @@ PRICES CURRENT IN NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 28, 1843. CHEESE do. 4 " 7 CIDER BRANDY, Eastern per gal. 35 " 40 Western do. 28 " 35 - CLOVER SEED per lb. 8½ " 9½ + CLOVER SEED per lb. 8½ " 9½ COAL, Anthracite 2000 lbs. 5 00 " 6 00 Sidney and Pictou per chal. 7 00 " 7 50 CORDAGE, American per lb. 11 " 12 @@ -3283,15 +3253,15 @@ PRICES CURRENT IN NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 28, 1843. COTTON BAGGING, Amer. hemp per yard. 16 " 18 American Flax do. 15 " 16 FEATHERS per lb. 27 " 31 - FLAX, American do. 8 " 8½ + FLAX, American do. 8 " 8½ FLAX SEED, rough per 7 bush. 8 75 " 9 00 clean do. -- -- " -- -- FLOUR, Northern and Western per bbl. 4 56 " 4 75 - Fancy do. 5 50 " 5 62½ + Fancy do. 5 50 " 5 62½ Southern per bbl. 4 50 " 4 75 Richmond City Mills do. 5 50 " 5 62 Rye do. 3 00 " 3 12 - HAMS, Smoked per lb. 5 " 7½ + HAMS, Smoked per lb. 5 " 7½ Pickled do. 4 " 5 HAY per 100 lbs. 40 " 45 HIDES, Dry Southern per lb. 9 " 11 @@ -3300,9 +3270,9 @@ PRICES CURRENT IN NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 28, 1843. do dew-rotted do. 90 00 " 140 00 HOPS per lb. 6 " 8 HORNS per 100 1 25 " 5 00 - LARD per lb. 5½ " 7 - LEAD do. 3½ " 4 - Sheet and bar do. 4 " 4½ + LARD per lb. 5½ " 7 + LEAD do. 3½ " 4 + Sheet and bar do. 4 " 4½ MEAL, Corn per bbl. 2 75 " 3 00 Corn per hhd. 12 50 " 13 00 MOLASSES, New Orleans per gal. 23 " 25 @@ -3314,7 +3284,7 @@ PRICES CURRENT IN NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 28, 1843. Lard do. 55 " 65 OIL CAKE per 100 lbs. 1 00 " -- -- PEAS, Field per bush. 1 25 " -- -- - PITCH per bbl. 1 12½ " 1 37 + PITCH per bbl. 1 12½ " 1 37 PLASTER OF PARIS per ton. 2 00 " 2 25 Ground, in bbls. per cwt. 50 " -- -- PORK, Mess per bbl. 10 50 " 11 38 @@ -3323,15 +3293,15 @@ PRICES CURRENT IN NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 28, 1843. ROSIN per bbl. 65 " 95 RYE per bush. 65 " 66 SALT per sack 1 35 " 1 50 - SHOULDERS, Smoked per lb. 3 " 4½ + SHOULDERS, Smoked per lb. 3 " 4½ Pickled do. 3 " 4 SPIRITS TURPENTINE, Southern per gal. 38 " 40 - SUGAR, New Orleans per lb. 6 " 7½ + SUGAR, New Orleans per lb. 6 " 7½ SUMAC, American per ton 25 00 " 27 50 - TALLOW per lb. 7 " 7½ + TALLOW per lb. 7 " 7½ TAR per bbl. 1 25 " 1 50 TIMOTHY SEED per 7 bush. 13 00 " 14 00 - TOBACCO per lb. 3 " 6½ + TOBACCO per lb. 3 " 6½ TURPENTINE per bbl. 2 62 " 2 87 WHEAT, Western per bush. 1 00 " 1 05 Southern do. 90 " 1 00 @@ -3355,17 +3325,17 @@ to $5.25 a $5.50 for the best. 1,101 unsold. _Cows and Calves._--All taken at $18 a $27. -_Sheep and Lambs._--Sales of Lambs at $1 a $2, and of Sheep at 1.37½ a +_Sheep and Lambs._--Sales of Lambs at $1 a $2, and of Sheep at 1.37½ a $3.50. 100 unsold. -_Hay_.--Sales at 62½ a 75 cents per cwt. +_Hay_.--Sales at 62½ a 75 cents per cwt. * * * * * REMARKS.--_Ashes_, since the late news from Europe, have been in good request. _Candles_, especially those made of stearic, are brisk. _Cotton_. The day after the arrival of the Caledonia with advices of -a fall in England, this article receded nearly ¼ of a cent per lb.; +a fall in England, this article receded nearly ¼ of a cent per lb.; but a brisk demand springing up for export, it has recovered, and is about the same now as before the reception of the late news. We hear nothing particularly new from the south regarding the picking, the @@ -3409,7 +3379,7 @@ _Packing Pork._--On this subject we quote from the Cincinnati Chronicle of 22d November. For the benefit of our distant readers, who may be disposed to send their orders here for pork, we give below the pork-merchant's prices for _packing_ this season, based upon 60 cents -per bushel for Turk-Island salt, 87½ cents for bbls., 28 cents per +per bushel for Turk-Island salt, 87½ cents for bbls., 28 cents per bushel for Kenhawa fine salt, and 75 cents to $1.50 per day, for laborers. For receiving, weighing, and cutting the hogs, a block-fee of 5 cents each. @@ -3482,7 +3452,7 @@ credit will be given to purchasers. * * * * * -LINNÆAN BOTANIC GARDEN AND NURSERY--LATE PRINCE'S. +LINNÆAN BOTANIC GARDEN AND NURSERY--LATE PRINCE'S. FLUSHING, L. I., NEAR NEW YORK. @@ -3569,7 +3539,7 @@ perhaps the life. American Agriculturist Almanac for 1844. This work comprises 64 pages, double columns octavo, with numerous -wood cuts, price $8 per hundred, 12½ cents each. In the contents +wood cuts, price $8 per hundred, 12½ cents each. In the contents will be found--Agricultural Statistics of the United States--Aspects and Nodes--Astronomical Calendars for Montreal, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, and New Orleans--Characters and Names of the @@ -3724,364 +3694,4 @@ ORIGINAL CORRESPONDENCE. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Agriculturist. Vol. II. 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