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diff --git a/58859-8.txt b/58859-0.txt index cbc51cc..3af41ae 100644 --- a/58859-8.txt +++ b/58859-0.txt @@ -1,39 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. I -(of 4), by Benjamin Rush - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. I (of 4) - The Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by the Author - - -Author: Benjamin Rush - - - -Release Date: February 26, 2019 [eBook #58859] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND -OBSERVATIONS, VOL. I (OF 4)*** - - -E-text prepared by MWS, Jens Nordmann, Bryan Ness, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images -generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58859 *** @@ -116,7 +81,7 @@ contained in the second volume. The Lectures upon Animal Life, which were published, a few years ago, in a pamphlet, have received no other additions than a few notes. -The phænomena of fever have not only received a new title, but several +The phænomena of fever have not only received a new title, but several new terms have been adopted in detailing them, chiefly to remove the mistake into which the use of Dr. Brown's terms had led some of the author's readers, respecting his principles. A new order has likewise @@ -215,7 +180,7 @@ climate of Pennsylvania, and in the city of Philadelphia. warm weather, and the method of curing it_ 181 _An account of the efficacy of common salt in the cure of - hæmoptysis_ 189 + hæmoptysis_ 189 _Thoughts on the cause and cure of pulmonary consumption_ 197 @@ -472,7 +437,7 @@ inexhausta pubertas; nec virgines festinantur; eadem juventa, similis proceritas, pares validique miscentur; ac robora parentum liberi referunt[4]." - [4] Cæsar, in his history of the Gallic war, gives the same account + [4] Cæsar, in his history of the Gallic war, gives the same account of the ancient Germans. His words are "Qui diutissimi impuberes permanserunt, maximam inter suos ferunt laudem: hoc ali staturam, ali vires, nervasque confirmari putant." Lib. vi. xxi. @@ -549,7 +514,7 @@ Having finished our inquiry into the physical customs of the Indians, we shall now proceed to inquire into their diseases. A celebrated professor of anatomy has asserted, that we could not tell, -by reasoning _à priori_, that the body was mortal, so intimately woven +by reasoning _à priori_, that the body was mortal, so intimately woven with its texture are the principles of life. Lord Bacon declares, that the only cause of death which is natural to man, is that from old age; and complains of the imperfection of physic, in not being able @@ -1042,7 +1007,7 @@ civilized nations. All the products of the vegetable, fossil, and animal kingdoms, tortured by heat and mixture into an almost infinite variety of forms; bleeding, cupping, artificial drains by setons, issues, and blisters; exercise, active and passive; voyages and journies; baths, -warm and cold; waters, saline, aërial, and mineral; food by weight and +warm and cold; waters, saline, aërial, and mineral; food by weight and measure; the royal touch; enchantment; miracles; in a word, the combined discoveries of natural history and philosophy, united into a system of materia medica, all show, that although physicians are in speculation @@ -1135,7 +1100,7 @@ I am here insensibly led to make an apology for the instability of the theories and practice of physic. The theory of physic is founded upon the laws of the animal economy. These (unlike the laws of the mind, or the common laws of matter) do not appear at once, but are gradually -brought to light by the phænomena of diseases. The success of nature in +brought to light by the phænomena of diseases. The success of nature in curing the simple diseases of Saxony, laid the foundation for the ANIMA MEDICA of Doctor STAHL. The endemics of Holland[15] led Doctor BOERHAAVE to seek for the causes of all diseases in the FLUIDS. And the universal @@ -1487,7 +1452,7 @@ was water; their appetites were restrained by labour; religion excluded the influence of sickening passions; private hospitality supplied the want of a public hospital; nature was their only nurse, and temperance their principal physician. But I must not dwell upon this retrospect -of primæval manners; and I am too strongly impressed with a hope of a +of primæval manners; and I am too strongly impressed with a hope of a revival of such happy days, to pronounce them the golden age of our province. @@ -1503,7 +1468,7 @@ province. were afflicted with a melancholy. In the time of our Saviour, we find an account of all those diseases in Judea, which mark the declension of a people; such as, the palsy, epilepsy, mania, - blindness, hæmorrhagia uterina, &c. It is unnecessary to suppose, + blindness, hæmorrhagia uterina, &c. It is unnecessary to suppose, that they were let loose at this juncture, on purpose to give our Saviour an opportunity of making them the chief subject of his miracles. They had been produced from natural causes, by @@ -1533,7 +1498,7 @@ Sweden, North-America[26], and several of the West-India islands. greater age than the Americans. This is not occasioned so much by a peculiar firmness in their stamina, as by an increase of vigour which the constitution acquires by a change of climate. A - Frenchman (cæteris paribus) outlives an Englishman in England. A + Frenchman (cæteris paribus) outlives an Englishman in England. A Hollander prolongs his life by removing to the Cape of Good Hope. A Portuguese gains fifteen or twenty years by removing to Brazil. And there are good reasons to believe, that a North-American @@ -1624,7 +1589,7 @@ monsters. Sir William Temple tells us, that formerly in Spain no man could be admitted as an evidence in a court, who had once been convicted of drunkenness. I do not call for so severe a law in this country. Let us first try the force of severe manners. Lycurgus governed more -by these, than by his laws. "Boni mores non bonæ leges," according to +by these, than by his laws. "Boni mores non bonæ leges," according to Tacitus, were the bulwarks of virtue among the ancient Germans. III. I despair of being able to call the votaries of Bacchus from their @@ -1731,10 +1696,10 @@ of its influence upon the human body. This account may perhaps serve further, to lead to future discoveries, and more extensive observations, upon this subject. -The state of Pennsylvania lies between 39° 43' 25", and 42° north -latitude, including, of course, 2° 16' 35", equal to 157 miles from its +The state of Pennsylvania lies between 39° 43' 25", and 42° north +latitude, including, of course, 2° 16' 35", equal to 157 miles from its southern to its northern boundary. The western extremity of the state is -in the longitude of 5° 23' 40", and the eastern, is that of 27' from the +in the longitude of 5° 23' 40", and the eastern, is that of 27' from the meridian of Philadelphia, comprehending in a due west course 311 miles, exclusive of the territory lately purchased by Pennsylvania from the United States, of which as yet no accurate surveys have been obtained. @@ -1786,8 +1751,8 @@ confined wholly to the lands on the east side of the Allegany mountain. The soil on the west side of this mountain, shall be described in another place. -The city of Philadelphia lies in the latitude of 39° 57', in longitude -75° 8' from Greenwich, and fifty-five miles west from the Atlantic ocean. +The city of Philadelphia lies in the latitude of 39° 57', in longitude +75° 8' from Greenwich, and fifty-five miles west from the Atlantic ocean. It is situated about four miles due north from the conflux of the rivers Delaware and Schuylkill. The buildings, which consist chiefly of brick, @@ -1842,7 +1807,7 @@ plants were destroyed by the intenseness of the cold during this winter. The ears of horned cattle and the feet of hogs exposed to the air, were frost-bitten; squirrels perished in their holes, and partridges were often found dead in the neighbourhood of farm houses. The mercury -in January stood for several hours at 5° below 0, in Fahrenheit's +in January stood for several hours at 5° below 0, in Fahrenheit's thermometer; and during the whole of this month (except on one day), it never rose in the city of Philadelphia so high as to the freezing point. @@ -1853,7 +1818,7 @@ of January, which opened all our rivers for a few days. The summer which succeeded the winter of 1779-80, was uniformly warm. The mercury in the thermometer, during this summer, stood on one day -(the 15th of August) at 95°, and fluctuated between 93°, and 80° for +(the 15th of August) at 95°, and fluctuated between 93°, and 80° for many weeks. The thermometer, in every reference that has been, or shall be made to it, stood in the shade in the open air. @@ -1895,7 +1860,7 @@ the globe. These were intense cold, deep snows, hail, sleet, high winds, and heavy rains. They generally occurred in succession, but sometimes most of them took place in the course of four and twenty hours. A serene and star-light evening, often preceded a tempestuous day. The -mercury stood for many days, in Philadelphia, at 4° and 6° above 0 in +mercury stood for many days, in Philadelphia, at 4° and 6° above 0 in Fahrenheit's thermometer. The medium depth of the snow was two feet, but from its fall being accompanied with high winds, its height in many places was three and four feet, particularly in roads, which it rendered @@ -1908,7 +1873,7 @@ on every part of the coast of the United States. Poultry were found dead, or with frozen feet, in their coops, in many places. This intense cold was not confined to Pennsylvania. In Norfolk, in -Virginia, the mercury stood at 18° above 0 on the 22d of January. At +Virginia, the mercury stood at 18° above 0 on the 22d of January. At Lexington, in Kentucky, it stood at 0 on the 21st of the same month. In Lower Canada the snow was seven feet in depth, which is three feet deeper than in common years. And such was the quantity of ice collected @@ -1925,8 +1890,8 @@ a road. On the 28th of February the Delaware was navigable, and on the Having premised these general remarks, I proceed to observe, that there are seldom more than twenty or thirty days in summer or winter, in -Pennsylvania, in which the mercury rises above 80° in the former, or -falls below 30° in the latter season. Some old people have remarked, +Pennsylvania, in which the mercury rises above 80° in the former, or +falls below 30° in the latter season. Some old people have remarked, that the number of _extremely_ cold and warm days in successive summers and winters, bears an exact proportion to each other. This was strictly true in the years 1787 and 1788. @@ -1939,8 +1904,8 @@ There are seldom more than three or four nights in a summer in which the heat of the air is nearly the same as in the preceding day. After the warmest days, the evenings are generally agreeable, and often delightful. The higher the mercury rises in the day time, the lower it -falls the succeeding night. The mercury at 80° generally falls to 68°, -while it descends, when at 60°, but to 56°. This disproportion between +falls the succeeding night. The mercury at 80° generally falls to 68°, +while it descends, when at 60°, but to 56°. This disproportion between the temperature of the day and night, in summer is always greatest in the month of August. The dews at this time are heavy in proportion to the coolness of the evening. They are sometimes so considerable as to @@ -1964,12 +1929,12 @@ greater by a few degrees than that of July. The transitions from heat to cold are often very sudden, and sometimes to very distant degrees. After a day in which the mercury has stood at -86° and even 90°, it sometimes falls, in the course of a single night, +86° and even 90°, it sometimes falls, in the course of a single night, to the 65th, and even to the 60th degree, insomuch that fires have been found necessary the ensuing morning, especially if the change in the temperature of the air has been accompanied by rain and a south-east wind. In a summer month, in the year 1775, the mercury was observed to -fall 20° in an hour and a half. There are few summers in which fires are +fall 20° in an hour and a half. There are few summers in which fires are not agreeable during some parts of them. My ingenious friend, Mr. David Rittenhouse, whose talent for accurate observation extends alike to all subjects, informed me, that he had never passed a summer, during his @@ -1977,7 +1942,7 @@ residence in the country, without discovering frost in every month of the year, except July. The weather is equally variable in Pennsylvania during the greatest -part of the winter. The mercury fell from 37° to 4-1/2° below 0 in four +part of the winter. The mercury fell from 37° to 4-1/2° below 0 in four and twenty hours, between the fourth and fifth of February, 1788. In this season nature seems to play at cross purposes. Heavy falls of snow are often succeeded in a few days by a general thaw, which frequently @@ -1994,7 +1959,7 @@ a fog was seen to rise from the water, in its passage from a fluid to a solid state. This account of the variableness of the weather in winter, does not -apply to every part of Pennsylvania. There is a line about the 41° of +apply to every part of Pennsylvania. There is a line about the 41° of the state, beyond which the winters are steady and regular, insomuch that the earth there is seldom without a covering of snow during the three winter months. In this line the climate of Pennsylvania forms a @@ -2023,13 +1988,13 @@ coldest part of the four and twenty hours, is generally at the break of day. In the most intense cold which has been recorded in Philadelphia, within -the last twenty years, the mercury stood at 5° below 0. But it appears +the last twenty years, the mercury stood at 5° below 0. But it appears from the accounts published by Messieurs Mason and Dixon, in the 58th volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society of London, that the -mercury stood at 22° below 0, on the 2d of January, 1767, at Brandywine, +mercury stood at 22° below 0, on the 2d of January, 1767, at Brandywine, about thirty miles to the westward of Philadelphia. They inform us, that -on the 1st of the same month, the mercury stood at 20°, and on the day -before at 7° below 0. I have to lament that I am not able to procure any +on the 1st of the same month, the mercury stood at 20°, and on the day +before at 7° below 0. I have to lament that I am not able to procure any record of the temperature of the air in the same year in Philadelphia. From the variety in the height and quality of the soil, and from the difference in the currents of winds and the quantity of rain and snow @@ -2037,10 +2002,10 @@ which fall in different parts of the state, it is very probable this excessive cold may not have extended thirty miles from the place where it was first perceived. -The greatest degree of heat upon record in Philadelphia, is 95°. +The greatest degree of heat upon record in Philadelphia, is 95°. The standard temperature of the air in the city of Philadelphia is -52-1/2°, which is the temperature of our deepest wells, as also the mean +52-1/2°, which is the temperature of our deepest wells, as also the mean heat of our common spring water. The spring in Pennsylvania is generally less pleasant than in many other @@ -2345,7 +2310,7 @@ of Philadelphia, is supposed to be about 70 feet. | | THERMOMETER. | BAROMETER. | PREVAILING | | | of | de | | WIND. | | MONTH. |_Fahrenheit_,| _Reaumur_, | mean height | | - | | mean degree |degrés moyens| | | + | | mean degree |degrés moyens| | | | | D. 1/16 O | D. 1/10 O |in. pts. 1/16| | |----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+---------------| |January | 35 1 | 1 4 | 29 9 9 |Variable still | @@ -2402,9 +2367,9 @@ of Philadelphia, is supposed to be about 70 feet. It is worthy of notice, how near the mean heat of the year, and of the month of April, in two successive years, are to each other in the same -place. The mean heat of April, 1787, was 54°3, that of April, 1788, -was 52°2. By the table of the mean heat of each month in the year, it -appears that the mean heat of 1787 was 53°5 at Spring-Mill. +place. The mean heat of April, 1787, was 54°3, that of April, 1788, +was 52°2. By the table of the mean heat of each month in the year, it +appears that the mean heat of 1787 was 53°5 at Spring-Mill. The following accounts of the climates of Pekin and Madrid, which lie within a few minutes of the same latitude as Philadelphia, may serve to @@ -2416,17 +2381,17 @@ warmer there than in Pennsylvania, principally from a cause which will probably operate upon the winters of Pennsylvania for many centuries to come, viz. the vicinity of an uncultivated north-west country. -"PEKIN, lat. 39° 54', long. 116° 29' W. +"PEKIN, lat. 39° 54', long. 116° 29' W. "By five years observations, its annual mean temperature was found to be -55° 5'. +55° 5'. - January 20°,75 July 84°,8 + January 20°,75 July 84°,8 February 32 August 83 March 48 September 63 April 59 October 52 May 72 November 41 - June 83°,75 December 27 + June 83°,75 December 27 "The temperature of the Atlantic under this parallel is 62, but the standard of this part of the globe is the North Pacific, which is here @@ -2438,17 +2403,17 @@ parts of China (in which Pekin lies) must be cooled by the vicinity of the mountains of Chinese Tartary, among which the cold is said to be excessive. -"The greatest cold usually experienced during this period was 5°, the -greatest heat, 98°: on the 25th of July, 1773, the heat arose to 108° -and 110°: a N. E. or N. W. wind produces the greatest cold, a S. or S. +"The greatest cold usually experienced during this period was 5°, the +greatest heat, 98°: on the 25th of July, 1773, the heat arose to 108° +and 110°: a N. E. or N. W. wind produces the greatest cold, a S. or S. W. or S. E. the greatest heat[33]." [33] "6. Mem. Scav. Etrang. p. 528." -"MADRID, lat. 40° 25', long. 3° 20' E. +"MADRID, lat. 40° 25', long. 3° 20' E. -The usual heat in summer is said to be from 75° to 85°; even at night it -seldom falls below 70°; the mean height of the barometer is 27,96. It +The usual heat in summer is said to be from 75° to 85°; even at night it +seldom falls below 70°; the mean height of the barometer is 27,96. It seems to be about 1900 feet above the level of the sea[34]." [34] "Mem. Par. 1777, p. 146." @@ -2503,7 +2468,7 @@ first taken by Mr. Legeaux, and the other by Doctor Bedford. | |-------------+----------| BAROMETER. | | | | of | de | | | | |_Fahrenheit_,|_Reaumur_,| mean | | - | D. | mean | degrés | height | | + | D. | mean | degrés | height | | | of the| degree | moyens | |PREVAILING | | month.| D. 1/10 O | D. 1/10 O|in. pts. 1/10| WIND. | +-------+-------------+--------+-+-------------+-----------+ @@ -2767,8 +2732,8 @@ more simple remedies in such diseases. An intermittent prevailed among adults in the month of May. July and August were uncommonly warm. The mercury stood on the 6th of -August at 94-1/2°, on the 15th of the same month at 95°, and for several -days afterwards at 90°. Many labouring people perished during this month +August at 94-1/2°, on the 15th of the same month at 95°, and for several +days afterwards at 90°. Many labouring people perished during this month by the heat, and by drinking, not only cold water, but cold liquors of several kinds, while they were under the violent impressions of the heat. @@ -2892,7 +2857,7 @@ assuming in its progress, according to its duration, the usual symptoms of the typhus gravior, or mitior, of Doctor Cullen. In some cases, the discharge of a few spoons-full of blood from the nose accompanied a solution of the fever on the third or fourth day; while in others, a -profuse hæmorrhage from the nose, mouth, and bowels, on the tenth and +profuse hæmorrhage from the nose, mouth, and bowels, on the tenth and eleventh days, preceded a fatal issue of the disease. Several cases came under my care, in which the fever was succeeded by a @@ -2904,7 +2869,7 @@ others, provided they took a sufficient quantity of the bark. About the beginning of October the weather became cool, accompanied by rain and an easterly wind. This cool and wet weather continued -for four days. The mercury in the thermometer fell to 60°, and fires +for four days. The mercury in the thermometer fell to 60°, and fires became agreeable. From this time the fever evidently declined, or was accompanied by inflammatory symptoms. On the 16th of October, I met with a case of inflammatory angina; and on the next day I visited a @@ -2916,7 +2881,7 @@ consequence of a second bleeding, his fever terminated with the common symptoms of a crisis. During the latter end of October, and the first weeks in November, the -mercury in the thermometer fluctuated between 50° and 60°. Pleurisies +mercury in the thermometer fluctuated between 50° and 60°. Pleurisies and inflammatory diseases of all kinds now made their appearance. They were more numerous and more acute, than in this stage of the autumn, in former years. I met with one case of pleurisy in November, which did not @@ -3100,21 +3065,21 @@ open air, which gradually completed the cure. The beginning of the month of July was unusually cool; insomuch that -the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at 61° in the day time, +the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at 61° in the day time, and fires were very comfortable, especially in the evening. In the last week but one of this month, the weather suddenly became so warm, that -the mercury rose to 94-1/2°, at which it remained for three days. As +the mercury rose to 94-1/2°, at which it remained for three days. As this heat was accompanied by no breeze from any quarter, the sense of it was extremely distressing to many people. Upwards of twenty persons died in the course of those three days, from the excess of the heat, and from drinking cold water. Three old people died suddenly within this space of time. This extreme heat was succeeded by cool weather, -the mercury having fallen to 60°, and the month closed with producing +the mercury having fallen to 60°, and the month closed with producing a few intermitting and remitting fevers, together with several cases of inflammatory angina. The weather in the month of August was extremely variable. The mercury, -after standing for several days at 92°, suddenly fell so low, as not +after standing for several days at 92°, suddenly fell so low, as not only to render fires necessary, but in many places to produce frost. Every form of fever made its appearance in this month. The synocha was @@ -3506,7 +3471,7 @@ in every stage of the disease. The bowels should be opened by means of calomel, manna, castor oil, or magnesia. I have generally found rhubarb improper for this purpose, while the stomach was in a very irritable state. In those cases, where there is reason to believe that -the offending contents of the primæ viæ have been discharged by nature +the offending contents of the primæ viæ have been discharged by nature (which is often the case), the emetics and purges should by no means be given; but, instead of them, recourse must be had to @@ -3827,7 +3792,7 @@ who seek to allay their thirst by drinking the water from the pumps in the streets, and who are too impatient, or too ignorant, to use the necessary precautions for preventing its morbid or deadly effects upon them. These accidents seldom happen, except when the mercury rises above -85° in Fahrenheit's thermometer. +85° in Fahrenheit's thermometer. Three circumstances generally concur to produce disease or death, from drinking cold water. 1. The patient is extremely warm. 2. The water is @@ -3915,17 +3880,17 @@ become a rare occurrence for many years past in Philadelphia. IN THE CURE OF - HÆMOPTYSIS. + HÆMOPTYSIS. From the present established opinions and practice respecting the -cause and cure of hæmoptysis, the last medicine that would occur to a +cause and cure of hæmoptysis, the last medicine that would occur to a regular-bred physician for the cure of it, is COMMON SALT; and yet I have seen and heard of a great number of cases, in which it has been administered with success. The mode of giving it is to pour down from a tea to a table-spoonful -of clean fine salt, as soon as possible after the hæmorrhage begins +of clean fine salt, as soon as possible after the hæmorrhage begins from the lungs. This quantity generally stops it; but the dose must be repeated daily for three or four days, to prevent a return of the disease. If the bleeding continue, the salt must be continued till it is @@ -3936,7 +3901,7 @@ It sometimes excites a sickness at the stomach, and never fails to produce a burning sensation in the throat, in its passage into the stomach, and considerable thirst afterwards. -I have found this remedy to succeed equally well in hæmorrhages, whether +I have found this remedy to succeed equally well in hæmorrhages, whether they occurred in young or in old people, or with a weak or active pulse. I had prescribed it for several years before I could satisfy myself with @@ -3945,7 +3910,7 @@ My inquiries led me to attend more particularly to the following facts: 1. Those persons who have been early instructed in vocal music, and who use their vocal organs moderately through life, are seldom affected by a -hæmorrhage from the lungs. +hæmorrhage from the lungs. 2. Lawyers, players, public cryers, and city watchmen, all of whom exercise their lungs either by long or loud speaking, are less affected @@ -3953,7 +3918,7 @@ by this disease, than persons of other occupations. I acknowledge I cannot extend this observation to the public teachers of religion. I have known several instances of their being affected -by hæmoptysis; but never but one in which the disease came on in the +by hæmoptysis; but never but one in which the disease came on in the pulpit, and that was in a person who had been recently cured of it. The cases which I have seen, have generally been brought on by catarrhs. @@ -3963,7 +3928,7 @@ them, to expose themselves to the cold or evening air, immediately after taking what a celebrated and eloquent preacher used to call a _pulpit sweat_. -3. This hæmorrhage chiefly occurs in debilitated habits, or in persons +3. This hæmorrhage chiefly occurs in debilitated habits, or in persons afflicted by such a predisposition to consumption, as indicates a weak and relaxed state of the lungs. @@ -3979,25 +3944,25 @@ effusion of blood? I shall only add to this conjecture the following observations: 1. I have never known the common salt perform a cure, where the -hæmorrhage from the lungs has been a symptom of a confirmed consumption. +hæmorrhage from the lungs has been a symptom of a confirmed consumption. But even in this case it gives a certain temporary relief. -2. The exhibition of common salt in the hæmoptysis, should by no means +2. The exhibition of common salt in the hæmoptysis, should by no means supersede the use of occasional bleeding when indicated by plethora, nor of that diet which the state of the pulse, or of the stomach, may require. 3. I have given the common salt in one case with success, in a -hæmorrhage from the stomach, accompanied by a vomiting; and have +hæmorrhage from the stomach, accompanied by a vomiting; and have heard of several cases in which it has been supposed to have checked a discharge of blood from the nose and uterus, but I can say nothing -further in its favour in these last hæmorrhages, from my own experience. +further in its favour in these last hæmorrhages, from my own experience. It may perhaps serve to lessen the prejudices of physicians against adopting improvements in medicine, that are not recommended by the authority of colleges or universities, to add, that we are indebted to an old woman, for the discovery of the efficacy of common salt in the -cure of hæmoptysis. +cure of hæmoptysis. @@ -4149,7 +4114,7 @@ unsettled parts of a new country in Pennsylvania, that he thought him in a fair way of a perfect recovery. Doctor Latimer of Wilmington had been long afflicted with a cough and an -occasional hæmoptysis. He entered into the American army as a surgeon, +occasional hæmoptysis. He entered into the American army as a surgeon, and served in that capacity till near the end of the war; during which time he was perfectly free from all pulmonary disease. The spitting of blood returned soon after he settled in private practice. To remedy this @@ -4367,7 +4332,7 @@ children of the grossest habits and most vigorous constitutions. This is more especially the case where the worms are dislodged by the small-pox and measles. Doctor Capelle of Wilmington, in a letter which I received from him, informed me, that in the livers of sixteen, out of eighteen -rats which he dissected, he found a number of the tænia worms. The rats +rats which he dissected, he found a number of the tænia worms. The rats were fat, and appeared in other respects to have been in perfect health. The two rats in which he found no worms, he says, "were very lean, and their livers smaller in proportion than the others." @@ -4468,7 +4433,7 @@ Butter, in his excellent treatise upon the infantile remitting fever. I have taken great pains to find out, whether the presence of the different species of worms might not be discovered by certain peculiar symptoms; but all to no purpose. I once attended a girl of twelve years -of age in a fever, who discharged four yards of a tænia, and who was +of age in a fever, who discharged four yards of a tænia, and who was so far from having discovered any peculiar symptom of this species of worms, that she had never complained of any other indisposition, than now and then a slight pain in the stomach, which often occurs in @@ -4614,7 +4579,7 @@ upon them. XV. MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANCES. | | | | Sulphur mixed with oil | 2 | -- - Æthiops mineral | 2 | -- + Æthiops mineral | 2 | -- Sulphur | 2 | -- Solution of gunpowder | -- | 1-1/2 ---- of soap | -- | 19 @@ -4654,7 +4619,7 @@ adheres to it; but from the length of time a worm lived in a solution of white arsenic, it is probable the tin acts altogether mechanically upon them. - [45] Dolichos Pruriens, of Linnæus. + [45] Dolichos Pruriens, of Linnæus. 2. The medicines which act chemically upon worms, appear, from our experiments, to be very numerous. @@ -4712,7 +4677,7 @@ to be a powerful as well as a most agreeable anthelmintic medicine. It sometimes purges and vomits, but its good effects may be obtained without giving it in such doses as to produce these evacuations. - [46] Geoffrea, of Linnæus. + [46] Geoffrea, of Linnæus. There is not a more _certain_ anthelmintic than Carolina pink-root[47]. But as there have been instances of death having followed excessive @@ -4721,7 +4686,7 @@ affected by giddiness, stupor, and a redness and pain in the eyes after taking it, I acknowledge that I have generally preferred to it, less certain, but more safe medicines for destroying worms. - [47] Spigelia Marylandica, of Linnæus. + [47] Spigelia Marylandica, of Linnæus. 3. Of the medicines whose action is compounded of mechanical and chemical qualities, calomel, jalap, and the powder of steel, are the @@ -4737,7 +4702,7 @@ in the form of steel-filings or of the rust of iron. If ever they fail of success, it is because they are given in too small doses. I generally prescribe from five to thirty grains every morning, to children between one year, and ten years old; and I have been taught by an old -sea-captain, who was cured of a tænia by this medicine, to give from two +sea-captain, who was cured of a tænia by this medicine, to give from two drachms to half an ounce of it, every morning, for three or four days, not only with safety, but with success. @@ -4953,8 +4918,8 @@ they act singly, or when in conjunction with each other. I. Wounds on different parts of the body are the most frequent causes of this disease. It was formerly supposed it was the effect only of a wound, which partially divided a tendon, or a nerve; but we now know -it is often the consequence of læsions which affect the body in a -superficial manner. The following is a list of such wounds and læsions +it is often the consequence of læsions which affect the body in a +superficial manner. The following is a list of such wounds and læsions as have been known to induce the disease: 1. Wounds in the soles of the feet, in the palms of the hands, and under @@ -5008,7 +4973,7 @@ appear until six weeks afterwards. In most of the cases of this disease from wounds which I have seen, there was a total absence of pain and inflammation, or but very moderate degrees of them, and in some of them the wounds had entirely healed, before any of the symptoms of the -disease had made their appearance. Wounds and læsions are most apt to +disease had made their appearance. Wounds and læsions are most apt to produce tetanus, after the long continued application of heat to the body; hence its greater frequency, from these causes, in warm than in cold climates, and in warm than in cold weather, in northern countries. @@ -5024,7 +4989,7 @@ were always found dead the next morning, if the coop was not placed at a certain height above the surface of the earth[48]." It was brought on by sleeping on a damp pavement in a servant girl of Mr. Alexander Todd of Philadelphia, in the evening of a day in which the mercury in -Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at 90°. Dr. Chalmers relates an instance +Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at 90°. Dr. Chalmers relates an instance of its having been induced by a person's sleeping without a nightcap, after shaving his head. The late Dr. Bartram informed me, that he had known a draught of cold water produce it in a man who was in a @@ -5615,7 +5580,7 @@ weather was remarkably cold. A veteran colonel of a New-England regiment, whom I visited at Princeton, and who was wounded in the hand at the battle of Monmouth, -on the 28th of June, 1778 (a day in which the mercury stood at 90° of +on the 28th of June, 1778 (a day in which the mercury stood at 90° of Fahrenheit's thermometer), after describing his situation at the time he received his wound, concluded his story by remarking, that "fighting was hot work on a cold day, but much more so on a warm day." The many @@ -6044,7 +6009,7 @@ not this restriction abundantly compensated by the variety of tastes which she allows us to impart to it, in order to diversify and increase the pleasure of eating? It is remarkable that salt, sugar, mustard, horse-radish, capers, and spices of all kinds, according to Mr. Gosse's -experiments, related by Abbé Spallanzani[58], all contribute not only to +experiments, related by Abbé Spallanzani[58], all contribute not only to render aliments savoury, but to promote their digestion. [58] Dissertations, vol. I. p. 326. @@ -6201,7 +6166,7 @@ certain age, are more subject than grown people to a disease in their bowels in warm weather. II. The methods of communicating the small-pox by inoculation, have -been different in different countries, and in the different æras of its +been different in different countries, and in the different æras of its progress towards its present stage of improvement. The scab, dossel of lint, and the thread impregnated with variolous matter, and bound up in a gash in the arm, have been laid aside. @@ -6468,7 +6433,7 @@ in any stage or degree of the eruptive fever of the small-pox by inoculation. 2. Cool air is of the utmost consequence in the eruptive fever. The -use of this remedy in fevers marks an æra, not only in the management +use of this remedy in fevers marks an æra, not only in the management of the small-pox, but in medicine. The degrees of cold should always be increased in proportion to the violence of the fever. Stove-rooms, so common in this country, should be carefully avoided. The more we @@ -6523,7 +6488,7 @@ kindly suppuration. From the success that has attended the use of the cold bath in malignant fevers in some parts of Europe[61], I am disposed to believe in the efficacy of the African remedy. - [61] In a dissertation entitled "_Epidemia verna quæ Wratislaviam, + [61] In a dissertation entitled "_Epidemia verna quæ Wratislaviam, Anno. 1737 afflixit_," published in the appendix to the Acta Nat. Curios. Vol. X. it appears, that washing the body all over with cold water in putrid fevers, attended with great debility, was @@ -7594,8 +7559,8 @@ written by physicians. Witness the essays of Dr. Home of Edinburgh, and of Dr. Hunter of Yorkshire, in England. 3. The business of a farm will furnish you with employment in the -healthy seasons of the year, and thereby deliver you from the tædium -vitæ, or what is worse, from retreating to low or improper company. +healthy seasons of the year, and thereby deliver you from the tædium +vitæ, or what is worse, from retreating to low or improper company. Perhaps one cause of the prevalence of dram or grog drinking, with which country practitioners are sometimes charged, is owing to their having no regular or profitable business to employ them, in the intervals of their @@ -8805,7 +8770,7 @@ stone, with which he was afflicted during the last years of his life. 2. Heat may be applied to the bodies of old people by means of _stove-rooms_. The late Dr. Dewit, of Germantown, who lived to be near -100 years of age, seldom breathed an air below 72°, after he became an +100 years of age, seldom breathed an air below 72°, after he became an old man. He lived constantly in a stove-room. 3. WARM CLOTHING, more especially warm bed-clothes, are proper to @@ -8924,366 +8889,4 @@ The table on page 107 has been split to match the page size. -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND OBSERVATIONS, -VOL. I (OF 4)*** - - -******* This file should be named 58859-8.txt or 58859-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/8/8/5/58859 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. I (of 4)</p> -<p> The Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by the Author</p> -<p>Author: Benjamin Rush</p> -<p>Release Date: February 26, 2019 [eBook #58859]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND OBSERVATIONS, VOL. I (OF 4)***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by MWS, Jens Nordmann, Bryan Ness,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -13397,368 +13377,9 @@ at various times.</p></div> <p> </p> <hr class="pg" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND OBSERVATIONS, VOL. 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