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@@ -1,31 +1,7 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Hopi Indians, by Walter Hough
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57507 ***
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-Title: The Hopi Indians
-Author: Walter Hough
-
-Release Date: July 14, 2018 [EBook #57507]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HOPI INDIANS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Brian Sogard, Rachael Schultz, Sam W. and the
-Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-(This file was produced from images generously made
-available by The Internet Archive)
@@ -200,7 +176,7 @@ valley in New Mexico more than two centuries ago.
There are a number of ways of reaching the Hopi pueblos. If one would
go in by the east, he may choose to start from Holbrook on the Santa
-Fé Pacific Railroad, or Winslow (two days each), or by the west from
+Fé Pacific Railroad, or Winslow (two days each), or by the west from
Canyon Diablo (two days), or Flagstaff (three days). The estimates of
time are based on "traveling light" and with few interruptions. A
longer journey may be made from Gallup, during which the Canyon de
@@ -225,7 +201,7 @@ thunder-storms, Tusayan would be a desert indeed.
The hardy grasses and desert plants do their best to cover the
nakedness of the country; along the washes are a few cottonwoods; on
-the mesas are junipers and piñons; and in the higher lands to the
+the mesas are junipers and piñons; and in the higher lands to the
north small oaks strive for an existence. At times, when the rains are
favoring, plants spring up and the desert is painted with great masses
of color; here and there are stretches green with grass or yellow with
@@ -490,16 +466,16 @@ brave who seeks a Hopi maiden to wife, coming to live with her
people, but rarely does a Hopi youth lead a "Teshab" girl to his
hearth as did Anowita of Walpi.
-A few Zuñi have cast their lot at Tusayan and several of the latter
-live at Zuñi and in some of the Rio Grande pueblos. Not many years
+A few Zuñi have cast their lot at Tusayan and several of the latter
+live at Zuñi and in some of the Rio Grande pueblos. Not many years
ago, a Hopi was chief of an important fraternity at Sia, a pueblo on
-the Jemez River in New Mexico. The Zuñi are quite neighborly and visit
+the Jemez River in New Mexico. The Zuñi are quite neighborly and visit
Tusayan to witness the ceremonies or to exchange necklaces of shell
and turquoise beads for blankets. Tradition has it that some of the
-clans from the Rio Grande came by way of Zuñi and that Sichomovi has a
+clans from the Rio Grande came by way of Zuñi and that Sichomovi has a
strong admixture from that pueblo. In support of this it may be said
-that the Zuñi visitors are usually domiciled at Sichomovi, where they
-seem very much at home, and many of the people there speak the Zuñi
+that the Zuñi visitors are usually domiciled at Sichomovi, where they
+seem very much at home, and many of the people there speak the Zuñi
language.
At the time of the ceremonies, especially those performed in summer,
@@ -625,7 +601,7 @@ performed by the New Fire Society. By December, Tusayan is hard in the
grip of winter, and as the spirits are held fast beneath the frozen
ground, they cannot do ill to anyone who speaks about them, so that
many legends and stories and much sacred lore are freely divulged
-around the glowing fires of fat piñon wood in the Hopi houses.
+around the glowing fires of fat piñon wood in the Hopi houses.
Everyone is also on the qui vive for the Soyaluna, in many respects
the most important ceremony in the Hopi calendar, when the first
kachinas appear. December is called the "Hoe moon" because in this
@@ -796,7 +772,7 @@ surveyor knows where his lines ran.
Every once in a while the Hopi have a "raising," but instead of the
kind and willing neighbors of the "bee" in the States, here the
-workers are clan relations. Coöperation or communal effort goes a long
+workers are clan relations. Coöperation or communal effort goes a long
way toward explaining why the days of the Pueblo dweller are long in
the land and the Mormon settlers in the Southwest also followed this
primitive law which goes into effect wherever men are gathered for the
@@ -894,7 +870,7 @@ with the house chief, has the privilege of frequenting the Mong-kiva
or council chamber of the pueblo. The town crier's announcements
attracted the notice of the Spanish conquerors in the early days as
they have that of modern travelers. In the quaint language of
-Castañeda, speaking of Zuñi: "They have priests who preach to them
+Castañeda, speaking of Zuñi: "They have priests who preach to them
whom they call papas. These are the elders. They go up on the highest
roof of the village and preach to the village from there, like public
criers in the morning while the sun is rising, the whole village
@@ -978,7 +954,7 @@ the Hopi have poor memories for dates. No one knows his age, and many
of these villages seem to live within the shifting horizons of
yesterday and tomorrow. The priests, however, keep a record of the
ceremonies by adding to their _tiponi_, or palladium of their society,
-a feather for each celebration. At Zuñi a record of the death of
+a feather for each celebration. At Zuñi a record of the death of
priests of the war society is kept by making scratches on the face of
a large rock near a shrine, and by this method a Hopi woman keeps
count of the days from the child's birth to the natal ceremony. Ask a
@@ -1539,7 +1515,7 @@ heart of agave in water. This writer says:
Hopi women assiduously gather the seeds of grasses and other plants,
which they grind up and add to corn-meal to improve the flavor of the
bread, or, perhaps, a prized bread is made entirely of the ground seed
-of some desert plant. Oily seeds, such as those of the piñon, pumpkin,
+of some desert plant. Oily seeds, such as those of the piñon, pumpkin,
and melons are ground to form shortening in various cakes and to add
richness to stews. Often food is colored with harmless vegetable
dyes, no doubt with the deep-laid scheme on the part of the mother of
@@ -1667,7 +1643,7 @@ simplest way of giving color to the leather is to rub red ocher or
other clay into the soft-tanned skin, as is seen in the red moccasins
of the Snake dancers. A warm brown is given to the leather with an
infusion of the bark of the water birch, and a black dye is made by
-burning piñon resin with crude native alum. Sometimes the esthetic
+burning piñon resin with crude native alum. Sometimes the esthetic
tastes of a young man are gratified by moccasins dyed with aniline red
or blue according to his fancy.
@@ -2003,7 +1979,7 @@ that hang from the rafters of the houses. "Dolls," they are usually
called, but the Hopi know that they are representations of the
spiritual beings who live in the unseen world, and a great variety
there is of them. Thousands of these figures are made by the Hopi,
-many to be sold to visitors, a thing no Zuñi would do, because in that
+many to be sold to visitors, a thing no Zuñi would do, because in that
pueblo these images have a religious character and are hidden away,
while the Hopi decorate the houses with them.
@@ -2287,7 +2263,7 @@ which has long been forgotten.
The walls are laid in irregular courses, mortar being sparingly used.
The addition of plastering to the outside and inside of the house
awaits some future time, though sometimes work on the outside coat is
-put off to an ever vanishing _mañana_. When the house walls, seven or
+put off to an ever vanishing _mañana_. When the house walls, seven or
eight feet in height and of irregular thickness from seventeen to
twenty-two inches are completed, the women begin on the roof. The
beams are laid across the side walls at intervals of two feet; above
@@ -2299,7 +2275,7 @@ complicated and ingenious, is nearly level, but provision is made for
carrying off the water by means of spouts.
When the roof is finished the women put a thick coating of mud on the
-floor and plaster the walls. At Zuñi floors are nearly always made of
+floor and plaster the walls. At Zuñi floors are nearly always made of
slabs of stone, but in Hopi mud is the rule. The process of plastering
a floor is interesting to an onlooker. Clay dug from under the cliffs,
crushed and softened in water and tempered with sand is smeared on the
@@ -2509,7 +2485,7 @@ Walpi.
With all these games the Hopi are not gamblers and appear to have the
same aversion to it as they have to fire-water, differing in this
-respect from the Navaho, Zuñi, and many other tribes of Indians. Most
+respect from the Navaho, Zuñi, and many other tribes of Indians. Most
of their games, like those of the ancient Greeks, are full of the
exhilaration of life, the glow of physical training, the doing of
something to win the favor of the gods.
@@ -2531,7 +2507,7 @@ One morning about seven o'clock at Winslow, Arizona, a message was
brought to the hotel that an Indian wished to see the leader of an
exploring party. On stepping out on the street the Indian was found
sitting on the curbstone, mouth agape with wonder at the trains moving
-about on the Santa Fé Pacific Railroad.
+about on the Santa Fé Pacific Railroad.
He delivered a note from a white man at Oraibi and it was ascertained
that he had started from that place at four on the previous afternoon,
@@ -3058,7 +3034,7 @@ some of the pueblos. The Navaho, in pursuance of this custom, throw
down the earth-covered hogan over the dead, and in the course of time
a mound filled with decaying timbers marks the spot. Hopi burial
customs have not changed for centuries; they have never burned their
-dead, as formerly did the Zuñi and the peoples of the Gila valley. The
+dead, as formerly did the Zuñi and the peoples of the Gila valley. The
ancient Hopi ceremonies contain almost the only records of their past
history in the pottery, ornaments, weapons, and relics of bone, shell,
stone, traces of prayer-sticks, cloth, baskets, and matting. These
@@ -3460,7 +3436,7 @@ second in the afternoon. There are many _kachinas_ in rich costumes,
wearing strange helmets and adorned in many striking ways. They carry
planting sticks, hoes, and other emblematic paraphernalia. A number
are dressed as female _kachinas_. These furnished an accompaniment to
-the song by rasping sheep's scapulæ over notched sticks placed on
+the song by rasping sheep's scapulæ over notched sticks placed on
wooden sounding boxes. The male and female dancers stand in two lines
and posture to the music, and the former turn around repeatedly during
the dance. The children especially enjoy the dance, because the
@@ -3482,7 +3458,7 @@ Southwest, and by mutual concessions the clans making up the Hopi
would arrange their rites to fit in the month when the rain-makers are
needed. Thus, the women's ceremonies in September and October would
not need to be disturbed, perhaps to the relief of the obscure Hopi
-who, like Julius Cæsar, reformed the calendar.
+who, like Julius Cæsar, reformed the calendar.
The Snake and Flute ceremonies of the Hopi are most widely known,
since at this season of the year most travelers visit Tusayan, and
@@ -4024,7 +4000,7 @@ at the upper end of Keam's Canyon; the Bear clan those at the mouth of
the same canyon; the Tobacco clan those on the crags of Awatobi; the
Rain Cloud clan the nests in the Moki Buttes; the Reed clan those in
the region of their old town forty miles north of Navajo Springs on
-the Santa Fé railroad; the Lizard clan the nests on Bitahuchi or Red
+the Santa Fé railroad; the Lizard clan the nests on Bitahuchi or Red
Rocks, about forty miles south of Walpi; or that the eagle nests west
of the pueblos along the Little Colorado and Great Colorado belong to
the Oraibi and Middle Mesa villagers. He would disdain the fact that
@@ -4222,7 +4198,7 @@ water is brought is Clear Creek near the town of Winslow, seventy-five
miles south of Walpi.
Each field has a shrine and _pahos_ are often seen there; this is also
-the custom among the Zuñi and other of the Pueblos. In the center of
+the custom among the Zuñi and other of the Pueblos. In the center of
the main plaza of each pueblo may be seen a stone box with a slab of
stone for a door which opens to the east. This is called the _pahoki_,
or "house of the pahos," the central shrine of the village, and it is
@@ -4290,7 +4266,7 @@ and possessed special weapons of tremendous power to assist them in
their supernatural craft. Long the people groaned under the ravages of
the monsters, and the time and manner of their deliverance they
delight to recount in many weird stories during the winter nights by
-their flickering fires of piñon wood.
+their flickering fires of piñon wood.
In the earth lived the Spider Woman, ancient of days, full of wisdom,
and having a tender regard for her people, the Hopi. Born to her from
@@ -4310,19 +4286,19 @@ In the above, in the heart of the sky, lived the Man-Eagle. On the
people of the whole earth he swooped down, carrying aloft women and
maidens to his house, where after four days he devoured them. The
Youth, journeying to the San Francisco Mountains, met at the
-foot-hills the Piñon maids dressed in mantles of piñon bark and grass,
+foot-hills the Piñon maids dressed in mantles of piñon bark and grass,
and here likewise he met the Spider Woman and the Mole. "You have
come," said they in greeting; "sit down; whence go you?" Then said the
Youth, "Man-Eagle has carried away my bride and I seek to bring her
back." "I will aid you," said the Spider Woman.
-She bade the Piñon maids to gather piñon gum, wash it, and make a
+She bade the Piñon maids to gather piñon gum, wash it, and make a
garment in exact imitation of the flint arrow head armor which
rendered Man-Eagle invulnerable. So did they, and the Spider Woman
gave it, with charm flour, to the Youth. As a spider, then, so small
as to be invisible, she perched on the right ear of the Youth that she
might whisper advice. Mole led the way to the top of the mountains,
-but the Piñon maids remained behind.
+but the Piñon maids remained behind.
When they reached the summit, Eagle swooped down; they got on his back
and he soared aloft with them till he was tired. Hawk came close by,
@@ -4341,7 +4317,7 @@ Youth rubbed the sharp rungs with the chewed berries and they became
dull at once, and he was able to climb the ladder without cutting
himself. When he entered the house of Man-Eagle he saw hanging the
monster's flint arrow head armor, on a peg in a recess, and he at once
-exchanged it for the false armor the Piñon maids had given him. In
+exchanged it for the false armor the Piñon maids had given him. In
another recess he saw Man-Eagle and his lost wife. He called out to
her that he had come to rescue her from the monster, and she replied
that she was glad, but that he could not do so, as no one ever left
@@ -5014,7 +4990,7 @@ who run away, not even "to fight another day," desirous to live in
contentment and happy to exist on the earth, after the fierce enemies
have jostled many tribes out of existence. Still, the Hopi keep up in
a feeble, traditional way a warrior society, which corresponds to the
-powerful Priesthood of the Bow who are said to rule Zuñi. So in the
+powerful Priesthood of the Bow who are said to rule Zuñi. So in the
villages of Tusayan the warriors are merely ornamental and dance
bravely in some ceremonies, though at some critical period of invasion
the necessity of drawing the "dead line" might fall upon the warrior
@@ -5311,9 +5287,9 @@ play-instruction by kind teachers of things useful in active life. He
is wrapped in the customs which have become religion, he is initiated
into manhood, and takes his place, perhaps inherited, in the
fraternities. With all these he is taught the lore, the practices, and
-the songs--minutiæ which require a strong memory. He learns the plants
+the songs--minutiæ which require a strong memory. He learns the plants
and the animals to which the Hopi had given descriptive names long
-before Linnæus or Cuvier. The sun is his clock, and all nature is near
+before Linnæus or Cuvier. The sun is his clock, and all nature is near
to him. He must work also in the fields if he would eat--no drones are
tolerated. In short, there is a surprising complexity in this life,
and its demands are weighty. Thus Kopeli at the head of the most
@@ -5608,7 +5584,7 @@ There is a good deal of feeling, mingled with a large element of
jealousy, against Honani in the minds of his fellow villagers, because
of his friendliness toward the white man and his stand in favor of
educating the children in the schools provided by the Government. At
-Zuñi, through some pretext or other, Honani would be hung as a wizard,
+Zuñi, through some pretext or other, Honani would be hung as a wizard,
whereas the amicable Hopi merely ignore him for a while.
On another occasion, while the party was encamped in a sheltered
@@ -5745,7 +5721,7 @@ Still, in the iridescent interworld between smiles and tears Wupa has
a romantic and sad history.
The _dramatis personae_ woven into this history are white men,
-Mexicans, Zuñi Indians, and his fellow Hopi. The first misfortune that
+Mexicans, Zuñi Indians, and his fellow Hopi. The first misfortune that
befell Wupa was to be born at the time when famine harried the
Peaceful People in their seven villages to the north of the Little
Colorado. Famine is an old story with the Hopi. For two years no rain
@@ -5760,22 +5736,22 @@ lot among the Navaho shepherds, the Havasupai of Cataract Canyon, and
other more fortunate tribes of friendly people.
So it happened that Wupa's mother with her hungry babe took the
-well-known trail to Zuñi 100 miles away, and nerved with the strength
+well-known trail to Zuñi 100 miles away, and nerved with the strength
of desperation at last reached the pueblo under "Corn Mountain."
Indian philanthropy rarely extends outside the circle of relatives,
-and the Zuñi had no mind to give corn to the poor Hopi woman beyond
+and the Zuñi had no mind to give corn to the poor Hopi woman beyond
enough to keep her from starving. But little Wupa was worth a bushel
of the precious ears, and for that amount he was exchanged, becoming,
-without being consulted, a Zuñi, while his mother trudged back to
+without being consulted, a Zuñi, while his mother trudged back to
Hopiland with food for her starving kinsfolk, feeling, no doubt,
little sorrow at the loss of her babe, so great is the levelling power
of famine and misfortune. There are usually strays at all Indian
villages, and thus the presence of the little Hopi stranger passed
without notice. When the crops were assured in the fields of the
-famine-stricken Hopi, they ceased coming to Zuñi, and Wupa seems to
+famine-stricken Hopi, they ceased coming to Zuñi, and Wupa seems to
have been unclaimed and forgotten.
-When he was five or six, the Zuñi in turn sold him to some Mexicans,
+When he was five or six, the Zuñi in turn sold him to some Mexicans,
and the next account there is of him he was living at Albuquerque, a
stout young _peon_, with cropped hair, a devout Catholic, speaking
Castilian after the fashion of the "Greasers." Wupa thus became, to
@@ -5796,12 +5772,12 @@ favor.
Wupa quickly picked up the language and associations of his accidental
compatriots, and soon the Padre rejoiced in another brand plucked from
-the burning. His next step was to find a señorita and to marry her,
+the burning. His next step was to find a señorita and to marry her,
and after the semi-barbarous wedding his woes really begin. In
explanation of the description given of Wupa as he appears at present,
it may be fair to say that twenty years off his age would leave him a
passably young man, but even with this gloss, one cannot form a very
-high estimate of the señorita's taste.
+high estimate of the señorita's taste.
During the period of Wupa's exile, one knowing the Hopi would be
curious to find out how he bore himself and whether an inherited love
@@ -5815,9 +5791,9 @@ home-coming of Wupa, for he returned again to his native pueblo after
one of the most varied and remarkable series of adventures that ever
filled out a true story. The events that led up to the home-coming of
Wupa form not the least interesting episodes in his history and
-occurred along the old Santa Fé Trail, immortalized by Josiah Gregg.
+occurred along the old Santa Fé Trail, immortalized by Josiah Gregg.
The railroad builders had labored across the plains, up the steep
-slopes of the Rockies, following the famous trail to old Santa Fé,
+slopes of the Rockies, following the famous trail to old Santa Fé,
leaving behind two bands of steel. Blasting, cutting, filling, and
bridging, they were advancing toward quiet Albuquerque on the lazy Rio
Grande, and the news of these activities stirred that ancient town
@@ -5835,7 +5811,7 @@ is not difficult to imagine; his skill in "rustling" wood and water in
later years gives a good clue as to his work on the railroad. As
messenger and general utility boy where steady labor was not required,
he no doubt proved useful and picked up sundry pieces of silver for
-his señora. Perhaps not the least of his services lay in his
+his señora. Perhaps not the least of his services lay in his
unfailing good-humor expressed in cheering songs with which he
softened the trials of railroad pioneering through that almost desert
country.
@@ -5850,7 +5826,7 @@ could be gotten out of him was a disarming laugh and a disappearance,
as soon as that move could be made. Picturesque as was the
construction camp, the stern side of life came very near, and the
wonderful hues of the landscape were but mockery to the tired and
-thirsty men, who prepared the Santa Fé Trail for the iron horse. Poor
+thirsty men, who prepared the Santa Fé Trail for the iron horse. Poor
food, worse water, alkali dust, parching heat and chilly nights of
summer and the severity of winter were living realities; there were
health and vigor in the air of the mountains and elevated plateaus,
@@ -5886,7 +5862,7 @@ did not understand the tongue of his people.
"Yes, come; they sit up there waiting for you." This ought to have
stirred in Wupa a desire to go at once, but he "no sabe." Finally,
-after parleying in a mixture of Hopi, Zuñi, and Spanish, pieced out
+after parleying in a mixture of Hopi, Zuñi, and Spanish, pieced out
here and there with sign language, they persuaded him to desert the
camp and set out with them for his native town a hundred miles to the
north.
@@ -5908,16 +5884,16 @@ While Wupa was willing to desert and become a pagan, as were his
ancestors, exchanging the quaint cathedral of Albuquerque with its
figures of saints and grewsome Corpus Cristi in a glass case for a
dimly lighted room underground and familiarity with rattlesnakes, his
-señora had other ideas. Wupa mourned that his señora would not cast
+señora had other ideas. Wupa mourned that his señora would not cast
her lot with the "Peaceful People" of Tusayan; but money was scarce
and the distance too great for a personal interview; the letters
written by a laborious Mexican scribe were productive of no results.
-Though the señora might have done worse, who will blame her? During
+Though the señora might have done worse, who will blame her? During
the years that passed one might think that Wupa would have forgotten
his wife on the Rio Grande, but it was always the dream of his life to
bring her to him at Walpi. It was pathetic to hear his schemes and to
see the way in which he treasured letters from her written in the
-scrawl of the town scribe and addressed to Señor Don José Padilla,
+scrawl of the town scribe and addressed to Señor Don José Padilla,
which is Wupa's high-sounding Castilian name. His constancy seemed
admirable, for he did not take an Indian wife, granting that he could
have secured one of the Hopi belles for spouse.
@@ -5952,7 +5928,7 @@ unripe, according to un-Hopi standards, but were received in the
spirit in which they were given, and later some natives met on the
road to Keam's Canyon had an unexpected feast.
-The romance of Wupa's devotion to his Mexican señora and the fine
+The romance of Wupa's devotion to his Mexican señora and the fine
flavor of constancy he showed toward her received a rude shattering
the year after the commencement of this account. He took unto himself
a Hopi helpmeet,--an albino,--and a whimsical pair they looked when
@@ -6112,7 +6088,7 @@ Through them it has been learned that each pueblo preserves with
faithful care the history of its beginnings and the wanderings of its
clans. This at proper times the old men repeat and the story often
takes a poetical form chanted with great effect in the ceremonies. As
-an example of these interesting myths, one should read the Zuñi Ritual
+an example of these interesting myths, one should read the Zuñi Ritual
of Creation, that Saga of the Americans which reveals a beauty and
depth of thought and form surprising to those who have a limited view
of the ability of the Indian.
@@ -6163,7 +6139,7 @@ later, leaving the dead to the ministrations of the drifting sand.
Nor with the coming of the white people did the wandering cease. There
were Seven Cities of Cibola in the subsequent stretch of time, these
-seven towns were fused into the Pueblo of Zuñi and again came a
+seven towns were fused into the Pueblo of Zuñi and again came a
dispersal and from this great pueblo formed the small summer villages
of Nutria, Pescado, and Ojo Caliente. A human swarm built Laguna two
centuries ago to swarm again other times. Acoma is mistress of
@@ -6425,7 +6401,7 @@ INDEX
Constellations named, 44
- Coöperation, 37
+ Coöperation, 37
Corn, cooking of, 66;
cultivation and care of, 61, 62;
@@ -6757,7 +6733,7 @@ INDEX
Yeast, chewed, 64
- Zuñi, association with, 25
+ Zuñi, association with, 25
@@ -6800,8 +6776,8 @@ Saalako, and this is preserved as printed.
The following amendments have been made:
- Page 14--pinyons amended to piñons--... on the mesas are junipers
- and piñons; ...
+ Page 14--pinyons amended to piñons--... on the mesas are junipers
+ and piñons; ...
Page 30--Soyalana amended to Soyaluna--... and after the Soyaluna
ceremony ...
@@ -6900,367 +6876,4 @@ have been moved to follow the title page.
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Hopi Indians, by Walter Hough
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diff --git a/57507-h/57507-h.htm b/57507-h/57507-h.htm
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-</pre>
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