diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55774-0.txt | 1471 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55774-0.zip | bin | 23308 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55774-h.zip | bin | 122934 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55774-h/55774-h.htm | 1948 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55774-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 82682 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55774-h/images/i_logo.jpg | bin | 29954 -> 0 bytes |
9 files changed, 17 insertions, 3419 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97c57ed --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55774 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55774) diff --git a/old/55774-0.txt b/old/55774-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index ed1a279..0000000 --- a/old/55774-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1471 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Law of Storms, by John Ross - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Law of Storms - The various phenomena by which their approach can be - ascertained with certainty, and practical directions to - mariners for the avoidance of their fury, compiled from - various sources - -Author: John Ross - -Release Date: October 19, 2017 [EBook #55774] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAW OF STORMS *** - - - - -Produced by MFR, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -Transcriber's Notes: - - Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other - variations in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered. - Underscores "_" before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Equal signs "=" before and after a word or phrase indicate =bold= - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - - - - - =PAPER AND STATIONERY= - =Warehouse=. - - =JOHN G. HODGE & CO=., - Cor. Sansome and Sacramento sts., - - SAN FRANCISCO. - IMPORTING AND MANUFACTURING - - =STATIONERS=, - - Keep Blank Books, Stationery, School Books, Cheap Publications, - LOG BOOKS, Shipping Articles, Rolls - of Sale of Vessels, etc., etc. - - =The Best Grades at Lowest Prices=. - - G. W. BREWER. M. P. McLAUGHLIN. - - =McLAUGHLIN & BREWER=, - - =REAL ESTATE= - =AGENTS=, - - No. 328 MONTGOMERY STREET, - (Office No. 9,) - SAN FRANCISCO. - - - - - =THE LAW OF STORMS:= - - THE VARIOUS PHENOMENA BY WHICH THEIR APPROACH - CAN BE ASCERTAINED WITH CERTAINTY, AND - PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS TO MARINERS - FOR THE AVOIDANCE - OF THEIR FURY. - - COMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES - - BY - =CAPT. JOHN ROSS=. - - [Illustration] - - A. ROMAN & COMPANY, - BOOKSELLERS, PUBLISHERS AND IMPORTERS, - 417 and 119 Montgomery Street, San Francisco. - 27 HOWARD ST., NEW YORK. - - 1869. - - Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, - - BY CAPT. JOHN ROSS, - - In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States - for the Northern District of California. - - Printed by SPAULDING & BARTO, - MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS JOB OFFICE, - 414 Clay Street, San Francisco. - - - - -ON HURRICANES AND THE LAW OF STORMS. - - -In the Northern Hemisphere, when the Polar and Equatorial currents of -air are alternating with each other, the regular shifting of the wind -round the compass will be through S., S.W., W., N.W., N., N.E., E., -S.E., S.—and the changes will take place oftener between south and -west, and between north and east, than between west and north, and -between east and south. - -Similarly in the Southern Hemisphere, it may be inferred that when -Polar currents of air alternate with Equatorial, the regular shifting -of the wind round the compass will be successive through S., S.E., E., -N.E., N., N.W., W., S.W., S. - -This is Dove’s “Law of Gyration,” (or the law of the rotation of -winds). And collecting the main points into a few general propositions, -it may be laid down, that all steady winds are modified by the rotation -of the earth, in such a manner that Equatorial currents of air receive -a westerly deflection, and Polar currents an easterly deflection; but -latitudinal currents suffer no change. The N.E. and S.E. Trade Winds -are steady Polar currents. The Monsoons are alternations of a Polar and -an Equatorial current, twice during the year. Therefore they are N.E. -and S.W. in the Northern Hemisphere, and S.E. and N.W. in the Southern -Hemisphere. - -The S.W. passage winds of the Northern Hemisphere, and the N.W. passage -winds of the Southern Hemisphere, are Equatorial currents. - -Bodies of air set in motion from a state of rest, turn the wind-vane in -the direction of the meridian as follows: - -The Polar current in the Northern Hemisphere from N. to E. - -The Polar current in the Southern Hemisphere from S. to E. - -The Equatorial current in the Northern Hemisphere from S. to W. - -The Equatorial current in the Southern Hemisphere from N. to W. - -In general the winds in the Northern Hemisphere are as follows: - -Those from N. to E. the Polar currents. - -Those from E. to S. the transition of the Polar to the Equatorial. - -Those from S. to W. the Equatorial current. - -Those from W. to N. the transition of the Equatorial to the Polar. - -Also, in the Southern hemisphere, the winds are as follows: - -Those from S. to E. the Polar currents. - -Those from E. to N. the transition of the Polar to the Equatorial. - -Those from N. to W. the Equatorial current. - -Those from E. to S. the transition of the Equatorial to the Polar. - -Thus, a complete revolution of the wind-vane in the Northern Hemisphere -is therefore S.W., N.E., S. with the sun, and in the Southern Hemisphere -the rotation is S.E., N.W., S., with the sun, also, in that region. - -When the course of a steady wind is obstructed in such a manner as to -produce a Hurricane, or Cyclone, the wind has a rotary or whirling -motion (as it were, on an axis), while the storm itself has a -progressive motion. - -N. B.—The rotation of the wind during a hurricane, in the Northern -Hemisphere, is in a direction contrary to that in which the hands of a -watch move. In the Southern Hemisphere, the rotation is in the same -direction as that of the hands of a watch. And hence the following -shiftings of the vane: In the Northern Hemisphere, when the vortex -(or center) of the storm passes to the westward of the place of -observation, the rotation is S.W., N.E., S., with the sun; when the -vortex passes to the eastward of the place of observation, the rotation -is S.E., N.W., S., against the sun. - -In the Southern Hemisphere, if the vortex passes to the westward of the -place of observation, the rotation is S.E., N.W., S., with the sun. - -If the vortex passes to the eastward of the place of observation, the -rotation is S.W., N.E., S., against the sun. - - -On Hurricanes or Cyclones. - -Thus, in both Hemispheres, the passage of an equatorial whirlwind -storm on the west side of the place of observation produces normal -revolutions in accordance with the law of gyration; while, on the other -hand, its passage on the east side produces anomalous revolutions -contrary to the law of gyration. When the vortex of a whirlwind storm -passes over the place of observation, the vane may shift from one -direction to that immediately opposite to it. - -Generally, if the whirlwind storm is an equatorial one in the Northern -Hemisphere, it progresses from S.E. to N.W. in the Torrid Zone; it -recurves at the outer edge of the N.E. trade wind, and thence moves -from S.W. to N.E. But in the Southern Hemisphere an equatorial storm -moves first from N.E. to S.W.; recurves at the outer edge of the S.E. -trade wind, and then advances from N.W. to S.E.—bearing in mind -the direction of the rotation of the wind in each hemisphere, viz: -against watch hands in the Northern, but with watch hands in the -Southern Hemisphere. Certain portions of the storms are characterized -by certain hurricane winds, and dividing the storm by diameters drawn -from the northern to the southern margin, and again from the eastern -to the western margin, we find that in the Northern Hemisphere, on the -northern margin, the wind will be easterly; on the eastern margin, -southerly; on the southern margin, westerly; and on the western margin, -northerly;—each portion of the cyclone possessing its appropriate wind. - -The relations of the winds to the margin in the Southern Hemisphere, -will be exactly the reverse of their relation in the Northern. Thus: It -is the southern margin of the storm south of the Equator, that exhibits -an easterly; the western margin a southerly; the northern margin a -westerly, and the eastern margin a northerly wind. Hence, each portion -of the hurricane having its appropriate wind, there results, according -to the law of the rotation of revolving gales, a very simple rule for -determining the bearing of the center of the storm from the ship, viz: -Look to the wind’s eye and set its bearing by compass, the _eighth_ -point to the right thereof when in the Northern Hemisphere; but to the -left of the wind’s direction when in the Southern Hemisphere, will be -the bearing of the storm’s center. Thus, in the Northern Hemisphere, -from an easterly wind, which characterizes the northern margin of the -storm, its center will bear south; from a northerly wind the center -will bear east; from a westerly wind it will bear north, and from a -southerly wind, west. But in the Southern Hemisphere, from an easterly -wind, the center of the storm bears north; from a southerly wind the -center bears east; from a westerly wind, south; and from a northerly -wind, west. - -The above rule is perfectly clear and definite; but as it is especially -important to avoid the center of the storm,—its most dangerous -part,—the following table shows at a glance its relative bearing in -each Hemisphere. - - ═════════════════════════════════╦══════════════════════════════════ - IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. ║ IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. - ─────────────┬───────────────────╫─────────────┬──────────────────── - If the wind │ The center of the ║ If the wind │ The center of the - be— │ storm will bear ║ be— │ storm will bear - │ from the ship— ║ │ from the ship— - ─────────────┼───────────────────╫─────────────┼──────────────────── - North. │ East. ║ North. │ West. - N by E │ E by S ║ N by E │ W by N - NNE │ ESE ║ NNE │ WNW - NE by N │ SE by E ║ NE by N │ NW by W - NE │ SE ║ NE │ NW - NE by E │ SE by S ║ NE by E │ NW by N - ENE │ SSE ║ ENE │ NNW - E by N │ S by E ║ E by N │ N by W - East. │ South. ║ East. │ North. - E by S │ S by W ║ E by S │ N by E - ESE │ SSW ║ ESE │ NNE - SE by E │ SW by S ║ SE by E │ NE by N - SE │ SW ║ SE │ NE - SE by S │ SW by W ║ SE by S │ NE by E - SSE │ WSW ║ SSE │ ENE - S by E │ W by S ║ S by E │ E by N - South. │ West. ║ South. │ East. - S by W │ W by N ║ S by W │ E by S - SSW │ WNW ║ SSW │ ESE - SW by S │ NW by W ║ SW by S │ SE by E - SW │ NW ║ SW │ SE - SW by W │ NW by N ║ SW by W │ SE by S - WSW │ NNW ║ WSW │ SSE - W by S │ N by W ║ W by S │ S by E - West. │ North. ║ West. │ South. - W by N │ N by E ║ W by N │ S by W - WNW │ NNE ║ WNW │ SSW - NW by W │ NE by N ║ NW by W │ SW by S - NW │ NE ║ NW │ SW - NW by N │ NE by E ║ NW by N │ SW by W - NNW │ ENE ║ NNW │ WSW - N by W │ E by N ║ N by W │ W by S - ─────────────┴───────────────────╨─────────────┴──────────────────── - -The path which the axis of rotation describes is not inappropriately -termed the “Axis Line.” On the “Axis Line” there is no change of wind -until the center has passed, when, after a brief interval of calm, the -wind springs up with great fury from the opposite quarter. - -It has been remarked by Piddington, “that he who watches his barometer, -watches his ship.” This invaluable instrument, if well understood, -invariably announces the approach of a revolving storm; shows whether -the vessel is plunging into the vortex, or if she be receding from -it; and hence, by carefully noticing its indications, the disastrous -consequences of a hurricane may, to a great extent, be avoided,—for -the laws of its oscillations are very distinctly marked. The barometer -often stands unusually high before the commencement of a cyclone, and -frequently (if not always) just around the storm. And conceiving the -cyclone to be divided into two parts by a diameter at right angles -to its path, it may be noted that the barometer always falls during -the passage of the advancing semi-circle of a revolving storm. The -barometer always rises during the passage of the receding semi-circle -of a revolving storm. In cases of manɶuvering to take advantage of the -hurricane winds, and to keep just within the verge of the storm, the -barometer is of signal benefit,—it should be kept as high as possible, -without losing the wind. In whatever position the ship may be, the -rising of the mercury announces that the first (or dangerous) half of -the storm has passed. - -The barometer is a faithful guide in the zone of the Trade Winds. -Its ordinary variations are so small that any deviation from its -normal height requires attention. Its fluctuations are larger beyond -the Tropics; but the indications are scarcely less certain if used -in conjunction with the thermometer and hygrometer,—hence, more -watchfulness is required on the part of the navigator; and it is of the -utmost importance to have such a knowledge of the Law of Storms, of -storm instruments, and of the signs of the weather, as to be able to -detect the presence of a hurricane or cyclone, when as yet sky and sea -betoken but little of that blind fury, during the height of which it is -so difficult to guide the vessel in safety. One great advantage of such -knowledge is a quick apprehension of the indications which forewarn, to -make all snug in time. - -The meteorological signs indicating the approach of a hurricane or -cyclone, have been collected from various sources by Mr. Birt, and are -enumerated and classed according as the phenomena may be presented to -the external sensations of feeling, sight, or hearing. - - -METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE FEELINGS. - - 1. A sultry, oppressive state of the atmosphere. - 2. A calm. - - -METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE EYE. - - 1. A remarkably clear state of the atmosphere, so that the stars - may be seen to rise and set with nearly the same distinctness as - the sun and moon. - - 2. A peculiar white appearance in the zenith, more or less of a - circular form. - - 3. A remarkably red or fiery appearance of the sky. This is not - unfrequently of such intensity as to tinge all the surrounding - objects with a deep crimson; and when this is seen there can be no - question that the violent portion of the cyclone is not far from - the vessel. When this red light is seen at night, the impression - on the seaman’s mind is that day has broken before its time. - - 4. A peculiar coloring of the clouds, more especially of an olive - green. This is generally the precursor of a most violent and - terrific hurricane. - - 5. A thick, hazy appearance in that quarter of the horizon in - which the cyclone is raging. - - 6. A remarkable and peculiar appearance of the heavenly bodies. - When shining through a haze they are said to shine with a pale, - sickly light, and are not unfrequently surrounded by rings of - light, or halos. Some observers describe the stars “as looking - big, with burs about them”; others speak of their “dancing,” and - generally they have been noticed as being remarkably bright and - twinkling. - - 7. The sun, on some occasions, has exhibited a blue appearance, - and white objects have been seen of a decided light blue color. - The sun has also been observed of a pale and somewhat similar - appearance to that of the full moon. - - 8. A dense, heavy bank of cloud in the direction of the hurricane. - - 9. A peculiar appalling appearance in this bank, more particularly - as if it were a solid wall, drawing down upon and closing around - the ship. - - 10. A darting forward of portions of this bank, as if torn - into rags and shreds by some violent force, and driven before, - not borne, by the wind. When this indication - is distinctly recognized, a run of about two hours toward the - center will involve the vessel in a destructive hurricane. - 11. A peculiar motion exhibited by small bodies, as branches - of trees when agitated by the wind, consisting of an apparent - whirling, not a bending forward, as if bent by a stream of air. - - 12. Lightning of a remarkable columnar character, shooting up in - stalks from the horizon with a dull glare; also like flashes from - a gun, and sparks from a flint and steel. - - -METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED BY THE EAR. - - 1. A distant roar (probably of the hurricane itself) as of wind - rushing through a hollow vault. - - 2. A peculiar moaning of the wind, indicative of the close - proximity of the violent portion of the hurricane. - - -THE METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA ACCOMPANYING A REVOLVING STORM -MAY ALSO BE ENUMERATED THUS: - - 1. A very rapid motion of the air constituting the hurricane, and - increasing in velocity as the center is approached. - - 2. A fitful variation of intensity in the force of the wind, which - sometimes blows with fearful violence, carrying away everything - that opposes its progress; then sinking to a gentle breeze, or - even lulling to a calm, but almost immediately afterwards - springing up with greater violence than before. The hurricane - winds are nearly if not entirely, without exception, puffy, - violent, and blowing in gusts. - - 3. An immense condensation of aqueous vapor, forming large banks - of cloud, which precipitate torrents of rain. The condensation - appears to be so exceedingly rapid that large quantities of - electricity are generally developed, giving rise to incessant - flashes of lightning. - - 4. A general darkness, and gloominess within the area of the cyclone, - relieved only by the fitful glare of the lightning, or the - appearance of the imperfect circle of light near the center or - axis of the storm. - - 5. A separation of the clouds in or near the center of the hurricane, - so as to produce in the immediate neighborhood of the axis a clear - sky, through which the sun and stars are often seen with great - brilliancy. - - 6. A calm in the center of the cyclone. - - -INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING OR EXISTING HURRICANES, MANIFESTED BY THE -OCEAN, OF ESPECIAL UTILITY TO VESSELS AT ANCHOR IN ROADSTEADS. - - 1. A swell, produced by the storm-wave, rolling in upon the shore, - at first of a gentle character. The direction of this swell will - pretty surely indicate the bearing of the storm, and its changes - will point out in some localities the course the hurricane may be - pursuing. - - 2. A swell rolling in, without changing its direction, may be - regarded as indicative of a hurricane approaching the shore. - The same phenomenon met with at sea (the ship’s course being - taken into account) will indicate the bearing down of the - cyclone on the vessel. - - 3. A dirty green appearance of the ocean; on some occasions its - assuming a muddy or brown color, on others its being remarkably - clear, its temperature increasing, and its swellings stronger - than at other times,—are all indications of the proximity of - a cyclone. - -The area over which these rotary storms have been known to expand, -varies from 30 to 40 to 1,000 miles; but while the diameter, so long -as the storm is within the tropics, expands but very gradually, it -suddenly increases in a remarkable manner after recurving. The rate at -which they travel on their onward course also varies greatly, not only -in different parts of the globe, but even in the same locality, and -at the same season. Generally, however, the rapidity with which the -vortex of the hurricane progresses is greater as the storm recurves -on reaching the outer edge of the trade winds. Thus, the hurricane of -August, 1853, traversed 6,276 English miles in about twelve days, with -a mean progressive velocity of twenty-six miles per hour; but after it -arrived at the Banks of Newfoundland this velocity was increased to -about fifty miles per hour. - -Within the area of the cyclone the moving body of air frequently -attains a rotatory velocity of from seventy to one hundred miles -an hour. - - -TABLE SHOWING THE DIFFERENT MONTHS OF THE YEAR IN WHICH HURRICANES AND -CYCLONES HAVE BEEN RECORDED IN VARIOUS REGIONS. - - ══════════════════════╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══╤═══ - LOCALITY. │Jan│Feb│Mar│Apr│May│Jun│Jul│Aug│Sep│Oct│Nov│Dec - ──────────────────────┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼───┼─── - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - No. Atlantic and W.I. │ 5 │ 7 │ 11│ 6 │ 5 │ 10│ 42│ 96│ 80│ 69│ 17│ 7 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - South’n Indian Ocean │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - & Mauritius. │ 9 │ 15│ 15│ 8 │ 4 │ │ │ │ 1 │ 1 │ 4 │ 6 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - North’n Indian Ocean; │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Bay of Bengal— │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - N.E. Monsoon. │ 1 │ │ 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 12│ 7 │ 6 - S.W. Monsoon. │ │ │ │ 6 │ 16│ 4 │ 1 │ 2 │ 1 │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Arabian Sea & Bomb’y— │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - N.E. Monsoon. │ 1 │ 1 │ 1 │ │ │ │ │ │ 8 │ 12│ 9 │ 5 - S.W. Monsoon. │ │ │ │ 5 │ 9 │ 2 │ 4 │ 5 │ │ │ │ - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - China Sea and North │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Pacific— │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - (western part). │ │ 1 │ │ │ 2 │ 2 │ 12│ 5 │ 18│ 14│ 12│ 1 - │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Java Sea and Northwest│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ - Coast of Australia. │ 3 │ 5 │ 1 │ 1 │ 2 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 2 - ──────────────────────┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴───┴─── - -From this table it appears that the hurricane seasons in the several -localities are as follows: - - 1. In the North Atlantic, from June to November, the greater number - occurring in July, August, September, and October. - - 2. In the Bay of Bengal they are most prevalent in October, November - and December, when the N. E. Monsoon is strongest; they occur also - during the S. W. Monsoon, especially in April, May or June. - - 3. In the Arabian Sea they have been experienced during both - Monsoons. - - 4. In the China Sea they are prevalent on the coast between June and - October; but in the central part of that sea during September, - October and November. - - 5. In the Southern Indian Ocean they may be expected between November - and April, but they are most prevalent during January, February - and March. - - 6. In the Java Sea, and on the N. W. Coast of Australia they have - been recorded during December, January and February. - - -RULES FOR TRIMMING THE SHIP IN A HURRICANE. - -Piddington long ago said: “That all positive rules tend to mislead.” -Every ship must have its own peculiar management depending on the four -great elements of the problem, which are— - - 1. The ship and her sea room. - - 2. The track of the cyclone. - - 3. Its rate of traveling. - - 4. The ship’s run and drift. - -While, on the part of the commander, caution and watchfulness are -essentially requisite, still all the circumstances being favorable, -rules may be given in a very brief compass for trimming a vessel to -the hurricane winds. These are embodied in the following tables. Where -the directions of the wind vane, as set down in the first column are -tangents to the whirlwind in its course, these indicate the quarter -from which the storm sets in. The points of the compass in the second -column show the position of the storm’s center as regards the vessel. -The fourth column gives the direction in which to steer when the wind -shifts as indicated in the third column; but if it shifts as indicated -in the fifth column, then bear away as told in the sixth column. - - - I.—FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. - - ═════════════════╤═══════════╤═════════════╤════════╤══════════════╤══ - Direction of wind│ If the │And the wind │ │ But if the │ - at commencem’t │ center │ shifts from │ Steer │ wind shifts │ - of storm │(or vortex)│ │ │ from │ - │ Bears │ │ │ │ - ─────────────────┼───────────┼─────────────┼────────┼──────────────┼── - North. │ East. │ N to W │ South. │ N to E │ - N by E │ E by S │ N by E to N │ S by W │ N by E to E │ - NNE │ ESE │ NNE to N │ SSW │ NNE to E │ - NE by N │ SE by E │ NE by N to N│ SW by S│ NE by N to E │ - NE │ SE │ NE to N │ SW │ NE to E │ - NE by E │ SE by S │ NE by E to N│ SW by W│ NE by E to E │ † - ENE │ SSE │ ENE to N │ WSW │ ENE to E │ - E by N │ S by E │ E by N to N │ W by S │ E by N to E │ † - East. │ South. │ E to N │ West. │ E to S │ - E by S │ S by W │ E by S to E │ W by N │ E by S to S │ † - ESE │ SSW │ ESE to E │ WNW │ ESE to S │ - SE by E │ SW by S │ SE by E to E│ NW by W│ SE by E to S │ † - SE │ SW │ SE to E │ NW │ SE to S │ - SE by S │ SW by W │ SE by S to E│ NW by N│ SE by S to S │ † - SSE │ WSW │ SSE to E │ NNW │ SSE to S │ - S by E │ W by S │ S by E to E │ N by W │ S by E to S │ - South. │ West. │ S to E │ North. │ S to W │ - S by W │ W by N │ S by W to S │ N by E │ S by W to W │ - SSW │ WNW │ SSW to S │ NNE │ SSW to W │ - SW by S │ NW by W │ SW by S to S│ NE by N│ SW by S to W │ - SW │ NW │ SW to S │ NE │ SW to W │ - ─────────────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴──────────────┴── - - Transcriber’s Note: - † † † † † stands for: - “Put the ship on the Starboard Tack.” - Printed vertically in 6th column. - - -II.—FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. - - ═════════════════╤═══════════╤═════════════╤════════╤═════════════╤══ - Direction of wind│ If the │And the wind │ │But if the │ - at commencem’t │ center │ shifts from │ Steer │ wind shifts │ - of storm │(or vortex)│ │ │ from │ - │ Bears │ │ │ │ - ─────────────────┼───────────┼─────────────┼────────┼─────────────┼── - South. │ East. │ S to W │ North. │ S to E │ - S by E │ E by N │ S by E to S │ N by W │ S by E to E │ - SSE │ ENE │ SSE to S │ NNW │ SSE to E │ - SE by S │ NE by E │ SE by S to S│ NW by N│ SE by S to E│ - SE │ NE │ SE to S │ NW │ SE to E │ - SE by E │ NE by N │ SE by E to S│ NW by W│ SE by E to E│ † - ESE │ NNE │ ESE to S │ WNW │ ESE to E │ - E by S │ N by E │ E by S to S │ W by N │ E by S to E │ † - East. │ North. │ E to S │ West. │ E to N │ - E by N │ N by W │ E by N to E │ W by S │ E by N to N │ † - ENE │ NNW │ ENE to E │ WSW │ ENE to N │ - NE by E │ NW by N │ NE by E to E│ SW by W│ NE by E to N│ † - NE │ NW │ NE to E │ SW │ NE to N │ - NE by N │ NW by W │ NE by N to E│ SW by S│ NE by N to N│ † - NNE │ WNW │ NNE to E │ SSW │ NNE to N │ - N by E │ W by N │ N by E to E │ S by W │ N by E to N │ - North. │ West. │ N to E │ South. │ N to W │ - N by W │ W by S │ N by W to N │ S by E │ N by W to W │ - NNW │ WSW │ NNW to N │ SSE │ NNW to W │ - NW by N │ SW by W │ NW by N to N│ SE by S│ NW by N to W│ - NW │ SW │ NW to N │ SE │ NW to W │ - ─────────────────┴───────────┴─────────────┴────────┴─────────────┴── - - Transcriber’s Note: - † † † † † stands for: - “Put the ship on the Starboard Tack.” - Printed vertically in 6th column. - - -ADMIRAL FITZROY’S INSTRUCTIONS ON THE USE OF THE BAROMETER IN NORTH -LATITUDE. - - -THE BAROMETER RISES: - -For northerly wind (including from N. W. by the north to the eastward), -for dry, or less wet weather, for less wind, or for more than one of -these changes—except on a few occasions when rain (or snow) comes from -the northward, with strong wind. - - -A THERMOMETER FALLS: - -For change of wind towards any of the above directions. - - -THE BAROMETER FALLS: - -For southerly wind (including from S. E. by the south to the westward) -for wet weather, for stronger wind, or for more than one of these -changes—except on a few occasions when moderate wind with rain (or -snow) comes from the northward. - - -A THERMOMETER RISES: - -For change of wind towards the upper directions only. Moisture or -dampness in the air (shown by a hygrometer) increases before or with -rain, fog or dew. - - ══════════════════════════════════╦══════════════════════════════════ - On Barometer Scales the following ║ And the following Summary may - contractions may be useful in ║ be useful generally throughout - in North Latitudes. ║ the world. - ─────────────────┬────────────────╫─────────────────┬──────────────── - Rise for │ Fall for ║ Rise for │ Fall for - NE by NW-N-E │ SW by SE-S-W ║ Cold, dry or │ Warm, wet or - Dry or less │ Wet or more ║ less wind │ more wind - wind—except │ wind—except ║ —except wet │ —except wet - wet from NE │ wet from NE ║ from cold side. │ from cold side. - ─────────────────┴────────────────╨─────────────────┴──────────────── - -In south latitudes substitute south or southward for north, northward, -etc. - - - - - =ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT= - - - =THOMAS TENNENT=, - - =CHRONOMETER= - —AND— - =NAUTICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER=, - - BATTERY STREET, OPPOSITE THE CUSTOM HOUSE, - SAN FRANCISCO. - - ESTABLISHED IN 1850. - - DEPOT FOR - U. S. Government Chronometers. - - U. S. AGENCY FOR - Government Charts of Pacific Coast and Harbors. - - CHRONOMETERS carefully rated by - TRANSIT OBSERVATIONS. - - Repairs or Cleaning of CHRONOMETERS, WATCHES or - NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS executed in the best manner, under his - personal supervision, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed. - - A full supply constantly kept of CHARTS of all parts of the world, - NAUTICAL BOOKS, NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS, etc., etc. - - =No Runners Employed=. - - Orders left at the store promptly attended to. - - - - - =JAMES CURTIS & CO=., - =MARINE DRUG STORE=. - - WHOLESALE AND RETAIL - DRUGGISTS, - - Corner Stewart and Market Streets, - SAN FRANCISCO. - - Particular attention paid to replenishing SHIPS’ MEDICINE CHESTS - with PURE MEDICINE. A good assortment of Medicine Chests always - on hand and for sale at reasonable prices. Also, - - =PURE WINES AND LIQUORS=, - Of our own importation, for sale in large or small quantities. - - JAMES CURTIS & CO. - - - - - =Merchants’ Mutual Marine Insurance Company= - =OF SAN FRANCISCO=. - - ORGANIZED April 8, 1863. - CAPITAL, PAID UP $500,000. - - Office—406 California Street, San Francisco. - - =NO FIRE RISKS= - - Disconnected with Marine Insured by this Company. - - =LOSSES PAID PROMPTLY IN U. S. GOLD COIN=. - - BOARD OF DIRECTORS.—C. L. Taylor, F. Roeding, - Isaac E. Davis, J. B. Scotchler, A. M. Simson, - James Irvine, Jabez Howes, A. L. Tubbs, C. Adolphe Low, - W. J. Adams, R. E. Raimond, James P. Flint, H. B. Williams. - - J. B. SCOTCHLER, President, - JABEZ HOWES, Vice-President. - E. W. BOURNE, Secretary, - - =This Company is Engaged Exclusively in Marine Insurance=. - - - - - FIRE AND MARINE. - - ALL LOSSES PAID IN UNITED STATES GOLD COIN. - - =THE CALIFORNIA INSURANCE COMPANY=, - Office, 318 California Street, - - Three doors east from Sansome San Francisco. - - =Capital paid up, $200,000=. - =Assets, $309,000=. - - C. T. HOPKINS, Pres. H. B. TICHENOR, Vice-Pres. - Z. CROWELL, Secretary. - - - - - =BLAKISTON & BERWICK=, - =Sail Makers=, - - No. 6 Clay Street, near East, - SAN FRANCISCO. - - Sails, Tents, Awnings, etc., - Made to order. - - =SAILS REPAIRED, BOUGHT AND SOLD=. - - Materials furnished at the Lowest Market Prices. - Work done with dispatch—neatly, substantially, - and on the most reasonable terms. - - =Orders Respectfully Solicited and Promptly Attended to=. - - - - - =W. S. PHELPS & CO=. - =Ship Smiths=, - - 13 and 15 Drumm street, - (Bet. Sacramento and California) - SAN FRANCISCO. - - ALL KINDS OF - =Ship and Steamboat Blacksmithing= - - Executed at the shortest notice, - And on the most Reasonable Terms. - - - - - =SAN FRANCISCO= - =Screw Bolt Works=, - - PHELPS BROTHERS, Propr’s, - - Manufacturers of all kinds of - =MACHINE BOLTS, BRIDGE BOLTS=, - =SHIP OR BAND BOLTS=, - - Sets of Car Bolts, Set Screws or Tap Bolts, Lag Screws, - Wrought or Cold Punched Nuts, Turn buckles, - Bolt Ends, Etc., Etc. - - =13 and 15 DRUMM STREET=, - SAN FRANCISCO. - - - - - =J. CHADBOURNE’S= - =Steam Ship Bread= - =AND CRACKER BAKERY=, - - Manufactory, Oregon street, between Front and Davis, - Office, 441 JACKSON STREET, - SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. - - ALL ORDERS FOR - =Pilot and Navy Bread and Crackers=, - Of every description promptly attended to. - - =BAKER’S EXTRA & SUPERFINE FLOUR FOR SALE=. - - - - - =THE PACIFIC= - =PUMP MANUFACTURING COMPANY= - - No. 213 California street, San Francisco. - - =THE AMERICAN SUBMERGED= - =Ship Pump=. - - BOSTON, January 17, 1868. - - GENTS—I have with great interest examined your American - Submerged Ship Pump in full operation. I consider it the best - Pump I have ever seen, as to the steady and large volume of water - delivered, its simplicity, and great labor saved, which is the - desideratum on ship board. No clapper getting off. No packing. No - drawing of boxes to clear the clapper, and placed below freezing - point. As to force and head pumps on board ship, it cannot be - equalled. _It is the pump_. My opinion is based upon - _over half a century’s_ experience on shipboard. - - JOHN DEVEREUX, - Surveyor American Lloyds. - - - - - =THE CALIFORNIA= - =Dry Dock Company=, - - San Francisco, California, U. S. - - Notice to Ship Owners, Agents, Consignees, and Masters - - =THE COMPANY’S DRY DOCKS=, - Situate at HUNTER’S POINT, San Francisco, are now completed - and in successful operation, and afford every facility for - the Docking and Repair of all classes of STEAM and - SAILING VESSELS. - - =THE GRAVING DOCK=, - Excavated in the solid rock, and finished in the most - substantial manner, is of the following dimensions: Extreme - length, 450 feet, length on blocks, 416 feet; width at the - top, 120 feet; depth, 30 feet; width at entrance, 90 feet. - At mean high tide will take in a ship drawing 22 feet without - lightening. - - This Dock is fitted with a Caisson Gate, and is supplied with - two powerful Centrifugal Steam Pumps, capable of pumping out - the dock in two hours. - - =THE FLOATING DRY DOCK=, - Will receive vessels of 1500 tons measurement and under. The - Dock is 82 feet in width, and 210 feet in length; is built - of the soundest Oregon Pine, thoroughly braced and bolted, - and is furnished with all the requisites for Docking a Ship - successfully. Vessels taken up at all stages of the tide. - - The Company feel warranted in stating that Repairs on Vessels - can be made as advantageously in San Francisco in respect to - cost of materials and labor as in any other part of the world. - - For particulars, address - =JAMES POLLOCK, Supt.,= - San Francisco, California, U. S. - - - - - =JUDD & WHELAN=, - - =SHIPWRIGHTS, CAULKERS=, - —AND— - =Spar Makers=. - - REFER TO - Shedd & Farran; Major James T. Hoyt. Quartermaster’s - Department; Lester & Co., Shipping Office; Simmons, - Rowe & Co. - - =Yard—on Vallejo Street=, - - Between Front and Davis, SAN FRANCISCO. - - - - - C. MOSS. D. BEADLE. - - =MOSS & BEADLE=, - =COMMISSION MERCHANTS=, - - =326 DAVIS STREET=, - Corner of Washington, SAN FRANCISCO. - - - - - =JACKSON’S= - =PACIFIC HOTEL=, - - Pacific st., bet. Front and Davis, - =SAN FRANCISCO=. - - - - - =TO THE PUBLIC=. - No Cure. No Pay. - - Medical and Surgical Institute, Established in 1850, by - - =DR. J. C. YOUNG=, - (Formerly Professor of the University, Penn.) - - No. 618 Sacramento st., bet. Montgomery and Kearny, - =SAN FRANCISCO, CAL=. - - _Consultation by letter or otherwise, free._ The Doctor can - be consulted privately, and with the utmost confidence, by - the afflicted, at all hours, daily, from 9 A.M. until 8 P.M. - - _Cures always guaranteed, or no pay required._ - - =Seminal Weakness=. - I am aware that by dwelling upon so uninviting a subject as the decay - of manly vigor through the loss of the vital principle of life, the - ignorant may asperse my motive; but the desire to point out to those - who suffer, languish and decay, the true cause of their afflictions - is too great an incentive to be forced into abeyance. How extended - the terrible disease of Seminal Weakness is, no one but the practical - specialist, who devotes his time to its treatment can tell; but its - presence can be detected by the most inexperienced by noting the - following symptoms: _Weakness of the back and limbs; languishing - feelings; loss of muscular power; nervousness; irritability; cold - feet and hands, accompanied by hot head; symptoms of consumption; - short breath; flushings of the face; aversion in society; confusion - of the mind; loss of memory; nightly emissions; colorless, slight - discharges upon the least excitement; palpitation of the heart; - irregular appetite; variable temper, etc., etc_. - - =To the Afflicted= - there is hope and certainty of relief and cure. Thousands are - annually cured, without hindrance from business or change of diet. - The directions are readily followed. Even a man’s most intimate - companion cannot suspect of his being treated. - - _Persons afflicted living in the interior, can, by stating fully in - a letter their symptoms, receive advice and remedies at home._ - - =Important to Persons Afflicted with Venereal=. - - There are no maladies, either in a medical or moral point - of view, worse than those arising from the contamination of - VENEREAL POISON. None are more terrible in their effects, - or more disastrous in their results. MERCURY will not - cure VENEREAL, BUT DRIES ON THE SURFACE, TO ALLOW IT TO - POISON AND DESTROY THE BLOOD, TO RE-APPEAR IN HIDEOUS - MARKS UPON THE BODY, and in the throat, mouth and nose. - - Having treated a great number of nautical men, the Doctor - fully understands their peculiar requirements, and the medicines - prescribed do not interfere with their occupation. - - All letters should be addressed, Dr. BENJ. F. JOSSELYN, - M. D. 618 Sacramento street, between Montgomery and - Kearny, San Francisco. Box 735. - - - - - =AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENT AGENTS=. - - Mining and Scientific Press. - - =PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY=, - At No. 414 Clay Street, San Francisco. - - If you are an Inventor, Patentee, Miner, Farmer, Manufacturer, - Mechanic, or a progressive Student or Artisan in any Industrial - or Professional Calling in the Pacific States or Territories, - you are doing yourself irreparable injustice, if not already a - subscriber and reader of the MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS. - - It contains hints and information enough to repay the subscription - price many times in a single month. - - Its columns are filled with instructive reading in plain, - comprehensible and attractive form to minds of ordinary intelligence. - - It contains 16 pages and 64 columns of the size of Harpers’s Weekly, - and is the best printed and most valuable paper on the western half - of the continent. All claims of patents issued to inventors on this - coast are reported. Illustrations of new machinery are given each - week. Descriptions of new inventions and discoveries throughout the - world, are given, with fresh and comprehensive information of - scientific developments and mechanical and industrial progress, which - cannot be obtained from books, or readily found gathered in so - convenient a form elsewhere. Subscribe now, and you will not regret - it. - - - - - =PATENT AGENCY=. - - Messrs. DEWEY & CO., Publishers of the MINING AND SCIENTIFIC - PRESS, the only well established successful Patent Agents west of the - Rocky Mountains, give Inventors and Patentees honest and reliable - advice, free. The Patent Business in all its legitimate branches is - transacted by us intelligently and skillfully, in an able and - straightforward manner. Patents secured in EVERY COUNTRY IN THE WORLD - where Patent Laws exist. Being long established, and transacting a - large business, our appointments are thorough throughout, safe, prompt - and responsible. Consultations by letter or otherwise, are kept - inviolately secret. Circulars containing Illustrated Mechanical - Movements, and HINTS AND INFORMATION FOR INVENTORS AND PATENTEES, - sent free. - - =DEWEY & CO=., - - Patent Agents, Publishers and Engravers, - 414 Clay street, below Sansome, San Francisco. - - - - - =SPAULDING & BARTO=, - - =Book and Job= - =PRINTERS=, - - (Mining and Scientific Press Office,) - - 414 Clay Street, San Francisco. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Law of Storms, by John Ross - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAW OF STORMS *** - -***** This file should be named 55774-0.txt or 55774-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/7/7/55774/ - -Produced by MFR, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/55774-0.zip b/old/55774-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c13175d..0000000 --- a/old/55774-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55774-h.zip b/old/55774-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d93f8e4..0000000 --- a/old/55774-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55774-h/55774-h.htm b/old/55774-h/55774-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 6e42d22..0000000 --- a/old/55774-h/55774-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1948 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Law of Storms, by Capt. John Ross. - </title> - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - <style type="text/css"> - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.covernote {visibility: hidden; display: none;} -div.chapter {page-break-before: always;} - - h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -h1 {page-break-before: always; } -h2,h3 {page-break-before: avoid; margin-top: 2em;} - -p { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.5em; margin-bottom: .49em; } -p.no-indent { margin-top: .51em; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0em; margin-bottom: .49em;} -p.author { margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 5%; text-align: right;} -p.indent { text-indent: 1.5em;} -p.neg-indent { text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;} -p.f90 { font-size: 90%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f110 { font-size: 110%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f120 { font-size: 120%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f150 { font-size: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f200 { font-size: 200%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f250 { font-size: 250%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } -p.f300 { font-size: 300%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0em; } - -.space-above1 { margin-top: 1em; } -.space-above2 { margin-top: 2em; } -.space-below1 { margin-bottom: 1em; } -.space-below2 { margin-bottom: 2em; } -.space-below3 { margin-bottom: 3em; } - -hr.r5 {width: 5%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 47.5%; margin-right: 47.5%; } -hr.r25 {width: 25%; margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 37.5%; margin-right: 37.5%; } -hr.r45 {width: 45%; margin-top: 0em; margin-bottom: 0em; margin-left: 27.5%; margin-right: 27.5%; } -hr.chap {width: 65%; margin-left: 17.5%; margin-right: 17.5%; } -hr.full_4 {width: 90%; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; height: 4px; border-width: 0; - color: white; background-color: gray; } - -ul.index { list-style-type: none; } -li.isub4 {text-indent: 4em;} - -table { - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; -} - -.tdl {text-align: left;} -.tdc {text-align: center;} -.tdc_wide {text-align: center; padding-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em;} - -.pagenum { - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.blockquot { margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 10%; } - -.bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} -.bl {border-left: solid 2px;} -.br {border-right: solid 2px;} -.bt {border-top: solid 2px;} -.bbox {border: solid 2px;} -.bt2 {border-top: solid 2px;} -.br2 {border-right: solid 2px;} - -.center {text-align: center; text-indent: 0; } -.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - -img {max-width: 100%; height: auto;} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - -.ws4 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 4em;} -.ws5 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 5em;} -.ws9 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 9em;} -.ws10 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 10em;} -.ws14 {display: inline; margin-left: 0em; padding-left: 14em;} - - @media handheld { - .pagenum {display:none;} - .covernote {visibility: visible; - display: block;} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Law of Storms, by John Ross - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: The Law of Storms - The various phenomena by which their approach can be - ascertained with certainty, and practical directions to - mariners for the avoidance of their fury, compiled from - various sources - -Author: John Ross - -Release Date: October 19, 2017 [EBook #55774] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAW OF STORMS *** - - - - -Produced by MFR, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="figcenter covernote"> - <img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Book Cover." width="592" height="799" /> -</div> - -<p class="f150"><b>PAPER AND STATIONERY</b></p> -<p class="f200"><b>Warehouse</b>.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f150"><b>JOHN G. HODGE & CO</b>.,</p> -<p class="center">Cor. Sansome and Sacramento sts.,</p> -<p class="f110"><b>SAN FRANCISCO</b>.</p> - -<p class="center space-above2">IMPORTING AND MANUFACTURING</p> - -<p class="f150"><b>STATIONERS</b>,</p> - -<p class="center space-above1">Keep Blank Books, Stationery, School Books,<br /> -Cheap Publications, LOG BOOKS, Shipping<br /> -Articles, Rolls of Sale of Vessels, etc., etc.</p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><b>The Best Grades at Lowest Prices</b>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class="center">G. W. BREWER.<span class="ws10">M. P. McLAUGHLIN.</span></p> -<p class="f150"><b>McLAUGHLIN & BREWER</b>,</p> -<p class="f200"><b>REAL ESTATE<br /> AGENTS</b>,</p> - -<p class="f150">No. 328 MONTGOMERY STREET,</p> -<p class="center">(Office No. 9,)</p> -<p class="f110">SAN FRANCISCO.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<h1>THE LAW OF STORMS:</h1> -<p class="center">THE VARIOUS PHENOMENA BY WHICH THEIR<br />APPROACH CAN BE ASCERTAINED WITH<br /> -CERTAINTY, AND PRACTICAL<br />DIRECTIONS TO MARINERS<br />FOR THE AVOIDANCE<br />OF THEIR FURY.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f120 space-above1 space-below1">COMPILED FROM VARIOUS SOURCES</p> - -<p class="f150 space-below1">BY<br /><b>CAPT. JOHN ROSS</b>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> - <img src="images/i_logo.jpg" alt="logo" width="200" height="221" /> -</div> - -<p class="f120"><b>A. ROMAN & COMPANY</b>,</p> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Booksellers, Publishers and Importers</span>,<br /> -417 and 119 Montgomery Street, San Francisco.<br /> -27 HOWARD ST., NEW YORK.</p> - -<p class="f120">1869.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<p class="center">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869,</p> -<p class="f110"><span class="smcap">By Capt. John Ross</span>,</p> -<p class="center">In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States<br /> -for the Northern District of California.</p> - -<p class="center space-above2">Printed by SPAULDING & BARTO,<br /> -<span class="smcap">Mining and Scientific Press Job Office</span>,<br /> -414 Clay Street, San Francisco.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p> - -<div class="chapter"><h2>ON HURRICANES AND THE<br /> LAW OF STORMS.</h2></div> - -<p>In the Northern Hemisphere, when the Polar and Equatorial currents of -air are alternating with each other, the regular shifting of the wind -round the compass will be through S., S.W., W., N.W., N., N.E., E., -S.E., S.—and the changes will take place oftener between south and -west, and between north and east, than between west and north, and -between east and south.</p> - -<p>Similarly in the Southern Hemisphere, it may be inferred that when -Polar currents of air alternate with Equatorial, the regular shifting -of the wind round the compass will be successive through S., S.E., E., -N.E., N., N.W., W., S.W., S.</p> - -<p>This is Dove’s “Law of Gyration,” (or the law of the rotation of -winds). And collecting the main points into a few general propositions, -it may be laid down, that all steady winds are modified by the rotation -of the earth, in such a manner that Equatorial currents of air receive -a westerly deflection, and Polar currents an easterly deflection; but -latitudinal currents suffer no change. The N.E. and S.E. Trade Winds -are steady Polar currents. The Monsoons are alternations of a Polar and -an Equatorial current, twice during the year. Therefore they are N.E. -and S.W. in the Northern Hemisphere, and S.E. and N.W. in the Southern Hemisphere. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> - -<p>The S.W. passage winds of the Northern Hemisphere, and the N.W. passage -winds of the Southern Hemisphere, are Equatorial currents.</p> - -<p>Bodies of air set in motion from a state of rest, turn the wind-vane in -the direction of the meridian as follows:</p> - -<p>The Polar current in the Northern Hemisphere from N. to E.</p> - -<p>The Polar current in the Southern Hemisphere from S. to E.</p> - -<p>The Equatorial current in the Northern Hemisphere from S. to W.</p> - -<p>The Equatorial current in the Southern Hemisphere from N. to W.</p> - -<p>In general the winds in the Northern Hemisphere are as follows:</p> - -<p>Those from N. to E. the Polar currents.</p> - -<p>Those from E. to S. the transition of the Polar to the Equatorial.</p> - -<p>Those from S. to W. the Equatorial current.</p> - -<p>Those from W. to N. the transition of the Equatorial to the Polar.</p> - -<p>Also, in the Southern hemisphere, the winds are as follows:</p> - -<p>Those from S. to E. the Polar currents.</p> - -<p>Those from E. to N. the transition of the Polar to the Equatorial.</p> - -<p>Those from N. to W. the Equatorial current.</p> - -<p>Those from E. to S. the transition of the Equatorial to the Polar. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> - -<p>Thus, a complete revolution of the wind-vane in the Northern Hemisphere -is therefore S.W., N.E., S. with the sun, and in the Southern Hemisphere -the rotation is S.E., N.W., S., with the sun, also, in that region.</p> - -<p>When the course of a steady wind is obstructed in such a manner as to -produce a Hurricane, or Cyclone, the wind has a rotary or whirling motion -(as it were, on an axis), while the storm itself has a progressive motion.</p> - -<p>N. B.—The rotation of the wind during a hurricane, in the Northern -Hemisphere, is in a direction contrary to that in which the hands of -a watch move. In the Southern Hemisphere, the rotation is in the same -direction as that of the hands of a watch. And hence the following -shiftings of the vane: In the Northern Hemisphere, when the vortex -(or center) of the storm passes to the westward of the place of -observation, the rotation is S.W., N.E., S., with the sun; when the -vortex passes to the eastward of the place of observation, the rotation -is S.E., N.W., S., against the sun.</p> - -<p>In the Southern Hemisphere, if the vortex passes to the westward of the -place of observation, the rotation is S.E., N.W., S., with the sun.</p> - -<p>If the vortex passes to the eastward of the place of observation, -the rotation is S.W., N.E., S., against the sun. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> - -<h3>On Hurricanes or Cyclones.</h3> - -<p>Thus, in both Hemispheres, the passage of an equatorial whirlwind -storm on the west side of the place of observation produces normal -revolutions in accordance with the law of gyration; while, on the other -hand, its passage on the east side produces anomalous revolutions -contrary to the law of gyration. When the vortex of a whirlwind storm -passes over the place of observation, the vane may shift from one -direction to that immediately opposite to it.</p> - -<p>Generally, if the whirlwind storm is an equatorial one in the Northern -Hemisphere, it progresses from S.E. to N.W. in the Torrid Zone; it -recurves at the outer edge of the N.E. trade wind, and thence moves -from S.W. to N.E. But in the Southern Hemisphere an equatorial storm -moves first from N.E. to S.W.; recurves at the outer edge of the S.E. -trade wind, and then advances from N.W. to S.E.—bearing in mind -the direction of the rotation of the wind in each hemisphere, viz: -against watch hands in the Northern, but with watch hands in the -Southern Hemisphere. Certain portions of the storms are characterized -by certain hurricane winds, and dividing the storm by diameters drawn -from the northern to the southern margin, and again from the eastern -to the western margin, we find that in the Northern Hemisphere, on the -northern margin, the wind will be easterly; on the eastern margin, -southerly; on the southern margin, westerly; and on the western margin, -northerly;—each portion of the cyclone possessing its appropriate wind.</p> - -<p>The relations of the winds to the margin in the Southern Hemisphere, -will be exactly the reverse of their relation in the Northern. Thus: It -is the southern margin of the storm south of the Equator, that exhibits -an easterly; the western margin a southerly; the northern margin a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> -westerly, and the eastern margin a northerly wind. Hence, each portion -of the hurricane having its appropriate wind, there results, according -to the law of the rotation of revolving gales, a very simple rule for -determining the bearing of the center of the storm from the ship, viz: -Look to the wind’s eye and set its bearing by compass, the <i>eighth</i> -point to the right thereof when in the Northern Hemisphere; but to the -left of the wind’s direction when in the Southern Hemisphere, will be -the bearing of the storm’s center. Thus, in the Northern Hemisphere, -from an easterly wind, which characterizes the northern margin of the -storm, its center will bear south; from a northerly wind the center -will bear east; from a westerly wind it will bear north, and from a -southerly wind, west. But in the Southern Hemisphere, from an easterly -wind, the center of the storm bears north; from a southerly wind the center -bears east; from a westerly wind, south; and from a northerly wind, west.</p> - -<p>The above rule is perfectly clear and definite; but as it is especially -important to avoid the center of the storm,—its most dangerous part,—the -following table shows at a glance its relative bearing in each Hemisphere. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span></p> - -<table class="space-above2 space-below3" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Relative Bearing Table." cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc bb" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_wide bb br2" colspan="2">IN THE NORTHERN<br />HEMISPHERE.</td> - <td class="tdc_wide bb" colspan="2">IN THE SOUTHERN<br />HEMISPHERE.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bb"> If the wind <br />be—</td> - <td class="tdc bb br2"> The center of the <br />storm will bear<br />from the ship—</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> If the wind <br />be—</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> The center of the <br />storm will bear<br />from the ship—</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> North.</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> East.</td> - <td class="tdl"> North.</td> - <td class="tdl"> West.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N by E</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> E by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> W by N</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N N E</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> E S E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NNE</td> - <td class="tdl"> WNW</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NE by N</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SE by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE byN</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW by W</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NE</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SE</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SE by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW by N</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> ENE</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SSE</td> - <td class="tdl"> ENE</td> - <td class="tdl"> NNW</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by N</td> - <td class="tdl br2 bb"> S by E</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by N</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> N by W</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> East.</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> South.</td> - <td class="tdl"> East.</td> - <td class="tdl"> North.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> E by S</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> S by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> E by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by E</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> ESE</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SSW</td> - <td class="tdl"> ESE</td> - <td class="tdl"> NNE</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SW by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by N</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SE</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SW</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SW By W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SSE</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> WSW</td> - <td class="tdl"> SSE</td> - <td class="tdl"> ENE</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> S by E</td> - <td class="tdl br2 bb"> W by S</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> S by E</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by N</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> South.</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> West.</td> - <td class="tdl"> South.</td> - <td class="tdl"> East.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> S by W</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> W by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> S by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> E by S</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SSW</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> WNW</td> - <td class="tdl"> SSW</td> - <td class="tdl"> ESE</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SW by S</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> NW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SW</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SW by W</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> NW by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> WSW</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> NNW</td> - <td class="tdl"> WSW</td> - <td class="tdl"> SSE</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> W by S</td> - <td class="tdl br2 bb"> N by W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> W by S</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> S by E</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> West.</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> North.</td> - <td class="tdl"> West.</td> - <td class="tdl"> South.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> W by N</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> N by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> W by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> S by W</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> WNW</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> NNE</td> - <td class="tdl"> WNW</td> - <td class="tdl"> SSW</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NW by W</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> NE by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW by S</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NW</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> NE</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NW by N</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> NE by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW by W</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NNW</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> ENE</td> - <td class="tdl"> NNW</td> - <td class="tdl"> WSW</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N by W</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> E by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> W by S</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="4"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> -The path which the axis of rotation describes is not inappropriately -termed the “Axis Line.” On the “Axis Line” there is no change of wind -until the center has passed, when, after a brief interval of calm, the -wind springs up with great fury from the opposite quarter.</p> - -<p>It has been remarked by Piddington, “that he who watches his barometer, -watches his ship.” This invaluable instrument, if well understood, -invariably announces the approach of a revolving storm; shows whether -the vessel is plunging into the vortex, or if she be receding from -it; and hence, by carefully noticing its indications, the disastrous -consequences of a hurricane may, to a great extent, be avoided,—for -the laws of its oscillations are very distinctly marked. The barometer -often stands unusually high before the commencement of a cyclone, and -frequently (if not always) just around the storm. And conceiving the -cyclone to be divided into two parts by a diameter at right angles -to its path, it may be noted that the barometer always falls during -the passage of the advancing semi-circle of a revolving storm. The -barometer always rises during the passage of the receding semi-circle -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span> -of a revolving storm. In cases of manɶuvering to take advantage of the -hurricane winds, and to keep just within the verge of the storm, the -barometer is of signal benefit,—it should be kept as high as possible, -without losing the wind. In whatever position the ship may be, the -rising of the mercury announces that the first (or dangerous) half of -the storm has passed.</p> - -<p>The barometer is a faithful guide in the zone of the Trade Winds. -Its ordinary variations are so small that any deviation from its -normal height requires attention. Its fluctuations are larger beyond -the Tropics; but the indications are scarcely less certain if used -in conjunction with the thermometer and hygrometer,—hence, more -watchfulness is required on the part of the navigator; and it is of the -utmost importance to have such a knowledge of the Law of Storms, of -storm instruments, and of the signs of the weather, as to be able to -detect the presence of a hurricane or cyclone, when as yet sky and sea -betoken but little of that blind fury, during the height of which it is -so difficult to guide the vessel in safety. One great advantage of such -knowledge is a quick apprehension of the indications which forewarn, to -make all snug in time.</p> - -<p>The meteorological signs indicating the approach of a hurricane or -cyclone, have been collected from various sources by Mr. Birt, and are -enumerated and classed according as the phenomena may be presented to -the external sensations of feeling, sight, or hearing.</p> - -<h3>METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED<br /> BY THE FEELINGS.</h3> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="isub4">1. A sultry, oppressive state of the atmosphere.</li> -<li class="isub4">2. A calm.</li> -</ul> - -<h3>METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED<br /> BY THE EYE.</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. A remarkably clear state of the atmosphere, -so that the stars may be seen to rise and set with nearly the same -distinctness as the sun and moon.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. A peculiar white appearance in the zenith, -more or less of a circular form. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. A remarkably red or fiery appearance of the -sky. This is not unfrequently of such intensity as to tinge all the -surrounding objects with a deep crimson; and when this is seen there -can be no question that the violent portion of the cyclone is not far -from the vessel. When this red light is seen at night, the impression -on the seaman’s mind is that day has broken before its time.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">4. A peculiar coloring of the clouds, more -especially of an olive green. This is generally the precursor of a most -violent and terrific hurricane.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">5. A thick, hazy appearance in that quarter of -the horizon in which the cyclone is raging.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">6. A remarkable and peculiar appearance of the -heavenly bodies. When shining through a haze they are said to shine -with a pale, sickly light, and are not unfrequently surrounded by rings -of light, or halos. Some observers describe the stars “as looking big, -with burs about them”; others speak of their “dancing,” and generally -they have been noticed as being remarkably bright and twinkling.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">7. The sun, on some occasions, has exhibited a -blue appearance, and white objects have been seen of a decided light -blue color. The sun has also been observed of a pale and somewhat -similar appearance to that of the full moon.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">8. A dense, heavy bank of cloud in the -direction of the hurricane.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">9. A peculiar appalling appearance in this bank, -more particularly as if it were a solid wall, drawing down upon and -closing around the ship. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">10. A darting forward of portions of this bank, -as if torn into rags and shreds by some violent force, and driven -before, not borne, by the wind. When this indication is distinctly -recognized, a run of about two hours toward the center will involve the -vessel in a destructive hurricane.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">11. A peculiar motion exhibited by small bodies, -as branches of trees when agitated by the wind, consisting of an -apparent whirling, not a bending forward, as if bent by a stream of air.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">12. Lightning of a remarkable columnar character, -shooting up in stalks from the horizon with a dull glare; also like -flashes from a gun, and sparks from a flint and steel.</p> -</div> - -<h3>METEOROLOGICAL SIGNS RECOGNIZED<br /> BY THE EAR.</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. A distant roar (probably of the hurricane itself) -as of wind rushing through a hollow vault.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. A peculiar moaning of the wind, indicative of -the close proximity of the violent portion of the hurricane.</p> -</div> - -<h3>THE METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA ACCOMPANYING<br /> A REVOLVING STORM -MAY ALSO BE<br /> ENUMERATED THUS:</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. A very rapid motion of the air constituting -the hurricane, and increasing in velocity as the center is approached.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. A fitful variation of intensity in the force -of the wind, which sometimes blows with fearful violence, carrying away -everything that opposes its progress; then sinking to a gentle breeze, -or even lulling to a calm, but almost immediately afterwards springing -up with greater violence than before. The hurricane winds are nearly if -not entirely, without exception, puffy, violent, and blowing in gusts. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. An immense condensation of aqueous vapor, -forming large banks of cloud, which precipitate torrents of rain. The -condensation appears to be so exceedingly rapid that large quantities -of electricity are generally developed, giving rise to incessant -flashes of lightning.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">4. A general darkness, and gloominess within -the area of the cyclone, relieved only by the fitful glare of the -lightning, or the appearance of the imperfect circle of light near the -center or axis of the storm.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">5. A separation of the clouds in or near the -center of the hurricane, so as to produce in the immediate neighborhood -of the axis a clear sky, through which the sun and stars are often seen -with great brilliancy.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">6. A calm in the center of the cyclone.</p> -</div> - -<h3>INDICATIONS OF APPROACHING OR EXISTING<br /> HURRICANES, MANIFESTED BY THE -OCEAN,<br /> OF ESPECIAL UTILITY TO VESSELS AT<br /> ANCHOR IN ROADSTEADS.</h3> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. A swell, produced by the storm-wave, rolling -in upon the shore, at first of a gentle character. The direction of -this swell will pretty surely indicate the bearing of the storm, and -its changes will point out in some localities the course the hurricane -may be pursuing.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. A swell rolling in, without changing its -direction, may be regarded as indicative of a hurricane approaching the -shore. The same phenomenon met with at sea (the ship’s course being taken -into account) will indicate the bearing down of the cyclone on the vessel. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. A dirty green appearance of the ocean; on -some occasions its assuming a muddy or brown color, on others its -being remarkably clear, its temperature increasing, and its swellings stronger -than at other times,—are all indications of the proximity of a cyclone.</p> -</div> - -<p>The area over which these rotary storms have been known to expand, -varies from 30 to 40 to 1,000 miles; but while the diameter, so long -as the storm is within the tropics, expands but very gradually, it -suddenly increases in a remarkable manner after recurving. The rate at -which they travel on their onward course also varies greatly, not only -in different parts of the globe, but even in the same locality, and -at the same season. Generally, however, the rapidity with which the -vortex of the hurricane progresses is greater as the storm recurves -on reaching the outer edge of the trade winds. Thus, the hurricane of -August, 1853, traversed 6,276 English miles in about twelve days, with -a mean progressive velocity of twenty-six miles per hour; but after it -arrived at the Banks of Newfoundland this velocity was increased to -about fifty miles per hour.</p> - -<p>Within the area of the cyclone the moving body of air frequently -attains a rotatory velocity of from seventy to one hundred miles an hour. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center space-above2">TABLE SHOWING THE DIFFERENT MONTHS OF THE<br /> YEAR -IN WHICH HURRICANES AND CYCLONES<br /> HAVE BEEN RECORDED IN VARIOUS REGIONS.</p> - -<table class="space-above2 space-below3" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Hurricane Months." cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc bb" colspan="13"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc_wide bb"> LOCALITY. </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> Jan </td> <td class="tdc bb"> Feb </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> Mar </td> <td class="tdc bb"> Apr </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> May </td> <td class="tdc bb"> Jun </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> Jul </td> <td class="tdc bb"> Aug </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> Sep </td> <td class="tdc bb"> Oct </td> - <td class="tdc bb"> Nov </td> <td class="tdc bb"> Dec </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><br /> No. Atlantic and W.I.</td> - <td class="tdc"><br /> 5</td> <td class="tdc"><br /> 7</td> - <td class="tdc"><br />11</td> <td class="tdc"><br /> 6</td> - <td class="tdc"><br /> 5</td> <td class="tdc"><br />10</td> - <td class="tdc"><br />42</td> <td class="tdc"><br />96</td> - <td class="tdc"><br />80</td> <td class="tdc"><br />69</td> - <td class="tdc"><br />17</td> <td class="tdc"><br /> 7</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><br /> South’n Indian Ocean</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">  & Mauritius.</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9</td> <td class="tdc">15</td> - <td class="tdc">15</td> <td class="tdc"> 8</td> - <td class="tdc"> 4</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> 1</td> <td class="tdc"> 1</td> - <td class="tdc"> 4</td> <td class="tdc"> 6</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><br /> North’n Indian Ocean;</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">  Bay of Bengal—</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">   N.E. Monsoon.</td> - <td class="tdc"> 1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> 3</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc">12</td> - <td class="tdc"> 7</td> <td class="tdc"> 6</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">   S.W. Monsoon.</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> 6</td> - <td class="tdc">16</td> <td class="tdc"> 4</td> - <td class="tdc"> 1</td> <td class="tdc"> 2</td> - <td class="tdc"> 1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><br /> Arabian Sea & Bomb’y—</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">   N.E. Monsoon.</td> - <td class="tdc"> 1</td> <td class="tdc"> 1</td> - <td class="tdc"> 1</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> 8</td> <td class="tdc">12</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9</td> <td class="tdc"> 5</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">   S.W. Monsoon.</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> 5</td> - <td class="tdc"> 9</td> <td class="tdc"> 2</td> - <td class="tdc"> 4</td> <td class="tdc"> 5</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><br /> China Sea and North</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">  Pacific—(western part). </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> 1</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> 2</td> <td class="tdc"> 2</td> - <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc"> 5</td> - <td class="tdc">18</td> <td class="tdc">14</td> - <td class="tdc">12</td> <td class="tdc"> 1</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"><br /> Java Sea and Northwest</td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl">  Coast of Australia.</td> - <td class="tdc"> 3</td> <td class="tdc"> 5</td> - <td class="tdc"> 1</td> <td class="tdc"> 1</td> - <td class="tdc"> 2</td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> </td> - <td class="tdc"> </td> <td class="tdc"> 2</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc bt" colspan="13"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p>From this table it appears that the hurricane seasons in the several -localities are as follows:</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="neg-indent">1. In the North Atlantic, from June to November, -the greater number occurring in July, August, September, and October.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">2. In the Bay of Bengal they are most prevalent -in October, November and December, when the N. E. Monsoon is strongest; -they occur also during the S. W. Monsoon, especially in April, May or June.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">3. In the Arabian Sea they have been experienced -during both Monsoons. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p> - -<p class="neg-indent">4. In the China Sea they are prevalent on the -coast between June and October; but in the central part of that sea -during September, October and November.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">5. In the Southern Indian Ocean they may be -expected between November and April, but they are most prevalent during -January, February and March.</p> - -<p class="neg-indent">6. In the Java Sea, and on the N. W. Coast -of Australia they have been recorded during December, January and February.</p> -</div> - -<h3>RULES FOR TRIMMING THE SHIP IN A HURRICANE.</h3> - -<p>Piddington long ago said: “That all positive rules tend to mislead.” -Every ship must have its own peculiar management depending on the four -great elements of the problem, which are—</p> - -<ul class="index"> -<li class="isub4">1. The ship and her sea room.</li> -<li class="isub4">2. The track of the cyclone.</li> -<li class="isub4">3. Its rate of traveling.</li> -<li class="isub4">4. The ship’s run and drift.</li> -</ul> - -<p>While, on the part of the commander, caution and watchfulness are -essentially requisite, still all the circumstances being favorable, -rules may be given in a very brief compass for trimming a vessel to -the hurricane winds. These are embodied in the following tables. Where -the directions of the wind vane, as set down in the first column are -tangents to the whirlwind in its course, these indicate the quarter -from which the storm sets in. The points of the compass in the second -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> -column show the position of the storm’s center as regards the vessel. -The fourth column gives the direction in which to steer when the wind -shifts as indicated in the third column; but if it shifts as indicated -in the fifth column, then bear away as told in the sixth column.</p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><b>I.—FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE</b>.</p> - -<table class="bt2 bl bb br" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Storm Bearing Table." cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc bb">Direction<br />of wind at<br /> commencem’t <br />of storm</td> - <td class="tdc bb">If the<br />center<br /> (or vortex) <br />Bears</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> And the wind <br />shifts from</td> - <td class="tdc bb">  Steer  </td> - <td class="tdc bb">But if the<br />wind shifts<br />from</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> North.</td> <td class="tdl"> East.</td> - <td class="tdl"> N to W</td> <td class="tdl"> South.</td> - <td class="tdl"> N to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N by E</td> <td class="tdl"> E by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by E to N</td> <td class="tdl"> S by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N N E</td> <td class="tdl"> E S E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NNE to N</td> <td class="tdl"> S S W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NNE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NE by N</td> <td class="tdl"> SE by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by N to N</td> <td class="tdl"> SW by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by N to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> N E</td> <td class="tdl bb"> S E</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> N E to N</td> <td class="tdl bb"> S W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> N E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E</td> <td class="tdl"> SE by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E to N</td> <td class="tdl"> SW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> E N E</td> <td class="tdl"> S S E</td> - <td class="tdl"> ENE to N</td> <td class="tdl"> W S W</td> - <td class="tdl"> ENE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> E by N</td> <td class="tdl"> S by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> E by N to N</td> <td class="tdl"> W by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> E by N to E</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> East.</td> <td class="tdl"> South.</td> - <td class="tdl"> E to N</td> <td class="tdl"> West.</td> - <td class="tdl"> E to S</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by S</td> <td class="tdl bb"> S by W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by S to E</td> <td class="tdl bb"> W by N</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by S to S</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> E S E</td> <td class="tdl"> S S W</td> - <td class="tdl"> ESE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> W N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> E S E to S</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E</td> <td class="tdl"> SW by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> NW by W </td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E to S</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> S E</td> <td class="tdl"> S W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE to S</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S</td> <td class="tdl"> SW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S to E</td> <td class="tdl"> NW by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S to S</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> S S E</td> <td class="tdl bb"> W S W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> SSE to E</td> <td class="tdl bb"> N N W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> SSE to S</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> S by E</td> <td class="tdl"> W by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> S by E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> N by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> S by E to S</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> South.</td> <td class="tdl"> West.</td> - <td class="tdl"> S to E</td> <td class="tdl"> North.</td> - <td class="tdl"> S to W</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> S by W</td> <td class="tdl"> W by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> S by W to S</td> <td class="tdl"> N by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> S by W to W</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> S S W</td> <td class="tdl"> W N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SSW to S</td> <td class="tdl"> N N E</td> - <td class="tdl"> SSW to W</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SW by S</td> <td class="tdl"> NW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW by S to S</td> <td class="tdl"> NE by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW by S to W </td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> S W</td> <td class="tdl"> N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW to S</td> <td class="tdl"> N E</td> - <td class="tdl"> SW to W</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="center space-above1 space-below2">Transcriber’s Note:<br />† † † † † stands for:<br /> -“Put the ship on the Starboard Tack.”<br />Printed vertically in 6th col. (no column header) -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center space-above2"><b>II.—FOR THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE</b>.</p> - -<table class="bt2 bl bb br" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Storm Bearing Table." cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc bb">Direction<br />of wind at<br /> commencem’t <br />of storm</td> - <td class="tdc bb">If the<br />center<br /> (or vortex) <br />Bears</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> And the wind <br />shifts from</td> - <td class="tdc bb">  Steer  </td> - <td class="tdc bb">But if the<br />wind shifts<br />from</td> - <td class="tdc bb"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> South.</td> <td class="tdl"> East.</td> - <td class="tdl"> S to W</td> <td class="tdl"> North.</td> - <td class="tdl"> S to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> S by E</td> <td class="tdl"> E by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> S by E to S</td> <td class="tdl"> N by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> S by E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> S S E</td> <td class="tdl"> E N E</td> - <td class="tdl"> SSE to S</td> <td class="tdl"> N N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SSE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S</td> <td class="tdl"> NE by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S to S</td> <td class="tdl"> NW by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by S to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> S E</td> <td class="tdl bb"> N E</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> SE to S</td> <td class="tdl bb"> N W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> SE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E</td> <td class="tdl"> NE by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E to S</td> <td class="tdl"> NW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> SE by E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> E S E</td> <td class="tdl"> N N E</td> - <td class="tdl"> ESE by S</td> <td class="tdl"> W N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> ESE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> E by S</td> <td class="tdl"> N by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> E by S to S</td> <td class="tdl"> W by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> E by S to E</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> East.</td> <td class="tdl"> North.</td> - <td class="tdl"> E to S</td> <td class="tdl"> West.</td> - <td class="tdl"> E to N</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by N</td> <td class="tdl bb"> N by W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by N to E</td> <td class="tdl bb"> W by S</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> E by N to N</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> E N E</td> <td class="tdl"> N N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> ENE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> W S W</td> - <td class="tdl"> ENE to N</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E</td> <td class="tdl"> NW by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> SW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by E to N</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N E</td> <td class="tdl"> N W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE to E</td> <td class="tdl"> S W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE to N</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NE by N</td> <td class="tdl"> NW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by N to E</td> <td class="tdl"> SW bt S</td> - <td class="tdl"> NE by N to N</td> <td class="tdl"> †</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl bb"> N N E</td> <td class="tdl bb"> W N W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> NNE to E</td> <td class="tdl bb"> S S W</td> - <td class="tdl bb"> NNE to N</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N by E</td> <td class="tdl"> W by N</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by E to E</td> <td class="tdl"> S by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by E to N</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> North.</td> <td class="tdl"> West.</td> - <td class="tdl"> N to E</td> <td class="tdl"> South.</td> - <td class="tdl"> N to W</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N by W</td> <td class="tdl"> W by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by W to N</td> <td class="tdl"> S by E</td> - <td class="tdl"> N by W to W</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N N W</td> <td class="tdl"> W S W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NNW to N</td> <td class="tdl"> S S E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NNW to W</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NW by N</td> <td class="tdl"> SW by W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW by N to N </td> <td class="tdl"> SE by S</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW by N to W </td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> N W</td> <td class="tdl"> S W</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW to N</td> <td class="tdl"> S E</td> - <td class="tdl"> NW to W</td> <td class="tdl"> </td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="center space-above1 space-below2">Transcriber’s Note:<br />† † † † † stands for:<br /> -“Put the ship on the Starboard Tack.”<br />Printed vertically in 6th col. (no column header)</p> - -<h2>ADMIRAL FITZROY’S INSTRUCTIONS ON THE USE<br /> OF THE BAROMETER IN NORTH LATITUDE.</h2> - -<h3><span class="smcap">The Barometer Rises</span>:</h3> - -<p>For northerly wind (including from N. W. by the north to the -eastward), for dry, or less wet weather, for less wind, or for more -than one of these changes—except on a few occasions when rain (or snow) -comes from the northward, with strong wind. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">A Thermometer Falls</span>:</h3> - -<p>For change of wind towards any of the above directions.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">The Barometer Falls</span>:</p> - -<p>For southerly wind (including from S. E. by the south to the -westward) for wet weather, for stronger wind, or for more than one of -these changes—except on a few occasions when moderate wind with rain -(or snow) comes from the northward.</p> - -<h3><span class="smcap">A Thermometer Rises</span>:</h3> - -<p>For change of wind towards the upper directions only. Moisture or -dampness in the air (shown by a hygrometer) increases before or with -rain, fog or dew.</p> - -<table class="space-above2 bt2 bl bb br" border="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Barometer Scales." cellpadding="0" rules="cols"> - <tbody><tr> - <td class="tdc_wide bb br2" colspan="2"> On Barometer Scales the following <br />contractions may be useful in<br />in North Latitudes.</td> - <td class="tdc_wide bb" colspan="2"> And the following Summary may <br />be useful generally throughout<br />the world.</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdc"><br /> Rise for</td> - <td class="tdc br2"><br /> Fall for</td> - <td class="tdc"><br /> Rise for</td> - <td class="tdc"><br /> Fall for</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> NE by NW-N-E</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> SW by SE-S-W</td> - <td class="tdl"> Cold, dry or</td> - <td class="tdl"> Warm, wet or</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> Dry or less</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> Wet or more</td> - <td class="tdl"> less wind</td> - <td class="tdl"> more wind</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> wind—except</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> wind—except</td> - <td class="tdl"> —except wet</td> - <td class="tdl"> —except wet</td> - </tr><tr> - <td class="tdl"> wet from NE</td> - <td class="tdl br2"> wet from NE</td> - <td class="tdl"> from cold side.</td> - <td class="tdl"> from cold side.</td> - </tr> - </tbody> -</table> - -<p class="space-above1 space-below3">In south latitudes substitute south or southward for north, northward, etc.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> -<div class="chapter"><p class="f150"><b>ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT</b></p></div> -<hr class="full_4" /> -<p class="f200"><b>THOMAS TENNENT</b>,</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f250"><b>CHRONOMETER</b></p> -<p class="center">—AND—</p> -<p class="f150"><b>NAUTICAL INSTRUMENT MAKER</b>,</p> - -<p class="f120 space-above2 space-below1">BATTERY STREET, OPPOSITE THE CUSTOM HOUSE,<br />SAN FRANCISCO.</p> -<hr class="r45" /> -<p class="f150">ESTABLISHED IN 1850.</p> -<hr class="r45" /> - -<p class="f120">DEPOT FOR<br /><b>U. S. Government Chronometers</b>.</p> -<p class="f120 space-below1">U. S. AGENCY FOR<br /><b>Government Charts of Pacific Coast and Harbors</b>.</p> -<hr class="r45" /> -<p class="center">CHRONOMETERS carefully rated by</p> -<p class="f120"><b>TRANSIT OBSERVATIONS</b>.</p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>Repairs or Cleaning of <span class="smcap">Chronometers</span>, <span class="smcap">Watches</span> or -<span class="smcap">Nautical Instruments</span> executed in the best manner, under his -personal supervision, and perfect satisfaction guaranteed.</p> - -<p>A full supply constantly kept of CHARTS of all parts of the world, -NAUTICAL BOOKS, NAUTICAL INSTRUMENTS, etc., etc.</p> -</div> - -<p class="f120 space-above2 space-below1" ><b>No Runners Employed</b>.</p> -<p class="center space-below2">Orders left at the store promptly attended to.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<p class="f150"><b>JAMES CURTIS & CO</b>.,</p> -<p class="f200 space-below1"><b>MARINE DRUG STORE</b>.</p> -<p class="center">WHOLESALE AND RETAIL</p> -<p class="f300"><b>DRUGGISTS</b>,</p> - -<p class="f120">Corner Stewart and Market Streets,<br /><b>SAN FRANCISCO</b>.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="blockquot">Particular attention paid to replenishing SHIPS’ MEDICINE CHESTS -with PURE MEDICINE. A good assortment of Medicine Chests always -on hand and for sale at reasonable prices. Also,</p> - -<p class="f120 space-above2"><b>PURE WINES AND LIQUORS</b>,</p> -<p class="center">Of our own importation, for sale in large or small quantities.</p> -<p class="author">JAMES CURTIS & CO.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<p class="f150"><b>Merchants’ Mutual Marine Insurance Company<br /><small>OF SAN FRANCISCO</small></b>.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Organized</span><span class="ws5"> April 8, 1863.</span></p> -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Capital, Paid up</span><span class="ws5">$500,000.</span></p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f120">Office—406 California Street, San Francisco.</p> -<hr class="r45" /> -<p class="f150"><b>NO FIRE RISKS</b></p> - -<p class="center">Disconnected with Marine Insured by this Company.</p> - -<p class="f120"><b>LOSSES PAID PROMPTLY IN U. S. GOLD COIN</b>.</p> - -<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Board of Directors.</span>—C. L. Taylor, F. Roeding, -Isaac E. Davis, J. B. Scotchler, A. M. Simson, -James Irvine, Jabez Howes, A. L. Tubbs, C. Adolphe Low, -W. J. Adams, R. E. Raimond, James P. Flint, H. B. Williams.</p> - -<p class="author">J. B. SCOTCHLER,  President,<br />JABEZ HOWES, Vice-President.</p> -<p><span class="ws5"><span class="smcap">E. W. Bourne</span>, Secretary,</span></p> -<p class="center"><b>This Company is Engaged Exclusively in Marine Insurance</b>.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<div class="chapter"><p class="f120"><b>FIRE AND MARINE</b>.</p></div> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f120">ALL LOSSES PAID IN UNITED STATES GOLD COIN.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f150"><b><small>THE</small><br />CALIFORNIA INSURANCE COMPANY</b>,</p> -<p class="center">Office, 318 California Street,</p> - -<p class="center">Three doors east from Sansome.<span class="ws4">San Francisco.</span></p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"><b>Capital paid up,<span class="ws5">$200,000.</span></b></p> -<p class="center"><b>Assets,<span class="ws9">$309,000.</span></b></p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center">C. T. HOPKINS, Pres. H. B. TICHENOR, Vice-Pres.</p> -<p class="center">Z. CROWELL, Secretary.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<p class="f150"><b>BLAKISTON & BERWICK</b>,</p> -<p class="f200"><b>Sail Makers</b>,</p> -<p class="f110">No. 6 Clay Street, near East,<br />SAN FRANCISCO.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f120">Sails, Tents, Awnings, etc.,</p> -<p class="f90">Made to order.</p> -<p class="f120"><b>SAILS REPAIRED, BOUGHT AND SOLD</b>.</p> - -<p class="blockquot">Materials furnished at the Lowest Market Prices -Work done with dispatch—neatly, substantially, and on the most reasonable terms.</p> - -<p class="f110"><b>Orders Respectfully Solicited and Promptly Attended to</b>.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<div class="chapter"><p class="f150"><b>W. S. PHELPS & CO</b>.</p></div> -<p class="f200"><b>Ship Smiths</b>,</p> - -<p class="f110 space-above2">13 and 15 Drumm street,</p> -<p class="f90">(Bet. Sacramento and California)</p> -<p class="f120">SAN FRANCISCO.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center">ALL KINDS OF</p> -<p class="f150"><b>Ship and Steamboat Blacksmithing</b></p> - -<p class="f90">Executed at the shortest notice,</p> -<p class="center"><b>And on the most Reasonable Terms</b>.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<p class="f200"><b>SAN FRANCISCO</b></p> -<p class="f300"><b>Screw Bolt Works</b>,</p> - -<p class="f150">PHELPS BROTHERS, Propr’s,</p> - -<p class="center space-above2">Manufacturers of all kinds of</p> -<p class="f150"><b>MACHINE BOLTS, BRIDGE BOLTS,<br />SHIP OR BAND BOLTS</b>,</p> - -<p class="center">Sets of Car Bolts, Set Screws or Tap Bolts, Lag Screws,<br /> -Wrought or Cold Punched Nuts, Turn buckles,<br />Bolt Ends, Etc., Etc.</p> - -<p class="f150"><b>13 and 15 DRUMM STREET,<br />SAN FRANCISCO</b>.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<div class="chapter"><p class="f150"><b>J. CHADBOURNE’S</b></p></div> -<p class="f250"><b>Steam Ship Bread</b></p> -<p class="f150"><b>AND CRACKER BAKERY</b>,</p> - -<p class="center">Manufactory, Oregon street, between Front and Davis,</p> -<p class="f120">Office, 441 JACKSON STREET,<br />SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.</p> -<p class="center space-above2">ALL ORDERS FOR</p> -<p class="f150"><b>Pilot and Navy Bread and Crackers</b>,</p> -<p class="center">Of every description promptly attended to.</p> - -<p class="f90"><b>BAKER’S EXTRA & SUPERFINE FLOUR FOR SALE</b>.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<p class="f150"><b>THE PACIFIC</b></p> -<p class="f120"><b>PUMP MANUFACTURING COMPANY</b></p> -<p class="center">No. 213 California street, San Francisco.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="f200"><b>THE AMERICAN SUBMERGED</b></p> -<p class="f300"><b>Ship Pump</b>.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="author"><span class="smcap">Boston</span>, January 17, 1868.  </p> - -<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Gents</span>—I have with great interest examined your American -Submerged Ship Pump in full operation. I consider it the best -Pump I have ever seen, as to the steady and large volume of water -delivered, its simplicity, and great labor saved, which is the -desideratum on ship board. No clapper getting off. No packing. No -drawing of boxes to clear the clapper, and placed below freezing -point. As to force and head pumps on board ship, it cannot be -equalled. <i>It is the pump</i>. My opinion is based upon -<i>over half a century’s</i> experience on shipboard.</p> - -<p class="author">JOHN DEVEREUX,   <br />Surveyor American Lloyds.  </p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<div class="chapter"><p class="f150"><b>THE CALIFORNIA</b></p></div> -<p class="f250"><b>Dry Dock Company</b>,</p> -<p class="f120">San Francisco, California, U. S.</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"><b>Notice to Ship Owners, Agents, Consignees, and Masters</b></p> - -<p class="f120 space-above1"><b>THE COMPANY’S DRY DOCKS</b>,</p> -<p class="blockquot">Situate at HUNTER’S POINT, San Francisco, are now -completed and in successful operation, and afford every facility for -the Docking and Repair of all classes of STEAM and SAILING VESSELS.</p> - -<p class="f120 space-above1"><b>THE GRAVING DOCK</b>,</p> -<p class="blockquot">Excavated in the solid rock, and finished in -the most substantial manner, is of the following dimensions: Extreme -length, 450 feet, length on blocks, 416 feet; width at the top, 120 -feet; depth, 30 feet; width at entrance, 90 feet. At mean high tide -will take in a ship drawing 22 feet without lightening.</p> - -<p class="blockquot">This Dock is fitted with a Caisson Gate, and is -supplied with two powerful Centrifugal Steam Pumps, capable of pumping -out the dock in two hours.</p> - -<p class="f120 space-above1"><b>THE FLOATING DRY DOCK</b>,</p> -<p class="blockquot">Will receive vessels of 1500 tons measurement -and under. The Dock is 82 feet in width, and 210 feet in length; is -built of the soundest Oregon Pine, thoroughly braced and bolted, and -is furnished with all the requisites for Docking a Ship successfully. -Vessels taken up at all stages of the tide.</p> - -<p class="blockquot">The Company feel warranted in stating that -Repairs on Vessels can be made as advantageously in San Francisco in -respect to cost of materials and labor as in any other part of the -world.</p> - -<p class="center">For particulars, address<span class="ws14"> </span></p> -<p class="f120"><b>JAMES POLLOCK, Supt.,</b><span class="ws5"> </span></p> -<p class="center">San Francisco, California, U. S.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<div class="chapter"><p class="f150"><b>JUDD & WHELAN</b>,</p></div> -<p class="f200"><b>SHIPWRIGHTS, CAULKERS</b>,</p> -<p class="center">—AND—</p> -<p class="f200"><b>Spar Makers</b>.</p> - -<p class="f110 space-above2">REFER TO</p> -<p class="blockquot">Shedd & Farran; Major James T. Hoyt. Quartermaster’s -Department; Lester & Co., Shipping Office; Simmons,Rowe & Co.</p> - -<p class="f200"><b>Yard—on Vallejo Street</b>,</p> -<p class="center">Between Front and Davis,<span class="ws5"><span class="smcap">San Francisco</span>.</span></p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<p class="f110 space-above1">C. MOSS.<span class="ws10">D. BEADLE.</span></p> -<p class="f200"><b>MOSS & BEADLE</b>,</p> -<p class="f150"><b>COMMISSION MERCHANTS</b>,</p> - -<p class="f120"><b>326 DAVIS STREET</b>,</p> -<p class="center">Corner of Washington,<span class="ws5"><span class="smcap">San Francisco</span>.</span></p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<p class="f200"><b>JACKSON’S</b></p> -<p class="f250"><b>PACIFIC HOTEL</b>,</p> - -<p class="f120 space-above2">Pacific st., bet. Front and Davis,<br /><b>SAN FRANCISCO</b>.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<div class="chapter"><p class="f120 space-above2">No Cure.<span class="ws5"><b><big>TO THE PUBLIC</big></b>.</span> -<span class="ws5">No Pay.</span></p></div> - -<p class="f120">Medical and Surgical Institute, Established in 1850, by</p> -<p class="f200"><b>DR. J. C. YOUNG</b>,</p> -<p class="center">(Formerly Professor of the University, Penn.)</p> - -<p class="f120">No. 618 Sacramento st., bet. Montgomery and Kearny,<br /><b>SAN FRANCISCO, CAL</b>.</p> - -<p class="blockquot"><i>Consultation by letter or otherwise, -free.</i> The Doctor can be consulted privately, and with the utmost -confidence, by the afflicted, at all hours, daily, from 9 A.M. until 8 P.M.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Cures always guaranteed, or no pay required.</i></p> - -<p class="f120 space-above1"><b>Seminal Weakness</b>.</p> -<p class="blockquot">I am aware that by dwelling upon so uninviting -a subject as the decay of manly vigor through the loss of the vital -principle of life, the ignorant may asperse my motive; but the desire -to point out to those who suffer, languish and decay, the true cause -of their afflictions is too great an incentive to be forced into -abeyance. How extended the terrible disease of Seminal Weakness is, -no one but the practical specialist, who devotes his time to its -treatment can tell; but its presence can be detected by the most -inexperienced by noting the following symptoms: <i>Weakness of the back -and limbs; languishing feelings; loss of muscular power; nervousness; -irritability; cold feet and hands, accompanied by hot head; symptoms of -consumption; short breath; flushings of the face; aversion in society; -confusion of the mind; loss of memory; nightly emissions; colorless, -slight discharges upon the least excitement; palpitation of the heart; -irregular appetite; variable temper, etc., etc</i>.</p> - -<p class="f120 space-above1"><b>To the Afflicted</b></p> -<p class="blockquot no-indent">there is hope and certainty of relief -and cure. Thousands are annually cured, without hindrance from business -or change of diet. The directions are readily followed. Even a man’s -most intimate companion cannot suspect of his being treated.</p> - -<p class="blockquot"><i>Persons afflicted living in the interior, can, by -stating fully in a letter their symptoms, receive advice and remedies at home.</i></p> - -<p class="center space-above1 space-below1"><b>Important to Persons Afflicted with Venereal</b>.</p> - -<p class="blockquot">There are no maladies, either in a medical or -moral point of view, worse than those arising from the contamination of -<span class="smcap">Venereal Poison</span>. None are more terrible in -their effects, or more disastrous in their results. MERCURY will not -cure VENEREAL, <span class="smcap">BUT DRIES ON THE SURFACE, TO ALLOW -IT TO POISON AND DESTROY THE BLOOD, TO RE-APPEAR IN HIDEOUS MARKS UPON -THE BODY</span>, and in the throat, mouth and nose.</p> - -<p class="blockquot">Having treated a great number of nautical men, -the Doctor fully understands their peculiar requirements, and the -medicines prescribed do not interfere with their occupation.</p> - -<p class="blockquot">All letters should be addressed, Dr. BENJ. F. -JOSSELYN, M. D. 618 Sacramento street, between Montgomery and Kearny, -San Francisco. Box 735.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> -<div class="chapter"><p class="f150"><b>AMERICAN AND FOREIGN PATENT AGENTS</b>.</p></div> -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<p class="f200">Mining and Scientific Press.</p> - -<p class="f150"><b>PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY</b>,</p> -<p class="f110">At No. 414 Clay Street, San Francisco.</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> -<p class="space-above1">If you are an Inventor, Patentee, -Miner, Farmer, Manufacturer, Mechanic, or a progressive Student or -Artisan in any Industrial or Professional Calling in the Pacific States -or Territories, you are doing yourself irreparable injustice, if not -already a subscriber and reader of the <span class="smcap">Mining and -Scientific Press.</span></p> - -<p>It contains hints and information enough to repay -the subscription price many times in a single month.</p> - -<p>Its columns are filled with instructive reading -in plain, comprehensible and attractive form to minds of ordinary -intelligence.</p> - -<p>It contains 16 pages and 64 columns of the size -of Harpers’s Weekly, and is the best printed and most valuable paper -on the western half of the continent. All claims of patents issued to -inventors on this coast are reported. Illustrations of new machinery -are given each week. Descriptions of new inventions and discoveries -throughout the world, are given, with fresh and comprehensive -information of scientific developments and mechanical and industrial -progress, which cannot be obtained from books, or readily found -gathered in so convenient a form elsewhere. Subscribe now, and you will -not regret it.</p></div> - -<hr class="r25" /> - -<p class="f200"><b><span class="smcap">Patent Agency</span></b>.</p> - -<p class="blockquot"><small>Messrs. <span class="smcap">Dewey & -Co.</span>, Publishers of the MINING AND SCIENTIFIC PRESS, the only -well established successful Patent Agents west of the Rocky Mountains, -give Inventors and Patentees honest and reliable advice, free. The -Patent Business in all its legitimate branches is transacted by us -intelligently and skillfully, in an able and straightforward manner. -Patents secured in EVERY COUNTRY IN THE WORLD where Patent Laws -exist. Being long established, and transacting a large business, our -appointments are thorough throughout, safe, prompt and responsible. -Consultations by letter or otherwise, are kept inviolately secret. -Circulars containing Illustrated Mechanical Movements, and <span -class="smcap">HINTS AND INFORMATION FOR INVENTORS AND PATENTEES</span>, -sent free.</small></p> - -<p class="author"><big><b>DEWEY & CO</b>.,</big>  </p> - -<p class="center">Patent Agents, Publishers and Engravers,<br /> -414 Clay street, below Sansome, San Francisco.</p> - -<hr class="full_4" /> - -<div class="chapter"><p class="f150"><b>SPAULDING & BARTO</b>,</p></div> -<p class="f200"><b><small>Book and Job</small><br /><big>PRINTERS</big></b>,</p> -<p class="f90">(Mining and Scientific Press Office,)</p> -<p class="f110 space-above2">414 Clay Street, San Francisco.</p> - -<hr class="full_4 space-below2" /> - -<div class="transnote bbox"> -<p class="f120 space-above1">Transcriber's Notes:</p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="indent">The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.</p> -<p class="indent">Typographical errors have been silently corrected but other variations - in spelling and punctuation remain unaltered.</p> -<p class="indent">The "ADVERTISING SUPPLEMENT"at the end contained many different and varied - fonts. For simplicity, they have not been reproduced in this version.</p> -</div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Law of Storms, by John Ross - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAW OF STORMS *** - -***** This file should be named 55774-h.htm or 55774-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/7/7/55774/ - -Produced by MFR, Paul Marshall and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/55774-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/55774-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 395cd13..0000000 --- a/old/55774-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55774-h/images/i_logo.jpg b/old/55774-h/images/i_logo.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index de7368f..0000000 --- a/old/55774-h/images/i_logo.jpg +++ /dev/null |
