diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | 59357-0.txt | 390 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 59357-h/59357-h.htm | 1299 |
2 files changed, 4 insertions, 1685 deletions
diff --git a/59357-0.txt b/59357-0.txt index beaa8b3..9021a60 100644 --- a/59357-0.txt +++ b/59357-0.txt @@ -1,35 +1,8 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of David Edwardes: Introduction to Anatomy 1532, by -Charles Donald O'Malley and Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59357 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. -Title: David Edwardes: Introduction to Anatomy 1532 - -Author: Charles Donald O'Malley - Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell - -Release Date: April 25, 2019 [EBook #59357] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY 1532 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - @@ -2021,363 +1994,4 @@ discourse to all aspects of anatomy. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of David Edwardes: Introduction to Anatomy 1532, by Charles Donald O'Malley and Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY 1532 *** - -***** This file should be named 59357-0.txt or 59357-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/3/5/59357/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59357 *** diff --git a/59357-h/59357-h.htm b/59357-h/59357-h.htm index 7e4f564..bda7f4e 100644 --- a/59357-h/59357-h.htm +++ b/59357-h/59357-h.htm @@ -223,46 +223,7 @@ span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; <body> -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of David Edwardes: Introduction to Anatomy 1532, by -Charles Donald O'Malley and Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: David Edwardes: Introduction to Anatomy 1532 - -Author: Charles Donald O'Malley - Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell - -Release Date: April 25, 2019 [EBook #59357] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY 1532 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59357 ***</div> <div id="cover" class="img"> <img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Introduction to Anatomy" width="500" height="789" /> @@ -1351,1263 +1312,7 @@ continued popularity of such books as Thomas Vicary’s archaic text.</div> <br />AC ILLVSTRI D. HENRICO <br /><span class="small">S</span>urrensi <span class="small">C</span>omiti <span class="small">D</span>a. <span class="small">E</span>dguardus <br />medicus <span class="small">S. D.</span></p> -<pre><span class="small">QVOTIES MIHI</span> -in memoriā uenit <span class="small">H</span>en- -rice nobilium <span class="small">C</span>omitum -decus, et quanto in ho- -nore fuerit tuus auus a- -pud <span class="small">A</span>nglos omneis, cū ob insignem illā -uirtutē suam et fortunatos in rebus bel- -licis succæssus, tum ob prudentiam suam -minime uulgarem in administranda re -publica, dum uiueret: et quam dextere eti- -am his diebus quotidie gerantur res om- -nes tuo patri præclarissimo, quæcunqꝫ ad -nos <span class="small">A</span>nglos pertinent: non possum satis -admirari genus istud tuum, non horum -adeo caussa, ut quod et te in hac ætate cō- -stitutum, uideam, supra quam dici potest</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="789" /> -</div> -<pre>in multis alijs adolescentibus, ad ea quæ -te meliorem reddant tam serio animum -appellere. Istud quidem ego haud scio, -naturę́ ne illius beneficio ascribere debeā -è qua nobis editus es, an superis, qui et tu- -is bene uertunt, et <span class="small">A</span>nglis nostris fauent. -Vtcumqꝫ est, reipublicæ nostræ commo- -do fore speramus, quod factum est, atqꝫ -eo magis, quo tu diutius rebus bonis stu- -dueris. Ita namqꝫ sequentem ætatem in- -structior adibis, et cōsuetudo interim bo- -na tuum animum stabiliet, ne ad peiora -in posterum facile decidas. Quanto uero -magis et consilio ualebis, et prudentia, -tanto meliorem sui gubernatorem habe- -bit <span class="small">N</span>orfolcia tuæ stirpi credita, ubi patri -succædes hæres prædiorum, tantoq́<span>ꝫ</span> inte- -rea utilior <span class="small">C</span>omes eris <span class="small">S</span>urrensi populo -tuo, ac tanto demum magis <span class="small">A</span>nglis om- -nibus expetitus, ut reipublicæ negotia -suscipias, quæ omnia et honorum tibi in- -cremento futura sunt et tuorum omnium</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p03.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="798" /> -</div> -<pre>honestamento quæ omnia et certum est -consequi posse te, si ut cœpisti iuuenileis -annos transiges. Vt magnam in te spem -reponimus, te et patris aui tui similem fu- -turum, quòd et ingeniū tuum et morum -grauitas talia nobis polliceātur. Ego tibi -et maximos succæssus precor et optima- -rum omnium rerum augmentum uber- -rimum. Atqꝫ ut hic annus totus ab inicio -fœlix tibi tuisq́<span>ꝫ</span> sit, iterum precor. Quo -omine et hanc nostram in <span class="small">A</span>natomicen -introductionem tibi dedico. Vt enim -hæc artis medicæ pars omnibus comper- -ta non est, sic et quod difficillima nonnul- -la complectatur, facilem exigit instituti- -onem, qua lectores quasi manu ducantur -ad id, cui innitūtur. Istud opus exiguum -quidem est, sed medicis et <span class="small">C</span>hirurgis om- -nibus per quam utile, quod et plurima -paucis explicat. Nihilo obscuri, nihil af- -fectati continet, sed omnibus eorum in- -genijs expositissimum, qui nec tardi sunt,</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="783" /> -</div> -<pre>nec ad scientias inutiles. In quo, si quæ -discrepent à communibus medicorū sen- -tencijs, nemo miretur: quòd neqꝫ doctis- -simi eadē his de rebus sentiant. Ego post -hac, si deus permittet, librum condam ab- -solutæ <span class="small">A</span>natomices, in quem doctissimo- -rum omnium opiniones colligam, qui- -bus et mea sententia interponetur. Potui -et id iam facere, sed nec eodem tamen la- -bore, neqꝫ seruato introductionis decoro. -Superest ut hic libellus tibi gratus sit -quem in reipublicæ commodum cōscrip- -simus. Reddet enim pauciores indoctos -medicos, quorum uicio plurimi intereunt -à quo et hic fructus percipietur, -ut nullæ corporis partes me -dicis non sint notis- -sime. Vale. <span class="small">C</span>an- -tabrigiæ, <span class="small">C</span>al. -<span class="small">I</span>anua- -rij.</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p05.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="787" /> -</div> -<p class="center"><span class="xxlarge">DAVIDIS</span> -<br />EDGVARDI ANGLI IN -<br /><span class="small">A</span>natomicen introductio.</p> -<pre><span class="small">INFERIOR</span> -uenter totus (hinc e- -nim humani corpo- -ris incipere dissecti- -onem oportet, quòd -is locus ocyssime pu- -trescat) à prima cute ad peritonæū <span class="small">G</span>ræ- -cis ἐπιγάστριον, <span class="small">B</span>arbaris <span class="small">M</span>irach appella- -tur cuius quidem hæ partes sunto.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">CVTIS IN</span> superficie quæ totum oc- -cupat corpus, sensus omnis expers. Cu- -tis tenuissima superficiali cuti subiecta et -subtensa, sensilis. Græci eam ὑποδερμα -dicunt. Pinguetudo quædam totum uen- -trem occupans, cuti sensili citra medium -substrata.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">NERVOSA</span> et tenuis membrana</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p06.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="789" /> -</div> -<pre>hæc continuo sequitur. Membrana rur- -sus è musculis ortum habens huic statim -subiungitur, ubi recta mox linea appa- -ret in medio.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">MVSCVLI</span> obliqui duo descenden- -tes uersus imum uentrem his subiacent. -Musculis obliquis ascendentibus sub his -locus est. Recti duo musculi uendicant lo- -cum proximum. Atqꝫ infimi omnium -sunt musculi transuersi. Octo igitur hi -sunt quorum ferè singulis sunt suæ tuni- -cæ neruosæ quibus à se inuicem discri- -minantur.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">SVBTENDITVR</span> his aponeurωsis -siue potius membrana quædam spissa et -tenax quam aliqui falsò peritonæum ap- -pellant. Hactenus de <span class="small">E</span>pigastrio et eius -partibus.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">CERTÈ</span> peritonæum neruosa pars -est, tactu mollis, tenacitatis mediocris, to- -tum uentrem occupans, et aponeurωsi si-</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p07.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="785" /> -</div> -<pre>ue membranæ quam dixi subsidēs. Græ- -ci id illi nomen indiderunt. Barbari <span class="small">S</span>i- -phacid uocant.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">ZIRBVS</span> siue omentum subperito- -næo exporrigitur. Adipis quoddam -genus <span class="small">Z</span>irbus est, ex neruosis filis tenu- -iqꝫ neruorum substantia adiposa constās -priore adipe minus crassū. Intestina plu- -rima et imum uentriculum operit, et ali- -menti coctionem expedit.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">INTESTINA</span> à uentriculo exori- -untur, è quibus quod rectum et lon- -ganon appellatur, omnium intestinorum -infimum est, et siccum alui onus conti- -net, et inter nates caput exerit, ut onus -deponat. Colon illi continuatur, et in -ascensu renem sinistrum ambit, et ad uen- -triculi latera dextrosum cædit. Quod -<span class="small">G</span>ræci τυφλον et μονόφθαλμον, <span class="small">R</span>omani -cæcum intestinum et unoculum uocant, -colo accrescit, cuius unicus est meatus, al-</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p08.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="802" /> -</div> -<pre>tera enim extremitate clauditur, ut coctio- -ni subseruiat cōmodius, uentriculi cuius- -dam modo. Hinc igitur rei nomen. Atqꝫ -intestina quidem crassiora tot sint.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">ILEON</span> excipit cæcum, intestinum -in crebros intortum sinus a qua figura et -Græci nomen illi fecerunt παρα του ἐιλεῖ- -σθαι .i. ab inuoluendo, cuius morbus et -iliacus dicitur. Illi ieiunum adheret. Hoc -ieiuni nomen corporum dissectores in- -testino dederunt ab euentu quòd semper -inane reperiatur, et nihil continere. Iecur -enim auulsit prius quicquid haberet in se -ieiunum. Assurgit supra hæc intestina -omnia, duodenum quod ieiuno inferne, -superne Pylωro affigitur. Græcis δωδεκα -δάκτῦλομ uocatur à duodecim digitorū -mensura. Tria hæc substantiæ suæ ratio- -ne appellentur gracilia intestina.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">VENTRICVLVS</span> sub transuerso -septo locatus est, cuius os superius in</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p09.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="786" /> -</div> -<pre>quod œsophagus terminatur, stoma- -chus proprie appellatur, inferius per -q<sub><i>uod</i></sub> intestina alimentū deriuatur πυλωρος -dicitur.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">LIEN RARAE</span> sustantiæ uiscus, -uentriculo adiacet ad sinistrum latus -et iecur ad dexterum Hypochondrium, -hoc rotundum, ac quadam tenus lunare, -illud oblongum, ac ueluti quadratum. -Vtriusqꝫ horum gibbosa pars ad inferio- -res costas pertinet. Quod in alterutro cō- -cauum est, id et uentriculo est proximum. -Iecur sanguinē gignit. Lien eundē repur- -gat ab atrabile. Inuaugescit Lien cū reli- -qui corporis dispendio. Iecoris magnitu- -do totius corporis compagi utilis est, -quòd sanguinē et naturalē spiritū summi- -nistret ubertim. Iecur habet suas penu- -las quos <span class="small">G</span>ræci λοβούς nominant, inter- -dum treis, interdum plureis, in cuius ca- -uo et uessicula fellis prominet, qua san-</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="805" /> -</div> -<pre>guis à bile defecatus et purus euadit. -Cuius utiqꝫ uessiculæ exhalatione et tran- -spiratu inficiuntur nonnunquam duode- -num et ieiunum, nonnunquam et pungi -se senciunt, si transpiratus maior sit et bi- -lis mordacior.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">À IECORIS</span> concauo uena portæ -oritur: multis exilibus iecoris uenis con- -currentibus ex quibus ea una constat. <span class="small">E</span> -diuerso rursus in innumeras eadem spar- -gitur parteis, uenarumq́<span>ꝫ</span> immensam red- -dit multitudinem, quæ postea passim in- -testinis propè omnibus inseruntur, ad -mistis unâ membranulis adiposis, ut nu- -trimentalem substantiam iecori suppedi- -tent in sanguinis generationem. Chilus -namq<span>ꝫ</span> cibusq́<span>ꝫ</span> à uentriculo statim ad in- -testina demittitur concædente exitū py- -lωro, ubi primum accæperit uentriculus -quantum usibus suis sufficiat, et coctio- -nem suam perægerit qui nisi et in sangui-</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="784" /> -</div> -<pre>nis naturam transmutandus sit, parum -admodum in reliqui corporis nutricio- -nem contulerit. Hunc ergo usum præ- -stant numerosæ hæ uenulæ, ut optimum -nutrimenti succū haud satis adhuc coctū -interaneis exugant, et iecoris cauo man- -dent, quo illic sanguis fiat. Quas nimi- -rum uenulas et <span class="small">M</span>eseraicas, et <span class="small">M</span>esenteri- -cas <span class="small">G</span>ræco uocabulo nominare licebit. -Latini eas lacteis uocant. Ad harum mu- -nimen ne per ramificationis frequentiam -ualentiore corporis motu earum qúæuis -distrahantur dilanientúr ue, quo firmius -constent singulæ sibi uenulæ duodeno -πανκρεασ adhæret, glandulosa scilicet ca- -ro, quæ et καλλίκρεασ <span class="small">G</span>ræcis uocatur in- -terdum.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">SANGVIS</span> meat à iecoris cōcauo, in -quo paulo āte formatus est, ad gibbū -iecoris, non qualis tamen omnino factus -fuerit in cauo, sed syncerior et simplicior,</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="817" /> -</div> -<pre>utrâqꝫ bile ab eo secreta, et ad concæpta- -cula sua transmissa, ut corpori salubriter -alendo et gignēdis spiritibus inculpatior -sit. À gibbo uero et in totum undiqꝫ cor- -pus porrigitur sanguis, per uenam cauā -(<span class="small">G</span>ræcis κοιλη dicitur) et multiplices eius -uenæ ramos. Hæc profecto uena reliquas -omneis corporis uenas inagnitudine su- -perat, et à iecoris oritur gibbo. À qua per -mediam spinam descendēte unus utrinqꝫ -ramos renes petit, alterutro ramo in pal- -mi longitudinem protenso.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">HI CONCAVAE</span> uenæ rami ue- -næ sunt emulgentes. Quem nouissi- -me secuimus, illi leuus ramus in corpore -alciorem exortus sui locum habebat. Sę- -pissime tamen contra fit, ut emulgens -dextera uena sublimius in corpus effera- -tur. His emulgentibus uenis natura uti- -tur ad deferendam sanguinis aquositatē -et bilem à iecore ad renes. Totidem et ar-</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="782" /> -</div> -<pre>teriarum ramuli, eodem situ, et á magna -<span class="small">A</span>orta arteria cauam uenam subeunte, in -æquam longitudinem procurrunt in re- -nes, sub emulgentibus uenis, bile et san- -guine aquoso cor exonerantes, quibus et -arteriarum emulgentium nomen est.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">DESCENDVNT</span> et à sinistris e- -mulgentibus uena et arteria in sinistræ -partis testem. Seminales eæ sunt meatus -sanguine et spiritu turgentes, fœminas in -his contenta seminis materia procreat, -quód humor sit aquosus et coctionem -desyderet. Meatus seminales itidem arte- -ria et uena à dexteris demittūtur in dexte- -rum testem, uerum à uenæ cauæ et <span class="small">A</span>ortæ -arteriæ truncis excrescentes, ac proinde -succus in eis minus aquosus, ac probe cō- -coctus, maribus generandis aptior est. -In his meatibus sanguis percoquitur, qui -póst ad glandulosam testium carnē trans- -latus, seminis formam acquirit.</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p14.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="816" /> -</div> -<pre><span class="small">RENES</span> solida et dura uiscera sunt, -non sentientia, uis attractrix in eis pollet -plurimum. Sanguinem ab aquositate ac -bile purgant. Sed sanguinem retinent, ut -quo alantur reliquum humorem expri- -munt. <span class="small">E</span>is enim ὀυρῆτῆρες adnectūtur .i. -urinarij meatus, candidi fistulosi, ac ten- -siles, qualeis nimirum ad uesicam pertine- -re dixeris et eius substantiæ confineis esse.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">SEPTVM</span> transuersū est mēbranosa -quædam substantia, uitalia et natura- -lia membra intercursans. <span class="small">G</span>ræcis διάφραγ- -μα dicitur. Interraneis uim expultricem -firmat, spiritui destinatis membris inscri- -bitur, fumidosqꝫ uapores coërcet ne cor- -dis, aut cerebri, uiuidos spiritus offuscent. -Cui supernę affigitur neruosa tunica quæ -<span class="small">T</span>horacem intrinsecus uestit, et pectoris -costas statis intersticijs deligat, quam tu- -nicam <span class="small">G</span>ræci πλεῦραν bona ex parte no- -mināt, aliqnando uero ὑποζωμα ijsdem</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p15.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="787" /> -</div> -<pre>uocatur. Huius inflammatione fit <span class="small">P</span>leu- -relis, morbi nomine à tunica ducto.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">A PLEVRA</span> iuxa spinam nascitur -et membrana pulmones et intimū -<span class="small">T</span>horacem æquis portionibus per media -distinguens. Mediastinum uulgo appel- -latur, pulmonibus tanto commodo infi- -tum ut alterius pulmonis uicium alteri fa- -cile ex eo non communicetur. Certè pul- -mones in medio pectoris palacio habi- -tant, cordis et cerebri spiritus recreant, ca- -lorem attemperant, et præfocationis peri- -culum auertunt, quibus et suæ sunt pe- -nulle perinde atqꝫ iocinori. Habent et cor -perpetuo in quibusdam ueluti amplexi- -bus blandissimarum nutricum more, et -qualitatum quendam concentum acci- -nunt, quo singulas corporis particulas de -mulceant, et uegetas faciant. <span class="small">E</span> mediasti- -ni parte illa quæ medios habet pulmo- -nes, profert se membrana egregie spissa,</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p16.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="814" /> -</div> -<pre>duraq́<span>ꝫ</span>, qua cor circumquaqꝫ integitur -περικαρδιον <span class="small">G</span>ræcitas nominat. Hæc tue -tur cor, ne ab aduenticijs afficiatur, nè ue -asperginoso fomento careat, quo feruori -suo moderetur. Hæc et uireis cordis unit, -et halituosos illinc spiritus uehemēti mo- -tu dissolui prohibet. Hic cor se condit -princeps membrum, et in turbinem fasti- -giatū uiscus, tribus intus uentriculis con- -cauum ac assidue palpitans, cui et suæ -sunt utrinqꝫ auriculæ in quibus superest -quam longissime uita. In sinistro cordis -uentriculo spiritus et exigui sanguinis se- -des est, à qua uenalis arteria progrediens -pulmones subit aëremq́<span>ꝫ</span> ab eis concipit -præparatiorem, quem in cordis sinus in- -troducat, ne importunius æstuent. Dex- -ter uentriculus plurimū et calidissimum -sanguinem continet. In hunc iecoris uena -caua per mediam spinam scandit ac uita- -lis spirtus fomitem infundit. <span class="small">À</span> quo et ue-</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p17.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="782" /> -</div> -<pre>na arterialis in pulmones copiosum san- -guinem eructat. Medio dexteri et sinistri -uentriculo, sanguis temperatus, et quan- -titate mediocris, inest. Ab hoc magna ar- -teria cui <span class="small">A</span>orte nomen, nascitur uitalis spi- -ritus uehiculum, ea susqꝫ deqꝫ perpetuo -agitatur contrarijs motibus dilatatione -et constrictione, ac secatur demum in ra- -morū myriadas ut percalēteis toto corpo- -re parteis miti flatu refocillet. De mēbris -uitalibus huc usqꝫ sermonē produximus.</pre> -<pre><span class="small">MEMBRANA</span> ossosum capitis or- -bem forinsecus obducens, περικρα- -νιον <span class="small">G</span>recis appellatur, et dura est, et spissa -et tenax, et exteriori cerebri tunicæ, du- -ram matrem eam uulgo uocant, in sub- -stantia conformis. Pendet et affixa duræ -matris tunica pericranio, sic naturæ ui- -sum est, ne in contactu cerebro efficiat, -subter quam et tenuis mollisq̀<span>ꝫ</span> membra- -na, pia mater ei nomen est, cerebrum in-</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p18.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="798" /> -</div> -<pre>uoluit et nutrit, crebris uenis aspersa. -Dure matri et ipsius cerebri substantiæ -continuatur, et cerebri uentriculos pene- -trat. Hinc se, proxime, oculis offert ipsum -cerebrum, et eius uentriculi, et postico ca- -pitis inditum cerebellum, a quo et me- -dulla spinæ in uertebras descendit. Hinc -et plexus reticularis (rete mirabile triuia- -libus uocatur) summo cerebello, è crebris -uenarum ac arteriarum mutuo sese can- -cellantibus filamentis, phantasiam sui -præbet, in quo spiritus uitalis a corde sur- -sum uectus per arterias dum plenius co- -quitur rarescit, et animalis fit spiritus: sen- -sus et motus caussa in uniuerso corpore. -Neruorum enim fons cerebrum est ner- -ui uero spiritus animalis sunt deferētia ua- -sa, qui à medulla spinæ (<span class="small">N</span>ucha barbaris -dicitur) in omneis corporis particulas di- -geruntur. Quin et à cerebroseptem neruo- -rum coniugationes procædunt. Bini ner-</pre> -<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p19.png" alt="page image" width="500" height="788" /> -</div> -<pre>ui antrorsum nareis spectant, olfactus ni -mirum organa. Bini ad oculos feruntur, -in itinere sese intersecantes, è quibus uidē- -di facultas. Alij bini motum oculis, bini a -lij linguæ motum et gustum tribuunt. E -duobus et uentriculis sensu pollet, quo mi- -nus appetentia illi desit, è totidem et exili- -bus neruis sapores discernit palatum. -Vnus postræmum neruus utrinqꝫ por- -rectus ab uno principio, auribus largitur -dexteræ et sinistræ, ne surditate extundan- -tur. Hæc sunt quæ de membris animali- -bus abs me per compendium dicta, intro- -ductionē hanc in <span class="small">A</span>natomicen iusta pro- -lixitate finiāt. Cætera enim quæ ad hanc -tractationem pertinent, in alio opere pro- -sequemur: ubi ad <span class="small">A</span>natomices omneis nu- -meros sermonem accommodabimus.</pre> -<p class="center">EXCVDEBAT ROB. REDMA- -<br />nus <span class="small">L</span>ondini <span class="small">A</span>nno</p> -<p class="center">M. D. XXXII. -<br />CVM PRIVILEGIO.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div> -<h3 id="c3"><i>To the Distinguished and Illustrious -<br />Henry, Earl of Surrey.</i> -<br /><i>David Edwardes, Physician, Sends Greetings</i></h3> -<p>How often, Henry, I have recalled the honourable -achievements of those noble dukes, in what -great honour all Englishmen held your grandfather -during his lifetime for his remarkable ability and -happy successes in warfare, as well as his extraordinary -prudence in the administration of civil affairs; and also at -present how expertly everything that pertains to us English -is daily managed by your famous father. I cannot sufficiently -admire your family, but not so much for those reasons as -because I see you established above what can be said for -many other young men in this age, and turning your mind -so seriously to those things which will render it better. I am -by no means certain whether I ought to ascribe this to the -benefit of that stock from which you have been brought -forth to us, whether to the gods who through you smile -upon and favour us English. However it may be, let us -hope what has occurred will be to the advantage of our -commonwealth, and that the more so since you have pursued -worth-while things for so long a time. Thus you will -approach the next age better prepared, and good habits will -meanwhile strengthen your mind so that later you will not -easily fall into worse. But the more you may be strengthened -by counsel and prudence, with confidence placed in your -family, so much the better guidance will Norfolk have when -you succeed as heir to your father’s estates. Meanwhile how -<span class="pb" id="Page_54">54</span> -much more useful you will be to your people as Earl of Surrey, -and finally so much the more will all Englishmen desire you -to undertake the affairs of the commonwealth. There is no -doubt that you can achieve all these things which will be to -the increase of your honours and to the honour of your family.</p> -<p>As your talent and gravity of character promise, so we -have great hope that you will be like your father and grandfather. -I wish you both the greatest successes and the most -fruitful increase of all the best things. And once more I wish -that this whole year from its beginning may be happy for you -and yours. With this augury I dedicate to you this our introduction -to anatomy. For as this part of the art of medicine -is not known to all, because it is something very difficult -to comprehend, it requires an easy arrangement by which -readers, as if led by the hand to it, may lean upon it. This is -indeed a slight work, but wholly useful for all physicians and -surgeons, because it explains many things briefly. It contains -nothing obscure, nothing elaborate, very readily accessible to -the talents of all those who are neither dull nor ill-adapted to -matters of knowledge. In this, if anything differs from the -common opinions of physicians, let no one be astonished -because the learned do not believe the same in these matters.</p> -<p>Hereafter, if God permit, I shall compose a complete -book of anatomy in which I shall further the opinions of -all the learned, to which my own opinion will be added. -I could have done this at present but not, however, with the -same effort or with the form of an introduction preserved. It -remains that this little book, which we have enlisted in -the service of the commonwealth, may be pleasing to you, -for it recognizes the existence of those very few unlearned -physicians by whose mistakes many perish, from which this -fact will be gathered, that no parts of the body should be -unknown to physicians. Farewell. Cambridge. 1 January.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div> -<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">THE INTRODUCTION TO</span> -<br />ANATOMY OF -<br />DAVID EDWARDES -<br />ENGLISHMAN</h2> -<p>The whole lower venter—for thence it is necessary to -begin the dissection of the human body because that -part putrefies very readily—from the outer skin to the -peritoneum is called <span class="small">EPIGASTRION</span> by the Greeks and -<i>mirach</i><a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a> by the Barbarians, of which the following are the -parts.</p> -<p>The superficial skin which covers the whole body is completely -insensitive. The skin lying and stretched under the -very thin and superficial skin is sensitive.<a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a> The Greeks call -it <span class="small">HYPODERMA</span>. A kind of fat occupies the whole venter -and is spread under the sensitive skin except for the middle.</p> -<p>A sinewy and thin membrane immediately follows this. -A membrane taking origin from the muscles is subjoined -firmly to this where a straight line appears in the middle.<a class="fn" id="fr_3" href="#fn_3">[3]</a></p> -<p>Two oblique descending muscles<a class="fn" id="fr_4" href="#fn_4">[4]</a> lie under these toward -the lowest venter. The oblique ascending muscles<a class="fn" id="fr_5" href="#fn_5">[5]</a> -are placed under these. Two rectus muscles have a close -<span class="pb" id="Page_56">56</span> -relationship. And lowest of all are the transverse muscles.<a class="fn" id="fr_6" href="#fn_6">[6]</a> -Therefore there are these eight for which there are nearly -individual sinewy coverings by which they are distinguished -from one another.</p> -<p>An aponeurosis, or rather a thick and firm membrane, is -stretched under them which some falsely call the peritoneum. -So much for the epigastrium and its parts.</p> -<p>Certainly the peritoneum is a sinewy part, soft to the -touch, of ordinary firmness, occupying the whole venter, -and resting under the aponeurosis or membrane which I -mentioned. The Greeks gave that name to it. The Barbarians -call it <i>siphac</i>.</p> -<p>The <i>zirbus</i> or omentum is extended under the peritoneum. -The <i>zirbus</i> is a kind of fat derived from sinewy -threads and the slender adipose substance of the nerves; it is -less thick than the fat previously mentioned. It covers much -of the intestines and the lowest part of the stomach and -assists the coction of aliment.</p> -<p>The intestines take origin from the stomach; of them, that -which is called rectum and <i>longanon</i><a class="fn" id="fr_7" href="#fn_7">[7]</a> is the lowest of all the -intestines and contains the dry burden of the bowel, and -its head extends outward between the nates so that it may -dispose of its burden. The colon is continuous with it and -in its ascent goes around the left kidney, and at the sides of -the stomach it falls away to the right.<a class="fn" id="fr_8" href="#fn_8">[8]</a> What the Greeks -call <span class="small">TYPHLON</span> and <span class="small">MONOPHTHALMON</span>, the Romans -the blind intestine and one-eyed,<a class="fn" id="fr_9" href="#fn_9">[9]</a> is attached to the colon, -<span class="pb" id="Page_57">57</span> -of which it is the only passage; for the other end is closed so -that it may assist coction more suitably in the manner of the -stomach. Hence the name for the thing. And such is the -number of the thicker intestines.</p> -<p>The caecum is continuous with the ileon,<a class="fn" id="fr_10" href="#fn_10">[10]</a> an intestine -twisted into numerous sinuses; from its shape the Greeks -gave it the name <span class="small">PARA TOU EILEISTHAI</span>, that is, from -its involvement; and its disease is called <i>iliacus</i>. The jejunum -follows it. Dissectors of bodies gave this name jejunum to -the latter intestine because of the fact that it is always found -empty and contains nothing. For the liver first snatches -away whatever the jejunum might contain. Above all these -intestines arises the duodenum which is continuous below -with the jejunum and above with the pylorus. It is called -<span class="small">DŌDEKA DAKTYLOM</span> by the Greeks from the measure -of twelve fingers. These three [intestines] by reason of their -substance are called the slender intestines.</p> -<p>The stomach is located under the diaphragm, of which -the upper mouth ends in the oesophagus, properly called -<i>stomachus</i>; the lower opening through which aliment is sent -into the intestines is called <span class="small">PYLŌROS</span>.</p> -<p>The spleen is an organ of rare substance and lies at the -left side of the stomach; the liver being in the right hypochondrium. -The latter is rounded and to some degree -lunate, the former longish and somewhat quadrate. The -gibbous part<a class="fn" id="fr_11" href="#fn_11">[11]</a> of each of these extends toward the lower -ribs, because there is a concavity in each of them which is -very close to the stomach. The liver gives rise to the blood.<a class="fn" id="fr_12" href="#fn_12">[12]</a> -The spleen purges it of black bile. The spleen increases -with loss to the rest of the body. The size of the liver is -useful to the whole bodily structure, because it provides -<span class="pb" id="Page_58">58</span> -copious blood and natural spirit. The liver has lobes which -the Greeks call <span class="small">LOBOUS</span>, sometimes three, sometimes -more,<a class="fn" id="fr_13" href="#fn_13">[13]</a> and in its hollow extends the gall bladder by which -the blood is freed of bile and issues forth pure. It is especially -by exhalation and transpiration of this bladder that the -duodenum and jejunum are sometimes stained;<a class="fn" id="fr_14" href="#fn_14">[14]</a> sometimes -they are irritated if there is a very large transpiration of particularly -corrosive bile.</p> -<p>From the hollow of the liver<a class="fn" id="fr_15" href="#fn_15">[15]</a> arises the portal vein which -is formed from the concurrence of the many slender veins -of the liver. On the other hand, it divides again into innumerable -parts and gives off an immense multitude of -veins which afterward are inserted here and there into -almost all the intestines and to the little adipose membranes -mixed together, so that they provide nutritional substance -for the liver in the generation of blood. For chyle and food -are sent down from the stomach directly to the intestines; -the pylorus yields an exit as soon as the stomach has received -as much as suffices for its uses and has accomplished -its coction. Unless it be transmuted into the nature of blood -[this food] contributes very little toward the nourishment of -the rest of the body. Therefore these numerous venules serve -to draw out from the intestines the best juice of the nutriment -as yet not sufficiently concocted, and deliver it to the -hollow of the liver where the blood is made. Doubtless -those venules can be called meseraics, or by the Greek word -mesenterics. The Latins call them milk veins.<a class="fn" id="fr_16" href="#fn_16">[16]</a> For their -protection, lest in their numerous ramifications some of -them be torn apart or rent by a more vigorous motion of the -<span class="pb" id="Page_59">59</span> -body, the <span class="small">PANKREAS</span>, that is, glandular flesh which is -sometimes called <span class="small">KALLIKREAS</span> by the Greeks, attaches -to the duodenum so that the venules may individually be -more firmly supported.</p> -<p>The blood passes from the hollow of the liver, in which it -was formed a little earlier, to the gibbosity<a class="fn" id="fr_17" href="#fn_17">[17]</a> of the liver; -however, it is not the same kind as was made in the hollow -but more pure and simple, since both biles have been -strained from it and transmitted to their receptacles so that -the blood may be more unsullied for nourishing the body -wholesomely and for producing spirits. From the gibbosity -the blood is extended throughout the whole body through -the vena cava—called <span class="small">KOILĒ</span> by the Greeks—and by the -many branches of that vein. This vein surpasses all the rest -of the veins of the body in size and arises from the gibbosity -of the liver. Descending from this through the middle of -the spine, one [branch] on each side seeks the kidneys, each -branch extending a palm’s length.</p> -<p>These branches of the vena cava are the emulgent veins.<a class="fn" id="fr_18" href="#fn_18">[18]</a> -In the body of that one whom we dissected very recently the -left branch had a higher place of origin.<a class="fn" id="fr_19" href="#fn_19">[19]</a> Very often, however, -the opposite occurs, so that the right emulgent vein is -carried higher in the body. Nature employs these emulgent -veins for carrying down the watery part and bile of the -blood from the liver to the kidneys. A like number of little -branches of arteries in the same site, from the great aorta -artery going under the vena cava, run an equal length into -the kidneys under the emulgent veins, unburdening the heart -<span class="pb" id="Page_60">60</span> -of bile and watery blood; these have the name of emulgent -arteries.</p> -<p>A vein and artery descend from the left emulgents into -the testis of the left side. They are the seminal passages -swollen with blood and spirit; the seminal matter contained -in them procreates females, because their humour is watery -and requires coction. Seminal passages, likewise an artery -and vein, are extended downward from the right [emulgents] -into the right testis; but having arisen from the -trunks of the vena cava and aorta artery, therefore the juice -in them is less watery, and properly concocted is more -suited for the generation of males. In these passages blood -is concocted, and afterward transferred to the glandular flesh -of the testes it acquires the form of semen.<a class="fn" id="fr_20" href="#fn_20">[20]</a></p> -<p>The kidneys are solid and hard organs, not sentient, and -the attractive force in them is very powerful. They purge the -blood of its watery part and bile, but they retain [some of] -the blood so that they may be nourished by it and expel the -rest of the humour. For the <span class="small">OURĒTĒRES</span> are attached to -them,<a class="fn" id="fr_21" href="#fn_21">[21]</a> that is, the urinary passages, whitish, reed-like and -tensile which it may be said extend to the bladder and are -similar to its substance.</p> -<p>The diaphragm is a membranous substance, running -between the vital and natural members. It is called -<span class="small">DIAPHRAGMA</span> by the Greeks. It strengthens the expulsive -force in the intestines, it is assigned to the members selected -for spirit, and it curbs the smoky vapours lest they blacken -the vigorous spirits of the heart and brain. Above, there is -affixed to it a sinewy covering<a class="fn" id="fr_22" href="#fn_22">[22]</a> which clothes the thorax -<span class="pb" id="Page_61">61</span> -inwardly and binds the pectoral ribs to the interstitial -spaces, which covering the Greeks in good part name -<span class="small">PLEURA</span>, but sometimes it is called <span class="small">HYPOZŌMA</span><a class="fn" id="fr_23" href="#fn_23">[23]</a> by -them. By its inflammation pleurisy occurs, the name taken -from the covering.</p> -<p>From the pleura near the spine arises a membrane separating -the lungs and lower thorax into equal parts through -the middle. It is commonly called the mediastinum, and is -so well adapted to the lungs that a defect of one lung is not -easily communicated to the other.<a class="fn" id="fr_24" href="#fn_24">[24]</a> Certainly the lungs inhabit -the middle palace of the chest, invigorate the spirits -of the heart and brain, temper the heat and avert the danger -of suffocation, and have lobes like the liver. They hold the -heart constantly in a kind of embrace in the manner of very -caressing nurses and sing a harmony of qualities by which -they soothe the individual parts of the body and make them -vigorous. From that part of the mediastinum which holds -the middle of the lungs, a thick and hard membrane -appears which completely covers the heart,<a class="fn" id="fr_25" href="#fn_25">[25]</a> called in Greek -<span class="small">PERIKARDION</span>. This protects the heart lest it be afflicted -by accidental things; and lest it lack the moistening fomentation -by which its heat is moderated. It unites the forces of -the heart and prevents the exhaled spirits from being dispersed -by vehement motion. Here the heart establishes itself, -prince of members<a class="fn" id="fr_26" href="#fn_26">[26]</a> and an organ sharpened into [the -shape of] a top; hollow within; continuously palpitating -by its three ventricles,<a class="fn" id="fr_27" href="#fn_27">[27]</a> with an auricle on each side in -<span class="pb" id="Page_62">62</span> -which life remains the longest.<a class="fn" id="fr_28" href="#fn_28">[28]</a> The seat of the spirit and -a small amount of blood is in the left ventricle of the heart, -from which the pulmonary vein advances and enters the -lungs to receive better-prepared air from them;<a class="fn" id="fr_29" href="#fn_29">[29]</a> this it introduces -into the ventricles of the heart lest they become -unduly heated. The right ventricle contains more and very -hot blood. The vena cava rises into this<a class="fn" id="fr_30" href="#fn_30">[30]</a> through the middle -of the spine and pours in the tinder of the vital spirit from -the liver. From this the pulmonary artery belches much -blood into the lungs. In the ventricle between the right -and left there is tempered blood of slight quantity. From -this ventricle the large artery called the aorta arises, the -vehicle of the vital spirits; it is constantly agitated up and -down by the contrary motions of dilatation and constriction, -and finally it is divided into myriads of branches so that it -revivifies the living parts in the whole body by a gentle -flatus. This is the end of the account of the vital members.</p> -<p>The membrane covering the bony roundness of the head -outwardly is called <span class="small">PERIKRANION</span> by the Greeks, and it -is hard, thick and firm, and conforms in substance to the -exterior covering of the brain which is commonly called -the dura mater. The covering of the dura mater hangs -affixed to the pericranium, so it seemed to nature, lest in -contact it have an effect on the brain; under this covering -<span class="pb" id="Page_63">63</span> -a thin and soft membrane, which is called the pia mater, -sprinkled with numerous veins, envelops and nourishes -the brain. It is continuous to the dura mater and the substance -of the brain, and it penetrates the ventricles of the -brain. Hence the brain displays itself very clearly to the eyes, -both its ventricles and the cerebellum placed at the rear of -the head from which the medulla descends into the vertebrae -of the spine. Here the reticular plexus (commonly -called the <i>rete mirabile</i>), woven together from numerous -slender threads of veins and arteries at the summit of the -cerebellum, displays its <i>phantasia</i>; in it the vital spirit carried -upward from the heart through the arteries, having been -fully concocted and rarefied, becomes animal spirit, the -cause of sensation and motion in the whole body. For -the brain is the source of the nerves, but the nerves are the -vessels which distribute animal spirit;<a class="fn" id="fr_31" href="#fn_31">[31]</a> from the medulla of -the spine (it is called <i>nucha</i> by the Barbarians) they are distributed -to all parts of the body. Furthermore, there extend -from the brain seven pairs of nerves.<a class="fn" id="fr_32" href="#fn_32">[32]</a> Two nerves look forward -to the nares,<a class="fn" id="fr_33" href="#fn_33">[33]</a> the olfactory organs. Two are carried to -<span class="pb" id="Page_64">64</span> -the eyes,<a class="fn" id="fr_34" href="#fn_34">[34]</a> intersecting in their course, from whence comes -the faculty of vision. Another two [carry] motion to the -eyes,<a class="fn" id="fr_35" href="#fn_35">[35]</a> another two give motion and taste to the tongue.<a class="fn" id="fr_36" href="#fn_36">[36]</a> -From two the stomach acquires sensation<a class="fn" id="fr_37" href="#fn_37">[37]</a> so that appetite -may not be lacking to it, and from as many slender nerves the -palate distinguishes flavours.<a class="fn" id="fr_38" href="#fn_38">[38]</a> Finally, from a single origin -one nerve is extended on each side, provided for the right -and for the left ear lest they be struck by deafness.<a class="fn" id="fr_39" href="#fn_39">[39]</a> These -things which have been said by me briefly regarding the -animal members, within the proposed limits, end this introduction -to anatomy. Other matters which pertain to this -subject I shall discuss in another work where we shall adapt -the discourse to all aspects of anatomy.</p> -<p class="tbcenter">Printed by Rob. Redman in London -<br />M.D.XXXII -<br />With Privilege</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div> -<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">Footnotes</span></h2> -<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>The term <i>mirach</i> means the anterior abdominal wall, but here Edwardes -refers to the abdominal wall as venter. Lower venter proper means the abdomen -or abdominal cavity together with the pelvis. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a>There is confusion here for, of course, the skin of the body is most sensitive. -The subcutaneous tissues, on the other hand, are relatively insensitive. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_3" href="#fr_3">[3]</a>He refers to the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. It joins with its -fellow of the opposite side in the mid-line at the linea alba. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_4" href="#fr_4">[4]</a>External oblique muscles. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_5" href="#fr_5">[5]</a>Internal oblique muscles. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_6" href="#fr_6">[6]</a>Transversus abdominis. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_7" href="#fr_7">[7]</a><i>Longanon</i> is the medieval Latin term for rectum. In the text which follows it -will be noted that Edwardes describes the intestines from below upwards. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_8" href="#fr_8">[8]</a>The hepatic flexure of the colon. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_9" href="#fr_9">[9]</a>The caecum was termed the <i>monoculus</i> by medieval anatomists. There is no -mention of the appendix; this was first described in 1523 by Berengario da -Carpi. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_10" href="#fr_10">[10]</a>The ileum. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_11" href="#fr_11">[11]</a>The curved surface. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_12" href="#fr_12">[12]</a>Galen maintained that the major veins had their origin in the liver. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_13" href="#fr_13">[13]</a>Multiple lobes to the liver was another teaching of Galen derived from -comparative anatomy. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_14" href="#fr_14">[14]</a>Post-mortem staining of the viscera with bile is very common. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_15" href="#fr_15">[15]</a>The porta hepatis. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_16" href="#fr_16">[16]</a>This is a good account of the function of the lymphatic vessels. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_17" href="#fr_17">[17]</a>The gibbosity of the liver is its curved, upper surface. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_18" href="#fr_18">[18]</a>The emulgent veins are the renal veins. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_19" href="#fr_19">[19]</a>This is normal in man but in some animals the right renal vessels arise -higher than the left. It will be noted that he speaks from his own experience. It is -a pity that he qualifies this statement in the next sentence with a reference to the -then current teaching, derived from Galen. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_20" href="#fr_20">[20]</a>The fallacious idea of the testis filtering off the sperm from the blood brought -down to it by the testicular artery lasted a long time. Note too the old fallacy of -the left testis producing a female foetus and the right producing a male. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_21" href="#fr_21">[21]</a>The ureters. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_22" href="#fr_22">[22]</a>The pleura. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_23" href="#fr_23">[23]</a>Either Edwardes or the printer was at fault in the form of the Greek script, -while the word has more the meaning of diaphragm than of pleura. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_24" href="#fr_24">[24]</a>Edwardes is obviously aware of the individuality of each pleural sac. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_25" href="#fr_25">[25]</a>The pericardium. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_26" href="#fr_26">[26]</a>Note that the heart is the most important organ of the body. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_27" href="#fr_27">[27]</a>The three-ventricled heart was a myth which remained entrenched in -anatomy until Niccolò Massa (1536) and Vesalius. Leonardo da Vinci showed -that there were only two ventricles but his drawings were not seen by his contemporaries. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_28" href="#fr_28">[28]</a>Edwardes is to a degree correct when he says that life remains longest in the -auricles. Slow contraction of the auricles can be seen for a short time after contraction -of the ventricles has ceased. This passage could suggest that he practised -vivisection. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_29" href="#fr_29">[29]</a>Note the persistence of the old idea that the left ventricle contains air. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_30" href="#fr_30">[30]</a>The medieval anatomists regarded the right and left atria as part of the -corresponding ventricle, hence they stated that the venae cavae opened into the -right ventricle. Edwardes’s acceptance of the old theory is interesting for just -above this in the text he mentions the auricles as separate chambers. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_31" href="#fr_31">[31]</a>Galen taught that the nerves were hollow and carried the animal spirit from -the brain to the periphery. The vital spirit (air) was carried by the arteries to the -brain where, in the <i>rete mirabile</i> it was transformed into the animal spirit. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_32" href="#fr_32">[32]</a>The ancient idea that there were seven pairs of nerves did not disappear -from anatomical teaching until Thomas Willis in 1664 increased the number to -nine and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring in 1778 established the modern order -of numbering the nerves into twelve pairs. In the account which follows -Edwardes does not follow the ancient description of the cranial nerves. According -to Galen, and indeed Vesalius, the olfactory nerves were not regarded as -separate entities; moreover the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves -were part of a single nerve. Edwardes does not describe the trigeminal or facial -nerves nor the trochlear or abducent. The trochlear nerve had been described by -Alessandro Achillini in 1520. The abducent nerve was to be described later by -Eustachius. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_33" href="#fr_33">[33]</a>Olfactory nerves. That Edwardes regarded them as functional units is -worthy of note. -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_34" href="#fr_34">[34]</a>Optic nerves (the ancient first pair). -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_35" href="#fr_35">[35]</a>Oculomotor nerves (the ancient second pair). -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_36" href="#fr_36">[36]</a>A combination of the modern hypoglossal and trigeminal nerves (the -seventh and third pairs). -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_37" href="#fr_37">[37]</a>Vagus nerves (part of the sixth pair). -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_38" href="#fr_38">[38]</a>Glossopharyngeal nerves (part of the sixth pair). -</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn" id="fn_39" href="#fr_39">[39]</a>Auditory nerves (part of the fifth pair). -</div> -</div> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>Corrected a few palpable typos.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of David Edwardes: Introduction to -Anatomy 1532, by Charles Donald O'Malley and Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY 1532 *** - -***** This file should be named 59357-h.htm or 59357-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/9/3/5/59357/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59357 ***</div> </body> </html> |