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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, The French Revolution of 1789, by John S. C.
-(John Stevens Cabot) Abbott
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: The French Revolution of 1789
-       As Viewed in the Light of Republican Institutions
-
-
-Author: John S. C. (John Stevens Cabot) Abbott
-
-
-
-Release Date: March 30, 2019  [eBook #59162]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1789***
-
-
-E-text prepared by Richard Hulse, Graeme Mackreth, and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
-generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59162 ***
 
 
 
@@ -199,7 +165,7 @@ Revolutionary tribunal, which forms the Frontispiece.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
 
-[Footnote 1: The Old Régime and the Revolution, by Alexis de
+[Footnote 1: The Old Régime and the Revolution, by Alexis de
 Tocqueville, Introduction, p. xi.]
 
 [Footnote 2: Ib., p. 253.]
@@ -255,7 +221,7 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   DESPOTISM AND ITS FRUITS.
 
-  Assumptions of the Aristocracy.--Molière.--Decay of the Nobility.
+  Assumptions of the Aristocracy.--Molière.--Decay of the Nobility.
   --Decline of the Feudal System.--Difference between France and the
   United States.--Mortification of Men of Letters.--Voltaire,
   Montesquieu, Rousseau.--Corruption of the Church.--Diderot.
@@ -296,7 +262,7 @@ CONTENTS.
   --Treasonable Plans of the Duke of Orleans.--Anxiety of the Queen.
   --The Diamond Necklace.--Monsieur, the King's Brother.--Bagatelle.
   --Desperation of Brienne.--Edict for abolishing the Parliaments.
-  --Energy of the Court.--Arrest of D'Espréménil and Goislard.--Tumults
+  --Energy of the Court.--Arrest of D'Espréménil and Goislard.--Tumults
   in Grenoble.--Terrific Hail-storm                                      67
 
 
@@ -304,8 +270,8 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   THE APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE.
 
-  Recall of Necker.--Reassembling the Notables.--Pamphlet of the Abbé
-  Sièyes.--Vote of the  King's Brother.--His supposed Motive.--The Basis
+  Recall of Necker.--Reassembling the Notables.--Pamphlet of the Abbé
+  Sièyes.--Vote of the  King's Brother.--His supposed Motive.--The Basis
   of Representation.--Arrangements for the Meeting of the States.
   --Statement of Grievances.--Mirabeau; his Menace.--Sympathy of the
   Curates with the  People.--Remonstrance of the Nobles.--First Riot.
@@ -364,7 +330,7 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   The Assembly petitions the King.--Resolves of the Assembly.--Narrative
   of M. Dumont.--Scenes in Paris.--The People organize for Self-defense.
-  --The new Cockade.--The Abbé Lefebvre d'Ormesson.--Treachery of the
+  --The new Cockade.--The Abbé Lefebvre d'Ormesson.--Treachery of the
   Mayor, Flesselles.--Character of De Launey, Governor of the Bastille.
   --Sacking the Invalides.--The Bastille Assailed.--Assassination of De
   Launey and of Flesselles                                              112
@@ -378,7 +344,7 @@ CONTENTS.
   reach Versailles.--Consternation of the Court.--Midnight Interview
   between the Duke of Liancourt and the King.--New Delegation from the
   Assembly.--The King visits the Assembly.--The King escorted back to his
-  Palace.--Fickleness of the Monarch.--Deputation sent to the Hôtel de
+  Palace.--Fickleness of the Monarch.--Deputation sent to the Hôtel de
   Ville.--Address of La Fayette.--La Fayette appointed Commander of the
   National Guard                                                        122
 
@@ -389,7 +355,7 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   Views of the Patriots.--Pardon of the French Guards.--Religious
   Ceremonies.--Recall of Necker.--The King visits Paris.--Action of the
-  Clergy.--The King at the Hôtel de Ville.--Return of the King to
+  Clergy.--The King at the Hôtel de Ville.--Return of the King to
   Versailles.--Count d'Artois, the Polignacs, and others leave France.
   --Insolence of the Servants.--Sufferings of the People.--Persecution of
   the Corn-dealers.--Berthier of Toulon.--M. Foulon.--Their Assassination.
@@ -401,7 +367,7 @@ CONTENTS.
   FORMING THE CONSTITUTION.
 
   Arming of the Peasants.--Destruction of Feudal Charters.--Sermon of the
-  Abbé Fauchet.--Three Classes in the Assembly.--Declaration of Rights.
+  Abbé Fauchet.--Three Classes in the Assembly.--Declaration of Rights.
  --The Three Assemblies.--The Power of the Press.--Efforts of William Pitt
   to sustain the Nobles.--Questions on the Constitution.--Two Chambers in
   one?--The Veto.--Famine in the City.--The King's Plate melted.--The
@@ -413,7 +379,7 @@ CONTENTS.
   THE ROYAL FAMILY CARRIED TO PARIS.
 
   Waning Popularity of La Fayette.--The King contemplates Flight.--Letter
-  of Admiral d'Estaing.--The Flanders Regiment called to Versailles.--Fête
+  of Admiral d'Estaing.--The Flanders Regiment called to Versailles.--Fête
   in the Ball-room at Versailles.--Insurrection of the Women; their March
   to Versailles.--Horrors of the Night of October 5th.--The Royal Family
   conveyed to Paris                                                     155
@@ -425,7 +391,7 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   Kind Feelings of the People.--Emigration receives a new Impulse.--The
   National Assembly transferred to Paris.--The Constituent Assembly.
-  --Assassination of François.--Anxiety of the Patriots.--Gloomy Winter.
+  --Assassination of François.--Anxiety of the Patriots.--Gloomy Winter.
   --Contrast between the Bishops and the laboring Clergy.--Church
   Funds seized by the Assembly.--The Church responsible for the Degradation
   of the People.--New Division of France.--The Right of Suffrage.--The
@@ -463,7 +429,7 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   Arrival at Varennes.--The Party arrested.--Personal Appearance of the
   King.--The Guards fraternize with the People.--Indignation of the Crowd.
-  --The Captives compelled to return to Paris.--Dismay of M. de Bouillé.
+  --The Captives compelled to return to Paris.--Dismay of M. de Bouillé.
   --Excitement in Paris.--The Mob ransack the Tuileries.--Acts of the
   Assembly.--Decisive Action of La Fayette.--Proclamation of the King.
   --The Jacobin Club.--Unanimity of France                              200
@@ -475,10 +441,10 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   Proclamation of Marat.--Three Commissioners sent to meet the King.
   --Address to the Nation from the Assembly.--The slow and painful Return.
-  --Conversation between Barnave and the Queen.--Brutality of Pétion.
+  --Conversation between Barnave and the Queen.--Brutality of Pétion.
   --Sufferings of the Royal Family.--Reception of the King in Paris.
   --Conduct of the Queen.--Noble Avowal of La Fayette.--Statement of the
-  King.--Menace of Bouillé                                              214
+  King.--Menace of Bouillé                                              214
 
 
   CHAPTER XXIII.
@@ -505,7 +471,7 @@ CONTENTS.
   Aristocrats.--Insult to the Duke of Orleans.--Embarrassment of the
   Allies.--Replies to the King from the European Powers.--The Emigrants at
   Coblentz.--The King's Veto.--Letters of the King to his Brothers.--Their
-  Replies.--Cruel Edicts.--Pétion chosen Mayor.--The King visits the
+  Replies.--Cruel Edicts.--Pétion chosen Mayor.--The King visits the
   Assembly.--Rise of the Republican Party                               236
 
 
@@ -517,7 +483,7 @@ CONTENTS.
   Dumouriez and the Queen.--Discussion in the Assembly.--The Duke of
   Brunswick.--Interview of Barnave with the Queen.--Interview between
   Dumouriez and the King.--Dismissal of M. Roland.--The Palace invaded.
-  --Fortitude of the King.--Pétion, the Mayor.--Affecting Interview of
+  --Fortitude of the King.--Pétion, the Mayor.--Affecting Interview of
   the Royal Family.--Remarks of Napoleon                                246
 
 
@@ -597,7 +563,7 @@ CONTENTS.
   Charges against the Girondists.--Danton.--The French Embassador ordered
   to leave England.--War declared against England.--Navy of England.
   --Internal War.--Plot to assassinate the Girondists.--Bold Words of
-  Vergniaud.--Insurrection in La Vendée.--Conflict between Dumouriez and
+  Vergniaud.--Insurrection in La Vendée.--Conflict between Dumouriez and
   the Assembly.--Flight of Dumouriez.--The Mob aroused and the Girondists
   arrested.--Charlotte Corday.--France rises _en masse_ to repel the
   Allies.--The treasonable Surrender of Toulon                          331
@@ -620,7 +586,7 @@ CONTENTS.
   THE JACOBINS TRIUMPHANT.
 
   Views of the Girondists.--Anecdote of Vergniaud.--The Girondists brought
-  to Trial.--Suicide of Valazé.--Anguish of Desmoulins.--Fonfrede and
+  to Trial.--Suicide of Valazé.--Anguish of Desmoulins.--Fonfrede and
   Ducos.--Last Supper of the Girondists.--Their Execution.--The Duke of
   Orleans; his Execution.--Activity of the Guillotine.--Humane
   Legislation.--Testimony of Desodoards.--Anacharsis Cloots.
@@ -643,7 +609,7 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   FALL OF ROBESPIERRE.
 
-  Inexplicable Character of Robespierre.--Cécile Regnault.--Fête in honor
+  Inexplicable Character of Robespierre.--Cécile Regnault.--Fête in honor
   of the Supreme Being.--Increase of Victims.--The Triumvirate.--Suspicions
   of Robespierre.--Struggle between Robespierre and the Committee of Public
   Safety.--Conspiracy against Robespierre.--Session of the 27th of July.
@@ -656,10 +622,10 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   THE THERMIDORIANS AND THE JACOBINS.
 
-  The Reign of Committees.--The _Jeunesse Dorée_.--The Reaction.--Motion
+  The Reign of Committees.--The _Jeunesse Dorée_.--The Reaction.--Motion
   against Fouquier Tinville.--Apotheosis of Rousseau.--Battle of Fleurus.
   --Brutal Order of the Committee of Public Welfare.--Composition of the
-  two Parties.--Speech of Billaud Varennes.--Speech of Légendre.--The
+  two Parties.--Speech of Billaud Varennes.--Speech of Légendre.--The
   Club-house of the Jacobins closed.--Victories of Pichegru.--Alliance
   between Holland and France.--Advance of Kleber.--Peace with Prussia.
   --Quiberon.--Riot in Lyons                                            389
@@ -669,7 +635,7 @@ CONTENTS.
 
   DISSOLUTION OF THE CONVENTION.
 
-  Famine in Paris.--Strife between the Jeunesse Dorée and the Jacobins.
+  Famine in Paris.--Strife between the Jeunesse Dorée and the Jacobins.
   --Riots.--Scene in the Convention.--War with the Allies.--A new
   Constitution.--Insurrection of the Sections.--Energy of General
   Bonaparte.--Discomfiture of the Sections.--Narrative of the Duchess of
@@ -682,8 +648,8 @@ CONTENTS.
   THE DIRECTORY.
 
   Constitution of the Directory.--Distracted State of Public Affairs.--New
-  Expedition to La Vendée.--Death of the Dauphin.--Release of the Princess.
-  --Pacification of La Vendée.--Riots in London.--Execution of Charette.
+  Expedition to La Vendée.--Death of the Dauphin.--Release of the Princess.
+  --Pacification of La Vendée.--Riots in London.--Execution of Charette.
   --Napoleon takes command of the Army of Italy.--Thefirst Proclamation.
   --Triumphs in Italy.--Letter of General Hoche.--Peace with Spain.
   --Establishment of the Cispadane Republic.--Negotiations with England.
@@ -747,7 +713,7 @@ who were crowding upon them.
 
 In this state of affairs imperial Rome cast a glance over the Alps upon
 Gaul, and resolved upon its conquest and annexation to the empire.
-Julius Cæsar, at the head of forty thousand men, descended through
+Julius Cæsar, at the head of forty thousand men, descended through
 the defiles of the mountains and entered Gaul between the Lake of
 Geneva and Mount Jura. After a series of campaigns extending through
 ten years, and after sweeping with his invincible legions nearly two
@@ -765,7 +731,7 @@ Toward the close of the third century the Roman Empire, enervated by
 luxury and vice, was visibly on the decline. Then commenced that mighty
 flood of invasion from the north which finally overran the whole of
 southern Europe, sweeping before it almost every vestige of the power
-and grandeur of the Cæsars. Army after army of skin-clad warriors, in
+and grandeur of the Cæsars. Army after army of skin-clad warriors, in
 aspect savage as wolves and equally merciless, crossed the Rhine, and
 in fierce and interminable battle fought their way over the plains of
 Gaul. For nearly four hundred years barbarian hordes from the shores of
@@ -856,7 +822,7 @@ customs, and holding the province upon which it chanced to have taken
 possession. Thus the supremacy of Clovis was neither precisely defined
 nor boldly claimed.
 
-When Cæsar, five hundred years before the rise of Clovis, invaded
+When Cæsar, five hundred years before the rise of Clovis, invaded
 Gaul, he found a tribe, called the Parisii, dwelling upon the banks
 of the Seine, with their principal village--which consisted of a few
 barbarian huts of mud, with straw roofs, and without chimneys--upon
@@ -1433,7 +1399,7 @@ Such outrages as these were of constant occurrence. Zeal for the
 conversion of the Protestants never rose to a higher pitch. At the same
 time Louis XIV. could bid defiance to God's commands, and insult the
 moral sense of the nation by traveling with his wife and his two guilty
-favorites, Madame de Montespan and Madame la Vallière, all in the same
+favorites, Madame de Montespan and Madame la Vallière, all in the same
 carriage. The profligacy of the ecclesiastics and the debauchery of the
 court and the nobles, though less disguised during the wild saturnalia
 of the succeeding regency, was never more universal than during this
@@ -1450,7 +1416,7 @@ from four to ten in each family, and enjoined it upon these soldiers
 to do every thing they could to compel the Protestants to return to
 the Catholic faith. Scenes ensued too awful to be narrated. He who has
 nerves to endure the recital can find the atrocities minutely detailed
-in "_L'Histoire de l'Édit de Nantes, par Elias Benoît_."
+in "_L'Histoire de l'Édit de Nantes, par Elias Benoît_."
 
 The brutal soldiery, free from all restraint, committed every
 conceivable excess. They scourged little children in the presence of
@@ -1529,7 +1495,7 @@ records that "a fourth part of the kingdom was perceptibly depopulated."
 
 These crimes perpetrated against religion filled the land with
 infidelity. There were even Catholics of noble name and note, as
-Fénélon and Massillon, who energetically remonstrated. Montesquieu,
+Fénélon and Massillon, who energetically remonstrated. Montesquieu,
 Voltaire, Rousseau, and Mirabeau, not distinguishing between
 Christianity and the Papal Church, uttered cries of indignation which
 thrilled upon the ear of Europe and undermined the foundations of
@@ -1680,23 +1646,23 @@ with our wives, our children, and our effects, to settle in foreign
 countries, where we can freely render to God the worship which we
 believe indispensable, and on which depends our happiness or our misery
 for eternity." This petition met only the response of aggravated
-severities.--_Hist. of the Protestants of France, by G. de Félice_, p.
+severities.--_Hist. of the Protestants of France, by G. de Félice_, p.
 486.]
 
-[Footnote 11: History of the Protestants of France, by G. de Félice, p.
+[Footnote 11: History of the Protestants of France, by G. de Félice, p.
 405.]
 
-[Footnote 12: History of the Protestants of France, by G. de Félice, p.
+[Footnote 12: History of the Protestants of France, by G. de Félice, p.
 408.]
 
-[Footnote 13: Histoire de l'Édit de Nantes, par Elias Benoît, tome v.,
+[Footnote 13: Histoire de l'Édit de Nantes, par Elias Benoît, tome v.,
 p. 953.]
 
 [Footnote 14: Boulainvilliers.]
 
 [Footnote 15: "It is painful to detect continually the hand of the
 clergy in these scenes of violence, spoliation, and death. The
-venerable Malesherbes, the Baron de Breteuil, Rulhières, Joly de
+venerable Malesherbes, the Baron de Breteuil, Rulhières, Joly de
 Fleury, Gilbert de Voisins, Rippert de Monclus, the highest statesmen,
 the most eminent magistrates, who have written upon the religious
 affairs of this period, utter but one voice on it. They agree in
@@ -1704,7 +1670,7 @@ signalizing the influence of the priests, an influence as obstinate
 as incessant, sometimes haughty, sometimes supple and humble, but
 always supplicating the last means of restraint and severity for the
 re-establishment of religious unity."--_History of the Protestants of
-France, by G. de Félice_, p. 487.]
+France, by G. de Félice_, p. 487.]
 
 
 
@@ -2036,7 +2002,7 @@ witticism of Frederic II. of Prussia, at her expense, plunged France
 into all the horrors of the Seven Years' War. The most high-born ladies
 in the land were her waiting-women. Her steward was a knight of the
 order of St. Louis. When she rode out in her sedan-chair, the Chevalier
-d'Hénin, a member of one of the noblest families of the kingdom, walked
+d'Hénin, a member of one of the noblest families of the kingdom, walked
 respectfully by her side, with her cloak upon his arm, ready to spread
 it over her shoulder whenever she should alight.
 
@@ -2051,7 +2017,7 @@ her patronage. Those authors who pleased her she pensioned and honored;
 those who did not were left in poverty and neglect. Even the imperial
 Maria Theresa, seeking the alliance of France, wrote to her with her
 own hand, addressing her as her "dear friend and cousin." "Not only,"
-said Madame de Pompadour one day to the Abbé de Bernis, "not only have
+said Madame de Pompadour one day to the Abbé de Bernis, "not only have
 I all the nobility at my feet, but even my lap-dog is weary of their
 fawnings." Rousseau, strong in the idolatry of the nation, refused to
 join the worshipers at the shrine of Pompadour. She dared not send
@@ -2146,7 +2112,7 @@ to see that. The French people do not do things by halves."
 
 Madame de Pompadour herself was fully aware of the catastrophe which
 was impending, but she flattered herself that the storm would not burst
-during her life. She often said, "Après nous le déluge"--"_After us
+during her life. She often said, "Après nous le déluge"--"_After us
 comes the deluge_."
 
 The indications of approaching ruin were so evident that they could
@@ -2191,10 +2157,10 @@ writings had conveyed lustre upon the age in which he flourished;
 one whose whole life had been spent in sapping the foundation of
 Christianity and undermining monarchy. Yet was this philosopher,
 at that moment, the object of honor from monarchs and homage from
-courtiers. A young abbé entered with me, not to be presented to
+courtiers. A young abbé entered with me, not to be presented to
 royalty, but to ask the benediction of this enemy of the altar. The
 name of this aged philosopher was _Voltaire_, and that of the young
-abbé was Charles Maurice Talleyrand."
+abbé was Charles Maurice Talleyrand."
 
 Nearly all the infidel writers of the day--Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot,
 D'Alembert--were men hopelessly corrupt in morals. Many of them were
@@ -2277,7 +2243,7 @@ same error as he who judges of a machine by its outward action and not
 by its inward springs."
 
 The king was now so execrated that he dared not pass through Paris in
-going from his palace at Versailles to Compiègne. Fearing insult and a
+going from his palace at Versailles to Compiègne. Fearing insult and a
 revolt of the people if he were seen in the metropolis, he had a road
 constructed which would enable him to avoid Paris. As beautiful female
 children were often seized to replenish his seraglio at the _Parc aux
@@ -2330,7 +2296,7 @@ CHAPTER IV.
 
 DESPOTISM AND ITS FRUITS.
 
-  Assumptions of the Aristocracy.--Molière.--Decay of the
+  Assumptions of the Aristocracy.--Molière.--Decay of the
   Nobility.--Decline of the Feudal System.--Difference between France
   and the United States.--Mortification of Men of Letters.--Voltaire,
   Montesquieu, Rousseau.--Corruption of the Church.--Diderot.--The
@@ -2357,7 +2323,7 @@ Fontinelle, and Maupertius," said the king, "but I can not dine and sup
 with _these people_."[22]
 
 The courtiers of Louis XIV. manifested in the most offensive manner
-the mortification which they felt in being obliged to receive Molière,
+the mortification which they felt in being obliged to receive Molière,
 the most distinguished comic dramatist of France, to their table.
 No degree of genius could efface the ignominy of not being nobly
 born.[23] But, notwithstanding the arrogance of the nobles, they, as a
@@ -2500,7 +2466,7 @@ with which they were surrounded.
 
 Diderot, though educated by the Jesuits--perhaps _because_ he was
 educated by the Jesuits--commenced his career by an attack upon
-Christianity in his _Pensées Philosophiques_. He was sent to prison,
+Christianity in his _Pensées Philosophiques_. He was sent to prison,
 and his book burned by the public executioner. Still, multitudes
 read and so warmly applauded that he was incited to form the plan of
 the celebrated Encyclopedia which was to contain a summary of all
@@ -2556,7 +2522,7 @@ upon the mind a final judgment. They were restive under its restraints,
 and labored for its overthrow that guilt might find repose in unbelief.
 
 Astonishment is often expressed at the blindness with which the upper
-classes of the Old Régime allowed their institutions to be assailed.
+classes of the Old Régime allowed their institutions to be assailed.
 "But where," asks De Tocqueville, "could they have learned better.
 Ruling classes can no more acquire a knowledge of the dangers they have
 to avoid, without free institutions, than their inferiors can discern
@@ -2713,7 +2679,7 @@ respectable working order; and when he dies, he leaves his children to
 the same miserable doom. Such was the condition of the great mass of
 the French people during the long reign of Louis XV.
 
-This intolerable bondage spread all through the minutiæ of social
+This intolerable bondage spread all through the minutiæ of social
 life. It was, of course, impossible but that the masses of the people
 should be in the lowest state of ignorance and indigence. Their huts,
 destitute of all the necessities of civilized life, were dark and
@@ -2741,7 +2707,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 
 [Footnote 24: "Men of rank sold their land piecemeal to the peasantry,
 reserving nothing but seigneurial rents, which furnished a nominal but
-not a substantial competency."--_The Old Régime, De Tocqueville_, p.
+not a substantial competency."--_The Old Régime, De Tocqueville_, p.
 103.]
 
 [Footnote 25: History of the French Revolution, by M. Rabaud de St.
@@ -2751,7 +2717,7 @@ Etienne, p. 188.]
 sees the king, speaks to the minister, has ancestors, debts, and
 pensions."]
 
-[Footnote 27: The Old Régime, by De Tocqueville, p. 18.
+[Footnote 27: The Old Régime, by De Tocqueville, p. 18.
 
 "It is a singularity worth remarking that the Gospel is nothing but a
 declaration of rights. Its mysteries were a long time hidden, because
@@ -2760,11 +2726,11 @@ p. 174.]
 
 [Footnote 28: "Shall we say, then, Woe to Philosophism that
 it destroyed Religion, what it called 'extinguishing the
-abomination'--_écraser l'infâme_? Woe rather to those that made the
+abomination'--_écraser l'infâme_? Woe rather to those that made the
 Holy an abomination and extinguishable."--_Carlyle, French Revolution_,
 i., 56.]
 
-[Footnote 29: Old Régime, p. 175.
+[Footnote 29: Old Régime, p. 175.
 
 Count Segur, a peer of France, in his Memoirs, has very frankly
 described the feelings with which he and the young nobles who were his
@@ -2787,7 +2753,7 @@ Etienne.]
 
 [Footnote 31: For appalling proof of the sufferings of the tax-payers,
 turn to the pages of Michelet, of De Tocqueville, of any writer upon
-the _Old Régime_.]
+the _Old Régime_.]
 
 [Footnote 32: Arthur Young, vol. i., p. 574; Marshall's Travels, vol.
 iv., p. 322.]
@@ -2795,7 +2761,7 @@ iv., p. 322.]
 [Footnote 33: "Care must be taken not to misunderstand the gayety which
 the French have often exhibited in the greatest affliction. It is a
 mere attempt to divert the mind from the contemplation of misfortune
-which seems inevitable."--_The Old Régime, by De Tocqueville_, p. 167.]
+which seems inevitable."--_The Old Régime, by De Tocqueville_, p. 167.]
 
 [Footnote 34: Life of Jefferson, by Henry T. Randall, vol. i., p. 432.]
 
@@ -3066,7 +3032,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 
 [Footnote 36: History of the Bastille, Chambers' Miscellany.]
 
-[Footnote 37: Old Régime, p. 191.]
+[Footnote 37: Old Régime, p. 191.]
 
 
 
@@ -3133,7 +3099,7 @@ singularly pure for that corrupt age, retiring and domestic in his
 tastes, and sincerely desirous of promoting the happiness of France.
 Geography was the only branch of learning in which he appeared to take
 any special interest. He framed, with much sagacity, the instructions
-for the voyage of La Pérouse around the world in 1786, and often
+for the voyage of La Pérouse around the world in 1786, and often
 lamented the fate of this celebrated navigator, saying, "I see very
 well that I am not fortunate."[42] How mysterious the government of
 God, that upon the head of this benevolent, kind-hearted, conscientious
@@ -3141,7 +3107,7 @@ king should have been emptied, even to the dregs, those vials of wrath
 which debauched and profligate monarchs had been treasuring up for so
 many reigns!
 
-[Illustration: LOUIS XVI. AND LA PÉROUSE.]
+[Illustration: LOUIS XVI. AND LA PÉROUSE.]
 
 Louis had no force of character, and, destitute of self-reliance, was
 entirely guided by others. At the suggestion of his aunt, Adelaide, he
@@ -3221,7 +3187,7 @@ Paris, headed by Franklin, all hearts were swept along by a current
 which neither king nor nobles could withstand. The republican
 simplicity of Franklin in his attire and manners produced an
 extraordinary impression upon all classes. The French ladies in
-particular were lavish in their attentions. Several fêtes were given
+particular were lavish in their attentions. Several fêtes were given
 in his honor, at one of which the most beautiful of three hundred
 ladies crowned him with a laurel wreath, and then kissed him on both
 cheeks. Almost every saloon was ornamented with his bust, bearing the
@@ -3239,7 +3205,7 @@ should utter such sentiments in the Palace of Versailles. Joseph
 II. of Austria, brother of Marie Antoinette, then on a visit to the
 French court, was asked by a lady his opinion of the subject which
 was now engrossing every mind. He replied, "I must decline answering;
-my business is to be a Royalist" (_Mon métier à moi c'est d'être
+my business is to be a Royalist" (_Mon métier à moi c'est d'être
 Royaliste_).[48]
 
 It is hardly possible for one now to realize the enthusiasm with
@@ -3292,7 +3258,7 @@ of the palace. A few weeks after this, May 30, 1778, Voltaire died.
 The Archbishop of Paris refused to allow him Christian burial, and the
 court forbade his death to be mentioned in the public journals. His
 corpse was taken from the city and buried secretly at an old abbey at
-Scellières. This petty persecution only exasperated the friends of
+Scellières. This petty persecution only exasperated the friends of
 reform. A month after the death of Voltaire, Rousseau also passed away
 to the spirit-land.
 
@@ -3492,7 +3458,7 @@ not quite sixteen, he married Marie Antoinette. In May, 1774, he
 wanted three months of being twenty years of age. Marie Antoinette was
 born Nov. 2, 1755. She was but fourteen years and six months old when
 married. She was but eighteen years and six months old when she became
-Queen of France.--_Encyclopædia Americana._]
+Queen of France.--_Encyclopædia Americana._]
 
 [Footnote 40: "It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the
 Queen of France at Versailles; and surely never lighted on this orb,
@@ -3503,11 +3469,11 @@ and splendor and joy."--_Burke's Reflections._]
 
 [Footnote 41: Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, by Madame Campan, i., 75.]
 
-[Footnote 42: Encyclopædia Americana, article Louis XVI.]
+[Footnote 42: Encyclopædia Americana, article Louis XVI.]
 
-[Footnote 43: Encyclopædia Americana, article Louis XV.]
+[Footnote 43: Encyclopædia Americana, article Louis XV.]
 
-[Footnote 44: Précis de la Revolution, par M. Lacretelle.]
+[Footnote 44: Précis de la Revolution, par M. Lacretelle.]
 
 [Footnote 45: "On the very threshold of the business he must propose to
 make the clergy, the noblesse, the very Parliament subject to taxes!
@@ -3530,7 +3496,7 @@ Revolution, by Wm. Smyth_, vol. i., p. 102.]
 [Footnote 46: _Lit de justice_ was a proceeding in which the king, with
 his court, proceeded to the Parliament, and there, sitting upon the
 throne, caused those edicts which the Parliament did not approve to be
-registered in his presence.--_Encyclopædia Americana._]
+registered in his presence.--_Encyclopædia Americana._]
 
 [Footnote 47: It is not necessary to allude to De Clugny, who
 immediately succeeded Turgot, but who held his office six months only
@@ -3575,7 +3541,7 @@ unlamented."--_Carlyle, French Revolution_, vol. i., p. 46.]
 
 [Footnote 56: M. Rabaud de St. Etienne, vol. i., p. 22.]
 
-[Footnote 57: Memoirs of the Reign of Louis XVI., by the Abbé Soulavie,
+[Footnote 57: Memoirs of the Reign of Louis XVI., by the Abbé Soulavie,
 vol. ii., p. 191.]
 
 
@@ -3590,7 +3556,7 @@ THE ASSEMBLY OF THE NOTABLES.
   of Orleans.--Treasonable Plans of the Duke of Orleans.--Anxiety
   of the Queen.--The Diamond Necklace.--Monsieur, the King's
   Brother.--Bagatelle.--Desperation of Brienne.--Edict for abolishing
-  the Parliaments.--Energy of the Court.--Arrest of D'Espréménil and
+  the Parliaments.--Energy of the Court.--Arrest of D'Espréménil and
   Goislard.--Tumults in Grenoble.--Terrific Hail-storm.
 
 
@@ -3706,7 +3672,7 @@ the _tax upon the nobles_, and to summon the States-General in five
 years. Parliament consented to register an edict for a _loan_ of one
 hundred millions of dollars, the burden of which was to fall upon the
 _people_ alone. With this arrangement the exiled Parliament was brought
-back on the 20th of September. "It went out," said D'Espréménil,
+back on the 20th of September. "It went out," said D'Espréménil,
 "covered with glory. It came back covered with mud."
 
 On the 20th of September the king appeared before the Parliament in
@@ -3716,13 +3682,13 @@ the States-General at the close of five years.
 There was at that time in Parliament a cousin of the king, the Duke of
 Orleans, one of the highest nobles of the realm.[63] Inheriting from
 his father the enormous Orleans property, and heir, through his wife,
-to the vast estates of the Duke of Penthièvre, he was considered the
+to the vast estates of the Duke of Penthièvre, he was considered the
 richest man in France, enjoying an income of seven million five hundred
 thousand francs a year ($1,500,000). For years he had been rioting
 in measureless debauchery. His hair was falling off, his blood was
 corrupted, and his bronzed face was covered with carbuncles.[64] Sated
 with sensual indulgence, the passion for political distinction seized
-his soul. As heir to the dukedom of Penthièvre, he looked forward to
+his soul. As heir to the dukedom of Penthièvre, he looked forward to
 the office of high admiral. In preparation he ventured upon a naval
 campaign, and commanded the rear guard of M. d'Orvilliers' fleet in
 the battle off Ushant. Rumor affirmed that during the battle he hid
@@ -3740,7 +3706,7 @@ vengeance. While in this state of mind, and refusing to present himself
 at court, he received another indignity still more exasperating. A
 matrimonial alliance had been arranged between the eldest daughter
 of the Duke of Orleans and the son of Count d'Artois, the Duke
-d'Angoulême. An income of four hundred thousand francs ($80,000) per
+d'Angoulême. An income of four hundred thousand francs ($80,000) per
 annum had been settled upon the prospective bride. She had received
 the congratulations of the court, and the foreign ministers had been
 authorized to communicate to their respective courts the approaching
@@ -3748,7 +3714,7 @@ nuptials, when Marie Antoinette, alarmed by the feeble health of her
 two sons, and thinking that the son of the Count d'Artois might yet
 become heir to the throne of France, broke off the match, and decided
 that her daughter, instead of the daughter of the Duke of Orleans,
-should marry the young Duke d'Angoulême.[66]
+should marry the young Duke d'Angoulême.[66]
 
 The Duke of Orleans was now ready to adopt any measures of desperation
 for the sake of revenge. Though one of the highest and most opulent of
@@ -3905,7 +3871,7 @@ others _Grand Bailliages_, were to be composed of courtiers carefully
 selected, who would be subservient to the wishes of the king.[72]
 
 It was a shrewd measure, but one which required the strictest secrecy
-in its execution. Such a coup d'état must come as a sudden stroke, or
+in its execution. Such a coup d'état must come as a sudden stroke, or
 so powerful a body as the Parliament would be able to ward off the
 blow. The whole kingdom was then divided into a number of provinces,
 over each of which a governor, called an intendant, presided, appointed
@@ -3918,7 +3884,7 @@ was it that profound secrecy should be observed that printers were
 conveyed in disguise by night to one of the saloons of Versailles,
 where they brought their type and put up their press to print the
 royal edict. Sentries stood at the doors and the windows of their
-work-room and their food was handed in to them. M. d'Espréménil, one
+work-room and their food was handed in to them. M. d'Espréménil, one
 of the most active and influential members of Parliament, suspecting
 some stratagem, succeeded, through a bribe of twenty-five hundred
 dollars, in obtaining a copy of the edict. In the greatest excitement
@@ -3939,7 +3905,7 @@ indignation. They then took an oath to resist, at the peril of their
 lives, all measures tending to the overthrow of the old French
 parliaments. The tidings that the plot had been detected were borne
 speedily to the court at Versailles. Fierce passion now added fury to
-the battle. Two _lettres de cachet_ were issued to seize D'Espréménil
+the battle. Two _lettres de cachet_ were issued to seize D'Espréménil
 and another active member of the opposition, Goislard, and silence
 them in the Bastille. Warned of their danger they escaped through
 scuttles and over the roofs of houses to the Palace of Justice,
@@ -3964,10 +3930,10 @@ court-yards and avenues of the Palace of Justice.[73]
 At the head of a file of soldiers with gleaming bayonets and loaded
 muskets, D'Agoust, a soldier of cast-iron face and heart, mounted
 the stairs, strode with the loud clatter of arms into the hall, and
-demanded, in the name of the king, M. Duval d'Espréménil and M.
+demanded, in the name of the king, M. Duval d'Espréménil and M.
 Goislard de Monsabert. As he did not know these persons he called upon
 them to come forward and surrender themselves. For a moment there was
-profound silence, and then a voice was heard, "We are all D'Espréménils
+profound silence, and then a voice was heard, "We are all D'Espréménils
 and Monsaberts." For a time there was great tumult, as many voices
 repeated the cry.
 
@@ -3986,7 +3952,7 @@ by seizing them and leading them down, through winding passages, to a
 rear gate, where two carriages were in waiting. Each was placed in a
 carriage with menacing bayonets at his side. The populace looked on in
 silence. They dared not _yet_ speak. But they were learning a lesson.
-D'Espréménil was taken to an ancient fortress on one of the Isles
+D'Espréménil was taken to an ancient fortress on one of the Isles
 of Hieres, in the Mediterranean, about fourteen miles from Toulon.
 Goislard was conveyed to a prison in Lyons.
 
@@ -4122,7 +4088,7 @@ Revolution, by Wm. Smyth_, vol. i., p. 122.]
 [Footnote 61: There was at this time a nominal tax of two twentieths
 upon all incomes, which the clergy and the nobility were to pay as
 the rest. They contrived, however, in a great measure to evade this
-tax. "The princes of the blood, for example," says Bouillé, in his
+tax. "The princes of the blood, for example," says Bouillé, in his
 Memoirs, "who enjoyed among them from twenty-four to twenty-five
 millions yearly ($5,000,000), paid for their two twentieths only
 188,000 livres ($37,600) instead of 2,400,000 ($480,000). The Duke of
@@ -4133,7 +4099,7 @@ administrations, 'Are you aware, sir, that this pleasantry will cost
 me at least 300,000 livres ($60,000) a year?' 'How is that, my lord?'
 I asked. 'At present,' he replied, 'I arrange with the intendants,
 and pay pretty nearly what I like. The provincial administrations, on
-the contrary, will make me pay what is strictly due.'"--_Bouillé's
+the contrary, will make me pay what is strictly due.'"--_Bouillé's
 Memoirs_, p. 41.]
 
 [Footnote 62: "This body at first courageously sustained the blow which
@@ -4143,7 +4109,7 @@ themselves from exile by promising to adopt the views of the court,
 provided that no new taxation was proposed."--_Desodoards_, vol. i., p.
 68.]
 
-[Footnote 63: The Marquis of Ferrières, a noble of high rank, was a
+[Footnote 63: The Marquis of Ferrières, a noble of high rank, was a
 deputy of the nobles. He was a warm patron of the old opinions and
 customs, and voted perseveringly with the majority of his order. In his
 very interesting Memoirs he writes thus of the Duke of Orleans, upon
@@ -4174,7 +4140,7 @@ endless."--_Carlyle, French Revolution_, vol. i., p. 43.]
 [Footnote 66: This was the princess who subsequently experienced such
 terrible suffering in the prison of the Temple, with her brother, the
 dauphin. She was released by Napoleon, and afterward married the Duke
-d'Angoulême.]
+d'Angoulême.]
 
 [Footnote 67: Desodoards, vol. i., p. 28. Thiers, vol. i., p. 23.]
 
@@ -4187,7 +4153,7 @@ Desodoards, vol. i., p. 45.]
 p. 243.]
 
 [Footnote 71: "Paris is what they call in figurative speech flooded
-with pamphlets (_regorgé des brochures_), flooded and eddying again.
+with pamphlets (_regorgé des brochures_), flooded and eddying again.
 Hot deluge from so many patriot ready-writers, all at the fervid or
 boiling point; each ready-writer now in the hour of eruption going
 like an Iceland geyser! Against which what can a judicious friend,
@@ -4197,12 +4163,12 @@ _cold_?"--_Carlyle_, vol. i., p. 91.]
 [Footnote 72: Montgaillard, tome i., p. 405.]
 
 [Footnote 73: The following was the commission of D'Agoust: "J'ordonne
-au sieur d'Agoust, capitaine de mes gardes françaises, de se rendre au
-palais à la tête de six companies, d'en occuper toutes les avenues,
-et d'arrêter dans la grand chambre de mon parlement, ou partout
-aillieurs, messieurs Duval d'Espréménil et Goislard, conseillers,
-pour les remettre entre les mains des officiers de la prévôte de
-l'hôtel."--_Desodoards_, tome i., p. 82.]
+au sieur d'Agoust, capitaine de mes gardes françaises, de se rendre au
+palais à la tête de six companies, d'en occuper toutes les avenues,
+et d'arrêter dans la grand chambre de mon parlement, ou partout
+aillieurs, messieurs Duval d'Espréménil et Goislard, conseillers,
+pour les remettre entre les mains des officiers de la prévôte de
+l'hôtel."--_Desodoards_, tome i., p. 82.]
 
 [Footnote 74: Carlyle, vol. i., p. 101.]
 
@@ -4217,8 +4183,8 @@ CHAPTER VIII.
 
 THE APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE.
 
-  Recall of Necker.--Reassembling the Notables.--Pamphlet of the Abbé
-  Sièyes.--Vote of the King's Brother.--His supposed Motive.--The
+  Recall of Necker.--Reassembling the Notables.--Pamphlet of the Abbé
+  Sièyes.--Vote of the King's Brother.--His supposed Motive.--The
   Basis of Representation.--Arrangements for the Meeting of the
   States.--Statement of Grievances.--Mirabeau: his Menace.--Sympathy
   of the Curates with the People.--Remonstrance of the Nobles.--First
@@ -4266,7 +4232,7 @@ that these Notables, carefully selected, though from the aristocracy,
 would be willing to give ninety-eight of the people at least an equal
 voice with two of the aristocracy.
 
-The Abbé Sièyes had written a pamphlet which had produced a profound
+The Abbé Sièyes had written a pamphlet which had produced a profound
 impression throughout France. He thus asked, and answered, three
 questions: "What is the Third Estate? The whole people. What has it
 hitherto been in our form of government? Nothing. What does it want? To
@@ -4500,7 +4466,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 
 [Footnote 77: Brienne, in addition to the Archbishopric of Toulouse,
 was appointed Archbishop of Sens, and Louis XVI. obtained for him from
-Pius VI. a cardinal's hat. The Cardinal of Loménie as he was then
+Pius VI. a cardinal's hat. The Cardinal of Loménie as he was then
 called, subsequently returned to France, where he was arrested, and,
 Feb. 19, 1794, was found dead on the floor of his cell, in the 67th
 year of his age.--_Enc. Am._]
@@ -4518,11 +4484,11 @@ thoroughfares."--_Carlyle_, vol. i., p. 112.]
 
 It was supposed that the Count of Provence, afterward Louis XVIII., was
 then intriguing to gain popularity, that he might dethrone his brother
-and take his place. "Le Comte de Provence," writes Villaumé, "intrigoit
+and take his place. "Le Comte de Provence," writes Villaumé, "intrigoit
 et profitait des fautes du roi, pour se frayer un chemin vers le
-trône."--_Hist. de Rev. Fr., par Villaumé_, vol. i., p. 13.]
+trône."--_Hist. de Rev. Fr., par Villaumé_, vol. i., p. 13.]
 
-[Footnote 81: Rapport fait au Roi dans son Conceil, le 27 Décembre,
+[Footnote 81: Rapport fait au Roi dans son Conceil, le 27 Décembre,
 1788.]
 
 [Footnote 82: The edict convening the States contained the following
@@ -4564,7 +4530,7 @@ exaggerate."--_Thomas Jefferson. Life by Henry S. Randall_, vol. i., p.
 
 [Footnote 86: Art. Mirabeau, Biographie Moderne.]
 
-[Footnote 87: "The popular assemblies were to vote by acclamation (_à
+[Footnote 87: "The popular assemblies were to vote by acclamation (_à
 haute voix_). They did not suppose that inferior people in such a mode
 of election, in presence of the nobles and Notables, would possess
 sufficient firmness to oppose them--enough assurance to pronounce other
@@ -4582,7 +4548,7 @@ and ground, and kneaded into loaves, was not wholly for another then,
 but we shall cut of it and be filled?"--_Carlyle_, vol. i., p. 118.]
 
 [Footnote 89: "The prelates and dignified clergy felt the utmost
-disquietude at the number of curés and ecclesiastics of inferior rank
+disquietude at the number of curés and ecclesiastics of inferior rank
 who attended them as members of the States-General. It was evident,
 from their conversation, habits, and manners, that they participated
 in the feelings of the _Tiers Etat_, with whom they lived in constant
@@ -4593,15 +4559,15 @@ privileges of the noblesse had awakened in the laity."--_Alison's
 History of Europe_, vol. i., p. 68.]
 
 [Footnote 90: Michelet, vol. i., p. 77. Desodoards, vol. i., p. 135.
-Rabaud, vol. i., p. 41. De Tocqueville, Old Régime, vol. i., p. 144.]
+Rabaud, vol. i., p. 41. De Tocqueville, Old Régime, vol. i., p. 144.]
 
-[Footnote 91: Michelet, vol. i., p. 78. Mémoire présenté au Roi par
-Monseigneur Compte d'Artois (Charles X.), M. le Prince de Condé, M. le
+[Footnote 91: Michelet, vol. i., p. 78. Mémoire présenté au Roi par
+Monseigneur Compte d'Artois (Charles X.), M. le Prince de Condé, M. le
 Duc de Bourbon, M. le Duc d'Enghien, et M. le Prince de Conti.]
 
 [Footnote 92: It has been denied that the nobles were guilty of this
-act. For proof see Mémoires de Bensenval, tome ii., p. 347; L'OEuvre
-des Sept Jours, p. 411; Exposé Justificatif; Bailly's Mémoires,
+act. For proof see Mémoires de Bensenval, tome ii., p. 347; L'OEuvre
+des Sept Jours, p. 411; Exposé Justificatif; Bailly's Mémoires,
 tome ii., p. 51. M. Rabaud de St. Etienne writes: "If the agents of
 despotism devised this infernal stratagem, as was afterward believed,
 it makes one crime more to be added to all those of which despotism had
@@ -4647,7 +4613,7 @@ advance-guard of freedom's battalions. They were every where greeted,
 as they moved along, with clapping of hands and acclaim which seemed to
 rend the skies.
 
-"Rapturous, enchanting scene!" exclaims Ferrières, "to which I faintly
+"Rapturous, enchanting scene!" exclaims Ferrières, "to which I faintly
 strive to do justice. Bands of music, placed at intervals, filled the
 air with melodious sounds. Military marches, the rolling of the drums,
 the clang of trumpets, the noble chants of the priests, alternately
@@ -4823,7 +4789,7 @@ said,
 "A month is passed.[107] It is time to take a decisive step. A deputy
 of Paris has an important motion to make. Let us hear him."
 
-The Abbé Sièyes[108] then rose and proposed to send a last invitation
+The Abbé Sièyes[108] then rose and proposed to send a last invitation
 to the other orders to join them; and, if they refused, to proceed to
 business, not as a branch of the convention, but as the whole body. The
 proposition was received with enthusiasm. This was on Wednesday. As the
@@ -4882,7 +4848,7 @@ king, nobles, and clergy on one side, the people on the other. The
 excitement in Paris during this protracted conflict was very great. A
 large wooden tent was erected in the garden of the Palais Royal, where
 a crowd was almost constantly gathered to receive the news brought by
-couriers from Versailles. At every street corner, in every café, the
+couriers from Versailles. At every street corner, in every café, the
 subject was discussed. Almost every hour produced a pamphlet. "There
 were thirteen issued to-day," writes Arthur Young, "sixteen yesterday,
 ninety-two last week." In the mean time the court was concentrating the
@@ -4897,7 +4863,7 @@ impelled to prompt and decisive action by the apprehension, universally
 entertained, that the court might employ the army, now assembled in
 such force, to arrest the principal deputies, dissolve the States, and,
 if the people of Paris manifested any opposition, to surround the city
-and starve them into subjection. Sièyes, in a celebrated pamphlet which
+and starve them into subjection. Sièyes, in a celebrated pamphlet which
 he had issued to prepare the public mind for this movement, had said,
 "The Third Estate alone, they affirm, can not form the States-General.
 Well! so much the better; it shall compose a National Assembly." A body
@@ -4931,7 +4897,7 @@ and with uplifted hands took the oath of fidelity. As with simultaneous
 voice they pronounced the words "_We swear_," a burst of acclamation
 rose from the galleries, which was caught by those outside the door and
 rolled along the streets like reverberating thunder. "Vive le Roi! Vive
-l'Assemblée Nationale!" was the cry which came from gushing hearts, and
+l'Assemblée Nationale!" was the cry which came from gushing hearts, and
 thousands in intensity of emotion bowed their heads and wept.
 
 A more heroic deed than this history has not recorded. It was a
@@ -4972,7 +4938,7 @@ ranks."--_Alison_, vol. i., p. 69.]
 
 [Footnote 98: M. Rabaud de St. Etienne, vol. i., p. 47.]
 
-[Footnote 99: Madame de Staël.]
+[Footnote 99: Madame de Staël.]
 
 [Footnote 100: Histoire Parlementaire, vol. i., p. 356.]
 
@@ -4982,7 +4948,7 @@ on their knees? They were unwilling to dispense from this ceremony
 expressly, and preferred deciding that the President of the Third
 Estate should make no speech whatever."--_Michelet_, vol. i., p. 88.]
 
-[Footnote 102: Procès verbal des électeurs redigé par Bailly et
+[Footnote 102: Procès verbal des électeurs redigé par Bailly et
 Duveyrier, t. i., p. 34.]
 
 [Footnote 103: "The chairman was M. Bailly, a simple and virtuous man,
@@ -5005,7 +4971,7 @@ inhabitants of France? Do they pretend that they are nobles because
 they are conquerors? Then we, being now more powerful, have only to
 drive them across the Rhine, and in our turn we shall be conquerors
 and consequently nobles."-_Histoire Philosophique de la Revolution de
-France, par Ant. Fantin Desodoards, Citoyen Français._]
+France, par Ant. Fantin Desodoards, Citoyen Français._]
 
 [Footnote 105: "What a spectacle for France! Six hundred inorganic
 individuals, essential for its regeneration and salvation, sit there
@@ -5015,7 +4981,7 @@ audible within doors and without. Mind agitates itself against mind;
 the nation looks on with ever deeper interest. Thus do the Commons
 deputies sit incubating."--_Carlyle_, vol. i., p. 148.]
 
-[Footnote 106: Bailly's Mémoires, t. i., p. 114.--_Dumont, Souvenirs,
+[Footnote 106: Bailly's Mémoires, t. i., p. 114.--_Dumont, Souvenirs,
 etc._, vol. i., p. 59.]
 
 [Footnote 107: "A month lost! One month in open famine. Observe that
@@ -5025,10 +4991,10 @@ his hands, his daily labor to supply the day, went to look for work,
 found none--begged--got nothing--robbed. Starving gangs overran the
 country."--_Michelet_, vol. i., p. 93.]
 
-[Footnote 108: The Abbé Sièyes was one of the deputies sent by the
+[Footnote 108: The Abbé Sièyes was one of the deputies sent by the
 Third Estate from Paris, and the only clergyman in their delegation.]
 
-[Footnote 109: Sièyes' motion was to _summon_ the privileged. By vote
+[Footnote 109: Sièyes' motion was to _summon_ the privileged. By vote
 of the Assembly the word was changed to invite.--_France and its
 Revolutions, by G. Long, Esq._, p. 12.
 
@@ -5371,14 +5337,14 @@ throne spoke with infinite disdain of the authority of the King
 of England. To reduce a King of France to the miserable condition
 of the British monarch was, in the bare conception, heinous and
 treasonable."--_Considerations on the French Revolution, by Madame de
-Staël._]
+Staël._]
 
-[Footnote 113: Madame de Staël, vol. i., p. 106.]
+[Footnote 113: Madame de Staël, vol. i., p. 106.]
 
 [Footnote 114: Michelet, vol. i., p. 106.
 
-The Marquis of Ferrières, a deputy of the nobles and an earnest
-advocate of aristocratic assumption, writes in his Mémoires: "The
+The Marquis of Ferrières, a deputy of the nobles and an earnest
+advocate of aristocratic assumption, writes in his Mémoires: "The
 court, unable any longer to hide from themselves the real truth that
 all their petty expedients to separate the orders served only to
 bring on their union, resolved to dissolve the States-General. It
@@ -5478,7 +5444,7 @@ the despotism of the ruler was sanctioned, and the States-General were
 abased and subject to his power."--_Hist. of Rev. of Fr._, vol. i., p.
 56.
 
-The Marquis of Ferrières writes, "The hall was surrounded by soldiers
+The Marquis of Ferrières writes, "The hall was surrounded by soldiers
 and by guards. Every thing about the throne was silent and melancholy.
 The declaration itself satisfied no one; and the king spoke rather
 like a despot who commanded than a monarch who discussed with the
@@ -5513,7 +5479,7 @@ Let us arm ourselves with our legislative authority, remember our
 oath--that oath which does not permit us to separate until we have
 established the constitution!"[127]
 
-While he was yet speaking the Marquis of Brézé, one of the officers of
+While he was yet speaking the Marquis of Brézé, one of the officers of
 the king, perceiving that the Assembly did not retire, advanced into
 the centre of the hall, and, in a loud authoritative voice, a voice
 at whose command nearly fifty thousand troops were ready to march,
@@ -5522,7 +5488,7 @@ demanded,
 "Did you hear the commands of the king?"
 
 "Yes, sir," responded Mirabeau, with a glaring eye and a thunder tone
-which made Brézé quail before him, "we did hear the king's command; and
+which made Brézé quail before him, "we did hear the king's command; and
 you, who have neither seat nor voice in this house, are not the person
 to remind us of his speech. Go, tell those who sent you that we are
 here by the power of the people, and that nothing shall drive us hence
@@ -5576,7 +5542,7 @@ Necker willingly complied with their request.[129] As he left the
 palace he informed the multitude that he should remain at his post.
 The announcement was received with unbounded demonstrations of joy.
 As the exultant shouts of the populace resounded through the castle,
-Brézé entered to inform the king that the deputies still continued
+Brézé entered to inform the king that the deputies still continued
 their sitting, and asked for orders. The king impatiently walked once
 or twice up and down the floor, and then replied hastily, "Very well!
 leave them alone."
@@ -5610,7 +5576,7 @@ The king now wrote a letter to his "faithful clergy" and his "loyal
 nobility," urging them to join the Assembly without further? delay. In
 compliance with this request, the next day, June 27th, the remaining
 portion of the nobility and of the clergy entered the hall and united
-with the Third Estate. The Marquis of Ferrières, who was one of the
+with the Third Estate. The Marquis of Ferrières, who was one of the
 nobles who at this time united with the Assembly, records,
 
 "It was now a grievous mortification and affliction to the nobility
@@ -5625,7 +5591,7 @@ clergy, and entered in silence the hall of the _Tiers Etat_."
 But the nobles and the dignitaries of the Church had hardly entered
 the hall of the Assembly ere they regretted the step. The Assembly
 was proceeding energetically in the formation of a constitution which
-would sweep away abuses. "Many of the nobles," says Ferrières, with
+would sweep away abuses. "Many of the nobles," says Ferrières, with
 wonderful frankness, "would have quitted the Assembly, but a partial
 secession would have done nothing. They were assured that the troops
 were coming up, were praised for the resistance they had already made,
@@ -5735,7 +5701,7 @@ Paris at this time.]
 in France did not exceed 17,500. Reckoning five individuals to a
 family there might have been about 90,000 nobles. The disasters of the
 Revolution must have reduced them to less than 40,000."-_-L'Europe
-après le Congrès d'Aix la Chapelle, by Abbé de Pradt, note at the end
+après le Congrès d'Aix la Chapelle, by Abbé de Pradt, note at the end
 of_ chap. ix.]
 
 
@@ -5940,7 +5906,7 @@ arrested, and Necker to be driven from the kingdom.
 The tidings excited great consternation in the city, and the crowd
 in the Palais Royal began to talk of arming in self-defense. In the
 evening of that day an artillery company, which had been posted at the
-Hôtel des Invalides, came to the Palais Royal to fraternize with the
+Hôtel des Invalides, came to the Palais Royal to fraternize with the
 people there. The citizens gave them a supper in the Elysian Fields,
 where they were joined by many troops from other regiments, and the
 friendly festivities were continued late into the hours of the warm
@@ -5996,7 +5962,7 @@ The next day was the Sabbath, July 12th. Early in the morning an
 extraordinary degree of activity was observed among the troops.
 Infantry and artillery were marching and countermarching through the
 streets of Paris and Versailles. The next day, Monday, was secretly
-appointed for the great _coup d'état_, in which the National Assembly
+appointed for the great _coup d'état_, in which the National Assembly
 was to be dispersed, and the citizens of Paris, if they manifested any
 resistance, were to be mown down by grapeshot. Redoubts were thrown
 up upon the heights of Montmartre, where cannon could be placed which
@@ -6115,7 +6081,7 @@ the state of Paris on the 12th of July."
 
 To add to the alarm, a letter which had been intercepted from Marshal
 Broglie was printed and circulated through the city, in which the
-marshal wrote to the Prince of Condé that the greater part of the
+marshal wrote to the Prince of Condé that the greater part of the
 National Assembly were hungry wolves, ready to devour the nobility;
 that with fifty thousand troops he would quickly disperse them and the
 crowd of fools who applauded them.[150]
@@ -6177,7 +6143,7 @@ people who attended the sittings. Instead of listening, they laughed
 and talked aloud, thus confirming the people in the unfavorable opinion
 which it had conceived of them; and instead of striving to recover the
 confidence and the esteem of the people, they strove only to gain their
-hatred and contempt."--_Ferrières_, t. ii., p. 122.]
+hatred and contempt."--_Ferrières_, t. ii., p. 122.]
 
 [Footnote 140: Histoire des Montagnards, par Alphonse Esquiros, p. 15.]
 
@@ -6224,7 +6190,7 @@ your own happiness, and your own glory, to send back your soldiers to
 the posts from which your counselors have drawn them. Send back that
 artillery," etc.]
 
-[Footnote 145: The Marquis of Ferrières acknowledges the insincerity of
+[Footnote 145: The Marquis of Ferrières acknowledges the insincerity of
 the court in the king's answer. "The Assembly saw," he writes, "through
 the snare that was spread for them. They would have lost all their
 hold if they had once removed themselves from the security which the
@@ -6233,7 +6199,7 @@ and Paris) they would have found themselves at the mercy of the
 court."--_See also Hist. Phil. de la Rev. de France, par Ant. Fantin
 Desodoards_, vol. i., p. 150.]
 
-[Footnote 146: Madame de Staël's Considerations, etc., ch. xii.]
+[Footnote 146: Madame de Staël's Considerations, etc., ch. xii.]
 
 [Footnote 147: Alison, vol. i., p. 73.]
 
@@ -6282,7 +6248,7 @@ STORMING THE BASTILLE.
 
   The Assembly petitions the King.--Resolves of the
   Assembly.--Narrative of M. Dumont.--Scenes in Paris.--The People
-  organize for Self-defense.--The new Cockade.--The Abbé Lefebvre
+  organize for Self-defense.--The new Cockade.--The Abbé Lefebvre
   d'Ormesson.--Treachery of the Mayor, Flesselles.--Character of De
   Launey, Governor of the Bastille.--Sacking the Invalides.--The
   Bastille Assailed.--Assassination of De Launey and of Flesselles.
@@ -6466,7 +6432,7 @@ cells.
 
 [Illustration: SACKING THE ROYAL ARSENAL.]
 
-Crowds were assembled around the Hôtel de Ville, where the electors
+Crowds were assembled around the Hôtel de Ville, where the electors
 had met, demanding arms and the immediate establishment of a citizen's
 guard. But the electors moved with great caution. They did not feel
 authorized to establish the guard without the approval of the Assembly;
@@ -6476,7 +6442,7 @@ consent of the king.
 The excitement at last became so intense, and the importunity so
 pressing, that the electors referred the people to the mayor of the
 city. Flesselles, the mayor, was an officer of the crown, but he
-immediately obeyed the summons of the people, and came to the Hôtel de
+immediately obeyed the summons of the people, and came to the Hôtel de
 Ville. Here he feigned to be entirely on their side, declared that he
 was their father, and that he would preside over their meetings only by
 the election of the people. This announcement was received with a burst
@@ -6526,13 +6492,13 @@ Marshal Broglie was approaching with all his troops. Still no arms or
 ammunition could be obtained.
 
 In this state of things a report was brought that a large quantity
-of powder had been embarked in a boat from the Hôtel des Invalides,
+of powder had been embarked in a boat from the Hôtel des Invalides,
 and was floating down the Seine to be conveyed to Versailles. The
 people immediately ran to the Electors, and obtained an order to have
 the powder seized and brought to the hotel. It was promptly done. A
-heroic clergyman, the Abbé Lefebvre, who had great influence over the
+heroic clergyman, the Abbé Lefebvre, who had great influence over the
 populace, assumed the perilous task of guarding the powder in one of
-the lower rooms of the Hôtel de Ville and distributing it among the
+the lower rooms of the Hôtel de Ville and distributing it among the
 people. For forty-eight hours this brave man guarded his dangerous
 treasure in the midst of fire-arms and the surging of the multitude. A
 drunken man at one time staggered in smoking amid the casks.[163]
@@ -6543,7 +6509,7 @@ them.
 
 The mayor, Flesselles, who the people now began to suspect was deluding
 them merely to gain time for the royal troops to enter the city, being
-urged to point out the dépôt, said that the manufactory at Charleville
+urged to point out the dépôt, said that the manufactory at Charleville
 had promised to send him thirty thousand guns, and that twelve
 thousand he was momentarily expecting. Soon a large number of boxes
 were brought, marked "guns." The mayor ordered them to be stored in the
@@ -6557,7 +6523,7 @@ threw open the doors, and no arms were to be found.
 It soon became evident that Flesselles was trifling with the people,
 hoping to keep them unarmed until the troops should arrive to crush
 them mercilessly. He was well known as a dissolute man, hostile to
-popular liberty, and was undoubtedly a traitor, and a spy at the Hôtel
+popular liberty, and was undoubtedly a traitor, and a spy at the Hôtel
 de Ville, acting in communication with the court.[164]
 
 The electors now ordered thirty thousand pikes to be manufactured.
@@ -6601,7 +6567,7 @@ spiritless and imbecile. Had he not been both, the Bastille could not
 have been taken.[165]
 
 Still the people had no guns. It was ascertained that there was a
-large supply at the Hôtel des Invalides, but how could they be taken
+large supply at the Hôtel des Invalides, but how could they be taken
 without any weapons of attack? Sombrueil, the governor, was a firm and
 fearless man, and, in addition to his ordinary force, amply sufficient
 for defense, he had recently obtained a strong detachment of artillery
@@ -6614,7 +6580,7 @@ troops from Versailles were on the march, headed by officers who were
 breathing threatenings and slaughter.
 
 With electric speed the rumor passed through the streets that there
-was a large quantity of arms stored in the magazine of the Hôtel of
+was a large quantity of arms stored in the magazine of the Hôtel of
 the Invalides. Before nine o'clock in the morning of the 14th, thirty
 thousand men were before the Invalides; some with pikes, pistols, or
 muskets, but most of them unarmed. The curate of St. Etienne led his
@@ -6639,7 +6605,7 @@ resistless inundation, filled the vast building. They found in the
 armory thirty thousand muskets. Seizing these and six pieces of cannon
 they rushed, as by a common instinct, toward the Bastille to assail
 with these feeble means one of the strongest fortresses in the world--a
-fortress which an army under the great Condé had in vain besieged for
+fortress which an army under the great Condé had in vain besieged for
 three and twenty days![167]
 
 De Launey, from the summit of his towers, had for many hours heard the
@@ -6657,7 +6623,7 @@ efficiently without being brought so immediately into conflict with the
 attacking party.
 
 A man of very fearless and determined character, M. Thuriot, was
-sent by the electors at the Hôtel de Ville to summon the Bastille
+sent by the electors at the Hôtel de Ville to summon the Bastille
 to surrender. The draw-bridge was lowered, and he was admitted. The
 governor received him at the head of his staff.
 
@@ -6668,7 +6634,7 @@ The governor, who was every moment expecting the arrival of troops to
 disperse the crowd, refused to surrender the fortress, but replied that
 he was ready to give his oath that he would not fire upon the people,
 if they did not fire upon him. After a long and exciting interview,
-Thuriot came forth to those at the Hôtel de Ville who had sent him.
+Thuriot came forth to those at the Hôtel de Ville who had sent him.
 
 He had hardly emerged from the massive portals, and crossed the
 draw-bridge of the moat, which was immediately raised behind him, ere
@@ -6682,7 +6648,7 @@ forty feet thick and one hundred feet high.[168]
 The French soldiers within the garrison were reluctant to fire upon
 their relatives and friends. But the Swiss, obedient to authority,
 opened a deadly fire of bullets and grapeshot upon the crowd. While
-the battle was raging an intercepted letter was brought to the Hôtel
+the battle was raging an intercepted letter was brought to the Hôtel
 de Ville, in which Bensenval, commandant of the troops in the Field of
 Mars, exhorted De Launey to remain firm, assuring him that he would
 soon come with succor.[169] But, fortunately for the people, even these
@@ -6744,12 +6710,12 @@ the strife, and exasperated by the shedding of blood, but one man in
 the fortress, a Swiss soldier, fell a victim to their rage.
 
 The victorious people now set out in a tumultuous procession to convey
-their prisoners, the governor and the soldiers, to the Hôtel de Ville.
+their prisoners, the governor and the soldiers, to the Hôtel de Ville.
 Those of the populace whose relatives had perished in the strife were
 roused to fury, and called loudly for the blood of De Launey. Two very
 powerful men placed themselves on each side of him for his protection.
 But the clamor increased, the pressure became more resistless, and
-just as they were entering the Place de Grève the protectors of the
+just as they were entering the Place de Grève the protectors of the
 governor were overpowered--he was struck down, his head severed by a
 sabre stroke, and raised a bloody and ghastly trophy into the air upon
 a pike.
@@ -6811,7 +6777,7 @@ of the spirit of liberty, even of national liberty, then existing in
 France. Less than this can not well be supposed; much more may be
 believed."--_Lectures on the French Revolution_, vol. i., p. 251.]
 
-[Footnote 155: The Old Régime and the Revolution, by M. de Tocqueville,
+[Footnote 155: The Old Régime and the Revolution, by M. de Tocqueville,
 p. 190.]
 
 [Footnote 156: Michelet, vol. i., p. 136.]
@@ -6822,7 +6788,7 @@ king."--_Michelet_, vol. i., p. 137.]
 
 [Footnote 158: "A list of the proscribed had been drawn up in the
 committee of the queen. Sixty-nine deputies, at the head of whom
-were placed Mirabeau, Sièyes, and Bailly, were to be imprisoned
+were placed Mirabeau, Sièyes, and Bailly, were to be imprisoned
 in the citadel of Metz, and from thence led to the scaffold, as
 guilty of rebellion. The signal agreed upon for this St. Bartholomew
 of the representatives of the people was the change of the
@@ -6841,7 +6807,7 @@ retired from the public service; but when Napoleon came to the rescue,
 he again entered the army, and was subsequently killed in a battle with
 the English.--_Enc. Am., Art. Noailles._]
 
-[Footnote 161: "The better part of the Assembly," writes Ferrières,
+[Footnote 161: "The better part of the Assembly," writes Ferrières,
 "strangers to all the intrigues which might be going forward, was
 filled with alarm at the sad reports that were circulating, and
 terrified at the designs of the court, which they were assured went to
@@ -6855,16 +6821,16 @@ upon as annihilated."]
 [Footnote 162: Michelet, vol. i., p. 38; Geo. Long, Esq., vol. i., p.
 28.]
 
-[Footnote 163: "This heroic man was the Abbé Lefebvre d'Ormesson.
+[Footnote 163: "This heroic man was the Abbé Lefebvre d'Ormesson.
 No man rendered a greater service to the Revolution and the city of
 Paris."--_Michelet_, vol. i., p. 140.
 
 "A patriot, in liquor, insisted on sitting to smoke on the edge of
 one of the powder-barrels. There smoked he, independent of the world,
-till the Abbé purchased his pipe for three francs, and pitched it
+till the Abbé purchased his pipe for three francs, and pitched it
 far."--_Carlyle_, vol. i., p. 191.]
 
-[Footnote 164: Louis Blanc, Histoire de la Revolution Française, vol.
+[Footnote 164: Louis Blanc, Histoire de la Revolution Française, vol.
 ii., p. 365.]
 
 [Footnote 165: Michelet, vol. i., p. 156.]
@@ -6910,7 +6876,7 @@ THE KING RECOGNIZES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY.
   Interview between the Duke of Liancourt and the King.--New Delegation
   from the Assembly.--The King visits the Assembly.--The King escorted
   back to his Palace.--Fickleness of the Monarch.--Deputation sent to
-  the Hôtel de Ville.--Address of La Fayette.--La Fayette appointed
+  the Hôtel de Ville.--Address of La Fayette.--La Fayette appointed
   Commander of the National Guard.
 
 
@@ -7077,7 +7043,7 @@ A cabinet council was immediately held in the palace to deliberate
 respecting the next step to be taken. The Assembly returned to their
 hall and immediately chose a deputation of one hundred members, with
 La Fayette at their head, to convey to the municipal government at the
-Hôtel de Ville in Paris the joyful tidings of their reconciliation with
+Hôtel de Ville in Paris the joyful tidings of their reconciliation with
 the king. A courier was sent in advance to inform of the approach of
 the delegation.
 
@@ -7099,8 +7065,8 @@ deputies were greeted with waving of handkerchiefs and cheers.
 At the Place Louis XV. the deputies left their carriages and were
 conducted through the garden of the Tuileries, greeted by the music
 of martial bands, to the vestibule of the palace. There they were met
-by a committee of the municipality, with one of the clergy, the Abbé
-Fauchet, at its head, who accompanied them to the Hôtel de Ville.
+by a committee of the municipality, with one of the clergy, the Abbé
+Fauchet, at its head, who accompanied them to the Hôtel de Ville.
 
 La Fayette addressed the electors, informing them of the king's
 speech, and describing the monarch's return to his palace in the
@@ -7125,17 +7091,17 @@ by the United States to the city of Paris. It stood by the side of
 the bust of Washington. As the momentous question was discussed, who
 should be intrusted with the command of the National Guard, a body
 which now numbered hundreds of thousands and was spread all over the
-kingdom, Moreau de St. Mèry, Chairman of the Municipality, rose, and,
+kingdom, Moreau de St. Mèry, Chairman of the Municipality, rose, and,
 without uttering a word, silently pointed to the bust of La Fayette.
 The gesture was decisive. A general shout of acclaim filled the room.
 He who had fought the battles of liberty in America was thus intrusted
 with the command of the citizen-soldiery of France. M. Bailly was
-then chosen successor of Flesselles, not with the title of Prévôt des
+then chosen successor of Flesselles, not with the title of Prévôt des
 Marchands, but with the more comprehensive one of Mayor of Paris.
 
 On the 27th of September the banners of the National Guard, each one of
 which had been previously consecrated in the church of its district,
-were all taken to the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame, and there, with the
+were all taken to the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame, and there, with the
 utmost pomp of civil, military, and religious ceremonies, were
 consecrated to the service of God and the nation.
 
@@ -7182,7 +7148,7 @@ THE KING VISITS PARIS.
 
   Views of the Patriots.--Pardon of the French Guards.--Religious
   Ceremonies.--Recall of Necker.--The King visits Paris.--Action
-  of the Clergy.--The King at the Hôtel de Ville.--Return of the
+  of the Clergy.--The King at the Hôtel de Ville.--Return of the
   King to Versailles.--Count d'Artois, the Polignacs, and others
   leave France.--Insolence of the Servants.--Sufferings of the
   People.--Persecution of the Corn-dealers.--Berthier of Toulon.--M.
@@ -7212,7 +7178,7 @@ England, not the reign of terror.
 A republic was not then even thought of. A monarchy was in accordance
 with the habits and tastes of the people, and would leave them still in
 sympathy with the great family of governments which surrounded them.
-La Fayette, Talleyrand, Sièyes, Mirabeau, Bailly, and all the other
+La Fayette, Talleyrand, Sièyes, Mirabeau, Bailly, and all the other
 leaders in this great movement, wished only to infuse the spirit of
 personal liberty into the monarchy of France.
 
@@ -7245,7 +7211,7 @@ whole people seemed to sympathize in this religious sentiment. At the
 suggestion of the Archbishop of Paris a Te Deum was promptly voted, and
 the electors, deputies, and new magistrates, accompanied by an immense
 concourse of citizens, and escorted by the French Guards, repaired to
-the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame, where the solemn chant of thanksgiving was
+the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame, where the solemn chant of thanksgiving was
 devoutly offered. La Fayette and Bailly then took the oath of office.
 
 Upon the return of the deputation to the Assembly at Versailles, Lally
@@ -7297,7 +7263,7 @@ people have reconquered their king."
 
 Two hundred thousand men, now composing the National Guard, were
 marshaled in military array to receive their monarch. They lined the
-avenue four or five men deep from the bridge of Sevres to the Hôtel
+avenue four or five men deep from the bridge of Sevres to the Hôtel
 de Ville. They had but 30,000 muskets and 50,000 pikes. The rest were
 armed with sabres, lances, scythes, and pitchforks. The Revolution thus
 far was the movement, not of a party, but of the nation. Even matrons
@@ -7316,7 +7282,7 @@ king would again espouse the cause of aristocratic usurpation. Passing
 through these lines of the National Guard, with the whole population
 of Paris thronging the house-tops, the balconies, and the pavements,
 the king at length arrived, at four o'clock in the afternoon, at the
-Hôtel de Ville, the seat of the new government. He alighted from his
+Hôtel de Ville, the seat of the new government. He alighted from his
 carriage and ascended the stairs beneath a canopy of steel formed by
 the grenadiers crossing their bayonets over his head. This was intended
 not as a humiliation, but as a singular act of honor.[183]
@@ -7340,7 +7306,7 @@ The king rejoined, in accents of deep sensibility, "The French loved
 Henry the Fourth; and what king ever better deserved to be beloved?"
 
 The king could not forget that the affection of the people did not
-protect Henry from the dagger of the assassin. Moreau de St. Mèrry,
+protect Henry from the dagger of the assassin. Moreau de St. Mèrry,
 president of the Assembly of Electors, in his address to the king,
 said, "You owed your crown to birth; you are now indebted for it
 only to your virtues."[184] The minutes of the proceedings of the
@@ -7354,7 +7320,7 @@ These were, to the monarch, hours of terrific humiliation. He bore
 them, however, with the spirit of a martyr, struggling in vain to
 assume the aspect of confidence and cordiality.
 
-[Illustration: ARRIVAL OF THE KING AT THE HÔTEL DE VILLE, JULY 17,
+[Illustration: ARRIVAL OF THE KING AT THE HÔTEL DE VILLE, JULY 17,
 1789.]
 
 When Bailly led him to the balcony, to exhibit him to the people with
@@ -7393,7 +7359,7 @@ determination that never shall a drop of French blood be spilled by my
 order."[185]
 
 While these scenes were transpiring on this the 17th of July, the Count
-d'Artois, second brother of the king, the Condés, the Polignacs, and
+d'Artois, second brother of the king, the Condés, the Polignacs, and
 most of the other leaders of the aristocratic party fled from France.
 The conspiracy they had formed had failed, the nation had risen against
 them, and no reliance could be placed on the vacillating king. Their
@@ -7516,15 +7482,15 @@ found him in the park of his friend.
 The awful hour of blind popular vengeance had come. They tied a truss
 of hay upon his back, threw a collar of thistles over his neck, and
 bound a nosegay of nettles upon his breast. They then led him on foot
-to Paris, to the Hôtel de Ville, and demanded that he should be fairly
+to Paris, to the Hôtel de Ville, and demanded that he should be fairly
 tried and legally punished. At the same time Berthier was arrested as
 he was hastening to the frontier.
 
 The municipality were in great perplexity. They had no power to sit in
 judgment as a criminal court. The old courts were broken up and no new
 ones had as yet been established. It was six o'clock in the morning
-when he was presented at the Hôtel de Ville. The news of his arrest
-spread rapidly through Paris, and the Place de Grève was soon thronged
+when he was presented at the Hôtel de Ville. The news of his arrest
+spread rapidly through Paris, and the Place de Grève was soon thronged
 with an excited multitude. Foulon was universally known as well as
 execrated. La Fayette was anxious to send him to the protection of a
 prison, that he might subsequently receive a legal trial for his deeds
@@ -7568,14 +7534,14 @@ he has betrayed his country."[194]
 
 [Illustration: THE ASSASSINATION OF BERTHIER.]
 
-The miserable wretch was dragged up the steps of the Hôtel de Ville.
+The miserable wretch was dragged up the steps of the Hôtel de Ville.
 But the mob was now in the ascendency. There was no longer law or
 even semblance of authority. An attempt was made by the National
 Guard to convey him to the Abbaye; but the moment they appeared with
 their prisoner in the street the crowd fell irresistibly upon him.
 Seizing a gun, he fought like a tiger; but he soon fell, pierced
 with bayonets.[195] A dragoon tore out his heart, and carried it
-dripping with blood to the Hôtel de Ville, saying, "Here is the heart
+dripping with blood to the Hôtel de Ville, saying, "Here is the heart
 of Berthier!"[196] The man attempted an extenuation of his ferocity
 by declaring that Berthier had caused the death of his father. His
 comrades, however, deemed such brutality a disgrace to their corps.
@@ -7633,7 +7599,7 @@ easily forgotten; that the indignant nation, finding Necker pleading
 the cause of the court, would think that he had been bought over; and
 that thus he would only secure his own ruin. But Necker, relying upon
 his popularity, resolved to make the trial. On the 29th of July he
-repaired to the Hôtel de Ville. As he passed through the streets and
+repaired to the Hôtel de Ville. As he passed through the streets and
 entered the spacious hall, he was received with rapturous applause.
 Deeming his popularity equal to the emergence, he demanded a general
 amnesty. In the enthusiasm of the moment it was granted by acclamation.
@@ -7672,7 +7638,7 @@ and ablest friends of popular rights came out from the body of the
 nobles themselves. Some were influenced by as pure motives as can move
 the human heart. With others, perhaps, selfish and ambitious motives
 predominated. Among the most active in all these movements, we see La
-Fayette, Talleyrand, Sièyes, Mirabeau, and the Duke of Orleans. But
+Fayette, Talleyrand, Sièyes, Mirabeau, and the Duke of Orleans. But
 for the aid of these men, whatever may have been the motives which
 influenced the one or the other, the popular cause could not have
 triumphed. And now we find, in the National Assembly, two of the most
@@ -7724,7 +7690,7 @@ all the creations of art. It was now their sole endeavor to plunge
 France into a state of perfect anarchy, with the desperate hope that
 from the chaos they might rebuild their ancient despotism; that the
 people, plunged into unparalleled misery, might themselves implore the
-restoration of the ancient régime.
+restoration of the ancient régime.
 
 This combination of the highest of the aristocracy and of the clergy
 to exasperate the mob immeasurably increased the difficulties of the
@@ -7759,13 +7725,13 @@ that 100 deputies accompanied the king; Thiers states 200; Louis
 Blanc, 240; Michelet, 300 or 400. M. Rabaud de St. Etienne, a member
 of the Assembly, says that the whole body of the deputies accompanied
 the king; and M. Ant. Fantin Desodoards, an eye-witness, writes,
-"L'Assemblée National, entière l'accompagnait à pied dans son costume
+"L'Assemblée National, entière l'accompagnait à pied dans son costume
 de ceremonie," vol. i., p. 34. The probability is that 100 were chosen,
 but all went.]
 
 [Footnote 183: Michelet, vol. i., p. 173.]
 
-[Footnote 184: Histoire de la Revolution Française, par Louis Blanc,
+[Footnote 184: Histoire de la Revolution Française, par Louis Blanc,
 vol. ii., p. 420.]
 
 [Footnote 185: Madame Campan, Memoirs, etc., ii., 59.]
@@ -7802,7 +7768,7 @@ the trial of Foulon by his own colleagues and accomplices, the ancient
 magistrates, the only judges then empowered to act. This was evident to
 all. See Michelet, p. 187.]
 
-[Footnote 194: Deux Amis de la Liberté, vol. ii., p. 60.]
+[Footnote 194: Deux Amis de la Liberté, vol. ii., p. 60.]
 
 [Footnote 195: "These people," says Michelet, "whom Mirabeau termed so
 well the refuse of public contempt, are as if restored to character by
@@ -7857,7 +7823,7 @@ CHAPTER XVI.
 FORMING THE CONSTITUTION.
 
   Arming of the Peasants.--Destruction of Feudal Charters.--Sermon of
-  the Abbé Fauchet.--Three Classes in the Assembly.--Declaration of
+  the Abbé Fauchet.--Three Classes in the Assembly.--Declaration of
   Rights.--The Three Assemblies.--The Power of the Press.--Efforts
   of William Pitt to sustain the Nobles.--Questions on the
   Constitution.--Two Chambers in one?--The Veto.--Famine in the
@@ -7932,7 +7898,7 @@ ear that hears to tingle, still, on the whole, mercy predominated.
 
 In many cases lords who had treated their serfs kindly were protected
 by their vassals, as children would protect a father. The Marquis of
-Montfermail was thus shielded from harm. In Dauphiné a castle was
+Montfermail was thus shielded from harm. In Dauphiné a castle was
 assailed during the absence of the lord. His lady was at home alone
 with the children. The peasants left the castle and its inmates
 unharmed, destroying only those feudal charters which were the
@@ -7980,22 +7946,22 @@ with the lords. As in the National Assembly so it was in the nation
 itself, that the working clergy were among the most conspicuous of
 the sons of freedom. Religious services were held in the churches in
 grateful commemoration of the fall of the Bastille.[202] The vast
-cathedral of Nôtre Dame was thronged to listen to a sermon from the
-Abbé Fauchet, who consecrated to the memory of those who fell on that
+cathedral of Nôtre Dame was thronged to listen to a sermon from the
+Abbé Fauchet, who consecrated to the memory of those who fell on that
 occasion the homage of his extraordinary eloquence. He selected for his
 text the words of St. Paul, "For, brethren, ye have been called unto
 liberty."--Gal. v. 13.
 
-"The false interpreters of the divine oracle," said the abbé, "have
+"The false interpreters of the divine oracle," said the abbé, "have
 wished, in the name of heaven, to keep the people in subjection to
 the will of their masters. They have consecrated despotism. They
 have rendered God an accomplice with tyrants. These false teachers
-exult because it is written, '_Render unto Cæsar the things that are
-Cæsar's_.' But that which is not Cæsar's, is it necessary to render to
-him that? And _liberty_ does not belong to Cæsar. It belongs to human
+exult because it is written, '_Render unto Cæsar the things that are
+Cæsar's_.' But that which is not Cæsar's, is it necessary to render to
+him that? And _liberty_ does not belong to Cæsar. It belongs to human
 nature."[203]
 
-The abbé unquestionably read the divine oracles aright. The
+The abbé unquestionably read the divine oracles aright. The
 corner-stone of true democracy can only be found in the word of God.
 The revelation there presented of God as a common father, and all
 mankind as his children, made of one blood, brethren--it is that
@@ -8075,7 +8041,7 @@ emigration and other absence to about eight hundred.
 
 The second was the municipal government of Paris, consisting of three
 hundred representatives from the different sections or wards of the
-city, and which held its sessions at the Hôtel de Ville. As Paris
+city, and which held its sessions at the Hôtel de Ville. As Paris
 considered itself France, the municipality of Paris began to arrogate
 supreme power.
 
@@ -8126,7 +8092,7 @@ people are still poor and starving. We need another revolution." "Yes,"
 echoed the mob of Paris, "we need another revolution."
 
 The roar from the Palais Royal fell ominously upon the ears of the
-Assembly at Versailles, and of the municipality at the Hôtel de Ville.
+Assembly at Versailles, and of the municipality at the Hôtel de Ville.
 And now all the starving trades and employments began to congregate by
 themselves for discussion and combined action. First came the servants,
 destitute of place, of shelter, of bread, whose masters had fled from
@@ -8311,7 +8277,7 @@ of ruin through the homes of the virtuous and the happy. This class
 of abandoned men and women was appallingly increasing. They flocked
 to the city from all parts of the kingdom, and Paris was crowded with
 spectres, emaciate and ragged, whose hideous and haggard features spoke
-only of vice and misery. Sièyes expressed to Mirabeau his alarm in view
+only of vice and misery. Sièyes expressed to Mirabeau his alarm in view
 of the portentous aspect of affairs.
 
 "You have let the bull loose," Mirabeau replied, "and now you complain
@@ -8344,7 +8310,7 @@ court buying up this bread and destroying it to increase the public
 distress.[219] On the 19th day of August the city of Paris contained
 food sufficient but for a single day. Bailly and La Fayette were in an
 agony of solicitude. So great was the dismay in Paris, that all the
-rich were leaving. Sixty thousand passports were signed at the Hôtel de
+rich were leaving. Sixty thousand passports were signed at the Hôtel de
 Ville in three months.[220]
 
 Armed bands were exploring the country to purchase food wherever it
@@ -8374,7 +8340,7 @@ But private charity, however profuse, is quite inadequate to the wants
 of a nation. These sums were soon expended, and still the unemployed
 poor crawled fasting and emaciated about the streets. Necker's plans
 for loans were frustrated. No one would lend. To whom should he lend?
-The old régime was dying; the new not yet born. In this terrible
+The old régime was dying; the new not yet born. In this terrible
 emergency Necker proposed the desperate measure of imposing a tax of
 one quarter of every man's income, declaring that there was no other
 refuge from bankruptcy. The interest upon the public debt could no
@@ -8401,7 +8367,7 @@ people?
 
 "These questions found strong differences of opinion, and produced
 repulsive combinations among the patriots. The aristocracy was cemented
-by a common principle of preserving the ancient régime, or whatever
+by a common principle of preserving the ancient régime, or whatever
 should be nearest to it. Making this their polar star, they moved in
 phalanx, gave preponderance on every question to the minorities of
 the patriots, and always to those who advocated the least change. The
@@ -8473,8 +8439,8 @@ their activity, their enthusiasm, the joy with which they saw this
 frightful monument of despotism crumbling down, the avenging hands
 which seemed to be those of Providence, and which annihilated with so
 much rapidity the work of many ages, all that spectacle spoke equally
-to the imagination and the heart."--_Mémoires sur le Dix-huitième
-Siècle et la Revolution Française de Madame la Comtesse de Genlis_,
+to the imagination and the heart."--_Mémoires sur le Dix-huitième
+Siècle et la Revolution Française de Madame la Comtesse de Genlis_,
 tome iii., p. 261.]
 
 [Footnote 203: Histoire des Montagnards, par Alphonse Esquiros, p. 18.]
@@ -8544,7 +8510,7 @@ Revolution and against the Empire were begun by England and supported
 by English gold. At last the object was attained; not only was the
 ancient family restored to the throne, but France was reduced to its
 original limits, its naval force destroyed, and its commerce almost
-annihilated."--_Encyclopædia Americana, Art. Great Britain._]
+annihilated."--_Encyclopædia Americana, Art. Great Britain._]
 
 [Footnote 210: "William Pitt," said the Emperor Napoleon at St. Helena,
 "was the master of European policy. He held in his hands the moral fate
@@ -8663,7 +8629,7 @@ them explain themselves, and was too sensible of his own importance to
 pledge himself lightly."--_Hist, of the Fr. Rev., by M.A. Thiers_, vol.
 i., p. 94.]
 
-[Footnote 219: Histoire de la Revolution Française, par Villiaumé, p.
+[Footnote 219: Histoire de la Revolution Française, par Villiaumé, p.
 54.]
 
 [Footnote 220: Revolutions de Paris, t. 11, No. 9, p. 8.]
@@ -8702,7 +8668,7 @@ THE ROYAL FAMILY CARRIED TO PARIS.
 
   Waning Popularity of La Fayette.--The King contemplates
   Flight.--Letter of Admiral d'Estaing.--The Flanders Regiment called
-  to Versailles.--Fête in the Ball-room at Versailles.--Insurrection
+  to Versailles.--Fête in the Ball-room at Versailles.--Insurrection
   of the Women; their March to Versailles.--Horrors of the Night of
   October 5th.--The Royal Family conveyed to Paris.
 
@@ -8737,7 +8703,7 @@ ancient parliaments of the provinces, all composed of the aristocratic
 class, and by all the soldiers whom the Royalist officers could induce
 to follow them to that rendezvous. Then, by the employment of all
 the energies of fire and blood, France was to be brought back into
-subjection to the old régime.
+subjection to the old régime.
 
 La Fayette knew of this plan, and yet he did not dare to divulge it to
 the people, for he knew that it would provoke a fierce and terrible
@@ -8812,7 +8778,7 @@ the body-guard of the king. It was also observed that a very unusual
 number of officers crowded the streets of Versailles, estimated at
 from a thousand to twelve hundred.[227] A dinner was given to these
 officers on the 1st of October, in the hall of the Opera at the palace.
-No expense was spared to add splendor to the _fête_, to which all were
+No expense was spared to add splendor to the _fête_, to which all were
 invited who could probably be led to co-operate with the court. Wine
 flowed freely, and, deep in the hours of the night, when all heads
 were delirious, the king and queen, with the young dauphin, entered
@@ -8838,7 +8804,7 @@ to manifest their exultation.
 
 [Illustration: FESTIVAL IN THE BALL-ROOM AT VERSAILLES, OCT. 1, 1789.]
 
-The tidings of these _fêtes_ spread rapidly through Versailles and
+The tidings of these _fêtes_ spread rapidly through Versailles and
 Paris, exciting intense indignation. The court was feasting; the
 people starving. Versailles was filled with rejoicing; Paris with
 mourning. Despotism was exulting in its anticipated triumph, while
@@ -8914,7 +8880,7 @@ acceptance of the Constitution. As the Assembly were discussing this
 question, the women arrived at the hall. Maillard entered, and the
 women crowded after him. Respectfully, but earnestly, on behalf of the
 women, he represented the starving condition of Paris, and complained
-of the insult which the nation had received in the fête at the palace.
+of the insult which the nation had received in the fête at the palace.
 
 It was now three o'clock in the afternoon. The rain was still falling.
 A dark, stormy night was at hand, and the streets of Versailles were
@@ -9043,7 +9009,7 @@ throng. "We shall now," they exclaimed, "have bread, for we have with
 us the baker, the baker's wife, and the baker's boy."
 
 It required seven hours for this unwieldy mass to urge its slow
-progress to Paris. The king was conducted to the Hôtel de Ville, where
+progress to Paris. The king was conducted to the Hôtel de Ville, where
 he was received by M. Bailly, the mayor. The royal family descended
 from their carriages by torch-light, and entered the great hall,
 where they were received with acclamations. After the ceremony of
@@ -9079,15 +9045,15 @@ the nobles had been "sowing the wind." It was the decree of God that
 they should "reap the whirlwind." "He visiteth the iniquities of the
 fathers upon the children."]
 
-[Footnote 226: Brouillon: le Lettre de M. d'Estaing à la Reine (in
+[Footnote 226: Brouillon: le Lettre de M. d'Estaing à la Reine (in
 Histoire Parlementaire, vol. iii., p. 24).]
 
-[Footnote 227: "Le ministre de la guerre multiplia les congés de
-semestre, afin d'avoir un corps de volontaires royaux, composé de douze
-cent cents officiers."--_Villiaumé_, p. 34.]
+[Footnote 227: "Le ministre de la guerre multiplia les congés de
+semestre, afin d'avoir un corps de volontaires royaux, composé de douze
+cent cents officiers."--_Villiaumé_, p. 34.]
 
 [Footnote 228: Moniteur, vol. i., p. 568. Histoire de Deux Amis de la
-Liberté, t. iii.]
+Liberté, t. iii.]
 
 [Footnote 229: Thiers, vol. i., p. 106.]
 
@@ -9120,7 +9086,7 @@ FRANCE REGENERATED.
 
   Kind Feelings of the People.--Emigration receives a new
   Impulse.--The National Assembly transferred to Paris.--The
-  Constituent Assembly.--Assassination of François.--Anxiety of the
+  Constituent Assembly.--Assassination of François.--Anxiety of the
   Patriots.--Gloomy Winter.--Contrast between the Bishops and the
   laboring Clergy.--Church Funds seized by the Assembly.--The Church
   responsible for the Degradation of the People.--New Division of
@@ -9203,7 +9169,7 @@ Legislative Assembly, commenced its session.
 The storm of revolution for a time seemed to lull, and there were
 but few acts of violence. The people of Paris were still in a state
 of fearful suffering from famine, and on the 21st of October a few
-half-starved wretches seized a baker named François, whom they accused
+half-starved wretches seized a baker named François, whom they accused
 of holding back his bread, and in a moment of phrensy, before the
 police could interfere, strung him up at a lamp-post, and then cut off
 his head.
@@ -9216,7 +9182,7 @@ act, was assailed by many of the journals as a gross infringement of
 the rights of the people. Robespierre in the Assembly and Marat in his
 wide-spread journal were conspicuous in denouncing it.
 
-The atrocious murder of François, who was a generous and a charitable
+The atrocious murder of François, who was a generous and a charitable
 man, and entirely innocent of the crime of which he was accused,
 produced a profound impression. It was indicative of the rapid and
 fearful rise of mob violence. The king and queen sent to his young
@@ -9228,11 +9194,11 @@ of the miscreants who perpetrated the deed. Two of the ringleaders were
 arrested and handed over to immediate trial.
 
 They were condemned to death, and the next morning were hanged in the
-same Place de Grêve which had been the scene of the outrage. This was
+same Place de Grêve which had been the scene of the outrage. This was
 the only murder, perpetrated by a Parisian mob, during the Revolution,
 which the law was sufficiently powerful to punish.[237]
 
-[Illustration: ASSASSINATION OF FRANÇOIS THE BAKER.]
+[Illustration: ASSASSINATION OF FRANÇOIS THE BAKER.]
 
 In other parts of the kingdom there were occasional acts of violence.
 Bread was so enormously dear that the corn-dealers were accused of
@@ -9385,7 +9351,7 @@ vehemence and indignation against the restriction of the right of
 suffrage and of office to tax-payers and property-holders.
 
 "There is but one united voice," cried Camille Desmoulins, "in the city
-and in the country, against this ten-dollar decree (_le décret du marc
+and in the country, against this ten-dollar decree (_le décret du marc
 d'argent_). It is constituting in France an aristocratic government,
 and it is the most signal victory which the aristocrats have yet
 gained in the Assembly. To demonstrate the absurdity of the decree it
@@ -9530,7 +9496,7 @@ Protestants. The violent insurrection was, however, soon quelled,
 and without any acts of retaliatory vengeance.[250] The bishops
 anathematized every priest friendly to the Revolution, and designated
 all such to the hatred and contempt of the fanatic populace. The bishop
-who, under the old régime, had enjoyed an income of eight hundred
+who, under the old régime, had enjoyed an income of eight hundred
 thousand francs ($160,000), and was rejoicing in his palaces, horses,
 and concubines, invoked the wrath of God upon the curate who was now
 receiving twelve hundred francs ($240) from the nation. The power of
@@ -9560,7 +9526,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 
 [Footnote 233: For overwhelming evidence that such was the state of the
 public mind, see Weber, vol. i., p. 257; Beaulieu, vol. ii., p. 203;
-Amis de la Liberté, vol. iv., p. 2-6; Michelet, vol. i., p. 284.]
+Amis de la Liberté, vol. iv., p. 2-6; Michelet, vol. i., p. 284.]
 
 [Footnote 234: Weber, an eye-witness of the king's reception in Paris,
 though a zealous Royalist, testifies that the reception was most kind
@@ -9574,9 +9540,9 @@ vol. iv., p. 195.]
 place now occupied by the houses No. 36 and 38 Rue de Rivoli.]
 
 [Footnote 237: Even the most zealous of the revolutionary journals
-denounced with unmeasured severity the murder of François. Loustalot
-exclaimed, "Des Français! des Français! non, non de tels monstres
-n'appartiennent à aucun pays; le crime est leur element, le gibet leur
+denounced with unmeasured severity the murder of François. Loustalot
+exclaimed, "Des Français! des Français! non, non de tels monstres
+n'appartiennent à aucun pays; le crime est leur element, le gibet leur
 patrie."]
 
 [Footnote 238: On the 15th of March, M. de Lamarck took to Mirabeau
@@ -9606,7 +9572,7 @@ possessed some virtues but no information. Wherever they ruled they
 were an obstacle to every improvement of the people, and caused them
 to retrograde. To quote but one example, Poitou, civilized in the
 sixteenth century, became barbarous under their influence; they were
-preparing for us the civil war of Vendée."--_Michelet_, p. 222.]
+preparing for us the civil war of Vendée."--_Michelet_, p. 222.]
 
 [Footnote 243: Some curious facts were elicited during the progress
 of this discussion respecting the manner in which a portion of the
@@ -9620,7 +9586,7 @@ one dollar and a quarter, parricide one dollar, and absolution could be
 obtained for all sins united for about sixteen dollars. These prices
 seem very moderate. But it must be remembered that the peasants were
 _excessively_ poor, and could not, even to escape from purgatory, pay
-large sums.--_Villiaumé_, p. 52.]
+large sums.--_Villiaumé_, p. 52.]
 
 [Footnote 244: Histoire des Montagnards, par Alphonse Esquiros, p. 25.]
 
@@ -9632,13 +9598,13 @@ decree of the Assembly. "No power under the sun," said he, "can deprive
 you of the right of suffrage, which is inherent in society itself."]
 
 [Footnote 246: The price of salt immediately fell from fourteen sous a
-pound to less than one sou.--_Villiaumé._]
+pound to less than one sou.--_Villiaumé._]
 
 [Footnote 247: It was not until the month of March, 1792, that the
 guillotine was first used,]
 
 [Footnote 248: "The government of the Revolution was rapidly becoming
-established. The Assembly had given to the new régime its monarch,
+established. The Assembly had given to the new régime its monarch,
 its national representation, its territorial division, its armed
 force, its municipal and administrative power, its popular tribunals,
 its currency, its clergy; it had made an arrangement with respect
@@ -9793,7 +9759,7 @@ The Revolution had humanely extended its helping hand to all the
 debased and defrauded classes, to the Protestants, the Jews, the
 negroes, the slaves, the play-actors. The relentless proscription of
 play-actors is one of the most remarkable of the contradictions and
-outrages of the old régime. They were doubtless a very worthless set
+outrages of the old régime. They were doubtless a very worthless set
 of men and women; but that the Church should have refused them either
 marriage or burial is indeed extraordinary. "Oh, barbarous prejudices!"
 exclaimed Michelet. "The two first men of England and France, the
@@ -9809,7 +9775,7 @@ characteristic petition to the National Assembly:
 of a citizen, from which rights the Constitution does not exclude me
 because I am a member of the theatrical profession. I have chosen a
 companion to whom I wish to be united by the ties of marriage. My
-father has given his consent. I have called upon the curé of St.
+father has given his consent. I have called upon the curé of St.
 Sulpice for the publication of the banns. After a first refusal I
 have served upon him a judicial summons. He replies to the sheriff
 that he has referred the matter to his ecclesiastical superiors, and
@@ -9849,7 +9815,7 @@ France the Christian religion, which revolutionary fury had swept away.
 In consistency with his unvarying principles, he established perfect
 freedom of opinion and of worship. Some of the reinstated priests began
 to assume much of their former arrogance. A celebrated actress died in
-Paris. A priest, adopting the intolerance of the old régime, refused
+Paris. A priest, adopting the intolerance of the old régime, refused
 her remains Christian burial. Napoleon caused the following article to
 be inserted the next day in the Moniteur, expressive of his emphatic
 denunciation:
@@ -9870,13 +9836,13 @@ The trial of Marquis Favrus was continued. On the 18th of February
 he was adjudged guilty of plotting the crime of assassinating Bailly
 and La Fayette, of seizing and abducting the king, and of exciting
 insurrection and civil war. He was sentenced to be taken by the
-executioner to the principal door of the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame, in a
+executioner to the principal door of the Cathedral of Nôtre Dame, in a
 tumbrel, barefooted, bareheaded, and dressed simply in his night-robe,
 with a rope round his neck, a blazing torch in his hands, and with a
 label on his breast and back inscribed with the words "Conspirator
 against the State." After having on his knees asked pardon of God,
 the nation, the king, and justice, he was to read aloud his own
-death-warrant, and then to be taken to the Place de Grève and hanged.
+death-warrant, and then to be taken to the Place de Grève and hanged.
 This cruel sentence was immediately executed, the court, conscious of
 its powerlessness, making no attempts to save him.
 
@@ -9911,7 +9877,7 @@ Protestant, the Jew, the negro, and the play-actor enfranchised; law
 made uniform, criminal jurisprudence reformed, monasteries, those
 haunts of indolence and vice, abolished, and the military force of the
 country intrusted to the citizens of the country. Such a transformation
-from the slavery, corruption, and horror of the old régime was
+from the slavery, corruption, and horror of the old régime was
 translation from the dungeon to the blaze of day. All this was done
 almost without violence. The court here and there shot down a few
 hundred, some chateaux were burned, and there were a few acts of mob
@@ -9938,7 +9904,7 @@ sides so as to create slopes in the form of an amphitheatre capable
 of accommodating nearly half a million of spectators. But so immense
 was the work to be performed, that at length apprehensions were felt
 that the field could not be in readiness in season for the appointed
-fête. No sooner was this idea suggested than all Paris, in a flame of
+fête. No sooner was this idea suggested than all Paris, in a flame of
 enthusiasm, volunteered to aid in the toil.
 
 A more extraordinary scene of enthusiasm earth has never witnessed.
@@ -9961,7 +9927,7 @@ liberty. It was a work of love. The long twilight allowed them to labor
 until the clock struck nine. Then the groups separated. Each individual
 repaired to the station of his section, and marched in procession,
 accompanied by triumphal music and with the illumination of torches,
-to his home. Even the Marquis of Ferrières, inveterate Royalist as
+to his home. Even the Marquis of Ferrières, inveterate Royalist as
 he was, can not withhold his tribute of admiration in view of this
 astonishing drama. "The mind felt sinking," says he, "under the weight
 of a delicious intoxication at the sight of a whole people who had
@@ -9983,7 +9949,7 @@ banners, emblematic of the departments of France, formed in line on the
 site of the demolished Bastille, and, with a very magnificent array of
 troops of the line, sailors of the royal navy, and the National Guard,
 marched through the thronged and garlanded streets of St. Martin,
-St. Denis, and St. Honoré, and by the _Cours la Reine_ to a bridge
+St. Denis, and St. Honoré, and by the _Cours la Reine_ to a bridge
 of boats constructed across the river. All the way they were greeted
 with acclamations, and the ladies regaled them sumptuously by letting
 down in baskets from the windows wine, ham, and fruits. The country
@@ -10204,7 +10170,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 [Footnote 251: For the speech in full, see Thiers, vol. i., p. 126.]
 
 [Footnote 252: M. Fromont, in his memoirs entitled "_Recueil de divers
-Ecrits relatifs à la Revolution_," very frankly writes, "I repaired
+Ecrits relatifs à la Revolution_," very frankly writes, "I repaired
 secretly to Turin (January, 1790), to the French princes, to solicit
 their approbation and their support. In a council which was held on my
 arrival, I demonstrated to them that, if they would arm the partisans
@@ -10222,7 +10188,7 @@ had been wisely directed and supported."]
 
 [Footnote 253: "There is no country in the world," says Voltaire,
 "where there are so many contradictions as in France. The king gives
-the actors wages, and the curé excommunicates them."]
+the actors wages, and the curé excommunicates them."]
 
 [Footnote 254: "The whole of Europe--on the one hand Austria and
 Russia, on the other England and Prussia--were gradually gravitating
@@ -10233,11 +10199,11 @@ other--to prevail upon themselves to give themselves the lie, to abjure
 and disown their principles, and avow that they were the enemies of
 liberty."--_Michelet_, p. 327.]
 
-[Footnote 255: Memoirs of the Marquis of Ferrières.]
+[Footnote 255: Memoirs of the Marquis of Ferrières.]
 
 [Footnote 256: No one familiar with the writings of that day will
 affirm that this description is too highly drawn. Upon this point
-Patriots and Royalists agree. See Ferrières, t. ii., p. 89, on the part
+Patriots and Royalists agree. See Ferrières, t. ii., p. 89, on the part
 of the Royalists, and Alphonse Esquiros, p. 38, on the part of the
 Revolutionists.]
 
@@ -10263,7 +10229,7 @@ FLIGHT OF THE KING.
 
 The grand gala days, in the Field of Mars, celebrating the formation of
 the Constitution, soon passed. The twenty thousand delegates, having
-been fêted even to satiety, returned to their homes; the Constituent
+been fêted even to satiety, returned to their homes; the Constituent
 Assembly resumed its labors.[258] The cares and toils of life again
 pressed heavily upon the tax-exhausted and impoverished millions of
 France.
@@ -10275,7 +10241,7 @@ most influential of the opponents of the Revolution were still leaving
 France and uniting with the armed emigrants on the frontiers. England,
 Austria, Sardinia, and Prussia were manifestly forming an alliance to
 punish the French patriots, and to restore the tyranny of the execrable
-old régime. The court, emboldened by these proceedings, were boasting
+old régime. The court, emboldened by these proceedings, were boasting
 of the swift destruction which was to overwhelm the advocates of
 reform, and commenced a prosecution of Mirabeau, the Duke of Orleans,
 and others of the popular party, for instigating the movement of
@@ -10547,7 +10513,7 @@ in a dense mass, assumed to be chief mourners on the occasion, though
 Mirabeau had for some time held himself aloof from their tumultuous
 meetings. It was eight o'clock in the evening before the procession
 arrived at the Church of Saint Eustache, where a funeral oration was
-pronounced by Cérutti. The arms of twenty thousand of the National
+pronounced by Cérutti. The arms of twenty thousand of the National
 Guard were then discharged at once. The crash caused the very walls of
 the church to rock, shivering to atoms every pane of glass.
 
@@ -10560,7 +10526,7 @@ with the tolling of bells, blending, now with the wail of the chant and
 now with the pealing requiems of martial bands, all the elements of
 sublimity seemed combined to affect the heart and overawe the soul. It
 was near midnight when the sarcophagus was deposited in its tomb at the
-Church of Saint Geneviève, over whose portal was inscribed these words,
+Church of Saint Geneviève, over whose portal was inscribed these words,
 
  "AUX GRANDS HOMMES LA PATRIE RECONNAISSANTE."
 
@@ -10574,7 +10540,7 @@ was on the rush to ruin.
 nothing that really proves the reproach of treason to be well founded.
 Mirabeau's real transaction was an error, a serious, fatal error, but
 one that was then shared by all in different degrees. At that time all
-men, of every party, from Cazalès and Maury down to Robespierre, and
+men, of every party, from Cazalès and Maury down to Robespierre, and
 even to Marat, believed France to entertain Royalist opinions. All
 men wanted a king. The number of Republicans was truly imperceptible.
 Mirabeau believed that it was necessary to have a king with power,
@@ -10629,7 +10595,7 @@ Austria engaged to assemble thirty-five thousand men on the frontiers
 of Flanders. At the same time fifteen thousand men from the smaller
 German States would attack Alsace. Fifteen thousand Swiss troops were
 to be marched on Lyons, and the King of Sardinia, whose daughter
-the Count d'Artois had married, was to assail Dauphiné. The king of
+the Count d'Artois had married, was to assail Dauphiné. The king of
 Spain, cousin of Louis XVI., was to gather twenty thousand troops
 upon the slopes of the Pyrenees, to fall like an avalanche down upon
 southern France. Prussia engaged to co-operate cordially. The King of
@@ -10659,7 +10625,7 @@ to have the shackles riveted anew is what few human spirits can endure.
 It was not the intention of the king immediately to leave France.
 He arranged to go to Montmedy, about two hundred miles from Paris,
 taking the very retired Chalons road through Clermont and Varennes.
-The Marquis of Bouillé, a general entirely devoted to the court party,
+The Marquis of Bouillé, a general entirely devoted to the court party,
 formed a camp at Montmedy to receive the king, under the pretense of
 watching hostile movements on the frontiers. Small detachments of
 cavalry were also very quietly posted at different points on the road
@@ -10669,7 +10635,7 @@ the 20th of June.[272]
 The king, though on the whole a worthy man, and possessing some
 excellent traits of character, was in some points weak almost to
 imbecility. All the energy of the family was with the queen, and she,
-with the Marquis of Bouillé, planned the escape. They were often
+with the Marquis of Bouillé, planned the escape. They were often
 thwarted, however, in their wishes by the obstinacy of the king. La
 Fayette was entirely deceived, and but few even of the court were
 intrusted with the secret. Still, rumors of flight had been repeatedly
@@ -10710,7 +10676,7 @@ moment lost."--_Dumont_, p. 311.]
 
 [Footnote 260: Michelet, p. 333.]
 
-[Footnote 261: Thiers, vol. i., p. 166. Ferrières, t. ii., p. 198.]
+[Footnote 261: Thiers, vol. i., p. 166. Ferrières, t. ii., p. 198.]
 
 [Footnote 262: "Many of the emigrants had joined the army in a state
 of complete destitution. Others were spending improvidently the last
@@ -10720,7 +10686,7 @@ would find them restored to their splendid homes, to their groves, to
 their forests, and to their dove-cots."--_Chateaubriand's Memoirs of
 the Duke de Berri._]
 
-[Footnote 263: See Recueil de divers Ecrits relatif à la Revolution, p.
+[Footnote 263: See Recueil de divers Ecrits relatif à la Revolution, p.
 62; also Chateaubriand's Memoirs of the Duke de Berri.
 
 In reference to England Michelet remarks, with much truth: "The
@@ -10760,7 +10726,7 @@ commencing with the words,
 In consequence of this ode, and his avowed attachment to the
 principles of the Revolution, he became so obnoxious to his superiors
 that he was constrained to leave the college abruptly, without a
-degree.--_Cyclopædia of English Literature, Article S.T. Coleridge._]
+degree.--_Cyclopædia of English Literature, Article S.T. Coleridge._]
 
 [Footnote 267: M. Thiers, in the impetuosity of his narrative, is not
 always accurate in details. He gives the 20th of April as the date of
@@ -10780,11 +10746,11 @@ to any measure of justice and moderation. The court wished only to make
 him unpopular. Mirabeau saw his position, from which no struggles could
 extricate him, and he died of disappointment and grief. Had he not then
 died, he would, in a few months, have inevitably perished upon the
-scaffold. See _Mémoires de Mirabeau_, vol. viii.]
+scaffold. See _Mémoires de Mirabeau_, vol. viii.]
 
 [Footnote 269: Bertrand de Moleville.]
 
-[Footnote 270: Mignet, p. 101. Villiaumé, p. 91.]
+[Footnote 270: Mignet, p. 101. Villiaumé, p. 91.]
 
 [Footnote 271: Fox and others of the most illustrious of the English
 commoners had in the parliament expressed their sympathy for the French
@@ -10805,18 +10771,18 @@ leave the palace after midnight. Thus the king was truly a prisoner,
 and he was fully conscious of it, though every possible effort was
 adopted to conceal from him the humiliating fact.
 
-M. Bouillé and the queen were compelled to yield to the whims of the
+M. Bouillé and the queen were compelled to yield to the whims of the
 king, and to adopt measures which threatened to frustrate the plan. The
 king insisted upon having an immense carriage constructed which could
 take the whole party, though the unusual appearance of the carriage
 would instantly attract all eyes; he insisted upon traveling a very
 unfrequented route, which would excite the curiosity of every one who
 should see the carriage pass; he insisted upon stationing military
-detachments along the route, though Bouillé urged that such detachments
+detachments along the route, though Bouillé urged that such detachments
 if small could render no service, and if large would excite suspicion;
 he insisted upon taking the governess of the children, because the
 governess said that she loved the children too much to be separated
-from them, though Bouillé urged that instead of the incumbrance of a
+from them, though Bouillé urged that instead of the incumbrance of a
 governess they should take in the carriage an officer accustomed to
 traveling, and who could aid in any unexpected emergency. The king,
 though fickle as the wind upon questions of great moment, was, like all
@@ -10830,7 +10796,7 @@ parties, an obscure flight of stairs, and emerging by a gate which
 was contrived to be left unguarded, the fugitives, mingling with the
 groups of people who ever at that time were leaving the chateau,
 crossed the Carrousel, and, taking different streets, groped along
-through the darkness until they all met on the Quai des Théatins, where
+through the darkness until they all met on the Quai des Théatins, where
 two hackney-coaches awaited them. In breathless silence they took
 their seats. The Count de Fersen, a Prussian noble, young, handsome,
 enthusiastic, who was inspired with a chivalric admiration of Marie
@@ -10854,9 +10820,9 @@ he might gallop forward and order the relays of horses. The waiting
 women of the queen, who, by the strangest infatuation, had been
 included in the party, took the other carriage.
 
-The Marquis of Bouillé, an energetic, heroic man, finding that he could
+The Marquis of Bouillé, an energetic, heroic man, finding that he could
 not control the arrangements of the king, did every thing in his power
-to avert the suspicion which the strange-looking cortège would be
+to avert the suspicion which the strange-looking cortège would be
 likely to excite. He had a passport prepared, in which the governess
 was represented as a German baroness, Madame de Korff, traveling
 with her two children. The king was her valet-de-chambre, the queen
@@ -10885,7 +10851,7 @@ goes well. If we were to have been stopped at all it would have been
 before now."
 
 At Chalons they exchanged horses. The king now felt that he was safe,
-for the Marquis of Bouillé had posted detachments of troops at every
+for the Marquis of Bouillé had posted detachments of troops at every
 important point between Chalons and Montmedy. With characteristic
 imprudence, as the carriage was surrounded with idlers at Chalons, the
 king put his head out of the window, showing his well-known face to the
@@ -10936,7 +10902,7 @@ commission of colonel, worded so that every Royalist who would raise a
 legion might hope for a like favor. The members of his council thought
 it so strange that a _commoner_ should aspire to a military commission,
 that one of them said to me angrily, 'Why did you not ask for a
-bishopric?'"--_Recueil de divers Ecrits relatifs à la Revolution_, p.
+bishopric?'"--_Recueil de divers Ecrits relatifs à la Revolution_, p.
 62.]
 
 [Footnote 273: "What grieves us, moreover, among other things, in
@@ -10960,7 +10926,7 @@ completely satisfied, and it was merely to calm the anxiety of the
 public that he doubled his guard."--_Michelet_, p. 573.]
 
 [Footnote 274: The passport was made out as follows: "De par le roi.
-Mandons de laisser passer Madame le Baron de Korff, se rendant à
+Mandons de laisser passer Madame le Baron de Korff, se rendant à
 Franckfort avec ses deux enfants, une femme de chambre, un valet de
 chambre, et trois domestiques."]
 
@@ -10974,7 +10940,7 @@ ARREST OF THE ROYAL FUGITIVES.
   Arrival at Varennes.--The Party arrested.--Personal Appearance of the
   King.--The Guards fraternize with the People.--Indignation of the
   Crowd.--The Captives compelled to return to Paris.--Dismay of M. de
-  Bouillé.--Excitement in Paris.--The Mob ransack the Tuileries.--Acts
+  Bouillé.--Excitement in Paris.--The Mob ransack the Tuileries.--Acts
   of the Assembly.--Decisive Action of La Fayette.--Proclamation of the
   King.--The Jacobin Club.--Unanimity of France.
 
@@ -11206,7 +11172,7 @@ those who were dearer to him than life, and said,
 "But can you assure me that in this struggle a shot may not strike the
 queen, my sister, or the children? Besides, the municipality does not
 forbid to let us pass; it merely requests me to wait till daybreak.
-Moreover, the Marquis de Bouillé is at Stenay, but twenty-four miles
+Moreover, the Marquis de Bouillé is at Stenay, but twenty-four miles
 distant. He can not fail to learn of my detention, and he will be here
 with his troops in the morning."
 
@@ -11238,7 +11204,7 @@ however, able to rise and enter the shop, but the hussars immediately
 with acclaim avowed themselves the soldiers of the nation. Goguelat
 had observed also that at the end of the street there were two cannons
 planted which seemed ready to fire upon them. There was no longer the
-possibility of escape by force, unless M. de Bouillé should chance to
+possibility of escape by force, unless M. de Bouillé should chance to
 arrive in season with his well-trained dragoons.
 
 As Goguelat, wounded and covered with blood, again entered the presence
@@ -11276,7 +11242,7 @@ blood.
 The queen, whose energetic mind foresaw the awful future, was
 overwhelmed and burst into tears. The king had now lost all
 self-possession, and was bewildered as a child. The people, who began
-to be apprehensive that the troops of Bouillé might come to the
+to be apprehensive that the troops of Bouillé might come to the
 rescue, were crowding the door and shouting, "Back, back to Paris."
 
 The king was urged to show himself, that he might tranquilize the
@@ -11371,20 +11337,20 @@ herself to endurance, calmness, and dignity. The mental agony of
 that dreadful night had already turned her hair from auburn into the
 whiteness of snow.
 
-It was greatly feared that the troops of Bouillé might come and rescue
+It was greatly feared that the troops of Bouillé might come and rescue
 the king. Preparations for the departure were therefore hastened.
 Six horses were harnessed into the carriage, and the royal family,
 notwithstanding they did every thing in their power to cause delay,
 were forced to take their seats. The queen would not allow any one to
 touch her son, but carried him in her own arms to the carriage.
 
-The melancholy cortège now commenced its slow progress toward Paris,
+The melancholy cortège now commenced its slow progress toward Paris,
 escorted by four thousand of the National Guard.
 
-M. de Bouillé, as we have mentioned, was at Stenay, at but the distance
+M. de Bouillé, as we have mentioned, was at Stenay, at but the distance
 of eight leagues from Varennes, with several regiments of soldiers
 under his command, waiting the arrival of the king. Had the king but
-reached that stage he would have been safe. Bouillé was in a state of
+reached that stage he would have been safe. Bouillé was in a state of
 great anxiety, and during the night had rode forward to within six
 miles of Varennes, hoping to meet the king. Perplexed by the delay,
 and anxious lest he should be abandoned by his soldiers, in whom he
@@ -11395,18 +11361,18 @@ ringing, that the whole country was aroused, and the National Guard
 in Stenay, Metz, and Verdun were rapidly forming in defense of the
 _Nation_.
 
-Under these circumstances there was but one regiment in whom M. Bouillé
+Under these circumstances there was but one regiment in whom M. Bouillé
 could repose any confidence--the Royal German--and but one officer, his
 own son, in whom he could confide.
 
-Bouillé was an energetic and brave man. He immediately called out the
+Bouillé was an energetic and brave man. He immediately called out the
 German regiment, and by the influence of impassioned language and
 enormous bribes to every man induced them to start for the rescue.
 Almost with the speed of the whirlwind these strongly mounted dragoons
 swept the space intervening between Stenay and Varennes. It was a
 quarter of nine o'clock before they reached the town. The National
 Guard, anticipating this movement, was strongly posted to repel them.
-As Bouillé was reconnoitring in preparation for an attack, he was
+As Bouillé was reconnoitring in preparation for an attack, he was
 informed that the king had been gone more than an hour and a half;
 that the bridge was broken down, the streets barricaded; that M. de
 Choiseul, M. de Goguelat, and M. de Dumas were prisoners; that their
@@ -11417,7 +11383,7 @@ the peril of the nation.
 
 The horses of the dragoons were entirely exhausted by the forced drive
 of twenty-four miles; the soldiers themselves gave manifest symptoms of
-hesitation. All hope was gone. Bouillé slowly, sadly, silently retraced
+hesitation. All hope was gone. Bouillé slowly, sadly, silently retraced
 his steps. At Stenay popular enthusiasm had gained all hearts. His
 soldiers abandoned him, and he narrowly escaped with his life across
 the frontier to Luxembourg.
@@ -11498,10 +11464,10 @@ He immediately issued an order to the National Guard throughout France
 for the arrest of the king.[277] It was placed in the hands of two of
 his officers, who set out instantly on the pursuit.
 
-Leaving the Tuileries, La Fayette hastened on horseback to the Hôtel de
+Leaving the Tuileries, La Fayette hastened on horseback to the Hôtel de
 Ville. He passed excited crowds, who inveighed bitterly against him,
 accusing him of traitorous complicity in the king's flight. Arriving at
-the Place de Grève, in front of the Hôtel de Ville, he found one of his
+the Place de Grève, in front of the Hôtel de Ville, he found one of his
 officers, the Duke d'Aumont, in the hands of the infuriate mob, who
 were on the point of massacring him.
 
@@ -11627,7 +11593,7 @@ well. There is but one feeling in the Assembly. The common danger has
 united all parties."
 
 "But why," rejoined Desmoulins, "does the Assembly affect to speak of
-the _carrying off_ (enlévement) of the king in its decrees, when the
+the _carrying off_ (enlévement) of the king in its decrees, when the
 king himself writes that he escaped of his own free will? What baseness
 or what treason in the Assembly to use such language, when we are
 threatened by three millions of bayonets!"
@@ -11706,7 +11672,7 @@ to the scaffold, for it restored to the people the victim who had just
 escaped their clutches."--_History of the Girondists, by Alphonse de
 Lamartine_, vol. i., p. 75.]
 
-[Footnote 278: Histoire de la Rev. Fr., par Villiaumé, p. 13.]
+[Footnote 278: Histoire de la Rev. Fr., par Villiaumé, p. 13.]
 
 
 
@@ -11718,9 +11684,9 @@ RETURN OF THE ROYAL FAMILY FROM VARENNES.
   Proclamation of Marat.--Three Commissioners sent to meet the
   King.--Address to the Nation from the Assembly.--The slow and painful
   Return.--Conversation between Barnave and the Queen.--Brutality of
-  Pétion.--Sufferings of the Royal Family.--Reception of the King in
+  Pétion.--Sufferings of the Royal Family.--Reception of the King in
   Paris.--Conduct of the Queen.--Noble Avowal of La Fayette.--Statement
-  of the King.--Menace of Bouillé.
+  of the King.--Menace of Bouillé.
 
 
 Almost immediately after the flight of the king the club of the
@@ -11759,7 +11725,7 @@ At ten o'clock in the evening of the 22d of June a courier arrived
 in Paris with a letter from the municipality of Varennes announcing
 the arrest of the king. The cry resounded from street to street, "He
 is arrested! he is arrested!" Three commissioners were immediately
-appointed, Latour Maubourg, Pétion, and Barnave, invested with
+appointed, Latour Maubourg, Pétion, and Barnave, invested with
 authority to secure the return of the king and the royal family, and
 they were enjoined to observe all the respect due to their rank. The
 Assembly also issued an address to the French nation, containing the
@@ -11810,9 +11776,9 @@ were to a more radical democracy. Hoping to excite their sympathy in
 behalf of fallen greatness, he yielded to his companions the honor of
 being with the royal family in their carriage, while he took the second
 coach, with Madame de Tourzel and some other ladies of the party.
-Barnave and Pétion entered the king's carriage to share his danger and
+Barnave and Pétion entered the king's carriage to share his danger and
 to shield him from insult. Barnave sat on the back seat, between the
-king and the queen. Pétion sat in front, between Maria Theresa, the
+king and the queen. Pétion sat in front, between Maria Theresa, the
 daughter of the king, and Madame Elizabeth, his sister. The little
 dauphin, seven years of age, sat on the lap now of one, then of another.
 
@@ -11877,7 +11843,7 @@ queen to take some refreshment, he replied,
 solemn, ought to trouble your majesty solely with their mission, and by
 no means with their wants."
 
-Pétion was a very different character. He was one of those coarse and
+Pétion was a very different character. He was one of those coarse and
 vulgar demagogues who have done so much to cast dishonor upon the
 word _democracy_. His brutality disgusted the whole party. Equality
 of rights was with him but social insolence. He affected a rude
@@ -11891,10 +11857,10 @@ executive power. I did not think that this constitutional act could
 be maintained without more power being placed in the hands of the
 sovereign, since France does not wish to be a republic."
 
-"Not yet, to be sure," Pétion brutally replied; "the French are not yet
+"Not yet, to be sure," Pétion brutally replied; "the French are not yet
 quite ripe enough for a republic."
 
-No more conversation was held with Pétion. The movement of the
+No more conversation was held with Pétion. The movement of the
 carriages, encumbered by the escort and the immense crowds who thronged
 the way, was very slow. Four days were occupied in the return. It was
 seven o'clock in the evening of the 25th when the long procession
@@ -11916,9 +11882,9 @@ Generally the crowd looked on in amazement and silence. Feelings of
 pity and humanity triumphed over indignation. Great eagerness was
 of course manifested to catch a sight of the king and queen, but
 well-armed guards on horseback surrounded the carriages. La Fayette
-came out of the city to meet the cortège at a few miles distance and
+came out of the city to meet the cortège at a few miles distance and
 to assume the command. Apprehensive of violence from the infuriate
-populace of Paris, if the immense cortège, now numbering nearly three
+populace of Paris, if the immense cortège, now numbering nearly three
 hundred thousand and rapidly increasing, were to pass through the
 narrow streets of the city, the carriages were ordered to take a
 circuit and enter by the broad avenue of the Elysian Fields, which
@@ -12097,7 +12063,7 @@ but ensure the peace and felicity of the nation."[286]
 Thus the king pledged himself anew to support the Constitution. The
 Assembly received these asseverations in respectful silence, though it
 was no longer possible for them to give the king credit for sincerity.
-While the king was thus apologizing, Bouillé, who had fled to the
+While the king was thus apologizing, Bouillé, who had fled to the
 protection of foreign armies, sent a menacing letter to the Assembly,
 in the name of the allied sovereigns of Europe, containing the
 following declarations:
@@ -12109,7 +12075,7 @@ horror. I know the roads. I will guide the foreign armies which will
 assail you. There shall not rest one stone upon another in Paris, if
 you dare to touch a hair of the head of my king."[287]
 
-If Bouillé had wished to provoke the nation to throw down the head of
+If Bouillé had wished to provoke the nation to throw down the head of
 the king as a gauntlet of defiance to the foes of the liberties of
 France, he could have done nothing more effectual than the utterance of
 such a menace. Both parties were now preparing vigorously for war. The
@@ -12132,9 +12098,9 @@ Assembly_ the right of making peace and war. The king complained
 bitterly that he was no longer authorized alone to declare war and make
 peace.]
 
-[Footnote 281: Mémoires de Madame de Campan, t. ii., p. 150.]
+[Footnote 281: Mémoires de Madame de Campan, t. ii., p. 150.]
 
-[Footnote 282: "Quiconque applaudira le roi sera bâttonné; quiconque
+[Footnote 282: "Quiconque applaudira le roi sera bâttonné; quiconque
 l'insultera sera pendu."]
 
 [Footnote 283: La Fayette's Memoirs.]
@@ -12159,11 +12125,11 @@ was evident to them that the king did not intend merely to go to
 Montmedy, where no preparations had been made to receive him, but
 that he intended to go to the magnificent monastery of Orval, three
 leagues beyond the frontier, in Luxembourg, then occupied by the
-Austrians. Troops, commanded by the Prince of Condé, were there
+Austrians. Troops, commanded by the Prince of Condé, were there
 awaiting his arrival. The flight of the king was the signal for the
 loyalist officers to desert. All those of a regiment in garrison at
 Dunkirk fled to the Austrians, carrying with them the banners of the
-regiment."--_Hist. de la Rev. Française, par Villiaumé_.]
+regiment."--_Hist. de la Rev. Française, par Villiaumé_.]
 
 
 
@@ -12185,7 +12151,7 @@ COMMOTION IN PARIS.
 
 In the midst of these stormy scenes the Assembly voted to remove
 the remains of Voltaire, which had slumbered for thirteen years in
-the obscure abbey of Scellières in Champagne, to the Pantheon in
+the obscure abbey of Scellières in Champagne, to the Pantheon in
 Paris. On the 11th of July his coffin was received with great pomp
 at the barriers, and conducted to a pedestal on the ancient site of
 the Bastille, constructed from one of the foundation-stones of the
@@ -12196,7 +12162,7 @@ Upon the pedestal which supported the coffin were engraved the words,
 decreed thee by thy country."
 
 The next day a brilliant sun invited the whole population of Paris to
-the fête. The car which bore the coffin to the Pantheon was drawn by
+the fête. The car which bore the coffin to the Pantheon was drawn by
 twelve white horses, harnessed four abreast. They were very richly
 caparisoned, and led by postillions in antique attire. An immense body
 of cavalry headed the procession. The wail of requiems and the roar of
@@ -12264,7 +12230,7 @@ monarch that it was hoped that he would sincerely accept that popular
 cause which would secure for him popular support. Though no one doubted
 that it had been the intention of the vacillating monarch to throw
 himself into the midst of foreign armies, and by the aid of their
-artillery and swords to force the Old Régime again upon France, a very
+artillery and swords to force the Old Régime again upon France, a very
 generous report, exculpating the king from blame, was presented and
 adopted.
 
@@ -12398,14 +12364,14 @@ much power upon the king as it was possible now to obtain from the
 French nation; that any invasion of France by the allies would only
 exasperate the people, bring the Jacobins into power, endanger the
 life of the king, and that it could not be successful in restoring the
-Old Régime. The king was consulted upon this measure, and gave it his
+Old Régime. The king was consulted upon this measure, and gave it his
 approval.[290]
 
 Notwithstanding these warnings, the monarchs of Europe, who were
 trembling lest the spirit of liberty, rising in France, should
 undermine their despotic thrones, resolved to crush the patriots
 beneath the tramp of their dragoons. Leopold of Austria, Frederick
-William of Prussia, and Count d'Artois, with Bouillé and other of
+William of Prussia, and Count d'Artois, with Bouillé and other of
 the emigrants, met at Pilnitz, and on the 27th of August signed
 an agreement that the French Revolution was an "open revolt," "a
 scandalous usurpation of power," and that all the governments of Europe
@@ -12475,7 +12441,7 @@ retired for a stronger force. He soon returned, accompanied by Bailly,
 the mayor of the city, and all the municipal authorities, and followed
 by ten thousand of the National Guard. The red flag, which proclaimed
 that the city was placed under martial law, was now floating from the
-Hôtel de Ville. The tramp of ten thousand men,[294] with the rolling
+Hôtel de Ville. The tramp of ten thousand men,[294] with the rolling
 of artillery and the beating of four hundred drums, arrested the
 attention of the throng. The troops, debouching by three openings which
 intersected the glacis, were, as by magic, drawn up facing the throng.
@@ -12540,14 +12506,14 @@ expressed the views to which he adhered through the whole of his career.
 There was about this time a large party given by M. Necker. All the
 illustrious men and women of Paris were present. The youthful Napoleon,
 then quite a boy in appearance, and almost a stranger in Paris, was
-introduced to this brilliant assembly by his friend the Abbé Raynal.
+introduced to this brilliant assembly by his friend the Abbé Raynal.
 The genius of Napoleon, and his commanding conversational eloquence,
 soon drew around him quite a group.
 
 "Who is that young man," inquired the proud Alfieri, "who has collected
 such a group around him?"
 
-"He is," replied the abbé, "a protégé of mine, and a young man of
+"He is," replied the abbé, "a protégé of mine, and a young man of
 extraordinary talent. He is very industrious, well read, and has made
 remarkable attainments in history, mathematics, and all military
 science."
@@ -12711,7 +12677,7 @@ accord she stepped out upon the balcony, and presented her children to
 the crowd who thronged the terrace. They received such greeting as can
 only come from hearts glowing with sincerity and joy. These days of
 rejoicing were terminated by an offering of thanksgiving to God, as the
-sublime chant of the _Te Deum_ was sung in the cathedral of Nôtre Dame.
+sublime chant of the _Te Deum_ was sung in the cathedral of Nôtre Dame.
 
 The Constituent Assembly, having now completed its task, prepared to
 dissolve. As a conclusive reply to all who had accused it of ambitious
@@ -12800,26 +12766,26 @@ domestic peace and to resist aggression.
 This most noble reform combined Europe assailed with all its marshaled
 bayonets. The crime deluged the Continent in woe. After nearly a
 quarter of a century of conflagration and carnage, French liberty was
-trampled into the bloody mire of Waterloo, and the Old Régime was
+trampled into the bloody mire of Waterloo, and the Old Régime was
 reinstated.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
 
 [Footnote 287: "Je connais vos moyens de defense; ils sont nul. Et
-votre châtiment servira d'exemple aux autres peuples. Voilà ce que voit
+votre châtiment servira d'exemple aux autres peuples. Voilà ce que voit
 vous dire un homme qui n'a pour vous et votre peuple qu'indignation et
-horreur. Je connais les chemins; je guiderais les armées étrangères qui
-vous attaqueront. Si l'on ôte un seul cheven de la tête de mon roi, il
-ne restera pas pièrre sur pièrre à Paris. Adieu, messieurs."--_Histoire
-de la Revolution Française, par Villaumé_, p. 160.]
+horreur. Je connais les chemins; je guiderais les armées étrangères qui
+vous attaqueront. Si l'on ôte un seul cheven de la tête de mon roi, il
+ne restera pas pièrre sur pièrre à Paris. Adieu, messieurs."--_Histoire
+de la Revolution Française, par Villaumé_, p. 160.]
 
 [Footnote 288: The Assembly, while exonerating the king, condemned
-Bouillé and three _Guards du Corps_ who accompanied the king in his
+Bouillé and three _Guards du Corps_ who accompanied the king in his
 flight. It is impossible to refute the _logic_ with which Robespierre
 opposed this decision. "The measures you propose," he said, "can not
 but dishonor you. If you adopt them, I demand to declare myself the
 advocate of _all_ the accused. I will be the defender of the three
-_Guards du Corps_, the governess, even of Monsieur de Bouillé. By the
+_Guards du Corps_, the governess, even of Monsieur de Bouillé. By the
 principles of your committee, _no crime has been committed_. Where
 there is no crime _there can be no accomplices_. Gentlemen, to visit
 the weaker culprit when the greater one escapes is cowardice. You must
@@ -12831,9 +12797,9 @@ which lay at first between the Assembly and the court, then between
 the Constitutionalists and the aristocrats, was now about to commence
 between the Constitutionalists and the Republicans."--_Mignet_, p. 104.]
 
-[Footnote 290: Villiaumé, p. 112; Desodoards, p. 42.]
+[Footnote 290: Villiaumé, p. 112; Desodoards, p. 42.]
 
-[Footnote 291: Hist. de la Rev. Fr., par Villiaumé, p. 112. "The
+[Footnote 291: Hist. de la Rev. Fr., par Villiaumé, p. 112. "The
 Emperor of Austria, the King of Prussia, and the Count d'Artois met
 at Pilnitz, where they made the famous declaration of the 27th of
 August, which, far from improving the condition of the king, would have
@@ -12862,7 +12828,7 @@ in deeds of cruelty and infamy.]
 great improvement upon the Riot Act of England. It declared that
 the municipal officers, if the public peace is endangered, shall
 declare that military force must be produced; and the signal of this
-declaration shall be a red flag upon the Hôtel de Ville, and then
+declaration shall be a red flag upon the Hôtel de Ville, and then
 carrying before them a red flag through the streets, wherever they,
 with their armed force, go. On the appearance of the red flag, all
 crowds refusing instantly to disperse shall be held criminal, and
@@ -12906,7 +12872,7 @@ THE APPROACH OF WAR.
   of Orleans.--Embarrassment of the Allies.--Replies to the King
   from the European Powers.--The Emigrants at Coblentz.--The King's
   Veto.--Letters of the King to his Brothers.--Their Replies.--Cruel
-  Edicts.--Pétion chosen Mayor.--The King visits the Assembly.--Rise of
+  Edicts.--Pétion chosen Mayor.--The King visits the Assembly.--Rise of
   the Republican Party.
 
 
@@ -13018,7 +12984,7 @@ might be more effectually roused to crush the Revolution.[304]
 
 On the 7th the king proceeded to the Assembly. He was received,
 apparently, with unanimous applause, some shouting energetically "_Vive
-le Roi!_" and others, still more energetically, "_Vive sa majesté!_"
+le Roi!_" and others, still more energetically, "_Vive sa majesté!_"
 The king's speech was conciliatory, and was received with warm
 approval. The members of the Assembly, however, retained their seats
 while the king was addressing them. Louis regarded this as an insult,
@@ -13072,7 +13038,7 @@ of her boudoir, she was at midnight planning her escape from France.
 
 It was deemed by the king and queen of the utmost importance to assume
 publicly the appearance of content. A few evenings after this, the
-royal family attended the Théâtre Italien. As Madame Duguzon sang the
+royal family attended the Théâtre Italien. As Madame Duguzon sang the
 words, "_Ah! how I love my mistress_," she turned to the royal box,
 and gracefully courtesied to the queen. Immediately many Jacobins
 in the pit shouted, "No mistress! no master! liberty!" This caused
@@ -13255,7 +13221,7 @@ refuse to take this oath. By so doing he merely forfeited employment
 by the nation. He was still permitted to perform the functions of the
 ministry for any who were disposed to support him as their pastor.
 
-In the Province of Vendée the majority of the clergy refused to take
+In the Province of Vendée the majority of the clergy refused to take
 the oath, and carried with them the immense majority of the simple and
 superstitious peasants. The churches in which they had ministered were
 immediately assigned to other priests who had taken the oath. The great
@@ -13304,22 +13270,22 @@ character of Washington, resigned the command of the National Guard
 and retired to his estates. Bailly also resigned his post as mayor of
 Paris. The command of the Guard was intrusted to six generals, who were
 to exercise it in rotation. A new mayor of Paris was to be chosen. La
-Fayette was the candidate of the Constitutionalists, and Pétion of
+Fayette was the candidate of the Constitutionalists, and Pétion of
 that radical portion of the Republicans who were termed Jacobins. The
-aristocracy, with their accustomed infatuation, supported Pétion with
+aristocracy, with their accustomed infatuation, supported Pétion with
 their influence and with a large outlay of money. They feared that a
 constitutional monarchy might be sustained, but they believed that the
 Jacobins would introduce such anarchy as might secure the recall of the
 old monarchy.
 
 "The Marquis de la Fayette," said the queen, "only desires to be Mayor
-of Paris that he may be _mayor of the palace_. Pétion is a Jacobin and
+of Paris that he may be _mayor of the palace_. Pétion is a Jacobin and
 a Republican; but he is a fool, incapable of ever being the leader of
 a party. He will be a nullity of a mayor. Besides, it is possible that
 the knowledge of the interest we take in his election may bring him
 over to the king."[314]
 
-Pétion was chosen by a large majority. Bitterly did the king and queen
+Pétion was chosen by a large majority. Bitterly did the king and queen
 afterward bewail his election. But thus through all this tragedy did
 they spurn those who alone had the heart and the ability to help them.
 
@@ -13382,7 +13348,7 @@ applause.
 
 The emigrants were unanimous in their desire for the invasion of
 France, for the entire overthrow of the Constitution, and the
-restoration of the Old Régime. Leopold of Austria, however, anxious
+restoration of the Old Régime. Leopold of Austria, however, anxious
 for the safety of his sister Marie Antoinette, and embarrassed by the
 king's acceptance of the Constitution, was desirous of effecting some
 compromise by which a constitution should be permitted to France, but
@@ -13450,7 +13416,7 @@ reluctance, to declare war against Austria.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
 
-[Footnote 301: Bertrand de Moleville, t. vi., p. 22. See also Mémoires
+[Footnote 301: Bertrand de Moleville, t. vi., p. 22. See also Mémoires
 de Madame Campan, t. ii., p. 161.]
 
 [Footnote 302: "This Assembly (the Constituent) had consisted of the
@@ -13505,7 +13471,7 @@ sentence: "Kings ought to proceed in their career, undisturbed by the
 cries of the people, as the moon pursues her course unimpeded by the
 howling of dogs."--_Madame Campan_, vol. i., p. 207.]
 
-[Footnote 312: Mémoires de Madame Campan, t. ii., p. 172.]
+[Footnote 312: Mémoires de Madame Campan, t. ii., p. 172.]
 
 [Footnote 313: Thiers, vol. i., p. 204.]
 
@@ -13517,7 +13483,7 @@ Pitt denounced the French as the aggressors. Mr. Fox, on the contrary,
 affirmed that the war was unavoidable on the part of France from the
 menacing conduct of the German powers.]
 
-[Footnote 316: Mémoires de Bouillé, p. 314.]
+[Footnote 316: Mémoires de Bouillé, p. 314.]
 
 
 
@@ -13530,7 +13496,7 @@ AGITATION IN PARIS, AND COMMENCEMENT OF HOSTILITIES.
   Dumouriez and the Queen.--Discussion in the Assembly.--The Duke
   of Brunswick.--Interview of Barnave with the Queen.--Interview
   between Dumouriez and the King.--Dismissal of M. Roland.--The Palace
-  invaded.--Fortitude of the King.--Pétion, the Mayor.--Affecting
+  invaded.--Fortitude of the King.--Pétion, the Mayor.--Affecting
   Interview of the Royal Family.--Remarks of Napoleon.
 
 
@@ -13580,7 +13546,7 @@ In calling the Girondists into the ministry, General Dumouriez, a brave
 and veteran soldier, was appointed to the ministry of foreign affairs.
 With great vigor he prosecuted arrangements for the defense of France.
 In addition to the troops, amounting to 163,000, stationed along the
-northwestern frontier from Dunkirk to Besançon, he raised a fourth army
+northwestern frontier from Dunkirk to Besançon, he raised a fourth army
 to repel invasion from Spain through the passes of the Pyrenees.
 
 Dumouriez had acquired great popularity in the club of the Jacobins
@@ -13661,7 +13627,7 @@ the court just to take a little air. A gunner of the guard addressed me
 in terms of vulgar abuse, adding, 'How I should like to see your head
 on the point of my bayonet!' In this horrid garden you see on one side
 a man, mounted on a chair, reading aloud the most abominable calumnies
-against us; on the other, a military man or an abbé dragged through
+against us; on the other, a military man or an abbé dragged through
 one of the basins, overwhelmed with abuse, and beaten, while others
 are playing at ball, or quietly walking about. What an abode! what a
 people!"
@@ -13669,7 +13635,7 @@ people!"
 The Austrian monarchy, supported by the other powers of Europe, now
 sent to France the insolent demand that the French monarchy should
 be restored almost to its pristine despotic power; that the three
-estates of the realm--the clergy, the nobles, and the _tiers état_,
+estates of the realm--the clergy, the nobles, and the _tiers état_,
 should be re-established, and that there should be the restitution of
 Church property. It is not surprising that an independent nation of
 twenty-five millions should have resented such impertinence. There was
@@ -13753,7 +13719,7 @@ their native land--to crush the people struggling for liberty--to rivet
 anew the fetters of the most execrable despotism. These princes were
 the two brothers of the king, Louis and Charles, the one subsequently
 Louis XVIII., the other Charles X.; the Duke of Berri and the Duke of
-Angoulême, sons of Charles; the Prince of Condé, cousin of the king,
+Angoulême, sons of Charles; the Prince of Condé, cousin of the king,
 his son, the Duke of Bourbon, and his grandson, the Duke d'Enghien.
 All the military noblesse of the kingdom, with the exception of the few
 who had accepted the Constitution, had deserted their garrisons and
@@ -13930,7 +13896,7 @@ of Paris, and of delegates from other parts of the kingdom, to
 celebrate the anniversary of the meeting in the tennis-court, and to
 present a petition to the king urging him to withdraw his vetos. Deep
 apprehensions were felt in several quarters respecting the results of
-the day. Pétion, who was then mayor of the city, did not venture to
+the day. Pétion, who was then mayor of the city, did not venture to
 prohibit the celebration, but adopted the precaution of doubling the
 guard of the Tuileries.
 
@@ -13963,7 +13929,7 @@ brandishing pikes, thus emblematically declaring themselves ready for
 peace or war.
 
 The enormous procession filed slowly through the hall, shouting in
-deafening chorus the famous "_Ça ira_" (bravely it goes), armed
+deafening chorus the famous "_Ça ira_" (bravely it goes), armed
 with every conceivable weapon, and waving banners inscribed with
 revolutionary devices. Several bore ragged breeches upon poles, while
 the crowd around shouted, "_Vivent les sans culottes!_" One man bore on
@@ -14064,7 +14030,7 @@ to the king. Others shouted, "No veto! No priests! No aristocrats! The
 camp near Paris."
 
 The king stood upon a bench, and with marvelous serenity gazed upon the
-unparalleled spectacle. Légendre, the butcher, one of the leaders of
+unparalleled spectacle. Légendre, the butcher, one of the leaders of
 the mob, stepped up, and with a firm voice demanded in the name of the
 people the sanction of the two decrees which the king had vetoed.[329]
 
@@ -14108,7 +14074,7 @@ sent to surround the king, and this deputation was renewed every half
 hour. But the deputies could not force their way through the crowd.
 Hoisted upon the shoulders of the grenadiers they endeavored in vain to
 harangue the mob to order. It was half past five o'clock, an hour and a
-half after the attack upon the Tuileries had commenced, before Pétion,
+half after the attack upon the Tuileries had commenced, before Pétion,
 the Mayor of Paris, made his appearance in the presence of the king.
 He attempted an apology for coming so late, saying,
 
@@ -14119,7 +14085,7 @@ He attempted an apology for coming so late, saying,
 "That is very astonishing," replied the king, "for it is a long time
 that it has lasted."
 
-"It was half past four," Pétion rejoined, "when I heard of the attack.
+"It was half past four," Pétion rejoined, "when I heard of the attack.
 It took me half an hour to get to the palace; and I could not overcome
 the obstacles which separated me from your majesty until the present
 moment. But fear nothing, sire; you are in the midst of your people."
@@ -14186,7 +14152,7 @@ at the office of foreign affairs.
 
 "While we were thus spending our time the 20th of June arrived,
 a sad prelude of the 10th of August. We met by appointment at a
-restaurateur's, in the Rue St. Honoré, near the Palais Royal. On going
+restaurateur's, in the Rue St. Honoré, near the Palais Royal. On going
 out we saw a mob approaching in the direction of the market-place,
 which Bonaparte estimated at from five to six thousand men. They were
 a parcel of blackguards, armed with weapons of every description, and
@@ -14323,12 +14289,12 @@ Antoinette, by Montjoie_, p. 295.]
 
 [Footnote 328: Madame Campan says, "There was one representing a
 gibbet, to which a dirty doll was suspended; the words '_Marie
-Antoinette à la lanterne_' were written beneath it. Another was a board
+Antoinette à la lanterne_' were written beneath it. Another was a board
 to which a bullock's heart was fastened, with an inscription round it,
 '_Heart of Louis XVI._;' and then a third showed the horns of an ox,
 with an obscene legend."--_Madame Campan_, vol. ii., p. 212.]
 
-[Footnote 329: Léegendre was a butcher of Paris. He was one of the most
+[Footnote 329: Léegendre was a butcher of Paris. He was one of the most
 violent leaders of the mob. In 1791 he was deputed by the city of Paris
 to the National Convention. In 1793 he voted for the king's death,
 and, the day before his execution, proposed to the Jacobins to cut
@@ -14360,7 +14326,7 @@ mob; and the Royalists, waiting the approach of foreign armies, had
 no wish to introduce order but by the sword of invasion. It was
 apprehended that the mob, who had now risen above the power of law,
 might again invade the palace. In the afternoon of the 21st, crowds
-began to assemble at various points, but the mayor, Pétion, succeeded
+began to assemble at various points, but the mayor, Pétion, succeeded
 in inducing them to disperse. He then hastened to the king, and said to
 him,
 
@@ -14370,21 +14336,21 @@ people have become tranquil and satisfied."
 The king, who now appreciated the peril of his position, was
 exasperated, and replied, with suppressed emotion, "That is not true."
 
-"Sire--" rejoined Pétion.
+"Sire--" rejoined Pétion.
 
 "Be silent," said the king sternly, interrupting him.
 
-"It befits not the magistrate of the people," replied Pétion, "to be
+"It befits not the magistrate of the people," replied Pétion, "to be
 silent when he does his duty and speaks the truth."
 
 "The tranquillity of Paris rests on your head," added the king.
 
-"I know my duty," Pétion replied, "and shall perform it."
+"I know my duty," Pétion replied, "and shall perform it."
 
 The king could no longer restrain himself, and passionately exclaimed,
 "Enough; go and perform it. Retire."
 
-Pétion, thus summarily turned out of doors, bowed and left. The report
+Pétion, thus summarily turned out of doors, bowed and left. The report
 of the angry interview was speedily spread through Paris. It was
 rumored _through the palace_ that the mob were preparing to rise to
 murder the king and all the royal family. It was rumored _through the
@@ -14440,7 +14406,7 @@ most abusive epithets. The king and queen received him with great
 coldness, and refused to accept from him of any sympathy or aid.
 
 "If the court and the people attached to the king," writes the Marquis
-de Ferrières, a decided Royalist, "had but resolved to support La
+de Ferrières, a decided Royalist, "had but resolved to support La
 Fayette, there was force to have annihilated the two factions. But the
 queen recoiled from any idea of owing her safety to a man whom she
 had resolved to ruin. They refused to enter into his views, and they
@@ -14454,7 +14420,7 @@ his hotel, La Fayette set himself to consider what was the force of
 which he could avail himself. A review of the first division of the
 National Guard was fixed for the next morning at break of day. The king
 was to pass along the line, and La Fayette was then to harangue the
-troops. But the mayor, Pétion, _was advertised of their movements by
+troops. But the mayor, Pétion, _was advertised of their movements by
 the queen_, who feared the success of La Fayette even more than that of
 the Jacobins, and a counter-order was given, and the review did _not_
 take place."
@@ -14540,7 +14506,7 @@ for the masses of the British _people_ were cordially with the French
 patriots and rejoiced in the establishment of constitutional liberty in
 France. These extravagant threats filled Europe. It was every where
 assumed that only a small minority of the French people were opposed to
-the Old Régime, and that the mass of the nation would at once arise and
+the Old Régime, and that the mass of the nation would at once arise and
 welcome the invading armies.
 
 With this terrific storm from without menacing the liberties of France,
@@ -14638,7 +14604,7 @@ There were now three prominent parties in France. First, the Royalists,
 with the queen and the court, controlling the ever-vacillating king,
 at their head. They were plotting, through foreign armies and civil
 war, to restore the political and ecclesiastical despotism of the Old
-Régime. This party would have been utterly powerless but for the aid of
+Régime. This party would have been utterly powerless but for the aid of
 foreign despots. Second came the Constitutional party, with La Fayette
 at its head. The king _professed_ to belong to this party, and at
 times, perhaps, with sincerity, but, overruled by others, he conducted
@@ -14824,7 +14790,7 @@ but a cause with which they unfortunately had no sympathy."
 offered to them as a resource, but that it would be better for them to
 perish than to owe their safety to a man who had done them the most
 mischief, or to place themselves under the necessity of treating with
-him."--_Mémoires of Marie Antoinette, by Madame Campan_, vol. ii., p.
+him."--_Mémoires of Marie Antoinette, by Madame Campan_, vol. ii., p.
 223.]
 
 [Footnote 333: Thiers, vol. i., p. 278.]
@@ -14903,7 +14869,7 @@ danger_. Minute guns were fired all the day. The bells tolled, and the
 reveille was beat in all quarters of the city summoning the National
 Guard to their posts. A cavalcade of horse paraded the streets with
 a large banner containing the inscription, _Citizens, the country is
-in danger_. At all the principal places the cortège? halted and the
+in danger_. At all the principal places the cortège? halted and the
 legislative decree was read. Rendezvous were established in all parts
 of the city for the enlistment of volunteers. Unparalleled enthusiasm
 pervaded all classes. In Paris alone fifteen thousand were enrolled the
@@ -14933,7 +14899,7 @@ to espouse the Revolution. His proposition was briefly this:
 "General Luckner and I," said he to the king, "will come to Paris to
 attend the celebration of the demolition of the Bastille on the 14th
 of July. In company with us, the next day, the king with his family
-shall visit Compiègne, fifty miles north of Paris. The people will
+shall visit Compiègne, fifty miles north of Paris. The people will
 have sufficient confidence in us to make no opposition. Should there
 be opposition we will have a sufficient force of dragoons at hand to
 strike by surprise and release you. Ten squadrons of horse-artillery
@@ -14996,7 +14962,7 @@ With such resources immediately at hand, and with nearly all the
 monarchies of Europe in alliance to march to their rescue, it is not
 surprising that the king and queen should have felt emboldened to brave
 the perils which surrounded them.[342] The Royalists were exultant,
-and already, in the provinces of La Vendée and on the Rhone, they had
+and already, in the provinces of La Vendée and on the Rhone, they had
 unfurled the white banner of the Bourbons, were rallying around it by
 thousands, and had commenced the slaughter of the patriots who, in
 these provinces, were in the minority.
@@ -15036,7 +15002,7 @@ feudalism with all its burden of hoary abuses.
 The king and royal family joined the procession at the Tuileries,
 and with saddened hearts and melancholy countenances performed their
 part in the ceremonies. "The expression of the queen's countenance,"
-says Madame de Staël, "on this day will never be effaced from my
+says Madame de Staël, "on this day will never be effaced from my
 remembrance. Her eyes were swollen with tears, and the splendor of her
 dress and the dignity of her deportment formed a striking contrast with
 the train that surrounded her."
@@ -15100,7 +15066,7 @@ an Austrian field-marshal, who has been esteemed the ablest general
 opposed to the French during the Revolutionary war, conducted the
 Austrian troops and another division of the emigrants along other
 parallel roads upon the right, to fall upon La Fayette, who was
-stationed before Sedan and Mézieres. It was supposed that he would
+stationed before Sedan and Mézieres. It was supposed that he would
 easily scatter the feeble forces which Louis XVI. had permitted to be
 stationed there; and then he was to press rapidly upon Paris by Rheims
 and Soissons.[343]
@@ -15154,7 +15120,7 @@ Several of the leaders of the Girondists, anxious to avert the fearful
 crisis now impending, wrote a noble letter to the king containing
 considerations just and weighty, which ought to have influenced him to
 corresponding action. The letter was written by Vergniaud, Gaudet, and
-Gensonné, three of the brightest ornaments of the Legislative Assembly.
+Gensonné, three of the brightest ornaments of the Legislative Assembly.
 
 "It ought not to be dissembled," said these men to the king, "that it
 is the conduct of the executive power that is the immediate cause of
@@ -15265,9 +15231,9 @@ Paris on the 28th of July. The king immediately issued a message
 disavowing any agency in the manifesto. But the people no longer had
 any confidence in the word of the king. Paris was thrown into a state
 of terrible agitation. The forty-eight sections of Paris met, and
-commissioned the mayor, Pétion, to appear before the General Assembly,
+commissioned the mayor, Pétion, to appear before the General Assembly,
 and petition, in their name, the dethronement of the king. On the 3d
-of August, Pétion, at the head of a numerous deputation, presented
+of August, Pétion, at the head of a numerous deputation, presented
 himself before the Assembly. In an address, calm, unimpassioned, but
 terrible in its severity, he retraced the whole course of the king from
 the commencement of the Revolution, and closed with the solemn demand
@@ -15329,7 +15295,7 @@ four or five thousand men. But many of these were very lukewarm in
 their loyalty, and might at any moment be expected to fraternize with
 the populace.[348]
 
-Pétion, the mayor, was sent for. He came, and after an awkward
+Pétion, the mayor, was sent for. He came, and after an awkward
 interview retired, leaving Mandat, who was general-in-chief of the
 National Guard, commander of the troops at the Tuileries. It was a
 sultry night. Every window at the Tuileries was thrown open, and the
@@ -15363,14 +15329,14 @@ a pistol from his belt, and, presenting it to her husband, said,
 
 But Louis XVI. was a quiet, patient, enduring man, with nothing
 imperial in his nature. With the most imperturbable meekness he took
-the pistol and handed it back to the grenadier. The mayor, Pétion, an
+the pistol and handed it back to the grenadier. The mayor, Pétion, an
 active member of the Jacobin Club, had manifested no disposition to
 render effectual aid in the defense of the palace. But lest it should
 seem that he was heading the mob, he had reluctantly signed an order,
 as he left the Tuileries, authorizing the employment of force to repel
 force.
 
-The insurgents had organized an insurrectional committee at the Hôtel
+The insurgents had organized an insurrectional committee at the Hôtel
 de Ville, and immediately sent a summons for Mandat to present himself
 before them. Mandat, misinformed, understood that the summons came
 from the municipal government, and, as in duty bound, promptly obeyed.
@@ -15501,7 +15467,7 @@ of the king and for that of my son."
 "Madame," M. Roederer replied, "we undertake to die by your side, but
 that is all we can promise." It was then eight o'clock in the morning.
 
-A guard of soldiers was instantly called in, and the melancholy cortège
+A guard of soldiers was instantly called in, and the melancholy cortège
 left the palace. The Swiss troops and the loyalist gentlemen, who
 filled the apartments, looked on in consternation and despair. There
 was no apparent escape for them, and they seemed to be abandoned to
@@ -15565,7 +15531,7 @@ ill-success of his former embassy; for on the 10th of July M. de Lally
 came to me with a long letter written by M. La Fayette from his army,
 in which he drew a plan, ready as he said, for execution, to open the
 way for the king through his enemies, and to establish him in safety
-either in Compiègne or in the north part of France, surrounded by his
+either in Compiègne or in the north part of France, surrounded by his
 constitutional guards and his faithful army,"--_Bertrand de Moleville._]
 
 [Footnote 341: "That there should be no more sympathy," says Professor
@@ -15851,7 +15817,7 @@ relatives, but the ground was still covered with the bodies of the
 slain, who were entirely naked, having been stripped of their clothing
 by those wretches who ever swarm in the streets of a great city, and
 who find their carnival in deeds of violence and blood. By order of the
-insurrectional committee at the Hôtel de Ville, who had deposed the
+insurrectional committee at the Hôtel de Ville, who had deposed the
 municipal government and usurped its authority, these dead bodies were
 collected and piled in vast heaps in the court-yards, in the Garden,
 in the Place Louis XV., and in the Elysian Fields. Immense quantities
@@ -15954,7 +15920,7 @@ cloister, the fortress, and the prison, was erected and inhabited by
 the Knights Templar of the Middle Ages. Having been long abandoned it
 was now crumbling to decay. It was an enormous pile which centuries
 had reared near the site of the Bastille, and with its palace, donjon,
-towers, and garden, which was choked with weeds and the débris of
+towers, and garden, which was choked with weeds and the débris of
 crumbling walls, covered a space of many acres.
 
 [Illustration: THE TEMPLE.]
@@ -15971,9 +15937,9 @@ secured by stout iron bars.
 
 Such were the apartments which were now assigned to the former
 occupants of the Tuileries, Versailles, and Fontainebleau. It was a
-weary ride for the royal captives through the Place Vendôme and along
+weary ride for the royal captives through the Place Vendôme and along
 the Boulevards to the Temple. An immense crowd lined the road. All the
-royal family, with Pétion, the mayor, occupied one carriage, and the
+royal family, with Pétion, the mayor, occupied one carriage, and the
 procession moved so slowly that for two hours the victims were exposed
 to the gaze of the populace before the carriages rolled under the
 arches of the Temple. It was late in the afternoon when they left the
@@ -16040,14 +16006,14 @@ the extreme of woe.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
 
-[Footnote 355: "Napoleon se trouvait au 10ième Août à Paris; il avait
-été présent à l'action. Il m'écrevit une lettre très détaillée, que je
-lus à mes collègues du directoire du département; voici les deux traits
-principaux. 'Si Louis XVI. se fût montré à cheval la victoire lui fût
-restée; c'est ce qui m'a paru, à l'esprit qui animait les groupes le
+[Footnote 355: "Napoleon se trouvait au 10ième Août à Paris; il avait
+été présent à l'action. Il m'écrevit une lettre très détaillée, que je
+lus à mes collègues du directoire du département; voici les deux traits
+principaux. 'Si Louis XVI. se fût montré à cheval la victoire lui fût
+restée; c'est ce qui m'a paru, à l'esprit qui animait les groupes le
 matin.
 
-"'Après la victoire des Marseillais, j'en vis un sur le point de tuer
+"'Après la victoire des Marseillais, j'en vis un sur le point de tuer
 un garde du corps; je lui dis,
 
 "'Homme du midi, sauvons ce malheureux!
@@ -16056,7 +16022,7 @@ un garde du corps; je lui dis,
 
 "'Oui!
 
-"'Eh, bien! sauvons le!'"--_Mémoires du Roi Joseph_, t. i., p. 47.]
+"'Eh, bien! sauvons le!'"--_Mémoires du Roi Joseph_, t. i., p. 47.]
 
 [Footnote 356: History of the Girondists, by Lamartine, vol. ii., p.
 77.]
@@ -16068,7 +16034,7 @@ and the most astonishing audacity, half disguised by a jovial air,
 an affectation of frankness, and a sort of simplicity, as Danton's.
 In 1778 he was a needy lawyer, more burdened with debts than causes.
 He went to Belgium to augment his resources, and, after the 10th of
-August, had the hardihood to avow a fortune of £158,333 ($791,665),
+August, had the hardihood to avow a fortune of £158,333 ($791,665),
 and to wallow in luxury while preaching sans culottism and sleeping
 on heaps of slaughtered men." "Danton," says Mignet, "was a gigantic
 revolutionist. He deemed no means censurable so they were useful. He
@@ -16120,14 +16086,14 @@ and impassioned, had perfect control of the populace. The Jacobins
 had, by the insurrection, or rather revolution of the 10th of August,
 organized a new municipal government. Whatever measure the Jacobin Club
 decided to have enforced it sent to the committee which the club had
-organized as the city government at the Hôtel de Ville. This committee
+organized as the city government at the Hôtel de Ville. This committee
 immediately demanded the passage of the decree by the Legislative
 Assembly. If the Assembly manifested any reluctance in obeying, they
 were informed that the tocsin would be rung, the populace summoned, and
 the scenes of the 10th of August renewed, to make them willing. Such
 was now the new government instituted in France.
 
-The _Commune of Paris_, as this municipal body at the Hôtel de Ville
+The _Commune of Paris_, as this municipal body at the Hôtel de Ville
 was called, immediately entered upon the most vigorous measures to
 break up the conspiracy of the Royalists, that they might not be
 able to rise and join the invading armies of the Allies. The French
@@ -16161,7 +16127,7 @@ contemplated to assign the palace of the Luxembourg as the retreat
 of the royal family. The Commune of Paris, however, decided that the
 public safety required that they should be held in custody where escape
 would be impossible, and that their safe-keeping should be committed to
-the mayor, Pétion, and to Santerre, who had been appointed commander of
+the mayor, Pétion, and to Santerre, who had been appointed commander of
 the National Guards.
 
 The Assembly, alarmed at the encroachments of the self-constituted
@@ -16343,7 +16309,7 @@ little dreamed of. Jacobins and Girondists were now united by the
 pressure of a common and a terrible danger. A decree was immediately
 passed for every citizen in Paris capable of bearing arms to repair to
 the Field of Mars, there to be enrolled to march to repel the Allies.
-It was the morning of the Sabbath. The _générale_ was beat, the tocsin
+It was the morning of the Sabbath. The _générale_ was beat, the tocsin
 rung, alarm-guns fired, and placards upon the walls, and the voice
 of public criers, summoned every able-bodied man to the appointed
 rendezvous. The philosophic Vergniaud, in a word, explained to Paris
@@ -16375,7 +16341,7 @@ It is, however, probable that shrewd men, foreseeing this peril, had
 deliberately resolved to hurl the mob of Paris upon the prisons for the
 assassination of all the Royalists, before emptying the city of its
 defenders to march to meet the foe. While the bewildered masses were in
-this state of terrific excitement, six hackney-coaches left the Hôtel
+this state of terrific excitement, six hackney-coaches left the Hôtel
 de Ville, conducting twenty-four Royalist priests, who had refused to
 take the oath, to the prisons of the Abbaye. The people crowding around
 and following the carriages began to murmur. "Here are the traitors,"
@@ -16671,7 +16637,7 @@ saved.
 "I might have preserved my crown by turning loose the masses of the
 people against the advocates of the restoration. You well recollect,
 Montholon, when, at the head of your _faubouriens_, you wished to
-punish the treachery of Fouché and proclaim my dictatorship. I did not
+punish the treachery of Fouché and proclaim my dictatorship. I did not
 choose to do so. My whole soul revolted at the thought of being king
 of another mob. As a general rule no social revolution can take place
 without terror. Every revolution is in principle a revolt, which time
@@ -16803,7 +16769,7 @@ horror of the other."--_Journal of John Moore, M.D._, vol. i., p. 160.]
 
 [Footnote 372: "The young Macdonald, descended from a Scotch family
 transplanted to France, was aid-de-camp to Dumouriez. He learned at
-the camp of Grandpré, under his commander, how to save a country.
+the camp of Grandpré, under his commander, how to save a country.
 Subsequently he learned, under Napoleon, how to illustrate it. A hero
 at his first step, he became a marshal of France at the end of his
 life."--_Lamartine, Hist. Gir._, ii., 158.]
@@ -16845,7 +16811,7 @@ overawe the more moderate Patriots by the terrors of the mob, began to
 despair of their country. Paris sent to the Convention Robespierre,
 Danton, Marat, Chabot, and others who have attained terrible notoriety
 through scenes of consternation and blood. The Girondists in the
-Convention, Vergniaud, Condorcet, Barbaroux, Gensonné, though much
+Convention, Vergniaud, Condorcet, Barbaroux, Gensonné, though much
 in the minority, were heroic men, illustrious in intelligence and
 virtue. There was no longer a Royalist party, not even a Constitutional
 Royalist party, which dared to avow itself in France. The court and the
@@ -16902,7 +16868,7 @@ In drinking to a republic, stained at its birth with the blood of
 September, who knows that we do not drink to our own death? No matter;
 were this wine my blood, I would drain it to liberty and equality."
 
-To this all responded with the words _Vive la République_. But a few
+To this all responded with the words _Vive la République_. But a few
 months elapsed ere almost every individual then present perished on the
 scaffold.
 
@@ -17139,7 +17105,7 @@ away by imprisonment, caused his garments to hang loose and flabby
 about him; his features were wan through anxiety and suffering. Thus,
 unfortunately, every thing in his personal appearance combined
 to present an aspect exciting disgust and repulsion rather than
-sympathy. The procession passed down the Place Vendôme and thence to
+sympathy. The procession passed down the Place Vendôme and thence to
 the Monastery of the Feuillants. The king alighted. Santerre took his
 arm and led him to the bar of the Convention. There was a moment of
 profound silence. All were awe-stricken by the solemnity of the scene.
@@ -17207,7 +17173,7 @@ a root I would give you half."
 The king entered the carriage eating his crust. The same cavalcade as
 in the morning preceded and accompanied him. The same crowds thronged
 the streets and every point of observation. A few brutal wretches,
-insulting helplessness, shouted _Vive la Révolution!_ and now and then
+insulting helplessness, shouted _Vive la Révolution!_ and now and then
 a stanza of the Marseillaise Hymn fell painfully upon his ear. Chambon,
 the mayor, and Chaumette, the public prosecutor, were in the carriage
 with the king. Louis, having eaten as much of the half loaf of bread
@@ -17282,10 +17248,10 @@ to wine--these reports, which are not liable to suspicion, make the
 total expenses of the table amount in two months to 28,745 livres
 ($5749)."--_Thiers_, vol. ii., p. 26.]
 
-[Footnote 378: "M. Chambon, the successor of Bailly and Pétion,
+[Footnote 378: "M. Chambon, the successor of Bailly and Pétion,
 was a learned and humane physician, whom public esteem rather than
 Revolutionary favor had raised to the dignity of the first magistrate
-of Paris. Of _modéré_ principles, kind and warm-hearted, accustomed,
+of Paris. Of _modéré_ principles, kind and warm-hearted, accustomed,
 by his profession, to sympathize with the unfortunate, compelled to
 execute orders repugnant to his feelings, the pity of the man was
 visible beneath the inflexibility of the magistrate."--_Lamartine,
@@ -17355,11 +17321,11 @@ with the cause as if we were to gain it. I shall gain it in fact, since
 I shall leave no stain upon my memory."
 
 The two defenders of the king were permitted to associate with them
-a third, M. Deséze, an advocate who had attained much renown in his
+a third, M. Deséze, an advocate who had attained much renown in his
 profession. For a fortnight they were employed almost night and day
 in preparing for the defense. Malesherbes came every morning with the
 daily papers, and prepared for the labors of the evening. At five
-o'clock Tronchet and Deséze came, and they all worked together until
+o'clock Tronchet and Deséze came, and they all worked together until
 nine.
 
 In the mean time the king wrote his will; a very affecting document,
@@ -17374,25 +17340,25 @@ thus be carried on; but even this was an unspeakable solace to the
 captives.
 
 At length the plan of defense was completed. Malesherbes and the king
-had furnished the facts, Tronchet and Deséze had woven them all into
-an exceedingly eloquent and affecting appeal. Deséze read it aloud
+had furnished the facts, Tronchet and Deséze had woven them all into
+an exceedingly eloquent and affecting appeal. Deséze read it aloud
 to the king and his associates. The pathetic picture he drew of the
 vicissitudes of the royal family was so touching that even Malesherbes
 and Tronchet could not refrain from weeping, and tears fell from the
 eyes of the king. At the close of the reading, the king turned to
-Deséze, and, in the spirit of true majesty of soul, said,
+Deséze, and, in the spirit of true majesty of soul, said,
 
 "I have to request of you to make a painful sacrifice. Strike out of
 your pleading the peroration. It is enough for me to appear before
 such judges and show my entire innocence. I will not move their
 feelings."[384]
 
-Deséze was very reluctant to accede to this request, but was
-constrained to yield. After Tronchet and Deséze had retired that night,
+Deséze was very reluctant to accede to this request, but was
+constrained to yield. After Tronchet and Deséze had retired that night,
 the king, left alone with Malesherbes, seemed to be troubled with some
 engrossing thought. At last he said,
 
-"I have now a new source of regret. Deséze and Tronchet owe me nothing.
+"I have now a new source of regret. Deséze and Tronchet owe me nothing.
 They devote to me their time, exertions, and perhaps their life. How
 can I requite them? I possess nothing; and were I to leave them a
 legacy it would not be paid; besides, what fortune could repay such a
@@ -17449,7 +17415,7 @@ of the king, and the invalidity of the Convention to judge him, he
 then proceeded to the discussion of the individual charges. Some of
 the charges were triumphantly repelled, particularly that of shedding
 French blood on the 10th of August. It was clearly proved that the
-people, not Louis XVI., were the aggressors. As soon as Deséze had
+people, not Louis XVI., were the aggressors. As soon as Deséze had
 finished his defense, the king himself rose and said, in a few words
 which he had written and committed to memory,
 
@@ -17565,7 +17531,7 @@ the punishment pronounced against Louis Capet is death."[388]
 
 The counsel of Louis XVI., who, during the progress of the vote, had
 urged permission to speak, but were refused, were now introduced. In
-the name of the king, Deséze appealed to the people from the judgment
+the name of the king, Deséze appealed to the people from the judgment
 of the Convention. He urged the appeal from the very small majority
 which had decided the penalty. Tronchet urged that the penal code
 required a vote of two thirds to consign one to punishment, and that
@@ -17781,7 +17747,7 @@ enginery of war, preceded, surrounded, and followed the carriage. The
 noise of the drums prevented any conversation, and the king sat in
 silence in the carriage, evidently engaged in prayer. The procession
 moved so slowly along the Boulevards that it was two hours before
-they reached the Place de la Révolution. An immense crowd filled the
+they reached the Place de la Révolution. An immense crowd filled the
 place, above whom towered the lofty platform and blood-red posts of the
 guillotine.
 
@@ -17881,7 +17847,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 
 [Footnote 381: Hist. Parl., vol. xxi., p. 314.]
 
-[Footnote 382: Résumé du Rapport du Commissaire Albertier, Hist. Parl.,
+[Footnote 382: Résumé du Rapport du Commissaire Albertier, Hist. Parl.,
 vol. xxi., p. 319.]
 
 [Footnote 383: One of Napoleon's first acts upon becoming First Consul
@@ -17949,7 +17915,7 @@ THE REIGN OF TERROR.
   Charges against the Girondists.--Danton.--The French Embassador
   ordered to leave England.--War declared against England.--Navy of
   England.--Internal War.--Plot to assassinate the Girondists.--Bold
-  Words of Vergniaud.--Insurrection in La Vendée.--Conflict between
+  Words of Vergniaud.--Insurrection in La Vendée.--Conflict between
   Dumouriez and the Assembly.--Flight of Dumouriez.--The Mob aroused
   and the Girondists arrested.--Charlotte Corday.--France rises _en
   masse_ to repel the Allies.--The treasonable Surrender of Toulon.
@@ -18007,12 +17973,12 @@ war all told. England had four hundred and fifteen, and her ally,
 Holland, one hundred. Most of these were large ships, heavily armed;
 and, consequently, England had but little fear that any French armies
 could reach her isles.[391] Parliament voted an extraordinary supply
-of £3,200,000 ($16,000,000). One hundred and thirty-one thousand
+of £3,200,000 ($16,000,000). One hundred and thirty-one thousand
 Austrians, one hundred and twelve thousand Prussians, and fifty
 thousand Spaniards were speedily on the march to assail France at every
 point on the frontier.[392]
 
-The Royalists in La Vendée rose in arms against the Republic, and
+The Royalists in La Vendée rose in arms against the Republic, and
 unfurled the white banner of the Bourbons. France was now threatened
 more fearfully than ever before with external and internal war. The
 Convention, controlled by the Jacobins and appalled by the danger,
@@ -18053,7 +18019,7 @@ fear that the Revolution, like Saturn, will devour successively all
 its children, and only engender despotism and the calamities which
 accompany it."
 
-The Province of La Vendée contained a population of about three hundred
+The Province of La Vendée contained a population of about three hundred
 thousand. It was a rural district where there was no middle class. The
 priests and the nobles had the unlettered peasantry entirely under
 their influence. Three armies were raised here against the Republic, of
@@ -18263,7 +18229,7 @@ can render an important service to France."
 She dispatched this note from her hotel, the Inn de la Providence in
 the Rue des Vieux Augustins, went to the Palais Royal and purchased a
 large sheath knife, and, taking a hackney-coach, drove to the residence
-of Marat, No. 44 Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine. It was Saturday night.
+of Marat, No. 44 Rue de l'Ecole de Médecine. It was Saturday night.
 Marat was taking a bath and reading by a light which stood upon a
 three-footed stool. He heard the rap of Charlotte, and called aloud to
 the woman who, as servant and mistress, attended him, and requested
@@ -18338,7 +18304,7 @@ simply the machine by means of which they operated.
 
 On the 10th of August there was another magnificent festival in Paris
 to commemorate the adoption of the Jacobin Constitution. The celebrated
-painter David arranged the fête with great artistic skill, and again
+painter David arranged the fête with great artistic skill, and again
 all Paris, though on the verge of ruin, was in a blaze of illumination
 and in a roar of triumph. The Austrian armies were now within fifteen
 days' march of Paris, and there was no organized force which could
@@ -18372,7 +18338,7 @@ were to be prepared to obey orders whenever they should be summoned to
 the field. There is sublimity, at least, in such energy.
 
 All France was instantly converted into a camp, resounding with
-preparations for war. In La Vendée the friends of the Bourbons had
+preparations for war. In La Vendée the friends of the Bourbons had
 rallied. The Convention decreed its utter destruction, the death of
 every man, conflagration of the dwellings, destruction of the crops,
 and the removal of the women and children to some other province, where
@@ -18381,11 +18347,11 @@ sternly resolved that no mercy whatever should be shown to Frenchmen
 who were co-operating with foreigners to rivet anew upon France the
 chains of Bourbon despotism. These decrees were executed with merciless
 fidelity. The illustrious Carnot, who, to use his own words, "had the
-ambition of the three hundred Spartans, going to defend Thermopylæ,"
+ambition of the three hundred Spartans, going to defend Thermopylæ,"
 organized and disciplined fourteen armies, and selected for them able
 leaders.
 
-[Illustration: EXECUTION IN LA VENDÉE.]
+[Illustration: EXECUTION IN LA VENDÉE.]
 
 While matters were in this condition, the inhabitants of Marseilles,
 Lyons, and Toulon rose, overpowered the Jacobins, and, raising the
@@ -18415,7 +18381,7 @@ destroyed, and that over its ruins should be reared a monument with
 the inscription, "_Lyons made war upon Liberty: Lyons is no more!_"
 The cruelties inflicted upon the Royalists of this unhappy city are
 too painful to contemplate. The imagination can hardly exaggerate
-them. Fouché and Collot d'Herbois, the prominent agents in this bloody
+them. Fouché and Collot d'Herbois, the prominent agents in this bloody
 vengeance, were atheists. In contempt of Christianity, they ordered the
 Bible and the Cross to be borne through the streets on an ass; the ass
 was compelled to drink of the consecrated wine from the communion-cup.
@@ -18432,7 +18398,7 @@ with them."
 Her prayer of anguish was refused, and the poor child threw herself
 into the Rhone.
 
-The Royalist insurrection in La Vendée, after a long and terrible
+The Royalist insurrection in La Vendée, after a long and terrible
 conflict, was crushed out. No language can describe the horrors of
 vengeance which ensued. The tale of brutality is too awful to be told.
 Demons could not have been more infernal in mercilessness.
@@ -18569,7 +18535,7 @@ ascended to a desk on the platform, called the tribune.]
 [Footnote 396: The Allies acted without union, and, under disguise of
 a holy war, concealed the most selfish views. The Austrians wanted
 Valenciennes; the King of Prussia, Mayence; the English, Dunkirk;
-the Piedmontese aspired to recover Chambéry and Nice; the Spaniards,
+the Piedmontese aspired to recover Chambéry and Nice; the Spaniards,
 the least interested of all, had nevertheless some thoughts of
 Roussillon.--_Thiers_, vol. ii., p. 217.]
 
@@ -18579,7 +18545,7 @@ would have been at all times impracticable, but at a period of general
 warfare it was peculiarly so. Accordingly, it was no sooner made than
 suspended."--_Mignet._]
 
-[Footnote 398: Procès de Charlotte Corday (Hist. Parl., vol. xxviii.,
+[Footnote 398: Procès de Charlotte Corday (Hist. Parl., vol. xxviii.,
 p. 311, 338).]
 
 [Footnote 399: After the death of Louis XVI. the Royalists considered
@@ -18590,7 +18556,7 @@ king, with the title of Louis XVII.]
 a restaurant, that France was too densely populated for a republic, and
 that it was necessary to kill off at least one third of the inhabitants
 before they could have a good government. It is estimated that fifteen
-thousand were massacred in La Vendée at his command.]
+thousand were massacred in La Vendée at his command.]
 
 
 
@@ -18612,7 +18578,7 @@ long been taught implacably to hate.[401] We left her on the 21st of
 January in the Temple, overwhelmed with agony. Swoon succeeded swoon as
 she listened to the clamor in the streets which accompanied her husband
 to the guillotine. The rumbling of the cannon, on their return, and the
-shouts of _Vive la République_ beneath her windows announced that the
+shouts of _Vive la République_ beneath her windows announced that the
 tragedy was terminated. The Commune cruelly refused to allow her any
 details of the last hours of the king, and even Clery, his faithful
 servant, was imprisoned, so that he could not even place in her hands
@@ -18820,7 +18786,7 @@ they cried, "are not your cushions of Trianon."
 It was a long ride to the scaffold, during which the queen suffered
 all that insult, derision, and contumely can inflict. The procession
 crossed the Seine by the _Pont au Change_, and traversed the _Rue St.
-Honoré_. Upon reaching the Place of the Revolution the cart stopped
+Honoré_. Upon reaching the Place of the Revolution the cart stopped
 for a moment near the entrance of the garden of the Tuileries. Marie
 Antoinette for a few moments contemplated in silence those scenes of
 former happiness and grandeur. A few more revolutions of the wheels
@@ -18838,7 +18804,7 @@ She was bound to the plank, and as it sank to its place the gleaming
 axe slid through the groove, and the head of the queen fell into
 the basket. The executioner seized the gory trophy by the hair, and,
 walking around the scaffold, exhibited it to the crowd. One long cry of
-_Vive la République!_ arose, and the crowd dispersed.
+_Vive la République!_ arose, and the crowd dispersed.
 
 While these fearful scenes were passing, Madame Elizabeth and the
 princess remained in the tower of the Temple. Their jailers were
@@ -18905,7 +18871,7 @@ every mark of respect and sympathy, to the frontiers. In the Austrian
 court, love and admiration encircled her. But this stricken child of
 grief had received wounds which time could never entirely heal. A full
 year passed before a smile could ever be won to visit her cheek. She
-subsequently married her cousin, the Duke of Angoulême, son of Charles
+subsequently married her cousin, the Duke of Angoulême, son of Charles
 X. With the return of the Bourbons she returned to her ancestral halls
 of the Tuileries and Versailles. But upon the second expulsion of the
 Bourbons she fled with them, and died, a few years ago, at an advanced
@@ -18953,7 +18919,7 @@ CHAPTER XXXIV.
 THE JACOBINS TRIUMPHANT.
 
   Views of the Girondists.--Anecdote of Vergniaud.--The
-  Girondists brought to Trial.--Suicide of Valazé.--Anguish
+  Girondists brought to Trial.--Suicide of Valazé.--Anguish
   of Desmoulins.--Fonfrede and Ducos.--Last Supper of the
   Girondists.--Their Execution.--The Duke of Orleans;
   his Execution.--Activity of the Guillotine.--Humane
@@ -19035,7 +19001,7 @@ Gironde_, was long and bitter. The trial lasted several days.
 On the 30th of October, at eight o'clock in the evening, the debate was
 closed. At midnight they were summoned to the bar to hear the verdict
 of the jury. It declared them all guilty of treason, and condemned
-them to die in the morning. One of the condemned, Valazé, immediately
+them to die in the morning. One of the condemned, Valazé, immediately
 plunged a concealed poniard into his heart, and fell dead upon the
 floor. Camille Desmoulins, on hearing the verdict, was overwhelmed with
 remorse, and cried out,
@@ -19058,20 +19024,20 @@ to their cells, there to prepare for the guillotine, they spontaneously
 struck up together the hymn of the Marseillais:
 
  "Allons, enfans de la patrie,
-   Le jour de gloire est arrivé;
+   Le jour de gloire est arrivé;
  Contre nous de la tyrannie
-   L'étendard sanglant est levé."[406]
+   L'étendard sanglant est levé."[406]
 
 As they passed along the corridors of the prison, their sublime requiem
 echoed along the gloomy vaults, and awoke the sleepers in the deepest
 dungeons. They were all placed in one large room opening into several
-cells. The lifeless body of Valazé was deposited in one of the corners;
+cells. The lifeless body of Valazé was deposited in one of the corners;
 for, by a decree of the Tribunal, his remains were to be taken in the
 cart of the condemned to be beheaded with the rest. A sumptuous banquet
 was sent in to them by their friends as their last repast. The table
 was richly spread, decorated with flowers, and supplied with all the
 delicacies which Paris could furnish. A Constitutional priest, the
-Abbé Lambert, a friend of the Girondists, had obtained admission to
+Abbé Lambert, a friend of the Girondists, had obtained admission to
 the prison, to administer to them the last supports of religion and to
 accompany them to the guillotine. To him we are indebted for the record
 of these last scenes.
@@ -19095,7 +19061,7 @@ for the freedom of the world."
 
 "What shall we be doing to-morrow at this time?" asked Ducos. Each
 answered according to his skepticism or his faith. Vergniaud again
-spake. "Never," says the Abbé Lambert, "had his look, his gesture, his
+spake. "Never," says the Abbé Lambert, "had his look, his gesture, his
 language, and his voice more profoundly affected his hearers." His
 discourse was of the immortality of the soul, to which all listened
 deeply moved, and many wept.
@@ -19117,7 +19083,7 @@ after head fell, till at last one voice only remained. It was that of
 Vergniaud. As he was bound to the plank he commenced anew the strain,
 
  "Allons, enfans de la patrie,
- Le jour de gloire est arrivé."
+ Le jour de gloire est arrivé."
 
 The axe fell, and the lips of Vergniaud were silent in death. In
 thirty-one minutes the executioner had beheaded them all. Their bodies
@@ -19243,7 +19209,7 @@ day. Malesherbes, at the age of eighty, perished with his sister, his
 daughter, his son-in-law, his grandson, and his granddaughter. Forty
 young women were brought to the guillotine for having danced at a ball
 given by the King of Prussia at Verdun. Twenty-two peasant women, whose
-husbands had been executed in La Vendée, were beheaded."
+husbands had been executed in La Vendée, were beheaded."
 
 Such was the thraldom from which, at last, the empire of Napoleon
 rescued France. Nothing less than the strength of his powerful arm
@@ -19415,7 +19381,7 @@ tremble, Bailly." "Yes, my friend," replied the heroic old man, "but
 it is with cold."[411] After five hours of such a martyrdom, the axe
 released him from his sufferings.
 
-Pétion and Buzot wandered many days and nights in the forest. At
+Pétion and Buzot wandered many days and nights in the forest. At
 length their remains were found, half devoured by wolves. Whether they
 perished of cold and starvation, or sought relief from their misery in
 voluntary death, is not known.
@@ -19628,7 +19594,7 @@ plead their cause; it would only have imperiled their own lives.
 Even in the Assembly great excitement was produced by these important
 arrests. The members gathered in groups and spoke to each other in
 whispers, inquiring what all this meant and where it was to end. At
-last, Légendre ventured to ascend the tribune, and said,
+last, Légendre ventured to ascend the tribune, and said,
 
 "Citizens, four members of this Assembly have been arrested during
 the night. Danton is one. I know not the others. Citizens, I declare
@@ -19645,7 +19611,7 @@ it is manifest that a question of great interest is before us--a
 question whether two or three individuals shall be preferred to the
 country. The question to-day is whether the interests of certain
 ambitious hypocrites shall prevail over the interests of the French
-nation. Légendre appears not to know the names of those who have been
+nation. Légendre appears not to know the names of those who have been
 arrested. All the Convention knows them. His friend Lacroix is among
 the prisoners. Why does he pretend to be ignorant of it? Because he
 knows that he can not defend Lacroix without shame. He has spoken of
@@ -19669,12 +19635,12 @@ country, my heart is exempt from fear.
 "I have seen in the flattery which has been addressed to me, in the
 concern of those who surrounded Danton, only signs of the terror which
 they felt, even before they were threatened. And I, too, have been the
-friend of Pétion; as soon as he was unmasked I abandoned him. I have
+friend of Pétion; as soon as he was unmasked I abandoned him. I have
 also been acquainted with Roland; he became a traitor and I denounced
 him. Danton would take their place, and in my eyes he is but an enemy
 to his country."
 
-Légendre, appalled, immediately retracted, and trembling for his
+Légendre, appalled, immediately retracted, and trembling for his
 life, like a whipped spaniel, crouched before the terrible dictator.
 At that moment St. Just came in, and read a long report against the
 members under arrest. The substance of the vague and rambling charges
@@ -19808,7 +19774,7 @@ love of liberty, God will recompense it. I shall see you again one day.
 "O my Lucile, sensitive as I was, the death which delivers me from the
 sight of so much crime, is it so great a misfortune? Adieu, my life, my
 soul, my divinity upon earth! Adieu, Lucile! my Lucile! my dear Lucile!
-Adieu, Horace! Annette! Adèle! Adieu, my father! I feel the shore of
+Adieu, Horace! Annette! Adèle! Adieu, my father! I feel the shore of
 life fly before me. I still see Lucile! I see her, my best beloved! my
 Lucile! My bound hands embrace you, and my severed head rests still
 upon you its dying eyes."
@@ -19855,7 +19821,7 @@ He so writhed and twisted in the convulsions of his agony that his
 clothes were nearly torn from his back. Danton stood in moody silence,
 occasionally endeavoring to appease the turbulence of Desmoulins.
 
-Herault de Séchelles first ascended the scaffold. As he alighted from
+Herault de Séchelles first ascended the scaffold. As he alighted from
 the cart he endeavored to embrace Danton. The brutal executioner
 interposed.
 
@@ -19926,7 +19892,7 @@ entirely, if you recall still our evenings of intimacy, if you recall
 to yourself the caresses you lavished upon the little Horace, and how
 you delighted to hold him upon your knees, and if you remember that
 you were to have been my son-in-law, spare an innocent victim! But, if
-thy fury is that of a lion, come and take us also, myself, Adèle [her
+thy fury is that of a lion, come and take us also, myself, Adèle [her
 other daughter], and Horace. Come and tear us away with thy hands still
 reeking in the blood of Camille. Come, come, and let one single tomb
 reunite us."
@@ -20009,7 +19975,7 @@ in private on sinister designs. Is he rich? That renders the danger
 greater that he will corrupt the citizens by his largesses. Is he poor?
 None so dangerous as those who have nothing to lose. Is he thoughtful
 and melancholy? He is revolving what he calls the calamities of his
-country. Is he gay and dissipated? He is concealing, like Cæsar,
+country. Is he gay and dissipated? He is concealing, like Cæsar,
 ambition under the mask of pleasure. The natural death of a celebrated
 man has become so rare that historians transmit it, as a matter worthy
 of record, to future ages. The tribunals, once the protectors of life
@@ -20033,7 +19999,7 @@ CHAPTER XXXVI.
 
 FALL OF ROBESPIERRE.
 
-  Inexplicable Character of Robespierre.--Cécile Regnault.--Fête
+  Inexplicable Character of Robespierre.--Cécile Regnault.--Fête
   in honor of the Supreme Being.--Increase of Victims.--The
   Triumvirate.--Suspicions of Robespierre.--Struggle between
   Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety.--Conspiracy against
@@ -20081,12 +20047,12 @@ Being is one of the duties of man."
 
 There were some unavailing attempts now made to assassinate
 Robespierre; one, very singular in its character, by a beautiful
-girl, Cécile Regnault, but seventeen years of age. She called at
+girl, Cécile Regnault, but seventeen years of age. She called at
 Robespierre's house and asked to see him. Her appearance attracted
 suspicion, and she was arrested. In her basket a change of clothes was
 found and two knives. She was led before the Tribunal.
 
-[Illustration: CÉCILE REGNAULT ARRESTED.]
+[Illustration: CÉCILE REGNAULT ARRESTED.]
 
 "What was the object of your visit to Robespierre?" the president
 inquired.
@@ -20122,7 +20088,7 @@ part on the occasion. The morning dawned with unusual splendor. For
 that one day the guillotine was ordered to rest. An amphitheatre was
 erected in the centre of the garden of the Tuileries, and the spacious
 grounds were crowded with a rejoicing concourse. The celebrated painter
-David had arranged the fête with the highest embellishments of art.
+David had arranged the fête with the highest embellishments of art.
 At twelve o'clock Robespierre ascended a pavilion and delivered a
 discourse.
 
@@ -20222,7 +20188,7 @@ a rival in the Jacobin Club. His power was apparently resistless. But
 despair nerved his foes.
 
 Three very able men, accustomed to command--Tallien, Barras, and
-Fréron--headed the conspiracy against Robespierre. The party thus
+Fréron--headed the conspiracy against Robespierre. The party thus
 organized was called the _Thermidorien_, because it was in the month
 of Thermidor (July) that they achieved their signal victory, and,
 trampling upon the corpse of Robespierre and of his adherents, ascended
@@ -20334,7 +20300,7 @@ and to avenge him.'"
 The night was passed by both parties in preparing for the decisive
 strife of the next day. The friends of Robespierre were active in
 concerting, in all the quarters of Paris, a rising of the people to
-storm the Convention. Tallien, Barras, Fréron, Fouché, slept not.
+storm the Convention. Tallien, Barras, Fréron, Fouché, slept not.
 They were informed of all that had passed at the Jacobins, and their
 emissaries brought them hourly intelligence through the night of the
 increasing tumult of the people. They made vigorous preparations for
@@ -20388,12 +20354,12 @@ Robespierre instantly interposed, saying, "I accept my condemnation.
 I have deserved your hatred. But, crime or virtue, my brother is not
 guilty of that which you strike in me."
 
-Shouts and stamping drowned his voice. As cries of _Vive la République_
+Shouts and stamping drowned his voice. As cries of _Vive la République_
 rose on all sides, Robespierre quietly folded his arms, and, with a
 contemptuous smile, exclaimed, "The Republic! it is destroyed; for
 scoundrels triumph." It was now three o'clock in the afternoon. The two
 Robespierres, Couthon, St. Just, and Lebus were led by _gens d'armes_
-from the Convention across the Place du Carrousel to the Hôtel de
+from the Convention across the Place du Carrousel to the Hôtel de
 Brionne, where the Committee of General Safety were in session. A crowd
 followed the prisoners with derision and maledictions. As they entered
 the Carrousel a procession of carts, containing forty-five victims on
@@ -20403,7 +20369,7 @@ After a very brief examination Robespierre was sent to the Luxembourg.
 His confederates were distributed among the other prisons of Paris. The
 Mayor of Paris and Henriot were in the mean time active in endeavors
 to excite an insurrection to rescue the prisoners. The following
-proclamation was issued from the Hôtel de Ville:
+proclamation was issued from the Hôtel de Ville:
 
 "Brothers and friends! the country is in imminent danger! The wicked
 have mastered the Convention, where they hold in chains the virtuous
@@ -20420,7 +20386,7 @@ the Convention, who had been ordered to arrest him. They seized him,
 dragged him from his horse, bound him with their belts, and threw him
 into a guard-house, almost dead-drunk. In the mean time the populace
 rescued all the prisoners, and carried them in triumph to the mayor's
-room at the Hôtel de Ville. Robespierre, however, notwithstanding the
+room at the Hôtel de Ville. Robespierre, however, notwithstanding the
 most earnest entreaties of the Jacobins and the municipal government,
 refused to encourage or to accept the insurrection, or to make escape
 from arrest. "Made prisoner," writes Lamartine, "by command of his
@@ -20431,10 +20397,10 @@ condemned to death, 'the death of one just man,' said he, 'is less
 hurtful to the Republic than the example of a revolt against the
 national representation.'"
 
-News was brought to the Hôtel de Ville of the arrest of Henriot.
+News was brought to the Hôtel de Ville of the arrest of Henriot.
 Coffinhal, Vice-president of the Revolutionary Tribunal, immediately
 rallied the mob, rushed to the Tuileries, released Henriot, who was by
-this time somewhat sobered, and brought him back to the Hôtel de Ville.
+this time somewhat sobered, and brought him back to the Hôtel de Ville.
 Henriot, exasperated by his arrest, placed himself at the head of his
 troops and marched with a battery against the Convention. At this stage
 of the affair no one could judge which party would be victorious. The
@@ -20484,9 +20450,9 @@ surging through the streets. Barras, on horseback, with a strong
 retinue, traversed the central quarters of Paris, rallying the citizens
 to the defense of the Convention. Eighteen hundred bold, well-armed
 men were soon marshaled before the doors. With two other bands he
-marched along parallel streets to the Place de Grève, where he drove
-off the disorderly crowd and secured all the approaches to the Hôtel
-de Ville. Robespierre was still in one of the rooms of the Hôtel de
+marched along parallel streets to the Place de Grève, where he drove
+off the disorderly crowd and secured all the approaches to the Hôtel
+de Ville. Robespierre was still in one of the rooms of the Hôtel de
 Ville, surrounded by his confederates and by the members of the city
 government. They implored him to authorize an insurrection, assuring
 him that his name would rally the populace and rescue them all from
@@ -20494,7 +20460,7 @@ inevitable death. But Robespierre persistently refused, declaring that
 he would rather die than violate the laws established by the people.
 
 A detachment of soldiers, sent by Barras, cautiously ascended the
-steps, and entered the _Salle de l'Egalité_ to rearrest the rescued
+steps, and entered the _Salle de l'Egalité_ to rearrest the rescued
 prisoners. As they were ascending the stairs Lebas discharged a pistol
 into his heart and fell dead. The younger Robespierre leaped from the
 window into the court-yard, breaking his leg by his fall. Coffinhal,
@@ -20508,9 +20474,9 @@ Robespierre sat calmly at a table, awaiting his fate. One of the _gens
 d'armes_ discharged a pistol at him. The ball entered his left cheek,
 fracturing his jaw and carrying away several of his teeth. His head
 dropped upon the table, deluging with blood the papers which were
-before him. The troops of the Convention now filled the Hôtel de Ville,
+before him. The troops of the Convention now filled the Hôtel de Ville,
 arresting all its inmates. The day was just beginning to dawn as the
-long file of prisoners were led out into the Place de Grève to be
+long file of prisoners were led out into the Place de Grève to be
 conducted to the hall of the Convention.[428]
 
 First came Robespierre, borne by four men on a litter. His fractured
@@ -20527,7 +20493,7 @@ of the city government, bound two and two, completed the melancholy
 procession.
 
 It was five o'clock in the morning when the captives were led to the
-Tuileries. In the mean time Légendre had marched to the assembly-room
+Tuileries. In the mean time Légendre had marched to the assembly-room
 of the Jacobins, dispersed them, locked their doors, and brought the
 keys to the President of the Convention.[429]
 
@@ -20559,8 +20525,8 @@ Tribunal, with equal alacrity, would have consigned the Deputies to the
 guillotine.
 
 At five o'clock the carts of the condemned received the prisoners.[430]
-The long procession advanced through the Rue St. Honoré to the Place
-de la Révolution. The fickle crowd thronged the streets, heaping
+The long procession advanced through the Rue St. Honoré to the Place
+de la Révolution. The fickle crowd thronged the streets, heaping
 imprecations upon the man to whom they would have shouted hosanna had
 he been a victor. Robespierre, his brother, Couthon, Henriot, all
 mangled, bleeding, and with broken bones, were thrown into the first
@@ -20589,7 +20555,7 @@ should term it a virtue. This man was, and must ever remain, shadowy
 and undefined."[432]
 
 Twenty-two were beheaded with Robespierre. The next day seventy who
-were arrested at the Hôtel de Ville were sent to the guillotine. The
+were arrested at the Hôtel de Ville were sent to the guillotine. The
 following day twelve more bled upon the scaffold. In three days one
 hundred and fourteen perished, untried, by that tyranny which had
 supplanted the tyranny of Robespierre.[433]
@@ -20599,7 +20565,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 [Footnote 419: "Mr. Alison gives currency to an atrocious slander
 against Robespierre, for which he has adduced no authority, and which
 is contradicted by the whole evidence of Robespierre's life. 'He
-(Philippe Egalité) was detained,' says Alison, 'above a quarter of
+(Philippe Egalité) was detained,' says Alison, 'above a quarter of
 an hour in front of the Palais Royal, by order of Robespierre, who
 had asked in vain for the hand of his daughter in marriage, and had
 promised, if he would relent in that extremity, to excite a tumult
@@ -20645,9 +20611,9 @@ statement of the victims:
    Total sent to the guillotine    18,603  18,603
    Women who died of premature delivery     3,400
    Women who died in childbirth from grief    348
-   Women killed in La Vendée               15,000
-   Children killed in La Vendée            22,000
-   Men slain in La Vendée                 900,000
+   Women killed in La Vendée               15,000
+   Children killed in La Vendée            22,000
+   Men slain in La Vendée                 900,000
    Victims under Carrier at Nantes         32,000
    Victims at Lyons                        31,000
                                        ----------
@@ -20683,7 +20649,7 @@ Robespierre attempted to commit suicide, the evidence now seems to be
 conclusive that he did not. See Lamartine's History of the Girondists,
 vol. iii., p. 527.]
 
-[Footnote 429: Légendre, the butcher, was a deputy of the Convention.
+[Footnote 429: Légendre, the butcher, was a deputy of the Convention.
 He was a man of extraordinary nerve, and had been one of the most
 furious members of the society of Jacobins.--_Biog. Universelle._]
 
@@ -20713,11 +20679,11 @@ CHAPTER XXXVII.
 
 THE THERMIDORIANS AND THE JACOBINS.
 
-  The Reign of Committees.--The Jeunesse Dorée.--The Reaction.--Motion
+  The Reign of Committees.--The Jeunesse Dorée.--The Reaction.--Motion
   against Fouquier Tinville.--Apotheosis of Rousseau.--Battle
   of Fleurus.--Brutal Order of the Committee of Public
   Welfare.--Composition of the two Parties.--Speech of Billaud
-  Varennes.--Speech of Légendre.--The Club-house of the Jacobins
+  Varennes.--Speech of Légendre.--The Club-house of the Jacobins
   closed.--Victories of Pichegru.--Alliance between Holland and
   France.--Advance of Kleber.--Peace with Prussia.--Quiberon.--Riot in
   Lyons.
@@ -20747,10 +20713,10 @@ Republic struggled along.
 The horrors of the Reign of Terror were now producing a decided
 reaction. Many of the young men of Paris, who abhorred the past scenes
 of violence, organized themselves into a band called the Jeunesse
-Dorée, or Gilded Youth, and commenced vigorous opposition to the
+Dorée, or Gilded Youth, and commenced vigorous opposition to the
 Jacobins. They wore a distinctive dress, and armed themselves with
 a short club loaded with lead. Frequent conflicts took place in the
-streets between the two parties, in which the Jeunesse Dorée were
+streets between the two parties, in which the Jeunesse Dorée were
 generally victorious. The Terrorists having become unpopular, and being
 in the decided minority, the guillotine was soon allowed to rest. Mercy
 rapidly succeeded cruelty. The captives who crowded the prisons of
@@ -20763,7 +20729,7 @@ The reaction was so strong, annulling past decrees, liberating
 suspected Loyalists, and punishing violent Revolutionists, that even
 many of the true friends of popular rights were alarmed lest the
 nation should drift back again under the sway of old feudal despotism.
-M. Fréron, in the following terms, moved, in the Convention, an act of
+M. Fréron, in the following terms, moved, in the Convention, an act of
 accusation against the execrable Fouquier Tinville, who had been public
 accuser:
 
@@ -20822,12 +20788,12 @@ the Thermidorians called them Terrorists. The more intelligent and
 reputable portion of the community were with the Thermidorians; the
 women, weary of turmoil and blood, were very generally with them; and
 the very efficient military band of young men called the _Jeunesse
-Dorée_ (gilded youth), who belonged to the rich and middle classes,
+Dorée_ (gilded youth), who belonged to the rich and middle classes,
 were very efficient supporters of this party, hurling defiance upon
 the Jacobins, and ever ready for a street fray with their clubs. The
 Jacobins were composed of the mob, generally headed by those vigorous,
 reckless, determined men who usually form what Thiers calls "the
-ferocious democracy." Fréron's journal, _The Orator of the People_,
+ferocious democracy." Fréron's journal, _The Orator of the People_,
 was the eloquent advocate of the Thermidorians, now rising rapidly to
 power, and it launched incessant and merciless anathemas against the
 _revolutionary canaille_. The females who advocated Jacobinism were
@@ -20866,7 +20832,7 @@ one of the stormiest debates in the Convention. The Jacobins were
 accused of wishing to direct the mob against the Convention. They,
 on the other hand, accused the Thermidorians of releasing well-known
 Royalists from prison, and of thus encouraging a counter-revolution.
-Légendre, speaking in behalf of the Thermidorians, in reply to the
+Légendre, speaking in behalf of the Thermidorians, in reply to the
 Jacobins, said,
 
 "What have you to complain of, you who are constantly accusing us? Is
@@ -20891,10 +20857,10 @@ Robespierre's tail_." Their opponents shouted "_The Jacobins forever!
 Down with the Aristocrats!_"
 
 On the 9th of November there was a battle between the two parties in
-the Rue St. Honoré, in and around the hall of the Jacobins, which
+the Rue St. Honoré, in and around the hall of the Jacobins, which
 lasted for several hours. A number of the women, called Furies of the
 Guillotine, who mingled in the fray, were caught by the _Jeunesse
-Dorée_, and, in defiance of all the rules of chivalry, had their
+Dorée_, and, in defiance of all the rules of chivalry, had their
 clothes stripped from their backs and were ignominiously whipped. It
 was midnight before the disturbance was quelled. A stormy debate ensued
 next day in the Convention.
@@ -20985,7 +20951,7 @@ to crush the Republic. William Pitt led the ministry with his warlike
 measures, and triumphed over the peaceful policy of Sheridan and Fox.
 He thus, for a quarter of a century, converted all Europe into a field
 of blood. Roused by the energies of Pitt, the English government
-organized a very formidable expedition, to be landed in La Vendée, to
+organized a very formidable expedition, to be landed in La Vendée, to
 rouse and rally the Royalists all over France, and thus to reinvigorate
 the energies of civil war. A squadron was fitted out, consisting of
 three 74-gun ships, two frigates of 44 guns, four frigates of 30 to
@@ -20996,7 +20962,7 @@ on the 25th of June. A motley mass of about seven thousand men were
 speedily landed; the Royalists soon joined them, making an army of
 some thirteen thousand. General Hoche, who had for some time been
 valiantly and most humanely struggling for the pacification of La
-Vendée, marched to repel them. A few bloody battles ensued, in which
+Vendée, marched to repel them. A few bloody battles ensued, in which
 the unhappy invaders were driven into a narrow peninsula, where, by a
 midnight assault, they most miserably perished. A few only escaped to
 the ships; many were drowned, and a large number were mercilessly put
@@ -21014,7 +20980,7 @@ all its inmates perished miserably in the flames.
 The disturbances in Lyons were soon quelled, and Hoche, having
 annihilated the force which the English had landed in the Bay of
 Quiberon, gradually succeeded in introducing tranquillity into La
-Vendée. Many of the Royalists came to his camp to seek terms of
+Vendée. Many of the Royalists came to his camp to seek terms of
 reconciliation with the Republic.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
@@ -21031,7 +20997,7 @@ Though Mirabeau died a natural death, he would unquestionably have been
 guillotined had he lived a few months longer.
 
 Meda, the officer of the Convention who arrested Robespierre and his
-associates at the Hôtel de Ville, thus describes the event: "The head
+associates at the Hôtel de Ville, thus describes the event: "The head
 of my column moved forward; a terrible noise ensued; my ten pieces of
 artillery were brought forward and ready; those opposed to me in like
 manner. I threw myself between the two lines. I flew to the cannoneers
@@ -21039,7 +21005,7 @@ of the enemy. I spoke to them of their country; of the respect due to
 the national representation; in short, I do not well remember what I
 said, but the result was that they all came over to us. I instantly
 dismounted, seized my pistols, addressed myself to my grenadiers, and
-made for the staircase of the Hôtel de Ville." He describes the manner
+made for the staircase of the Hôtel de Ville." He describes the manner
 in which he forced his way up the stairs, broke open the door, and
 found about fifty people assembled in the room in great confusion.
 Robespierre was sitting at a table, his head leaning upon his hand. "I
@@ -21049,7 +21015,7 @@ he replied, 'and I will have thee shot.' I instantly drew out one of my
 pistols, and fired at him. I aimed at his breast, but the ball hit him
 about the chin, and shattered all his left jaw. He fell from his chair.
 At the sound of the explosion his brother threw himself through the
-window. The uproar was immense. I cried '_Vive la République_!'"]
+window. The uproar was immense. I cried '_Vive la République_!'"]
 
 [Footnote 434: Lacretelle.]
 
@@ -21092,7 +21058,7 @@ CHAPTER XXXVIII.
 
 DISSOLUTION OF THE CONVENTION.
 
-  Famine in Paris.--Strife between the Jeunesse Dorée and the
+  Famine in Paris.--Strife between the Jeunesse Dorée and the
   Jacobins.--Riots.--Scene in the Convention.--War with the Allies.--A
   new Constitution.--Insurrection of the Sections.--Energy of General
   Bonaparte.--Discomfiture of the Sections.--Narrative of the Duchess
@@ -21113,13 +21079,13 @@ partisans met in angry conflicts. The young men of the two parties had
 frequent encounters in the pits of the theatres, bidding each other
 defiance, and often proceeding to blows.
 
-At the Théâtre Feydean, as in many other places, there was a bust of
+At the Théâtre Feydean, as in many other places, there was a bust of
 Marat, who was still idolized by the Jacobins. The young men of the
-Jeunesse Dorée, in expression of their detestation of Marat, and as an
+Jeunesse Dorée, in expression of their detestation of Marat, and as an
 insult to the Jacobins, climbed the balcony, threw down the bust, and
 with shouts of execration dragged it through the mire of the streets.
 
-[Illustration: THE JEUNESSE DOREÉ THROWING THE BUST OF MARAT INTO THE
+[Illustration: THE JEUNESSE DOREÉ THROWING THE BUST OF MARAT INTO THE
 GUTTER.]
 
 The Jacobins, exasperated, swore to avenge the insult. Strongly armed,
@@ -21138,7 +21104,7 @@ assumed the tone of fiercest threats. Scenes of confusion ensued which
 bade defiance to all law, and which there was no authority to repress.
 
 On the 20th of May there was one of the most fearful tumults which the
-Revolution had yet witnessed. At five in the morning the _générale_ was
+Revolution had yet witnessed. At five in the morning the _générale_ was
 beating in the public squares and the tocsin ringing in the faubourgs.
 The populace were rapidly mustering for any deeds of violence to which
 their leaders might conduct them. At eleven o'clock the Convention
@@ -21224,7 +21190,7 @@ fiercely assailing the Republic at every vulnerable point. England,
 being undisputed mistress of the sea, had nothing to fear from the
 conflagration which she was kindling all over Europe. To stimulate
 impoverished Austria to the war, the British government loaned her
-$23,000,000 (£4,600,000). She augmented her own naval force to a
+$23,000,000 (£4,600,000). She augmented her own naval force to a
 hundred thousand seamen, put into commission one hundred and eight
 ships of the line, and raised her land forces to one hundred and fifty
 thousand men.[442]
@@ -21239,7 +21205,7 @@ even that reign was far more endurable by the masses of the people than
 the domination of the old feudal despotism.
 
 Carlyle makes the following appalling statement, the truth of which
-will not be denied by any careful student of the Old Régime:
+will not be denied by any careful student of the Old Régime:
 
 "History, looking back over this France through long times--back
 to Turgot's time, for instance, when dumb Drudgery staggered up to
@@ -21307,7 +21273,7 @@ and, at length, alarmed by their numbers, their strength, and their
 determination, by a sort of capitulation disgracefully retreated.
 
 Napoleon Bonaparte was then in Paris, out of employment, and was that
-evening at the Théâtre Feydeau. Some friends came and informed him of
+evening at the Théâtre Feydeau. Some friends came and informed him of
 the scenes which were transpiring. He immediately left the theatre and
 hastened to the gallery of the Assembly, to witness the effect which
 would be produced upon that body by the tidings of the retreat of
@@ -21373,12 +21339,12 @@ of its commander when soldiers brought eight hundred muskets into the
 hall, with which the deputies were to arm themselves and advance to
 battle if necessary. Detachments of troops were dispatched to seize
 by surprise all the provisions and ammunition in Paris, and convey
-them to a safe dépôt in the Tuileries. A hospital for the wounded
+them to a safe dépôt in the Tuileries. A hospital for the wounded
 was established in the palace, provided with necessaries for every
 emergency. The troops of all kinds at Napoleon's disposal, variously
 estimated at from five to eight thousand, were strongly posted in the
-leading streets, at the bridges, in the Place Vendôme, and in the Place
-de la Révolution. A strong detachment was sent to occupy the heights
+leading streets, at the bridges, in the Place Vendôme, and in the Place
+de la Révolution. A strong detachment was sent to occupy the heights
 of Meudon, Napoleon intending to retreat there, with the Convention,
 in case of defeat. One section in Paris had voted with the immense
 majority of the nation for the decrees. Chests of arms were sent to
@@ -21395,12 +21361,12 @@ and had established a tribunal to punish those who should resist its
 sovereignty. Several energetic generals, Jacobins, and also Royalists,
 creeping from their retreats, offered their services to lead the attack
 upon the Convention. General Danican, a Royalist, who had been a
-general of brigade in the civil war which had desolated La Vendée, was
+general of brigade in the civil war which had desolated La Vendée, was
 appointed commander-in-chief of the forces of the insurrection. He had
 the National Guard, forty thousand strong, well armed, officered, and
 disciplined, under his command. The morning of the 5th dawned.
 
-The alarm-bells were now ringing and the _générale_ beating. The armed
+The alarm-bells were now ringing and the _générale_ beating. The armed
 hosts of the sections were mustering at their appointed rendezvous and
 preparing to march upon the Convention. The members, in their seats,
 in silence and awe awaited the assault, upon the issue of which their
@@ -21430,7 +21396,7 @@ crowded ranks a storm of grapeshot. The insurgents fought manfully
 for a time, but were soon compelled to retreat, leaving the steps of
 the church covered with the slain. As they fled, Napoleon pushed his
 artillery up the street, and, wheeling to the right and the left, swept
-the whole length of the Rue St. Honoré. In two hours the victory was
+the whole length of the Rue St. Honoré. In two hours the victory was
 achieved, forty thousand men were vanquished by five thousand, the
 streets were cleared, and Napoleon returned in calm triumph to the
 Tuileries.[446]
@@ -21494,13 +21460,13 @@ not go out any more. Attend to all this, for your mother is in a sad
 state.'
 
 "This was a dreadful night for my father. The next morning the
-_générale_ was beat. The streets were already very unsafe, though
+_générale_ was beat. The streets were already very unsafe, though
 people were still passing to and fro in Paris, as though they were not
 going to cut one another's throats a few hours afterward. The tumult
 became very great at dusk; the theatres were nevertheless open. Indeed,
 we are a nation of lunatics!
 
-"On the morning of the 12th Vendémiaire (October 4) Bonaparte, who had
+"On the morning of the 12th Vendémiaire (October 4) Bonaparte, who had
 called according to custom, appeared to be lost in thought. He went
 out, came back, went out again, and again returned when we were at our
 dessert. 'I breakfasted very late,' said he, 'at Bourrienne's. They
@@ -21661,8 +21627,8 @@ CHAPTER XXXIX.
 THE DIRECTORY.
 
   Constitution of the Directory.--Distracted State of Public
-  Affairs.--New Expedition to La Vendée.--Death of the
-  Dauphin.--Release of the Princess.--Pacification of La Vendée.--Riots
+  Affairs.--New Expedition to La Vendée.--Death of the
+  Dauphin.--Release of the Princess.--Pacification of La Vendée.--Riots
   in London.--Execution of Charette.--Napoleon takes command of the
   Army of Italy.--The first Proclamation.--Triumphs in Italy.--Letter
   of General Hoche.--Peace with Spain.--Establishment of the Cispadane
@@ -21674,7 +21640,7 @@ THE DIRECTORY.
 The government of the Directory went into operation on the 27th
 of October, 1795. The two legislative bodies, the Council of the
 Ancients and the Council of the Five Hundred, met and chose for the
-five directors Lareveillère Lepeaux, Le Tourneur, Rewbel, Carnot, and
+five directors Lareveillère Lepeaux, Le Tourneur, Rewbel, Carnot, and
 Barras. "Among these," says Thiers, "there was not a man of genius, nor
 even any man of high reputation, excepting Carnot. But what was to be
 done at the end of a sanguinary revolution which, in a few years, had
@@ -21694,7 +21660,7 @@ in the action of some mighty mind which could mould the tumultuous
 elements and evolve order from the confusion.[452]
 
 The British government, undismayed by the disaster of Quiberon, now
-sent another expedition to the shores of La Vendée to rouse the
+sent another expedition to the shores of La Vendée to rouse the
 Royalists to insurrection. The expedition consisted of two thousand
 English infantry, five hundred horse, several regiments of French
 emigrants, a great number of officers to take command of the marshaled
@@ -21741,7 +21707,7 @@ established at Grenelle. But for Napoleon the Directory could not
 have come into being. But for Napoleon it could not have lived a
 year, struggling against the conspiracies which ever crowded it.[455]
 General Hoche, operating with singular wisdom and humanity, succeeded
-in the pacification of the inhabitants of La Vendée. They surrendered
+in the pacification of the inhabitants of La Vendée. They surrendered
 their arms, and peace was restored to that distracted region. Still
 William Pitt clamored for war against the French Republic. The English
 _people_ were indignant at these unjust assaults against a neighboring
@@ -21769,7 +21735,7 @@ throughout the world.
 Though the Vendeeans had surrendered their arms and were rejoicing in
 the enjoyment of peace, Charette wandered about the country, refusing
 all overtures at reconciliation, and striving, with great energy, to
-rouse new forces of insurrection. The entire pacification of La Vendée
+rouse new forces of insurrection. The entire pacification of La Vendée
 now depended upon the capture of Charette. With almost unparalleled
 energy and bravery he succeeded for several months in eluding his foes.
 At last, on the 24th of March, 1796, he fell into an ambuscade. He was
@@ -21790,7 +21756,7 @@ But France rejoiced, for the fall of Charette terminated the civil war.
 
 One hundred thousand men had been under the command of General
 
-Hoche in the strife of La Vendée. These were now at liberty to march
+Hoche in the strife of La Vendée. These were now at liberty to march
 to repel the foreign invader. Two powerful armies, of eighty thousand
 each, were collected on the Rhine. But they could not hold their ground
 against the outnumbering Austrians. In one of these engagements the
@@ -21895,7 +21861,7 @@ Hamburg? Must they, in order to gain the patronage of the masters
 whom they are desirous of giving to France, vilify the leaders of
 the armies? Why is Bonaparte, then, the object of the wrath of
 these gentry? Is it because he beat themselves and their friends in
-Vendémiaire?[458] Is it because he is dissolving the armies of kings,
+Vendémiaire?[458] Is it because he is dissolving the armies of kings,
 and furnishing the Republic with the means of bringing this honorable
 war to a glorious conclusion? Ah! brave young man, where is the
 Republican soldier whose heart does not burn with the desire to imitate
@@ -22082,13 +22048,13 @@ profligacies in which he openly indulged, and he rioted in boundless
 extravagance, which he supported through corruption and bribes. Rewbel
 was a lawyer, a man of ability and integrity.[463] These three men had
 belonged to different political parties during the Revolution, and each
-detested the others. Lareveillère was an honest man, but destitute of
+detested the others. Lareveillère was an honest man, but destitute of
 those commanding qualities so essential to the post he occupied. Le
 Tourneur was a vain, good-natured man who merely echoed the voice of
 Carnot. All the Directors but Barras occupied, with their families,
 apartments in the Palace of the Luxembourg. In the public mind this
 discordant Directory consisted of two parties, Barras, Rewbel, and
-Lareveillère in the majority, and Carnot and Le Tourneur in the
+Lareveillère in the majority, and Carnot and Le Tourneur in the
 opposition.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
@@ -22164,7 +22130,7 @@ a dreadful domestic war, and that the whole energies of the empire
 might for a very long period have been employed in saving itself from
 dismemberment."--_Alison's History of Europe_, vol. i., p. 444.]
 
-[Footnote 463: "Carnot, Barras, Rewbel, and Lareveillère had been
+[Footnote 463: "Carnot, Barras, Rewbel, and Lareveillère had been
 members of the Convention; and, although none of them had been famous
 during the Reign of Terror for any atrocious act, still the three
 first had voted the death of the king--a vote which, notwithstanding
@@ -22268,7 +22234,7 @@ field. The old Bourbon party, the friends of constitutional monarchy,
 the Republicans, and the Jacobins. Three of these parties united
 against the Directory, each hoping, in the overthrow of the Directors,
 to establish its own principles. One of the Directors was to leave. The
-Royalists succeeded in placing Barthélemy, a counter-revolutionist,
+Royalists succeeded in placing Barthélemy, a counter-revolutionist,
 in his place. The conflict which now arose was whether the Republican
 Directory should be abolished or maintained. A stern conflict was
 evidently rising. The Directory headed one party, the two Councils the
@@ -22307,7 +22273,7 @@ At six o'clock in the morning, when the citizens awoke, they were
 surprised to find that a revolution had taken place during the night.
 
 The three victorious directors condemned to banishment their two
-colleagues, Carnot and Barthélemy, forty-two members of the Council
+colleagues, Carnot and Barthélemy, forty-two members of the Council
 of Five Hundred, eleven of the Council of Ancients, several Royalist
 agents, and forty-two editors, publishers, and proprietors of
 counter-revolutionary journals. It is but a wretched extenuation for
@@ -22336,13 +22302,13 @@ That is the most ardent wish of my heart."[469]
 
 But Napoleon was indignant when he heard of the excessive severity
 adopted by the Directory. "It might have been right," he wrote,
-"to deprive Carnot, Barthélemy, and the fifty deputies of their
+"to deprive Carnot, Barthélemy, and the fifty deputies of their
 appointments, and put them under surveillance in some cities in the
 interior. Pichegru, Willot, Imbert, Colonne, and one or two others
 might justly have expiated their treason on the scaffold.[470] But
 to see men of great talent, such as Portalis, Ducoudray, Fontanes;
 tried patriots, such as Boissy d'Anglas, Dumolard, Murinais; supreme
-magistrates, such as Carnot and Barthélemy, condemned without either
+magistrates, such as Carnot and Barthélemy, condemned without either
 trial or accusation, is frightful. What! to punish with transportation
 a number of writers of pamphlets, who deserved only contempt and a
 trifling correction, was to renew the proscriptions of the Roman
@@ -22356,12 +22322,12 @@ citizens."[471]
 The Royalists were dismayed by this sudden disaster. The priests
 and emigrants, who had returned in great numbers, fled again to the
 frontiers. Those who were advancing toward France retreated back to
-Switzerland and Germany. M. Merlin and M. François--the one a lawyer,
+Switzerland and Germany. M. Merlin and M. François--the one a lawyer,
 the other a man of letters, and both upright Republicans--were chosen
-in the place of Carnot and Barthélemy. The guilt of Pichegru was fully
+in the place of Carnot and Barthélemy. The guilt of Pichegru was fully
 established. Moreau, in crossing the Rhine, had taken the papers
 of General Klinglin, in which he had found the whole treasonable
-correspondence of Pichegru with the Prince of Condé.
+correspondence of Pichegru with the Prince of Condé.
 
 The Directors now pushed the measures of government with Revolutionary
 energy. The British government, finding themselves deprived of every
@@ -22532,7 +22498,7 @@ the reader must be referred to the History of Napoleon Bonaparte.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
 
-[Footnote 464: Mémoires de Napoléon, dict. au Montholon et Gourgaud,
+[Footnote 464: Mémoires de Napoléon, dict. au Montholon et Gourgaud,
 vol. iv., p. 96, 97.]
 
 [Footnote 465: "Unquestionably, sir," replied the duke, "I desire as
@@ -22564,7 +22530,7 @@ V., it was necessary that the Directory should triumph over the
 counter-revolution, by decimating the Councils; or that the Councils
 should triumph over the Republic, by overthrowing the Directory. The
 question thus stated, it remains to inquire, _first_, if the Directory
-could have conquered by any other means than a _coup d'état_, and,
+could have conquered by any other means than a _coup d'état_, and,
 _secondly_, whether it misused its victory."--_Mignet_, p. 338.]
 
 [Footnote 468: "Though France suffered extremely from the usurpation
@@ -22578,7 +22544,7 @@ been substituted in its room."--_Alison_, vol. i., p. 496.]
 [Footnote 470: These men were in constant correspondence with the
 Bourbons, and were conspiring for their restoration.]
 
-[Footnote 471: Mémoires de Napoleon, dict. au Montholon et Gourgaud,
+[Footnote 471: Mémoires de Napoleon, dict. au Montholon et Gourgaud,
 vol. iv., p. 233.
 
 "The 18th Fructidor is the true era of the commencement of military
@@ -22682,7 +22648,7 @@ INDEX.
     resolve of, concerning the king's escape, 210;
     preparations for defense by the, 211;
     address of, to the French nation, 215;
-    threatened by Marquis Bouillé, 222;
+    threatened by Marquis Bouillé, 222;
     decree of, declaring journey of the king faultless, 224;
     influence of the, declining, 226;
     denounced as traitors, 226;
@@ -22791,7 +22757,7 @@ INDEX.
     return of, to Paris, 426;
     return of, from Egypt, 429.
 
-  Bouillé (Marquis de), plans and executes the escape of the royal
+  Bouillé (Marquis de), plans and executes the escape of the royal
   family, 196;
     attempt of, to rescue the king, 209;
     letter of, to the Assembly, 222.
@@ -22800,7 +22766,7 @@ INDEX.
 
   Bread, scarcity of, 152.
 
-  Brézé, his attempt to enforce orders of the king, 99;
+  Brézé, his attempt to enforce orders of the king, 99;
     receives orders not to neglect the Assembly, 100.
 
   Brienne (Archbishop), succeeds Calonne, 67;
@@ -22816,7 +22782,7 @@ INDEX.
   Brissot (Mons.), speech of, against the king, 270.
 
   Broglie (Marshal) commands in Versailles, 103;
-    letter of, to Prince of Condé, 111.
+    letter of, to Prince of Condé, 111.
 
   Brunswick (Duke of), proclamation of the, 279.
 
@@ -22826,7 +22792,7 @@ INDEX.
   Buzot, death of, 362.
 
 
-  Cæsar, subjugation of Gaul by, 17.
+  Cæsar, subjugation of Gaul by, 17.
 
   Calonne, his appointment as minister of finance, 65;
     his measures, popularity, and success, 65;
@@ -22859,7 +22825,7 @@ INDEX.
 
   Catholics incited by the ecclesiastics against the Protestants, 174.
 
-  Cécile Regnault arrested on suspicion of being an assassin, 376.
+  Cécile Regnault arrested on suspicion of being an assassin, 376.
 
   Champagne (Count of), generosity of the, 23.
 
@@ -22999,7 +22965,7 @@ INDEX.
 
   D'Aumont (Duke), defense of, by La Fayette, 211.
 
-  D'Espréménil obtains the edict establishing the courts, 73;
+  D'Espréménil obtains the edict establishing the courts, 73;
     discovers Brienne's plan to the Parliament, 74.
 
   D'Estaing (Admiral), commander of the National Guards of Versailles, 156;
@@ -23030,7 +22996,7 @@ INDEX.
 
   Decree establishing the courts a perfect failure, 75, 76.
 
-  Deséze, appeal of, for the king, 324.
+  Deséze, appeal of, for the king, 324.
 
   Desmoulins (Camille), incites to rebellion, 108;
     his oratory, 149;
@@ -23122,7 +23088,7 @@ INDEX.
 
   Fanaticism excited by the ecclesiastics, 174.
 
-  Fauchet (Abbé), sermon of, 144.
+  Fauchet (Abbé), sermon of, 144.
 
   Favorites of the king accustomed to obtain blank and sealed _lettres
   de cachet_, 53.
@@ -23163,7 +23129,7 @@ INDEX.
 
   Francis II. ascends the throne of Austria, 246.
 
-  François, a baker, hung by the mob, 167.
+  François, a baker, hung by the mob, 167.
 
   Franklin (Benjamin), effect of his simplicity upon the French, 61.
 
@@ -23183,7 +23149,7 @@ INDEX.
   Garde du Corps, conflict of, with the people, 161.
 
   Gaul, its appearance in ancient times, 17;
-    subjugation of, by Cæsar, 17;
+    subjugation of, by Cæsar, 17;
     the home of war and tumult, 18.
 
   Generosity of the king and others, 152.
@@ -23293,7 +23259,7 @@ INDEX.
 
   Jemappes, battle of, 310.
 
-  Jeunesse Dorée, rise of the band of, 390.
+  Jeunesse Dorée, rise of the band of, 390.
 
   Joseph II. of Austria, reply of, upon the subject of the American
   War of Independence, 61.
@@ -23346,9 +23312,9 @@ INDEX.
 
   La Force, prison of, broken open, 115.
 
-  La Pérouse, instructions for his voyage framed, 58.
+  La Pérouse, instructions for his voyage framed, 58.
 
-  La Vendée, rise of the Royalists in, 332;
+  La Vendée, rise of the Royalists in, 332;
     insurrection at, crushed, 342;
     horrible executions in, 343.
 
@@ -23366,9 +23332,9 @@ INDEX.
 
   Lebrun appointed minister of foreign affairs, 290.
 
-  Lefebvre (Abbé), distributes powder to the people, 117.
+  Lefebvre (Abbé), distributes powder to the people, 117.
 
-  Légendre, attempt of, to save Danton, 367.
+  Légendre, attempt of, to save Danton, 367.
 
   Legislative Assembly, formation of the, 237;
     measures of the, against the non-conforming priests, 243.
@@ -23424,7 +23390,7 @@ INDEX.
     banishes Parliament to Troyes, 69;
     banishes the Duke d'Orleans, 70;
     decrees an equal representation in States-General, 79;
-    orders Brézé not to molest the National Assembly, 100;
+    orders Brézé not to molest the National Assembly, 100;
     character of, by M. Bailly, 111;
     midnight interview of Duke of Liancourt with, 123;
     visits and explains himself to the Assembly, 124;
@@ -23591,7 +23557,7 @@ INDEX.
 
   Moleville (Bertrand de), remarks of, on the Assembly, 235.
 
-  Molière, his reception at the Courtiers' table, 45.
+  Molière, his reception at the Courtiers' table, 45.
 
   Monarchy supported by the Papacy, 48.
 
@@ -23702,7 +23668,7 @@ INDEX.
     custom of, to register king's decrees, 68;
     passes resolution concerning States-General, 69;
     its desire to obtain feudal privileges, 73;
-    forced to surrender D'Espréménil and De Monsabert, 74;
+    forced to surrender D'Espréménil and De Monsabert, 74;
     meets and declares its session permanent, 74;
     method of the, in receiving the king's commissioners, 76;
     its condemnation of La Fayette, 298;
@@ -23719,7 +23685,7 @@ INDEX.
     their fear of tax-collectors, 50;
     their difficulties, 52.
 
-  "_Pensées Philosophiques_" burned by execution, 48.
+  "_Pensées Philosophiques_" burned by execution, 48.
 
   People side with the Parliament, 71;
     support their enemies, the Parliaments, 73;
@@ -23741,7 +23707,7 @@ INDEX.
   Persecution of Protestants renewed, 37;
     the argument of the Church, 48.
 
-  Pétion chosen Mayor of Paris, 244;
+  Pétion chosen Mayor of Paris, 244;
     dilatory conduct of, in the mob of 20th of June, 259;
     his dismissal from the Tuileries, 262;
     petitions the Assembly for the dethronement of the king, 280;
@@ -23799,7 +23765,7 @@ INDEX.
     escape of, from France, 32;
     persecution of, renewed, 37.
 
-  Province of Vendée, religious troubles in, 243. See La Vendée.
+  Province of Vendée, religious troubles in, 243. See La Vendée.
 
   Provinces, France divided into, 171.
 
@@ -23898,11 +23864,11 @@ INDEX.
   Schools established by Charlemagne, 21.
 
   Sermon of the Bishop of Nancy, 86;
-    of Abbé Fauchet, 144.
+    of Abbé Fauchet, 144.
 
   Sheriff obliged to have a guard, 50.
 
-  Sièyes (Abbé), his pamphlet, 78;
+  Sièyes (Abbé), his pamphlet, 78;
     his motion in the States-General, 89;
     its success, 90;
     second pamphlet of, 90.
@@ -23919,7 +23885,7 @@ INDEX.
     scatter the first mob, 109;
     a loyal regiment from Flanders ordered to Paris, 157.
 
-  Sombrueil, governor of Hôtel des Invalides, character of, 119.
+  Sombrueil, governor of Hôtel des Invalides, character of, 119.
 
   Spain, treaty of France with, 396.
 
@@ -24069,365 +24035,4 @@ INDEX.
 
 
 
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59162 ***</div>
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