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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. IV
-(of 4), by Benjamin Rush
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. IV (of 4)
-       The Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by the Author
-
-
-Author: Benjamin Rush
-
-
-
-Release Date: February 28, 2019  [eBook #58862]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND
-OBSERVATIONS, VOL. IV (OF 4)***
-
-
-E-text prepared by MWS, Jens Nordmann, Bryan Ness, and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
-generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58862 ***
 
 
 
@@ -211,7 +176,7 @@ Dr. Lining, in the second volume of the Physical and Literary Essays of
 Edinburgh, was a different disease from the yellow fever of the
 West-Indies[1].
 
-  [1] De Febre Indiæ-Occidentalis Maligna Flava, p. 12.
+  [1] De Febre Indiæ-Occidentalis Maligna Flava, p. 12.
 
 
                       METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS,
@@ -1003,7 +968,7 @@ tooth in the city hospital, where the physicians, Dr. J. Duffield
 informed me, relied chiefly upon a salivation for a cure of the fever.
 11. Sometimes the mercury produced a discharge of blood with the saliva.
 Dr. Coulter, of Baltimore, gave me an account, in a letter dated the 17th
-of September, 1797, of a boy in whom a hæmorrhage from the salivary
+of September, 1797, of a boy in whom a hæmorrhage from the salivary
 glands, excited by calomel, was succeeded by a plentiful flow of saliva,
 which saved his patient. I saw no inconvenience from the mixture of blood
 with saliva in any of my patients. It occurred in Dr. Caldwell, Mr.
@@ -1258,7 +1223,7 @@ lost many more. To conceal their want of success, they said their
 patients had died of other diseases. This mode of deceiving the public
 began in 1793. The men who used it did not recollect, that it is less in
 favour of a physician's skill to lose patients in pleurisies, colics,
-hæmorrhages, contusions, and common remittents, than in a malignant
+hæmorrhages, contusions, and common remittents, than in a malignant
 yellow fever.
 
 Dr. Sayre attended fifteen patients in the disease, all of whom recovered
@@ -1445,8 +1410,8 @@ exhibited of that approaching and delightful time foretold by ancient
 prophets, when the power of medicine over diseases shall be such, as to
 render old age the only outlet of human life.
 
-  [7] De Feb. Pestilent. cap. v. "Acutorum morborum incertæ admodum, ac
-      fallaces sunt prædictiones."
+  [7] De Feb. Pestilent. cap. v. "Acutorum morborum incertæ admodum, ac
+      fallaces sunt prædictiones."
                                                           HIPPOCRATES.
 
 
@@ -1495,7 +1460,7 @@ There was a snow storm on the 16th of April, and the weather was
 afterwards very cold. Such leaves and blossoms as had appeared, were
 injured by it.
 
-On the 1st of May, the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer rose to 84°.
+On the 1st of May, the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer rose to 84°.
 The weather, during the latter part of this month, and in June, was very
 dry. On the 6th of June, Dr. Cooper lost a patient in the yellow fever,
 near the corner of Twelfth and Walnut-streets. Mark Miller died with the
@@ -1530,7 +1495,7 @@ to the care of Dr. Physick and myself, by the board of health.
 I. The pulse was, in many cases, less active in the beginning of this
 fever than in former years. It was seldom preternaturally slow. It
 resembled the pulse which occurs in the first stage of the common jail
-fever. Hæmorrhages were common about the fourth and fifth days, and
+fever. Hæmorrhages were common about the fourth and fifth days, and
 generally from the gums, throat, or stomach.
 
 II. The whole alimentary canal was much affected in most cases.
@@ -1625,7 +1590,7 @@ affection of the wind-pipe, called cynanche trachealis, appeared with all
 the usual symptoms of yellow fever.
 
 I attended one case in which the force of the disease was weakened, in
-its first stage, by a profuse hæmorrhage from the bowels. This hæmorrhage
+its first stage, by a profuse hæmorrhage from the bowels. This hæmorrhage
 was followed by a bloody diarrh[oe]a, which continued for four or five
 weeks.
 
@@ -1662,7 +1627,7 @@ convulsions.
 2. By delirium, which prompted to exertions and actions similar to those
 which take place in madness.
 
-3. By profuse hæmorrhages from the gums. This occurred in two patients of
+3. By profuse hæmorrhages from the gums. This occurred in two patients of
 Dr. Stewart.
 
 4. By an incessant vomiting and hiccup.
@@ -1763,7 +1728,7 @@ in 1793, and of its ill effects in one instance in 1797, led me to
 exhibit it with a trembling hand. I gave it for the first time to a son
 of Richard Renshaw. I had bled him but once, and had in vain tried to
 bring on a salivation. On the fifth day of his disease, his pulse became
-languid and slow, his skin cool, a hæmorrhage had taken place from his
+languid and slow, his skin cool, a hæmorrhage had taken place from his
 gums, and he discovered a restlessness and anxiety which I had often seen
 a few hours before death. He took four grains of tartar emetic, with
 twenty grains of calomel, at two doses. They operated powerfully, upwards
@@ -2129,7 +2094,7 @@ attend this fever were relieved, in many instances, by a blister to the
 stomach.
 
 In those cases in which the fever was protracted to the chronic state,
-bark, wine, laudanum, and æther produced the most salutary effects. I
+bark, wine, laudanum, and æther produced the most salutary effects. I
 think I saw life recalled, in several cases in which it appeared to be
 departing, by frequent and liberal doses of the last of those medicines.
 The bark was given, with safety and advantage, after the seventh day,
@@ -2657,9 +2622,9 @@ remedies which were effectual in curing it.
 1. The pulse was moderately _tense_ in most cases. It intermitted in one
 case, and in several others the tension was of a transient nature.
 
-Hæmorrhages occurred in many cases. They were chiefly from the nose, but
+Hæmorrhages occurred in many cases. They were chiefly from the nose, but
 in some instances they occurred from the stomach, bowels, and
-hæmorrhoidal vessels.
+hæmorrhoidal vessels.
 
 2. Great flatulency attended in the stomach, but sickness and vomiting
 were much less frequent than in former years. I saw but one case in which
@@ -2922,7 +2887,7 @@ Stewart. He was cured, chiefly by copious bleeding.
 
 The weather was rainy in May. After the middle of June, and during the
 whole month of July, there fell no rain. The mercury in Fahrenheit
-fluctuated, for ten days, between 90° and 94°, during this month. The
+fluctuated, for ten days, between 90° and 94°, during this month. The
 diseases which occurred in it were cholera infantum, dysenteries, a few
 common bilious, and eight cases of yellow fever. Three of the last were
 in Twelfth, between Locust and Walnut-streets, and were first visited, on
@@ -3132,7 +3097,7 @@ New-York, a few years ago, from Savannah, in Georgia.
 close rooms and closets.
 
 15. The timber of an old house. A fever produced by this cause is
-mentioned by Dr. Haller, in his Bibliotheca Medicinæ.
+mentioned by Dr. Haller, in his Bibliotheca Medicinæ.
 
 16. Green wood confined in a close cellar during the summer months. A
 fever from this cause was once produced in this city, in a family that
@@ -3221,7 +3186,7 @@ Philadelphia, in the year 1805, were derived from this cause[11].
 other form of summer and autumnal disease, by the f[oe]tor of privies.
 During the revolutionary war, an American regiment, consisting of 600
 men, were affected with a dysentery, from being encamped near a large
-mass of human fæces. The disease was suddenly checked by removing their
+mass of human fæces. The disease was suddenly checked by removing their
 encampment to a distance from it. Five persons in one family were
 affected with the yellow fever in Philadelphia, in 1805, who lived in a
 house in which a privy in the cellar emitted a most offensive smell. No
@@ -3602,7 +3567,7 @@ the men who make and sell butter, are equally fortunate in escaping it.
 5. Issues, setons, and blisters belong to this class of preventives of
 malignant and bilious fevers. Issues, according to Parisinus,
 Florentinus, Forestus, and several other authors quoted by Diemerbroeck,
-have prevented the plague in many hundred instances. Paræus says, all who
+have prevented the plague in many hundred instances. Paræus says, all who
 had ulcers from the venereal disease, or any other cause, escaped it. Dr.
 Hodges owed his preservation from the plague in London, in 1665, to an
 issue in his leg. He says he always felt a slight pain in it when he went
@@ -5395,7 +5360,7 @@ blood.
 obtained, in the year 1794, the name of an anodyne in several families.
 Sleep sometimes stole upon the patient while the blood was flowing.
 
-18. It prevents effusions of serum and blood. Hæmorrhages seldom occur,
+18. It prevents effusions of serum and blood. Hæmorrhages seldom occur,
 where bleeding has been sufficiently copious.
 
 19. It belongs to this remedy to prevent the chronic diseases of cough,
@@ -5478,7 +5443,7 @@ endeavour to refute the errors upon this subject.
 Blood-letting has been forbidden by physicians, by the following
 circumstances, and states of the system.
 
-1. By warm weather. Galen bled in a plague, and Aræteus in a bilious
+1. By warm weather. Galen bled in a plague, and Aræteus in a bilious
 fever, in a warm climate. Dr. Sydenham and Dr. Hillary inform us, that
 the most inflammatory fevers occur in, and succeed hot weather. Dr.
 Cleghorn prescribed it copiously in the warm months, in Minorca. Dr.
@@ -5562,9 +5527,9 @@ prove fatal to them, which in early or middle life cured themselves, or
 yielded to a single dose of physic, or a few ounces of bark.
 
   [50] Magis esse adjuvandos senes, missione sanguinis dum morbus
-       postulat, aut corpus eorum habitus malus est, quam ubi hæc (quod
+       postulat, aut corpus eorum habitus malus est, quam ubi hæc (quod
        absonum videbitur) juvenibus contingunt.
-                              De Cur. per Sang. missionem, cap. 11. § 11.
+                              De Cur. per Sang. missionem, cap. 11. § 11.
 
 6. The time of menstruation. The uterus, during this period, is in an
 inflamed state, and the whole system is plethoric and excitable, and of
@@ -5604,7 +5569,7 @@ instances of death, from leaving a paroxysm of malignant fever to
 terminate itself by sweating. Dr. Sydenham has taught a contrary practice
 in the following case. "While this constitution (says the doctor)
 prevailed, I was called to Dr. Morice, who then practised in London. He
-had this fever, attended with profuse sweats, and numerous petechiæ. By
+had this fever, attended with profuse sweats, and numerous petechiæ. By
 the consent of some other physicians, our joint friends, he was blooded,
 and rose from his bed, his body being first wiped dry. He found
 immediate relief from the use of a cooling diet and medicines, the
@@ -5614,7 +5579,7 @@ recovered in a few days[51]." In the same fever, the doctor adds further,
 taken from what generally proves serviceable (viz. sweating), yet I have
 found, by constant experience, that the patient not only finds no relief,
 but, contrariwise, is more heated thereby; so that frequently a delirium,
-petechiæ, and other very dangerous symptoms immediately succeed such
+petechiæ, and other very dangerous symptoms immediately succeed such
 _sweats_[52]."
 
   [51] Wallis's edition, vol. i. p. 210.
@@ -5646,7 +5611,7 @@ blood-letting. But it should be constantly disregarded while it is
 attended with those states of pulse (to be mentioned hereafter) which
 require bleeding.
 
-14. The presence of petechiæ on the skin. These, I have elsewhere said,
+14. The presence of petechiæ on the skin. These, I have elsewhere said,
 are the effects of the gangrenous state of fever. Dr. Sydenham and Dr. de
 Haen have taught the safety and advantage of bleeding, when these spots
 are accompanied by an active pulse. A boy of Mr. John Carrol owes his
@@ -5708,7 +5673,7 @@ climate, season, and previous habits create in all its different states.
 17. The loss of a sufficient quantity of blood is often prevented by
 patients being apparently _worse_, after the first or second bleeding.
 This change for the worse, shows itself in some one or more of the
-following symptoms, viz. increase of heat, chills, delirium, hæmorrhages,
+following symptoms, viz. increase of heat, chills, delirium, hæmorrhages,
 convulsions, nausea, vomiting, faintness, coma, great weakness, pain, a
 tense, after a soft pulse, and a reduction of it in force and frequency.
 They are all occasioned by the system rising suddenly from a state of
@@ -5723,8 +5688,8 @@ fever, from an uncommon to a common state of malignity. They occur
 chiefly in those violent cases of fever which come on without a chilly
 fit.
 
-The hæmorrhages produced by bleeding are chiefly from the nose,
-hæmorrhoidal vessels, or uterus, and of course are, for the most part,
+The hæmorrhages produced by bleeding are chiefly from the nose,
+hæmorrhoidal vessels, or uterus, and of course are, for the most part,
 safe.
 
 Uncommon weakness, succeeding blood-letting, is the effect of sudden
@@ -5790,13 +5755,13 @@ instance in Captain John Barry, in the autumn of 1795. After the loss of
 130 ounces of blood in a malignant yellow fever, his pulse became so soft
 as to indicate no more bleeding. In this situation he remained for three
 days, but without mending as rapidly as I expected from the state of his
-pulse. On the fourth day he had a hæmorrhage from his bowels, from which
+pulse. On the fourth day he had a hæmorrhage from his bowels, from which
 he lost above a pint of blood. His pulse now suddenly became tense, and
 continued so for two or three days. I ascribed this change in his pulse
 to the vessels of the bowels, which had been oppressed by congestion,
-being so much relieved by the hæmorrhage, as to resume an inflammatory
+being so much relieved by the hæmorrhage, as to resume an inflammatory
 action. I have observed a similar change to take place in the pulse,
-after a third bleeding, in a case of hæmorrhoidal fever, which came under
+after a third bleeding, in a case of hæmorrhoidal fever, which came under
 my notice in the month of January, 1803. It is thus we see the
 blood-vessels, in a common phlegmon, travel back again, from a tendency
 to mortification, to the red colour and pain of common inflammation.
@@ -5899,9 +5864,9 @@ thousand men perish from the want of blood-letting, or from its being
 used out of time, to one who perishes from too much bleeding, prescribed
 by a physician[54]."
 
-  [53] Cap. viii. § 4.
+  [53] Cap. viii. § 4.
 
-  [54] Cap. xxxvi. § 4.
+  [54] Cap. xxxvi. § 4.
 
 It is remarkable, that the dread of producing a dropsy by bleeding, is
 confined chiefly to its use in malignant fevers; for the men who urge
@@ -5950,7 +5915,7 @@ upon the stomach.
 
 2. They are unsafe in many conditions of the system, as in pregnancy, and
 a disposition to apoplexy and ruptures. Life has sometimes been destroyed
-by their inducing cramp, hæmorrhage, and inflammation in the stomach.
+by their inducing cramp, hæmorrhage, and inflammation in the stomach.
 
 3. They are not subject to the controul of a physician, often operating
 more, or less than was intended by him, or indicated by the disease.
@@ -5958,7 +5923,7 @@ more, or less than was intended by him, or indicated by the disease.
 4. They are often ineffectual in mild, and always so in fevers of great
 morbid action.
 
-II. Purges are useful in discharging acrid fæces and bile from the bowels
+II. Purges are useful in discharging acrid fæces and bile from the bowels
 in fevers. They act, moreover, by creating an artificial weak part, and
 thus invite morbid excitement from the blood-vessels to the bowels. They
 likewise lessen the quantity of blood, by preventing fresh accessions of
@@ -6481,7 +6446,7 @@ gentleman at Angola lost between 3 and 4 pounds daily from his nose. To
 cure it, he was bled 97 times in one year. A young woman was bled 1020
 times in 19 years, to cure her of plethora which disposed her to
 hysteria. Another young woman lost 125 ounces of blood, by a natural
-hæmorrhage, every month. To cure it, she was bled every day, and every
+hæmorrhage, every month. To cure it, she was bled every day, and every
 other day, for 14 months. In none of these instances, was death the
 consequence of these great evacuations of blood. On the contrary, all the
 persons alluded to, recovered. Many similar instances of the safety, and
@@ -6507,14 +6472,14 @@ the numbers that were thus treated, not a single person died. I had this
 relation from Colonel Francis Windham, a gentleman of great honour and
 veracity, and at this time governor of the castle[58]."
 
-  [57] Elementa Physiologiæ, vol. iv. p. 45.
+  [57] Elementa Physiologiæ, vol. iv. p. 45.
 
   [58] Vol. i. p. 131.
 
 Again. An ignorance of the rapid manner in which blood is regenerated,
 when lost or drawn, has helped to keep up prejudices against
 blood-letting. A person (Dr. Haller says) lost five pounds of blood daily
-from the hæmorrhoidal vessels for 62 days, and another 75 pounds of blood
+from the hæmorrhoidal vessels for 62 days, and another 75 pounds of blood
 in 10 days. The loss each day was supplied by fresh quantities of
 aliment.
 
@@ -6611,7 +6576,7 @@ reason, to induce sleep, and thus to smooth the passage out of life.
 
 XIV. Bleeding from an artery, commonly called arteriotomy, would probably
 have many advantages over venesection, could it be performed at all times
-with ease and safety. Blood discharged by hæmorrhages affords more
+with ease and safety. Blood discharged by hæmorrhages affords more
 relief, in fevers, than an equal quantity drawn from a vein, chiefly
 because it is poured forth, in the former case, from a ruptured artery. I
 mentioned formerly, that Dr. Mitchell had found blood drawn from an
@@ -6814,11 +6779,11 @@ congestion. The recovery in this case is slow, but it is for the most
 part certain. I have once known a dropsy and death induced by the
 contrary practice.
 
-12. and lastly. There is sometimes a tension in the pulse in hæmorrhages,
+12. and lastly. There is sometimes a tension in the pulse in hæmorrhages,
 that will not yield to the lancet. The man whose blood was sizy, three
 days after losing a gallon and a half of it from his stomach, had a tense
 pulse the day before he died; and I once perceived its last strokes to be
-tense, in a patient whom I lost in a yellow fever by a hæmorrhage from
+tense, in a patient whom I lost in a yellow fever by a hæmorrhage from
 the nose. The only circumstance that can justify bleeding in these cases
 is extreme pain, in which case, the loss of a few ounces of blood is a
 more safe and effectual remedy than opium.
@@ -6839,11 +6804,11 @@ benefits of blood-letting in relieving it, in both cases.
 
 In pregnancy, the uterus is always affected with that grade of morbid
 action which I formerly called inflammation. This is evident from its
-exhibiting all its usual phænomena in other parts of the body. These are,
+exhibiting all its usual phænomena in other parts of the body. These are,
 
 1. Swelling, or enlargement.
 
-2. Hæmorrhage. The lochia are nothing but a slow and spontaneous bleeding
+2. Hæmorrhage. The lochia are nothing but a slow and spontaneous bleeding
 performed by nature, and intended to cure the inflammation of the uterus
 after parturition.
 
@@ -6882,8 +6847,8 @@ as a substitute for them. In that disposition to abortion, which occurs
 about the third month of pregnancy, small and frequent bleedings should
 be preferred to all other modes of depletion. I can assert, from
 experience, that they prevent abortion, nearly with as much certainty as
-they prevent a hæmorrhage from the lungs: for what is an abortion but a
-hæmoptysis (if I may be allowed the expression) from the uterus? During
+they prevent a hæmorrhage from the lungs: for what is an abortion but a
+hæmoptysis (if I may be allowed the expression) from the uterus? During
 the last month of pregnancy, the loss of from twelve to twenty ounces of
 blood has the most beneficial effects, in lessening the pains and danger
 of child-birth, and in preventing its subsequent diseases.
@@ -6980,7 +6945,7 @@ consciousness, nor recollection of pain.
 2. During the period in which the menses are said to dodge, and for a
 year or two after they cease to flow, there is a morbid fulness and
 excitement in the blood-vessels, which are often followed by head-ach,
-cough, dropsy, hæmorrhages, glandular obstructions, and cancers. They may
+cough, dropsy, hæmorrhages, glandular obstructions, and cancers. They may
 all be prevented by frequent and moderate bleedings.
 
 3. It has been proved, by many facts, that opium, when taken in an
@@ -7388,7 +7353,7 @@ which sometimes follow that disease. It was afterwards adopted and highly
 commended by the late Dr. Warren, of London.
 
 Blisters were in general use, but seldom applied before the latter stage
-of fevers. They were prescribed, for the first time, in hæmorrhages, and
+of fevers. They were prescribed, for the first time, in hæmorrhages, and
 with great success, by Dr. George Glentworth.
 
 Wine was given sparingly, even in the lowest stage of what were then
@@ -7522,7 +7487,7 @@ The privies have become so numerous, and are often so full, as to become
 offensive in most of the compact parts of the city, more especially in
 damp weather.
 
-The pump water is impregnated with many saline and aërial matters of an
+The pump water is impregnated with many saline and aërial matters of an
 offensive nature.
 
 While these causes exert an unfriendly influence upon the bodies of the
@@ -7604,7 +7569,7 @@ disrepute. Perhaps the high-toned diseases of our city exposed the
 fallacy and danger of the remedies inculcated by it, and afforded it a
 shorter life than it has had in many other countries. In the year 1790,
 the author of this inquiry promulgated some new principles in medicine,
-suggested by the peculiar phænomena of the diseases of the United States.
+suggested by the peculiar phænomena of the diseases of the United States.
 These principles have been so much enlarged and improved by the
 successive observations and reasonings of many gentlemen in all the
 states, as to form an American system of medicine. This system rejects
@@ -8273,7 +8238,7 @@ extended, and perpetuated for ages yet to come!
   ----, constructed with ground floors, to be preferred in fevers, i. 275
   Heat, greatest in Philadelphia, i. 87
   Habit, its effects upon morals, ii. 43
-  Hæmoptysis, observations on, i. 191
+  Hæmoptysis, observations on, i. 191
   Hydrophobia, observations on, ii. 301
   ----, its causes, ii. 302
   ----, its symptoms in rabid animals, ii. 306
@@ -8402,7 +8367,7 @@ extended, and perpetuated for ages yet to come!
   ----, additional observations on, i. 147
   ----, prevented by gentle purges, i. 151
   ----, cured by emetics in its forming state, i. 150
-  Salt, common, useful in the hæmoptysis, i. 192
+  Salt, common, useful in the hæmoptysis, i. 192
   ----, in destroying worms, i. 230
   Sugar, useful in destroying worms, i. ibid.
   Spirits, ardent, their effects upon the human body and mind, i. 337
@@ -8485,366 +8450,4 @@ Partly repeated chapter headings have been deleted.
 
 
 
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND OBSERVATIONS,
-VOL. IV (OF 4)***
-
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58862 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58862 ***</div>
 <h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. IV
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-<p>Title: Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. IV (of 4)</p>
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