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diff --git a/56766-8.txt b/56766-0.txt index 35ac710..6fbe7a4 100644 --- a/56766-8.txt +++ b/56766-0.txt @@ -1,28 +1,7 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Harper's Round Table, April 14, 1896, by Various +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 56766 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: Harper's Round Table, April 14, 1896 -Author: Various - -Release Date: March 17, 2018 [EBook #56766] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HARPER'S ROUND TABLE, APRIL 14, 1896 *** - - - - -Produced by Annie R. McGuire @@ -392,13 +371,13 @@ how I like her coffee." -RÖNTGEN RAYS. +RÖNTGEN RAYS. BY WILLIAM A. ANTHONY. It is now some two months since the public was startled by the -announcement that Röntgen of Bavaria had discovered that electric +announcement that Röntgen of Bavaria had discovered that electric discharges in certain vacuum tubes, that is, tubes from which the air has been exhausted, gave out rays that would pass through wood, card-board, flesh, and numerous other substances opaque to light--that @@ -422,7 +401,7 @@ more wonderful than that rays of light should go through glass or quartz or diamond or water? We are familiar with this last fact, because we can "see through" these substances. We know that glass does not shut out light, because we can see the space beyond it illuminated. But we have -no sense that tells us of the presence of the Röntgen rays. We must +no sense that tells us of the presence of the Röntgen rays. We must resort to the photographic plate or the fluorescent screen (to be described further on), to show their presence, and for all information as to their behavior. The photographic plate is affected, while our eyes @@ -466,7 +445,7 @@ glass. We only know it is a fact. All these ether rays may produce heat. The high-frequency rays affect the photographic sensitive plate, and also produce another effect that -is of especial interest in connection with the study of the Röntgen +is of especial interest in connection with the study of the Röntgen rays. They have the power of exciting a peculiar luminosity, or light, in certain substances, which are for that reason called fluorescent. @@ -477,7 +456,7 @@ by a good air-pump and connected to a Holtz machine or induction coil, is seen filled with a pale light having something the appearance of the streamers of the Aurora Borealis. -[Illustration: FIG. 1.--THE APPARATUS USED IN MAKING RÖNTGEN +[Illustration: FIG. 1.--THE APPARATUS USED IN MAKING RÖNTGEN RADIOGRAPHS.] Professor Crookes, by obtaining a vastly better vacuum, obtained in @@ -504,7 +483,7 @@ of exciting vision, but possessing properties, and capable of producing effects even more wonderful than any that the Crookes tube had before shown. That certain invisible rays existed in the Crookes tube radiations was known about four years ago, but it remained for Professor -Röntgen to demonstrate the remarkable properties which they possess. He +Röntgen to demonstrate the remarkable properties which they possess. He found that a piece of card-board painted on one side with barium platino cyanide was illuminated when held near the excited Crookes tube, and that the painted surface was equally well illuminated, whether it or the @@ -519,14 +498,14 @@ hard rubber was interposed between the tube and screen. On the contrary, he found that glass, thin pieces of metal, the bones of the hand, more or less stopped the rays, and so cast shadows. It must -have been a startling image that met Professor Röntgen's eye when first +have been a startling image that met Professor Röntgen's eye when first he placed his hand in the path of the rays, and saw upon the screen a bony skeleton hand with only a faint outline of flesh and cartilage. It was a startling experiment to me, after I had read all the accounts of -Professor Röntgen's work, and knew what to expect, when I first saw the +Professor Röntgen's work, and knew what to expect, when I first saw the shadow of my own hand upon the fluorescent screen. Fig. 2 shows the appearance of such a shadow. After demonstrating in this way the -transmission powers of various substances, Professor Röntgen tried the +transmission powers of various substances, Professor Röntgen tried the effect of the rays upon the photographic plate, and found it possible to fix there the images that he had seen upon the fluorescent screen. @@ -539,7 +518,7 @@ closed and broken at the induction coil, which transforms it into a high-tension current capable of producing electric sparks, and giving exceedingly painful if not fatal electric shocks. Wires convey this high-tension current from the coil to the terminals of the Crookes tube, -where the Röntgen rays are produced whenever the current is turned on. +where the Röntgen rays are produced whenever the current is turned on. In the figure the plate-holder is shown only a few inches from the tube, where the effect of the rays is strong. @@ -567,17 +546,17 @@ of the neck are visible. In like manner the leg is interesting. The transparency of the flesh makes it possible to show the presence and location in the body of foreign substances. Bullets, needles, and bits -of glass have already been located by means of Röntgen ray photographs, +of glass have already been located by means of Röntgen ray photographs, and afterwards removed by a surgical operation. It is curious that the part of the eye which is transparent to the light, and through which light passes to reach and affect the optic -nerve, is nearly opaque to the Röntgen rays. Vision by means of these +nerve, is nearly opaque to the Röntgen rays. Vision by means of these rays would therefore be impossible, even if the optic nerve were sensitive to them. But suppose these rays could excite vision. What should we see? Holding -a purse between the eye and a Röntgen ray source, we should see the +a purse between the eye and a Röntgen ray source, we should see the coins within it. If a person stepped in the path of the ray we should see his bony skeleton. We might see something of his internal organs; perhaps we could see his heart beat. A broken bone could be seen, and @@ -589,22 +568,22 @@ between you and a camp fire. In daylight objects become visible by means of the light which falls upon them and is reflected to the eye. This brings out the detail of the -visible surface. But the Röntgen rays are scarcely at all reflected, and +visible surface. But the Röntgen rays are scarcely at all reflected, and even if they produced vision, objects would become visible only as they intercepted the rays. They would not be illuminated as they are illuminated by rays of light, and only outlines, therefore, would be seen. Even fluorescent bodies which appear light under the action of the -Röntgen rays are not really illuminated, but are rendered luminous--that +Röntgen rays are not really illuminated, but are rendered luminous--that is, are made to shine by their own light. When bodies opaque to the rays are placed before the fluorescent screen, merely a shadow is seen on it. So the photographs or "radiographs" obtained are only shadows, but they are not the flat featureless shadows of the "shadow pictures" often introduced as an entertainment at social gatherings, when the identity of the person casting the shadow is often impossible to make out. Few -substances are entirely opaque to the Röntgen rays, hence the shadows +substances are entirely opaque to the Röntgen rays, hence the shadows of thicker portions of an object will be deeper than of the thinner portions, and the shadow becomes a shaded picture that may give details -of the surfaces of the object. A Röntgen ray shadow of an aluminum medal +of the surfaces of the object. A Röntgen ray shadow of an aluminum medal may show the design stamped upon the surface. The shading effect is well shown in the bones of the pigeon. @@ -612,11 +591,11 @@ But if there are few substances entirely opaque to the newly discovered rays, there appear to be none that are entirely transparent. Even in air the rays appear to be rapidly absorbed, so that an extremely powerful apparatus is required for producing effects at any distance. Air seems -to behave toward the Röntgen rays much as fog behaves to light, and it +to behave toward the Röntgen rays much as fog behaves to light, and it seems unlikely that effects can be procured at any great distance, perhaps not more than one hundred feet from the source. -It would be rash to attempt to predict the future of the Röntgen ray. +It would be rash to attempt to predict the future of the Röntgen ray. The uses to which it may be applied in surgery have already been hinted at in this article. The transparency of wood makes it possible to inspect the work of a carpenter, and determine whether the work hidden @@ -643,7 +622,7 @@ It has been proved that they pass quite freely through the lungs, but if tubercules are present they stop the rays. Might not the touch of the flowing streams dissipate the tuberculosis growth and restore health? Questions like these are coming up for solution, and experimenters are -seeking the answers. The study of the Röntgen ray has just begun. What +seeking the answers. The study of the Röntgen ray has just begun. What may not the next few months bring forth? @@ -1590,7 +1569,7 @@ native or Arab authority, were wiped out. A part of the Lualaba, or western head stream of the Congo, was found to have no counterpart in Africa. The narrow gorge, forty-three miles long, through which it flows, walled in by perpendicular rock masses rising a quarter of a mile -above the stream, resembles our great Western cañons. In these few years +above the stream, resembles our great Western cañons. In these few years nearly all of our notions of Congo hydrography away from the main stream were completely changed. @@ -2887,7 +2866,7 @@ That Clever Kink. Did you find out how much that nobleman was worth? The answer is: -£21,459. It is found by taking all of the letters in the passage quoted +£21,459. It is found by taking all of the letters in the passage quoted that are employed in the Roman notation--I, V, X, L, C, D, M--setting down their value in the Arabic notation, and adding all together. @@ -2897,7 +2876,7 @@ The Music Rack. Good Stories about Chopin. - Frédéric François Chopin, born 1809, died 1849, very early showed + Frédéric François Chopin, born 1809, died 1849, very early showed his sensitiveness to music, when only a baby prevailing upon his parents to allow him to share the lessons given to his eldest sister. Many tales are told of his performances as a child, but @@ -2907,10 +2886,10 @@ Good Stories about Chopin. Gyrowetz's piano-forte concerto, and a few hours before he was put on a chair, and there dressed with more than ordinary care, being arrayed in a new jacket with an ornamented collar specially ordered - for the occasion. When the concert was over Frédéric returned to + for the occasion. When the concert was over Frédéric returned to his mother, who had not been present; she asked him what the public liked best. "Oh, mamma, everybody looked only at my collar!" Little - Frédéric could do almost anything he wished with the piano, and all + Frédéric could do almost anything he wished with the piano, and all his life, when in happy moods, he was fond of weaving fanciful fairy tales and romances in music so beautiful and real that the listeners were able to follow and understand by the mere tones @@ -2918,11 +2897,11 @@ Good Stories about Chopin. One evening his father was away, and there arose a tremendous hubbub among the pupils which the assistant master was quite - powerless to quell. Frédéric came in, saw how things were, and + powerless to quell. Frédéric came in, saw how things were, and good-naturedly sat down to the piano. Calling the other boys around him, he promised, if they kept quite still, to tell them a new and most thrilling story on the piano. This at once quieted them. - Frédéric extinguished all the lights (for he was all his life fond + Frédéric extinguished all the lights (for he was all his life fond of playing in the dark). Then he sat down to the piano and began his story. @@ -2934,7 +2913,7 @@ Good Stories about Chopin. that the sleep was not only in his story, but had overcome his listeners. On this he crept out noiselessly to tell his mother and sisters what had happened, and then went back with them to the room - with a light. Every one of the boys was fast asleep. Frédéric + with a light. Every one of the boys was fast asleep. Frédéric returned to the piano, struck some noisy chords, the enchantment was over, and all the sleepers were rubbing their eyes and wondering what was the matter. @@ -3278,363 +3257,4 @@ YOUNG AMERICA ABROAD. 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