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diff --git a/57471-8.txt b/57471-0.txt index e97e475..6e07780 100644 --- a/57471-8.txt +++ b/57471-0.txt @@ -1,36 +1,7 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Settler's 35 Years' Experience in -Victoria, Australia, by Edward Hulme - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: A Settler's 35 Years' Experience in Victoria, Australia - And how £6 8s. became £8,000 - -Author: Edward Hulme +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 57471 *** -Release Date: July 9, 2018 [EBook #57471] -Language: English -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A SETTLER'S 35 YEARS' *** - - - - -Produced by Graeme Mackreth and The Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from scans of public domain works at The National -Library of Australia.) @@ -51,7 +22,7 @@ Library of Australia.) VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA, - And how £6 8s. became £8,000. + And how £6 8s. became £8,000. WITH ADVICE TO SETTLERS, &c. @@ -204,7 +175,7 @@ regulations, this would be a bar to my appointment. Three, I think, was the number allowed. This was a great blow to us, as we should have saved our passage money, -and had a salary besides; I think about £150 as schoolmaster, and wife +and had a salary besides; I think about £150 as schoolmaster, and wife as matron. Parties told me I could have managed it if I had liked, by getting some of the passengers to take the other four children; but this I could not do from principle. To pay our passage in a general @@ -462,7 +433,7 @@ company. I got through in about seven days. I passed through the famous "Woolshed Diggings," where the rich claims were, and where the men had to wash the gold off their boots when they left work. There was a "strike" on just then. The claim-holders wanted to reduce the wages to -£1 per day. I was interviewed, and offered work at that price, but, +£1 per day. I was interviewed, and offered work at that price, but, of course, I refused, as I was on my way to join my wife's brothers. I then went on through Beechworth--Spring Creek diggings. The scenes on the diggings were strange and novel to me. Beechworth was the chief @@ -499,7 +470,7 @@ Ten Years on the Diggings. I joined my brothers in their claim, and we had two other mates, making a party of five. We were driving out wash-dirt, and sluicing it in long -boxes with the creek water. We did fairly well--made from £6 to £7 +boxes with the creek water. We did fairly well--made from £6 to £7 per week for each man. This year (1856) was an exceedingly wet one, particularly in the winter and early spring. This drove the miners, out of shallow sinking, and the great "Woolshed Diggings" (Read's Creek) @@ -530,8 +501,8 @@ miles. The last time I was over two months in Melbourne, as our eighth child was near at hand, and I thought it my duty to be with them. I filled up my time in Melbourne decorating the new Legislative Chambers, just then finished. My wages were just about the same as what I was -getting in the claim, viz., £6 to £7 per week--good wages too; but not -high for that class of work. Masons at that time got over £1 per day. +getting in the claim, viz., £6 to £7 per week--good wages too; but not +high for that class of work. Masons at that time got over £1 per day. I then started with the wife and family in the arduous duty of taking them 200 miles through the bush in an American waggon. We were 20 days on the road. It is now done in about six hours per rail. We had @@ -611,9 +582,9 @@ that prop in before dinner, as it gave the indication of danger. As the mines are not now very interesting or attractive to intended emigrants, it is not necessary to enlarge further. It will be sufficient to say that when we broke up our partnership, my wife's -brothers, being single men, had saved, I think, about £400 each, but +brothers, being single men, had saved, I think, about £400 each, but I only had my share of the water right, which we also sold. My share -was about £60. The whole of my earnings, therefore, had gone to bring +was about £60. The whole of my earnings, therefore, had gone to bring up my large family. My money was invested in them, to be drawn upon some day, by God's blessing, with interest--and compound interest, too. Neighbors used to think they could command and use my boys as they @@ -629,7 +600,7 @@ sinking and driving for "a patch" I thought should exist from the formation and dip of the ground--but failed. A short time after, though, a party went down one of my shafts, and only drove a few feet and struck what I had been looking for so long. I believe it was about -£90 worth. This is a very common fate on the diggings. The largest +£90 worth. This is a very common fate on the diggings. The largest nugget ever got in Australia was found in an old drive only two or three inches under the bottom. The original occupiers had actually driven over and knelt over it, but the mass of gold, being so heavy, @@ -638,12 +609,12 @@ could tell of many curious incidents of the sort. After this I and the boys worked a puddling machine; some of them were able to do a fine day's work now. We only just made a living, though, and had to keep the horse; feed, also, was very expensive. I can remember hay being worth -£50 per ton, and that only bush hay; of course, it was only then used +£50 per ton, and that only bush hay; of course, it was only then used for the Government--for police and gold escort horses. By this time (1865), these old diggings were nearly worn out. About this time (1865) the Government passed a new Land Act, opening -the lands of the colony for free selection, and deferred payment at £1 +the lands of the colony for free selection, and deferred payment at £1 per acre, payable in half-yearly payments of one shilling per acre, without interest; certain improvements to be effected in residence, fencing, clearing, cultivation, etc., enforced. Of this liberal Land @@ -655,7 +626,7 @@ subject to floods; 35 acres only were fit for cultivation, the other portion being inferior, crab-holey, grass land. I said above, this was most suitable to my capital. Upon selecting, I had only just cash sufficient to pay the first deposit, as the first half-year's rent, -viz., £6 8s. Little enough, it will be said, after 10 years' hard labor +viz., £6 8s. Little enough, it will be said, after 10 years' hard labor in the colony. But, remember, labor is equivalent to capital, and I was backed with that banking account named before, viz., my seven good boys. @@ -667,12 +638,12 @@ Commencing Farming. Now, striking out my digger's experience, I will dwell a little. It may be asked, Why did I put upon the title page of this "Life Sketch," -"How £6 8s. became £8000?" Why did I not start with the 10s. I landed +"How £6 8s. became £8000?" Why did I not start with the 10s. I landed with? It is this. My object in writing at all is to induce others, under similar circumstances and conditions, to settle upon the land; -therefore, I put down £6 8s., the amount I started farming with; or it -may be seen further on that I might have put down £76 8s., but, the -other £70 was only prospective, or hardly that at the time, as will be +therefore, I put down £6 8s., the amount I started farming with; or it +may be seen further on that I might have put down £76 8s., but, the +other £70 was only prospective, or hardly that at the time, as will be seen. Well, even this is no great sum, as many a laborer can earn that, or rather, can save that sum, in a little more than a year, at present wages; pick and shovel men getting 7s. to 8s. per day. Had I a large @@ -705,7 +676,7 @@ out for us, or return to the claim, and try for a few pounds, as we only had one old horse we used in the puddling machine, and no dray. We determined, therefore, to go and wash a few machines of stuff on the claim. I took one of the boys with me, and, to our agreeable surprise -and astonishment, we washed out £70 worth of gold (alluded to before +and astonishment, we washed out £70 worth of gold (alluded to before at page 18) in one week. The only "patch" we ever got, and for which I trust we were thankful enough; and grand indeed did it look as we washed it off, and it followed the sluicing fork in the clean water in @@ -745,7 +716,7 @@ was soon back, but the answer and offer was not satisfactory to him. "No," he said, "he shan't have it for that;" sent a note to another, and thus this novel auction went on until he got rid of several of my pictures, and, as the term is, "at satisfactory prices," and before -the evening I had the money in my pocket (between £66 and £70), and, +the evening I had the money in my pocket (between £66 and £70), and, indeed, it felt warm, as my heart also did, with gratitude. On starting back _the same evening_, how I "lift my feet!" Like Jacob of old, after his dream and receiving the blessing. (Read from Gen. 10th v. xxviii @@ -777,7 +748,7 @@ We then went up to London and furnished our first home at Clapham, as narrated in the sketch of "My Artist's Life." It will be seen that this transpired before my health broke down from over study. -But to resume. With this £70 from the claim we purchased a good draught +But to resume. With this £70 from the claim we purchased a good draught horse, new dray, etc., so that we were enabled to cart our fencing stuff, and felt quite like getting on. After erecting the fence around a good part of the allotment, we commenced clearing the land, as there @@ -875,9 +846,9 @@ have selected other allotments, and we have purchased two "drunk out" farms from the mortgagees. We also, in 1884, purchased a very eligible block of land. We had to pay dearly for it, though. It contained about 400 acres of good tillage land--good for this district, where land is -not first-class, like many parts of Victoria. For this, we gave £8 per -acre, and for 636 acres of grass land adjoining, £4 per acre, costing -altogether over £6000. This we had to get partly upon loan. With our +not first-class, like many parts of Victoria. For this, we gave £8 per +acre, and for 636 acres of grass land adjoining, £4 per acre, costing +altogether over £6000. This we had to get partly upon loan. With our own great strength, now of six grown-up sons, and plenty of horse strength besides, we have reaped in produce and stock from the same land, quite two-thirds of the amount, and expect in a few more years' @@ -903,7 +874,7 @@ The Consummation. About six years since we erected on the "Home Farm"--our first selection--Residence No. 3, a superior brick house, which cost about -£500, and very desirable now and appreciated, as wife and I are growing +£500, and very desirable now and appreciated, as wife and I are growing old--self, 74; wife, a few years younger. The bush furniture has given place to as good a suite of furniture as anyone could wish for in sitting, bedrooms, etc., also a superior organ, with which to praise @@ -930,24 +901,24 @@ We stand now (1891), after 25 years on the farms, thus:-- Amount of Land, 2,523 acres - At a fair valuation, free £6,150 + At a fair valuation, free £6,150 Stock, cattle, horses, etc. 1,500 Plants, Machinery, etc. 550 ------ - £8,200 + £8,200 -Thus I have shown, as I promised, how £6 8s., or, if you like, £76 8s., -has increased to £8,000. +Thus I have shown, as I promised, how £6 8s., or, if you like, £76 8s., +has increased to £8,000. It must be remembered, although this looks a nice sum of money, that if divided between six sons and four daughters, the amount for each would not be large; say among the six sons, the amount to each would only -be about £1,350. However, by still holding together in partnership, +be about £1,350. However, by still holding together in partnership, they can increase it much more than if they divided; in fact, they are just doing so by purchasing a property in New South Wales of 3,000 acres, mainly for sheep-farming. Besides, I have known steady, single -farm-men, as hired hands at £1 per week and "found," and £1 10s. per -week for harvest work, who have banked at least £40 per year, for over +farm-men, as hired hands at £1 per week and "found," and £1 10s. per +week for harvest work, who have banked at least £40 per year, for over 20 years, which, with compound interest, I presume would total up to the above sum. Not that I am an advocate for this style of saving, as, when the money was about half that sum, they would have the means to @@ -1145,8 +1116,8 @@ sufficient means, looking about in vain. Without these are cultivated, how can the population increase as it should? And how can work be found for the artisans in the cities? These and the farmers must go hand in hand, and prosper together; for if the 130,000 farmers have only a -surplus of an average of £10 each yearly, it throws into their hands -£1,300,000--no insignificant sum. To a small extent, there has been a +surplus of an average of £10 each yearly, it throws into their hands +£1,300,000--no insignificant sum. To a small extent, there has been a disposition to sub-divide. I trust they will increase a hundred-fold. I think it will be seen from what I have written, that for "New Chums," @@ -1324,21 +1295,21 @@ with the Government for the purchase of the land, and the same was surveyed in blocks of 200 acres each, to settle down 200 families, which would amount to 40,000 acres, and a reserved right for 40,000 more at a somewhat higher figure. The cost to place each family of -say five individuals, would be about £200 each family; that is, to +say five individuals, would be about £200 each family; that is, to pay passage, supply them with food, implements, stock, seeds, &c., for the first year, until some produce came to hand. Residences, of course, would be rough, and should be erected by themselves. Thus far the support and provision of the 200 families for one year would -be £40,000, or for 1600 families--8000 souls--£500,000. Say, for +be £40,000, or for 1600 families--8000 souls--£500,000. Say, for illustration, the company got the land for two shillings per acre, and gave each family a lease for 10 years at two shillings an acre per annum, the payment to be for purchase money, so that at the end -of 10 years it would be his own, having paid the company £1 per acre. -The £200 also, advanced in the first instance, to be paid off by +of 10 years it would be his own, having paid the company £1 per acre. +The £200 also, advanced in the first instance, to be paid off by instalments with 6 per cent. interest per annum added, so that at the end of ten years or a little more, each family should be possessed of their own freehold, and a considerable increase of stock, etc. -The company should have a depôt, where everything necessary for the +The company should have a depôt, where everything necessary for the settlement could be supplied at the lowest possible rate, and also undertake to preserve and market the produce of the settlers to the best advantage, to ensure them the highest possible price, like Chaffey @@ -1347,12 +1318,12 @@ year's expenses of a family of five, I would put it down thus:-- Cost of bringing out and placing upon the land a family of five - individuals £50 0 0 + individuals £50 0 0 Provisions for one year 50 0 0 - -------- £100 0 0 + -------- £100 0 0 Stock-- - 2 horses at £10 20 0 0 - 4 cows at £7 28 0 0 + 2 horses at £10 20 0 0 + 4 cows at £7 28 0 0 4 pigs 3 0 0 Fowls 2 0 0 -------- 53 0 0 @@ -1373,7 +1344,7 @@ year's expenses of a family of five, I would put it down thus:-- 50 fruit trees (various) 3 0 0 -------- 12 10 0 --------- - Total £202 10 0 + Total £202 10 0 --------- If a family of five--husband, wife, one daughter, and two strong lads @@ -1401,7 +1372,7 @@ of the State of Massachusetts, 71,000 persons live from the products of farms averaging only 56 acres, and the average size of farms over the whole State in 1850 was 99 acres; in 1875, 76 acres, so that they are now being reduced. The income of these farmers average about -£125 per year, independent, I presume, of farm products consumed by +£125 per year, independent, I presume, of farm products consumed by themselves. Any way, it shows a very thrifty, frugal, and industrious people. The population also has increased in the 13 original States from 15 per square mile in 1780, including towns, to 55 in 1880, _or @@ -1446,24 +1417,24 @@ prize; area, 11 acres. Balance-sheet. - Cr. £ s. d. Dr. £ s. d. + Cr. £ s. d. Dr. £ s. d. Produce of cows 35 0 0 Rent and taxes 12 18 4 Oats (exclusive of horse feed) 21 0 0 Wages and keep of servant 22 0 0 Profit on beast sold 19 0 0 Seeds 1 1 0 - Potatoes (5-1/2 tons at £3) 16 10 0 Labour (spring and harvest) 5 0 0 + Potatoes (5-1/2 tons at £3) 16 10 0 Labour (spring and harvest) 5 0 0 2 calves 9 0 0 Hand feed to cows 1 12 0 Profit on pigs 6 0 0 Eggs 6 10 0 ---------- --------- - £113 0 0 £42 11 4 + £113 0 0 £42 11 4 ---------- --------- Balance. - Cr. £113 0 0 + Cr. £113 0 0 Dr. 42 11 4 ---------- - Profit £70 8 8 + Profit £70 8 8 ---------- I (the reporter) asked Hill what wages weekly would have been equal @@ -1517,8 +1488,8 @@ at the present day, neither Englishmen nor Europeans will do the necessary work in the northern districts, and even in Victoria our tobacco, hops, and vine industries can hardly be carried on without the despised Chinese. We have an example already in the sugar industry -in Queensland. Recently a plant was up for sale that cost £26,000, and -the highest offer was £5000. What are we then to do without this cheap +in Queensland. Recently a plant was up for sale that cost £26,000, and +the highest offer was £5000. What are we then to do without this cheap labor? Without it this vast territory must evidently remain in a state of nature, or still be devoted to wandering herds of cattle, and by their vast numbers cripple the farmers of the more temperate parts by @@ -1666,365 +1637,4 @@ devoted to the furtherance of True Temperance. 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