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@@ -1,34 +1,7 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Land of Riddles, by Hugo Ganz
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56772 ***
 
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
 
-Title: The Land of Riddles
-       Russia of To-day
 
-Author: Hugo Ganz
-
-Translator: Herman Rosenthal
-
-Release Date: March 18, 2018 [EBook #56772]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAND OF RIDDLES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
 
 
 
@@ -94,7 +67,7 @@ VIII.   THE HERMITAGE--_Continued_                            69
 
 IX.     THE CAMORRA--A TALK WITH A RUSSIAN PRINCE             83
 
-X.      SÄNGER'S FALL                                         94
+X.      SÄNGER'S FALL                                         94
 
 XI.     THE PEOPLE'S PALACE OF ST. PETERSBURG (NARODNI DOM)  103
 
@@ -130,11 +103,11 @@ XXVI.   MOSCOW                                               257
 
 XXVII.  MOSCOW--_Continued_                                  270
 
-XXVIII. A VISIT TO TOLSTOÏ                                   285
+XXVIII. A VISIT TO TOLSTO�                                   285
 
-XXIX.   A VISIT TO TOLSTOÏ--_Continued_                      295
+XXIX.   A VISIT TO TOLSTO�--_Continued_                      295
 
-XXX.    A VISIT TO TOLSTOÏ--_Continued_                      310
+XXX.    A VISIT TO TOLSTO�--_Continued_                      310
 
 
 
@@ -200,7 +173,7 @@ undoubtedly a highly educated upper stratum of the nation; at the same
 time it displays political conditions really barbarous in their
 backwardness. How are these co-ordinated? How is the maintenance
 possible, in the close proximity of comparatively free governments, of a
-régime which knows no personal liberty, no privacy of the mails, and in
+régime which knows no personal liberty, no privacy of the mails, and in
 which there is but one master--namely, the absolute police?"
 
 "You are raising the very questions which lead me there," I replied. "We
@@ -350,7 +323,7 @@ at home, is put under severe ban in the domain of the Holy Synod. None
 the less, a slight palpitation of the heart, a slight anxiety, are felt
 at the sight of a narrow bridge leading between two sentry-boxes over a
 small stream separating two countries--nay, two civilizations. Shall we
-find favor in the eyes of the almighty gendarme who enters our coupé
+find favor in the eyes of the almighty gendarme who enters our coupé
 with a polite bow, as we approach the station, and asks for our
 passport? May it not be that a secret police prohibition has preceded
 us, notwithstanding the regularity of our passport, and that it now
@@ -374,7 +347,7 @@ side of the inspection-table, the porters on the other, the latter in
 orderly file with their caps in their hands. They communicate with one
 another only with their eyes. _Silence_ has begun. I do not know
 whether it is purposely so, or whether it is merely incidental to the
-particularly strict local régime, that the implicit obedience, the
+particularly strict local régime, that the implicit obedience, the
 silent subjection, and the irresistible power of despotism are here
 brought home so effectively to the stranger. But this impression remains
 with the traveller throughout the entire journey:
@@ -420,7 +393,7 @@ the morning frost, and, wrapped in fur coats, and with a feeling like
 that succeeding an adventure crowned with victory, we for the first time
 stroll along a Russian railway platform.
 
-We again enter the coupé, now in charge of Russian attendants.
+We again enter the coupé, now in charge of Russian attendants.
 
 A long, monotonous ride through level, swampy country, over which there
 slowly floats the gray vapor of the locomotive, finally brings us at
@@ -525,7 +498,7 @@ is recognized as a more useful medium than his own, as the
 world-language. The Pole will never become Russianized as long as he
 remains on Polish soil; and no matter how significantly the
 "Ausgleichspolen" (Polish compromise party) flirt with the Russian
-régime, such an attitude hides a sense of annoyance and is not caused by
+régime, such an attitude hides a sense of annoyance and is not caused by
 real fellow-feeling. For the Pole, Germanization is an ill-fitting
 garment that only binds; Russianization is a thorn in the flesh,
 producing pus and throwing the entire system into a fever.
@@ -618,7 +591,7 @@ entire social structure of the people. No nation can maintain itself
 without a middle class, and Poland still has no middle class. The
 material for such a class, the strong Jewish population, has been so
 ground down that a half-century would not be sufficient for its
-restoration and the Russian régime of to-day is disposed to anything
+restoration and the Russian régime of to-day is disposed to anything
 rather than to the uplifting and the education of the Polish Jewry. It
 is stated that there are in Warsaw a quarter of a million Jews, a few
 well-to-do people among them, who have hastened, for the most part, to
@@ -693,7 +666,7 @@ A hymn of praise to the Russian railroad! The Russian tracks begin at
 Warsaw to have a considerably broader bed. This for a strategical
 purpose, to render difficult the invasion by European armies. It is also
 a benefit to the traveller, for the Russian coaches are wider and more
-comfortable than the European, and the side-passages along the coupé are
+comfortable than the European, and the side-passages along the coupé are
 very convenient for little walks during the journey. A separate heating
 compartment and buffet, with the indispensable samovar, where one may
 secure a glass of tea at any time, are situated in the centre of the
@@ -778,7 +751,7 @@ of the guests. "Hello, agent; get me tickets for the Imperial
 Theatre"--where a ballet of Tschaikowski's is to be presented to-night
 by first-class talent. The theatre programme, obligingly provided with a
 French translation, informs us that among others, Kscheschinska will do
-herself the honor to play the leading rôle. "But, honored sir, that is
+herself the honor to play the leading rôle. "But, honored sir, that is
 quite impossible; first, because this is the carnival time; second,
 because most of the seats are already subscribed for; and third, because
 Kscheschinska dances to-night"--a sly closing of the left eye
@@ -873,7 +846,7 @@ gay-colored rugs on the "troikas," the blue and green nets on the
 galloping horses of the private sleighs, the glitter of the gold and
 silver harness, the scarlet coats of the court coachmen and lackeys,
 everything rushing along on a crisp winter day, over the glimmering,
-freshly fallen snow, between the mighty façades of imposing structures,
+freshly fallen snow, between the mighty façades of imposing structures,
 flanked by an almost unbroken chain of tall policeman and gendarmes, and
 you have the picture of the heart of St. Petersburg at the time of
 social activity. Splendor, riches, wildness are all caricatured into
@@ -936,7 +909,7 @@ still reign in the Russian empire. The Peter-and-Paul fortress, in the
 subterranean vaults of which many of the noblest hearts and heads of
 Russia have found their grave, the Isaac cathedral, with its barbarian
 pomp of gold and precious stones, and the mighty monoliths--these are
-the symbols of the city of St. Petersburg and of its régime. If there is
+the symbols of the city of St. Petersburg and of its régime. If there is
 in Russia, even among the enlightened minds, something like a fanatical
 hatred of civilization and of the West, it is due to the manner in which
 the half-barbarian Peter imposed Western ideas and civilization on a
@@ -1088,8 +1061,8 @@ emperors and empresses, from Peter the Great to Alexander III., which
 one cannot pass without a peculiar feeling of historical respect, under
 innumerable flags and war trophies, there stand, as the greatest triumph
 that the despotic barbarian state has won from civilized Europe, the
-silver crowns and the shields of honor which Félix Faure,
-Casimir-Périer, the senate, the chamber, and the Parisian press
+silver crowns and the shields of honor which Félix Faure,
+Casimir-Périer, the senate, the chamber, and the Parisian press
 presented to the Russian ally of France.
 
 "You see here the greatest misfortune that has befallen us in this
@@ -1166,7 +1139,7 @@ artists, always the best antidote against doctrinarianism. When the
 one-sided, methodically proletarian naturalism reigned in the West,
 itself a protest against the shallow idealistic formalism of the
 preceding decades, Russian literature possessed its greatest realistic
-poets, Tolstoï, Turgenyev, Dostoyevski, who never overlooked the inner
+poets, Tolstoï, Turgenyev, Dostoyevski, who never overlooked the inner
 process, the true themes of poetical creation, for the sake of outward
 appearances, and have thereby created that incomparable, physiological
 realism that we still lack. And because their great realists were poets,
@@ -1178,14 +1151,14 @@ artists did not lose themselves, like Manet and his school, in problems
 purely of light and air without poetical contents; hence to rediscover
 poetry and to save it for art there was no need for Preraphaelites or
 Decadents. The great painter is artist, man, and poet, a phenomenon like
-Leo Tolstoï, therefore the few symbolists who believe they must imitate
+Leo Tolstoï, therefore the few symbolists who believe they must imitate
 European fashions make no headway against them.
 
 Imitators can only exist among imitators, by the side of nature's
 imitators, imitators of Raphael's predecessors.
 
 A single true artist frightens away all the ghosts of the night, and
-thus decadence plays an insignificant rôle alongside of Tolstoï and
+thus decadence plays an insignificant rôle alongside of Tolstoï and
 Ryepin, whether it be the decadent literature of Huysmans and
 Maeterlinck, or the decadence of the Neoromanticists and of the
 Neoidealists.
@@ -1193,7 +1166,7 @@ Neoidealists.
 It is time, however, to speak of the artist himself, an artist of sixty,
 still in the fulness of power, who, besides wielding the brush, occupies
 a professor's chair at the St. Petersburg Academy. I have just called
-him professor. He is more than that, he is, like Leo Tolstoï, a
+him professor. He is more than that, he is, like Leo Tolstoï, a
 revolutionist, the terrible accuser of the two diabolical forces that
 keep the nation in its course, the church and the despotism of
 government. But, to the honor of the Russian dynasty be it said, this
@@ -1206,7 +1179,7 @@ notwithstanding his undisguised opinions, he was intrusted with the
 painting of the imperial council representing the Czar in the midst of
 his councillors. The czars have always been more liberal than their
 administrators. Nicholas I. prized Gogol's "Revizor" above all else, and
-Nicholas II. is the greatest admirer of Tolstoï. And so Ryepin may paint
+Nicholas II. is the greatest admirer of Tolstoï. And so Ryepin may paint
 whatever and however he will. And we shall see that he makes proper use
 of this opportunity. He is Russian, and nothing but Russian. At
 twenty-two he received for his work, "The Awakening of Jairus's Little
@@ -1237,8 +1210,8 @@ than in this plaintive song of the Russian people's soul?
 
 The youth of barely twenty-four years had at one leap placed himself at
 the head of all contemporary artists. Analogies between him and the
-artistic career and method of Leo Tolstoï force themselves on us again
-and again. Tolstoï's _Sketches from the Caucasus_, _Sevastopol_,
+artistic career and method of Leo Tolstoï force themselves on us again
+and again. Tolstoï's _Sketches from the Caucasus_, _Sevastopol_,
 _Cossacks_, are his early works, yet they are the most wonderful that
 the entire prose of all literature can show. And so it is in this
 lifelike picture of a twenty-four-year-old youth. Had we no other work
@@ -1298,7 +1271,7 @@ priest; the crowd of the abandoned, the crippled, and the maimed, the
 brutalized peasants, the old women. A long procession of folly,
 brutality, official darkness, ignorance; a chapter from the might of
 darkness; the crucifix misused as an aid to the knout, a symbol of the
-Russian régime that could not be held up to scorn more passionately by
+Russian régime that could not be held up to scorn more passionately by
 any demagogue; and yet only a street-scene which would hardly strike the
 Moscow merchant when strolling in the gallery of a Sunday, because of
 its freedom from any "tendency."
@@ -1374,7 +1347,7 @@ become a great artist; and he regards it as the first duty of such to
 share the life of their fellow-men, to honor the man even in the
 humblest fellow-being, and to strengthen with all their might the call
 for freedom and humanity as long as it remains unheeded by the powerful.
-Just like Tolstoï, he has only a deep contempt for the exalted decadents
+Just like Tolstoï, he has only a deep contempt for the exalted decadents
 who, with their exclusive and affected morality, would attack nations
 fighting for their freedom. Like every independent thinker, he is
 disgusted with the modern epidemic of individualism, and his sympathies
@@ -1401,8 +1374,8 @@ for those noble young men and women who, staking their lives, go out
 among the common people to redeem them from their greatest
 enemies--ignorance and immorality. The real nihilists in Russia are
 those of the government who are not held back even by murder when it is
-of service to the system, the cynics with the motto, "Après nous le
-déluge"; surely not these noble-hearted dreamers who throw down the
+of service to the system, the cynics with the motto, "Après nous le
+déluge"; surely not these noble-hearted dreamers who throw down the
 gauntlet to the all-powerful Holy Synod and to the not less powerful
 holy knout.
 
@@ -1452,15 +1425,15 @@ better-informed young men. However, their reproduction is prohibited.
 
 On the other hand, the drawings which Ryepin made for popular Russian
 literature are circulated by hundreds of thousands among the people. It
-is an undertaking initiated by Leo Tolstoï with the aid of several
+is an undertaking initiated by Leo Tolstoï with the aid of several
 philanthropists, for combating bad popular literature. It is under the
 excellent management of Gorbunov in Moscow. There are annually placed
 among the people about two millions of books, ranging in price from one
 to twenty kopeks. It may be taken for granted that the men who enjoy
-Tolstoï's confidence will not be a party to barbarism. The foremost
+Tolstoï's confidence will not be a party to barbarism. The foremost
 artists supply the sketches for the title-pages, among them Ryepin, the
-fiery Tolstoïan. Ryepin's admiration for the great poet of the Russian
-soil is also evident from his numerous pictures of Tolstoï. He has
+fiery Tolstoïan. Ryepin's admiration for the great poet of the Russian
+soil is also evident from his numerous pictures of Tolstoï. He has
 painted the saint of Yasnaya Polyana at least a dozen times--at his
 working-table; in the park reclining under a tree and reading after his
 swim; a bare-footed disciple of Kneipp; or following the plough, with
@@ -1491,7 +1464,7 @@ cannot conquer this sea of ignorance and slave-misery. Great and
 immeasurable as is the Russian nation, nothing can help the country. It
 must and will collapse within itself, and then will come the hour of
 release for all, whether noble or poor, to whom the Ryepins and the Leo
-Tolstoïs have dedicated their incomparably great works. Perhaps this
+Tolstoïs have dedicated their incomparably great works. Perhaps this
 hour is nearer than is suspected. Russian soil is already groaning under
 the March storms which precede every spring.
 
@@ -1503,7 +1476,7 @@ VII
 THE HERMITAGE
 
 
-The curious conception of Tolstoï's as to the severing and injurious
+The curious conception of Tolstoï's as to the severing and injurious
 influence of art that does not strive directly to make people more
 noble, can perhaps be understood only when the collections in the St.
 Petersburg Hermitage and Alexander Museum are examined. Striking proof
@@ -1618,7 +1591,7 @@ where the mother of the Lord again awakens the most fervent sensations.
 She is no longer the half-childlike virgin of the Conception and the
 Assumption; she is the mother, tenderly and rapturously gazing at the
 sleeping child surrounded by a halo of heavenly light. Angels crowd
-forward in naïve curiosity; the saintly Joseph looks with emotion on the
+forward in naïve curiosity; the saintly Joseph looks with emotion on the
 contented infant; the thick foliage gives to the entire group shade and
 coolness. Even the ass looks comfortable and pious. The color and
 composition are entirely beyond comparison.
@@ -1695,7 +1668,7 @@ THE HERMITAGE--_CONTINUED_
 
 
 A crown of shining jewels is the Titian room, with the Christ, the
-Cardinal Pallavicini, the Danaë, the Venus, Magdalene, and the Duchess
+Cardinal Pallavicini, the Danaë, the Venus, Magdalene, and the Duchess
 of Urbino. It is a small cabinet, scarcely measuring five square metres,
 in which is gathered more shining beauty than in many an entire museum.
 Prominent, however, is the fair daughter of Parma, forerunner of the
@@ -1708,7 +1681,7 @@ mouth, her shoulders, arms, and hands a splendor such as even this
 prince but seldom gave to his creations. The curves of the breast, only
 half covered by the left hand, the navel, and the hips are as soft as if
 painted with a caressing brush. The heavy velvet cloak intensifies even
-the remarkable brightness of the body. The Danaë, languidly outstretched
+the remarkable brightness of the body. The Danaë, languidly outstretched
 on the cushions of her luxurious couch, shuddering under the golden
 harvest that falls into her lap, is much superior to her rivals in
 Naples and Vienna. It is the only original that does not disappoint the
@@ -1763,19 +1736,19 @@ old fanatic who is ready to slay his own son at the command of God; yet
 the foreshortening of the recumbent Isaac, and the angel sweeping down
 on him like a tempest, to seize just at the right moment the hand of the
 old man, are brought out again with really wanton mastery. The so-called
-Danaë is not to every one's taste, its universal fame notwithstanding.
+Danaë is not to every one's taste, its universal fame notwithstanding.
 Bode takes it as Sarah, the daughter of Raguel, awaiting her betrothed.
 Its meaning might well be a subject of discussion. The old woman who
 draws back the heavy drapery over the couch, with the honest
 match-maker's joy on her face and the purse in her hand, indicates a
 mythological incident and not the legitimate joys of Sarah. On the other
 hand, there is lacking here the indispensable golden shower by which the
-Danaë pictures are really characterized. Besides, the profile of the
+Danaë pictures are really characterized. Besides, the profile of the
 joyously surprised naked dame is not all antique. I take the liberty
 humbly to suggest that the young woman with the rather mature body is,
 to judge by the ornaments on her arms and in her hair, as well as by the
 attributes of her luxurious bed and the unceremoniousness with which she
-allows the light to play on her naked body through the open portières
+allows the light to play on her naked body through the open portières
 without making use of the cover lying near by, to be considered a
 professional beauty, who is receiving with more than open arms some very
 welcome and generous guest. When once freed from the not exactly
@@ -2047,7 +2020,7 @@ of society is real and of political significance?"
 "We must make distinctions," answered the prince; "of its reality there
 is no doubt. But if you ask whether I consider it politically fruitful,
 in the same sense that we may gain through this discontent some
-necessary change in the present régime, I must answer, unfortunately,
+necessary change in the present régime, I must answer, unfortunately,
 no."
 
 "Is this, then, only the chronic discontent present in western Europe as
@@ -2056,7 +2029,7 @@ well as in Russia, or is it now acute?"
 "It is acute. As you have justly observed, the West has its discontented
 element also; yet your Western discontent with all work of man may best
 be compared with that frame of mind prevalent in our country, even under
-a régime that is normal and well-intentioned, lacking only efficiency.
+a régime that is normal and well-intentioned, lacking only efficiency.
 The restlessness that you, as a stranger, have noted here is quite
 abnormal, and is due to the decided wickedness, not to say infamy, of
 the existing system."
@@ -2097,7 +2070,7 @@ millions to maintain an army against the nation? There is only one
 revolution that can be really dangerous, and I will not assert that such
 a revolution could not break out if the present war should end
 disastrously. That would be a peasant revolution, directed, not against
-the régime itself, but against all property-owning and educated persons;
+the régime itself, but against all property-owning and educated persons;
 it would begin by all of us being killed and thrown into the river. And
 the odds would be a hundred to one then that the police would not be
 actively against this revolution, but secretly would be for it, in order
@@ -2110,7 +2083,7 @@ even."
 by the police?"
 
 "This is not a mere belief; it is a proved fact. Their real authors,
-Krushevan and Pronin, are the special protégés of Plehve; and Baron
+Krushevan and Pronin, are the special protégés of Plehve; and Baron
 Levendahl received a direct order from the higher authorities to refrain
 from any intervention."
 
@@ -2134,7 +2107,7 @@ in our land when an assumed purpose requires it. And for this reason the
 entire public opinion takes sides with the Jews, who were merely
 intended to serve as scapegoats for the educated and the discontented."
 
-"But in what respect is the present régime so essentially different from
+"But in what respect is the present régime so essentially different from
 the preceding ones that such a fermentation could arise? Surely the
 people have not been spoiled by anything better?"
 
@@ -2261,7 +2234,7 @@ States of America. I see no relief and no salvation, especially since
 foreign public opinion also forsakes us. We are fawned upon for
 political or commercial reasons. Tell them abroad that we deserve
 something better than this contemptible, statesman-like reserve and
-these affected expressions of respect before a régime that we ourselves
+these affected expressions of respect before a régime that we ourselves
 denounce without exception. We deserve honest sympathy, for no other
 nation has yet been made to struggle for its civilization against so
 pitiless an adversary. Europe must further distinguish between the
@@ -2283,11 +2256,11 @@ in us only by tragedy.
 
 X
 
-SÄNGER'S FALL
+SÄNGER'S FALL
 
 
 The sudden dismissal of the minister of public instruction, the former
-university professor Sänger, led me to discuss it more exhaustively with
+university professor Sänger, led me to discuss it more exhaustively with
 several high dignitaries who willingly gave me information during my
 sojourn in St. Petersburg. I had the opportunity of conversing with
 persons exceptionally well-informed, but, for reasons easily
@@ -2297,15 +2270,15 @@ minister, and still in active government service, because it seems
 interesting to me even now.
 
 "In the first place," said my informant, "you must not believe that
-Sänger was dismissed. He himself insisted that his resignation,
+Sänger was dismissed. He himself insisted that his resignation,
 repeatedly offered, be finally accepted. Scarcely two days ago the Czar
 asked a general, highly esteemed by him, who came here from Warsaw,
-where Sänger had formerly acted as curator of the university, as to his
-opinion of Sänger, and the general answered that he considered Sänger a
+where Sänger had formerly acted as curator of the university, as to his
+opinion of Sänger, and the general answered that he considered Sänger a
 very honest and learned man. 'I have just that opinion of him myself,'
 said the Czar, complainingly, 'but he positively would not remain.'"
 
-"Why does your excellency believe that Sänger had become so tired of his
+"Why does your excellency believe that Sänger had become so tired of his
 position?"
 
 "There are permanent and special reasons. The permanent ones are harder
@@ -2345,7 +2318,7 @@ security of the country?"
 
 "And has that occurred?"
 
-"Something of that kind was a secondary cause also of Sänger's
+"Something of that kind was a secondary cause also of Sänger's
 resignation. As former curator of the University of Warsaw, he knew
 Poland well. With the Czar's approval, he framed a regulation for
 instruction in Poland that was pedagogically wise and politically
@@ -2353,7 +2326,7 @@ conciliating. Instantly Plehve made objection--for a relief of the
 tension everywhere prevailing does not suit his system--and secured the
 withdrawal of the regulation."
 
-"But could not Sänger defend his measures?"
+"But could not Sänger defend his measures?"
 
 "His position was already weakened. Above all, his enemies succeeded in
 placing him under suspicion as guilty of philo-Semitism. You know, or
@@ -2363,7 +2336,7 @@ education in itself runs contrary to the desire of the dictator-general
 of the Holy Synod and to that of the police. A minister of public
 instruction, particularly when he hails from the learned professions,
 may easily commit the error of making science readily accessible to all
-properly qualified. Sänger granted some alleviation to the Jews, so that
+properly qualified. Sänger granted some alleviation to the Jews, so that
 the most gifted among them, especially when their academy professor had
 already taken a warm interest in them, could enter the university
 without great difficulty. He was reproached with that, and that would
@@ -2387,7 +2360,7 @@ survived this process of selection, for they are really studious. But
 that again is opposed to the principles of the accepted policy. And
 whoever is inclined to take sides with the professors rather than with
 the bulwarks of this general policy may easily find himself in the
-toils, as it happened, for instance, in Sänger's case."
+toils, as it happened, for instance, in Sänger's case."
 
 "Who are these bulwarks of this general policy?" An involuntary glance
 towards the door, as if to see whether some uninvited listener was not
@@ -2412,7 +2385,7 @@ Grand-Duke Sergius, of Moscow, has among his other passions bigotry and
 a fanatical hatred of Jews. And he is the uncle and brother-in-law of
 the Czar."
 
-"Then Sänger found himself in a rather dubious position mainly as a
+"Then Sänger found himself in a rather dubious position mainly as a
 philo-Semite?"
 
 "At least as a man of not sufficiently pronounced anti-Semitism. But
@@ -2429,15 +2402,15 @@ Pronin, of Kishinef. I must emphasize here, by-the-way, that there was
 only an insignificant minority of Jews at that convention. Then there
 was a medical congress whose hygienic resolutions hid under a very thin
 hygienic disguise an arraignment of the system of stupefying the
-populace. The Lord knows Sänger had surely no premonition of these
+populace. The Lord knows Sänger had surely no premonition of these
 occurrences. But they concerned his department; the spirit of his staff
 was not right, and he alone was to blame for it, especially since von
-Plehve knew very well what Sänger thought of him."
+Plehve knew very well what Sänger thought of him."
 
 "Always Plehve, and only Plehve!"
 
 "He is our little Metternich. A representative man, to quote Emerson.
-The régime cannot be discussed without the mention of his name. Here is
+The régime cannot be discussed without the mention of his name. Here is
 another little sample of Plehve. There is a Professor Kuzmin-Karavayev
 at the academy of military and international law. He was elected member
 of the St. Petersburg city council, and is a member of the zemstvo of
@@ -2450,7 +2423,7 @@ inconvenient. But since he is in the government service I ask you to
 insist that the aforesaid professor renounce all public activity.' This
 is literally true. You see how the omnipotent Plehve treats even a
 favorite like Kuropatkin, to say nothing of a timid, good professor like
-our Sänger! You may rest assured that, with all his upright views, we
+our Sänger! You may rest assured that, with all his upright views, we
 lost little in his resignation; he was without influence and too weak."
 
 "And who will succeed him?"
@@ -2659,7 +2632,7 @@ education, this "Narodni Dom" would be an ideal people's house, adapted
 to inspire sentiment of citizenship and patriotism, and to elevate the
 general culture level. In St. Petersburg it only shows the good
 intentions of the Czar and his consort, and the fundamental corruption
-of the régime. A sober, enlightened, culture-loving people would not
+of the régime. A sober, enlightened, culture-loving people would not
 submit to the autocracy of bureaucratic dictation shown above. It makes
 ideal "people's houses," but takes care that as far as possible, this
 house be kept free from the people.
@@ -2775,7 +2748,7 @@ intelligent classes has already become a mania. Intelligence, if it
 pleases you, is revolution; only no contact with Liberal elements. The
 salvation of our people lies in its isolation."
 
-"But that is the régime of a conquered country! Are not the rulers
+"But that is the régime of a conquered country! Are not the rulers
 themselves Russians? How can they be so cruel to their own flesh?"
 
 "The police official is no Russian. He is quite free from national
@@ -2911,7 +2884,7 @@ the interior--and assassination will increase."
 shall not rage senselessly?"
 
 "Impossible. Our rural nobleman is, to be sure, not a junker; but the
-strength of the régime consists in the exclusion of any understanding
+strength of the régime consists in the exclusion of any understanding
 between the land-owners and the peasants because of the social and
 intellectual chasm between them."
 
@@ -3121,7 +3094,7 @@ day, that Germany is doing her best to keep us in good humor."
 
 "Yes, I see with shame and resentment how the German government has been
 transformed into something akin to a Russian police ally, with the
-blessing of Count Bülow."
+blessing of Count Bülow."
 
 "Who surely knows what he is doing."
 
@@ -3189,10 +3162,10 @@ insolvent country, that cannot really pay its debts, and cannot bear the
 burdens of modern national life?"
 
 "On the contrary, Russia is intrinsically so rich a land in uncovered
-treasures that it only needs another and a just régime to pay its debts
+treasures that it only needs another and a just régime to pay its debts
 and to assume still further burdens."
 
-"And this other régime?"
+"And this other régime?"
 
 The banker pointed to the east. "Our future is being decided there. If
 it goes hard with us there, it may become better here more quickly than
@@ -3209,7 +3182,7 @@ amused me, the more so since I recognized in him the essence of
 sterling, honorable views. Later interviews with other members of the
 financial world showed me that my first informant conveyed the generally
 accepted opinion. Isolated Germany will, for political reasons, and as a
-favor to the Russian régime, support Russian credit; the great German
+favor to the Russian régime, support Russian credit; the great German
 banks will not renounce the splendid loan-issuing business; and the
 German investor will permit the imposition upon him of the Russian
 bonds. "Sheep must be shorn," coolly said one of the brokers to me, when
@@ -3257,7 +3230,7 @@ My friend enlightened me. Mikhailovski was the editor of the most widely
 read Russian monthly, _Ruskoye Bogatstvo_ (Russian Wealth), a
 sociologist, and the recognized intellectual leader of radical young
 Russia. Nowhere in the world do the weekly and monthly magazines play
-such a rôle in the intellectual life of a nation as in the great Slavic
+such a rôle in the intellectual life of a nation as in the great Slavic
 empire. This may be accounted for, on the one hand, by the meagre
 development of the daily press, existing under strict censorship, and on
 the other by the high degree of scientific and practical development.
@@ -3310,7 +3283,7 @@ forenoon, and it is dark when you return home. In front of
 Mikhailovski's house I saw Korolenko--a still robust man, with very
 curly gray hair and beard--and almost all the master-minds of the
 intellectual life of St. Petersburg. Even the recently retired minister,
-Sänger, showed himself. Many a man was named to me with great reverence.
+Sänger, showed himself. Many a man was named to me with great reverence.
 The foreign public knows not one of them, and so I may forego the
 repetition of their names. It should be mentioned here, however, that in
 Russia a distinguished man tries to show his distinction by his dress
@@ -3326,7 +3299,7 @@ appearance was noted by the crowd. Most of them knew one another. The
 loose but yet effective organization of opposition in Russia had never
 been so clear to me as now. The unwritten public opinion, I had
 frequently noted, orders every intellectual to take part in this mute
-demonstration against the régime; and this dictation is more readily
+demonstration against the régime; and this dictation is more readily
 submitted to than the legitimate one. I do not believe our newspapers in
 the West could even approximately replace this intimate contact
 established day by day among these thousands in a manner mysterious to
@@ -3516,7 +3489,7 @@ Austria and Hungary also were still very corrupt, and Frederick William
 I. was obliged, even in morally strict Prussia, to use all his energy in
 taking steps against the state officials, who acted on the principle of
 the proverb, "Give me the sausage, and I'll quench your thirst" (Gibst
-du mich die Wurscht, lösch ich dich den Durscht). Besides, the
+du mich die Wurscht, lösch ich dich den Durscht). Besides, the
 experiment of regenerating the official service with foreigners has
 also been tried in Russia, especially by Alexander II. In the imperial
 library at St. Petersburg I came upon a little French pamphlet in which
@@ -3569,7 +3542,7 @@ sealed. You are surprised some night by the visit of an officer and of a
 dozen sturdy police officials, who rouse your children from their beds
 and search through your house from garret to cellar. If there should
 happen to be found in your possession a German translation of a novel of
-Tolstoï's, or any book or newspaper which stands on the police index,
+Tolstoï's, or any book or newspaper which stands on the police index,
 with which you naturally are not acquainted, off you go to prison with
 the agents of the law. Here you remain, well taken care of, pending a
 thorough-going investigation of the facts of the case. This lasts from
@@ -3613,7 +3586,7 @@ when his lust for power meets with little or no opposition. This
 phenomenon is not less well known in our barrack-rooms, where discipline
 breaks down all opposition, than in prisons. Non-commissioned officers,
 and also many officers and prison officials, are easily seized with this
-madness, which is nothing but the spirit of the Prætorian Guard on a
+madness, which is nothing but the spirit of the Prætorian Guard on a
 small scale. The German abroad, especially the young German noble, is
 most easily susceptible to it. He even likes to make up to himself a
 little in the primitive East for the strict provincial training to which
@@ -3643,7 +3616,7 @@ highest oracle; to the man to whom primarily is intrusted the protection
 of the Czar and of the autocracy; to the minister of the interior.
 Imagine this office held by a man like Plehve, and you will understand
 what spirit rules under the pashas of sleepy villages down to the last
-provincial hamlet. Cæsarian madness, aspiration for higher positions,
+provincial hamlet. Cæsarian madness, aspiration for higher positions,
 class interest, all work together to produce entirely conscienceless
 libertines and barbarians, against whom there is no protection whatever.
 In a land without a parliament or a free press every complaint has only
@@ -3668,8 +3641,8 @@ statesmen were hurling words of condemnation against Russian patriots
 who, careless of their own lives, had declared war against the brutal
 officials. However far the desire to preserve a good-neighborly
 relationship may go, a German politician does not need to ingratiate
-himself with the Russian régime. In doing so he exposes himself to the
-condemnation which that régime invariably calls forth when people know
+himself with the Russian régime. In doing so he exposes himself to the
+condemnation which that régime invariably calls forth when people know
 its administrative methods. German authorities ought not to lend their
 assistance to a body which a patriot and strong monarchist like Prince
 Ukhtomsky, the friend of the Czar, called a Camorra, a band of
@@ -3746,13 +3719,13 @@ All these are only idle excuses in justification of the policy of
 extermination of the Jews, which policy has in reality a quite different
 cause. Three conditions have already been cited, any one of which is
 alone sufficient to place the unhappy Jews of the great prison state in
-an especially bad situation, and also to expose the régime in all its
+an especially bad situation, and also to expose the régime in all its
 depravity--a depravity almost incomprehensible to western Europeans.
 
 The first is the great influence which the rich Russian usurers possess
 with the authorities. If Shylock is angry with the merchant prince of
 Venice because the latter lends money without interest, in Russia the
-rôles of the contestants are reversed. The Jew also exacts usury where
+rôles of the contestants are reversed. The Jew also exacts usury where
 he can--no one in seriousness pretends to be surprised at this, in view
 of the deliberate demoralization of the pale--but in comparison with his
 Russian colleague he keeps within modest limits, being indeed compelled
@@ -3776,7 +3749,7 @@ the conception of a state which should take into account any diversity
 of creed or race. Above all, however, any toleration would undermine the
 three pillars upon which alone his conception of the Russian empire can
 rest--autocracy, orthodoxy, and Russianism. For the preservation of this
-Asiatic, uniform, absolutist régime, or, better, of the omnipotence of
+Asiatic, uniform, absolutist régime, or, better, of the omnipotence of
 hierarchy, it is above all necessary to keep the people in absolute
 subjection. This, again, is possible only when every chance of learning
 anything else than their own condition is closed to them. A prisoner who
@@ -4140,7 +4113,7 @@ down international revolution, was no one else than the present
 all-powerful figure in Russia, his excellency the minister of the
 interior, M. von Plehve, at that time states-attorney in Warsaw. With
 this bit of sleuthing, which the Poles very well remember to this day,
-this fortune-favored statesman made his début in the world outside of
+this fortune-favored statesman made his début in the world outside of
 Russia. He has remained true to his character. He is to-day, at the head
 of the greatest state in the world, nothing else but the greatest police
 spy in the world. His politics are stamped with all the characteristics
@@ -4181,7 +4154,7 @@ arguments and to strengthen his position, and in the further fact that
 he is continually discovering conspiracies and handling the supposed
 members in the most fearful way in order to prove his indispensability.
 The whole store of police tricks which have been played on despots in
-order to turn autocrats into willing tools of their Prætorians has been
+order to turn autocrats into willing tools of their Prætorians has been
 pillaged by Plehve in order to bring his system to a state of
 perfection. In particular the Jews and the Poles must suffer in order to
 contribute to the danger of the situation--_i. e._, the indispensability
@@ -4270,7 +4243,7 @@ ministerial career being devoid of a single noteworthy act. He is a
 successful official, who intends by every means to make himself felt in
 high circles, and who considers himself justified in countering the
 intriguing of his rivals by any or all the means customary in the land,
-and "Voilà tout." But, in general, love of truth is not a characteristic
+and "Voilà tout." But, in general, love of truth is not a characteristic
 of so-called public life in Russia. Hence it would be unjust to count as
 a special crime Plehve's special falseness.
 
@@ -4284,14 +4257,14 @@ a deed of infamous ingratitude and treachery,[4] then the black will be
 black enough to allow of passing over the remaining smirches in the
 picture of a monster.
 
-But the most pitiful of all that I heard about Plehve's régime was the
+But the most pitiful of all that I heard about Plehve's régime was the
 answer I received when I asked a man in a very responsible position
 whether better things might be expected when Plehve should be overtaken
 by his inevitable fate.
 
 "No," the answer was; "deserved as such a fate will be, for us it will
 bring no help. Another man, that is all. Plehve is only the ideal
-required by the régime. A police state needs police natures, and always
+required by the régime. A police state needs police natures, and always
 finds them. He has all the vices save that of corruptibility, but is by
 no means unique in the hierarchy of Russian officials. And it is far
 from probable that anything better would succeed him. If all Russia
@@ -4307,7 +4280,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 
 [2] One who risks everything on one card.
 
-[3] "Gentlemen geben sich für diese Dienste nicht her."
+[3] "Gentlemen geben sich für diese Dienste nicht her."
 
 [4] See Struve's _Oswobozhdenie_.
 
@@ -4387,7 +4360,7 @@ office, has been set aside again."
 
 "Your judges are not, then, independent and irremovable?"
 
-"What are you thinking of--under our present régime? We do not wish
+"What are you thinking of--under our present régime? We do not wish
 independent judges. A minister of justice like Muraviev, who certainly
 constitutes the supreme type of all that is meant by the expression, 'A
 man of no honor,' is the strongest hinderance to justice. Therefore, a
@@ -4427,7 +4400,7 @@ compliant. Do you suppose that a comedy of justice like that of Kishinef
 can be played with independent judges? And yet there are always heroes
 to be found who fear no measures, but administer justice according to
 their convictions. That is the astonishing thing, not the opposite,
-under a Muraviev-Plehve régime."
+under a Muraviev-Plehve régime."
 
 "Was it better, then, formerly?"
 
@@ -4467,7 +4440,7 @@ way you feel the duty of personally upholding law and order. When the
 same thing happens to me, a Russian, I must first conquer my natural
 tendency, and then after a long struggle I, too, will report the matter,
 because--well, because I, as a lawyer and a representative of justice,
-am no longer a naïve Russian, but am infused with the usual ideas of
+am no longer a naïve Russian, but am infused with the usual ideas of
 justice. The normal Russian exceedingly seldom reports a case to the
 police, because he absolutely lacks the conviction of the necessity of
 justice. When he says of anybody that he is a clever rascal, his
@@ -4568,7 +4541,7 @@ of the Emperor. The 'mir,' moreover, is in its nature opposed to private
 ownership, and every discussion between the member of the village
 communism and the property-holder is artfully prevented by the
 scattering about of compulsory peasants. For property-owners are at
-present for the most part Liberal. The régime, however, stands or falls
+present for the most part Liberal. The régime, however, stands or falls
 with the isolation of the peasantry from Liberal influences. For the
 peasant is not unintelligent by nature, and, if he is not prevented, he
 learns very quickly."
@@ -4599,7 +4572,7 @@ urchins may grow up stupid.'"
 politics?"
 
 "In the first place, I see no reason why the Jews should become
-accomplices of this formidable and soul-killing régime of ours. They
+accomplices of this formidable and soul-killing régime of ours. They
 will be oppressed all the same, whether meek or unruly. They will remain
 under special legislation, simply because no one can stop the flow of
 the official's unfailing spring of revenue--the ravaging of the Jews.
@@ -4679,7 +4652,7 @@ land. The aristocrat believed the country might be delivered by an
 emperor better trained for his functions. Prince Ukhtomski ascribes to
 the leading statesmen, at least, influence enough to do good and to
 prevent evil, and, therefore, to do the contrary, as has been done for
-twenty years, especially under the régime of Plehve. The Liberals and
+twenty years, especially under the régime of Plehve. The Liberals and
 Radicals, however, who form the greater part of the so-called
 "Intelligence," leave the personality of the ruler entirely out of the
 question, perhaps from a premature comparison with their constitutional
@@ -4723,7 +4696,7 @@ conceal the weakness of his judgment, which, according to them,
 certainly has something pathological about it. Prince Ukhtomski alone
 speaks of the Emperor with invariable respect and sympathy, without
 limiting each hearty statement with an immediate "but." All others,
-without exceptions, explain the Prætorian rule of Plehve by the mental
+without exceptions, explain the Prætorian rule of Plehve by the mental
 and moral helplessness of the Emperor, who is entirely uninformed, and
 is treated by those about him in the most abominable way--under cover of
 all outward signs of devotion. The things that people dare do to him,
@@ -4733,7 +4706,7 @@ and even into his bed, without his finally hitting upon the idea of
 seizing his body-servant by the cravat, is a very strong proof of his
 mental inactivity; the more so, incidentally, because he hears himself
 ridiculed outside his own door. This police canard is told, moreover, of
-Alexander III., who was a dreaded despot. The rôle, too, which Plehve
+Alexander III., who was a dreaded despot. The rôle, too, which Plehve
 played, although the Czar did not esteem him in the least, shows how
 successfully the latter has been intimidated and persuaded into the
 entirely mistaken belief that Plehve alone could avert the threatening
@@ -4759,7 +4732,7 @@ autocracy. The result of the deception was, of course, that the Czar
 declared himself for the ministry of the interior--that is, for Plehve,
 the increase of whose power he by no means wished.
 
-The rôle which certain adventurers like the hypnotist Philippe and the
+The rôle which certain adventurers like the hypnotist Philippe and the
 promoter Bezobrazov are able to play at court is also certainly a
 notable symptom. The former was to suggest to the Czaritza the birth of
 a boy, while otherwise he carried through whatever he wished, since he
@@ -4902,7 +4875,7 @@ that which true patriots are forced to their sorrow to write in foreign
 languages. I looked through piles of this forbidden literature. The
 impression I received was desperately disheartening. There is nothing
 which has not been said about Russia. The severest and best-attested
-attacks on the régime, on persons, on conditions, stand there quietly,
+attacks on the régime, on persons, on conditions, stand there quietly,
 volume by volume, in the imperial library, and have had exactly as much
 effect as whip-strokes on water. The Russian political writer who wishes
 to war upon the present system with the weapon of reckless criticism
@@ -4932,7 +4905,7 @@ intelligent classes in Moscow, and that through the abundance of time
 which every Russian allows himself for recreation, every newly coined
 saying or opinion is spread throughout the whole realm by letters or by
 word of mouth. I have heard from the lips of statesmen high in office
-literally the same words I have heard at the table of Leo Tolstoï, in
+literally the same words I have heard at the table of Leo Tolstoï, in
 Yasnaya Polyana, or in the study of the lawyer who gave me an interview.
 After I had come to terms with this fact of the absolute uniformity of
 public opinion, a fact not altogether gratifying to the collector of
@@ -5218,7 +5191,7 @@ made the acquaintance of Pronin, Krushevan, Stefanoff, and Baron
 Levendahl, at that time in command of the gendarmes at Kishinef. Since
 he came as counsel for the accused, and was a Russian nobleman above
 suspicion, he at once enjoyed the confidence of these honest men. Thus
-he learned that Pronin, the colleague of Krushevan and the protégé of
+he learned that Pronin, the colleague of Krushevan and the protégé of
 Plehve, in his character of member of the committee for poor culprits,
 gave exact instructions to the prisoners how they should speak in the
 legal proceedings. Pereverseff soon became convinced that the chief
@@ -5386,7 +5359,7 @@ THE STUDENT BODY IN RUSSIA
 
 
 Not very long after the dismissal of the former minister of education,
-Sänger, I sought out a certain university professor who had been
+Sänger, I sought out a certain university professor who had been
 mentioned to me as being accurately informed about university affairs.
 Of course, my visit to him had been carefully planned, for it is not
 possible in Russia for a person--least of all if he be an official--to
@@ -5429,7 +5402,7 @@ the troops who have gone to the front."
 
 "But they challenged their fate!"
 
-"That is a part of the fight against the régime. They seek martyrdom,
+"That is a part of the fight against the régime. They seek martyrdom,
 since they have become convinced that nothing can be attained by bare
 protests and petitions. Perhaps a trace of Asiatic fatalism, and a lower
 valuation upon life than is given it in the West, plays a part in their
@@ -5541,8 +5514,8 @@ comes principally from this upper stratum, is so laden with
 revolutionary tendencies?"
 
 "I might answer you in a French phrase, although it is not particularly
-flattering to us, 'Le Russe est liberal jusqu'à trente ans, et
-après--canaille.'[8] The Russian is absolutely _not_ conservative, not
+flattering to us, 'Le Russe est liberal jusqu'à trente ans, et
+après--canaille.'[8] The Russian is absolutely _not_ conservative, not
 even the official. He can mock conservatism while seeking office, but in
 his own house he remains a free-thinker, and youth, which has not yet
 learned to cringe and hedge, blushes at the two-facedness of its
@@ -5551,7 +5524,7 @@ with the exception of the high nobility, our whole landowner class is
 more than liberal. Moreover, from two to three hundred conservative
 students are to be found at each of the great universities, and they
 have formed a secret association for the protection of the _sacred
-régime_--and it is characteristic that the _Novoye Vremya_ was allowed
+régime_--and it is characteristic that the _Novoye Vremya_ was allowed
 to print the call to form this secret society, although here in Russia
 all secret societies are illegal."
 
@@ -5579,7 +5552,7 @@ rivalries and differences of opinion occasion dissensions, here there is
 to be found only one solid whole--oppression is the firm cement. And
 only in this way is it possible to make some resistance to the
 absolutism of the police. In _open_ resistance we are quite weak, yes,
-even defenceless, against the brutality of the régime, but in _passive_
+even defenceless, against the brutality of the régime, but in _passive_
 resistance we are almost unconquerable because of our close contact with
 each other."
 
@@ -5615,7 +5588,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 [8] The Russian is liberal until his thirtieth year--and then he joins
 the rabble.
 
-[9] Den Coupon zu kürzen.
+[9] Den Coupon zu kürzen.
 
 
 
@@ -5643,7 +5616,7 @@ aristocrat in the state service. I had reserved him for the end in my
 journey of research. After I had had conversations with high officials
 in the departments of education and of finance, with men like Prince
 Ukhtomski, with bankers and with lawyers, and had heard always the same
-story of the instability of things and the worthlessness of the régime,
+story of the instability of things and the worthlessness of the régime,
 I turned to the friends who by their influence had smoothed the way for
 me everywhere, and said to them: "This cannot go on. I did not come to
 Russia merely to be shot, as it were, out of a pneumatic tube through a
@@ -5703,8 +5676,8 @@ can the present state of things be brought to an end."
 
 "True again."
 
-"That the present régime passes all bounds of depravity, and can be
-compared only with the Prætorian rule in the period of the decline of
+"That the present régime passes all bounds of depravity, and can be
+compared only with the Prætorian rule in the period of the decline of
 Rome."
 
 "That understates the truth."
@@ -5716,8 +5689,8 @@ said:
 "You are, I can see, surprised that I, as a Conservative and a state
 official, should answer in this way; but I hope you do not consider
 'conservative' and 'infamous' synonymous terms. If you do not, you will
-not expect me to approve the régime of Plehve. That is not a
-Conservative régime. It is the régime of hell founded by a devil at the
+not expect me to approve the régime of Plehve. That is not a
+Conservative régime. It is the régime of hell founded by a devil at the
 head of the most important department." (Here came the speech with which
 this paper began.) The count then proceeded: "Do not suppose that Russia
 is of necessity smitten with such serious problems. These questions are
@@ -5830,7 +5803,7 @@ every other...."
 
 "Then your excellency is opposed to the freedom of the press?"
 
-"God forbid! A Conservative régime is far from being a police régime. We
+"God forbid! A Conservative régime is far from being a police régime. We
 must have a public opinion and a respectable press, and a press without
 freedom cannot be respectable. A press which is under strict laws but
 not under police tyranny, and an honorable government, can both be
@@ -5861,7 +5834,7 @@ permitted me to publish the conversation with his name?
 A general "Aha!" went up from all present.
 
 "That is the way with our chinovniks," remarked some one; "in a
-tête-à-tête they are all Liberal, and as soon as they are on the retired
+tête-à-tête they are all Liberal, and as soon as they are on the retired
 list they are all Radical."
 
 "I beg pardon. Count X---- spoke with decision against a constitution,
@@ -6030,7 +6003,7 @@ The persecution of the rationalistic sects is quite unjustifiable. They
 do not deserve the name of sects at all, for in other countries similar
 ones form simply free political, ethical, or philosophical societies.
 Certainly they can only benefit the communities in which they exist by
-their high ideal of integrity and strict morality. Count Leo Tolstoï has
+their high ideal of integrity and strict morality. Count Leo Tolstoï has
 already made the banishment of the Doukhobors known to all the world as
 an infamous proceeding, and has thereby raised large contributions for
 their settlement in Canada. The Shaloputy and the Malevents, for the
@@ -6065,7 +6038,7 @@ in their wishing to be Christians in the spirit of Christ, and in being
 disaffected towards that diabolical machine the Russian state. For this
 they are persecuted in the name of Christ and of the state, but, as the
 above-quoted figures show, without result. Sectarianism grows
-continuously. Thus Leo Tolstoï's religious anarchy is in a certain way
+continuously. Thus Leo Tolstoï's religious anarchy is in a certain way
 comprehensible. Whoever looks about him sees good people who, without
 making any disturbance, simply turn away from the state as something
 unchristian and inhuman; and he may easily fall into the delusion that
@@ -6181,7 +6154,7 @@ Kremlin, high above the bank of the Moskva! And involuntarily I
 wondered, as, indeed, would any one not a subject of the imperator, who
 has looked down from such battlements upon all the subject masses of
 Russians, whether he has really subjugated them or whether they have
-only been brought to a death-bringing hibernation. Æsthetic,
+only been brought to a death-bringing hibernation. Æsthetic,
 ethnological, historical, and political suggestions swarm to the mind
 of the thoughtful observer in this place. What wonder if the Russian
 feels himself here on holy ground and would prefer to put off his shoes
@@ -6287,7 +6260,7 @@ Yes, if it were as easily done as said! We cross a broad square, across
 which lean little horses draw a horse-car high as the first story of a
 house, and then we stand before buildings which allow us to go no
 farther. It is the Duma, the city hall, on the left, and the historical
-museum on the right, both dark-red in color; on the latter the façade is
+museum on the right, both dark-red in color; on the latter the façade is
 built entirely of darkened stone, so that it gives the impression of the
 whole being incrusted. The style is to be met with frequently. It
 belongs to the sixteenth century and is now being revived. The idea of
@@ -6400,7 +6373,7 @@ afar, and forms the glorious completion of the Kremlin picture seen from
 the Moskva. In its mighty height, with its colossal, gilded domes, of
 which the middle one measures thirty metres in diameter, it lightens
 like a promise of the light the gay, romantic air of the Kremlin.
-Fifty-eight high reliefs in marble ornament the façade, sixty windows
+Fifty-eight high reliefs in marble ornament the façade, sixty windows
 give bright light to the interior, colored still more golden by the
 light of countless candles. The magnificence of the central nave,
 entirely of gold and marble, is simply overpowering, and the golden and
@@ -6409,7 +6382,7 @@ us the strongest impression of the enormous riches of the Russian
 Church. Together with the Cathedral of Isaac, in St. Petersburg, this
 church is well calculated to compete with St. Peter's, in Rome. But I
 believe that one should refrain from the comparison. The expression
-"Roma tatae!" comes from Madame de Staël, and was, within certain
+"Roma tatae!" comes from Madame de Staël, and was, within certain
 bounds, approved by Moltke, who would call Moscow a Russian Rome. But I
 must, with all due modesty, demur. Too many undertones vibrate in our
 souls at the word "Rome" to allow us to consider any sort of comparison.
@@ -6458,7 +6431,7 @@ for instance, proves nothing at all concerning the character of a town.
 It betrays at most the year of its erection, for to-day, the world over,
 building is done in the recognized "modern style."[12] Even this or that
 elegant street indicates nothing. There the imitation of patterns seen
-elsewhere plays too great a rôle. But the theatre which is to survive
+elsewhere plays too great a rôle. But the theatre which is to survive
 must adapt itself to the ruling taste to such an extent that it can be
 considered really characteristic of it.
 
@@ -6470,8 +6443,8 @@ With respect to picturesqueness of staging, it is distinctly the
 superior of the Meininger Theatre; and, as far as scenery and purity of
 style are concerned, it can well compare with the most up-to-date
 stages. To be sure, inquiry should not be made into the distribution of
-the individual rôles; to some extent this is worse than mediocre. I saw
-"Julius Cæsar" played where the conspirators seemed to feel it necessary
+the individual rôles; to some extent this is worse than mediocre. I saw
+"Julius Cæsar" played where the conspirators seemed to feel it necessary
 to yell out their plans in the night with all their might. But, in
 contrast to this, the palace of the emperor was represented with a
 fidelity which could not have been exceeded in Rome itself; and the same
@@ -6528,12 +6501,12 @@ and that of official St. Petersburg; but this contrast is anything but
 one between reaction and progress. It is worth while to examine it more
 closely.
 
-The present Russian régime has preserved only the despotism of the
+The present Russian régime has preserved only the despotism of the
 enlightened despotism of Peter; the enlightenment has vanished. The
 wisdom of the government consists solely in the obstruction of popular
 education. The means to this end is the police, with their relentless
 crusade against any intelligence of a trend not quite orthodox in its
-attitude towards the state and the ruling spirit of the old régime in
+attitude towards the state and the ruling spirit of the old régime in
 the corruption of all the elements of the higher strata of society.
 Demoralization is encouraged, so to say, by official circles. Just as
 among the peasants a man caught reading his Bible is held in suspicion,
@@ -6571,7 +6544,7 @@ contemptible inhumanity of the struggling official of St. Petersburg
 does not appeal to the Moscowite as civilizational progress, but as a
 metropolitan degeneracy to be despised. And so among the bright people
 of Moscow patriarchal heartiness is preserved. It was not a matter of
-pure chance that Leo Tolstoï spent so many winters in Moscow society. In
+pure chance that Leo Tolstoï spent so many winters in Moscow society. In
 St. Petersburg he would not have stayed.
 
 
@@ -6589,15 +6562,15 @@ death, the collection might be augmented. Admission, of course, is free
 to all; even fees for coat checks may not be collected of its visitors.
 
 In this gallery one realizes for the first time that Russian painting is
-about at par with Russian literature, that it also has its Tolstoïs,
+about at par with Russian literature, that it also has its Tolstoïs,
 Turgenyevs, and Dostoyevskys. Above all, there is Ilya Ryepin with a
 whole collection of portraits and large genre pictures. I have tried to
 sketch some of those works of art elsewhere in a special article devoted
 to this greatest of Russian artists, and will not repeat myself here.
-Let me only mention the portraits of Leo Tolstoï, copies of which can
+Let me only mention the portraits of Leo Tolstoï, copies of which can
 now be found in the West. The poet is here depicted once behind the
 plough and again barefoot in his garden, his hands in his belt, his head
-thoughtfully sunk upon his breast. It is the best picture of Tolstoï
+thoughtfully sunk upon his breast. It is the best picture of Tolstoï
 that exists. Once, while I was walking up and down in conversation with
 the poet in his room at Yasnaya Polyana, I had to bite my tongue in
 order to suppress the remark, "Now you look as if you had been cut from
@@ -6613,12 +6586,12 @@ every feeling and atmosphere peculiar to the landscape. Among the
 painters of the last quarter of the nineteenth century who already have
 worked under Ryepin's influence, there is no longer any insidiousness of
 coloring. Everything is seen clearly and strongly reproduced. No
-Düsseldorferie and no anecdote painting. Of course, they did not shun a
+Düsseldorferie and no anecdote painting. Of course, they did not shun a
 subject useful in itself, and they by no means avoid a slight political
 tendency. But they are no less artists because they disdain to beg of
 the fanatics of "art for art's sake" the right to the name of artists by
 an exclusion of all but purely neutral subjects. On the contrary, in the
-naïveté in which they show themselves in their art as human beings of
+naïveté in which they show themselves in their art as human beings of
 their time, they let it be known that the problem "art for art's sake"
 is for them without any meaning, since with them it is an axiom that
 they desire to influence only through the medium of their art; and yet
@@ -6669,7 +6642,7 @@ evident in the landscape. And in this the Russians do astonishing work.
 They have the eye of the child of nature for the peculiarities of the
 landscape--an eye which we in the West must train again. What west
 European writer could have been in a position to write nature studies
-like Leo Tolstoï's _Cossacks_, or like the "Hay Harvest" from _Anna
+like Leo Tolstoï's _Cossacks_, or like the "Hay Harvest" from _Anna
 Karenina_? And one might also ask, What west European has so studied the
 forest like Schischkin, the sea like Aiwasowsky, the river and the wind
 like Levitan? There is a picture of Schischkin's in the Tretyakov
@@ -6730,7 +6703,7 @@ of a day, with the everlasting police, but, in spite of all, you will be
 continually coming into contact with them. Our path from the Tretyakov
 Gallery to the hotel leads past a long, barrack-like building. We ask
 our companion its object. He at once tells us something of interest.
-First, the giant building is the manége, the drill-room for the soldiers
+First, the giant building is the manége, the drill-room for the soldiers
 in bad weather. Its arched roof lies upon the walls without any interior
 support. The weight of the roof is so great that already the walls in
 many places have sagged and have had to be reinforced. Architects had
@@ -6747,7 +6720,7 @@ who know about such things, I do not venture to judge. But it seemed to
 me interesting enough to be told. But what interested me still more was
 the subsidiary use to which the building is put. It is near the
 university. Now if a student disorder arises, they manage to surround
-the students by Cossacks and drive them into this manége, where they are
+the students by Cossacks and drive them into this manége, where they are
 held behind lock and key, by thousands, until the worshipful officials
 have sought out those which may most to their purpose be called
 revolutionists. Chance wills that generally the Jews are held, since
@@ -6758,7 +6731,7 @@ His accusations may have served him among those above him, but not among
 those below him. I found that in Moscow itself dealings between the
 intelligent Christians and the few Jews who are allowed upon the street
 were most hearty. The political bitterness, the desperate fight against
-the régime, unites them all; after the Russian custom they exchange,
+the régime, unites them all; after the Russian custom they exchange,
 embrace, and kiss at every meeting, Jew or Christian, provided they only
 be friends. It was for me, a Westerner, an interesting and mortifying
 sight to see how young Russian nobles with world-famous names kissed on
@@ -6785,7 +6758,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 
 XXVIII
 
-A VISIT TO TOLSTOÏ
+A VISIT TO TOLSTO�
 
 
 From Moscow an accommodation train goes in one night to Tula, capital of
@@ -6796,7 +6769,7 @@ Polyana, the estate of the poet, than is Tula. I follow my _Baedeker_
 blindly, because I have always had to repent when I departed from its
 advice. The German _Baedeker_ deserves the highest credit for taking the
 trouble to give this information to the few travellers that make the
-pilgrimage to Leo Tolstoï. For it is not to be supposed that Tolstoï is
+pilgrimage to Leo Tolstoï. For it is not to be supposed that Tolstoï is
 overrun. His family guard his retirement, and do not grant admittance to
 every one. I was, in fact, the only stranger who found his way there
 during the entire week. It was, indeed, a very special introduction
@@ -6819,16 +6792,16 @@ to meet his regiment, and talked about the bayonets of his Cossacks
 being bent because the men spit the "Kakamakis" (Japanese) and threw
 them over their shoulders. He was delighted that I was a German, for the
 Russians think the Germans very good fellows at present. Only the
-English are a bad lot--"Jew Englishmen!" Leo Tolstoï, he said, was a man
+English are a bad lot--"Jew Englishmen!" Leo Tolstoï, he said, was a man
 of great genius, but it wasn't nice that he was an atheist. I
 interrupted him, laughing:
 
-"I don't wish to be personal, colonel, but Leo Tolstoï is a much better
+"I don't wish to be personal, colonel, but Leo Tolstoï is a much better
 Christian than you."
 
 "How's that?"
 
-I explained to him that Tolstoï wishes to reestablish the primitive
+I explained to him that Tolstoï wishes to reestablish the primitive
 Christianity and is the enemy only of the church and of the priests. The
 good fellow was immediately satisfied. If it were nothing worse than
 that--no Russian could endure the priests. They were all rascals. The
@@ -6838,7 +6811,7 @@ Only the dissenting priests led a moral life.
 It was the talk of a big, thoroughly lovable child, in whom even the
 thirst for fighting was not unbecoming. Who knows whether the bullets of
 the "Kakamakis" have not already found him out! I spoke later to the
-good Tolstoï of this conversation. He also is persuaded that only right
+good Tolstoï of this conversation. He also is persuaded that only right
 teaching is needed to turn these essentially good-hearted people from
 the business of murder. At present war is merely a hunting adventure for
 them. They form no conception of the sufferings of the defeated.
@@ -6854,7 +6827,7 @@ bring us, over all the hills covered with soft snow, to our destination
 before noon. A Russian horse, however, can stand a good deal, so I did
 not need to interrupt by inopportune consideration for animals the
 thoughts which surged through my brain more and more as we came near
-the end of the journey. A meeting with Tolstoï is such an incomparable
+the end of the journey. A meeting with Tolstoï is such an incomparable
 privilege for me--will fate permit me thoroughly to enjoy the moments?
 And if he is not the man I expect to find, if one of the great again
 unmasks before me as a _poseur_--who appears great and admirable only at
@@ -6879,7 +6852,7 @@ turned back. It was he.
 We had hardly reached the house and been unwrapped from our furs and
 overshoes by the servants, when the door of the low vestibule opened,
 and there, in muzhik smock and fur, high boots and tall fur cap, as we
-knew him from a thousand pictures, Leo Tolstoï stood before us and held
+knew him from a thousand pictures, Leo Tolstoï stood before us and held
 out a friendly hand.
 
 While he, motioning away the servants, pulled off his knee-high felt
@@ -6913,7 +6886,7 @@ withdrew to the room assigned us. The countess, he said, was in Moscow
 at the time, but the youngest daughter would soon return from the
 village school, where she taught. He would leave her to entertain us
 until luncheon. I should say here that my wife accompanied me on this
-wintry journey, as on the whole journey of investigation. Tolstoï
+wintry journey, as on the whole journey of investigation. Tolstoï
 himself would keep to his usual programme--would look over his mail,
 write a promised article, rest a little in the afternoon, then ride, and
 from dinner--that is, from six o'clock--until midnight would be at my
@@ -6949,11 +6922,11 @@ set at rest from the first moment of meeting. The count is no eccentric,
 but a polished man in spite of the convenient dress of the muzhik. The
 peasant dress is simply the one that has proved best for his intercourse
 with the country people. Moreover, there is a noticeable difference
-between the well-cut and well-fitting coat of Tolstoï and that of the
+between the well-cut and well-fitting coat of Tolstoï and that of the
 ragged peasant. I must confess that the setting at rest of even this
 little misgiving was of value to me. For, as people are in this world,
 they will not take even a saint seriously if he wraps himself in
-external eccentricities--if he has not good taste. Leo Tolstoï decidedly
+external eccentricities--if he has not good taste. Leo Tolstoï decidedly
 has good taste. Only he is great enough and strong enough not to submit
 to the tyranny of fashion. I should like, however, to see the man who
 felt the least suggestion of worldly superiority in talking with him.
@@ -6962,7 +6935,7 @@ English tailor would presume to patronize. Perhaps, unconsciously to
 himself, and certainly against his will, it is unmistakably to be seen
 in him that he once had the idea of being _comme il faut_, as he tells
 in his _Childhood and Youth_. However insignificant this circumstance
-may be in the worldwide fame of Leo Tolstoï, it must be mentioned,
+may be in the worldwide fame of Leo Tolstoï, it must be mentioned,
 simply because the legend of the muzhik's smock may too easily create an
 entirely false impression of the personality of the poet. In spite of
 all the kindly simplicity of his bearing, no one can for a moment
@@ -6974,9 +6947,9 @@ found the carefully kept catalogue of the fourteen cases, with each book
 on a separate slip. A glance through one of the glass doors showed me
 English, French, German, and Russian books; my eye even fell on a Danish
 grammar. There stood side by side a work on Leonardo da Vinci,
-Björnson's _Über unsere Kraft_, Marcel Prévost's _Vierges Fortes_, Jules
+Björnson's _Über unsere Kraft_, Marcel Prévost's _Vierges Fortes_, Jules
 Verne's _Journey to the Centre of the Earth_, Spinoza, Renan, a book of
-travel by Vámbéry, a book of entomology, Buffon--the most different
+travel by Vámbéry, a book of entomology, Buffon--the most different
 sorts of books, and obviously much used. The count is able to accomplish
 such an achievement in reading only by a careful division of the day,
 not to say a military exactness and thoroughness, pushed perhaps to
@@ -6996,7 +6969,7 @@ began to glow with a light of inspiration which no one who has once seen
 it can ever forget. In addition to the great thoroughness of all his
 action and the strict division of the day, a vital energy which must be
 called truly phenomenal is also most essentially characteristic of his
-personality. Leo Tolstoï is a giant in psychical and intellectual
+personality. Leo Tolstoï is a giant in psychical and intellectual
 strength, as he must once have been in physical strength also. It is not
 purely accidental that the two heroes in whom he has pictured himself
 most unmistakably--Peter, in _War and Peace_, and Levin, in _Anna
@@ -7007,7 +6980,7 @@ Karenina_--are large, strong men of unusual productive capacity.
 
 XXIX
 
-A VISIT TO TOLSTOÏ--_CONTINUED_
+A VISIT TO TOLSTO�--_CONTINUED_
 
 
 It was not yet noon when the door opened and a supple, laughing creature
@@ -7041,11 +7014,11 @@ now and then indulge the craving for meat. The secrecy of the
 indulgence, however, would be a piece of that hypocrisy of which the
 count is accused by his most obstinate enemies. We received from the
 countess, however, an explanation of the circumstances in regard to the
-German woman's book. Since the Tolstoï family, however, have long since
+German woman's book. Since the Tolstoï family, however, have long since
 pardoned the repentant authoress, it would be indelicate of me to
-publish the ancient history. Leo Tolstoï is no hypocrite. He does not
+publish the ancient history. Leo Tolstoï is no hypocrite. He does not
 even consider it a duty to be a vegetarian. All the rest of his family,
-including the Countess Sasha, eat meat. Tolstoï finds, however, that a
+including the Countess Sasha, eat meat. Tolstoï finds, however, that a
 vegetable diet agrees with him, and he therefore adheres to it without
 wishing to convert anybody else to the same belief, as vegetarians are
 accustomed to do. The count, in general, does not try to make any
@@ -7085,13 +7058,13 @@ the count was just writing an article. He made the observation that the
 right-minded Russian was in a remarkable position. He contradicted all
 human feelings in wishing a defeat for his own nation. The bitterest
 misfortune that Russia could meet, however, would be the continuance of
-the present criminal régime, which demands so many victims, inflicts so
+the present criminal régime, which demands so many victims, inflicts so
 much suffering upon Russia, and which, in case of victory, would only be
 strengthened. Quite recently he had received a letter from a highly
 gifted writer, a certain Semionov, whom he himself had discovered and
 taught. Semionov, a peasant, had been a janitor in Moscow, but on
-Tolstoï's advice had returned to his father, and had written a little
-volume of stories, which Tolstoï rates higher than those of Gorki. Now
+Tolstoï's advice had returned to his father, and had written a little
+volume of stories, which Tolstoï rates higher than those of Gorki. Now
 the gendarmes have confiscated everything he has, and, if I am not
 mistaken, have even arrested the writer. The pressure, the count says,
 is unendurable. I told him of my meeting with the Cossack colonel in
@@ -7131,7 +7104,7 @@ consciousness under forms and dogmas which produce a sort of
 stupefaction instead of satisfying the religious hunger."
 
 I repeated the amusing remark of the Cossack colonel of Tula, that
-Tolstoï was a great man, only that it was a pity that he was an atheist.
+Tolstoï was a great man, only that it was a pity that he was an atheist.
 
 The poet laughed, with something like pain in the laugh.
 
@@ -7150,7 +7123,7 @@ put into an alphabet for the people."
 the Sermon on the Mount two verses which do not suit it. This is called
 Christianity."
 
-The authorities give the Tolstoï family the greatest difficulty in its
+The authorities give the Tolstoï family the greatest difficulty in its
 work of educating the people. The village school was suppressed, because
 reading and writing were taught there and not orthodoxy. The instruction
 which the Countess Sasha now gives is quite unsystematic. Five children
@@ -7163,7 +7136,7 @@ my father is no longer living," the Countess Sasha said to us, with that
 calmness with which every one in Russia sacrifices himself to his
 convictions.
 
-There was nothing pastoral, likewise nothing exalted, in Tolstoï's
+There was nothing pastoral, likewise nothing exalted, in Tolstoï's
 manner during this conversation. After finishing his luncheon he rose
 and walked up and down the long dining-room with me, both hands in his
 belt, as he is painted by Ryepin. He spoke conversationally, with no
@@ -7171,7 +7144,7 @@ especial emphasis on any word, as to one whom there is no need of
 convincing. It was the afternoon conversation of an intelligent country
 gentleman with his guest--the easy, matter-of-course talking in a minute
 of resting--talk that is not meant to go deep or to philosophize. To me
-it proved only the lively interest taken by Tolstoï in all the events of
+it proved only the lively interest taken by Tolstoï in all the events of
 the day. He was not at all the hermit, merely preparing himself by holy
 deeds for heavenly glory, but an alert, vigorous, elderly man who
 watches events without eagerness or passion, yet with sufficient
@@ -7196,7 +7169,7 @@ his neck and a broad woollen scarf belted about his body. He drew on his
 high felt overshoes and thick mittens, put the lambskin cap on his head,
 seized his riding-whip, and went out. A strange muzhik was waiting for
 him before the door. He had come from a distance to lay his case before
-the count. Tolstoï listened to him, questioned him, and then called the
+the count. Tolstoï listened to him, questioned him, and then called the
 servant. As he was not at hand, the count asked me to tell him to give
 the muzhik some money. Then a foot in the stirrup, and, with the swing
 of a youth, the man of seventy-five seated himself in the saddle. It is
@@ -7222,12 +7195,12 @@ stout stick from the wall for protection from dogs, and then led us out
 into the deep snow, in which only a narrow path was trodden.
 
 Even the deepest reverence does not require uncritical adoration.
-Moreover, Tolstoï is of such phenomenal importance for us all that the
+Moreover, Tolstoï is of such phenomenal importance for us all that the
 narrator who can communicate his own perceptions is bound to reproduce
 them with the most absolute fidelity. Therefore, I believe I ought not
 to conceal the thoughts which refused to leave me during the walk
 through this village. I had to admire once more the deep humanity of the
-Tolstoïs when I saw the Countess Sasha, in her beauty and purity, go
+Tolstoïs when I saw the Countess Sasha, in her beauty and purity, go
 into the damp, dirty hovels of the peasants, and caress the ragged and
 filthy children, just as Katyusha, in _The Resurrection_, kissed a
 deformed beggar on the mouth in Easter greeting after the Easter mass.
@@ -7238,7 +7211,7 @@ we who own the land and do not work it. Otherwise he differs in no way
 from us in his virtues and vices." This brotherliness, however, has this
 shortcoming, that it leaves the brother where it finds him, and does not
 compel him to conform to different and more refined ways of living. The
-Tolstoï family teaches the village children. It has established a little
+Tolstoï family teaches the village children. It has established a little
 clinic in the village. But it does not make its influence felt in
 teaching the villagers personal cleanliness, taking, say, the German
 colonists in the south as a model. I cannot conceive of the peasants of
@@ -7251,37 +7224,37 @@ pressure on the people about him, and if his muzhik feels better
 unwashed, as his fathers were before him, and prefers a dirty, unaired
 room, shared with the dear cattle, to one in which he would have to take
 off his shoes to prevent soiling the floor, the count will not exhort
-him to change into a Swabian or a Dutchman. Æsthetic demands do not form
-any part of the Tolstoï view of life--I believe that for this reason it
+him to change into a Swabian or a Dutchman. Æsthetic demands do not form
+any part of the Tolstoï view of life--I believe that for this reason it
 will find slow acceptance in the West.
 
 There is the meekness and "lowliness" of early Christianity, there is
 an anti-Hellenic principle in the village dirt of Yasnaya Polyana. It is
 true that Hellenism leads in its final outcome to the abominable
-"Herrenmenschenthüm"[14] of Nietzsche, to Nero's hatred of the "many too
-many." A predominant æsthetic valuation of the good things of life leads
+"Herrenmenschenthüm"[14] of Nietzsche, to Nero's hatred of the "many too
+many." A predominant æsthetic valuation of the good things of life leads
 in a negative way to the immoral in conduct. Every final consequence,
 however--that is, every extreme--is absurd; even absolute spirituality,
 indifferent to all outward things, as well as the heartless cult of mere
 external beauty. If we may learn from the muzhik patience in misfortune,
 we have also something to offer him in return for this in ideas of how
-to care for the body and of æsthetically refined ways of living. But Leo
-Tolstoï is an enemy of all compromise, and perhaps must be so. If the
+to care for the body and of æsthetically refined ways of living. But Leo
+Tolstoï is an enemy of all compromise, and perhaps must be so. If the
 impulse towards the spiritualizing of our life, towards brotherly
 kindness and holiness, which goes out from him, is to work in its full
 force, it must be free from any foreign admixture, at least in him, its
 source. In the actual world counteracting forces are not wanting,
 moreover, and in some way the balance is always struck. The synthesis of
-Nietzsche and Tolstoï is really not so very hard to find. It was given
+Nietzsche and Tolstoï is really not so very hard to find. It was given
 long ago in the "kaho-kayadin" (beauty and goodness) of the ancients as
 well as in the rightly understood conception of the gentleman. If
-Tolstoï's human ideal wears the form of the muzhik and flatly rejects
-every concession to the claims of an æsthetic culture, the fact leads
+Tolstoï's human ideal wears the form of the muzhik and flatly rejects
+every concession to the claims of an æsthetic culture, the fact leads
 back ultimately to the repulsion which the St. Petersburg type of
 civilization must awaken in every unspoiled mind. One perceives there
-that luxury cannot uplift man. Indeed, it is easy to come to the Tolstoï
+that luxury cannot uplift man. Indeed, it is easy to come to the Tolstoï
 conviction that it ruins instead of ennobling him. An isolated thinker
-like Tolstoï reaches in this revulsion very extreme consequences. In any
+like Tolstoï reaches in this revulsion very extreme consequences. In any
 case the bodily uncleanness of the peasants is less unpleasant to him
 and his daughter than the moral impurity of the town dwellers. The dirt
 of the peasants is for him nature, like the clinging clay of the field.
@@ -7319,7 +7292,7 @@ is only a movable affair. This is kept really clean. The amount of
 illness is large. The peasants from the surrounding country come also,
 and the doctor often has to treat forty patients in a single office
 hour. He is said to be an able man and a good one--a matter of course
-in Tolstoï's vicinity. Whether one wishes it or not, one is drawn out
+in Tolstoï's vicinity. Whether one wishes it or not, one is drawn out
 here in the atmosphere of pure kindliness. When I came back from the
 village I was almost ashamed that I had held my breath in the peasant's
 room.
@@ -7334,22 +7307,22 @@ masses are superfluous.
 
 XXX
 
-A VISIT TO TOLSTOÏ--_CONTINUED_
+A VISIT TO TOLSTO�--_CONTINUED_
 
 
 At six o'clock we were summoned to dinner, at which the count appeared.
-As entrée there were baked fish--for the count, rice cutlets--then a
+As entrée there were baked fish--for the count, rice cutlets--then a
 roast and vegetables, of which the count took only the latter; then
 dessert and black coffee. We drank kvass, later tea, with cakes.
 Everything was very well prepared. A man-servant waited at table. It is
-by no means petty to tell all this. The Tolstoïs do not live on locusts
+by no means petty to tell all this. The Tolstoïs do not live on locusts
 and wild honey, but like other good families in Russia. We have, thank
 Heaven, outgrown the days when genius had to assert itself by
 extravagant conduct. Brilliant originality is entirely compatible with
 conformity to custom in all every-day usages, according to our way of
 thinking. Conversely, all originality immediately becomes suspicious in
 our eyes when it labors to assert itself in trifles. "A wise man behaves
-like other people." The individuality of Tolstoï shows in no way the
+like other people." The individuality of Tolstoï shows in no way the
 stamp of the idle wish to differentiate itself in each and every
 particular from other people.
 
@@ -7479,7 +7452,7 @@ Moscow. Under the pressure of the Russian censorship he accomplishes the
 immense work of spreading among the people every year several million
 good books at a cost of a few kopeks each, without having needed to add
 to his original capital of thirty thousand rubles. I fulfil a duty, and
-at the same time a wish of Tolstoï's, in here calling attention most
+at the same time a wish of Tolstoï's, in here calling attention most
 emphatically to this magnificent Russian enterprise, which should be an
 example for all other nations.
 
@@ -7521,18 +7494,18 @@ confusion in the ranks of the idealists by discrediting their
 solidarity. Nevertheless, they call themselves "the Moderns," and dub
 the advocates of solidarity 'old fogies.' The most modern thing in the
 West is a vile cult of the Uebermensch (over-man) Renaissance
-sentimentalism and the cult of beauty in bearing--æsthetic snobism."
+sentimentalism and the cult of beauty in bearing--æsthetic snobism."
 
 "All that originates with Nietzsche. The mistake, however, does not lie
 in the principle of individualism, which does not exclude solidarity,
 but, on the contrary, advances it. For the individual unquestionably
 attains solidarity in the very struggle towards his own perfection. The
-mistake lies in the æstheticism, in the basing of life on externals and
+mistake lies in the æstheticism, in the basing of life on externals and
 on enjoyment. Connected with this is the strangest thing of all, that
 this resurrection of the madness of the Renaissance has not made use of
 art. For all that is produced is nothing but pure silliness. I have not
 laughed so much for years as at an entirely serious account of the
-contents of _Mona Vanna_, or at the poems which our æsthete and decadent
+contents of _Mona Vanna_, or at the poems which our æsthete and decadent
 Balmont read to me. None of those things are to be taken seriously as
 art. They will only confuse people through their absurdity, which could
 not exist if the healthy human understanding had not been brought into
@@ -7580,7 +7553,7 @@ really great works hold their own in translation, so the form of phrase
 cannot be the only test for the value of a writing. But what repels me
 in Goethe is precisely that play on form of which you accuse Heine.
 Goethe and Shakespeare are both artists in the sense in which you
-reproach the Moderns. They are bent only upon æsthetic play, and create
+reproach the Moderns. They are bent only upon æsthetic play, and create
 only for enjoyment, and not with the heart's blood."
 
 "I could not admit that, count, without repudiating everything I have
@@ -7591,7 +7564,7 @@ written only for the reason he himself gives,
 
 
      "Warum sucht' ich den Weg so sehnsuchtsvoll
-     Wenn ich ihn nicht den Brüdern zeigen soll?"[15]
+     Wenn ich ihn nicht den Brüdern zeigen soll?"[15]
 
 
 "I find much more of this feeling for humanity in Schiller."
@@ -7621,7 +7594,7 @@ only play."
 I could not have denied that this is really my conception, and should,
 therewith, have hit upon the fundamental opposition between our Western
 conception of life, as expressed by Goethe, and the exclusively
-religio-moral one of Tolstoï. I could not, however, compel myself to
+religio-moral one of Tolstoï. I could not, however, compel myself to
 fill with a fruitless argument the few hours I had to spend with the
 honored man. I should have been as little able to convince the apostle
 of seventy-five, whose ascetic philosophy is the product of definite
@@ -7657,7 +7630,7 @@ repudiates his own immortal works because they are beyond the
 comprehension of most people, and therefore help to widen the gulf
 between the educated and the uneducated. I could not even make the
 objection that almost all learning must be condemned on the same ground,
-for it is well known that Tolstoï does not shrink from even this
+for it is well known that Tolstoï does not shrink from even this
 conclusion.
 
 It is not, however, a matter of indifference to him whether people
@@ -7680,7 +7653,7 @@ God, and the duty for us that of perfecting ourselves. I follow the
 consequence of that premise to the end, and feel that I am right not
 only in words but also in deeds."
 
-No truly scientific thinker needs to be reminded that Tolstoï here, in
+No truly scientific thinker needs to be reminded that Tolstoï here, in
 the _a priori_ assumption that life must have a meaning, departs from
 the fundamental principle of all scientific reasoning--namely, the
 starting without a hypothesis, and, like Kant, to whom he feels drawn
@@ -7691,7 +7664,7 @@ agnosticism by a bold leap to the rock of faith, which lies beyond all
 science, and can neither be supported nor shaken by it? How many of the
 proud agnostics do not secretly cast furtive glances at that rock, where
 they would like to reserve themselves a place against emergencies? While
-Tolstoï sincerely acknowledges that without this foundation under his
+Tolstoï sincerely acknowledges that without this foundation under his
 feet he would no longer be able to live. He needed this quieting as to
 the outcome of things to be able to follow his poetic impulse to look
 at the world as it is. Only entirely barren, abstract natures find their
@@ -7703,14 +7676,14 @@ God or Providence. This poetic faith has, of course, nothing whatever to
 do with science.
 
 Undervaluation of one's own qualities, however, and enthusiasm for the
-complementary ones, is a familiar psychological fact. The poet Tolstoï
+complementary ones, is a familiar psychological fact. The poet Tolstoï
 wishes to be a cut-and-dried philosopher. He repudiates his poetry, and
 likewise speaks coldly--indeed, even with hostility--of the spirits akin
 to him, of Goethe and Shakespeare. There is only one opinion among
-lovers of art, and that is that Tolstoï, in the natural spontaneity of
+lovers of art, and that is that Tolstoï, in the natural spontaneity of
 his characters and incidents, is to be compared with these two alone,
 and in the abundance of his psychological traits with Shakespeare only.
-Yet at present Tolstoï is engaged in writing a book, soon to appear,
+Yet at present Tolstoï is engaged in writing a book, soon to appear,
 against Shakespeare and the study of Shakespeare. In our conversation he
 came back to the indefensible over-estimation of this artist.
 
@@ -7727,16 +7700,16 @@ incredible what ideas can be awakened in the human mind by consecutive
 treatments of one and the same theme."
 
 I believe that one will not go astray in finding in the above-mentioned
-book against Shakespeare a prosecution at the same time of Tolstoï's
-campaign against the æsthetic-artistic view of life in general. His
-purpose is to overthrow one of the chief idols of the æsthetic cult. As
+book against Shakespeare a prosecution at the same time of Tolstoï's
+campaign against the æsthetic-artistic view of life in general. His
+purpose is to overthrow one of the chief idols of the æsthetic cult. As
 far as the arguments on the moral side are concerned, he will certainly
 have a following. The son of a tavern-keeper, himself an actor,
-Shakespeare was certainly not the ideal of a gentleman. Tolstoï will,
+Shakespeare was certainly not the ideal of a gentleman. Tolstoï will,
 however, have difficulty in abolishing wonder at the artistic power of
 this most sumptuous of all geniuses.
 
-Tolstoï dealt with the influence of general opinion again in another
+Tolstoï dealt with the influence of general opinion again in another
 connection. He was speaking of the mischief that the newspapers do in
 the world, but chose, in my opinion, a very inappropriate example of
 this.
@@ -7759,14 +7732,14 @@ work in arousing mankind, and in showing them the danger threatening
 from the Jesuits. The Dreyfus affair belongs to world-history as an
 epoch-making event. Perhaps the deliverance of the whole white race from
 the octopus-like embrace of clericalism and militarism is its work. And
-Count Tolstoï, who regards it as his mission to fight militarism, lives
+Count Tolstoï, who regards it as his mission to fight militarism, lives
 through the chief battle and does not suspect it! One certainly ought
 not to forget that he is in Russia, where the incarceration of innocent
 men is an every-day affair, and that the Russian papers think they
 fulfil their duty to an allied nation by treating the matter from the
-stand-point of Méline and Marcier.
+stand-point of Méline and Marcier.
 
-Tolstoï's antipathy to this affair does not come at all from any
+Tolstoï's antipathy to this affair does not come at all from any
 possible anti-Semitic feeling. He does not love the mercantile Jews, who
 have not the slightest trace of Christian spirit. He condemns
 anti-Semitism, however, in the most emphatic way. "Anti-Semitism," he
@@ -7777,7 +7750,7 @@ makes them blind to right and wrong, and kills all moral feeling. It
 changes the soul into a place of desolation in which all goodness and
 nobility are swept away."
 
-In regard to other matters, Tolstoï does not use strong expressions. He
+In regard to other matters, Tolstoï does not use strong expressions. He
 parries them good-humoredly but decisively. When we were talking of the
 new romanticists, I used some severe language. I explained the
 uproarious applause of certain gifted but degenerate and perverse
@@ -7796,7 +7769,7 @@ was only more bitter words.
 
 He looked at me kindly, and merely said, "Thank you."
 
-It is self-evident that Tolstoï did not mean by this to express sympathy
+It is self-evident that Tolstoï did not mean by this to express sympathy
 with the Diabolics and other eccentrics. Moreover, he spoke flatly
 against art for art's sake, which he calls tiresome more than anything
 else. "Agonized productions of the search for originality, welcomed by
@@ -7883,367 +7856,4 @@ THE END
 
 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Land of Riddles, by Hugo Ganz
 
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56772 ***
diff --git a/56772-h/56772-h.htm b/56772-h/56772-h.htm
index 1841566..580b5dc 100644
--- a/56772-h/56772-h.htm
+++ b/56772-h/56772-h.htm
@@ -69,46 +69,7 @@
 <body>
 
 
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Land of Riddles, by Hugo Ganz
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Land of Riddles
-       Russia of To-day
-
-Author: Hugo Ganz
-
-Translator: Herman Rosenthal
-
-Release Date: March 18, 2018 [EBook #56772]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAND OF RIDDLES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Martin Pettit and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
-produced from images generously made available by The
-Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56772 ***</div>
 
 
 <div class = "mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br />
@@ -8007,381 +7968,7 @@ show it to my brothers?"</p></div></div>
 
 
 
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Land of Riddles, by Hugo Ganz
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAND OF RIDDLES ***
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