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diff --git a/59396-8.txt b/59396-0.txt index 624a9bd..000b1f6 100644 --- a/59396-8.txt +++ b/59396-0.txt @@ -1,34 +1,8 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Boy Travellers in South America, by Thomas W. Knox +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59396 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. -Title: The Boy Travellers in South America - Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey through Ecuador, - Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentine Republic, and Chili - -Author: Thomas W. Knox - -Release Date: April 30, 2019 [EBook #59396] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY TRAVELLERS IN SOUTH AMERICA *** - - - - -Produced by Annie R. McGuire - @@ -288,7 +262,7 @@ CONTENTS CHAPTER XVI. DOWN THE BENI.--PRODUCTS OF THE VALLEY.--PLANS FOR DEVELOPING - COMMERCE.--OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION.--VOYAGE ON THE MAMORÉ. 275 + COMMERCE.--OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION.--VOYAGE ON THE MAMORÉ. 275 CHAPTER XVII. @@ -338,7 +312,7 @@ CONTENTS VISITING A CATTLE ESTATE.--THE LASSO AND BOLAS.--ASCENDING THE PARAGUAY AND PARANA RIVERS.--ROSARIO AND ASUNCION.-- - PARAGUAYAN WAR.--INDUSTRIES OF THE COUNTRY.--MATÉ. 420 + PARAGUAYAN WAR.--INDUSTRIES OF THE COUNTRY.--MATÉ. 420 CHAPTER XXVI. @@ -651,13 +625,13 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS. Rubber Tree and Parasites 312 Station of a Rubber Collector 313 A River Town 315 - Pira-rucû, a Fish of the Amazon 317 + Pira-rucû, a Fish of the Amazon 317 Deposits in the Amazon Valley 318 Wasp-nest, Showing Interior Construction 319 Leaves, Nut, and Flowers of Sapucaya, an Amazon Tree 320 Ferns, Trees, and Creepers 321 Natives on the Middle Amazon 323 - In an Igaripé 325 + In an Igaripé 325 Fruit Pedlers 326 Arrival at Manaos 327 Giant Fig-tree 328 @@ -675,7 +649,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS. The Market at Para 343 Theatre of Our Lady of the Peace 344 The Government Palace at Para 345 - Sourré and Salvaterra 347 + Sourré and Salvaterra 347 A Snake Merchant 348 Going Ashore in a Jaganda 349 Street Scene in Pernambuco 350 @@ -765,7 +739,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS. Headquarters of General Lopez 431 Paraguayan Mother and Daughters 432 A Landed Proprietor 433 - Cups and Tubes for Maté 434 + Cups and Tubes for Maté 434 Paraguayan Cart 435 Carlo Antonio Lopez, former President of Paraguay 436 Olive Branch from the Banks of the Parana 437 @@ -784,7 +758,7 @@ ILLUSTRATIONS. Near the Base of the Andes 457 A Dangerous Road in the Mountains 459 Peons at Rest 460 - A Mountain Cañon 462 + A Mountain Cañon 462 Snow-slide on the Trail 463 Hanging Bridge in the Andes 465 Deep Chasm in the Mountains 466 @@ -1174,7 +1148,7 @@ standing." Soon after the departure of the train Dr. Bronson and the youths returned to the hotel, where they found the official from the canal -company awaiting them. He was accompanied by Mr. Colné, the secretary of +company awaiting them. He was accompanied by Mr. Colné, the secretary of the American committee of the company, and after the formalities of introduction were completed the party set out for the Atlantic entrance to the promised waterway from the Caribbean Sea to the Bay of Panama. @@ -1197,7 +1171,7 @@ tropical languor of the Isthmus in the past few years. [Illustration: NATIVE MARKET, ASPINWALL.] -Mr. Colné told the strangers that the new town had received the name of +Mr. Colné told the strangers that the new town had received the name of Christopher Columbus, in honor of the great navigator, who was believed to have visited the spot on his third voyage, at the time he discovered the bay in which Aspinwall is situated. "And here," said he, as they @@ -1221,7 +1195,7 @@ landing of our material." [Illustration: PREPARING FOR A BOAT EXCURSION.] -At the suggestion of Mr. Colné the party entered a boat, and spent a +At the suggestion of Mr. Colné the party entered a boat, and spent a half-hour or more in an excursion around the harbor. While they were being propelled by the strong arms of six negro boatmen from the West Indies, their entertainer told them about the history of the canal @@ -1284,7 +1258,7 @@ three hundred years ago." [Illustration: Map.] There was a pause to enable Frank and Fred to examine the map which was -spread before them, showing the routes which Mr. Colné had mentioned. +spread before them, showing the routes which Mr. Colné had mentioned. When the examination was completed their entertainer continued: "Very little attention was given to the subject for about two hundred @@ -1377,7 +1351,7 @@ construction of a canal through that country, but, up to the present time, the scheme has not gone beyond the surveys and the reports of the engineers." -"We are confident," said Mr. Colné, with a smile, "that our canal from +"We are confident," said Mr. Colné, with a smile, "that our canal from Aspinwall to Panama will be completed, and that large ships will pass through it before the 1st of January, 1890. Indeed, some of our engineers promise it for the New Year of 1889. Thus far the work has @@ -1434,7 +1408,7 @@ car-loads to spare. [Illustration: VIEW ON THE CHAGRES RIVER.] "This will give you an idea of the work to be performed here," replied -Mr. Colné, "and you must remember that it is only one single section of +Mr. Colné, "and you must remember that it is only one single section of the entire line. Then, too, there are great difficulties in the way on account of the rains, and the sudden overflows of the Chagres River, which crosses the line of the canal. Instead of being a depression to be @@ -1461,7 +1435,7 @@ have been destroyed." [Illustration: IN THE RAINY SEASON.] -"We get over that difficulty," said Mr. Colné, "by making a _barrage_, +"We get over that difficulty," said Mr. Colné, "by making a _barrage_, or dam, across the river, and between two hills, to retain the waters during the freshets, and let them out gradually by lateral sluices. The capacity of the reservoir formed by the dam will be much more than @@ -1506,7 +1480,7 @@ chattered above them, or swung from the limbs, as if inviting the strangers to stop and visit their relatives; the speed was just enough for comfort; their vision was unimpeded, and there was no locomotive in front of them to poison the air with fumes of burning coal or shower -them with cinders. Then, too, their guide was a cyclopædia of knowledge, +them with cinders. Then, too, their guide was a cyclopædia of knowledge, as he had been for a long time connected with the railway and was thoroughly conversant with its history. @@ -2004,7 +1978,7 @@ beginning at an early hour of the morning, and it is not advisable for a nervous traveller to take lodgings in the immediate vicinity of the venerable building. -"The city is in north latitude 8° 57', and received a royal charter from +"The city is in north latitude 8° 57', and received a royal charter from King Charles I. of Spain, in 1521. 'Panama' is an Indian word which means 'a place abounding in fish;' the old city was about six miles northeast of the present one, which dates from 1670. Old Panama was @@ -2275,7 +2249,7 @@ at his word. We rested perhaps a quarter of an hour, talking with him about his solitary life, and then asked him to guide us through the old city. -"'_Sí, Señores_,' he replied, touching his hat in a most dignified +"'_SÃ, Señores_,' he replied, touching his hat in a most dignified manner, 'but would we drink some _chichi_ before starting.' [Illustration: MAKING CHICHI.] @@ -3578,7 +3552,7 @@ inhabited all the year round. According to our barometers, and those of other travellers, we are 9520 feet above the beach of the Pacific Ocean at its nearest point, or only 1040 feet less than two miles. -"Cooking is performed under difficulties, as water boils at 194° +"Cooking is performed under difficulties, as water boils at 194° Fahrenheit; potatoes, beans, and similar things require much longer time for cooking than in the lowlands, and somebody says it is an excellent provision of nature that the potatoes are small. Frank suggests that @@ -3941,7 +3915,7 @@ follows: fifty pounds each of rice and dried beef; thirty each of corn-meal, pea-flour, and chocolate; fifty of _mashka_ (roasted barley-meal); ten each of salt, lard, and ham; one hundred and seventy eggs; and one or -two pounds each of tea, _maté_, soda, and cream of tartar. They bought +two pounds each of tea, _maté_, soda, and cream of tartar. They bought eggs, chickens, rice, syrup, and other things from the Indians, whenever they had the opportunity, and when they reached the river they occasionally obtained fish, game, and turtles' eggs. @@ -4235,7 +4209,7 @@ fields. [Illustration; A CLAIMANT FOR THE SIDEWALK.] -The baggage was intrusted to an employé of the hotel, who had been +The baggage was intrusted to an employé of the hotel, who had been telegraphed for, and met our friends at the station; guided by a servant from the same establishment, they walked the short distance intervening between the station and their lodging-place, narrowly escaping @@ -4382,7 +4356,7 @@ buildings are of _adobe_, which does very well in a climate where there is so little rain, and lasts a long time. The roofs are nearly all flat; it never snows here, and it never rains more than a few drops at a time. Consequently the chief use of a roof is to exclude the sun. The -temperature ranges from 60° to 88°, stoves and other heating apparatus +temperature ranges from 60° to 88°, stoves and other heating apparatus are unknown, and the only fires are for cooking purposes. From November to March the weather is dry and delightful, but from March to November it is damp and unhealthy, owing to the continuous fogs that roll in from @@ -4429,7 +4403,7 @@ with a court in the centre. galleries and the open space in the centre are occupied by women who sit beside the articles they have to sell, and keep up a perpetual conversation with each other, like market-women all over the world. -Lying only 12° south of the equator, Lima has a tropical climate; with +Lying only 12° south of the equator, Lima has a tropical climate; with the outlying range of the Andes sixty miles away, she is within a short railway ride of a temperate region. The result is that you can find in the market the vegetable products of two zones; those of the torrid, @@ -4766,7 +4740,7 @@ get at the antiquity of the people we must judge by the traditions that have come down to us and by the effect of time upon the monuments they have left. This enables us to guess at the date of the construction of their temples, and it is proper to remark that the guesses of -archæologists who have studied the subject have been very far apart. +archæologists who have studied the subject have been very far apart. [Illustration: PERUVIAN IDOL.] @@ -5083,7 +5057,7 @@ for Mollendo. [Illustration: GUANO ISLANDS.] The first landing was at Pisco, about one hundred miles south of Callao, -and connected by a short line of railway with the cotton regions of Iça. +and connected by a short line of railway with the cotton regions of Iça. As they approached the port they passed the Chincha Islands, which have become famous as the place whence millions of tons of guano have been brought to Europe and America. Frank and Fred wished to know something @@ -5439,7 +5413,7 @@ races; the Aymaraes occupy the southern part of the town, and the Quichuas the northern, the former being the most numerous. The rest, which includes the wealthier and more intelligent fraction of the population, is made up of people of Spanish descent, a few German and -English merchants, and two or three American _attachés_ of the railway. +English merchants, and two or three American _attachés_ of the railway. Puno owed its origin to the rich silver mines in the neighborhood, which were discovered and operated about two hundred years ago. A romantic story is told concerning these mines, and the romance is by no means @@ -5535,10 +5509,10 @@ deaths from coca are not near as numerous, in proportion to those who use it, as those from opium, in China and other parts of the far East? "Dr. Bronson said that an extract or alkaloid of coca, called cocaine, -had recently come into use in Europe and America as an anæsthetic, for +had recently come into use in Europe and America as an anæsthetic, for operations on the eye, and other sensitive parts of the human organization. The patient is fully conscious of what is going on, but -does not experience the least pain. Its properties as a local anæsthetic +does not experience the least pain. Its properties as a local anæsthetic were discovered in 1884, by Dr. Koller, of Vienna; and it is freely used by oculists in New York and elsewhere. It is a very costly substance, being worth some hundreds of dollars an ounce, but the quantity used for @@ -6590,7 +6564,7 @@ late war, and for the future its must seek its commercial outlet through another country or by way of the Amazon River. The steamer carried our friends across the lake in a northeasterly -direction and entered the Bay of Huancané. They were landed at the +direction and entered the Bay of Huancané. They were landed at the little village of Vilquechico, whence there is a route through the eastern Andes to the head-waters of the Amazon. The _alcalde_ of the village welcomed them to his dominions, and in true Spanish politeness @@ -6609,7 +6583,7 @@ issued orders for the people to bring all their spare animals; four saddle mules were needed for the journey, one for each of the party to ride, and a dozen mules or their equivalents in llamas were wanted for carrying the baggage and provisions. The offers of beasts of burden -came in slowly, and it was necessary to send to Huancané, a town twelve +came in slowly, and it was necessary to send to Huancané, a town twelve miles away, to find a sufficient number. Most of the provisions for the party had been brought from Puno, as already stated, but there were still a few purchases to be made; it was decided to take matters @@ -6655,12 +6629,12 @@ fruits of the vine, by reflections upon their acidity. [Illustration: AYMARA SKULL.] It was nearly noon on the day fixed for the departure that the baggage -train moved out of the village and took the road to Huancané, where the +train moved out of the village and took the road to Huancané, where the first night was to be passed. Dr. Bronson and Frank had started early in the morning, leaving Fred and Manuel to look after the baggage animals, and bring them forward. There were one or two purchases which could not be made at Vilquechico on account of the limited stock of supplies; -Huancané could supply the deficiency, as it is a larger place and has +Huancané could supply the deficiency, as it is a larger place and has more extensive stores. It is occupied almost exclusively by Aymara and Quichua families, who live as distinctly, but on the same terms of amity, as their kindred in Puno. @@ -6688,7 +6662,7 @@ ones." [Illustration: CHULPAS, OR BURIAL-TOWERS.] -There are some ruins in the neighborhood of Huancané, but it was not +There are some ruins in the neighborhood of Huancané, but it was not considered worth while to visit them. They consist mostly of _chulpas_, or burial-towers, which are nothing more than towers, either round or square, with interior spaces for the reception of the remains of the @@ -6711,7 +6685,7 @@ shepherds; some of the huts have cornices, in imitation of the architecture of the chulpas, and it is possible that the form of the dwelling was taken from that of the burial-towers. -On the road to Huancané Dr. Bronson and Frank turned aside to look at a +On the road to Huancané Dr. Bronson and Frank turned aside to look at a sepulchre built of flat stones piled irregularly together. It is thought to be the earliest form of the chulpa, before the Inca architects had learned to shape their structures like the one just described. The @@ -6733,7 +6707,7 @@ JOURNEY.--ADVENTURES BY THE WAY.--TROUBLES OF TRAVELLING WITH A TIGER. [Illustration: MANUEL.] -The lodgings of the travellers on their night at Huancané were an +The lodgings of the travellers on their night at Huancané were an improvement upon their quarters at Vilquechico. They had a stone floor to sleep upon in place of the bare ground, and the room was large enough to accommodate all three of them without crowding. They rose early, and @@ -6753,14 +6727,14 @@ while they were winding among the mountains in a way that recalled the journey from Guayaquil to Quito. The western shore of Lake Titicaca is comparatively low, but on the east the mountains come pretty close to the water, and in places fall off into precipices. In the region of -Huancané the snowy peaks rise in full view, and seem but a few miles +Huancané the snowy peaks rise in full view, and seem but a few miles distant; Sorata, the Crown of the Andes, fills the horizon in the south, and there are other peaks that continue the chain far as the eye can reach. Up and down the hills wound the path, but, until the summit of the pass was reached, the ups were far more numerous than the downs. Four or five -miles from Huancané the train halted at a hacienda where a train from +miles from Huancané the train halted at a hacienda where a train from the eastward had just arrived. The animals became a good deal mixed up, and as each of the trains was composed of mules and llamas in about equal proportions there was a prospect of trouble in sorting them out. @@ -6880,7 +6854,7 @@ tranquil, and suited to navigation by canoes or other craft. Dr. Bronson and his young companions travelled thus down the eastern slope of the Andes into the valley of the Beni. Ten days after their -departure from Huancané they reached the point where it was necessary to +departure from Huancané they reached the point where it was necessary to leave the mules; the drivers were paid off and discharged, and were ready to start back to the shore of Lake Titicaca. Fortunately, they found an engagement with a merchant who had some goods to transport over @@ -7423,7 +7397,7 @@ The Beni is formed by several head streams, that rise in the Andes east and northeast of the plain of Titicaca. It flows to the northwest for about three hundred miles, receiving numerous tributaries, and then in a northeasterly direction to the frontier of Brazil. Here it enters the -Madeira, which is formed by the Mamoré and Iténez Rivers, and from the +Madeira, which is formed by the Mamoré and Iténez Rivers, and from the point of junction its name and identity are lost. It is the largest of the affluents of the Madeira, and is thought to be equal to both the other streams combined. It is half a mile wide at its mouth, and fifty @@ -7651,7 +7625,7 @@ market." CHAPTER XVI. DOWN THE BENI.--PRODUCTS OF THE VALLEY.--PLANS FOR DEVELOPING -COMMERCE.--OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION.--VOYAGE ON THE MAMORÉ. +COMMERCE.--OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION.--VOYAGE ON THE MAMORÉ. Negotiations for descending the river could not proceed with rapidity, @@ -7803,7 +7777,7 @@ enough as pets, are too mischievous to be kept in a house or camp. [Illustration: A MONKEY ROBBING BIRDS' NESTS.] -"Three or four years ago," said Manuel, "I was on the Mamoré River with +"Three or four years ago," said Manuel, "I was on the Mamoré River with an English gentleman who had bought a sapajou while ascending the Amazon. He kept the fellow in a cage for a while, and then allowed him the run of the boat. The first day he was at liberty he threw overboard @@ -7997,11 +7971,11 @@ Americans, who sent Colonel George E. Church, of New York, to complete the surveys and supervise the construction of the line. He reported favorably upon the prospects of business for the completed railway, which would be less than two hundred miles long. The line leaves the -Madeira just below the first fall, and comes again to the Mamoré above +Madeira just below the first fall, and comes again to the Mamoré above the last one. It avoids the windings of the stream, and thus saves a considerable distance. -"Colonel Church sounded the Mamoré for six hundred miles above the +"Colonel Church sounded the Mamoré for six hundred miles above the rapids, and found always a depth of at least fifteen feet, a width of six hundred feet, and an average current of two miles an hour. He visited Santa Cruz, Trinidad, Exaltacion, and some other Bolivian towns @@ -8065,7 +8039,7 @@ sacristan, 'these nails rust in their places, for no one thinks of returning what he finds.' Colonel Church thinks Exaltacion must be an exception to the rest of Bolivia, as he found everywhere the most scrupulous honesty on the part of the people among whom he travelled. -The Mojos Indians who inhabit the valley of the Mamoré are an +The Mojos Indians who inhabit the valley of the Mamoré are an inoffensive race, and have a high reputation for honesty and integrity. [Illustration: THE CHERIMBITA.] @@ -8245,7 +8219,7 @@ curiosities, but wisely restrained of their liberty. Among them was a rattlesnake, which appeared to be identical with the rattlesnake of North America; a "parrot-snake" of a dull green color, which makes it difficult to discover among the grass and leaves, and a "surucucu," -which does not belong to the valley of the Mamoré, but inhabits the +which does not belong to the valley of the Mamoré, but inhabits the lower Amazon and the Rio Negro. The coral snake, already mentioned, was among them; he was a pretty serpent (if serpents can be called pretty), of a vermilion hue striped with black bands. The youths stood at a @@ -8492,7 +8466,7 @@ sulphur and heating it to a high degree. There are two kinds of vulcanized rubber, one hard and horny, and the other soft and elastic; for the first the rubber is cut into small shreds, mixed with a third of its weight of sulphur, and heated for several hours, the final heat -being not less than 300° Fahrenheit. For the elastic rubber the +being not less than 300° Fahrenheit. For the elastic rubber the proportion of sulphur and the degree of heat are much less. An endless variety of articles is made from the two kinds of vulcanized rubber." @@ -8915,7 +8889,7 @@ often he takes the matter into his own hands and does his buying in person. By so doing he avoids extravagance, and escapes the inevitable "squeezes" of the cook. -[Illustration: PIRA-RUCÛ, A FISH OF THE AMAZON.] +[Illustration: PIRA-RUCÛ, A FISH OF THE AMAZON.] The captains are usually paid a salary, and commissions on the freight and passengers; in a prosperous season the commissions will amount to @@ -9091,7 +9065,7 @@ the sea that ships can dip up fresh water while yet out of sight of land." "In speaking of the tide," said the Doctor, "don't forget to mention the -_piroróco_ or 'bore' of the Amazon." +_piroróco_ or 'bore' of the Amazon." "I was just coming to it," replied the youth, "and cannot do better than quote a description by La Condamine, written more than a hundred @@ -9120,12 +9094,12 @@ where they are sheltered from its force, and wait until it has passed. known in other rivers, especially in the Hoogly, below Calcutta, but the bore of the Amazon is undoubtedly the largest." -[Illustration: IN AN IGARIPÉ.] +[Illustration: IN AN IGARIPÉ.] "Another curious feature of the Amazon," said Frank, resuming, "is the great number of lateral channels, which are technically called -_igaripés_, or canoe-paths. Boats may go for hundreds of miles along the -lower Amazon in the _igaripés_ without once entering the main stream. +_igaripés_, or canoe-paths. Boats may go for hundreds of miles along the +lower Amazon in the _igaripés_ without once entering the main stream. They remind us of the bayous of the lower part of the Mississippi Valley." @@ -9153,9 +9127,9 @@ every six years the flood is greater than usual." "The Amazon is too large to be content with one name," said Frank. "From its mouth to the junction with the Negro it is called the Amazon, or the Amazons; from the Negro to the Peruvian frontier it is the Solimoens; -and the part in Peru is the Marañon. But these distinctions are passing +and the part in Peru is the Marañon. But these distinctions are passing away since the river was opened to universal navigation; the Solimoens -is now generally called the Middle Amazon and the Marañon the Upper +is now generally called the Middle Amazon and the Marañon the Upper Amazon. Probably another twenty years will see the old names disappear altogether." @@ -9194,7 +9168,7 @@ Facing the river is a large open square with a few palm-trees on its borders, and near the water there are several buildings variously occupied as custom-house, hotel, and steamboat offices. A long avenue known as Brazil Street runs through the town, with its ends on two -_igaripés_, or canals; these canals run back from the river, so that +_igaripés_, or canals; these canals run back from the river, so that Manaos is surrounded on three sides by water. The houses are by no means crowded, as in most European cities, but each has a comfortable area of ground around it, affording good ventilation and plenty of moving space. @@ -9514,9 +9488,9 @@ was founded in the year that saw the death of Shakespeare, and we will follow their example. Its history dates from 1616, when Francesco Caldeira laid the foundations of a fort which was intended to close the Amazon River to foreigners who had begun trading with the Indians. Its -full name is Santa Maria do Belem do Gram Pará, but nobody in this busy +full name is Santa Maria do Belem do Gram Pará, but nobody in this busy nineteenth century thinks of stopping to pronounce it; it is called -simply 'Pará,' with the accent on the last syllable. +simply 'Pará,' with the accent on the last syllable. "It has had several insurrections, which have retarded its prosperity and caused the death of many of its citizens. In one of these @@ -9747,12 +9721,12 @@ the remaining horses and cattle. Its effects still continue, and the farmers have sought the assistance of government to protect the remaining animals, and stop the ravages of the disease. -[Illustration: SOURRÉ AND SALVATERRA.] +[Illustration: SOURRÉ AND SALVATERRA.] "We were not able to visit any of the estancias, but confined our -inspection of Marajo to the villages of Sourré and Salvaterra, on the -southern side of the island, at the entrance of the Igarapé Grande. They -are picturesquely situated on opposite banks of the igarapé, Sourré +inspection of Marajo to the villages of Sourré and Salvaterra, on the +southern side of the island, at the entrance of the Igarapé Grande. They +are picturesquely situated on opposite banks of the igarapé, Sourré being a little farther inland than its sister place with the longer name. We crossed the Para River on a steamer that rolled viciously under the effect of the wind blowing in from the Atlantic, and long before we @@ -9761,13 +9735,13 @@ sea-sickness and unable to move. "The accommodations were not of the best, but we were accustomed to rough life, and had no reason to complain. Both these places are filled -from August to January by many people from Para, to whom Sourré and +from August to January by many people from Para, to whom Sourré and Salvaterra are as Newport or Long Branch to New-Yorkers. The tide brings in a fine flow of sea-water, and the breezes are stronger and cooler than at the capital city. There is a good beach for bathing, and when it is not occupied by the fashionables it is the scene of a great deal of activity on the part of the natives. We hired a boat and a couple of -Indians to paddle us two or three miles up the igarapé and back again. +Indians to paddle us two or three miles up the igarapé and back again. The banks are lined with gardens, from which many vegetables are sent to the market of Para. @@ -9777,7 +9751,7 @@ greatest industry of Marajo is in the exportation of cattle. The trade is said to reach about ten thousand head every year; horses are scarce, and a good riding animal brings a high price. -"We returned from Sourré by the way we went, and reached Para one day +"We returned from Sourré by the way we went, and reached Para one day before the steamer was due which would carry us down the coast. This letter will go to New York by the next steamer, and so for the present we will say good-bye. @@ -9788,7 +9762,7 @@ we will say good-bye. snakes. In many houses they have snakes of the boa-constrictor family--of the kind we saw on the Amazon--to keep the place clear of rats and mice. They do their work very well, and live on terms of quiet -friendship with the biped inhabitants. At Sourré we saw the household +friendship with the biped inhabitants. At Sourré we saw the household snake coiled up in a corner very much as we might see a cat in a New England dwelling; when we manifested a curiosity to look at it one of the servants took the reptile by the neck and held it up to full view @@ -10352,7 +10326,7 @@ possession of such an excellent bonanza as this. "The omnibus is here called a gondola, and we have been told how the name originated. It may not be true, but you know the old Italian -proverb, '_Si non é vero é ben trovato._' +proverb, '_Si non é vero é ben trovato._' "An omnibus company had a monopoly of the business indicated by its name; the government and people were much dissatisfied with the way its @@ -10592,7 +10566,7 @@ arrangements, its perfect cleanliness, and the evidence of careful training on the part of the physicians and nurses. Their escort told them that the cases most often under treatment in Rio were diseases of the respiratory organs, caused by the dampness of the climate and the -prevailing heat. The mean annual temperature is 82° Fahrenheit, and the +prevailing heat. The mean annual temperature is 82° Fahrenheit, and the annual rainfall averages about forty-six inches. There is hardly a year without yellow fever; it is not usually fatal, but in some seasons there is great mortality from it. People from Europe and the northern cities @@ -11330,7 +11304,7 @@ become growers of Brazilian staples, but when they reflected what a life of isolation they would be compelled to lead they abandoned the idea, and were ready to depart at the appointed time. -"It is no wonder," said Fred, when they left the house of Señor J----, +"It is no wonder," said Fred, when they left the house of Señor J----, "that he urged us to stay longer. I know we must make allowances for Spanish and Portuguese politeness, but in this case it was not altogether politeness, but a genuine desire for society. Think what it @@ -11683,7 +11657,7 @@ cattle and horses, and flocks of equally countless sheep, find a nutritious pasture. The pampas are far more extensive than the forests, and there are places where you may travel miles and miles without seeing a tree, or even a bush. Altogether, the Argentine Republic contains a -million square miles of land between latitude 21° and 41° south, and +million square miles of land between latitude 21° and 41° south, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes, which separate it from Chili. The southern part of the territory is a vast desert; it is certainly a foolish quarrel between Chili and the republic, for the possession of @@ -11735,7 +11709,7 @@ CHAPTER XXV. VISITING A CATTLE ESTATE.--THE LASSO AND BOLAS.--ASCENDING THE PARAGUAY AND PARANA RIVERS.--ROSARIO AND ASUNCION.--PARAGUAYAN WAR.--INDUSTRIES -OF THE COUNTRY.--MATÉ. +OF THE COUNTRY.--MATÉ. "The terms Argentine Republic and River Plate are misnomers," said @@ -11914,7 +11888,7 @@ scene of wild disorder. "Lieutenant Page of the United States Navy explored the Parana and Paraguay rivers and their tributaries in 1854, and visited some of these -Indian tribes. He describes the Angaité tribe as a people of remarkable +Indian tribes. He describes the Angaité tribe as a people of remarkable stature, many of them exceeding six feet in height, and all finely formed and athletic. The old Jesuits give wonderful accounts of the great age to which these people live; they say that if one dies at @@ -12001,7 +11975,7 @@ deserved to fail. "The country has few manufactures, and the principal industries are agriculture and the raising of sheep, cattle, and horses. In -agriculture, the exported articles are tobacco and yerba maté or +agriculture, the exported articles are tobacco and yerba maté or Paraguayan tea; beef, mutton, hides, and wool are the products of the grazing lands which find their way to other countries, and there are some shipments of timber and fruit. @@ -12026,7 +12000,7 @@ carried on board the steamer at the dock. This steamer has her hold arranged on the refrigerating system, with several inches of thick felt between double walls of planking, so that heat is conducted away very slowly. When the hold is filled the cooling apparatus is set in -operation, and the temperature is lowered to about 33° Fahrenheit; the +operation, and the temperature is lowered to about 33° Fahrenheit; the apparatus is kept at work during the entire voyage, and until the steamer delivers her cargo in Europe. The meat thus remains perfectly fresh, although the ship passes the equator and remains for days and @@ -12051,7 +12025,7 @@ and horses told of the wealth of the country in live-stock, and if we had not seen the herds we should have known of the prevailing industry by the piles of hides that awaited shipment at the railway stations. -"We are in the land of _yerba maté_, or Paraguay tea, and have drunk +"We are in the land of _yerba maté_, or Paraguay tea, and have drunk nothing else at breakfast and other meals; of course, we have tried it frequently in our journeyings in South America, but have never adhered closely to it until now. Perhaps you would like to know more fully about @@ -12068,7 +12042,7 @@ is poured into a cup or bowl and covered with boiling water; when it has stood long enough for the infusion to be drawn it is sucked through the bombilla, precisely as people in New York take lemonades through straws. -[Illustration: CUPS AND TUBES FOR MATÉ.] +[Illustration: CUPS AND TUBES FOR MATÉ.] "The natives pass the cup and tube from one to another, but the European residents generally carry tubes of their own, and only the cup is passed @@ -12076,13 +12050,13 @@ around. The tube may be a reed or a straw, or of metal or glass, according to the fancy of the owner; ours are of glass, and we carry them in cases to prevent their being broken. -"Everybody drinks _maté_, and the Europeans who come here take to it +"Everybody drinks _maté_, and the Europeans who come here take to it with the greatest readiness. It has the same refreshing qualities as are found in tea and coffee; the chemists say it contains _caffeine_ and _theine_, together with caffeo-tannic acid, and it is sometimes recommended by physicians for their patients. We are told that there is no part of the world where Chinese tea is consumed by the inhabitants in -as great a proportion as is maté by the South Americans. It is taken at +as great a proportion as is maté by the South Americans. It is taken at meals and between meals; at all hours of the day and night, and also between those hours. @@ -12096,8 +12070,8 @@ beaten with sticks until reduced to the powder I have already mentioned, when they fall through the network to the floor. "This powder is collected and packed in bags of hide; each bag holds -about two hundred pounds of maté, and in this condition it is shipped to -market. About five million pounds of maté are sent every year from +about two hundred pounds of maté, and in this condition it is shipped to +market. About five million pounds of maté are sent every year from Paraguay to other South American countries, but very little goes to North America or to Europe. The outside world has not yet learned of its virtues to any appreciable extent. @@ -12106,8 +12080,8 @@ virtues to any appreciable extent. "Generally you do not. The natives almost never do, but some of the Europeans, who were accustomed to sweetened tea in their old homes, put -a little sugar in the maté. Others put in a slice of lemon, just as the -Russians do with their tea; Fred and I have taken our maté plain, and +a little sugar in the maté. Others put in a slice of lemon, just as the +Russians do with their tea; Fred and I have taken our maté plain, and like it very much." * * * * * @@ -12129,7 +12103,7 @@ has a fall which is said, by many travellers, to be inferior to no other in the world, not even to Niagara. Here is the way it is described: "'After collecting the waters of several rivers on both banks, and -especially those of the Tieté and Paranapanema from the east, the Parana +especially those of the Tieté and Paranapanema from the east, the Parana increases in width until it attains nearly four thousand five hundred yards, a short distance above the falls; then the immense mass of water is suddenly confined within a gorge of two hundred feet, through which @@ -12139,7 +12113,7 @@ equal to one million tons; the velocity of the flood through the gorge is forty miles an hour, and the roar of the cataract is distinctly audible at a distance of thirty miles.' -"If we can't have the pleasure of seeing the Guayrá or Salto Grande, as +"If we can't have the pleasure of seeing the Guayrá or Salto Grande, as the cataract of the Parana is called, we will console ourselves with the reflection that we have seen Niagara, and are disinclined to believe it has any superior in the world. Any way, it is three times as @@ -12678,7 +12652,7 @@ thing one could have. I brought along some tins of preserved meats and vegetables; they proved acceptable, but were not at all necessary for our existence. In a bag slung at my saddle-bow I carried some crackers, and whenever hungry I proceeded to nibble one of them. Charqui soup, -crackers, raisins, figs, and maté comprised my bill of fare on the +crackers, raisins, figs, and maté comprised my bill of fare on the journey after the first day out, with the addition of the flesh of a few birds and rabbits we killed on the way." @@ -12820,7 +12794,7 @@ excellent omelette from the eggs; he cut the beef into small pieces, through which a long stick was thrust, and then held the meat over a fire until thoroughly cooked. I opened a can of oysters that I brought from Buenos Ayres, and prepared a savory stew in a kettle borrowed from -the kitchen of the rancheria. Oysters, fresh beef, bread, maté, and the +the kitchen of the rancheria. Oysters, fresh beef, bread, maté, and the hunger of a famished wolf! what more could be required for an excellent meal? @@ -12865,7 +12839,7 @@ River; the Pichiuta is a clear, sparkling stream of excellent water, and there is plenty of pasturage and fuel along its banks, while the water of the Mendoza is muddy and has a brackish taste. -[Illustration: A MOUNTAIN CAÑON.] +[Illustration: A MOUNTAIN CAÑON.] "Here let me remark that there is a wonderful difference between the rivers of the eastern and western slopes of this part of the chain of @@ -12968,7 +12942,7 @@ examination, and thinks it was formed by the concretion of the water from several calcareous springs in the hillside, which went on forming shelf after shelf till they reached across. On a shelf under the bridge there are two warm springs which have been hollowed out into baths. I -tried the temperature, and found it 97° Fahrenheit; I wanted to take a +tried the temperature, and found it 97° Fahrenheit; I wanted to take a bath in one of the springs, but was fearful of catching cold after immersion in the warm water. @@ -13266,7 +13240,7 @@ beef stewed with onions and potatoes, with an abundance of _Chili Colorado_ (red peppers), followed by one of those mysterious compounds known as a Spanish omelette. Bread was fresh from the oven, and, though dark and tough, it was not to be despised; during and after dinner the -maté-pot was produced, and I drank freely of the refreshing beverage. I +maté-pot was produced, and I drank freely of the refreshing beverage. I slept soundly in spite of dreams of home, Mendoza, the Andes, the pampas, the Amazon, Fred and the Doctor, and all sorts of things at once. It was a relief to wake and know exactly where I was. @@ -13316,7 +13290,7 @@ furnished with great liberality. The city seems to exist in spite of disadvantages. It has had numerous earthquakes, many of them disastrous, in the period covered by its history, and on several occasions it has suffered from inundations. But it has a delightful climate, the -thermometer averaging 68° in summer and 50° in winter, so that it is +thermometer averaging 68° in summer and 50° in winter, so that it is never very warm nor very cold. Heavy and frequent rains fall in winter, and any one who is not fond of rain should not come here in that season. @@ -13420,14 +13394,14 @@ steep that you may almost step to them from the back windows of the upper stories of the dwellings. Facing the other half of the bay is a triangular plain of sand, formed -by the _débris_ of the streams flowing from the hills, and the washings +by the _débris_ of the streams flowing from the hills, and the washings of the surf on the shore. The city is built on this sand, along the narrow beach, and up the sides and over the tops of the hills. It forcibly suggests a struggle for position where nature is in a repellent mood. "Valparaiso makes me think of Algiers," wrote Frank in his note-book, -"but I miss the grand archways of the _Boulevard de la République_ and +"but I miss the grand archways of the _Boulevard de la République_ and the old castle which once sheltered the Dey and held his treasures. I think of Beyrout, with the Lebanon range in the background, but the Lebanon is dwarfed almost to insignificance by the mighty Andes; I think @@ -13902,7 +13876,7 @@ As the Doctor and his nephew returned to the steamer they met a boat-load of Fuegians on their way to Sandy Point, from the other side of the strait. Fred had considered the Patagonians very low in the scale of humanity, but on seeing the Fuegians he was inclined to rank the -Patagonians among the _crême de la crême_. Though the weather was cold, +Patagonians among the _crême de la crême_. Though the weather was cold, they were not more than half clad, and the few garments among them were the merest apologies for clothing. The boat was a frame of wood covered with seal-skins sewn together, and was far more attractive to the eye of @@ -14339,361 +14313,4 @@ of the United States or Canada, on receipt of the price._ End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boy Travellers in South America, by Thomas W. Knox -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY TRAVELLERS IN SOUTH AMERICA *** - -***** This file should be named 59396-8.txt or 59396-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/3/9/59396/ - -Produced by Annie R. 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Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59396 *** diff --git a/59396-h/59396-h.htm b/59396-h/59396-h.htm index bd47ca1..c79c450 100644 --- a/59396-h/59396-h.htm +++ b/59396-h/59396-h.htm @@ -114,44 +114,7 @@ table { <body> -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's The Boy Travellers in South America, by Thomas W. Knox - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: The Boy Travellers in South America - Adventures of Two Youths in a Journey through Ecuador, - Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentine Republic, and Chili - -Author: Thomas W. Knox - -Release Date: April 30, 2019 [EBook #59396] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY TRAVELLERS IN SOUTH AMERICA *** - - - - -Produced by Annie R. McGuire - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59396 ***</div> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 433px;"> @@ -15745,376 +15708,7 @@ be 1023 miles, and the estimated cost is thirty million dollars.</p></div></div> -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Boy Travellers in South America, by -Thomas W. Knox - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOY TRAVELLERS IN SOUTH AMERICA *** - -***** This file should be named 59396-h.htm or 59396-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/3/9/59396/ - -Produced by Annie R. 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