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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-07 16:02:30 -0800 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fe5215 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55592 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55592) diff --git a/old/55592-0.txt b/old/55592-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a5fd32b..0000000 --- a/old/55592-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,15560 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Good stories for great birthdays, by -Francis Jenkins Olcott - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Good stories for great birthdays - arranged for story-telling and reading aloud and for the - children's own reading - -Author: Francis Jenkins Olcott - -Release Date: September 21, 2017 [EBook #55592] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOOD STORIES FOR GREAT BIRTHDAYS *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif, MFR and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - - GOOD STORIES - FOR GREAT BIRTHDAYS - - [Illustration: BREAKFAST WITH THE CHILDREN AT MOUNT VERNON] - - - - - GOOD STORIES - FOR GREAT BIRTHDAYS - - _ARRANGED FOR STORY-TELLING AND READING - ALOUD AND FOR THE CHILDREN’S - OWN READING_ - - BY - - FRANCES JENKINS OLCOTT - - WITH ILLUSTRATIONS - - [Illustration: colophon] - - BOSTON AND NEW YORK - HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY - The Riverside Press Cambridge - - COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY FRANCES JENKINS OLCOTT - - ALL RIGHTS RESERVED - - - The Riverside Press - CAMBRIDGE · MASSACHUSETTS - PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. - - - - - GRATEFULLY DEDICATED - - TO - - FRANCES MARY JENKINS OLCOTT - - _January 25_ - - _One in whose eyes the smile of kindness made_ - _Its haunt, like flowers by sunny brooks in May,_ - _Yet at the thought of others’ pain, a shade_ - _Of sweeter sadness chased the smile away._ - - WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT - - - - -FOREWORD - - -Here are over 200 stories celebrating 23 great birthdays of -patriot-founders and upbuilders of the Republics of both North and South -America. In the stories are more than 75 historical characters, men, -women, and children. The arrangement follows the school-year, beginning -in October with Columbus. The book-cover is dressed in George -Washington’s colours, scarlet and white. - - -TREATMENT OF HISTORY FOR CHILDREN - -These tales are not packed full of dry facts and dates, boring to -children. Instead, they treat history in a manner appealing to boys and -girls. For it is the strong personalities that moved in the big events -of the world, it is the forceful lives of the men themselves, their -preparation in boyhood for successful careers, their struggles for -right, their heroism, devotion, and high adventure, as well as the why -and wherefore of things, which make history an intense reality to -children and young folk. American history treated after such a fashion, -may be used educationally to develop a fine, true type of Americanism. - -So most of the tales presented here are ones of personality, human and -alive. They are full of action. Many of them relate deeds of courage, -kindness, self-sacrifice, and perseverance. They are of just the right -length to read aloud or tell without fatiguing the children. They deal -scarcely at all with battle, murder, or sudden death. They stress the -intimate, human side of our Patriots, the side not often found in -textbooks. - - -SOME OF OUR HEROES - -Here are stories of Washington, Hamilton, John Adams, and John Marshall -showing them not cold and wooden, but warm and vital; also tales of -great-hearted Lincoln, and of America’s very human hero, Roosevelt. - -And exceedingly human, too, are Light Horse Harry, the Sage of -Monticello, Old Hickory, Brother Jonathan, Old Put, and the Great -Commoner, who, with words as powerful as sword-strokes, fought America’s -battles. - -Among the women, the mothers and wives helping to win the Wars for -Independence in both North and South America, are Mary and Martha -Washington, Abigail Adams, Andrew Jackson’s mother, the mother of John -Marshall, and the wife of San Martin. - -And the children of our foreign born, with how much greater pride may -they say, “We are Americans!” when they read about Lafayette, -Kosciuszko, Steuben, Haym Salomon, Pulaski, De Kalb, and Irish Moll -Pitcher. Then, of course, Columbus the Italian is here, sailing under -the gold and crimson banner of Spain. - -Our school children, too, may be surprised to learn, that there are 20 -robust American Republics to the south of us, with aspirations like our -own, and having devoted Patriots. Among their national heroes, are -Miranda “the Flaming Son of Liberty,” San Martin the great and good, -Bolivar the brilliant and victorious, O’Higgins the soldier-citizen, and -Brazil’s patriot Emperor, Dom Pedro the magnanimous. - -All Spanish accents have been omitted--as is sometimes done in English -books--so that the names of South American Patriots may not seem strange -and foreign to our school children. - - -NO HISTORICAL FICTION - -There is no historical fiction here. The larger number of the stories -are original, written purposely for this volume. Every detail is -historical, and every conversation is based on an authority. - -A partial list of the histories and biographies consulted while writing -the stories, may be found on page xiv. When historians have not agreed -as to dates and facts, the most reliable sources have been followed. - -Of the stories attributed to authors, some have been recast to meet the -requirements of storytelling; others are given verbatim. This provides a -selection of tales varied both in style and in treatment. Some of the -tales are for children, and some for young people. The book may be -useful in all Grades. - -No living Americans are celebrated. Those whose birthdays are kept, have -passed into history. And since one small volume cannot hold stories -about all of our Patriots, a careful selection has been made of tales -about Americans whose contributions to the founding of free Government -are of vital importance. It is deeply regretted that lack of space -precludes the use of other birthdays. Because of copyright restrictions, -the Roosevelt section is somewhat limited. - -A number of well-known tales which are omitted, may be found in _Good -Stories for Great Holidays_. - - -TEACHING AMERICAN SOLIDARITY - -In as far as possible, all tales of sectional differences, of political -animosities, and of civil strife, have been avoided. The emphasis in -this book is upon American Solidarity. - -Pioneers of progress inevitably arouse bitter antagonists. It would -require a large volume indeed, to treat of the derogatory statements and -written attacks which have been levelled at most of the men whose -birthdays we are celebrating. We know that Columbus suffered severely -from attacks by enemies, that Washington was one of the “most vilified -of men,” and that Lincoln’s detractors were merciless. To-day we may -perceive the process of vilification still going on around us. Happily, -time has shown that much of the detraction of the past was public -slander and clamour, and has consigned it to the rubbish heap of -history. In a book of this kind, detractions have little or no place; -and it is against the good sense of the best educational principles, to -impress the children’s plastic minds with such matters. When the -children are older, they will be better able to judge of them -intelligently. - - -HELPFUL TO TEACHERS - -May it be said right here, with emphasis, that this book is not intended -to take the place of suitable biographies of the men whose birthdays we -are celebrating. Entertaining, lively tales should, on the contrary, -lead boys and girls to want to know more about their favourite heroes. -And the teacher may use these short stories not merely to illustrate -American history textbooks, but to strengthen the children’s love of -Country, to teach them the meaning of American Unity, and to give them a -more intelligent reverence for the Constitution. - -To aid the teacher and story-teller there is appended on pages 465-483 a -_Subject Index_, by means of which any story on a given topic may be -quickly found. The Study Programmes, on pages 451-462, are -chronologically arranged to illustrate the day’s lesson. - - -FOR MOTHERS, ALSO - -But above all else, may this book, day by day, help mothers and -educators to bring to the children’s remembrance on these great -birthdays, something of the devotion, the patience, the sufferings, and -the personal sacrifice of the noble men, who, under the good hand of -God, laid the foundations of American Liberty and Self-Government. - - - - -ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - -Grateful acknowledgments are due the following Publishers and Authors, -for material from their books:-- - -To Houghton Mifflin Company for material from books by Edward Arber, -Albert J. Beveridge, John Fiske, Henry Cabot Lodge, John T. Morse, James -Parton, James B. Thayer, William Roscoe Thayer, and John Greenleaf -Whittier. - -To the _New York Evening Post_ for stories written for its columns by -the author of this book. - -To the _New York Times_ for “A Lock of Washington’s Hair,” by T. R. -Ybarra. - -To D. Appleton and Company for extracts from the Poems of William Cullen -Bryant, and material from William Spence Robertson’s _Rise of the -Spanish-American Republics_. - -To Charles Scribner’s Sons for material from _Theodore Roosevelt: An -Autobiography_. - -To Harr Wagner Publishing Company, San Francisco, California, publishers -of the complete works of Joaquin Miller, for permission to use his -_Columbus_. - -To J. B. Lippincott Company for material from Charles Morris’s _Heroes -of Progress_. - -To Lothrop, Lee, and Shepard Company for “Nellie and Little Washington,” -from Harriet Taylor Upton’s _Our Early Presidents, their Wives and -Children_. - -To the Missionary Education Movement for “Dom Pedro,” from Margarette -Daniels’s _Makers of South America_. - -To the Macmillan Company for material from James Morgan’s _Theodore -Roosevelt, the Boy and the Man_. - -To Dr. Sherman Williams for “The Boy of the Hurricane,” from his _New -York’s Part in History_, published by D. Appleton and Company. - -To Mr. Wayne Whipple for “The Little Girl and the Red Coats,” from his -_Story-Life of Washington_, published by John C. Winston Company. - -To the Brooklyn Public Library, Montague Branch, for the use of its -remarkably fine collection of volumes on early American history, many of -which are rare and out of print. - -To the Staff of the Brooklyn Public Library, Montague Branch, for most -helpful co-operation. - - * * * * * - -As this book of _Great Birthdays_ was several years in the making, it is -not possible to cite the many authorities, histories, and biographies -which have been consulted. The following titles may give some idea of -the kind of research work done, in order to make _Great Birthdays_ of -value in teaching American History:-- - -Fiske, _American Revolution_; Garden, _Ancedotes of the Revolutionary -War_; Green, _Short History of the English People_; _Journals of the -Continental Congress_; Lossing, _Pictorial Field-Book of the -Revolution_; Elkanah Watson, _Men and Times of the Revolution_; _Select -Letters of Christopher Columbus, with other Original Documents_ (Hakluyt -Society); _Memorials of Columbus ... translated from the Spanish and -Italian_; Lives of Columbus by Irving, Lamartine, and Winsor; _Story of -the Pilgrim Fathers_ (Arber Reprint); _Mourt’s Relation_; _Old South -Leaflets_; George Washington, _Journal of my Journey over the -Mountains_, also his _Writings_; Ford, _Washington and the Theatre_; -George Washington Parke Custis, _Recollections and Private Memoirs of -Washington_, by his Adopted Son; Headley, _Illustrated Life of George -Washington_; Irving, _Life of Washington_; Lossing, _Mary and Martha, -the Mother and the Wife of George Washington_; Lodge, _George -Washington_, (American Statesmen Series); John Paul Jones’s _Letters_, -also lives of him by De Koven, Headley, and Mackenzie; Lives of William -Penn, by Dixon, Hodges, Janney, Stoughton; Lives of John Marshall, and -addresses in his memory, by Beveridge, Binney, Flanders, Rawle, Sallie -E. Marshal Hardy (in _The Green Bag_), Justice Story, and Chief Justice -Waite; Peters, Haym Salomon; Franklin’s _Autobiography_; Humphreys, -_Life of the Honourable Major General Israel Putnam_ (material obtained -largely from Putnam himself); _Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of -Connecticut_, by his descendant Jonathan Trumbull; correspondence, -diaries, and speeches of John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Abigail Adams, -Patrick Henry, Jefferson, Lafayette, Pitt, Lincoln, and Webster. - -In writing the South American stories, the following have been most -useful: Biggs, _History of Don Francisco de Miranda’s Attempt to Effect -a Revolution in South America_; Palacio Fajardo, _Outline of the -Revolution in Spanish America_; _Encyclopedia of Latin America_; Koebel, -_British Exploits in South America_, also his _South America_; Captain -Basil Hall, _Extracts from a Journal_; Larrazábal, _Simón Bolivar_; -Mahoney, _Campaigns and Cruises in Venezuela and New Grenada_; Mehegan, -_O’Higgins of Chile_; General Miller, _Memoirs in the Service of the -Republic of Peru_; Bartolomé Mitre, _Emancipation of South America_; -Pan-American Union, _Bulletin_; Petre, _Simón Bolivar_; Robertson, _Rise -of the Spanish-American Republics_, also his _Francisco de Miranda_ -(American Historical Association); Smith, _History of the Adventures and -Sufferings of Moses Smith_; also a number of volumes of travel including -Lord Bryce, _South America_; and Winter, _Argentina_, and _Chile_. - - - - -CONTENTS - - -OCTOBER 12 - -COLUMBUS AND DISCOVERER’S DAY - -COLUMBUS, _Joaquin Miller_ 2 - -THE SEA OF DARKNESS 3 - -THE FORTUNATE ISLES 5 - -THE ABSURD TRUTH 7 - -CATHAY THE GOLDEN 10 - -THE EMERALD ISLANDS 12 - -THE MAGNIFICENT RETURN 13 - -THE FATAL PEARLS 15 - Tierra Firme - The Pearls - The Curse of the Pearls - -QUEEN ISABELLA’S PAGE 21 - -THE TWIN CITIES 24 - -THE PEARLS AGAIN 26 - - -OCTOBER 14 - -WILLIAM PENN, THE FOUNDER OF -PENNSYLVANIA - -WITHIN THE LAND OF PENN, _John Greenleaf Whittier_ 30 - -THE BOY OF GREAT TOWER HILL 31 - -HE WORE IT AS LONG AS HE COULD, _Samuel M. Janney_ 32 - -THE PEACEMAKER 33 - -WESTWARD HO, AND AWAY! _John Stoughton_ 34 - -THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE 36 - -THE PLACE OF KINGS, _Samuel M. Janney_ 38 - -ONAS, _W. Hepworth Dixon_ 41 - - -OCTOBER 27 - -THEODORE ROOSEVELT, AMERICA’S HERO - -THE SQUARE DEAL, _Theodore Roosevelt_ 44 - -THE BOY WHO GREW STRONG, _James Morgan_ 45 - Not in a Log Cabin - In the Wide Out-of-Doors - Busting Broncos - -SAGAMORE HILL, _Theodore Roosevelt_ 50 - -THE CHILDREN OF SAGAMORE HILL, _William Roscoe Thayer_ 52 - -OFF WITH JOHN BURROUGHS, _Theodore Roosevelt_ 53 - -THE BIG STICK, _William Roscoe Thayer_ 54 - -A-HUNTING TREES WITH JOHN MUIR, _Theodore Roosevelt_ 55 - -THE BEAR HUNTERS’ DINNER, _Theodore Roosevelt_ 56 - -HUNTING IN AFRICA, _Theodore Roosevelt_ 57 - -THE EVER FAITHFUL ISLAND 59 - -THE COLONEL OF THE ROUGH RIDERS, _William Roscoe Thayer_ 61 - -THE RIVER OF DOUBT, _William Roscoe Thayer_ 65 - -THEODORE ROOSEVELT, _William Roscoe Thayer_ 69 - - -OCTOBER 30 - -JOHN ADAMS, THE SON OF LIBERTY - -INDEPENDENCE DAY, _John Adams_ 74 - -A SON OF LIBERTY, _Benson J. Lossing_ 75 - -THE ADAMS FAMILY 76 - -AID TO THE SISTER COLONY, _James Parton_ 77 - -A FAMOUS DATE 80 - -WHAT A GLORIOUS MORNING! 81 - -JOHN TO SAMUEL 82 - -A GENTLEMAN FROM VIRGINIA 83 - -THE BOY WHO BECAME PRESIDENT 85 - -HOW SHALL THE STARS BE PLACED? 88 - -THE MYSTERIOUS STRANGER 89 - -HIS LAST TOAST 91 - - -NOVEMBER 15 - -WILLIAM PITT, DEFENDER OF AMERICA - -HE AT ONCE BREATHED HIS OWN LOFTY SPIRIT, _John Richard Green_ 94 - -THIS TERRIBLE CORNET OF HORSE 95 - -THE CHARTER OF LIBERTY 98 - -AMERICA’S DEFENDER 101 - -THE SONS OF LIBERTY 103 - -A LAST SCENE, _John Fiske_ 105 - - -DECEMBER 2 - -DOM PEDRO THE SECOND, THE MAGNANIMOUS, -THE BEST REPUBLICAN IN BRAZIL - -FREEDOM IN BRAZIL, _John Greenleaf Whittier_ 110 - -THE BRAZILS MAGNIFICENT 111 - -THE EMPIRE OF THE SOUTHERN CROSS 112 - -MAKING THE LITTLE EMPEROR, _W. H. Koebel_ 113 - -THE PATRIOT EMPEROR 115 - I. Viva Dom Pedro the Second! - II. My People - III. Emancipating the Slaves, 1888 - IV. The Empire of the Southern Cross--No More! _Margarette Daniels_ - -THE UNITED STATES OF BRAZIL 120 - - -DECEMBER 20 - -WILLIAM BRADFORD, AND THE LANDING -OF THE PILGRIMS - -SO THEY LEFT THAT GOODLY AND PLEASANT CITY, _William Bradford_ 124 - -THE FATHER OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 125 - -THE SAVAGE NEW WORLD 128 - -WELCOME, ENGLISHMEN! 131 - -LOST! LOST! A BOY! 132 - -THE RATTLESNAKE CHALLENGE 136 - -THE GREAT DROUGHT, _Governor Edward Winslow_ 138 - - -JANUARY 7 - -GENERAL ISRAEL PUTNAM, “OLD PUT” - -THERE WAS A GENEROSITY AND BUOYANCY ABOUT THE BRAVE OLD MAN, - _Washington Irving_ 142 - -SEEING BOSTON 143 - -THE FIGHT WITH THE WOLF 144 - -FROM PLOUGH TO CAMP 146 - -HE MADE WASHINGTON LAUGH 148 - -A GENEROUS FOE 149 - -PUTNAM NOT FORGOTTEN! 150 - - -JANUARY 11 - -ALEXANDER HAMILTON, DEFENDER OF -THE CONSTITUTION - -HE GAVE THE WHOLE POWERS OF HIS MIND, _Daniel Webster_ 154 - -THE BOY OF THE HURRICANE, _Sherman Williams_ 155 - -CALL COLONEL HAMILTON 157 - -A STRUGGLE 158 - -“HE KNOWS EVERYTHING” 159 - - -JANUARY 17 - -BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, THE AMERICAN -SOCRATES - -OUR COUNTRY, _Benjamin Franklin_ 164 - -THE WHISTLE, _Benjamin Franklin_ 165 - -THE CANDLE-MAKER’S BOY 166 - -THE BOY OF THE PRINTING PRESS 167 - -THE THREE ROLLS 168 - -STANDING BEFORE KINGS 169 - -THE WONDERFUL KITE EXPERIMENT 170 - -THE RISING SUN 171 - -TO MY FRIEND, _Benjamin Franklin_ 172 - - -FEBRUARY 12 - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN, THE GREAT -EMANCIPATOR - -OH, SLOW TO SMITE AND SWIFT TO SPARE, _William Cullen Bryant_ 174 - -THE CABIN IN THE CLEARING 175 - -HOW HE LEARNED TO BE JUST 176 - -OFF TO NEW ORLEANS 177 - -THE KINDNESS OF LINCOLN 178 - The Little Birds - Rescuing the Pig - Opening Their Eyes - -LINCOLN AND THE CHILDREN 181 - Hurrah for Lincoln! - Only Eight of Us, Sir - He’s Beautiful! - Please Let Your Beard Grow - Three Little Girls - -THE PRESIDENT AND THE BIBLE 183 - -WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN SPEAK 185 - -GETTYSBURG ADDRESS, _Abraham Lincoln_ 186 - - -FEBRUARY 22 - -GEORGE WASHINGTON, THE FATHER OF -HIS COUNTRY - -LINCOLN ON WASHINGTON’S BIRTHDAY 190 - -THE BOY IN THE VALLEY 191 - -WASHINGTON’S MOTHER, _George Washington Parke Custis_ 194 - -WASHINGTON’S WEDDING DAY, _Henry Cabot Lodge_ 197 - -WASHINGTON AND THE CHILDREN, _Grace Greenwood_ 197 - -THE LITTLE GIRL AND THE RED COATS, _Wayne Whipple_ 200 - -NELLIE AND LITTLE WASHINGTON, _Harriet Taylor Upton_ 200 - -SEEING THE PRESIDENT, _George Washington Parke Custis_ 203 - -NELSON THE HERO, _George Washington Parke Custis_ 204 - -CARING FOR THE GUEST, _Elkanah Watson_ 205 - -THOUGHTFUL OF OTHERS 206 - -THE CINCINNATUS OF THE WEST 206 - -BROTHER JONATHAN 208 - -THE BLOODY FOOTPRINTS, _George Washington Parke Custis_ 210 - -AN APPEAL TO GOD, _Benson J. Lossing_ 211 - -FRIEND GREENE 213 - -LIGHT HORSE HARRY, _Washington Irving_ 216 - -CAPTAIN MOLLY, _George Washington Parke Custis_ 218 - -THE SOLDIER BARON 220 - -FATHER THADDEUS 223 - -THE LITTLE FRIEND IN FRONT STREET 228 - -FAREWELL! MY GENERAL! FAREWELL! _J. T. Headley_ 230 - -FROM “WASHINGTON’S LEGACY” 232 - -A KING OF MEN, _John Fiske_ 233 - -WHEN WASHINGTON DIED 234 - - -FEBRUARY 25 - -JOSE DE SAN MARTIN OF ARGENTINA, -THE PROTECTOR - -SAN MARTIN, THE GREAT LIBERATOR, _Joseph Conrad_ 236 - -THE BOY SOLDIER 237 - -THE PATRIOT WHO KEPT FAITH 238 - -WHEN SAN MARTIN CAME 240 - -ARGENTINA’S INDEPENDENCE DAY 243 - -A GREAT IDEA 243 - -THE MIGHTY ANDES, _Bartolome Mitre_ 245 - -THE REAL SAN MARTIN 247 - -THE FIGHTING ENGINEER OF THE ANDES, _Bartolome Mitre_ 248 - -THE HANNIBAL OF THE ANDES, _General Miller and Bartolome Mitre_ 249 - -NOT FOR HIMSELF 254 - -COCHRANE, EL DIABLO 255 - -OUR BROTHERS, YE SHALL BE FREE 256 - -THE FALL OF THE CITY OF THE KINGS, _Captain Basil Hall_ 257 - -SAN MARTIN THE CONQUEROR, _Captain Basil Hall_ 261 - A Retreat - The Mother and Her Three Sons - The Little Girl Who Was Bashful - Another Little Girl - The Best Cigar - Duty Before the General - -LIMA’S GREATEST DAY 265 - -HAIL, NEIGHBOUR REPUBLICS! 266 - -AMERICA FOR THE AMERICANS 268 - -WHAT ONE AMERICAN DID 271 - -THE AMAZING MEETING 272 - -WHAT HAPPENED AFTERWARD 274 - -THE MYSTERY SOLVED 276 - - -MARCH 15 - -ANDREW JACKSON, OLD HICKORY - -I WANT TO SAY THAT ANDREW JACKSON, _Theodore Roosevelt_ 280 - -MISCHIEVOUS ANDY, _James Parton_ 281 - -READING THE DECLARATION 282 - -OUT AGAINST TARLETON, _James Parton_ 283 - -AN ORPHAN OF THE REVOLUTION, _James Parton_ 285 - -THE HOOTING IN THE WILDERNESS, _James Parton_ 286 - -FORT MIMS 289 - -DAVY CROCKETT 290 - -CHIEF WEATHERFORD, _James Parton_ 291 - -SAM HOUSTON 295 - -WHY JACKSON WAS NAMED OLD HICKORY, _James Parton_ 297 - -THE COTTON-BALES 299 - -AFTER THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS, _James Parton_ 300 - - -APRIL 13 - -THOMAS JEFFERSON, THE FRAMER OF THE -DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE - -THE FOURTH OF JULY, _Hezekiah Butterworth_ 304 - -THE BOY OWNER OF SHADWELL FARM, _James Parton_ 305 - -A CHRISTMAS GUEST, _James Parton_ 306 - -THE AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION 308 - -PROCLAIM LIBERTY 309 - -ONLY A REPRIEVE 310 - -ON THE FOURTH OF JULY 313 - - -MAY 29 - -PATRICK HENRY, THE ORATOR OF THE -WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE - -TO THE READER, _Patrick Henry_ 316 - -THE ORATOR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE, _Charles Morris_ 317 - A Surprise to All - A Failure That Was a Success - Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death! - -FACING DANGER 322 - - -JUNE 9 - -FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA OF VENEZUELA, -THE FLAMING SON OF LIBERTY - -THE PRINCE OF FILIBUSTERS, _William Spence Robertson_ 326 - -THE SPANISH GALLEONS 327 - -THE ROMANCE OF MIRANDA 331 - -THE MYSTERY SHIP, _James Biggs and Moses Smith_ 335 - -THE END OF THE MYSTERY SHIP 339 - -THE GREAT AND GLORIOUS FIFTH 341 - -A TERRIBLE THING 343 - -END OF THE ROMANCE 344 - - -JUNE 23-24 - -ROGER WILLIAMS AND THE FOUNDING -OF PROVIDENCE - -GOD MAKES A PATH, _Roger Williams_ 348 - -ROGER, THE BOY 349 - -SOUL LIBERTY 350 - -WHAT CHEER! _Z. A. Mudge_ 352 - -RISKING HIS LIFE, _Charles Morris_ 354 - - -JULY 6 - -JOHN PAUL JONES, AMERICA’S IMMORTAL -SEA-FIGHTER - -PAUL JONES, _Ballad_ 358 - -THE BOY OF THE SOLWAY, _J. T. Headley_ 359 - -DON’T TREAD ON ME! _J. T. Headley_ 360 - -THE FIRST SALUTE, _Alexander S. Mackenzie_ 361 - -THE POOR RICHARD 364 - -MICKLE’S THE MISCHIEF HE HAS DUNE, _J. T. Headley_ 365 - -PAUL JONES HIMSELF, _J. T. Headley_ 367 - -SOME OF HIS SAYINGS 369 - - -JULY 24 - -SIMON BOLIVAR OF VENEZUELA, -THE LIBERATOR - -BOLIVAR, _Barry Cornwall_ 372 - -THE PRECIOUS JEWEL 373 - -THE FIERY YOUNG PATRIOT 376 - -SEEING BOLIVAR, _By a Young Englishman_ 378 - -UNCLE PAEZ--THE LION OF THE APURE 382 - -ANGOSTURA 384 - -THE CROSSING, _By One who Accompanied Bolivar_ 385 - -PERU NEXT 388 - -THE BREAK 389 - -BOLIVAR THE MAN, _William Spence Robertson_ 390 - - -AUGUST 20 - -BERNARDO O’HIGGINS, FIRST SOLDIER, -FIRST CITIZEN OF CHILE - -THE NAME OF O’HIGGINS, _W. H. Koebel_ 394 - -THE SON OF THE BAREFOOT BOY 395 - -THE SINGLE STAR FLAG 397 - -THE HERO OF RANCAGUA 398 - -COMPANIONS-IN-ARMS 400 - -THE PATRIOT RULER 400 - -FIRST SOLDIER, FIRST CITIZEN 402 - -CHILE AS SHE IS 403 - -ONE OF TWENTY 405 - -THE BETTER WAY 406 - - -SEPTEMBER 6 - -THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE, THE -FRIEND OF AMERICA - -AFTER THE SACRIFICES I HAVE MADE, _Lafayette_ 412 - -I WILL JOIN THE AMERICANS! _Edith Sichel_ 413 - -IN AMERICA 414 - -ON THE FIELD NEAR CAMDEN 414 - -THE BANNER OF THE MORAVIAN NUNS 416 - -LOYAL TO THE CHIEF, _John Fiske_ 418 - -WE ARE GRATEFUL, LAFAYETTE! 420 - -SOME OF WASHINGTON’S HAIR, _T. R. Ybarra_ 421 - -WELCOME! FRIEND OF AMERICA! 422 - - -SEPTEMBER 24 - -JOHN MARSHALL, THE EXPOUNDER OF -THE CONSTITUTION - -HE HAD A DEEP SENSE OF MORAL AND RELIGIOUS OBLIGATION, - _Justice Joseph Story_ 426 - -THE BOY OF THE FRONTIER, _Albert J. Beveridge_ 427 - In a Log Cabin - Off to the Blue Ridge - Making an American - Give Me Liberty! - -THE YOUNG LIEUTENANT, _Horace Binney_ 433 - -SERVING THE CAUSE, _Henry Flanders_ 434 - -AT VALLEY FORGE, _William Henry Rawle_ 435 - -SILVER HEELS, _J. B. Thayer_ 436 - -WITHOUT BREAD, _John Marshall’s Sister_ 437 - -HIS MOTHER, _Sallie E. Marshall Hardy_ 438 - -HIS FATHER, _Justice Joseph Story_ 438 - -THREE STORIES, _James B. Thayer_ 439 - What Was in the Saddlebags - Eating Cherries - Learned in the Law of Nations - -THE CONSTITUTION 442 - -EXPOUNDING THE CONSTITUTION, _Chief Justice Waite_ 444 - -THE GREAT CHIEF JUSTICE, _Horace Binney_ 446 - Respected by All - The True Man - -WHAT OF THE CONSTITUTION? _Washington_, _Bolivar_, - _Webster_, _Lincoln_ 448 - -ENVOY 450 - - -APPENDIX - - I. Programme of Stories from the History of the United States 453 - - II. Story Programme of South America’s Struggle for Independence 460 - -SUBJECT INDEX 465 - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - -BREAKFAST WITH THE CHILDREN AT MOUNT VERNON _Frontispiece_ - -COLUMBUS EXAMINES THE PEARLS 18 - -ROOSEVELT BREAKING “DEVIL” 50 - -JOHN BILLINGTON BROUGHT ON THE SHOULDERS OF AN INDIAN 136 - -FRANKLIN AND THE KITE EXPERIMENT 170 - -“HE’S BEAUTIFUL” 182 - -“‘TREASON! TREASON!’ CRIED SOME OF THE EXCITED MEMBERS” 318 - -PAUL JONES HOISTING THE STARS AND STRIPES 362 - -_Drawn by Frank T. Merrill_ - - - - -OCTOBER 12 - -COLUMBUS AND DISCOVERER’S DAY - - -_The Very Magnificent Lord Don Cristobal Colon, High Admiral of the -Ocean Sea, Viceroy and Governor of the Islands and Tierra Firma._ - - - - -COLUMBUS - - - _“My men grow mutinous day by day; - My men grow ghastly wan and weak.” - The stout Mate thought of home; a spray - Of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek. - “What shall I say, brave Admiral, say, - If we sight naught but seas at dawn?” - “Why you shall say at break of day, - Sail on! Sail on! Sail on! and on!”_ - - _Then pale and worn, he kept his deck, - And peered through darkness. Ah, that night - Of all dark nights! And then a speck-- - A light! A light! A light! A light! - It grew, a starlit Flag unfurled! - It grew to be Time’s burst of dawn. - He gained a World, he gave that World - Its grandest lesson-- - “On! Sail on!”_ - - _From_ JOAQUIN MILLER’S _Columbus_ - - CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS was born in Italy, about 1451 - - First landed on an island of America, October 12, 1492 - - Sighted South America, 1498 - - Was sent in chains to Spain, 1500 - - Returned from his Fourth Voyage, 1504 - - He died, May 20, 1506 - - His name in Spanish is Cristobal Colon. - - - - -THE SEA OF DARKNESS - - -Before America was ever heard of, over four hundred years ago, a boy -lived in Genoa the Proud City. - -He was just one of hundreds of boys in that beautiful Italian town, -whose palaces, marble villas, and churches climbed her picturesque -hillsides. The boy’s name was Christopher Columbus. - -Whenever he could leave his father’s workshop, where he was learning to -comb wool, for his father was a weaver, how eagerly the boy must have -run down to the wharfs and sat there watching the ships come and go. - -They came from all those parts of the world which people knew about -then, from Iceland and England, from European and Asiatic ports, and -from North Africa. Caravels, galleys, and galleons, and sailing craft of -all kinds, came laden with the wealth that made Genoa one of the richest -cities of her time. - -The sailors, who lounged on the wharfs, spun wonderful yarns. They told -how beyond the Pillars of Hercules which guarded the straits of -Gibraltar, there rolled a vast, unknown sea, called the Atlantic Ocean -or the Sea of Darkness. - -No one, they said, had ever crossed it. No one knew what lay beyond it. -All was mystery. And any mariners, the sailors said, who had ventured -far out on its black waters had never returned. - -Fearful things had happened to such mariners, the sailors added, for the -Sea of Darkness swarmed with spectres, devils, and imps. And when night -fell, slimy monsters crawled and swam in its boiling waves. Among these -monsters, was an enormous nautilus large enough to crush a whole ship in -its squirming arms, and a serpent fifty leagues long with flaming eyes -and horse’s mane. Sea-elephants, sea-lions, and sea-tigers, fed in beds -of weeds. Harpies and winged terrors flew over the surface of the water. - -And horrible, they said, was the fate which overtook the ship of any -foolhardy mariners who ventured too far out on that gloomy ocean. A -gigantic hand was thrust up through the waves, and grasped the ship. A -polypus, spouting two water-spouts as high as the sky, made such a -whirlpool that the vessel, spinning round and round like a top, was -sucked down into the roaring abyss. - -These frightful sea-yarns and many like them, the sailors told about the -Atlantic Ocean, and people believed them. But the eyes of the boy -Columbus, as he sat listening, must have sparkled as he longed to -explore those mysterious waters of the Sea of Darkness, and follow them -to the very edge of the world. - -For all that lay to the west of the Azores, was a great and fascinating -mystery, when Columbus was a boy, before America was discovered. - - - - -THE FORTUNATE ISLES - - -Listen now to some of the stories that the Irish sailors who visited -Genoa, told when Columbus was a boy. And people in those days, believed -them to be true. - -They told how far, far in the West, where the sun set in crimson -splendour, lay the Terrestrial Paradise from which Adam and Eve were -driven. And other wonder tales the sailors told. - -One was the enchanting tale of Maeldune, the Celtic Knight, who seeking -his father’s murderer, sailed over the wide Atlantic in a coracle of -skins lapped threefold, one over the other. - -Many were the wonder-islands that Maeldune and his comrades visited--the -Island of the Silvern Column; the Island of the Flaming Rampart; the -Islands of the Monstrous Ants, and the Giant Birds; the Islands of the -Fierce Beasts, the Fiery Swine, and the Little Cat; the Islands of the -Black Mourners, the Glass Bridge, and the Spouting Water; the Islands of -the Red Berries, and the Magic Apples; and the islands of many other -wonders. - -Many were the strange adventures that Maeldune had in enchanted castles -with beautiful Queens and lovely damsels, with monstrous birds, -sleep-giving potions, and magic food. - -And the Irish sailors told, also, of good St. Brandan who set sail in a -coracle, and discovered the Fortunate Isles. There he dwelt in blessed -happiness, they said:-- - - “_And his voice was low as from other worlds, and his eyes were sweet;_ - _And his white hair sank to his heels, and his white beard - fell to his feet._” - -And still another tale the Irish sailors told, a tale of Fairy Land, -called the Land of Youth. Thither once went Usheen the Irish Bard. - -It happened on a sweet, misty morning that Usheen saw a slender -snow-white steed come pacing along the shore of Erin. Silver were his -shoes, and a nodding crest of gold was on his head. Upon his back was -seated a Fairy Maiden crowned with gold, and wrapped in a trailing -mantle adorned with stars of red gold. - -Weirdly but sweetly she smiled, and sang an Elfin song; while over sea -and shore there fell a dreamy silence. Through the fine mist she urged -on her steed, singing sweeter and ever sweeter as she came nearer and -nearer to Usheen. - -She drew rein before him. His friends saw him spring upon the steed, and -fold the Fairy Maiden in his arms. She shook the bridle which rang forth -like a chime of bells, and swiftly they sped over the water and across -the sea, the snow-white steed running lightly over the waves. - -They plunged into a golden haze that shrouded them from mortal eyes. -Ghostly towers, castles, and palace-gates loomed dimly before Usheen, -then melted away. A hornless doe bounded near him, chased by a white -hound. They vanished into the haze. - -Then a Fairy Damsel rode swiftly past Usheen, holding up a golden apple -to him. Fast behind her, galloped a horseman, his purple cloak streaming -in the still air, a sharp sword glittering in his hand. They, too, -melted mysteriously away. - -And soon Usheen himself vanished into the Land of Youth, into Fairy -Land. - -These are some of the wonder tales that folk used to tell about the -mysterious Atlantic Ocean, when Columbus was a boy. - - - - -THE ABSURD TRUTH - - -When Columbus was a boy, there was a story told that the Earth was -round. Nearly every one who heard it thought it foolish--absurd. - -“The Earth round!” they said; “do we not know that the Earth is flat? -And does not the sun set each night at the edge of the World?” - -But young Columbus had a powerful, practical imagination. He believed -there were good reasons to think that the Earth was not flat. He -attended the University of Pavia. He studied astronomy and other -sciences. He learned map-making. He read how the ancient philosophers -thought the Earth to be a sphere and how they had tried to prove their -theory by observing the sun, moon, and stars. - -Then, too, there were scholars in Europe, when Columbus was young, who -agreed with the philosophers. - -But no scholar or philosopher had ever risked his life in a frail ship -and ventured across the terrible Sea of Darkness to battle with its -horrors, and prove his theory to be fact. The surging billows of the -Atlantic with angry leaping crests of foam, still guarded their mystery. - -Young Columbus became a sailor, cruising with his uncle on the -Mediterranean, sometimes chasing pirate ships. When older, he made long -voyages. He learned to navigate a vessel. He visited, so some historians -say, England and Thule. They say, too, that Thule was Iceland. Then if -he visited Iceland, Columbus must have heard the strange tale of how -Leif, son of Erik the Red, the bold Northman, sailed in a single ship -over the Sea of Darkness, and discovered Vinland the Good on the other -side of the Atlantic. - -Columbus talked with sailors about their voyages. He heard how the waves -of the Sea of Darkness sometimes cast upon the Islands of the Azores, -gigantic bamboos, queer trees, strange nuts, seeds, carved logs, and -bodies of hideous men with flat faces, the flotsam and jetsam from -unknown lands far to the west. - -Columbus’s imagination and spirit of adventure were fired. He became -more eager than ever to explore that vast expanse of water, and learn -what really lay in the mysterious region, where the sun set each night -and from which the sun returned each morning. - -“The Earth is not flat,” thought he, “much goes to prove it. India, from -which gold and spices come, is assuredly on the other side. If I can but -cross the Sea of Darkness, I shall reach Tartary and Cathay the Golden -Country of Kublai Khan. I shall have found a Western Passage to Asia. I -will bring back treasure; but more than all else I shall be able to -carry the Gospel of Christ to the heathen.” - -For Columbus, you must know, was one of the most devout Christian men of -his time. - -And he signed his name to letters, “Christ Bearing.” _Christopher_ in -the Greek language, means Christ-Bearer. Perhaps, he was thinking of -the beautiful legend of St. Christopher, who on his mighty shoulders -bore the Christ Child across the swelling river, even as he, Christopher -Columbus, humbly wished to bear Christ’s Gospel across the raging waters -of the Sea of Darkness. - - - - -CATHAY THE GOLDEN - - -Where was Cathay the Golden? - -Who was Kublai Khan? - -One of Columbus’s favourite books was written by Marco Polo, the great -Venetian traveller, who served Kublai, Grand Khan of Tartary in Asia. -Cathay was the name which Marco Polo gave to China. - -In his book, Marco Polo told of many marvels. In the chief city of -Cathay the Golden, ruled over by Kublai Khan, stood the Grand Khan’s -palace. Its walls were covered with gold and silver, and adorned with -figures of dragons, beasts, and birds. Its lofty roof was coloured -outside with vermilion, yellow, green, blue, and every other hue, all -shining like crystal. - -To this city of Cathay, were brought the most costly articles in the -world, gold, silver, precious jewels, spices, and rare silks. The Grand -Khan had so many plates, cups, and ewers of gold and silver, that no one -would believe it without seeing them. He had five thousand elephants in -magnificent trappings, bearing chests on their backs filled with -priceless treasure. He had also, a vast number of camels with rich -housings. - -At the New Year Feast, the people made presents to Kublai Khan of gold, -silver, pearls, precious stones, and rich stuffs. They presented him, -also, with many beautiful snow-white horses handsomely caparisoned. - -These and other wonderful things, did Marco Polo write about in his -book, and Columbus read them all. - - * * * * * - -At last the time came, when Columbus was fully determined to discover a -Western Passage, and thus open a path through the Ocean from Europe to -Asia. - -The Spanish courtiers laughed at Columbus; they called him a fool and -madman to believe that the Sea of Darkness might be crossed. But as the -years of waiting went by, Columbus grew stronger in his determination. - -The story of his many years of patient but determined waiting in Spain, -of his pleadings with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, for money, men, -and ships with which to cross the Ocean Sea, is told in “Good Stories -for Great Holidays.” - -And in “Good Stories for Great Holidays,” it is told how at last -Columbus was befriended by the Friar Juan Perez. There also may be -found the stories of Columbus and the Egg, of his little son Diego at La -Rabida, of Queen Isabella pledging her jewels, of Columbus’s sailing -across the Sea of Darkness, of the mutiny, of his faith, perseverance, -and wisdom, and how at last he sighted a cluster of beautiful green -islands, lying like emeralds in the blue waters of the Atlantic--all -these stories may be read in “Good Stories for Great Holidays.” - - - - -THE EMERALD ISLANDS - -_Columbus’s Day, October 12, 1492_ - - -It was with songs of praise, that Columbus first landed on one of those -emerald islands of the New World. - -And what delightful islands they were, sparkling with streams, and -filled with trees of great height. There were fruits, flowers, and honey -in abundance. Among the large leaves and bright blossoms, flocks of -birds sang and called. There were cultivated fields of Indian corn. - -And there were savages, naked dark-skinned folk, who peeped from behind -trees, or ran frightened away. Later they grew bolder, and traded with -Columbus and his men. Some of the savages smoked rolls of dried leaves. -This was the first tobacco that white men had ever seen. Thus Columbus -and his men discovered Indian corn, and tobacco. - -As Columbus sailed along the shores of the islands, he watched anxiously -for the crystal-shining domes of Kublai Khan’s Palace to rise among the -trees. But no Cathay the Golden gleamed among the green, no elephants in -trappings of cloth-of-gold, paced the sands. - -Instead, all was wild though so beautiful. The only people were the -dark-skinned ones, whom Columbus named _Indians_; for he was sure that -he had come across the Sea of Darkness by the Western Passage to India. - - - - -THE MAGNIFICENT RETURN - - -It was a day of great rejoicing when Columbus returned to Spain. The -whole country rose up to do him honour. Bells were rung, mass was said, -and vast crowds cheered him as he passed along streets and highways. - -No one called him a fool and madman then. Had he not crossed the Sea of -Darkness and returned alive? Neither nautilus, gigantic hand, nor -polypus had dared to harm him. The Sea of Darkness was a mysterious -gloomy sea no longer, instead it was the wide Atlantic Ocean, a safe -pathway for brave mariners and good ships, a pathway leading to new -lands of gold and spices far toward the setting sun. And so all Spain -did honour to Columbus. - -King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella eagerly awaited him at Barcelona. He -entered that city with pomp and in procession. Balconies, windows, roofs -were thronged. Crowds surged through the streets to gaze in wonder on -that strange procession, so spectacular, so magnificent. - -First came the dark-skinned savage men, in paint and gold ornaments; -after them walked men bearing live parrots of every colour; then others -came carrying rich glittering coronets and bracelets, together with -beautiful fruits and strange vegetables and plants, such as the people -of Europe had never dreamed could exist. - -Then passed the great discoverer himself, Christopher Columbus, -a-horseback, and surrounded by a cavalcade of the most brilliant -courtiers of Spain. - -He dismounted, and entered the saloon where the King and Queen sat -beneath a canopy of brocade. He modestly greeted them on bended knee. -They raised him most graciously, and bade him be seated in their -presence. - -After they had heard his tale with wonder, and had examined the -treasures that he had brought with him from beyond the Sea of Darkness, -the King and Queen together with their whole Court knelt in thanksgiving -to God. - -To reward Columbus, his Sovereigns bestowed upon him the titles of Don -Christopher Columbus, Our Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and Viceroy and -Governor of the Islands discovered in the Indies. They also promised to -make him ruler over any other islands and mainland he might discover. - -Columbus immediately began to prepare for another voyage. With a fleet -of seventeen ships, bearing supplies and colonists, he sailed across the -Sea of Darkness once more to the islands of the New World. He planted a -colony there. He discovered other islands. And he still kept on -searching diligently for Cathay the Golden. - -Turbulent adventurers, rapacious gold-hunters, and vicious men, were -among the colonists. And Columbus, in the name of his Sovereigns, with -great difficulty ruled over them all. - - - - -THE FATAL PEARLS - - -_Tierra Firme_ - -It was in May, 1498. The fleet of Admiral Don Christopher Columbus, in -the name of the Holy Trinity, set sail from Spain for a third voyage -across the Atlantic. - -It was no longer a Sea of Darkness to Columbus, but a sure pathway to -golden lands. There he still hoped to find the Earthly Paradise from -which Adam and Eve had been driven. And there too, he still expected to -discover Cathay the Golden in Tartary, and Cipango, the great island of -the western sea, which we call Japan. - -His ships sailed on, now plunging through the lifting billows, now lying -becalmed on glassy waters under the fierce rays of the tropic sun, and -now moving through a region of balmy airs and light refreshing breezes. - -July arrived, yet he had not sighted land. The fierce heat of the sun -had sprung the seams of the ships. The provisions were rancid. There was -scarcely any sweet water left in the casks. The anxious, watchful -Admiral scanned the horizon. - -On the last day of the month, came a shout from the masthead:--“Land!” - -And Columbus beheld the peaks of three mountains rising from the sea, -outlined sharply against the sky. Then he and his men, lifting up their -voices, sang anthems of praise and repeated prayers of thanksgiving. - -As the ships drew nearer to the three peaks, Columbus perceived that -they rose from an island and were united at their base. - -“Three in one,” he said, and named the island after the Holy Trinity in -whose name he had set sail. For he had vowed before leaving Spain, to -name the first new land he saw after the Trinity. That is why that -island, to-day, is called Trinidad. - -They filled their casks there. Then onward they sailed, skirting the -coast of Trinidad, hoping to find a harbour to put into while repairing -the ships. Soon, they saw a misty headland opposite the island. - -“It is another island,” said Columbus. - -It was no island. Wonderful to relate, Columbus had just discovered a -new Country. - -It was the coastline of a vast southern continent. It was _Tierra -Firme_. It was South America! - - -_The Pearls_ - -Young Indian braves, graceful and handsome, their black hair straight -and long, their heads wrapped in brilliant scarfs, other bright scarfs -wound round their middles, came in a canoe to visit Columbus’s ships. - -Soon after this visit, Columbus set sail again, not knowing that he had -just sighted one of the richest and greatest continents on earth. -Sailing past the mouths of the mighty Orinoco River, pouring out their -torrents with angry roar into the Caribbean Sea, Columbus skirted what -is now called Venezuela. - -Other friendly Indians came to his ships. It was then that Columbus saw -for the first time the pearls which were to help ruin him, and which -were to work wretchedness and death for so many poor Indian folk. - -Among the friendly Indians were some who wore bracelets of lustrous -pearls. The gold and spices got by Columbus on his former voyages were -of slight beauty compared with those strings of magnificent pearls. - -Columbus examined them eagerly. He longed for some to send back to Queen -Isabella, in order to prove to her what a rich land he had just -discovered. - -He questioned the Indians. Where had they got the pearls? They came from -their own land, and from a country to the north and west, they answered. - -Columbus was eager to go thither. But first he sent men ashore to barter -for some of the bracelets. With bright bits of earthenware, with -buttons, scissors, and needles, they bought quantities of the pearls -from the delighted Indians, to whom such articles were worth more than -gold and jewels of which they had plenty. - -Then Columbus, hoisting sail, ran farther along the coast purchasing -pearls until he had half a bushel or so of the lustrous sea-jewels, some -of them of very large size. - -He named a great gulf, the Gulf of Pearls. He discovered other islands, -among them the island of Margarita, which means a pearl. - -After which he turned his ships toward Santo Domingo, not knowing how -tragic a thing was to befall him there, partly on account of the -pearls. - -[Illustration: COLUMBUS EXAMINES THE PEARLS] - - -_The Curse of the Pearls_ - -Those fatal sea-jewels had already begun their evil work. - -While Columbus was tarrying to collect them, a rebellion fomented by bad -men who had taken advantage of his absence, had broken out in the Island -of Santo Domingo. When Columbus reached there, he suppressed it. But his -enemies hastened to send lying reports about him to the Spanish Court. -And the courtiers, who were jealous of his high position, wealth, and -power, urged King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to have him deposed. - -One of their accusations against him was, that he had held back from his -Sovereigns their rightful portion of the rich find of pearls. - -So at last, the royal edict went forth that the very magnificent Don -Christopher Columbus, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Viceroy and Governor of -the Indies, should be tried and, if found guilty, deposed and returned -to Spain. - -The man sent to do all this, and govern in Columbus’s stead, was named -Bobadilla. - -Bobadilla arrived at Santo Domingo with royal commands for Columbus to -surrender all power to him, and to obey him in everything. He caused him -to be arrested and thrown into prison. He tried and condemned him. He -ordered him put into chains. But no one could be found to rivet the -chains until one of Columbus’s own servants, “a shameless and graceless -cook,” did so with glee. - -Then Bobadilla reigned in Columbus’s place over the Indies. - -Meanwhile, the grand old Admiral broken in spirit, carped at by his -foes, was placed in manacles aboard a caravel. - -Bobadilla had given orders that the chains should not be removed, but -the humane master of the ship offered to break them. - -“Nay,” said Columbus with dignity, “my Sovereigns have commanded me to -submit, and Bobadilla has chained me. I will wear these irons until by -royal order they are removed. And I shall keep them as relics and -memorials of the reward of my services.” - -But when Queen Isabella learned how he had been brought back to Spain in -shackles, she was greatly angered. Both Sovereigns commanded that he -should be immediately released. And when the venerable Columbus grown -old in her service, entered her presence, Queen Isabella wept bitterly. -Columbus fell at her feet, unable to utter a word, so great was his -sorrow. - -Both Sovereigns promised to restore all his titles and the wealth which -had been taken from him by force. But though Bobadilla was finally -deposed from power because of his treatment of Columbus and because of -his evil rule, yet the royal promise was not fulfilled. His titles and -property were never restored to Columbus. - -Instead, he was again sent overseas, on a fourth voyage of discovery. - -With four miserable caravels manned by only a hundred and fifty men, the -gray-headed, weary Columbus set forth once more still hoping to discover -the country of Kublai Khan, and find the Earthly Paradise. And this time -Columbus took with him his younger son, Ferdinand, who was thirteen -years old. - - - - -QUEEN ISABELLA’S PAGE - - -Off to find Kublai Khan, to drink from his golden cups, to eat from his -silvern plates, to ride his elephants, to visit in his great palace, -and, perhaps, to discover the Earthly Paradise--what more thrilling -adventure could a boy want? - -So Ferdinand Columbus, Queen Isabella’s page, eager for adventure, set -sail with his father Columbus, to cross the Sea of Darkness and explore -beyond the emerald islands. - -For, while his father, on his former voyage, had been gathering pearls -among the Pearl Islands of the New World, the boy Ferdinand, amid the -splendour of the Spanish Court, had been waiting upon Queen Isabella. - -But now, what a change! Ferdinand was off across the heaving, foaming -Sea of Darkness in a small caravel tossed about like a cockleshell on -the billows. A tempest with rain, thunder, and lightning arose. It -struck Columbus’s wretched caravels. They were buffeted by the wind, -their sails were torn, their rigging, cables, and boats were lost. Food -was washed overboard. The sailors were terrified, they ran about making -religious vows and confessing their sins to each other. Even the boldest -was pale with fear. - -“But the distress of my son who was with me, grieved me to the soul ...” -wrote Columbus afterward, “for he was but thirteen years old, and he -enduring so much toil for so long a time. Our Lord, however, gave him -strength to enable him to encourage the rest. He worked as if he had -been eighty years at sea.” - -But there was more to trouble plucky Ferdinand than the storm at sea. -Columbus, his father, fell sick near to death. There was no one who -could direct the ships’ course, but Columbus himself. So he had a little -cabin rigged up on deck. Lying there, he gave his orders. Presently, to -Ferdinand’s joy, he grew better. - -Meanwhile, what was happening to the wicked Bobadilla? That same tempest -was doing great things. It was buffeting, lashing, and wrecking a -caravel which was taking Bobadilla to Spain. The ship, plunging under -the howling, raging, black waters, sank to the bottom of the ocean, -taking Bobadilla with it, and the treasure he had stolen from Columbus. - -But Columbus’s own caravels won safely through the storm and across the -Caribbean Sea. They drew near to an unknown shore--the coast of Central -America. - -There is not space here in which to tell of the many adventures of -Columbus and his men, nor of all the things that Ferdinand saw. There -were other storms. At one time, the seas ran high and terrific, foaming -like a caldron. The sky burned like a furnace, the lightning played with -such fury that the waves were red like blood. - -The coast of Central America was thickly peopled with savages. Some of -them were richly clothed, and wore ornaments of gold and coral, and -carried golden mirrors fastened round their necks. Ferdinand saw other -savages in trees living like wild birds, their huts built on sticks -placed across from bough to bough. He saw strange beasts, beautiful -birds, delicious fruits, brilliant flowers, great apes, and alligators -basking in the rivers. - -There were fights with natives, a massacre of some of his father’s men, -there was starvation and misery. Then Columbus, after having sailed down -the coast and back again, turned the ships homeward. - -Then came the most terrible adventure of all. The ships were riddled by -worms, their sides were rotten, and the water was pouring through them -like a sieve. Columbus reached the lonely island of Jamaica, just in -time to drive his two remaining ships on the beach, and save them from -sinking. - -There for many months Ferdinand was marooned with his father and the -men. There was more starvation, a mutiny, and adventures with savages. -Then came the exciting rescue by two caravels. - -Such were the adventures of Queen Isabella’s page. But he went back to -Spain without seeing Cathay the Golden and Kublai Khan’s palace. - - - - -THE TWIN CITIES - - -While Columbus was exploring the coast of Central America, he fell sick -of a fever. He had a dream. He tells us of this dream in his own -letters. - -He dreamed that a compassionate Voice spoke to him, bidding him believe -in God, and serve Him who had had him from infancy in His constant and -watchful care, and who had chosen him to unlock the barriers of the -Ocean Sea. - -This Voice said many things to Columbus, adding these words, “Even now -He partially shows thee the reward of so many toils and dangers -incurred by thee in the service of others. Fear not but trust.” - -And even then, Columbus, though he did not know it, was actually seeing -the land where his hopes were to come true. For to-day, we Americans -know that while Columbus was exploring inlets and river-mouths on the -coast of Central America searching for the Western Passage to Asia, he -entered Limon Bay of Panama. He even sailed part way up the Chagres -River. - -And if his melancholy eager eyes might have been opened, what a vision -he would have had of the future! He would have beheld the Caribbean Sea -beating on civilized shores. He would have seen Twin Cities rising, -their pleasant white, palm-shaded houses smiling in the sun, the Twin -Cities of Cristobal and Colon--Christopher and Columbus--proud to bear -his famous name. He would have seen those Twin Cities guarding _a -Western Passage to Asia_. - -He would have perceived in his vision ships, greater than any Spanish -caravels, sliding through a Canal the wonder of the world, on their way -to and from Asia the Golden. - - * * * * * - -But as it was, in a miserable little caravel, tempest-racked, with masts -sprung and sides worm-eaten, the weary disappointed Columbus with the -boy Ferdinand, returned at last to Spain. - -And about two years later, in the City of Valladolid, “the Grand Old -Admiral,” who had given a New World to the Old, died almost in poverty. -As he passed away, he murmured, “Into Thy hands, O Lord, I commend my -spirit.” - - - - -THE PEARLS AGAIN - - -The curse of the pearls still held strong after Columbus’s death. News -of the discovery of the Pearl Islands in the New World, spread rapidly -through Europe. Many cruel and greedy pearl-hunters hastened to set out -for the islands. - -They pillaged the native villages. They hunted the Indians like wild -beasts. They forced them to work in the mines. But, worst of all, they -made them dive into the deep sea for pearls, under the most horrible -conditions. - -Then it was that the compassionate friend of the Indians, the humane -priest Bartolome de Las Casas, took up their cause and pleaded for them -with the Spanish Crown. But Spain was too far away for the Crown to -control Spanish officials in America, and do much to lessen the -sufferings of the natives. - -Thus sorrow and desolation followed the finding of the sea-jewels. In -time, they became a rich part of the cargoes of the Treasure Galleons. -And they forged one of the first links in the chain of oppression which -bound all Spanish America for over three hundred years. - -For how this chain was broken by the great Liberators, read:-- - - _Miranda, the Flaming Son of Liberty_, page 325; _San Martin, the - Protector_, page 235; _O’Higgins, First Soldier, First Citizen_, - page 393; _Bolivar, the Liberator_, page 371. - - - - -OCTOBER 14 - -WILLIAM PENN THE FOUNDER OF PENNSYLVANIA - - _As Justice is a preserver, so it is a better procurer of Peace, - than War._ - WILLIAM PENN - - _Within the Land of Penn, - The sectary yielded to the citizen, - And peaceful dwelt the many-creeded men._ - - _Peace brooded over all. No trumpet stung - The air to madness, and no steeple flung - Alarums down from bells at midnight rung._ - - _The Land slept well. The Indian from his face - Washed all his war-paint off, and in the place - Of battle-marches, sped the peaceful chase._ - - * * * * * - - _The desert blossomed round him; wheatfields rolled - Beneath the warm wind, waves of green and gold, - The planted ear returned its hundredfold._ - - JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER - - WILLIAM PENN was born in London, October 14, 1644 - - Received the Charter, granting him Pennsylvania, 1681 - - Composed the Plan for the Peace of Europe, 1693 - - He died in England, May 30, 1718. - - - - -THE BOY OF GREAT TOWER HILL - - -In a house on Great Tower Hill near London Wall, was born William Penn, -who was to become the Founder of Pennsylvania. - -He was christened William after his ancestor, Penn of Penn’s Lodge. He -was a charming baby, with round face, soft blue eyes, and curling hair. -His father, Captain Penn, who had been called home to see the new baby -on that first birthday of little William Penn, went back to his ship -rejoicing that he had such a handsome son and heir. - -When William Penn was ten years old, a strange thing befell him. He was -not like other boys. He was quiet and serious. At that time he was a -schoolboy in an English village. - -One day, he was alone in his room. Suddenly he felt a wonderful peace -and an “inner comfort,” while a glory filled the room. He felt that he -was drawn near to God, so that his soul might speak with him. A strange -experience for a boy to have. But it was an experience which helped to -shape William Penn’s life. From that time on, he believed that he had -been called to live a holy life. - -When he grew older, his family tried to make him forget this religious -experience, but he never forgot. In time he became a Friend--or Quaker. -In those days, Friends were bitterly persecuted in England. William Penn -suffered imprisonments and persecutions, but always with patient -sweetness and endurance. - -At last, the persecutions of the Friends made William Penn turn his -thoughts toward the New World of America. - - - - -HE WORE IT AS LONG AS HE COULD - - -When William Penn became a Friend, he did not immediately leave off his -gay apparel, as other Friends did. He even wore a sword, as was -customary among men of rank and fashion. - -One day, being with George Fox the great leader of the Friends, he asked -his advice about wearing the sword, saying that it had once been the -means of saving his life without injuring his antagonist, and that -moreover Christ has said, “He that hath no sword, let him sell his -garment and buy one.” - -“I advise thee,” answered George Fox quietly, “to wear it _as long as -thou canst_.” - -Shortly after this, they met again. William Penn had no sword. - -“William,” said George Fox, “where is thy sword?” - -“Oh!” replied William Penn, “I have taken thy advice. I wore it _as long -as I could_!” - -_Samuel M. Janney_ (_Retold_) - - - - -THE PEACEMAKER - - -“He must not be a man but a statue of brass or stone, whose bowels do -not melt when he beholds the bloody tragedies of this war in Hungary, -Germany, Flanders, Ireland, and at sea; the mortality of sickly and -languishing camps and navies; and the mighty prey the devouring winds -and waves have made upon ships and men,” wrote William Penn over two -hundred years ago. - -It was then that William Penn became the peacemaker. - -The world was in the midst of a terrible war. William Penn did not -believe in war. He had cast aside his own sword for principle’s sake, -and had bravely suffered persecutions and imprisonments in the Tower of -London and in Newgate. Fearlessly now he came forward with a plan for -world peace, which he hoped would stop bloody wars, and persuade rulers -to arbitrate their quarrels. - -He published a “Plan for the Peace of Europe,” urging the formation of a -league of European countries. - -So earnest is this plan and so profoundly thought out, that it has had -much influence on rulers and statesmen, who from time to time have held -peace congresses in Europe. But rivalry of Nations, has prevented the -peace plan from ever being carried out. - -“Christians,” argued William Penn, “have embrewed their hands in one -another’s blood, invoking and interesting all they could the good and -merciful God to prosper their arms to their brethren’s destruction. Yet -their Saviour has told them that He came to save and not to destroy the -lives of men, to give and plant peace among men. And, if in any sense, -He may be said to send war, it is the Holy War indeed, for it is against -the Devil, and not the persons of men. Of all His titles, this seems the -most glorious as well as comfortable for us, that He is the _Prince of -Peace_.” - - - - -WESTWARD HO, AND AWAY! - - -The time arrived when William Penn’s peaceful thoughts went sailing over -the Atlantic, westward ho, and away! For he was appointed a trustee of -Jersey in America. There came to him while he was still in England, news -of immense tracts of land lying beyond Jersey, so fertile that under -cultivation they would yield harvests unparalleled in his island home. -He heard of rich minerals, of noble forests, of river-banks offering -splendid sites for towns and cities, of bays where proud navies might -ride at anchor. - -Moreover, many Friends, who had fled from persecution in England, were -settled in Jersey. Their industry had already turned the wilderness into -a garden. They were holding their meetings and worshipping God, without -fear of constables and fines, of imprisonments and attacks by mobs. In -Jersey, they had full liberty of conscience. - -And William Penn, as his thoughts sailed westward ho, and away! saw, -rising from the sea, bright and fair, a land of refuge not only for -persecuted Friends, but for all oppressed people. He determined to found -a new State in America, where nobody should be persecuted for religion’s -sake, where everybody should be free, and where the people should govern -themselves. “A holy experiment,” he called it. - -He presented a petition to Charles the Second, asking for a royal grant -of land near Jersey. “After many waitings, watchings, solicitings,” the -title to a vast tract was confirmed to him under the Great Seal of -England. He was to be its ruler and “Lord Proprietor,” “with large -powers and privileges.” He was to make laws, grant pardons, and appoint -officials as he saw fit, but subject to the approval of the English -Government. - -Penn named his land, “Sylvania”; but the King called it Penn-sylvania, -in honour of old Admiral Penn, William Penn’s father. - -Almost the first thing that Penn did was to write to the people already -settled in Pennsylvania, “a loving address.” - -“My Friends,” he began, “I wish you all happiness, here and hereafter. -These are to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his providence, -to cast you within my lot and care.... - -“You shall be governed by laws of your own making, and live a free, and, -if you will, a sober and industrious people.” - -Thus William Penn promised the People of Pennsylvania, Liberty and the -right to govern themselves. And he kept his promises. - -_John Stoughton_ (_Retold_) - - - - -THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE - - -With what delight did William Penn first set foot on the shore of the -Delaware River. It was Autumn. The sweet clear air, the serene skies, -the trees, fruits, and flowers, filled him with a wellnigh unspeakable -joy. - -And later, while being rowed up the river in a barge, he saw the ancient -forest trees on either bank, their leaves flaming with red, gold, and -amber. He saw flocks of wild fowl rise up from the water, and fly -screaming overhead. The solitude and grandeur of the wilderness brooded -over all. - -Meanwhile, farther up the river, a welcome was awaiting him. In a little -town, shaded by pine-trees and built on the high shore, there were white -men and Indians hurrying to and fro. They were preparing an -entertainment for William Penn, their Governor. - -The town was Penn’s capital city. He had named it Philadelphia, which -means Brotherly Love. - -And as his barge drew near the City of Brotherly Love, the white -settlers, Swedish, Dutch, and English Friends, greeted him heartily, for -they already knew how just, gentle, and wise he was. - -As for the Indians, so stately in their robes of fur and nodding plumes, -William Penn walked with them, and sat down on the ground to eat with -them. They gave him hominy and roasted acorns. And after the feast, they -entertained him with their sports, jumping and hopping. And William Penn -sprang up gayly like a boy, and joining in their games, beat them all, -young Braves and old. - -And so the Red Men learned to love and trust their great White -Father--Onas they called him. For Onas is Indian for a pen, or a quill. - -Such was William Penn’s happy welcome to the City of Brotherly Love. - - - - -THE PLACE OF KINGS - - -It was the last of November. The lofty forest trees on the shore of the -Delaware had shed their summer attire. The ground was strewn with -leaves. A Council-fire was burning brightly beneath a huge Elm, not far -from the City of Brotherly Love. - -It was an ancient Elm, which for over a hundred years had guarded -Shackamaxon, the Place of Kings. For long before the Pale-faces had -landed on the shore of the Delaware, Indian Sachems, Kings of the Red -Skins, had held their friendly councils in its shade, and smoked many a -Pipe of Peace. - -On that November day, the tribes of the Lenni Lenapé under the -wide-spreading branches of the Elm, were gathered around the -Council-fire. They were seated in a half circle, like a half moon. They -were all unarmed. - -Among the Chiefs, was the Great Sachem Taminend, revered for his wisdom -and beloved for his goodness. He sat in the middle of the half moon, -with his council, the aged and wise, on either hand. - -They waited. - -Then, lo! a barge approached. At its masthead flew the broad pennant of -Governor William Penn. The oars were plied with measured strokes, -guiding the barge to land. And near the helm sat William Penn attended -by his council. - -He landed with his people, and advanced toward the Council-fire. A -handsome man he was, only thirty-eight years old, athletic, and -graceful. His manners were courteous, his blue eyes were friendly. He -was plainly dressed, with a scarf of sky-blue network bound about his -waist. - -Some of his people preceded him. They carried presents for the Indians, -which they laid on the ground before them. - -Then William Penn approached the Council-fire. - -Thereupon the Great Sachem, Taminend, put on a chaplet surmounted by a -horn, the emblem of his power, and through an interpreter announced that -the Nations were ready to hear William Penn. - -Thus being called upon, William Penn began his speech:-- - -“The Great Spirit,” he said, “who made me and you, who rules the heavens -and the earth, and who knows the innermost thoughts of men, knows that I -and my friends have a hearty desire to live in peace and friendship with -you, and to serve you to the utmost of our power. - -“It is not our custom to use hostile weapons against our -fellow-creatures, for which reason we have come unarmed. Our object is -not to do injury, and thus provoke the Great Spirit, but to do good. - -“We are met on the broad pathway of good faith and good will, so that no -advantage is to be taken on either side, but all to be openness, -brotherhood, and love.” - -Here William Penn unrolled a parchment on which was inscribed an -agreement for trading, and promises of friendship. He explained the -agreement article by article. Then laying the parchment on the ground, -he said that that spot should ever more be common to both -Peoples,--Pale-face and Red Skin. - -The Indians listened to his speech in perfect silence, and with deep -gravity. And when he was finished speaking, they deliberated together, -for some time. Then the Great Sachem ordered one of his Chiefs to -address William Penn. - -The Chief advanced, and in the Sachem’s name saluted him, and taking -William Penn by the hand, made a speech pledging kindness and -neighbourliness, saying that the English and the Lenni Lenapé should -live together in love, so long as the sun and the moon should endure. - -_Samuel M. Janney_ (_Retold_) - - - - -ONAS - - -After the Treaty was made at the Place of Kings, the Lenni Lenapé, for -many years enjoyed the mild and just rule of their “elder brother Onas.” -He met them often around the Council-fire, hearing and rectifying their -wrongs, adjusting trade matters, and smoking with them the Pipe of -Peace. - -And William Penn made treaties with the Indians who dwelt on the -Potomac, and with the Five Nations. Thus Pennsylvania had quiet; and the -Red Men were friends of the settlers. Sometimes they brought the white -men venison, beans, and maize, and refused to take pay. Whereas, in the -other Colonies, the Indians were dangerous neighbours, cruel and -delighting in blood. They had been made suspicious and revengeful by the -injustice and wickedness of white men. - -So the Red Men of Pennsylvania, trusted William Penn, although he was a -Pale-face. What Pale-face had they ever seen like him? A Pale-face was -to them a trapper, a soldier, a pirate, a man who cheated them in -barter, who gave them fire-water to drink, who hustled them off their -hunting-ground. - -But here was one Pale-face, who would not cheat and lie; who would not -fire into their lodge; who would not rob them of their beaver skins; -who would not take a rood of land from them, till they had fixed and he -had paid their price. - -Where were they to look for such another lord? - -So when they heard that Onas was about to sail for England, Indians from -all parts of Pennsylvania gathered to take sorrowful leave of him. - -After he was gone, they preserved with care the memory of their treaties -with him, by means of strings or belts of wampum. Often they gathered -together in the woods, on some shady spot, and laid their wampum belts -on a blanket or a clean piece of bark, and with great satisfaction went -over the whole. So great was their reverence and affection for William -Penn, inspired by his virtues, that they handed on the memory of his -name to their children. - - * * * * * - -When William Penn died in England, the Indians sent his wife a message, -mourning the loss of their “honoured brother Onas.” - -And with the message went a present of beautiful skins for a cloak “to -protect her while passing through the thorny wilderness without her -guide.” - -_W. Hepworth Dixon and Other Sources_ - - - - -OCTOBER 27 - -THEODORE ROOSEVELT AMERICA’S HERO - - -_On behalf of all our people, on behalf no less of the honest man of -means, than of the honest man who earns each day’s livelihood by that -day’s sweat of his brow, it is necessary to insist upon honesty in -business and politics alike, in all walks of life, in big things and in -little things; upon just and fair dealing as between man and man._ - -THEODORE ROOSEVELT - - - - -THE SQUARE DEAL - - -_We of the great modern democracies, must strive unceasingly to make our -several Countries, lands in which a poor man who works hard can live -comfortably and honestly, and in which a rich man cannot live -dishonestly nor in slothful avoidance of duty._ - -_And yet, we must judge rich man and poor man alike by a standard which -rests on conduct and not on caste. And we must frown with the same stern -severity on the mean and vicious envy which hates and would plunder a -man because he is well off, and on the brutal and selfish arrogance, -which looks down on and exploits the man with whom life has gone hard._ - -THEODORE ROOSEVELT - - COLONEL THEODORE ROOSEVELT was born in New York City, October 27, - 1858 - - Was appointed Police Commissioner of New York City, 1895 - - Aided in establishing the Independence of Cuba, 1898 - - Was elected Governor of the State of New York, 1898 - - Served as President of the United States, 1901-1909 - - He died, January 6, 1919. - - - - -THE BOY WHO GREW STRONG - - -_Not in a Log Cabin_ - -Theodore Roosevelt, unlike Abraham Lincoln, was not born in a log cabin. -On the contrary, he was born to wealth and position in the City of New -York. - -He was reared in an elegant home and educated in one of the famous -universities of the Country. He read law, but he had no need to practise -a profession. His father had retired from business, and there was no -occasion for the son to take up a business career. - -But Theodore Roosevelt preferred for himself a life of toil--the -strenuous life. - -Ill-health was the first and greatest of all his disadvantages. “When a -boy,” said he, “I was pig-chested and asthmatic.” - -From earliest infancy he was called to battle with asthma. It lowered -his vitality and threatened his growth. His body was frail, but within -was the conquering spirit. He determined to be strong like other boys. - -In this, he had the loving help of gentle parents. On the wide back -porch of their home in the City of New York, they fitted up a gymnasium, -where he strove for bodily vigour with all his might. Although at the -start, his pole climbing was very poor, he kept trying until he got to -the top. He would carry his gymnastic exercises to the perilous verge of -the window ledge, more to the alarm of the neighbours than of his own -family. - - -_In the Wide Out-of-Doors_ - -Summer was the season of Roosevelt’s delight. Then he ceased to be a -city boy. At his father’s country place on Long Island, he learned to -run and ride, row, and swim. And when the long sleepless nights came, -the father would take his invalid boy in his arms, wrap him up warmly, -and drive with him in the free open air through fifteen or twenty miles -of darkness. - -The boy had his father’s love of the woods and the fields. He studied -and classified the birds of the neighbourhood, until he knew their songs -and plumage and nests. He and his young friends could be relied on to -find the spot where the violets bloomed the earliest, and the trees on -which the walnuts were most plentiful, as well as the pools where the -minnows swarmed, and the favourite refuge of the coon. - -He was taken to Europe, in the hope that it would benefit his health, “a -tall thin lad with bright eyes and legs like pipestems.” - -When at last, he was ready to go to college, he had vanquished his -enemy, ill-health, and was ready to play a man’s part in life. - -“I made my health what it is,” he said later, “I determined to be strong -and well, and did everything to make myself so. By the time I entered -Harvard, I was able to take part in whatever sports I liked. I wrestled -and sparred, and I ran a great deal, and, although I never came in -first, I got more out of the exercise than those who did, because I -immensely enjoyed it and never injured myself. - - -_Busting Broncos_ - -After leaving college, young Roosevelt entered politics. Finally, -between legislative sessions, he surrendered to his impulses and started -for the Wild West. - -He left the train in North Dakota at the little town of Medora. The -young visitor from the East, sought out two hunters and told them that -he wished to go buffalo hunting with them. And he did so, though hunting -the buffalo then was no fancy pastime. - -It was, in truth, a rare chance to see the Wild West in the last glow of -its golden age. Soon it was all to vanish and pass into the most -romantic chapter of American history. - -Before his first visit was at an end, he had become a ranchman. - -The young master of Elkhorn Ranch, brave, outspoken, and always ready to -bear his full share of toil, and hardship, was not long in winning the -respect and hearty good-will of the bluff, honest men of the Bad Lands. - -After only a little experience in ranching, he learned to sit in his -saddle and ride his horse like a life-long plainsman. - -But he never pretended to any special fondness for a bucking bronco; and -a story is told of a trick played on him by some friendly persons in -Medora. - -He was in town, waiting for a train that was to bring a guest from the -East. While he was in a store, the jokers placed his saddle on a -notoriously vicious beast, which they substituted for his mount. - -When he came out, in haste to ride around to the railway station, he did -not detect the deception. - -Once, he was on the horse’s back, the bronco bucked and whirled to the -amusement of the grinning villagers. But to their amazement, the young -ranchman succeeded in staying on him and spurring him into a run. - -Away they flew to the prairies, and soon back they raced in a cloud of -dust and through the town. The friend from the East arrived, and joined -the spectators, who waited to see if the young squire of Elkhorn ever -would return. - -In a little while, he was seen coming along the road at a gentle gait. -And when he reached his starting point, he dismounted, with a smile of -quiet mastery, from as meek a creature as ever stood on four legs. - -He had no use, however, for a horse whose spirit ran altogether to -ugliness. When he first went West, he doubted the theory of the natives -that any horse was hopelessly bad. - -For instance, there was one in the sod-roofed log stable of Elkhorn, who -had been labelled _The Devil_. Roosevelt believed that gentleness would -overcome Devil. The boys thought it might, if he should live to be -seventy-five. - -After much patient wooing, Devil actually let Roosevelt lay his hand on -him and pat him. The boys began to think that possibly there was -something in this new plan of bronco busting. - -One day, however, when his gentle trainer made bold to saddle and mount -him, Devil quickly drew his four hoofs together, leaped into the air, -and came down with a jerk and a thud. Then he finished with a few fancy -curves, that landed his disillusioned rider a good many yards in front -of him. - -Roosevelt sprang to his feet and on to the back of the animal. Four -times he was thrown. Finally, the determined rider manœuvred Devil -out on to a quicksand where bucking is impossible. And, when at last, he -was driven back to solid earth, he was like a lamb. - -In this rough life of the range, the young ranchman conquered for ever -the physical weaknesses of his youth, and put on that rude strength -which enabled him to stand before the world, a model of vigorous -manhood. - -_James Morgan_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -SAGAMORE HILL - -_His Home at Oyster Bay_ - -_From Roosevelt’s Autobiography_ - - -Sagamore Hill takes its name from the old Sagamore Mohannis, who, as -Chief of his little tribe, signed away his rights to the land, two -centuries and a half ago. - -The house stands right on the top of the hill, separated by fields and -belts of woodland from all other houses, and looks out over the Bay and -the Sound. - -We see the sun go down beyond long reaches of land and of water. Many -birds dwell in the trees round the house or in the pastures and the -woods near by. And, of course, in Winter gulls, loons, and wild fowl -frequent the waters of the Bay and the Sound. - -We love all the seasons; the snows and bare - -[Illustration: ROOSEVELT BREAKING “DEVIL”] - -woods of Winter; the rush of growing things and the blossom-spray of -Spring; the yellow grain, the ripening fruits, and tasseled corn, and -the deep, leafy shades that are heralded by “the green dance of Summer”; -and the sharp fall winds that tear the brilliant banners with which the -trees greet the dying year. - -The Sound is always lovely. In the summer nights, we watch it from the -piazza, and see the lights of the tall Fall River boats as they steam -steadily by. Now and then we spend a day on it, the two of us together -in the light rowing skiff, or perhaps with one of the boys to pull an -extra pair of oars. We land for lunch at noon under wind-beaten oaks on -the edge of a low bluff, or among the wild plum bushes on a spit of -white sand; while the sails of the coasting schooners gleam in the -sunlight, and the tolling of the bell-buoy comes landward across the -waters.... - -Early in April, there is one hillside near us which glows like a tender -flame with the white of the bloodroot. About the same time, we find the -shy mayflower, the trailing arbutus. And although we rarely pick wild -flowers, one member of the household always plucks a little bunch of -mayflowers to send to a friend working in Panama, whose soul hungers for -the northern Spring. - -Then there are shadblow and delicate anemones about the time of the -cherry blossoms. The brief glory of the apple orchards follows. And then -the thronging dogwoods fill the forests with their radiance. - -And so flowers follow flowers, until the springtime splendour closes -with the laurel and the evanescent honey-sweet locust bloom. The late -summer flowers follow, the flaunting lilies, and cardinal flowers, and -marshmallows, and pale beach rosemary; and the goldenrod and the asters, -when the afternoons shorten and we again begin to think of fires in the -wide fireplaces. - -_Theodore Roosevelt_ - - - - -THE CHILDREN OF SAGAMORE HILL - - -Mrs. Roosevelt looked after the place itself. She supervised the -farming, and the flower gardens were her especial care. - -The children were now growing up, and from the time when they could -toddle, they took their place--a very large place--in the life of the -home. Roosevelt described the intense satisfaction he had in teaching -the boys what his father had taught him. - -As soon as they were large enough, they rode their horses, they sailed -on the Cove and out into the Sound. They played boys’ games, and through -him, they learned very young to observe nature. - -In his college days, he had intended to be a naturalist, and natural -history remained his strongest avocation. And so he taught his children -to know the birds and animals, the trees, plants, and flowers of Oyster -Bay and its neighbourhood. They had their pets--Kermit, one of the boys, -carried a pet rat in his pocket. - -Three things Roosevelt required of them all: obedience, manliness, and -truthfulness. - -_William Roscoe Thayer_ - - - - -OFF WITH JOHN BURROUGHS - -_From Roosevelt’s Autobiography_ - - -One April, I went to Yellowstone Park, when the snow was still very -deep, and I took John Burroughs with me. I wished to show him the big -game of the Park, the wild creatures that have become so astonishingly -tame and tolerant of human presence. - -In the Yellowstone, the animals seem always to behave as one wishes them -to! It is always possible to see the sheep, and deer, and antelope, and -also the great herds of elk, which are shyer than the smaller beasts. - -In April, we found the elk weak after the short commons and hard living -of Winter. Once, without much difficulty, I regularly rounded up a big -band of them so that John Burroughs could look at them. I do not think, -however, that he cared to see them as much as I did. - -The birds interested him more, especially a tiny owl, the size of a -robin, which we saw perched on the top of a tree, in mid-afternoon, -entirely uninfluenced by the sun, and making a queer noise like a cork -being pulled from a bottle. - -I was rather ashamed to find how much better his eyes were than mine, in -seeing the birds and grasping their differences. - -_Theodore Roosevelt_ - - - - -THE BIG STICK - - -I saw in Roosevelt a strong man, who had taken early to heart Hamlet’s -maxim, and had steadfastly practised it:-- - - “_Rightly to be great - Is not to stir without great argument, - But greatly to find quarrel in a straw - When Honour’s at the stake._” - -He himself summed up this part of his philosophy in a phrase which has -become a proverb:-- - - “_Speak softly; but carry a big stick._” - -More than once in his later years, he quoted this to me, adding, that it -was precisely because this or that Power knew that he carried a big -stick, that he was enabled to speak softly with effect. - -_William Roscoe Thayer_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -A-HUNTING TREES WITH JOHN MUIR - -_From Roosevelt’s Autobiography_ - - -When I first visited California, it was my good fortune to see the “big -trees,” the Sequoias, and then to travel down into the Yosemite with -John Muir. Of course, of all people in the world, he was the one with -whom it was best worth while thus to see the Yosemite.... - -John Muir met me with a couple of packers and two mules to carry our -tent, bedding, and food for a three days’ trip. - -The first night was clear, and we lay down in the darkening aisles of -the great Sequoia grove. The majestic trunks, beautiful in colour and in -symmetry, rose round us like the pillars of a mightier cathedral than -ever was conceived even by the fervour of the Middle Ages. - -Hermit thrushes sang beautifully in the evening, and again with a burst -of wonderful music at dawn. I was interested and a little surprised to -find that, unlike John Burroughs, John Muir cared little for birds or -bird songs, and knew little about them. The hermit thrushes meant -nothing to him, the trees and the flowers and the cliffs, everything. -The only birds he noticed or cared for, were some that were very -conspicuous, such as the water-ousels--always particular favourites of -mine too. - -The second night, we camped in a snow-storm on the edge of the cañon -walls, under the spreading limbs of a grove of mighty silver fir. And -next day, we went down into the wonderland of the Valley itself. - -I shall always be glad that I was in the Yosemite with John Muir, and in -the Yellowstone with John Burroughs. - -_Theodore Roosevelt_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -THE BEAR HUNTERS’ DINNER - -_From Roosevelt’s Autobiography_ - - -When wolf-hunting in Texas, and when bear-hunting in Louisiana and -Mississippi, I was not only enthralled by the sport but also by the -strange new birds and other creatures, and the trees and flowers I had -not known before. - -By the way, there was one feast at the White House, which stands above -all others in my memory, this was “The Bear Hunters’ Dinner.” - -I had been treated so kindly by my friends on these hunts, and they were -such fine fellows, men whom I was so proud to think of as Americans, -that I set my heart on having them at a hunters’ dinner at the White -House. - -One December, I succeeded. There were twenty or thirty of them, all -told, as good hunters, as daring riders, as first class citizens as -could be found anywhere. No finer set of guests ever sat at meat in the -White House. - -And among other game on the table, was a black bear, itself contributed -by one of these same guests. - -_Theodore Roosevelt_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -HUNTING IN AFRICA - -_From Roosevelt’s Autobiography_ - - -The African buffalo is undoubtedly a dangerous beast, but it happened -that the few that I shot did not charge. - -A bull elephant, a vicious “rogue” which had been killing people in the -native villages, did charge before being shot at. My son Kermit and I -stopped it at forty yards. - -Another bull elephant, also unwounded, which charged, nearly got me, as -I had just fired both cartridges from my heavy double-barreled rifle, in -killing the bull I was after--the first wild elephant I had ever seen. -The second bull came through the thick brush to my left, like a steam -plow through a light snowdrift, everything snapping before his rush, and -was so near that he could have hit me with his trunk. I slipped past him -behind a tree. - -People have asked me how I felt on this occasion. My answer has always -been that I suppose I felt as most men of like experience feel on such -occasions. At such a moment, a hunter is so very busy that he has no -time to get frightened. He wants to get in his cartridges and try -another shot. - -Rhinoceros are truculent, blustering beasts, much the most stupid of all -the dangerous game I know. Generally their attitude is one of mere -stupidity and bluff. But on occasions they do charge wickedly, both when -wounded and when entirely unprovoked. The first I ever shot, I mortally -wounded at a few rods’ distance, and it charged with the utmost -determination. Whereat I and my companion both fired, and, more by good -luck than anything else, brought it to the ground just thirteen paces -from where we stood. - -Another rhinoceros may or may not have been meaning to charge me; I have -never been certain which. It heard us, and came at us through rather -thick brush, snorting and tossing its head. I am by no means sure that -it had fixedly hostile intentions. And indeed, with my present -experience, I think it likely that if I had not fired, it would have -flinched at the last moment, and either retreated or gone by me. But I -am not a rhinoceros mind-reader, and its actions were such as to -warrant my regarding it as a suspicious character. I stopped it with a -couple of bullets, and then followed it up and killed it. - -The skins of all these animals which I thus killed are in the National -Museum at Washington. - -_Theodore Roosevelt_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -THE EVER FAITHFUL ISLAND - - -Now, let us see what Theodore Roosevelt did to help establish Liberty in -this Hemisphere. - -It is a far cry from the Very Magnificent Don Christopher Columbus, -Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and discoverer of the West Indies and South -America, to plain Theodore Roosevelt of Oyster Bay and citizen of the -United States of North America. - -Yet it was a very direct cry, a ringing call down through four -centuries, a never ceasing plea for Liberty and safety. - -And it was plain Colonel Theodore Roosevelt who, with his Rough Riders, -helped to break the last link of the chain of Spanish domination in -America. Its first link was unwittingly forged by Columbus, when he -discovered the gold and pearls of the New World. - -Through the many years, Cuba, the “Ever Faithful Island,” remained loyal -to Spain, while her other American possessions declared their -Independence, slipped from her grasp, and set up Republics. - -But instead of taking warning from her American losses, Spain continued -her policy of repression in Cuba. - -Then there arose Cuban Patriots, among them, Gomez, Maceo, and Garcia, -who struggled for Cuba’s Freedom. There were rebellions, insurrections, -and war. Great and terrible were the sufferings of the People. - -It is not possible here to give an account of the Cuban War for -Independence. But after a terrific struggle, it was finally won in 1898, -with the help of our United States. Thus Spain lost her last foothold in -America, and withdrew from this hemisphere. - -To-day, the Island of Cuba the “Ever-Faithful Island,” the “Pearl of the -Antilles,” is a flourishing Republic with a world commerce. And during -the World War, the red, white, and blue, single-bestarred Flag of Cuba, -waved over a brave Cuban Army, the ally of the United States. - -But as to Theodore Roosevelt’s part in liberating the Island, while he -was Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President McKinley, we will -let one of his biographers tell about it:-- - - - - -THE COLONEL OF THE ROUGH RIDERS - - _In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of - endangered American interests, which give us the right and the duty - to speak and act, the war in Cuba must stop._ - -_President_ MCKINLEY - - - - -Roosevelt had always felt the danger to the United States of maintaining -a despicable or an inadequate Navy, and from the moment he entered the -Navy Department, he set about pushing the construction of the unfinished -vessels and of improving the quality of the personnel. - -He was impelled to do this, not merely by his instinct to bring whatever -he undertook up to the highest standard, but also because he had a -premonition that a crisis was at hand, which might call the Country, at -an instant’s notice, to protect itself with all the power it had. - -Roosevelt was impressed by the insurrection in Cuba, which kept that -Island in perpetual disorder. The cruel means, especially -reconcentration and starvation, by which the Spaniards tried to put down -the Cubans, stirred the sympathy of the Americans, and the number of -those who believed that the United States ought to interfere in behalf -of humanity, grew from month to month. - -During his first year in office, Assistant Secretary Roosevelt busied -himself with all the details of preparation. And all the while he -watched the horizon towards Cuba, where the signs grew angrier and -angrier. - -But the young Secretary had to act with circumspection. President -McKinley, desiring to keep the peace up to the very end, would not -countenance any move which might seem to the Spaniards either a threat -or an insult. - -Early in the evening of February 15, 1898, the U. S. battleship _Maine_, -peaceably riding at her moorings in Havana Harbour, was blown up. Two -officers and 264 enlisted men were killed by the explosion and in the -sinking of the ship. - -The next morning, the newspapers carried the report to all parts of the -United States, and, indeed, to the whole world. A tidal wave of anger -surged over this Country. - -“That means war!” was the common utterance. - -I doubt whether Roosevelt ever worked with greater relish than during -the weeks succeeding the blowing-up of the _Maine_. The Navy Department -arranged in hot haste to victual the ships; to provide them with stores -of coal and ammunition; to bring the crews up to their full quota by -enlisting; to lay out a plan of campaign; to see to the naval bases and -the lines of communication; and to coöperate with the War Department in -making ready the land fortifications along the shore. - -Having accomplished his duty as Assistant Secretary, Roosevelt resigned. -He thought that he had a right to retire from that post, and to gratify -his long cherished desire to take part in the actual warfare. - -General Alger, the Secretary of War, had a great liking for Roosevelt, -offered him a commission in the Army, and even the command of a -regiment. - -This he prudently declined, having no technical military knowledge. He -proposed instead that Dr. Leonard Wood should be made Colonel, and that -he should serve under Wood, as Lieutenant Colonel. - -While Roosevelt finished his business at the Navy Department, Colonel -Wood hurried to San Antonio, Texas, the rendezvous of the First Regiment -of Volunteer Cavalry--the Rough Riders! - -A call for volunteers, issued by Roosevelt and endorsed by Secretary -Alger, spread through the West and Southwest, and it met with a quick -response. - -Not even in Garibaldi’s famous Thousand, was such a strange crowd -gathered. It comprised cow-punchers, ranchmen, hunters, professional -gamblers, and rascals of the Border, sportsmen, mingled with the society -sports, former football players and oarsmen, polo players, and lovers -of adventure from the great eastern cities. They all had one quality in -common--courage--and they were all bound together by one common -bond--devotion to Theodore Roosevelt. - -Nearly every one of them knew him personally. Some of the western men -had hunted or ranched with him. Some of the eastern had been with him in -college, or had had contact with him in one of the many vicissitudes of -his career. - - * * * * * - -I shall not attempt to follow in detail the story of the Rough Riders, -but shall touch only on those matters which refer to Roosevelt himself. - -Wood having been promoted to Brigadier General, in command of a larger -unit, Theodore Roosevelt became Colonel of the regiment of Rough Riders. - -On July 1 and 2, he commanded the Rough Riders in their attack on and -capture of San Juan Hill, in connection with some coloured troops. - -In this engagement, their nearest approach to a battle, the Rough -Riders, who had less than five hundred men in action, lost eighty-nine -in killed and wounded. - -Then followed a dreary life in the trenches, until Santiago surrendered, -and then a still more terrible experience, while they waited for Spain -to give up the war. - -Under a killing tropical sun, receiving irregular and often damaged -food, without tent or other protection from the heat or from the rain, -the Rough Riders endured for weeks the ravages of fever, climate, and -privation. - -Finally, because of Roosevelt’s insistence, the Government at -Washington, without loss of time, ordered the Army home. - -The sick were transported by thousands to Montauk Point, at the eastern -end of Long Island, where in spite of the best medical care which could -be improvised, large numbers of them died. - -But the Army knew, and the American Public knew, that Roosevelt had -saved multitudes of lives. At Montauk Point, he was the most popular man -in America. - -This concluded Roosevelt’s career as a soldier. The experience -introduced to the Public those virile qualities of his, with which his -friends were familiar. - -_William Roscoe Thayer_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -THE RIVER OF DOUBT - - -Roosevelt decided to make one more trip for hunting and exploration. As -he could not go to the North Pole, he said, because that would be -poaching on Peary’s field, he selected South America. - -He had long wished to visit the Southern Continent, and invitations to -speak at Rio Janeiro and at Buenos Aires, gave him an excuse for setting -out. - -He started with the distinct purpose of collecting animal and botanical -specimens, this time for the American Museum of Natural History in New -York, which provided two trained naturalists to accompany him. His son -Kermit, toughened by the previous adventure, went also. - -Having paid his visits and seen the civilized parts of Brazil, Uruguay, -and Argentina, he ascended the Paraguay River, and then struck across -the plateau which divides its watershed from that of the tributaries of -the Amazon. For he proposed to make his way through an unexplored region -in Central Brazil, and reach the outposts of civilization on the Great -River. - -The Brazilian Government had informed him that by the route he had -chosen, he would meet a large river--the River of Doubt--by which he -could descend to the Amazon. - -There were some twenty persons, including a dozen or fifteen native -rowers and pack-bearers, in his party. They had canoes and dugouts, -supplies of food for about forty days, and a carefully chosen outfit. - -With high hopes, they put their craft into the water and moved down -stream. But on the fourth day, they found rapids ahead. And from that -time on, they were constantly obliged to land and carry their dugouts -and stores round a cataract. - -The peril of being swept over the falls, was always imminent, and as the -trail, which constituted their portages, had to be cut through the -matted forest, their labours were increased. In the first eleven days, -they progressed only sixty miles. No one knew the distance they would -have to traverse, nor how long the river would be broken by falls and -cataracts, before it came down into the plain of the Amazon. - -Some of their canoes were smashed on the rocks. Two of the natives were -drowned. They watched their provisions shrink. Contrary to their -expectations, the forest had almost no animals. If they could shoot a -monkey or a monster lizard, they rejoiced at having a little fresh meat. - -Tropical insects bit them day and night and caused inflammation and even -infection. Man-eating fish lived in the river, making it dangerous for -the men when they tried to cool their inflamed bodies by a swim. - -Most of the party had malaria, and could be kept going only by large -doses of quinine. Roosevelt, while in the water, wounded his leg on a -rock; inflammation set in, and prevented him from walking, so that he -had to be carried across the portages. - -The physical strength of the party, sapped by sickness and fatigue, was -visibly waning. Still the cataracts continued to impede their progress -and to add terribly to their toil. The supply of food had shrunk so -much, that the rations were restricted, and amounted to little more than -enough to keep the men able to go forward slowly. - -Then fever attacked Roosevelt, and they had to wait for a few days, -because he was too weak to be moved. He besought them to leave him and -hurry along to safety, because every day they delayed consumed their -diminishing store of food, and they might all die of starvation. - -They refused to leave him, however. A change for the better in his -condition came soon. They moved forward. At last they left the rapids -behind them, and could drift and paddle on the unobstructed river. - -Roosevelt lay in the bottom of a dugout, shaded by a bit of canvas put -up over his head, and too weak from sickness even to splash water on his -face; for he was almost fainting from the muggy heat and the tropical -sunshine. - -Forty-eight days, after they began their voyage on the River of Doubt, -they saw a peasant, a rubber-gatherer, the first human being they had -met. Thenceforward they journeyed without incident. - -The River of Doubt flowed into the larger river, Madeira; where they -found a steamer which took them to Manaos on the Amazon. - -During the homeward voyage, Roosevelt slowly recovered his strength, but -he had never again the iron physique with which he had embarked the year -before. The Brazilian Wilderness stole away ten years of his life. - -He found on his return home that some geographers and South American -explorers laughed at his story of the River of Doubt. He laughed, too, -at their incredulity; and presently the Brazilian Government, having -established the truth of his exploration and named the river after him, -_Rio Teodoro_, his laughter prevailed. He took real satisfaction in -having placed on the map of Central Brazil, a river six hundred miles -long. - -_William Roscoe Thayer_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -THEODORE ROOSEVELT - - -The evil men do lives after them; so does the good. With the passing of -years, a man’s name and fame either drift into oblivion or they are seen -in their lasting proportions. - -You must sail fifty miles over the Ionian Sea and look back, before you -can fully measure the magnitude and majesty of Mount Ætna. Not -otherwise, I believe, will it be with Theodore Roosevelt, when the -people of the future look back upon him. The blemishes due to -misunderstanding will have faded away. The transient clouds will have -vanished. The world will see him as he was.... - -Those of us who knew him, knew him as the most astonishing human -expression of the Creative Spirit we had ever seen. His manifold -talents, his protean interests, his tireless energy, his thunderbolts -which he did not let loose, as well as those he did, his masterful will -sheathed in self-control like a sword in its scabbard, would have -rendered him superhuman, had he not possessed other qualities which made -him the best of playmates for mortals. - -He had humour, which raises every one to the same level. He had loyalty, -which bound his friends to him for life. He had sympathy and capacity -for strong, deep love. How tender he was with little children! How -courteous with women! No matter whether you brought to him important -things or trifles, he understood. - -I can think of no vicissitude in life in which Roosevelt’s participation -would not have been welcome. If it were danger, there could be no more -valiant comrade than he. If it were sport, he was a sportsman. If it -were mirth, he was a fountain of mirth, crystal pure and sparkling.... - -But yesterday, he seemed one who embodied Life to the utmost. With the -assured step of one whom nothing can frighten or surprise, he walked our -earth as on granite. Suddenly, the granite grew more unsubstantial than -a bubble, and he dropped beyond sight into the Eternal Silence. - -Happy we who had such a friend! Happy the American Republic which bore -such a son! - -_William Roscoe Thayer_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -OCTOBER 30 - -JOHN ADAMS - -THE SON OF LIBERTY - -SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES - - -_I have passed the Rubicon: swim or sink, live or die, survive or perish -with my Country, is my unalterable determination._ - -JOHN ADAMS - - - - -INDEPENDENCE DAY - - -_I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding -generations as the great anniversary festival._ - -_It ought to be commemorated as the Day of Deliverance, by solemn acts -of devotion to God Almighty._ - -_It ought to be solemnized with pomp, and parade, with shows, games, -sports, guns, bells, bonfires, tend illuminations, from one end of this -continent to the other, from this time forward, for ever more._ - -JOHN ADAMS - - JOHN ADAMS was born in Braintree, or Quincy, Massachusetts, October - 30, 1735 - - Was a member of the Committee that framed the Declaration of - Independence; and he signed the Declaration - - Was Commissioner to France, 1778 - - Was Ambassador to England, 1785 - - Became Second President of the United States, 1796 - - He died on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the - Declaration of Independence, the Fourth of July, 1826 - - - - -A SON OF LIBERTY - - -There was no loftier genius nor purer Patriot during the struggle for -Independence, than John Adams. - -He was born at Braintree--now a part of Quincy--Massachusetts. He was -descended from Henry Adams who came to America during the reign of -Charles the First. On his mother’s side, he was descended from John -Alden, the Pilgrim Father who came over in the _Mayflower_. Thus, from -both sides of his house, John Adams inherited staunch, fearless, English -blood and love of Independence. - -He went to school in Braintree, and later graduated from Harvard -University. After which he studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He -married Abigail Smith of Weymouth, Massachusetts. They made their home -in Boston. - -It is not possible here to tell all that John Adams did for America. He -was an ardent Patriot, a Son of Liberty, serving the country at the risk -of his life. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was a -member of the Committee appointed to frame the Declaration of -Independence. He signed the Declaration. He was sent abroad on foreign -missions. He was elected Vice-President, and afterward called to be -second President of the United States. He lived to see his son, John -Quincy Adams, made sixth President of the United States. - -He died on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of -Independence, at the great age of ninety-one. - -_Benson J. Lossing and Other Sources_ - - - - -THE ADAMS FAMILY - - -John Adams was not the only great American Patriot in his Family. His -cousin, Samuel Adams, was a popular and fearless leader in the movement -for Independence. His activities were so feared by England, that the -Government issued orders for his arrest and trial for high treason. - -Abigail Adams, John Adams’s wife, was one of the noble American women -who helped to win the War for Independence. She kept her husband -informed of the movements of the British around Boston, while he was -attending the Continental Congress. She wrote him many patriotic -letters, which are inspiring reading to-day. She signed some of them -“Portia,” so that if they fell into the hands of the enemy, no one could -tell who wrote them. She sent many of the letters to her husband by -secret messengers. - -Their son, John Quincy Adams, became sixth President of the United -States. - -His son, Charles Francis Adams, and the latter’s two sons, Charles -Francis and Henry Adams, served the Country in important offices, at -home and abroad. They were historians and statesmen. - -John and Abigail Adams, their son and his two sons, kept diaries or -wrote letters, memoirs, and biographies, which form a vivid and intimate -story of many historical events dating from the War for Independence -down nearly to our own time. - -Thus America has to thank the Adams Family for historical records of -great importance. - - - - -AID TO THE SISTER COLONY - - -It was a clear and frosty night--that night, when the moonbeams fell on -the tea thrown overboard by the Boston Tea Party. Paul Revere, all -booted and spurred, was ready for a famous ride--not the one to -Lexington, but to Philadelphia this time. Soon he was off and away, -galloping southward, spreading, as he rode along, the astonishing news -that Boston Town had at last defied King George. There were public -rejoicings everywhere, as the news was passed along. - -“This,” said John Adams exultingly, “is the most magnificent movement of -all!... This destruction of the tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, -intrepid and inflexible!... What measures will the Ministry take in -consequence of this? Will they resent it?--Will they dare to resent -it?--Will they punish us?--How?” - - * * * * * - -John Adams did not have to wait long to find out--_how_. For King George -decided to punish the people of brave Boston Town, by starving them into -submission. The Boston Port Bill was passed in England. A British Fleet -blockaded Boston Harbour. No ship could go in or out; all supplies of -food and fuel were cut off. The Boston folk suffered starvation, -disease, and death; but they would not submit. Their misery became -almost unendurable. - -Then it was that Massachusetts’ sister Colonies roused themselves. - -Samuel Adams of Boston sent a circular letter to each of the Colonies -asking for help. Food, fuel, and money came pouring in. - -All that Summer, Boston, suffering, impoverished Boston, lay upon every -loyal American heart. Each province, county, city, town, neighbourhood, -sent its contribution. - -Windham, Connecticut, began the work of relief, and sent in, with a -cordial letter of applause and sympathy, “a small flock of sheep.” Two -hundred and fifty-eight sheep was Windham’s notion of a small flock! - -New Jersey soon wrote that she would be glad to know which would be more -acceptable to a suffering sister, cash or produce. “Cash,” replied -Boston, “if perfectly convenient.” - -Massachusetts farmers supplied grain by the barrel and bushel. The -Marblehead fishermen forwarded “two hundred and twenty-four quintels of -good eating-fish, one barrel and three-quarters of good olive oil”--with -money to boot. - -North Carolina promptly sent two sloop-loads of provisions. South -Carolina’s first gift was one hundred casks of rice. - -And Baltimore Town contributed three thousand bushels of corn, twenty -barrels of rye-flour, two barrels of pork, and twenty barrels of bread. - -Virginia!--there seemed to be no end to Virginia’s gifts! - -And as the cool season approached, the farmers could be more liberal. -Flocks of fat sheep and droves of oxen, together with hundreds of cords -of wood, grain, and money in plenty, helped to relieve the suffering -town. From New York they came, and from Maryland, Maine, Connecticut, -Rhode Island, from the three counties on the Delaware, and from every -little mountain-town in New Hampshire and Vermont. - -As for Canada, from cold and remote Quebec came some wheat, and from -Montreal a hundred pounds sterling. - -The letters that accompanied the gifts, and the grateful answers from -the Boston Committee, would fill a large volume. - -“Boston is suffering in the common cause,” said her sister Colonies. - -“If need be,” said George Washington of Virginia, “I will raise one -thousand men, subsist them at my own expense, and march myself at their -head, for the relief of Boston.” - -_James Parton, and Other Sources_ (_Retold_) - - - - -A FAMOUS DATE - - -September 5, 1774! What a famous date in American history! And in the -history of the whole World! - -On that day, met for the first time, the Continental Congress of -America. - -From Colony after Colony, the delegates came riding into Philadelphia. -George Washington of Virginia came with fiery Patrick Henry, and Edmund -Pendleton, “one of Virginia’s noblest sons.” There came Cæsar Rodney, -“burley and big, bold and bluff,” with Thomas McKean and George Read, -all from the three counties on the Delaware, and Roger Sherman with -Silas Deane of Connecticut, and John Jay and Livingston of New York. -From Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, -and South Carolina, the eager delegates came riding into the City of -Brotherly Love. And, of course, John Adams and Samuel Adams, -representing the suffering Colony of Massachusetts Bay, were on hand -when Congress opened. - -Among its first acts, the First Continental Congress sent a letter to -General Gage; an address to the People of Great Britain; one to the -People of Quebec; and a Petition to King George, setting forth the -grievances of the American Colonists, the violations of their rights as -free Englishmen, and asking for justice, but strongly urging a renewal -of harmony and union between the Colonies and the Mother Country, -England. - -American histories tell how King George disregarded that Petition. -American histories, also, tell how William Pitt and other great English -statesmen, nobly defended America, as you may see if you read the story -of William Pitt, on page 93. - - - - -WHAT A GLORIOUS MORNING! - - -When Paul Revere came galloping into Lexington, after warning the -countryside that the British were coming to seize the powder and shot, -he roused Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who were staying with friends. - -Paul Revere was come to warn them also; for the British General Gage had -given orders for their arrest, and intended to send them to England to -be tried for high treason. - -The British Government was specially afraid of John Hancock, one of the -most daring and active of the Boston Patriots. “The terrible desperado,” -he was called by that Government. - -While he and Samuel Adams were escaping from Lexington and hurrying -across some fields Samuel Adams exclaimed:-- - -“Oh, what a glorious morning is this!” - -It was the morning of the Battle of Lexington, when the shot was fired -that was heard round the world. - -After the Second Continental Congress opened, John Hancock was chosen to -preside, while the Congress discussed how to defend the Country. - - - - -JOHN TO SAMUEL - - -New England was in arms. Lexington and Concord had been fought, and -Boston was being besieged by the New England Army. - -The Congress was discussing the defense of the whole Country. There were -some members who wished the Congress to take over the New England Army -and appoint a Commander-in-Chief. - -It was then that John Adams met his cousin Samuel Adams, in the State -House yard. This is the way John Adams tells it:-- - -“‘What shall we do to get Congress to adopt our Army?’ said Samuel Adams -to John Adams. - -“‘I will tell you what I am determined to do,’ said John to Samuel. ‘I -have taken pains enough to bring you to agree upon something; but you -will not agree upon anything. And now I am determined to take my own -way, let come what will come!’ - -“‘Well,’ said Samuel, ‘what is your scheme?’ - -“Said John to Samuel, ‘I will go to Congress this morning, and move that -a day be appointed to take into consideration the adoption of the Army -before Boston, the appointment of a General and officers; and I will -nominate Washington for Commander-in-Chief!’” - - - - -A GENTLEMAN FROM VIRGINIA - - -So it happened, that John Adams rose in his seat, and moved that the -Congress should adopt the Army of New England men, and appoint a -Commander-in-Chief, adding, that he had in mind some one for that high -command, “a gentleman from Virginia, who is among us, and very well -known to all of us; a gentleman whose skill and experience as an -officer, whose independent fortune, great talents and excellent -universal character, would command the approbation of all America, and -unite the cordial exertions of all the Colonies better than any other -person in the Union.” - -Every one knew whom John Adams meant. And George Washington, who was -sitting near the door, was so overcome by modesty, that he sprang up and -darted into the library close by. - -But his modesty did not prevent his election. He was unanimously chosen -Commander-in-Chief; while the army of New England men was adopted by -Congress and named “the Continental Army.” - -Later, when Washington’s appointment was announced in the Congress, he -rose in his place, and said most earnestly:-- - -“Since the Congress desire, I will enter upon the momentous duty and -exert every power I possess in their service and for the support of the -glorious cause. - -“But I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the room, that I -this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal -to the command I am honoured with.” - -But far-sighted John Adams was delighted. He was enthusiastic. “There is -something charming to me in the conduct of Washington,” he wrote to a -friend, “a gentleman of one of the first fortunes upon the continent, -leaving his delicious retirement, his family and friends, sacrificing -his ease, and hazarding all in the cause of his Country. - -“His views are noble and disinterested. He declared, when he accepted -the mighty trust, that he would lay before us an exact account of his -expenses, and not accept a shilling pay.” - -And to Abigail Adams, his wife, far off in Braintree, guarding her -children from battle, and murder, and from sudden death, John Adams -wrote:-- - -“I can now inform you, that the Congress have made choice of the modest -and virtuous, the amiable, generous, and brave George Washington, -Esquire, to be General of the American Army.” - -He wrote thus joyously on the 17th day of June,--while on that very day, -Abigail Adams and little John Quincy Adams were standing on a hilltop -watching Charlestown burn and fall into ashes. - - - - -THE BOY WHO BECAME PRESIDENT - - -“My head is much too fickle, my thoughts are running after birds’ eggs, -play, and trifles, till I get vexed with myself,” wrote little John -Quincy Adams, nine years old, to his father John Adams. - -Those were terrible times. Little John Quincy’s thoughts were running -after other things besides birds’ eggs. He could hear the thunder of -British cannon and the answering roar of American guns. There was -fighting very near him. From a hilltop, he could see the battle raging. -He knew that some of the American boys who were fighting, were from -Braintree. - -Sometime before, little John Quincy and his mother, Abigail Adams, had -escaped from their home in Boston, and had taken refuge in Braintree, -which was not far away. Now they were living in constant terror for fear -the British should attack Braintree. His father, John Adams, was not -there to protect him. He was attending the Continental Congress in -Philadelphia. - -On the 17th of June, 1775, the British cannonading began in the -direction of Charlestown. John Quincy and his mother climbed the hill, -and watched the battle. With terror-stricken eyes, the boy saw -Charlestown go up in flames and fall in ashes. And as for Abigail Adams, -she trembled with fear lest the British should attack Braintree next; -and then what would become of John Quincy and the other children? - -So John Quincy and his mother watched the famous battle of Bunker Hill. -And while they were listening to the cannon and the guns, their beloved -friend, Dr. Joseph Warren, the noble Patriot who had joined the American -forces as volunteer, fell mortally wounded. - -And when the news of his death reached Braintree, John Quincy burst into -tears, for Dr. Warren had been the family physician, and had once saved -the boy from having a broken finger amputated. - -And through those exciting times, John Quincy was a staunch boy-patriot. -When he was only nine years old, he became his mother’s post-boy, riding -to Boston and back, eleven or more miles each way, to get news for her. - -And every morning before he climbed out of bed, he did as his mother had -taught him. After he had said the Lord’s Prayer, he recited:-- - - _How sleep the Brave, who sink to rest, - By all their Country’s wishes blest! - When Spring, with dewy fingers cold, - Returns to deck their hallowed mould, - She there shall dress a sweeter sod, - Than Fancy’s feet have ever trod._ - - _By Fairy hands their knell is rung, - By forms unseen their dirge is sung, - There Honour comes, a Pilgrim grey, - To watch the turf that wraps their clay, - And Freedom shall awhile repair - To dwell a weeping Hermit there._[1] - -Thus the boy-patriot did what he could. And when he grew up, he served -his Country so well in many important matters, that he was called to -her highest office, and became the sixth President of the United States. - - - - -HOW SHALL THE STARS BE PLACED? - - -On that great day, when the Congress of the United States adopted the -Stars and Stripes as our National Flag, it resolved that the union -should be Thirteen Stars, white in a blue field, representing a new -Constellation. - -And a new Constellation it was, Thirteen Stars of the Thirteen States -united as one, a Constellation destined to shine on all the -World--Liberty enlightening the World! - -But how should the Stars be grouped upon the Flag?--that was the -question. - -John Adams suggested that they should be arranged in the form of the -Constellation Lyra, the beautiful cluster of stars shining in our -northern night. - -But the new Constellation of American Stars could not be arranged thus -to look well. So it was decided to place them in a circle, for a circle -has no end. And it was hoped that as the Country grew larger, adding -more States and a new Star for each State, that the circle would widen. - -And it has widened and widened, until there is no longer any room for a -circle on our Flag; but spangled like the sky at night, it has become -the Star-Spangled Banner. - - - - -THE MYSTERIOUS STRANGER - - -A mysterious foreign stranger suddenly appeared in New York City, after -John Adams had retired from the presidency. He was handsome, with -beaming hazel eyes and flashing white teeth. He was graceful, with -courtly manners. He called himself George Martin. - -But what his real name was, or what his mysterious purpose was, only a -few people knew. - -He was dined and toasted by New York officials. He went to the City of -Washington on his secret mission. He was granted private interviews by -the President and Secretary of State. He talked much about his friends -Catherine the Great of Russia and William Pitt of England. He seemed to -know the secret plots and political intrigues of Europe. - -Then he vanished as mysteriously as he had come. - -A few weeks later, John Adams heard the astounding news. The stranger -was no other than the celebrated South American Patriot, Don Francisco -de Miranda. He had sailed away secretly from New York in a little ship -laden with arms and ammunition. And, what was worse, he had taken with -him a band of young American men, some of them mere boys; and he was -sailing toward the Spanish main with the intention of freeing South -America from Spanish rule. - -He had taken with him young William Steuben Smith, John Adams’s -grandson. Young Smith was a college boy, very bright and courageous, and -thirsty for adventure. - -“What do you think were my sensations and reflections?” wrote John Adams -to a friend. “I shudder to this moment, at the recollection of them! I -saw the ruin of my only daughter and her good-hearted, enthusiastic -husband, and had no other hope or wish or prayer than that the ship, -with my grandson in it, might be sunk in a storm in the Gulf Stream!” - -For young William Steuben Smith’s father was surveyor of the port of New -York, and had allowed Miranda’s ship to clear with arms and ammunition -in its hold, to be used against Spain with whom we were at peace. - -Then came to John Adams the terrible news, that Spanish armed vessels -had captured some of the American boys. His grandson had been captured, -and thrown into a dungeon in a dark, filthy fortress in Venezuela. He -was to be tried as a pirate taken on the high seas, and without doubt he -would be hanged. - -The Spanish Ambassador, who had known John Adams in Europe, hastened to -offer his services. He would intercede with Spain for the grandson, he -said. - -“No,” said John Adams to a friend; “he should share the fate of his -colleagues, comrades, and fellow-prisoners.” - -But happily it was all a great mistake. Young Smith was not hanged as a -pirate. He had not been captured at all. Instead, he was sailing gayly -on in Miranda’s Mystery Ship. He had been made aid-de-camp and -lieutenant-colonel, and had donned Miranda’s brilliant uniform. - -For the story of what happened further to the Mystery Ship, see page -335. - - - - -HIS LAST TOAST - - -It was the last day of June, 1826. In five days, it would be the Fourth -of July--the Fiftieth Anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of -Independence. John Adams had been one of the committee to frame the -Declaration. - -A neighbour was sitting with John Adams in his home in Quincy--that used -to be Braintree. Ninety and one years old was John Adams! - -The neighbour was to be orator at the annual banquet on the Fourth of -July. He had called to ask John Adams to compose the toast. - -“Independence for ever!” said John Adams. - -But would he not wish to add something further to the toast, asked the -neighbour. - -“Not a word,” replied John Adams. - -The Fourth of July dawned. The great Patriot lay dying. At the setting -of the sun, those who stood beside him heard him whisper:--“Thomas -Jefferson still lives!” - -As the sun sank out of sight, a loud cheering came from the village. It -was the shouts of the people at the words of his toast:--“Independence -for ever!” - -The cheering echoed through the room where John Adams was. But before -its last sounds could die away, the great Patriot had passed into -history and eternity--on the Fourth of July,--on the Fiftieth -Anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of Independence! - - - - -NOVEMBER 15 - -WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM DEFENDER OF AMERICA - - -_The Colonists are ... equally entitled with yourselves to all the -natural rights of mankind, and the peculiar privileges of Englishmen._ - -WILLIAM PITT - -_He at once breathed his own lofty spirit into the Country he served, as -he communicated something of his own grandeur to the men who served -him._ - -_“No man,” said a soldier of the time, “ever entered Mr. Pitt’s closet, -who did not feel himself braver when he came out, than when he went -in.”_ - -JOHN RICHARD GREEN - -_He stands in the annals of Europe, “an illustrious and venerable name,” -admired by countrymen and strangers, by all to whom loftiness of moral -principle and greatness of talent are objects of regard._ - -THOMAS CARLYLE - - William Pitt was born in England, November 15, 1708 - - Created Earl of Chatham, 1766 - - He died May 11, 1778 - - He was known “as the Great Commoner,” while in the House of - Commons; as “Chatham,” after he entered the House of Lords; and as - “the Elder Pitt,” to distinguish him from his son William Pitt, - called “the Younger,” who likewise was a great statesman. - - There are American towns and cities named in honour of William - Pitt, our Defender; among them, Pittsburgh, Penn.; Chatham, N. Y.; - and Pittsfield, Mass. - - - - -THIS TERRIBLE CORNET OF HORSE - - -In the hilt of Napoleon’s ceremonial sword, was set a huge diamond, one -of the largest in the world. It had been brought from India by “Diamond -Pitt” of England, who had sold it to the Regent of France. - -“Diamond Pitt,” was Thomas Pitt. An adventurous young sailor, he had -gone to India, and had started in business for himself as a trader. - -The British East India Company claimed the monopoly of trade in India. -When the bold young Englishman, without so much as “by your leave,” -started an opposition business, the Company determined to crush him. - -It set its powerful legal machinery to work. But it was one thing to try -to crush Thomas Pitt, and quite another thing to do it. He fought -desperately for his rights. Though he was arrested and fined he still -kept on trading, in defiance of the Company. He battled so successfully -and for so many years, that at last for its own protection, the Company -was forced to take him into its service. - -He rose to be Governor of Madras. He became known as “Diamond Pitt,” -because he was always in search of large diamonds. Thus he procured the -famous “Pitt Diamond,” which found its way into Napoleon’s sword. - -With a part of the fortune which “Diamond Pitt” got from its sale, he -bought an estate in England. Later he became a member of Parliament. - -“Diamond Pitt’s” grandson, William Pitt, was not a strong boy. He spent -much time with his books. He liked to read Shakespeare aloud to the -family. He enjoyed reading the _Faëry Queen_, in which the Red Cross -Knight, fearless of harm or evil thing, rides about rescuing the -innocent and helpless. - -Though he was not strong in body, William Pitt had an iron will. He had -“Diamond Pitt’s” indomitable courage and the fighting qualities with -which the sailor had matched his strength against that of the powerful -East India Company. - -William Pitt attended Oxford University. When he was twenty-three, he -was commissioned Cornet of Horse in the King’s Blues. - -The fearless Cornet of Horse was soon elected to the House of Commons. -He started his political career in the House with a fiery, sarcastic -speech supporting the Prince of Wales, who was at enmity with the King -his father. - -William Pitt was a born orator. He was tall, elegant, and graceful. His -eyes were bright and piercing. He spoke with dignified gesture. And he -delivered this speech with such strength, magnetism, and irony, that the -Prime Minister exclaimed, “We must muzzle this terrible Cornet of -Horse!” - -To muzzle him, he tried, at first with promises of reward. But William -Pitt was incorruptible. He would not sell his honour. Then influence was -brought to bear, and the young Cornet of Horse was dismissed from the -army. - -But this very act, by which his enemies planned to muzzle William Pitt, -brought him before the public eye. His fearlessness and remarkable -oratory advanced him daily with both Parliament and People. - -In time, William Pitt became a leading power, at first in the House of -Commons, and afterward, when he was created Earl of Chatham, in the -House of Lords. He served twice as Prime Minister of England; and he -laid the solid foundations of the British Colonial Empire. - -But more than all else, he was an Englishman defending the unalienable -rights of all Englishmen. He steadfastly combated those political evils -in the British Government, which, at that time, were threatening to -undermine English Liberty as set down in the Magna Carta and safeguarded -by the English Constitution. - - - - -THE CHARTER OF LIBERTY - -_The Signing of the Magna Carta, 1215_ - - _O Thou, that sendest out the man - To rule by land and sea, - Strong mother of a Lion-line, - Be proud of those strong sons of thine, - Who wrenched their rights from thee!_ - - _What wonder if in noble heat, - Those men thine arms withstood, - Retaught the lesson thou hadst taught, - And in thy spirit with thee fought fought-- - Who sprang from English blood!_ - - ALFRED TENNYSON (_Condensed_) - - -Magna Carta! The Great Charter of the liberties of Englishmen! - -At Runnimede, the freemen of England through the action of their Barons, -forced King John to sign and seal the Magna Carta. His tyrannous power -was torn from him. He was forced to pledge himself to violate no longer -the rights and privileges of English freemen. - -For, from times remote, human rights and liberties, protecting them from -oppression by rulers, had been theirs by laws and by common consent. - -About a hundred years after the signing of the Magna Carta, the great -principle, that English freemen should not be taxed without -representation, was established. - -When King Charles the First broke his promises to respect the rights of -his subjects, he was tried and executed. When King James the Second -governed in despotic manner, exercising what he believed to be the -“divine right of Kings,” he lost his throne. - -What has this to do with America and William Pitt? Everything! - -During the reigns of the Stuart Kings, large sections of America were -explored and settled by English freemen, who came to America to escape -persecution, and to enjoy English Liberty which at that time they could -not possibly have had in England. - -The Stuart Kings believed in “divine right,” which means that the King -is the Lord’s annointed, and that neither Parliament nor People may -question any of his acts; and that no matter how cruel or tyrannous a -King may be, the People must submissively obey him. - -The Magna Carta and the English Constitution protect the English People -against this doctrine of “divine right.” - -So, when during the reign of these Kings, men and women fled from -England to find Liberty and refuge in America, they brought with them -their ancient institutions, the rights and privileges guaranteed them -under the Magna Carta. - -There were other Englishmen equally courageous, equally liberty-loving, -who came to seek their fortunes and build homes in the New World. They, -too, brought with them their rights and privileges. - -These English pioneers hewed their way through the savage wilderness. -Many of them were massacred by Red Men, while their homes were burned; -some of them were carried into captivity and tortured. Yet the great -body of undaunted English settlers, resolutely kept on pushing their -frontiers westward. They laid out farms and plantations, they built -villages and towns, they founded churches and schools. They obtained -charters from far away England, confirming their rights. And through -God’s blessing they prospered, and became strong and rich. - -Other liberty-loving folk, the Dutch, settled in great numbers in what -is now New York and New Jersey; while many settlers from different parts -of Europe, came to the New World to build homes for themselves and their -children. - -The very air of America breathed freedom. The magnitude of the country -and the difficulties of pioneer-life helped to invigorate, expand, and -make indomitable those ideals of English Liberty which the first -settlers and frontiersmen had brought with them. - -When King George the Third inherited the British Crown, he was unable -to understand the free spirit of Englishmen. And he was far from -realizing its tremendous growth in the New World. - -He taxed the Americans without representation. He placed a standing army -in the Colonies, without their consent. He blockaded the Port of Boston -to force her to submit to his unjust laws. In some cases, trial by jury -was abolished. These are some of his tyrannous violations of the rights -and privileges of English freemen. - -The People of America, in indignation, petitioned the King for redress. - -There was no redress. - -So the People of America rose in arms; and, in the true spirit of Magna -Carta, they issued the Declaration of Independence. - -Now, we shall see what William Pitt had to do with all this. - - - - -AMERICA’S DEFENDER - - “_For the defence of Liberty, upon a general principle, upon a - constitutional principle, it is a ground on which I stand firm, on - which I dare meet any man._” - - “_This Country had no right under Heaven to tax America! It is - contrary to all the principles of justice and civil policy._” - - “_If I were an American,” he exclaimed, “as I am an Englishman, - while a foreign troop was landed in my Country, I never would lay - down my arms--never--never--never!_” - -WILLIAM PITT, _Earl of Chatham_ - - - - -It was natural that an English statesman who sincerely and firmly -believed in the rights of all Englishmen, should become the defender of -America. And her loyal friend and champion was William Pitt. By the -weight of his eloquent speeches, he fought her battles in Parliament. - -When the Stamp Act was passed, he was absent from his place in -Parliament, because of illness. But later, he was present. Leaning on -his crutch, for he was still very sick, he indignantly arraigned the -British Ministry which had brought about the passage of the Act. - - “When the resolution was taken in this House to tax America,” he - said, “I was ill in bed. If I could have endured to have been - carried in my bed, so great was the agitation of my mind for the - consequences, I would have solicited some kind hand to have laid me - down on this floor, to have borne my testimony against it! - - “The Colonists are the subjects of this Kingdom, equally entitled - with yourselves to all the natural rights of mankind and the - peculiar privileges of Englishmen; equally bound by its laws, and - equally participating in the Constitution of this free Country. The - Americans are the sons ... of England!” - -And when one of the members made a speech abusing the Americans, -defending the Stamp Act, and accusing Pitt of sowing sedition among the -American Colonists, he rose and answered:-- - - “The gentleman tells us,” he said, “America is obstinate; America - is almost in open rebellion. I rejoice that America has resisted. - Three millions of people so dead to all the feelings of Liberty, as - voluntarily to let themselves be made slaves, would have been fit - instruments to make slaves of all the rest. - - “In a good cause, on a sound bottom, the force of this Country can - crush America to atoms. I know the valour of your troops, I know - the skill of your officers.... But on this ground,--on the Stamp - Act--when so many here will think it a crying injustice, I am one - who will lift up my hands against it! - - “In such a cause, even your success would be hazardous. America, if - she fell, would fall like the strong man. She would embrace the - pillars of the State, and pull down the Constitution along with - her. - - “Is this your boasted peace? To sheathe the sword, not in its - scabbard, but in the bowels of your Countrymen? - - “Upon the whole, I will beg leave to tell the House what is really - my opinion. It is that the Stamp Act _be repealed absolutely, - totally, and immediately_.”[2] - - * * * * * - -And whether the Stamp Act was repealed “absolutely, totally, and -immediately,” John Fiske tells in his thrilling history, “The American -Revolution.” - - - - -THE SONS OF LIBERTY - - -William Pitt was not the only English statesman who championed America. -There was Lord Rockingham, at one time Prime Minister of England, also -the Earl of Camden, and the celebrated Charles James Fox. - -And there was Edmund Burke, “one of the earliest friends of America,” -with his scratch wig, round spectacles, and pockets stuffed with papers. -He pleaded our cause so brilliantly that his hearers were dazzled by his -oratory “with its passionate ardour, its poetic fancy, its amazing -prodigality of resources, the dazzling succession in which irony, -pathos, invective, tenderness, the most brilliant word-pictures, the -coolest arguments, followed each other.” - -And among America’s British friends, was Colonel Barré, a member of the -House of Commons. In an indignant speech against the Stamp Act, he -referred to the American Patriots as “Sons of Liberty.” - -When his speech reached America, the name “Sons of Liberty” was adopted -by secret societies pledged to resist the Stamp Act. - -In Boston, the Sons of Liberty held meetings under the Liberty Tree, a -huge elm; they met also in Faneuil Hall, since called “the Cradle of -American Liberty.” In New York City, the Sons of Liberty erected a tall -Liberty Pole, and defended it against the Red Coats. - -All over the Country, the Sons of Liberty were active, sometimes too -violently so, in the cause of American Independence. - - - - -A LAST SCENE - - -In 1778, a dramatic event took place in the House of Lords. - -William Pitt, old now and wasted by disease, but the fire of whose -genius still burned bright and clear, was about to speak. - -France had acknowledged the Independence of the United States. Germany -was planning to do so; while Spain stood ready to enter into an alliance -with the Americans. England was at war with France. The situation of -England seemed desperate. - -And on that dramatic day in the House of Lords, the Duke of Richmond was -about to move that the royal fleets and armies should be instantly -withdrawn from America, and peace be made on whatever terms Congress -might see fit to accept. - -But William Pitt would not willingly consent to a step that seemed -certain to wreck the Empire his genius had won for England. - -He had got up from his sick bed, and had come into the House of Lords to -argue against the motion. - -Wrapped in flannel bandages, and leaning upon crutches, his dark eyes in -their brilliancy enhancing the pallor of his careworn face, as he -entered the House, supported on the one side by his son-in-law, and on -the other by that younger son who was so soon to add fresh glory to the -name of William Pitt, the peers all started to their feet, and remained -standing until he had taken his place. - -In broken sentences, with strange flashes of the eloquence which had -once held captive ear and heart, he protested against the hasty adoption -of a measure which simply prostrated the dignity of England before its -ancient enemy, the House of Bourbon. - -The Duke of Richmond’s answer, reverently and delicately worded, urged -that while the magic of Chatham’s name could work anything short of -miracles, yet only a miracle could now relieve them from the dire -necessity of abandoning America. - -Chatham rose to reply, but his overwrought frame gave way, and he sank -in a swoon upon the floor. - -All business was at once adjourned. The peers, with eager sympathy, came -crowding up to offer assistance, and the unconscious statesman was -carried in the arms of his friends to a house near by, whence in a few -days he was removed to his home. - -There, after lingering between life and death for several weeks, on the -11th of May, and in the seventieth year of his age, Lord Chatham -breathed his last. - -The man thus struck down like a soldier at his post, was one whom -Americans, no less than Englishmen, have delighted to honour. - -_John Fiske_ (_Retold_) - - - - -DECEMBER 2 - -DOM PEDRO THE SECOND THE MAGNANIMOUS THE BEST REPUBLICAN IN BRAZIL - - - TO - H. M. DOM PEDRO II - EMPEROR OF BRAZIL - SCHOLAR AND SCIENTIST, PATRON OF - ARTS AND LETTERS - STERLING STATESMAN AND MODEL MONARCH, - WHOSE REIGN OF HALF A CENTURY HAS BEEN - ZEALOUSLY AND SUCCESSFULLY DEVOTED TO - PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, INDUSTRIAL - ENTERPRISE, AND THE ABOLITION - OF SLAVERY - THROUGHOUT THE VAST AND OPULENT - “EMPIRE OF THE SOUTHERN CROSS” - -_Dedication by_ FRANK VINCENT - - - - -FREEDOM IN BRAZIL - - - _With clearer light, Cross of the South shine forth - In blue Brazilian skies: - And thou, O River, cleaving half the earth, - From sunset to sunrise, - From the great mountains to the Atlantic waves, - Thy joy’s long anthem pour, - Yet a few years (God make them less!) and slaves - Shall shame thy pride no more. - No fettered feet thy shaded margins press, - But all men shall walk free. - Where, thou the high-priest of the wilderness, - Hast wedded sea to sea._ - - _And thou, great-hearted Ruler, through whose mouth - The word of God is said - Once more:--“Let there be light!”--Son of the South, - Lift up thy honoured head, - Wear unashamed a crown by thy desert - More than by birth thy own, - Careless of watch and ward; thou art begirt - By grateful hearts alone. - The moated wall and battleship may fail, - But safe shall Justice prove; - Stronger than greaves of brass or iron mail, - The panoply of Love._ - - JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER (_Condensed_) - - DOM PEDRO was born December 2, 1825 - - Was made Emperor at five years of age, April 7, 1831 - - Visited the United States, 1876 - - His daughter, Princess Isabel, emancipated the slaves, 1888 - - He abdicated, and Brazil was proclaimed a Republic, 1889 - - Dom Pedro died, December 5, 1891. - - - - -THE BRAZILS MAGNIFICENT - - -Robinson Crusoe, after escaping from Moorish slavery with the boy Xury, -was rescued by a Portuguese ship bound for South America. He was carried -by the ship’s captain to the Brazils. - -There he settled, bought a plantation and made a fortune. Then, away -from those same Brazils, he sailed and was wrecked and cast upon his -Desert Island. - -Magnificent and rich were Robinson Crusoe’s Brazils, or the Country of -Brazil, stretching vast and unknown far westward into the interior of -the continent. Near the sea-coast, in the parts inhabited by civilized -men, were plantations of coffee, tobacco, and fruits. Primeval forests -covered the shores of the rivers whose mighty waters rushed far out into -the ocean. Fierce savages roved the forests. There were gold, spices, -and diamonds in Robinson Crusoe’s Brazils, and rare woods, brilliant -birds, butterflies, and flowers. - -And so is the country of Brazil to-day--a magnificent land! Only there -are cities there now, and towns and villages. And to-day, Brazil is a -Republic with a Constitution like that of our own United States. - -In Robinson Crusoe’s time, Brazil was owned and ruled by the Kingdom of -Portugal, just as other parts of South America were owned and ruled by -the Crown of Spain. - -How Brazil won Independence and became a Republic, is a fascinating -story. - - - - -THE EMPIRE OF THE SOUTHERN CROSS - - -Brazil, on which the Southern Cross of four bright stars, looks down, -first became a Kingdom, then an Empire and after that a Republic. - -When Napoleon’s Army threatened to invade Portugal, the Royal Family of -Portugal fled in terror of their lives. They escaped from Lisbon, -crossed the Atlantic, and found refuge in the royal Colony of Brazil. - -In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom, though still to remain a part of -Portugal. The first and only European Kingdom in America! - -When the time arrived, that the Royal Family might safely return to -Portugal, the King left his son, Dom Pedro, to be Regent or Governor of -Brazil. - -But the Brazilians had grown used to having their King live among them. -More just laws and greater privileges were theirs, when their ruler -lived in the land. He could understand their needs better than if he -ruled them from Europe. So the Brazilians became dissatisfied, when -their country was reduced once more to the state of a Colony. - -Dom Pedro was a patriotic Brazilian, and ruled the Country without much -regard to Portugal’s wishes. Trouble soon arose between the Mother -Country and Brazil. Dom Pedro proclaimed the Independence of Brazil, -September 7, 1822. An Empire was established, and Dom Pedro was made -Emperor under a Constitution. - -But as time went on, the Emperor did not uphold the People’s rights; so -he was forced to abdicate in favour of his little son, Dom Pedro, who -was only five years old. - -After which, Dom Pedro the First, sailed away to Europe, leaving little -Dom Pedro the Second, to rule in his stead. - - - - -MAKING THE LITTLE EMPEROR - - -“The King is afloat! God save the King!” were the shouts which rang -through the streets of Rio Janeiro, for now that their Emperor Pedro the -First had abdicated and escaped on an English man-o-war, the people were -giving themselves up to rejoicing. - -“The King is afloat! God save the King!” was the cry of the townspeople -and the streets, festooned with coffee branches, were made to glow with -coloured silks, while the balconies were thronged with señoritas in all -their finery of brilliant dresses, garlands, fluttering fans, and -feather flowers. - -They were witnessing the triumphal entry into his capital of the new -Emperor, Dom Pedro the Second, the little lad of five and a half years -old. - -First in the procession of the Child-Emperor, were justices of the peace -bearing green flags. Then came the little Emperor. - -And what a figure was this! A tiny infant in a huge state-coach, dragged -by four strings of excited mulattoes! He cried, and at the same time -waved a white handkerchief. - -The tender-hearted Brazilians, every man and woman of their number a -child-adorer, were altogether overcome by the sight, and even the choir -that accompanied the procession, was touched. Its triumphant chant died -away in an emotional quiver. - -With great pomp, little Pedro was installed as Emperor, the eyes of the -enthusiastic spectators swimming with tears, as he was carried out of -the chapel in the arms of an old chamberlain. - -Later, while sitting in a little chair at the window of the palace, he -reviewed the troops of his Empire. - -But though little Pedro was now Emperor of all Brazil, he was too young -to rule. A Regent ruled for him for ten years, while Pedro studied and -prepared himself to govern his People. - -_W. H. Koebel and Other Sources_ - - - - -THE PATRIOT EMPEROR - - -I - -_Viva Dom Pedro the Second!_ - -At last a large political party in the capital grew tired of installing -Regents and electing new ministers, and insistently demanded that the -Emperor himself begin to reign, although legally he was still too young. -According to the Constitution, an Emperor reached his majority at the -age of eighteen, and Dom Pedro was only fifteen. But in spite of his -youth, Dom Pedro the Second was declared constitutional Emperor and -perpetual defender of Brazil. Viva Dom Pedro the Second! - -So mature was the young Emperor in mind and appearance, that he was well -fitted to play the part of an eighteen-year-old. His tutors were the -best that could be found in Europe or South America, and he was a -brilliant student. He had a trick of relighting his lamp at night and -studying for a while after every one had gone to bed. Natural history, -mathematics, and astronomy were his favourite subjects at that time. - -But in the course of his life he studied almost everything under the -sun, and he could talk fluently on any subject in English, German, -French, Italian or Spanish; he read Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. When he -was sixty he learned Sanskrit. His library was packed with histories, -biographies, encyclopædias, and law-books. - -Besides his library the Emperor loved peace, happiness, and prosperity. -These were his gifts to Brazil during his long reign, while surrounding -Nations were struggling with anarchy and civil war. - -Before Dom Pedro was eighteen, he signed a contract of marriage with a -Princess whom he had never seen, Theresa Christina Maria, sister of the -King of the two Sicilies. A Brazilian squadron conducted her to Rio, and -the city received her with splendid ceremonies. - - -II - -_My People_ - -Under Dom Pedro’s guiding influence, Brazil gained steadily in power, -importance, and reputation. Home industries and foreign commerce -doubled. Telegraphic communications were established with the United -States and Europe. Good steamship lines, both coastwise and oceanic, -made Brazil accessible to all the world. Public property was opened to -settlement, and the Government became as hospitable to all foreign -enterprise as it had before this been exclusive. - -Above all things, Dom Pedro wanted to stimulate the love of knowledge -among his People, to give the boys and girls of every class an equal -chance. Free public schools were established all over the Empire. - -One time, the Emperor learned that 3,000,000 francs had been pledged by -citizens for a fine bronze statue of himself to be given the place of -honour in a city square. Dom Pedro, expressing his deep gratitude, said -that it would please him far more if the money could be used for public -schools instead. The grade and high school buildings of Rio have always -been noted for their beauty, size, and equipment. - -While so many of the South American States were lagging far behind the -times, Brazil, under Dom Pedro, caught up with other progressive Nations -of the World. Liberty of speech and religious tolerance were not even -questioned, but taken for granted. - - -III - -_Emancipating the Slaves_ - -1888 - -The greatest national event during Dom Pedro’s reign was the Abolition -of Slavery, and no one worked harder to bring it to pass than the -Emperor himself. - -The African slave-trade had been abolished in 1850 and from that time on -public opinion grew more and more in favour of Emancipation, in spite of -the strong opposition of planters and wealthy slave owners. - -Following Dom Pedro’s example, many high-minded citizens freed their own -slaves. The slave was enabled to free himself in many ways, such as -raising his own purchase money. The incentive to do this was great, for -an ambitious slave had plenty of chance to rise in the world. - -Dom Pedro’s dearest wish was that he might live to see every slave in -the country a free man, and this wish came true in the last year of his -reign. - -He had gone abroad in poor health, leaving his daughter Isabel as -Regent. When Congress met, the Princess Isabel railroaded the Abolition -Bill through both Houses in eight days, and signed the bill which put -the law into immediate effect. - - -IV - -_The Empire of the Southern Cross--No More!_ - -Soon after the humane Princess Isabel had freed the slaves, Dom Pedro -came hastening home from Europe. He landed in Rio, and was received with -genuine enthusiasm. But his loved personality could no longer stand -between the throne and the widespread desire for a Republic together -with the popular discontent aroused by the Princess’s acts. - -In 1889, a Republican revolt took the whole Empire by surprise. It had -long been brewing beneath the surface, but so great was the Emperor’s -popularity that Republicans had tacitly agreed to postpone the new -Government until his death. - -A rumor that Dom Pedro might abdicate in favour of Princess Isabel, and -thus initiate another generation of monarchy, precipitated the -Revolution. The Republican leagues, with the backing of the army and -navy, refused to wait any longer. - -Dom Pedro, summoned from Petropolis by telegram, found a Provisional -Government already organized when he reached the capital. In the -Imperial Palace at Rio, surrounded by insurgents, the old Emperor was -told briefly that his long reign was over. - -“We are forced to notify you,” said the ultimatum, “that the Provisional -Government expects from your Patriotism the sacrifice of leaving -Brazilian territory with your family in the shortest possible time.” - -Dom Pedro the Second replied simply:-- - -“I resolve to submit to the command of circumstances and will depart -with my family for Europe to-morrow, leaving this beloved Country to -which I have tried to give firm testimony of my love and my dedication -during nearly half a century as chief of the State. I shall always have -kind remembrances of Brazil and hopes for its prosperity.” - -The next day the Imperial Family sailed for Lisbon. - -In three days’ time a monarchy had been overthrown _without bloodshed_ -or opposition. The Emperor, who had sometimes been called the best -Republican in Brazil, was replaced by a military dictator. - -The homesick Emperor, living in European hotels or rented villas, -“always remained as one on the point of departure, as if he ever -expected to be recalled by his former subjects, a hope which till the -last moment would not die out of his heart.” - -_Margarette Daniels_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -THE UNITED STATES OF BRAZIL - - -Brazil, whose name originally meant the Land of Red Dye Wood, is to-day, -the United States of Brazil with a Constitution like our own. It has a -President, Vice-President, and House of Congress, and an army and navy. -It has railroads, beautiful cities, many towns, and a world commerce. - -Brazil exports quantities of rubber, sugar, coffee, and other products. -The milky juice of the caoutchouc or rubber, is gathered largely from -the wild rubber-trees growing in the tropical forests far in the -interior of Brazil, or along the banks of the Amazon. Our United States -receives great shipments of this rubber. The coffee-trees flourish in -the famous red earth of Brazil, producing large crops of the delicious -berry, to make happy the breakfast tables of the world. - -There is the friendliest of relations between our United States and -Brazil. It is no uncommon sight to meet Brazilian sailors in their -picturesque uniform, at home on the streets of New York City. And when -the statue of Bolivar, the Liberator of Venezuela, was unveiled in -Central Park in 1921, there was present a detachment of Brazilian -Marines detailed from their battleship anchored in New York Harbour. -They made an imposing appearance, filing down the park-slope of Bolivar -Hill, in the military procession which accompanied President Harding. - -The year 1922, the one hundredth anniversary of Brazilian Independence, -has been celebrated by People of the United States. Out of friendship -for Brazil, they have presented her with a statue of Liberty cast in -bronze. Liberty holds aloft two entwined banners, the Brazilian Flag and -the Stars and Stripes. The Brazilian Government has selected one of the -most prominent spots in the city of Rio Janeiro, as a site for the -statue. - - - - -DECEMBER 20 - -WILLIAM BRADFORD - -AND - -THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS - - - _The word of God to Leyden came, - Dutch town, by Zuyder Zee: - “Rise up, my Children of no name, - My kings and priests to be. - There is an Empire in the West - Which I will soon unfold, - A thousand harvests in her breast, - Rocks ribbed with iron and gold.”_ - - * * * * * - - _They left the towers of Leyden Town, - They left the Zuyder Zee, - And where they cast their anchor down, - Rose Freedom’s realm to be.”_ - - J. E. RANKIN - - - - -THE PILGRIM FATHERS - - -_So they left that goodly and pleasant city which had been their resting -place near twelve years._ - -_But they knew they were Pilgrims, and looked not much on these things; -but lift up their eyes to the Heavens, their dearest country, and -quieted their spirits._ - -_Governor_ WILLIAM BRADFORD - - WILLIAM BRADFORD was born about 1590 - - The _Mayflower_ reached Cape Cod; Mayflower Compact signed, - November 11, 1620 - - The Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, probably December 20, 1620 - - William Bradford died, May 9, 1657 - - - - -THE FATHER OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES - - -William Bradford’s birthday, we celebrate on the anniversary of the -landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock. We do not know the exact date -of his birth. - -He was just an ordinary boy living in a small English village. He was -brought up by relatives, for his father and mother had died when he was -a child. They had left him a small fortune, so he was not in want. - -When about twelve years old, he began to read the Bible. It interested -him so much, that when older he attended the meetings of some neighbours -who were studying the Bible and worshipping God in their own little -Assembly. Separatists, they were called, for they had separated from the -Established Church of England. - -In those days, it was a crime in England for any one to hold or attend -religious meetings of Separatists. The Bible printed in the English -tongue, had long been forbidden reading, but in William Bradford’s days, -it was beginning to be read quite widely, specially by Separatists. - -These poor people’s Assemblies were watched by spies and informers. -Separatists were arrested and imprisoned, while some were executed. -Others fled into Holland--brave liberty-loving Holland--where there was -no persecution for religion’s sake. - -William Bradford became a Separatist. When about eighteen years old, he, -too, fled into Holland, where he might serve his Lord and Saviour Jesus -Christ, in full liberty of conscience. - -For ten years or more he lived in Holland. He was a member of an English -Separatist Church in Leyden, under the gentle rule of its beloved -pastor, John Robinson. - -The Separatists believed that every man in the church-congregation -should have a voice in its management; thus they elected their pastor. - -The time came when a part of Pastor Robinson’s congregation decided to -emigrate and seek a home in the New World. The leaders of this little -band of Pilgrims--the Pilgrim Fathers, we call them--were William -Bradford, John Carver, and Edward Winslow. With them went William -Brewster, who was to be their pastor in the New World. Miles Standish, -also, went with them, and became the Captain of their small army, which -defended them against the Indians. - -So the Pilgrim Fathers, together with their wives, little ones, and men -and maid servants, said farewell to Holland’s hospitable shore. Soon -after, they sailed from England in the _Mayflower_, to found a -settlement in the savage New World, under the rule of England. - -They took with them the seeds of American Independence. They had left -England so that they might have the freedom which was theirs by rights. -They were come to America so that they might govern themselves, every -man having a voice in the government of the new settlement as well as in -the management of his own congregation. This principle of -self-government, the Pilgrims embodied in the famous Mayflower Compact, -an agreement which they drew up and signed the day they reached New -England. - -Meanwhile, far to the South of New England another Colony of Englishmen -had planted and was fostering other seeds of American Independence.[3] - -But let us see what became of William Bradford, since we are celebrating -his birthday. We will let Cotton Mather tell it in his own quaint -style:-- - -“The rest of his days were spent in the services and the temptations of -that American wilderness. Here was Master Bradford, in the year 1621, -unanimously chosen the Governor of the Plantation. The difficulties -whereof were such that if he had not been a person of more than -ordinary piety, wisdom, and courage, he must have sunk under them.” He -served for thirty-seven years, “in every one of which he was chosen -their Governor, except the three years wherein Master Winslow and the -two years wherein Master Prince, at the choice of the people, took a -turn with him.... But the crown of all was his holy, prayerful, -watchful, and fruitful, walk with God.... He died May 9th, 1657, in the -69th year of his age, lamented by all the Colonies of New England as a -common Blessing and Father to them all.” - - - - -THE SAVAGE NEW WORLD - - -It was November, 1620. The ocean swelled angrily. A cold wind was -blowing, as day broke over the gray water. Sea-gulls swooped and wheeled -around the good ship _Mayflower_, which, with tattered sails, was -driving through the billows. For over two months she had been on her way -from Plymouth, England, carrying the Pilgrims. And, now, while the dull -day was breaking, suddenly a cry was heard:-- - -“Land Ho!” - -The Pilgrims came crowding to the deck, fathers, mothers, children, men, -and maid-servants. They looked eagerly toward the west. They saw the -coast of the New World, as the ship rushed nearer, low with a white -line of surf beating against its wooded shore. - -It was a very new, strange, savage world awaiting them, full of unknown -horrors and Indians. Yet the Pilgrims were not fearful. Had they not -committed themselves to God’s will? And was not this to be their home, -the land to which He was bringing them? So they fell on their knees, and -blessed Him who had guided them safely through storm and stress. - -The wide bay where they first anchored--Cape Cod Bay--was wooded to the -water’s edge, with pines and oaks, with sassafras and juniper, with -birch and holly, ash and walnut. Whales swam spouting around the ship, -while flocks of wild fowl flew screaming overhead. - -And when at last the Pilgrims went ashore in that uninhabited spot, how -briskly the mothers and sisters rubbed and scrubbed, as they washed the -Pilgrims’ clothes. For it had been a frightful two months’ voyage, with -so many storms and so much sickness aboard, that little washing had been -done. And the first thing the Pilgrim Mothers did, was to hold a great -wash day. - -And while the women washed, the carpenter repaired the ship’s shallop; -for William Bradford and some of the others wished to explore the coast, -in order to find a safe and pleasant spot for their settlement. - -While the shallop was being got ready, the Pilgrims decided to send out -a party by land, to see what the country was like. - -And many thrilling adventures, the Pilgrim Fathers had before they -discovered a site, and built Plymouth Town. - -On their first adventure, they saw Indians in the distance. They walked -through fields of corn-stubble which belonged to Indians. They found a -white man’s kettle and the ruins of a cabin. They dug up a fine, great, -new basket filled with corn, red, yellow, and blue. They took the corn -with them, intending to search out the owner, and pay him well. - -On the second adventure, they found empty Indian wigwams, more corn, and -the grave of a man with yellow hair. - -On the third adventure, they left their shallop, at night, to camp on -shore. In the gray dusk of morning, a band of fierce Nauset Indians -attacked them. A flight of brass-headed or claw-tipped arrows came -flying across the Pilgrims’ barricade. The Pilgrims fired their guns, -and the Nausets, whooping loudly, bounded away into the dusk. The -Pilgrims pursued them for a short distance. - -Though many arrows had fallen around them, none of the Pilgrims were -hurt. They gave thanks to God for their deliverance; and, after naming -the spot The _Place of the First Encounter_, they sailed away in their -shallop to explore the coast near by. - -Then, at last, they discovered a beautiful site for their town, situated -on a fine harbour. They returned to the _Mayflower_, with the good news. -And a few days before Christmas, the _Mayflower_ anchored in the -harbour, and the Pilgrim folk landed on Plymouth Rock. - -On Christmas day, they began to build Plymouth Town. - - - - -WELCOME, ENGLISHMEN! - - -“Welcome!” - -That cry--just one English word--sounded through the street of Plymouth, -and startled the Pilgrims. They caught up their muskets and ran from the -houses. - -A tall naked savage, his lank hair clinging to his shoulders, was -stalking along the street, holding a bow and arrows. - -“Welcome!” he shouted. - -The Pilgrims returned his greeting. - -He was Samoset, Chief of Pemaquid, he told them. He had journeyed from -very far off. He had learned English among the Englishmen who sometimes -came to fish off the coast of his country. - -The Pilgrims, glad to talk with a friendly Indian, invited him to eat -with them. Then, as the wind was rising, they wrapped a warm coat around -his naked body. They gave him biscuit with butter, and cheese, and a -piece of cooked duck; all of which he seemed to relish hugely. - -And in answer to their questions Samoset told them many things about -that country. As for the Nauset Indians, who had attacked them so -fiercely at The Place of the First Encounter, he said that these Nausets -hated all white men because a certain Englishman, one Captain Hunt, a -short time before the Pilgrims landed, had cruelly deceived the Nauset -Indians, kidnapping twenty of them, and selling them to other white men. - -All this and much more, Samoset told the Pilgrims. He stayed with them -that night. The next day they sent him away with a gift of a knife, a -ring, and a bracelet. He went off promising that he would come soon -again and bring other Indians to trade with them. - -But the Pilgrims were troubled, for they had not found the owners of the -buried corn. - - - - -LOST! LOST! A BOY! - -There were children on the _Mayflower_--Oceanus Hopkins who was born at -sea, Peregrine White who gave his first baby-cry soon after the -_Mayflower_ reached the New World, Francis Billington who almost blew up -the _Mayflower_, while trying to make fireworks, and John Billington. - -John was a mischievous youngster, and so lively that the Pilgrim Fathers -had to keep a stern eye upon him. But in spite of their watching, he got -lost. For one day, soon after the Pilgrims were settled in Plymouth, he -slipped out of the town, and into the woods that stretched farther than -eye could see from the top of the highest tree. - -That night when John did not come home, the Plymouth folk were worried. -Where was the boy? they asked. How had he managed to slip from the town -without being seen? Had he strayed into the woods? Had a savage caught -him and carried him off? - -Governor Bradford sent a party to look for him. They scoured the woods -about, but there was no John. - -Five days went by,--five anxious days for the Plymouth folk. And John -had not returned when a message came from the friendly Indian, King -Massasoit, saying that the Nausets had the lad. The Nauset Indians were -the same fierce savages who had attacked the Pilgrims at The Place of -the First Encounter. - -A shallop was launched and victualed; and the next morning ten of the -Pilgrims, with Tisquantum, their Indian interpreter, set sail for -Nauset. - -It was a dangerous trip. At first the day was calm and bright, then came -on a storm of wind with thunder and lightning, that lashed the little -ship; while a waterspout almost broke over her. “But GOD be praised!” -says the _Pilgrim Chronicle_, which tells about _the lost boy_, “GOD be -praised! it dured not long, and we put in that night for harbour at a -place called Cummaquid, where we had some hope to find the boy.” - -But they didn’t find him there. “The Nausets have got him,” said the -friendly Cummaquid Indians, when they came down the next morning to -catch lobsters. And they invited the Pilgrims to come ashore and eat -with them. So six of them landed, hoping to learn something more about -John. - -Iyanough, the handsome young Cummaquid Chief, welcomed them heartily. He -made a feast of venison and maize cakes. And after they had eaten, he -offered to go with them to help rescue John. So the Pilgrims put out to -sea again, taking Iyanough and two of his braves. They made the best -speed possible, for they were anxious to find what had happened to the -boy. - -The tide was out when they reached Nauset, and the water was so shallow -that they had to anchor at a distance from land. Iyanough, his braves, -and Tisquantum, went ashore to find Aspinet the Nauset Chief. They hoped -to persuade him to give up John, if he was still alive. - -Meanwhile, crowds of Nauset Indians came running down to the beach. They -waded out from shore; and soon they were swarming around the shallop. -The Pilgrims stood guard to keep them from boarding her, for they -remembered all too well, how these same savages had attacked them with -showers of brass-headed arrows. - -Finally, they allowed two of the Indians to climb into the shallop. And -what was the Pilgrims’ delight when they found that one of the two was -part owner of the corn dug up at Cornhill. They welcomed him gladly. -They told him that they wished to pay for the corn. They asked him to -come to Plymouth for the payment. He promised that he would. - -By this time the sun was setting, but Iyanough had not returned with -news of John. This made the Pilgrims all the more anxious. - -After sunset, they saw a long train of Nauset Indians come winding down -to the beach. At their head, walked their haughty Chief Aspinet. He drew -near to the edge of the beach. Some of his warriors stood guard with -their bows and arrows ready to shoot. The others laid down their -weapons and followed Aspinet into the water. They began to wade out -toward the shallop. And whom should the Pilgrims see sitting on the -shoulders of a big Indian, but John himself, covered with strings of -beads! He had been visiting in the Nauset village, where his new friend -the big Indian had feasted and entertained him in his wigwam. - -And while the Indian was giving John over to the Pilgrims, Aspinet -announced that he and his people wished to make peace with the white -men. So the Pilgrims made peace with him, and presented him with a -strong English knife. They gave another one to the big Indian in return -for his kindness to John. Aspinet and his warriors then went back -friendly and satisfied, to their village. - -So the lost boy was found. - -And so the buried corn was paid for at last. - - - - -THE RATTLESNAKE CHALLENGE - - -It was just before Christmas, when a strange Brave came into Plymouth -town, carrying a bundle of new arrows wrapped in a rattlesnake-skin. - -He asked for Tisquantum. When they told him that Tisquantum was away, he -smiled and seemed glad. He laid down the skin, and turned to run out of -the town. - -[Illustration: JOHN BILLINGTON BROUGHT ON THE SHOULDERS OF AN INDIAN] - -But Governor Bradford did not like his looks nor his queer gift, so -ordered Captain Standish to seize him. The Captain laid hold of him, and -locked him up for the night. At first the poor Indian shook so with fear -that he could not speak. Then as they questioned him gently, he grew -calmer. And when they promised to set him free if he would tell who had -sent him, he confessed to being a messenger from Canonicus, the great -Chieftain of the Naragansett Indians, a People powerful and many -thousands strong. - -Governor Bradford, in the morning, set him free, bidding him go back to -Canonicus and tell him that if he would not live at peace with the white -men, as their other Indian neighbours did, the white men would show him -their wrath. - -The messenger listened quietly. He refused all offers of food, but -thanked the Pilgrims for their kindness. Then he sped away to his -master. - -When Tisquantum came back, they asked him what the rattlesnake-skin -meant. - -To send a rattlesnake-skin meant an enemy, he said. It was the same as -sending a challenge. - -In answer, Governor Bradford stuffed the skin full of powder, and sent -it back by an Indian runner to Canonicus. - -The runner delivered it with such terrifying words of defiance, that -Canonicus would not even touch it for fear of the powder and shot, nor -would he let the rattlesnake-skin stay overnight in his village. The -runner refused to take it back to Plymouth. Canonicus then gave it to -one of his own Indians, who had it posted from place to place, until at -last it was returned to Governor Bradford--_unopened_! - - - - -THE GREAT DROUGHT - - -How the Pilgrims’ little farms did flourish! Rye, barley, maize, oats, -beans, and peas grew and thrived; also parsnips, carrots, turnips, -onions, melons, radishes, and beets. In the gardens, were fragrant -herbs. Refreshing watercresses grew wild in the meadows; while fruit -ripened on the trees, which the Pilgrims had found already growing in -the land. - -But early during the third Summer, destruction threatened those little -farms. There was a great drought. For many weeks, scarcely a drop of -rain fell. - -The corn, oats, rye, and barley, drooped their yellowing blades. The -beans stopped running, and lay parched and shrivelling. The other -vegetables were turning yellow. Unless rain should fall soon, the -Pilgrims knew that they and their little children must starve when -Winter came. - -To add to the misery of it all, a ship laden with supplies, which had -been sent from England, was missing. Nothing had been heard of her for -months. And now, during the great drought, the wreck of a ship was cast -on shore. - -In sorrow and anxiety, the Pilgrims met together for a day of public -fasting and prayer. - -We will let Edward Winslow himself, tell what happened:-- - - “But, Oh! the mercy of our God! who was as ready to hear as we to - ask! - - “For though in the morning when we assembled together, the heavens - were as clear and the drought as like to continue as ever it was, - yet our Exercise (public worship) continuing some eight or nine - hours, before our departure the weather was overcast, the clouds - gathered together on all sides. - - “And on the next morning distilled such soft, sweet, and moderate - showers of rain continuing some fourteen days and mixed with such - seasonable weather, as it was hard to say whether our withered corn - or drooping affections were most quickened or revived. - - “Such was the bounty and goodness of our God! - - “So that having these many signs of God’s favour, and acceptation, - we thought it would be great ingratitude if secretly we should - smoother up the same or content ourselves with private - thanksgiving, for that which by private prayer could not be - obtained. - - “And therefore another Solemn Day was set apart and appointed for - that end. Wherein we returned glory, honour, and praise, with all - thankfulness to our good God which dealt so graciously with us.” - -_Governor Edward Winslow_ (_Condensed_) - - - - - _The story of “The First Harvest Home in Plymouth” may be found in - “Good Stories for Great Holidays.”_ - - - - -JANUARY 7 - -GENERAL ISRAEL PUTNAM - -“OLD PUT” - - - The picturesque wolf-slayer, a brave and sterling Patriot. - -JOHN FISKE - - - -There was a generosity and buoyancy about the brave old man, that made -him a favourite throughout the Army; especially with the younger -officers, who spoke of him familiarly and fondly as “Old Put.” - -WASHINGTON IRVING - - General ISRAEL PUTNAM was born in Massachusetts, January 7, 1718 - - Moved to Connecticut, 1740 - - Left his plough to fight at Bunker Hill, 1775 - - He died, May 29, 1790. - - - - -SEEING BOSTON - - -It was before the War for Independence. A country boy in rough homespun -clothes was walking along the streets of Boston. He was staring at the -shop signs and windows. It was his first visit to the big city. He had -never seen such interesting things before. The boy was Israel Putnam, -the son of a farmer. - -A city boy, much bigger than Putnam, saw him wandering about staring -curiously at everything. He thought that it would be safe to bully such -a raw-looking boy. Stepping up to Putnam, he began to make fun of his -coarse clothes and his awkward walk. - -Putnam stood it as long as he could, for though he was known as a -fighter at home, he never provoked a quarrel. But now, as he saw a crowd -gathering which seemed to enjoy his humiliation, his blood rose. He -turned on the big boy, and gave him such a drubbing that the crowd -cheered with delight. The boy slunk off, and Putnam walked away and had -no more annoyance. - -That was the kind of boy--and man too--Israel Putnam was; slow to anger; -but when once roused by injustice, nothing could hold him back. - - - - -THE FIGHT WITH THE WOLF - - -Israel Putnam grew older, married, and went to live in Connecticut. He -had a stock farm. - -One winter, wolves began to kill his animals. There was a she-wolf, -particularly fierce and ravenous, who had lost the toes of one foot. She -attacked and devoured animals for miles around. - -During a single night Putnam lost seventy fine sheep and goats, besides -having many lambs and kids badly torn. In the morning he found around -the fold the tracks of the she-wolf’s toeless foot. - -Putnam and some of his neighbours traced her to a cave about five miles -away. Then they returned home. - -The next morning they started out with dogs, guns, and brimstone. The -dogs chased the wolf into her cave, but came running out again torn and -yelping. Putnam and the men built a fire in the cave-entrance. They -threw on brimstone which gave out choking fumes. They threw on straw -which made a thick smoke. But there were no signs of the wolf. All was -quiet in the cave. - -It grew to be nearly ten o’clock at night. Putnam tried once more to -make his dog enter the cave, but he would not stir. Putnam, then, asked -his negro man to go in and shoot the beast. But the black man, shivering -with fright, refused to crawl in. - -Putnam grew angry. In spite of all that his neighbours could say, he -threw off his coat and lighted a torch. Then, tying a rope around his -legs, he gave the end to his friends, saying when he signaled to pull -him out. - -In he went, headfirst, holding the lighted torch before him. Stooping, -he groped his way into the body of the cave. The torch made a dim circle -of light; all the rest of the den was in terrifying darkness. Silence -like death was around him. - -He cautiously proceeded onward to an ascent. As he was slowly climbing -it on hands and knees, he discovered the glaring eyeballs of the -she-wolf just in front of him. Startled at the sight of the flaming -torch, she gnashed her teeth and gave a sullen growl. - -Putnam kicked the rope, and his friends, who were listening with painful -anxiety and who heard the growling of the beast, pulled him out so -quickly that his shirt was stripped over his head and his body was badly -cut. - -After he had adjusted his clothes, he loaded his gun with buckshot. Then -holding the torch in one hand and the gun in the other, he entered -again. This time the wolf assumed a still more fierce and terrible -aspect, howling, rolling her eyes, and snapping her teeth. Then she -dropped her head between her legs making ready to spring. - -At this moment Putnam raised his gun and fired. - -Stunned by the noise and suffocated with smoke, he felt himself being -jerked backward out of the cave. His friends had heard the shot, and -were pulling the rope. - -He rested a few moments in the fresh air, while letting the smoke -dissipate. Then in he went a third time. - -The wolf lay stretched on the floor as if asleep. He put the torch to -her nose to make sure that she was dead. Then he took her by the ears -and kicked the rope. - -His friends, with loud cheers, drew him out, and the wolf with him. - - - - -FROM PLOUGH TO CAMP - - -Israel Putnam did not stay on his farm. When the French and Indian War -broke out, he enlisted. He served as major. He had many thrilling -escapes from Indians. Once he was captured and tortured by savages, but -was rescued by the French. - -After many years’ service, he resigned and went back to his farm. When -the news of the Battle of Lexington reached him, he was ploughing. He -left his plough in the field, and unyoked his team. Then, in his old -farm-clothes, he sprang on a horse and galloped off to Governor Trumbull -for orders. - -“Go,” said the Governor, “to the seat of action.” - -“But my clothes, Governor!” exclaimed Putnam. - -“Oh, never mind your clothes,” answered he, “your military experience -will be of service to your countrymen.” - -“But my men, Governor! What shall I do about my men?” - -“Oh, never mind your men,” said he, “I’ll send your men after you.” - -So without waiting to change his soiled farm-clothes, Putnam put spurs -to his horse and in a single day rode all the way to Cambridge. - -He attended a council of war held by the Americans, returned to -Connecticut, raised a regiment, and went back to Cambridge in time to -take part in the Battle of Bunker Hill. There on Prospect Hill he -unfurled the new Banner of Connecticut, which, as a cannon fired a -salute, was seen to rise and unroll itself to the wind. - -When Washington, appointed by Congress to be Commander-in-Chief, arrived -at Cambridge, and saw the redoubts that had been cast up by Putnam and -his men, he said to Putnam:-- - -“You seem, General, to have the faculty of infusing your own spirit into -all the workmen you employ.” - -Washington had brought with him a commission from Congress, making -Israel Putnam a Major-General. - - - - -HE MADE WASHINGTON LAUGH - - -General Putnam once had the honour of making Washington laugh heartily. - -It was during the Siege of Boston. - -There was a traitor in camp. No one knew who he was. A strange woman--a -spy--had delivered a letter, intended for him, to the wrong person. It -was laid before Washington. It was in cipher. Washington ordered the -woman to be arrested, but she was gone. - -Not long after, as Washington was standing in the upper window at -Headquarters, he saw the oddest sight. - -It was stout “Old Put” himself, in all his regimentals, mounted on his -horse, proudly cantering up to Headquarters. Behind him, seated on his -saddle-bow and hanging on like grim death, was a very fat woman. “Old -Put” had captured the spy. - -Washington burst into a hearty laugh. He hurried to the top of the -stairs, just as “Old Put” escorted the fat woman into the hall. -Washington, as gravely as he could, called down, in his severest tones, -that unless she confessed _everything_, a halter was waiting for her. - -She confessed immediately, and the traitor in camp was found. - - - - -A GENEROUS FOE - - -Israel Putnam was brave, bluff, and honest, and he was also -compassionate. - -During the French and Indian War, the enemy’s wounded lay dying and -neglected on one of the battle-fields. - -After the fierce fighting was over, Putnam himself hurried out onto the -field, to tend the poor fellows. He gathered them together into one -place. He gave them what food and drink he could get. He furnished each -with a blanket. Under one badly wounded French sergeant, he placed three -blankets, and laid him in a comfortable position against a tree. - -Gratefully, the suffering man squeezed his hand, while Putnam said -reassuringly:-- - -“Ah! depend upon it, my brave soldier, you shall be brought to the camp -as soon as possible, and the same care shall be taken of you as if you -were my brother.” - -At the Battle of Princeton a Scotch Captain of the British Army was -desperately wounded in the lungs and left for dead. Putnam found him in -great pain, with no surgeon, and without any friend to cheer him. He had -him supplied with every comfort and the best of care. - -One day, when Putnam was visiting him, the Scotchman said:-- - -“Pray, sir, what countryman are you?” - -“An American,” answered Putnam. - -“Not a Yankee!” exclaimed the Scotchman. - -“A full-blooded one,” replied Putnam. - -“I’m sorry for that!” rejoined the Scotchman with an oath. “I did not -think there could be so much goodness and generosity in an American, or, -indeed, in anybody but a Scotchman!” - -Thanks to Putnam’s friendly Yankee care, the Scotchman recovered. - - - - -PUTNAM NOT FORGOTTEN! - - -When General Putnam, full of years and honours, retired from the Army, -Washington wrote him a letter telling him that he was entitled to full -pay till the close of the War, and afterward to half-pay. The letter was -cordial and warm, and in it Washington said:-- - - “Among the many worthy and meritorious officers, with whom I have - had the happiness to be connected in service through the course of - this War, and from whose cheerful assistance and advice I have - received much support and confidence ... the name of Putnam is not - forgotten, nor will it be but with that stroke of time which shall - obliterate from my mind the remembrance of all those toils and - fatigues through which we have struggled for the preservation and - establishment of the Rights, Liberties, and Independence of our - Country.... - - “I commend you, my dear sir, my other friends, and with them the - interests and happiness of our dear Country, to the keeping and - protection of Almighty God. - -“GEORGE WASHINGTON” - - - - - - -JANUARY 11 - -ALEXANDER HAMILTON - -DEFENDER OF THE CONSTITUTION - -THE CONSTITUTION; OR, THE NEW ROOF - -1787 - - - _Our roof is now raised, and our song still shall be - A Federal Head o’er a People that’s free!_ - - _Huzza! my brave boys, our work is complete, - The World shall admire Columbia’s fair seat;_ - - _Its strength against tempest and time shall be proof; - And thousands shall come to dwell under our roof._ - - FRANCIS HOPKINSON (_Condensed_) - - - - -ALEXANDER HAMILTON - - -_He gave the whole powers of his mind to the contemplation of the weak -and distracted condition of the Country.... He saw ... the absolute -necessity of some closer bond of Union for the States.... He saw at last -his hopes fulfilled; he saw the Constitution adopted, and the Government -under it established and organized._ - -_The discerning eye of Washington immediately called him to the post -which was far the most important in the administration of the new -system. He was made Secretary of the Treasury. And how he fulfilled the -duties of such a place, at such a time, the whole Country perceived with -delight and the whole World saw with admiration._ - -DANIEL WEBSTER - - ALEXANDER HAMILTON was born in the West Indies, January 11, 1757 - - Came to New York City, 1772 - - Signed the Constitution, 1787 - - Was appointed first Secretary of the Treasury, 1789 - - He was killed by Aaron Burr in a duel, 1804 - - - - -THE BOY OF THE HURRICANE - - -On the 11th of January, 1757, there was born on the little West Indian -island of Nevis, a boy who was to become one of the foremost citizens of -his adopted Country, and who was to have a large part in determining its -Independence, its form of government, and in working out the details of -its administration. This was Alexander Hamilton. - -His mother died when he was very young. His father was not so situated -as properly to care for his son, so he was sent to the adjoining island -of St. Croix, to live with his mother’s relatives, who were people of -means. - -He was given a place in their counting-house, where he acquitted himself -with much credit, though the work was not at all to his liking. - -When Hamilton was only fifteen years old, a terrible hurricane swept -over the island. The sea was lashed into fury. The storm swept across -the land, uprooting trees, and carrying devastation in its path. Even -the bravest of the inhabitants were greatly frightened, and many were -terror-stricken. But young Hamilton watched the storm with the greatest -interest and without fear. - -A few days later, an account of the storm appeared in a paper printed in -a neighbouring island. The account was so vivid, the word-painting so -marvellous, that the people were certain some writer of note must have -been among them without their knowledge. And when they learned that the -account was written by Alexander Hamilton, and he a mere boy, they were -greatly astonished. - -They felt that such a lad should have a better chance for education than -St. Croix could afford, and a wider field in which to exercise his -talents. His friends raised a fund for him, and he was sent to America. -He entered a preparatory school at Elizabethtown in the Jerseys. He then -went to New York City, and entered King’s College, now Columbia -University. - -At this time, he was disposed to side with the friends of the King of -England in the controversy between the Colonists and the Mother Country; -but after he had been at college for half a year, he made a visit to -Boston where he heard Samuel Adams, James Otis, and other Patriots, and -came back a most earnest Patriot himself. - -About the time of the breaking out of the War for Independence, Hamilton -organized a company of the college students who adopted the name -“Hearts of Oak.” Later Hamilton was appointed the Captain of the first -company of artillery raised in the Colony. He so thoroughly drilled and -disciplined it, that the attention of General Greene was attracted. He -sought the acquaintance of Hamilton, and spoke most enthusiastically to -Washington about him, saying that he was a natural master of men, and a -young man worthy the attention of the Commander-in-Chief. - -_Sherman Williams_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -CALL COLONEL HAMILTON - - -While young Hamilton was directing his battery during the passage of the -Raritan, Washington, who was anxiously watching the passing of the -troops, observed Hamilton’s skill and courage. He ordered one of his -officers to find out the young man’s name, and tell him to report at -Headquarters. - -Therefore, as soon as possible, young Hamilton hurried to Headquarters. -As a result of this interview, Washington made him a member of his own -staff. Hamilton became Washington’s private secretary. - -Many a night, after long hours of work together, Washington and Hamilton -would retire to their rooms. Then suddenly a courier with important -despatches would gallop up to Headquarters. Washington would arise, -read the despatches and say:-- - -“Call Colonel Hamilton.” - -And the young secretary would come and take his dictation. - -Washington had the greatest confidence in Hamilton’s judgment. So much -did Washington value his advice, that when he wrote his “Farewell -Address,” “acting as every wise man would do under the circumstances,” -he asked Hamilton for his opinion, as he also asked James Madison for -his. Washington desired to get the different points of view of two large -minds, on so important a document. - - - - -A STRUGGLE - - -After the Constitution of the United States had been framed by the -Constitutional Convention, a severe political struggle took place to -bring about its ratification by the States themselves. There were -selfish political interests at work to prevent ratification. - -The influence of Alexander Hamilton, through his speeches and writings, -so brilliant and convincing, did much to bring the People of the United -States to understand the absolute necessity for a strong Federal Union -and for a Constitution to safeguard the liberties of the Country. - -In the State of New York, the opposition to ratification was most -violent. But Alexander Hamilton, during weeks of furious debate in the -State Convention, spoke again and again in defense of the Constitution. -And when the weary weeks of contention were passed, the vote was taken; -and Alexander Hamilton’s arguments had won votes enough to carry the -ratification of the Constitution. He had saved the day. - - - - -“HE KNOWS EVERYTHING” - - -“He knows everything,” said Robert Morris to President Washington. - -Robert Morris, during the War for Independence, had been Superintendent -of Finance. When Congress needed funds, when Washington wished money -with which to pay the soldiers, Robert Morris provided the means since -his private commercial credit was great. Men had confidence in his -business ability and honour. - -Once, when Congress was utterly without cash, Robert Morris supplied the -Army with four or five thousand barrels of flour. And when France sent -troops to America to fight for us, Robert Morris personally borrowed -through Count Rochambeau, money for our Country’s use. - -When Robert Morris sought to procure for Congress, money from abroad, he -borrowed large sums through the Patriot, Haym Salomon, “the little -friend in Front Street.” - -So after Washington was elected President, and while he was making up -his Cabinet, he visited Robert Morris, and said:-- - -“The Treasury, Morris, will of course be your berth. After your -invaluable services as Financier of the Revolution, no one can pretend -to contest the office of Secretary of the Treasury with you.” - -This flattering offer, Robert Morris promptly declined, adding:-- - -“But, my dear General, you will be no loser by my declining the -Secretaryship of the Treasury, for I can recommend to you a far cleverer -fellow than I am, for your minister of finance, in the person of your -former aide-de-camp, Colonel Hamilton.” - -“I always knew Colonel Hamilton to be a man of superior talents,” said -Washington, “but never supposed he had any knowledge of finance.” - -To which Robert Morris replied:-- - -“He knows everything, sir! To a mind like his, nothing comes amiss.” - -Washington then appointed Hamilton to be Secretary of the Treasury. - -Hamilton took up his duties. The Country and the States were in debt. He -organized the finances of our young and new Nation, putting them upon a -sound basis; he provided funds with which to pay the National debt, so -that the United States of America “might command the respect of the -Nations of the World.” - -It was Alexander Hamilton who laid the foundations of the financial -system of our Republic. - - - - -JANUARY 17 - -BENJAMIN FRANKLIN - -THE AMERICAN SOCRATES - - -_We have reason to be thankful he was so long spared, that the most -useful life should be the longest, also that it was protracted so far -beyond the ordinary span allotted to man, as to avail us of his wisdom -in the establishment of our own Freedom._ - -THOMAS JEFFERSON - - - - -OUR COUNTRY - -_Dr. Benjamin Franklin to General George Washington_ - - -_I must soon quit the scene, but you may live to see our Country -flourish, as it will amazingly and rapidly after the War is over; like a -field of young Indian Corn, which long fair weather and sunshine had -enfeebled and discoloured, and which in that weak state, by a -thundergust of violent wind, hail, and rain, seemed to be threatened -with absolute destruction; yet the storm being past, it recovers fresh -verdure, shoots up with double vigour, and delights the eye not of its -owner only, but of every observing traveller._ - -_March 5, 1780_ - - BENJAMIN FRANKLIN was born in Boston, January 17, 1706 - - Went to Philadelphia, 1723 - - Through his diplomacy, France was persuaded to recognize the United - States by treaty, February 6, 1778 - - He signed the Constitution of the United States, 1787 - - He died in Philadelphia, April 17, 1790 - - - - -THE WHISTLE - -TOLD BY FRANKLIN HIMSELF - - -When I was a child of seven years old, my friends on a holiday filled my -pocket with coppers. I went directly to a shop where they sold toys for -children, and being charmed with the sound of a _whistle_ that I met by -the way in the hands of another boy, I voluntarily offered and gave all -my money for one. - -I then came home and went whistling all over the house, much pleased -with my _whistle_, but disturbing all the family. - -My brothers and sisters and cousins, understanding the bargain I had -made, told me I had given four times as much for it as it was worth; put -me in mind what good things I might have bought with the rest of the -money, and laughed at me so much for my folly, that I cried with -vexation. And the reflection gave me more chagrin than the _whistle_ -gave me pleasure. - -This, however, was afterwards of use to me, the impression continuing on -my mind, so that often, when I was tempted to buy some unnecessary -thing, I said to myself:-- - -“_Don’t give too much for the whistle!_” - -And I saved my money. - -As I grew up, came into the world, and observed the actions of men, I -thought I met with many, very many, _who gave too much for the whistle_. - -_From The Whistle_ - - - - -THE CANDLE-MAKER’S BOY - - -Benjamin Franklin, when a boy, used to work in his father’s shop at the -Sign of the Blue Ball. His father was a tallow chandler, and made soap -and candles. - -The boy got up early, cut wicks for candles, filled moulds with tallow, -ran errands, and tended shop. Though he worked hard and honestly, his -heart was not in his work. He wanted to go to sea. His elder brother, a -sailor, had come home; and he told the most thrilling tales of his -adventures. So Benjamin Franklin could not get the sea out of his mind. - -He grew to detest the trade of tallow chandler, and hankered more and -more for the sea. His father, wishing him to give up thoughts of a -roving life, took him to talk with joiners, bricklayers, turners, and -other workmen, and to watch them at work. But none of their trades -appealed to the boy. - -His place was at home his father urged, adding: - -“Seest thou a man diligent in his calling, he shall stand before Kings; -he shall not stand before mean men.” - - - - -THE BOY OF THE PRINTING PRESS - - -But Benjamin Franklin did not run away to sea. He became a printer’s -boy. - -Because he liked books, he was apprenticed to his brother James, who had -set up a printing press in Boston. To James’s house he went, taking with -him his collection of precious volumes. - -There he worked hard by day, and read and studied at night. Recollecting -his father’s favourite proverb, “Seest thou a man diligent in his -calling, he shall stand before Kings,” Franklin saved his money, and -worked early and late. - -When James began to issue a newspaper, Franklin helped him print it, and -delivered copies to customers. He wrote articles and slipped them under -the printing-house door, and James published them, without knowing who -was their author. Later Franklin wrote clever, audacious, and humorous -articles on the questions of the day, which were widely read and much -talked about. - -So things continued until he was seventeen years old, when he ran -away--but not to sea. He and his brother quarrelled often. Benjamin the -apprentice was saucy and provoking, and James the master was -hot-tempered and beat his younger brother severely. After a particularly -bad quarrel, Franklin sold some of his books, and took passage on a -sloop bound for New York. - -Arriving at New York, he found no employment there, and went on to -Philadelphia. - - - - -THE THREE ROLLS - - -Early in the morning of an October day, young Benjamin Franklin, -seventeen years old and seeking his fortune, reached Philadelphia. He -was tired and hungry, and had only a dollar of his little fund left. - -He stopped at a baker’s, and bought three big puffy rolls. He put a roll -under each arm, and, munching the third, walked along Market Street. - -In the doorway of a house, stood a young girl. She saw the awkward, -handsome boy, trudging past hungrily eating a big roll. She laughed to -herself; she thought it funny to see him with his broad-brimmed hat, -knee-breeches, and buckled shoes all shabby and dusty, and his great -pockets stuffed with stockings and shirts. - -So she laughed to herself, did Deborah Read. And little she knew that in -a few years, she would become that boy’s wife! But so it happened. - -Young Benjamin Franklin found work in a printer’s shop. He came to lodge -at Deborah Read’s home. In a few years, he owned his own printing press. -He married Deborah Read. He became a well-known printer. He issued an -influential newspaper, and published “Poor Richard’s Almanack.” He was -industrious, studious, thrifty, and prosperous. In time, he became the -most famous and learned citizen of Pennsylvania, and a great American -Patriot. - - - - -STANDING BEFORE KINGS - - -When the American Colonies rose against the exactions of England, -Benjamin Franklin was called upon to serve his Country as a diplomat in -France and England. - -“My father,” wrote Franklin, “having among his instructions to me when a -boy frequently repeated a proverb of Solomon, ‘Seest thou a man diligent -in his calling, he shall stand before Kings; he shall not stand before -mean men,’ “I from thence considered industry as a means of obtaining -wealth and distinction, which encouraged me, though I did not think that -I should ever literally _stand before Kings_, which, however, has since -happened, for I have stood before _five_, and even had the honour of -sitting down with one, the King of Denmark, to dinner.” - - - - -THE WONDERFUL KITE EXPERIMENT - - -In Benjamin Franklin’s time, there were no electric trains, no -telegraphs, telephones, radiographs, and radiophones. The driving and -lighting power of electricity was not understood. People did not know -that lightning was due to the presence of electricity in nature. - -Benjamin Franklin, who was keen and inquisitive, made scientific -experiments with the Leyden jar and with simple machines which produced -electricity by friction. He discovered that in certain ways, the action -of electricity and lightning was the same, and he observed that electric -fluid might be conducted along a pack-string. - -So he determined to prove that electricity and lightning were the same, -by drawing lightning down from the clouds along a pack-string. He used a -silk kite, with a sharp-pointed wire fastened to its framework, and a -silk ribbon tied to the end of the kite-string holding a metal key in -place. - -He secretly flew the kite during a June thunderstorm. And as he saw the -kite-string stiffen in a strange way, he eagerly laid his hand against -the key. Instantly he felt a shock of electricity pass through him. He -had made one of the most important discoveries of all ages! - -[Illustration: FRANKLIN AND THE KITE EXPERIMENT] - -His discovery was soon known throughout the world. Men made other -experiments, and in time invented the wonderful electrical machines and -devices which we enjoy to-day. - - - - -THE RISING SUN - - -When the Federal Constitutional Convention met at Philadelphia, General -Washington was unanimously made President of the Convention. He took the -chair with diffidence. He assured the members that he was not used to -such a situation, that he was embarrassed, and he hoped they would -excuse his errors. And in what masterly fashion he conducted the -convention, history shows. - -Behind his chair was painted a picture of the sun. After the debates -were over and the Constitution was adopted, Benjamin Franklin, who had -just signed the immortal Document, turned to some of the members. He -drew their attention to the sun behind General Washington’s chair. - -“I have often and often,” said Franklin, “in the course of the session -and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue, looked at -that behind the President, without being able to tell whether it was -rising or setting. But now, at length, I have the happiness to know that -it is a rising, and not a setting, sun.” - - - - -TO MY FRIEND - -_From Franklin’s Will and Testament_ - - -My fine crabtree walking-stick, with a gold head curiously wrought in -the form of the Cap of Liberty, I give to my friend and the friend of -Mankind, General Washington. - -If it were a Sceptre, he has merited it, and would become it. - -_Benjamin Franklin_ - - - - -FEBRUARY 12 - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN - -THE GREAT EMANCIPATOR - - -_With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the -right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the -work we are in; to bind up the Nation’s wounds; to care for him who -shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan--to do -all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among -ourselves, and with all Nations._ - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN - -_March 4, 1865_ - - _Oh, slow to smite and swift to spare, - Gentle and merciful and just! - Who, in the fear of God, didst bear - The sword of power, a Nation’s trust!_ - - _In sorrow by thy bier we stand, - Amid the awe that hushes all, - And speak the anguish of a land - That shook with horror at thy fall._ - - _Thy task is done; the bond are free: - We bear thee to an honoured grave, - Whose proudest monument shall be - The broken fetters of the slave._ - - _Pure was thy life; its bloody close - Hath placed thee with the sons of light, - Among the noble host of those - Who perished in the cause of Right._ - - WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT - - ABRAHAM LINCOLN was born, February 12, 1809 - - Was elected President, 1860 - - Issued the Emancipation Proclamation, New Year’s Day, 1863 - - Was re-elected, 1864 - - He was assassinated, 1865 - - - - -THE CABIN IN THE CLEARING - - -It was only a small cabin in a forest-clearing in the wilderness of -Indiana. It stood on a knoll overlooking a piece of ground where corn -and vegetables grew. In the woods around the cabin were bear, deer, and -other wild creatures. The furniture was rude, brought from the East, or -made of logs and hickory-sticks, while the bed was a sack of leaves. In -the big fireplace, the logs cut from the forest, burned with a cheerful -blaze. - -And there lived little Abe Lincoln, nine years old, with his father and -sister and his mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. - -Abe was born in Kentucky. When he was seven, his family moved to the -cabin in Indiana. He helped clear the way through the wilderness to the -new home. So with swinging the axe and blazing trails, he was made -unusually large and strong for his age, alert and courageous--a real -backwoods boy. - -He could shoot, fish, cut down trees, and work on the farm in the -clearing. In his veins ran the red blood of Kentucky pioneers. His -grandfather, in the days of Daniel Boone, had been killed by an Indian, -while Abe’s father--a child then--had been rescued from this same -Indian by his brother, Mordecai Lincoln, a daring lad, who shot the -savage with his dead father’s rifle, so saving his little brother. - - - - -HOW HE LEARNED TO BE JUST - - _Let us have faith that Right makes Might, and in that Faith, let - us to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it._ - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN, _from his speech at Cooper Institute_ - - - - -But it was not all work for Abe on the new farm in Indiana. He picked -wild plums and pawpaws in the woods, and ate corn dodgers, fried bacon, -roast wild turkey, and fish caught in the Indiana streams. He went to -school when he could, which was not often, for in those days schools -were few and far between, and teachers were not many. - -But little Abe had the best teacher of all, his mother, Nancy Lincoln. -For, though his father could scarcely write his own name, his mother -could read, and she loved books. She taught her little son his letters -and how to read. Often they sat together in the cabin, Abe and his -sister at their mother’s knee, while she read the Bible to them. - -“I would rather my son would be able to read the Bible, than to own a -farm, if he can’t have but one,” she said. - -She was a beautiful woman, slender, sad, and pale, with dark hair. She -was more refined than most women of those hardy pioneer times, but she -could use a rifle, work on the farm, spin, and do other housework. -Because of her gentle and firm character, she was loved and respected -not only by her husband and children, but by her neighbours. - -Above all things she had a deep and tender religious spirit which she -shared with Abe and his sister, Sarah. She taught Abe to love truth and -justice and to revere God. In time he could repeat by heart much of the -Bible, and, when he grew up, he thought and wrote in the simple, clear, -and forceful language of the Bible. And he learned from it his ideas of -right and his scorn of wrong, making him “Honest Abe.” - - - - -OFF TO NEW ORLEANS - - -Young Abe Lincoln went on several flatboat trips carrying produce down -the Mississippi to New Orleans. - -One of these trips made a deep and lasting impression upon him. In New -Orleans, he visited the slave-market. There negro men, women, and -children were bought, sold, and flogged. Wives were torn from their -husbands, children from their mothers, and auctioned off like cattle. - -The anguish of these scenes wrung Lincoln’s heartstrings. With quivering -lips, he said, “If ever I get a chance to hit that thing, I will hit it -hard.” - -John Hanks, a relative who was with him at the slave-market, said in -after years:-- - -“Lincoln saw it; his heart bled; said nothing much, was silent, looked -bad. I can say it, knowing him, that it was on this trip that he formed -his opinions of slavery. It run its iron into him, then and there.” - - - - -THE KINDNESS OF LINCOLN - - -_The Little Birds_ - -When Lincoln was a lawyer, one day he was going with a party of lawyers -to attend court. They were riding, two by two, on horseback through a -country lane, Lincoln in the rear. As they passed through a thicket of -wild plum and crab-apple trees, his friends missed him. - -“Where is he?” they asked. - -Just then Lincoln’s companion came riding up. “Oh,” replied he, “when I -saw him last, he had caught two young birds that the wind had blown out -of their nest, and was hunting for the nest to put them back.” - -After a little while, Lincoln rode up, and when his friends rallied him -about his tender heart, he said:-- - -“I could not have slept, unless I had restored those little birds to -their mother.” - - -_Rescuing the Pig_ - -Another time, Lincoln was riding past a deep miry ditch, and saw a pig -struggling in the mud. The animal could not get out, and was squealing -with terror. - -Lincoln looked at the pig and the mud, and then at his clothes--clean -ones, that he had just put on. Then he decided in favour of the clean -clothes, and rode along. - -But he could not get rid of the thought of the poor animal struggling so -pitifully in its terror. He had not gone far when he turned back. - -He reached the ditch, dismounted, and tied his horse. Then he collected -some old wooden rails, and with them made a foot-bridge to the bottom of -the ditch. He carefully walked down the bridge, and caught hold of the -pig. He pulled it out, and setting it on the ground, let it run away. - -The screaming, struggling pig, had spattered Lincoln’s clean clothes -with mud. His hands were covered with filth; so he went to the nearest -brook, washed them, and wiped them on the grass. - -Later, when telling a friend about his adventure, Lincoln said that he -had rescued the pig for purely selfish reasons, “to take a pain out of -his own mind.” - - -_Opening Their Eyes_ - -It was toward the close of the Civil War, the crisis had come, and the -end of the long struggle was in sight. The Union troops were hemming in -Richmond. President Lincoln went himself to City Point, and there he -remained, anxiously waiting. - -In his tent lived a pet cat. It had a family of new-born kittens. -Sometimes, the President relieved his mind by playing with them. - -Finally Richmond was taken, and Lincoln prepared to visit the city. -Before he left his tent, he picked up one of the kittens, saying:-- - -“Little kitten, I must perform a last act of kindness for you before I -go. I must open your eyes.” - -He passed his hand gently over its closed lids, until the eyes opened; -then he set the kitten on the floor, and said:-- - -“Oh! that I could open the eyes of my blinded fellow-countrymen as -easily as I have those of that little creature!” - - - - -LINCOLN AND THE CHILDREN - - -_Hurrah for Lincoln!_ - -Abraham Lincoln loved children, and even strange children were drawn to -him, as though they had known him all their lives. Here are a few of the -stories told about Lincoln and his child-friends. - -Soon after Lincoln was elected President, he went to Chicago, where he -was welcomed with shouts and cheers. - -Later, as he sat in a room talking with friends, a little boy was led -in. At the sight of the President-elect, he took off his hat and swung -it, shouting:-- - -“Hurrah for Lincoln!” - -Lincoln rose, and catching the little fellow in his strong hands, tossed -him to the ceiling, shouting:-- - -“Hurrah for _you_!” - - -_Only Eight of Us, Sir!_ - -On this same visit to Chicago, while Lincoln was talking with visitors, -a little German girl, heading a delegation of other girls, walked -timidly up to him. - -“What do you want, my little girl? What can I do for you?” he asked -kindly. - -“I want your name,” she said. - -“But there are many other little girls that want my name, and as I -cannot give it to them all, they will feel hurt if I give it to you.” - -She looked around at her companions, and said, “Only _eight_ of us, -sir!” - -Lincoln could not resist that, so he sat down immediately, and -forgetting his other visitors, took eight sheets of paper and wrote a -line and his name on each. These he gave to the little girls, and they -went away happy. - - -_He’s Beautiful!_ - -Once a little girl’s father took her to call upon Lincoln. She had been -told that he was very homely. But when he lifted her on his knee and -talked to her in his kindly, merry way, she turned to her father, and -exclaimed:-- - -“O Pa! He isn’t ugly at all! He’s beautiful!” - - -_Please Let Your Beard Grow_ - -But there was another little girl who did not think so. She lived in -Westfield, in the State of New York. She had seen Lincoln’s picture, and -did not like it; so after his election she wrote a letter asking him to -let his beard grow, as she thought it would make him better looking. - -Lincoln enjoyed the letter very much. It - -[Illustration: “HE’S BEAUTIFUL”] - -happened later that he was on a train passing through Westfield, and, as -the train stopped for a few minutes, he was asked to address the people -at the station. He told about the letter, and stroking his chin, -added:-- - -“I intend to follow her advice!” - -He then called for the little girl. She came forward, and he greeted her -kindly. - - -_Three Little Girls_ - -One day, after Lincoln had gone to Washington, three little girls, the -children of a workingman, went to the White House on a reception day. -They joined the throng, and were pushed along until they came to where -Lincoln was shaking hands with each of his visitors. - -When the children reached him, they were so bashful, that they did not -dare to put out their hands. But Lincoln saw them passing by, and -called:-- - -“Little girls, are you going to pass me without shaking hands?” - -Then, stooping over, he kept every one waiting while he shook hands with -each child. - - - - -THE PRESIDENT AND THE BIBLE - - -Lincoln’s love of truth, justice, and mercy, his detestation of -everything ignoble, brutal, or mean, were taught him or strengthened in -him from childhood through his reading of the Bible. - -The language of his speeches and writings was forceful and direct like -the English of the Bible, and such a phrase as “A house divided against -itself,” he took from the Bible. - -While President, he used to carry a New Testament with him; and he could -quote whole passages. He used often to rise early in the morning to get -time to read and pray before the pressing business of the day began. - -He read the Bible aloud to the coloured servants of the White House. -Once, when a Committee of Coloured People waited upon him, to present -him with a fine copy of the Bible, he took it and made a speech to them, -a part of which was:-- - -“In regard to this great book, I have but to say, it is the best gift -God has given to man. All the good Saviour gave to the World was -communicated through this book. But for it, we could not know right from -wrong. All things most desirable for man’s welfare, here and hereafter, -are to be found portrayed in it. - -“To you I return my most sincere thanks for the very elegant copy of the -great Book of God which you present.” - - - - -WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN SPEAK - -A LINCOLN ORDER - -_To the Army and Navy_ - - -The President, Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, desires and -enjoins the orderly observance of the Sabbath by the officers and men in -the military and naval service. - -The importance for man and beast of the prescribed weekly rest, the -sacred rights of Christian soldiers and sailors, a becoming deference to -the best sentiment of a Christian people, and a due regard for the -Divine will, demand that Sunday labour in the Army and Navy be reduced -to the measure of strict necessity. - -The discipline and character of the national forces should not suffer, -nor the cause they defend be imperilled, by the profanation of the day -or name of the Most High. - -“At this time of public distress”--adopting the words of Washington in -1776--“men may find enough to do in the service of God and their Country -without abandoning themselves to vice and immorality.” - -The first General Order issued by the Father of his Country after the -Declaration of Independence indicates the spirit in which our -institutions were founded and should ever be defended:-- - -“The General hopes and trusts that every officer and man will endeavour -to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier, defending the dearest -Rights and Liberties of his Country.” - - _November 15, 1862._ - - - - -ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE DEDICATION OF THE GETTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY - - -Fourscore and seven years ago our Fathers brought forth on this -continent a new Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the -proposition that all men are created equal. - -Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that Nation, or -any Nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met -on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion -of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their -lives that that Nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper -that we should do this. - -But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate--we cannot consecrate--we -cannot hallow--this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who -struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or -detract. The World will little note nor long remember what we say here, -but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, -rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who -fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be -here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these -honoured dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they -gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that -these dead shall not have died in vain; that this Nation, under God, -shall have a new birth of Freedom; and that Government of the People, by -the People, for the People, shall not perish from the earth. - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN - - _November 19, 1863._ - - _The following famous stories about Lincoln are in “Good Stories - for Great Holidays”: A Solomon Come to Judgment; The Colonel of the - Zouaves; Courage of his Convictions; George Pickett’s Friend; He - Rescues the Birds; His Springfield Farewell Address; Lincoln and - the Little Girl; Lincoln the Lawyer; Mr. Lincoln and the Bible; A - Stranger at Five-Points; Training for the Presidency; Why Lincoln - was called “Honest Abe”; The Widow and her Three Sons; The Young - Sentinel._ - - - - -FEBRUARY 22 - -GEORGE WASHINGTON - -THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY - - - _Where may the wearied eye repose, - When gazing on the Great; - Where neither guilty glory glows, - Nor despicable state? - Yes--one--the first--the last--the best-- - The Cincinnatus of the West, - Whom Envy dared not hate, - Bequeathed the name of Washington, - To make man blush there was but one!_ - - LORD BYRON - - - - -LINCOLN ON WASHINGTON’S BIRTHDAY - - -_This is the one hundred and tenth anniversary of the birthday of -Washington. We are met to celebrate this day. Washington is the -mightiest name of earth--long since mightiest in the cause of Civil -Liberty; still mightiest in moral reformation. On that name no eulogy is -expected. It cannot be. To add brightness to the sun or glory to the -name of Washington, is alike impossible. Let none attempt it._ - -_In solemn awe pronounce the name, and in its naked deathless splendour, -leave it shining on._ - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN, _February 22, 1849_ - - WASHINGTON was born, February 22, 1732 - - Was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American Army, 1775 - - Was made President of the Federal Convention for Framing the - Constitution, and signed the Constitution, 1787 - - Was inaugurated, first President of the United States, 1789 - - Issued his “Farewell Address,” 1796 - - He died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799 - - - - -THE BOY IN THE VALLEY - - -The boy George Washington was magnificently strong and tall, with firm -muscles and powerful body. He could run, leap, wrestle, toss the bar, -and pitch quoits. He rode fiery horses and hunted foxes. He was a -silent, determined lad, truth-telling, with a wonderful grip on his -temper. By the time that he was sixteen he was an excellent surveyor. - -And he was a proud and happy boy when, one spring day, he leaped on his -horse, and, with a companion, rode away into the Wilderness on a real -job of surveying. - -Lord Fairfax, his close friend, owned a great estate of over five -million acres stretching to the westward. A part of the estate was a -wilderness, and lay on the other side of the Blue Ridge Mountains. It -had never been surveyed. Squatters were stealing the land. So Lord -Fairfax had sent sixteen-year old George Washington to survey it for -him. - -As the boy rode over the mountains, and guided his horse down the steep -trail into the beautiful Shenandoah Valley, Spring was busy all around -him. Cascades and torrents of snow-water were rushing from the -mountain-tops to feed the bright Shenandoah River--“The Daughter of the -Stars,” the Indians called the river. - -The boy spent the better part of the first day riding through fine -groves of sugar maples, and admiring the trees and the richness of the -land. Here and there showed the little clearings, where the squatters -were preparing their small farms for crops of tobacco, hemp, and corn. - -For some days, he surveyed along the banks of the river and in the -valley, roughing it at night. And many were the adventures he had about -which he has written in his diary. - -Sometimes he slept before the camp-fire or in a hut, at others in a -tent. Once, he was nearly burnt to death when his straw bed caught fire. -He roasted wild turkeys, and ate off chips for plates. He swam his horse -through swollen streams, and followed the rough roads made by the -squatters. - -But his most exciting adventure was with Indians. - -On the bank of the Potomac stood a little cabin. Near it was hung a huge -kettle suspended over a place always ready for a fire. The cabin -belonged to Cresap, a frontiersman, and so did the kettle. He kept the -fireplace and everything in readiness for the passing Indians to cook -their meals. The grateful Red Skins called him “Big Spoon.” - -Rain and floods drove Washington to the cabin. Big Spoon invited him to -stay until the bad weather was past. - -On the third day, Washington looked out and saw a band of Indians -carrying a scalp, come toward the cabin. It was a war-party returning -from a raid. - -Big Spoon greeted them heartily, for everybody was welcome at his place. -The Indians built a fire, sat down in a circle, and held a big -celebration. Then they performed a war-dance, while their musicians -played on drums made of pots half full of water, with deerskin stretched -tightly over them. - -And as Washington watched their savage antics, he little dreamed how -soon he himself would be fighting with Red Skins. - -When his surveying was finished, he returned home to make his report. -Lord Fairfax was delighted with his careful work and fine maps. In fact, -to-day the surveys Washington made when a boy, stand unquestioned; they -are so perfect. - -Roughing it in the Shenandoah Valley was not the last of Washington’s -adventures in the Wilderness. He was appointed public surveyor. For the -next three years, he spent a great deal of time in the wilds, with -settlers, frontiersmen, trappers, and Indians. - -He grew to be over six feet tall, and remarkably strong and rugged. He -overcame difficulties and faced dangers through pluck and perseverance. - -He became a Colonel of a Virginia regiment. He acquired military -training and widened his knowledge of handling all sorts of men. - -What he learned about Indian warfare and life in the forests and in the -Wilderness, taught him the caution and knowledge which he showed while -guarding the retreat of what was left of Braddock’s troops. - -So his adventures while a boy in the Valley, and his experiences as a -young man roughing it on the frontier, fighting with Indians, carrying -messages through the Wilderness, and serving as a soldier,--all prepared -Washington to become the Liberator of our Country. - - - - -WASHINGTON’S MOTHER - - -Molly Ball of Virginia, Molly Ball with hair like flax and cheeks like -mayblossoms,--as she is described in the fragment of a quaint old -letter,--married Augustine Washington of Virginia, and became the mother -of George Washington. - -Washington was like his mother in qualities of character. He had her -strength of will, love of truth, firm purpose, high sense of duty, -dignity, and reverence. - -All these noble qualities were strengthened and made practical by her -careful education and discipline. - -When he became great, she was quietly proud of him. And when people -spoke warmly of his glory and success, she would say:-- - -“But, my good sirs, here is too much flattery. Still, George will not -forget the lessons I early taught him. He will not forget himself, -though he is the subject of so much praise.” - -When she was informed by special messenger that Cornwallis had -surrendered, she exclaimed: - -“Thank God! war will now be ended, and peace, Independence, and -happiness, bless our Country!” - -After the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington visited his mother at -Fredericksburg, where she was living in her own little house. She was -about seventy-five years old. - -He reached Fredericksburg surrounded by his numerous and brilliant -suite. He dismounted, and sent to inquire when it would be her pleasure -to receive him. - -Afoot and alone, he walked to her house. She was by herself, employed in -a household task, when she was told that the victor-chief was waiting at -her door. She bade him welcome by a warm embrace, calling him “George,” -the dear familiar name of his childhood. - -She spoke to him of old times and old friends, but of his glory, not one -word. - -Meanwhile, in the town of Fredericksburg there was excitement and -rejoicing. The place was crowded with foreign and American officers. -Gentlemen from miles around were hastening into town to congratulate the -conquerors of Yorktown. - -The citizens got up a splendid ball in Washington’s honour, to which his -mother was specially invited. - -The foreign officers were eager to meet their Chief’s mother. They had -heard of her remarkable character. They expected to see her enter the -ballroom in glittering attire, clad in rich brocades, like the noble -ladies of Europe. - -How surprised they were, when, leaning on her son’s arm, she entered -dressed simply. She was dignified and imposing. She received quietly all -the compliments and attentions showered upon her. At an early hour she -wished the company much pleasure, saying that it was time for old folk -to be in bed. - -She retired leaning on the arm of her son. - -“If such are the matrons in America,” exclaimed the foreign officers, -“well may she boast of illustrious sons!” - -_George Washington Parke Custis and Other Sources_ - - - - -WASHINGTON’S WEDDING DAY - - -Washington plighted his troth with Martha Dandridge, the charming widow -of Daniel Parke Custis. She was young, pretty, intelligent, and an -heiress. - -It was a brilliant wedding party which assembled on a winter day in the -little church near Mrs. Custis’s home. There were gathered the gay, -free-thinking, high-living Governor, gorgeous in scarlet and gold; -British officers, red-coated and gold-laced; and all the neighbouring -gentry in their handsomest clothes. - -The bride was attired in silk and satin, laces and brocade, with pearls -on her neck and in her ears. While the bridegroom appeared in blue and -silver trimmed with scarlet, and with gold buckles at his knees and on -his shoes. - -After the ceremony, the bride was taken home in a coach and six, -Washington riding beside her, mounted on a splendid horse, and followed -by all the gentlemen of the party. - -_Henry Cabot Lodge_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -WASHINGTON AND THE CHILDREN - - -I - -There were two joyous little people who went to live with the bride in -her new home at Mount Vernon. They were her two children, Jack Custis, -six years old, and his sister Patsy, just four years old. - -Washington gave them little ponies to ride. He bought fashionably -dressed baby dolls for Patsy, silver shoe and knee buckles for Jack, and -for both of them toys, gingerbread-figures, sugar-images, and little -books with coloured pictures in them. He gave them each a Bible bound in -turkey leather with their names printed in gilt letters on the inside -covers. - - -II - -Washington loved all children. He always smiled at them. He was -specially popular with boys. - -When he rode in state to Independence Hall in his cream-coloured coach -drawn by six bays, and with postilions and outriders, boys were always -at hand to cheer as he drove by. And when he returned to Mount Vernon, -there were other boys waiting to welcome him. He could always count on -boys, wherever he went, to shout and wave their hats. He used to touch -his own hat to them as politely as if they were veterans on parade. - -After his great dinners at Mount Vernon, as soon as the guests were done -eating, he would tell his steward to call in the neighbours’ boys, who -were never far away at such a time. In they would come, crowding around -the table, and make quick work of the cakes, nuts, and raisins the -guests had left. - -At twilight, Washington had a habit of pacing up and down the large room -on the first floor with his hands behind him. - -One evening, a boy who had never seen him, climbed up to a high open -window to look in at him. - -The boy fell and hurt himself. Washington heard him cry, and sent a -servant to see what was the matter. - -The servant came back and said, “The boy was trying to get a look at -you, sir.” - -“Bring him in,” said Washington. - -And when the boy came in, he patted him on the head, saying:-- - -“You wanted to see General Washington, did you? Well, I am General -Washington.” - -But the little fellow shook his head, and replied:-- - -“No, you are only just a man. I want to see the President.” - -Washington laughed, and told him that he was _the President_ and a _man_ -for all that. Then he had the servant give him some cakes and nuts, and -sent him away happy. - -_Grace Greenwood and Other Sources_ (_Retold_) - - - - -THE LITTLE GIRL AND THE RED COATS - - -When Washington with the Army entered Boston after the British had -evacuated the city, he made the best tavern in town his Headquarters. It -had been the British Headquarters. The tavern-keeper’s little girl was -running about very much interested in all that was going on. - -Washington called her to him, and holding her on his knee, asked:-- - -“Now that you have seen the soldiers on both sides, which do you like -best?” - -The little girl hesitated, but like the great Washington himself, she -could not tell a lie, so she said:-- - -“I like the Red Coats best.” - -Washington laughed at her frankness, and said gently:-- - -“Yes, my dear, the Red Coats do look the best, but it takes the ragged -boys to do the fighting.” - -_Wayne Whipple_ (_Retold_) - - - - -NELLIE AND LITTLE WASHINGTON - - -George Washington loved children, and, as he had none of his own, he -adopted two of his wife’s grandchildren, Nellie Custis and George -Washington Parke Custis. - -The little boy was known as “Washington.” Nellie was a beautiful child -with smiling black eyes and thick curly brown hair; while her brother -was of very light complexion. - -They had good times together at Mount Vernon. There was a delightfully -fearsome pack of hounds in the kennel; French dogs, the gift of -Lafayette, “fierce, big-mouthed, savage.” And there were litters of -beautiful puppies. - -The stables were full of horses, fine creatures for pets and -playfellows. Nellie liked to be with the horses, and was constantly -alarming her grandmother as she flashed by the windows or down the -lanes, mounted upon some half-broken colt. - -The children loved old Nelson, Washington’s war horse. They used to -climb upon the fence to pat his forehead, as he came racing up to greet -his master. - -There were many other animals--gifts to Washington of friends and -admirers. - -Among them were Spanish jackasses, Chinese pigs, and Chinese geese. - -There was always something going on to interest the children. They might -run down to the river-landing to see what strange fish “Daddy Jack” had -caught; day in and day out, “Daddy Jack” was always fishing there in his -canoe. Or they might go to meet the hunter “carrying his gun and pouch, -his body wrapped with strings of game, his dogs at heel.” They liked to -look at the game, and smooth the thick feathers or soft fur. There were -birds, squirrels, wild turkeys, molly cotton-tails, wily ’possums, and -canvas-back ducks. - -Coaches of company, too, were coming and going. State dinners were -cooked and served to nobles and dignitaries. - -And when the children ran about the gardens, they saw rare things -growing--“fig-trees, raisins, limes, oranges, large English mulberries, -artichokes.” - -Then there were the mills to visit, the smithy, the shops, the fields, -and the negro-quarters, all in company with their dear adopted father, -Washington himself. - -But the children and indeed every one looked forward to the evening, -when Washington sat with them. This was the children’s hour, when by the -uncertain twinkle of the home-made candles, they danced and sang their -little songs. - -The curled darling of the house was “Master Washington”--George -Washington Parke Custis. Many years later, when Lafayette visited Master -Washington, then grown up, he told how he had first seen him on the -portico of Mount Vernon, a little boy, a very little gentleman, with a -feather in his hat, holding fast to one finger of Washington’s hand, -which finger was so large that the little boy could hardly hold on to -it. - -As for Nellie, she wanted to romp and play from morning till night. She -did not like to have her hair dressed with feathers and ribbons. She did -not enjoy her books and music. And she used to cry for hours together, -while her determined grandmother stood guard over her, keeping her at -practice on the beautiful harpsichord, which Washington had given her. - -As for Washington, he tried to lighten little Nellie’s tasks, and used -to carry her off for a gallop or brisk outdoor walk. - -He was always extremely fond of little girls. He liked other little -girls beside Nellie. He had with him her pretty sister, Elizabeth, when -he sat for one of his portraits. And in the most critical week of his -Presidency, Washington went to the house of one of his cabinet officers, -and played with his little daughters. - -_Harriet Taylor Upton_ (_Retold_) - - _Many of the stories in this book are from the Life of Washington, - by his adopted son, George Washington Parke Custis._ - - - - -SEEING THE PRESIDENT - - -Sometimes, when President Washington went on a journey in his -state-coach, he wanted to travel quietly, without attracting people’s -attention. So he charged his courier, who rode on ahead, to make all -necessary arrangements at inns, but to tell no one but the landlords, -that the President was coming. - -Often, however, the news leaked out, and was flashed throughout the -countryside. Trumpets were blown, as the veterans of the War for -Independence gathered to welcome their Chief. Village cannon roared. -Every village and hamlet poured out its folk to greet the man who was -“first in the hearts of his countrymen.” - -As for the school children, how eagerly they hurried to get their -lessons, so that as a reward, they might see _General Washington_. - -And when at last he did come, how happy the children were to be -presented to him. With delight, they listened to his kind voice, felt -the kindlier touch of his hand, and even climbed on his knee to look up -into his smiling face. - -_George Washington Parke Custis_ (_Retold_) - - - - -NELSON THE HERO - - -There was one old horse at Mount Vernon, after the War for Independence, -who was a hero. He was never ridden. He was cared for kindly. He grazed -in a pleasant paddock. - -That was Nelson, Washington’s favourite and splendid charger, which he -had ridden on the day of the surrender at Yorktown. He was a light -sorrel, with white face and legs. - -Now that he was old, he was petted and cared for. Whenever Washington -made the rounds of his kennels and stables, he stopped at the paddock. -Then the old war-horse would run neighing up to the fence, proud to be -caressed by the hand of his master. - -_George Washington Parke Custis_ (_Retold_) - - - - -CARING FOR THE GUEST - -_Told by the Guest Himself_ - - -I had feasted my imagination, for several days, on the near prospect of -a visit to Mount Vernon, the seat of Washington. No pilgrim ever -approached Mecca with deeper enthusiasm. - -The first evening I spent under the wing of his hospitality, we sat a -full hour at table, by ourselves, without the least interruption after -the family had retired. - -I was extremely oppressed with a severe cold and excessive coughing, -contracted from the exposure of a harsh winter journey. He pressed me to -use some remedies, but I declined doing so. - -As usual, soon after retiring, my cough increased. - -When some time had elapsed, the door of my room was gently opened. And, -on drawing back my bed-curtains, to my utter astonishment, I beheld -Washington himself standing at my bedside with a bowl of hot tea in his -hand. - -_Elkanah Watson_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -THOUGHTFUL OF OTHERS - - -Once, when Washington was stopping for refreshment at a house in Jersey, -some one told him that a wounded officer was there, who could not bear -the slightest sound. - -During the meal, Washington spoke in an undertone, and was careful to -make no noise. - -After he had left the table, however, his officers began to talk in loud -voices. Instantly, Washington softly opened the dining-room door, -entered on tip-toe, took a book from the mantelpiece, and stole out of -the room without uttering a word. - -His officers took the hint, and were silent. - - - - -THE CINCINNATUS OF THE WEST - - _A man who’d fought to free the land from woe, - Like me, had left his farm a-soldiering to go; - But having gained his point, he had, like me, - Returned his own potato-ground to see; - But there he couldn’t rest;--with one accord - He’s called to be a kind of--, not a Lord,-- - I don’t know what--he’s not a great man, sure, - For poor men love him, just as he was poor! - They love him like a father or a brother!_ - -_This little verse is from “Darby’s Return,” a play that President -Washington went to see. The moment he entered the theatre the whole -audience rose to its feet and cheered. And when “Darby” said these -lines, the audience stared hard at Washington to see how he would take -them. He looked horribly embarrassed. But when “Darby” quickly added -that he had not seen the “man” at all at all because he was so plainly -dressed that he passed by unnoticed, Washington burst into a hearty -laugh._ - - -In the ancient days of Rome, a terrible enemy threatened the city. There -was no Roman general wise enough to lead the army against the foe. There -was just one plain Roman citizen whom the people trusted. They believed -that he had the wisdom to save them. This was Cincinnatus the -Curly-haired. They sent hasty messengers to bid him come to the aid of -Rome. - -The messengers found him tilling his land, for he was a farmer. His feet -were heavy with damp earth and his clothes covered with soil. He -listened to their message, and to the request of the Roman Senate that -he should come at once to the aid of his Country. - -He called his wife to bring his toga from their hut. After he had wiped -off the dust and sweat, he put on his toga and went with the messengers. - -So he saved Rome. - -Thus it was with Washington. - -When the call came for him to save his Country, he left his plantation. -So did many farmers and planters; at a moment’s notice they left their -farms and plantations, took up their muskets and answered the call of -their Country. They became officers in Washington’s Army. - -After the war, these officers formed a society, called the Society of -the Cincinnati, naming it after the patriotic old Roman farmer. - -To it belonged Washington, Hamilton, Lafayette, Kosciuszko, and many -other American and foreign officers, who had served with honour in the -Continental army. To-day their descendants, one representing each -officer, belong to the Society of the Cincinnati. - -The French members presented Washington with a magnificent badge of the -Order, studded with about two hundred precious stones--diamonds, rubies, -emeralds, and amethysts. - -Washington himself is called:-- - - “_Yes--one--the first--the last--the best, - The Cincinnatus of the West._” - - - - -BROTHER JONATHAN - - _I do hereby earnestly recommend it to all ... to meet together for - social prayer to Almighty God ... that He would ... preserve our - precious Rights and Liberties ... and make us a People of his - praise, and blessed of the Lord, as long as the sun and the moon - shall endure._ - -JONATHAN TRUMBULL, -_to the People of Connecticut, June 18, 1776_ - - - - -Patriotic and plucky was Connecticut, the State of the Charter Oak. It -had been a liberty-loving Colony from the days when its first settlers, -with their wives, children, household goods, and cattle, came through -the howling Wilderness--literally howling with savage Pequot -Indians--and settled on the banks of the beautiful Connecticut River, -whose name in the Indian language means Long River. - -Those brave settlers came into the Wilderness so that they might have -religious and civil Liberty. Almost, their first act was to frame in -1639, a Constitution for their own government. It was the first -Constitution in America to make no mention of allegiance to King or -Great Britain. It breathed the free spirit of American Independence over -a hundred years before the Declaration of Independence. - -Is it strange, then, that Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut -under King George, should have been a Patriot? - -He was more than loyal to American freedom. He was Washington’s friend -and supporter. He supplied Washington with soldiers and ammunition. He -supplied more than half the powder used at Bunker Hill. - -There is a tale, that once when Washington was hard put to it for -ammunition, and it looked as though the campaign would fail for lack of -powder and shot, Washington said to his officers, “We must consult -Brother Jonathan.” - -Then Washington consulted Governor Trumbull, and got his powder and -shot. - -After that, whenever a difficulty arose in the Army, the men would say, -“We must consult Brother Jonathan.” So the saying became a byword. - -Later, people nicknamed the United States, “Brother Jonathan,” just as -England is called “John Bull.” - - - - -THE BLOODY FOOTPRINTS - - -It was the terrible winter of 1777. The snow lay thick on the ground, -and the cold was piercing. Through the snow, a detachment of Patriot -troops was wearily plodding toward winter-quarters at Valley Forge. -Half-naked, hungry, and numb with cold, they pushed on. - -Presently Washington rode slowly up after them. He was eying the snow -intently through which they had marched. There was something on its -frozen surface, something red that he had tracked for many miles. - -Saluting the commanding officer, Washington drew rein. - -“How comes it, sir,” he said, “that I have tracked the march of your -troops by the bloodstains of their feet upon the frozen ground? Were -there no shoes in the commissary’s stores, that this sad spectacle is to -be seen along the public highways?” - -“Your Excellency may rest assured,” replied the officer, “that this -sight is as painful to my feelings as it can be to yours. But there is -no remedy within our reach. When the shoes were issued, the different -regiments were served in turn. It was our misfortune to be among the -last to be served, and the stores became exhausted before we could -obtain even the smallest supply.” - -Washington’s lips compressed, while his chest heaved with the powerful -emotions that were struggling in his bosom. Then turning toward the -troops, with a trembling voice, he exclaimed:-- - -“Poor fellows!” - -Then giving his horse the rein, he rode sadly on. - -During this touching interview, every eye had been bent upon him; and as -those two words warm from the heart of their beloved commander and full -of commiseration for their sufferings, reached the soldiers, there burst -gratefully from their lips:-- - -“God bless your Excellency, your poor soldiers’ friend!” - -_George Washington Parke Custis_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -AN APPEAL TO GOD - - -On a cold wintry journey to Valley Forge, Mrs. Washington rode behind -her husband on a pillion. He was on his powerful bay charger, and -accompanied by a single aide-de-camp. - -On his arrival at Valley Forge, Washington placed her in the small but -comfortable house of Isaac Potts, a Quaker preacher. - -So in all the trials of that Winter at Valley Forge, Washington had the -most earnest sympathies, cheerful spirit, and willing hands of his -loving wife to sustain him and share in his cares. - -She provided comforts for the sick soldiers. Every day except Sundays, -the wives of officers, and other women too, assisted her in knitting -socks, patching garments, and making shirts for the poor soldiers. - -Every fair day, she might be seen, basket in hand and with a single -attendant, going among the huts and giving comfort to the most needy -sufferers. - -On one occasion, she went to the hut of a dying sergeant, whose young -wife was with him. His misery touched the heart of Mrs. Washington, and -after she had given him some food prepared with her own hands, she knelt -down by his straw bed, and prayed earnestly for him and his wife, in her -sweet serious voice. - -But it was not only women who prayed in those terrible days at Valley -Forge. - -The cold and suffering increased. One day Friend Potts was walking by -the creek not far from his house, when he heard a solemn voice speaking. -He went quietly in its direction, and saw Washington’s horse without a -rider tied to a sapling. - -He stole nearer, and saw Washington himself, kneeling in a thicket. He -was on his knees in prayer to God asking Him for help. Tears were on -Washington’s cheeks. - -And quietly the Friend stole away. On entering his house, he burst out -weeping. When his wife asked him what was the matter, he said:-- - -“If there is any one on this earth whom the Lord will listen to, it is -George Washington. And I feel a presentiment that under such a Commander -there can be no doubt of our eventually establishing our Independence, -and that God in His providence has willed it so.” - -_Benson J. Lossing_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -FRIEND GREENE - - _At Eutaw Springs the valiant died; - Their limbs with dust are covered o’er. - Weep on, ye springs, your tearful tide; - How many heroes are no more!_ - - * * * * * - - _Led by thy conquering genius, Greene, - The Britons they compelled to fly; - None distant viewed the fatal plain, - None grieved, in such a cause to die._ - -_From Eutaw Springs, by_ PHILIP FRENEAU - - -It was at the Siege of Boston. The troops of the Colonies were raw and -uncouth. They were camping separately. Washington was inspecting their -camps for the first time. He saw that their shelters were made of -anything the soldiers could lay hands on, turf, bricks, sail-cloth, -boards, or brushwood. Each soldier seemed to live and do as he pleased. - -But when Washington reached the camp of the Rhode Island troops, he -perceived neat tents pitched, soldiers well drilled and equipped, and -under perfect discipline. He was pausing to look around him with -pleasure and approval, when a young officer, vigorous and finely built, -stepped forward to greet him, his frank manly face beaming with a -cordial welcome. - -The young man was Nathanael Greene, Commander of the Rhode Island -troops. It was he who had trained them, after studying the manœuvres -of the British troops in Boston. - -Nathanael Greene was born a Friend or Quaker. When a boy, he worked in -his father’s forge, and helped on the farm. - -He was eager to read. He got together a little library of his own. He -studied hard. He liked best to read about military heroes. When he grew -older, although he was a Friend, he joined the Rhode Island militia. -Later he was appointed Rhode Island’s Commander, and led her troops to -Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston. - -Washington liked and trusted him at first sight. Later his confidence -became friendship. - -At Valley Forge, Nathanael Greene gave up active duty in the field, much -to his sorrow and regret, and became Quartermaster-General. He gave up -his ambitions, in order to help Washington relieve the sufferings of the -troops. As Quartermaster-General, he was soon able to supply them with -some blankets, clothes, and food, all of which Congress had failed to -deliver. - -Later Greene’s reward of faithful service came. Washington appointed him -Commander of the Army in the South. It was a post of great danger; but -he conducted his military operations with such courage and sagacity that -they led on to completed victory for the American arms at Yorktown. - -This is what John Fiske says of Nathanael Greene:-- - -“The intellectual qualities which he showed in his southern campaign -were those which have characterized some of the foremost strategists of -modern times.... Nor was Greene less notable for the sweetness and -purity of his character, than for the scope of his intelligence. From -lowly beginnings he had come to be ... the most admired and respected -citizen of Rhode Island.” - - - - -LIGHT HORSE HARRY - -_The American Congress to Henry Lee, Colonel of Cavalry_:-- - - “_Notwithstanding rivers and intrenchments, he with a small band - ered the foe by warlike skill and prowess, and firmly bound by his - humanity, those who had been conquered by his arms._” - -_In memory of the conflict at Paulus’s Hook, -nineteenth of August, 1779_ - - - - -I - -The most dashing and romantic young soldier of the Continental Army, was -Light Horse Harry. His real name was Henry Lee. - -He was a small, alert, young man, mischievous sometimes, but always -brave. He was a cavalry-leader. He commanded the famous Legion of Light -Horse, which took part in so many heroic battles. He was one of -Washington’s most trusted generals. - -His charm and dauntlessness delighted Washington, who showed warm -interest in his promotion; perhaps this was because Light Horse Harry’s -mother had been Washington’s young sweetheart in his schoolboy days. “My -lowland beauty,” he had called her. But she had married a Lee, and not -Washington. - -Light Horse Harry had many adventures as romantic and daring as himself. - - -II - -Light Horse Harry was a favourite at Mount Vernon. He did not stand in -any reverential awe of the great Washington. - -One day, as they sat at table, Washington mentioned that he wanted a -pair of carriage horses, and asked the young man if he knew where they -might be bought. - -“I have a fine pair, General,” replied he, “but you cannot get them.” - -“Why not?” - -“Because you will never pay more than half price for anything; and I -must have full price for my horses.” - -This bantering reply set Mrs. Washington laughing; and her parrot, -perched beside her, joined in the laugh. - -Washington took this familiar assault upon his dignity with great good -humour. - -“Ah, Lee, you are a funny fellow!” said he, “See, that bird is laughing -at you!” - - -III - -When Washington died, it was Light Horse Harry who was chosen by -Congress to deliver the funeral oration before both Houses. It was in -this oration that he said those famous words:-- - -“He survives in our hearts--in the growing knowledge of our children, in -the affection of the good throughout the World,-- ... first in war, -first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen ... pious, -just, humane, temperate and sincere, uniform, dignified and commanding -... the purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public -virtues.” - -_Washington Irving and Other Sources_ (_Retold_) - - - - -CAPTAIN MOLLY - - _Proudly floats the starry banner; Monmouth’s glorious field is won; - And in triumph Irish Molly stands beside her smoking gun._ - - -Moll Pitcher, twenty-two years old, was dubbed _Captain_ at the Battle -of Monmouth, and very proud she was of the title. Her real name was -Molly Hays. She carried drinking-water on the battle-field, to refresh -the soldiers; so they nicknamed her Moll Pitcher. - -At Monmouth, her husband, a Patriot, belonged to Proctor’s artillery. -Moll was with him on the field. Six men, one after another, were killed -or wounded at her husband’s gun. - -“It’s an unlucky gun,” grumbled the soldiers, “draw it aside and abandon -it.” - -Just at that moment, while Moll was serving water to the soldiers, her -husband received a shot in the head, and fell lifeless under the wheels -of that very gun. - -Moll threw down her pail of water; and crying, “Lie there, my darling, -while I revenge ye!” she grasped the ramrod that the lifeless hand of -the poor fellow had let fall, and rammed home the charge. - -Then she called to the artillerymen to prime and fire. - -It was done. Pushing the sponge into the smoking muzzle of the gun, she -performed the duties of an expert artilleryman, while loud shouts from -the soldiers passed along the line. - -The gun was no longer thought unlucky. The fire of the battery became -more vivid than ever. - -Moll kept to her post till night closed the action, and the British were -driven back by the Patriots, Washington himself leading them to the -attack. - -It was then that General Greene complimented Moll on her courage and -conduct. The next morning he presented her to Washington, who received -her graciously, and gave her a piece of gold, assuring her that her -services should not be forgotten. - -Washington conferred upon her the commission of sergeant, and placed her -name on the half-pay list for life. - -The French officers, charmed with her bravery, gave her many presents. -She would sometimes pass along the French line with her cocked hat, and -get it almost filled with crowns. - -She was always welcome at Headquarters. She wore a cocked hat and -feather, and an artilleryman’s coat over her petticoat. - -One day, Washington found her washing clothes, and stopped to chat with -her. - -“Well, Captain Molly,” he said, “are you not almost tired of this quiet -way of life; and longing to be once more on the field of battle?” - -“Troth, your Excellency,” replied she, “and ye may say that! for I care -not how soon I have another slap at them Red Coats, bad luck to them!” - -“But what is to become of your petticoats, in such an event, Captain -Molly?” - -“Oh, long life to your Excellency!” said she, “and never de ye mind them -at all at all! Sure, and it is only in the artillery, your Excellency -knows, that I would sarve, and divil a fear but the smoke of the cannon -will hide my petticoats!” - -_George Washington Parke Custis, and Other Sources_ - - - - -THE SOLDIER BARON - - _The good Baron found time to prepare a new code of discipline and - tactics ... and this excellent manual held its place, long after - the death of its author, as the Blue Book of our Army._ - -JOHN FISKE - - - - -While the ragged Patriot Army with Washington starved, froze, and -suffered at Valley Forge, there was speeding down from Boston on a fast -saddle-horse, a man who was to help them win the war. - -His keen hazel eyes looked pleasantly out from under bushy brows. His -mouth smiled with good cheer; but he held his head in military fashion. -The glittering star of a foreign Order was on his breast, and he -carried a letter of recommendation from Benjamin Franklin to George -Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the American Army. - -He was Baron Steuben, a famous soldier and German hero of the Seven -Years’ War. He had offered his services to Washington to train the Army, -explaining that he wished to deserve the title of a citizen of America, -by fighting for her Liberty. - -At his side rode his young and waggish French interpreter in scarlet -regimentals faced with blue. His bright eyes were always on the watch -for a glimpse of pretty American maidens. Behind the two came their -servants with the baggage. - -It began to snow heavily. Night fell. They drew rein at an inn. It had a -bad name; and it was kept by a Tory. - -“I’ve no beds, bread, meat, drink, milk, or eggs for you,” said the -sullen Tory landlord. - -And neither Steuben’s remonstrances nor oaths could make him change his -mind. - -Steuben’s blood began to boil. “Bring me my pistol!” he cried in German -to his servant. - -And the landlord, who was smiling maliciously, suddenly felt a pistol -pressed against his breast. - -“Can you give us beds?” shouted Steuben. - -“Yes!” cried the affrighted man. - -“Bread?” - -“Yes!” - -“Meat--drink--milk--eggs?” - -“Yes!--yes!--yes!--yes!” - -And the trembling landlord scurried around. The table was quickly laid, -and food set out. Then after a substantial supper, a comfortable night -and a hearty breakfast, the Baron and his men mounted and were off -again. - -To cut the story short, he was soon at Valley Forge, serving with -Washington, and training the troops. They had had little expert military -training before. The Baron drilled the soldiers himself. He took a -musket in hand and showed them how to advance, retreat, or charge -without falling into disorder. - -Not only the soldiers, but the generals, colonels, and captains, watched -him eagerly and with enthusiasm. Soon the camp was a bustling military -training school. The men almost forgot their sufferings, so intent they -were on learning. They worked incessantly and with tremendous energy. - -But the Baron made it lively for them, for he had a quick temper. He -swore at them in three languages; and, when they did not understand -that, he called his aide to help him out in English. - -Some of the men had thrown away their bayonets, and some had used them -for roasting meat. But the Baron soon drilled them to use bayonets with -such good effect that when later a column of them stormed Stony Point -they took it in a bayonet charge. - -He--the bluff Steuben--never failed in bravery on the battle-field. At -Monmouth, while the American troops were fleeing in panic, the Baron -kept doggedly on with his face to the foe. Meanwhile, Washington, -furious and fiery, rallied the soldiers and led them back to victory. -“It was now,” says John Fiske, “that the admirable results of Steuben’s -teaching were to be seen. The retreating soldiers immediately wheeled -and formed under fire, with as much coolness and precision as they could -have shown on parade.” - -Bluff, generous, kindly, old Steuben still served the Country after -peace and Independence came. Then he settled down on his farm of sixteen -thousand acres, the gift to him from the State of New York, in -recognition of his patriotic services. “Throughout the war,” says John -Fiske, “Steuben proved no less faithful than capable. He came to feel a -genuine love for his adopted Country.” - - - - -FATHER THADDEUS - - _Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell, - And Freedom shrieked, as Kosciuszko fell!_ - - THOMAS CAMPBELL - - -“What do you wish to do?” said Washington. - -The young Polish officer with a rugged face, held himself erect. - -“I come,” answered he, “to fight as a volunteer for American -Independence.” - -“What can you do?” asked Washington. - -“Try me!” said the young Pole, his dark eyes flashing pleasantly. - -So Washington tried him. - -He was Thaddeus Kosciuszko, born in Lithuania, and a Patriot of unhappy -Poland. - -Poor Poland! Dismembered, patriotic Poland! Again and again she had been -betrayed, and divided by her greedy neighbours, Russia, Prussia, and -Austria. But always the fires of Patriotism had burned in the hearts of -the Poles, and though they had been forced to bow their necks to their -enemies they had never bowed their hearts. - -And it was a romantic story that had sent young Kosciuszko post-haste -from Poland to America. He was poor but of good blood. He had fallen in -love with a beautiful and clever Polish girl. Her father was a haughty, -rich State official. He would not give his consent to their marriage. So -the young lovers eloped. The father pursued them with his men. -Kosciuszko fought like a lion to defend his beloved Ludwika. But her -father’s men wounded him so severely that he fell senseless on the -field. Then her father carried Ludwika home, and married her to another -man. - -When Kosciuszko came to his senses, his Love was gone. Her handkerchief -stained with his own blood, lay beside him. He took it up reverently -and placed it in his bosom. - -Thus disappointed in love, he had left Poland and come to America to -forget his grief in fighting for Freedom. For Kosciuszko had been a -Patriot and a lover of Liberty for all men, since his early boyhood. - -Washington placed him on his own staff. Soon he found that the young man -had talent, and was an experienced army engineer. He commissioned him -Chief Engineer. Kosciuszko rendered great service to America, but his -most important work was on the defenses of West Point. - -When our War for Independence was over, he returned to Poland. He became -her leading Patriot, defending her against the invasions of Russia, -Prussia, and Austria. “Father Thaddeus” his men called him, as he led -them into battle. - -During his famous defense of Warsaw, he was badly wounded on the -battle-field, and captured by Cossacks. He was thrown into a Russian -prison; and there he was kept until after the death of Catherine the -Great. - -He was released by the new Czar, who admired him, and wished to give him -a brilliant commission in the Russian Army. But Kosciuszko refused his -offer, and went into voluntary exile. He still hoped that some day -again he might serve Poland. - -His wounds were yet unhealed. There was a sabre-cut across his forehead. -There were three bayonet-thrusts in his back. A part of his thigh had -been torn away by a cannon ball. Around his forehead, he kept a black -band tied over the sabre-cut. - -He went into exile, and the people of Poland believed that he was dead. - - * * * * * - -It was nearly seventy-five years after that red-letter day in Lithuania, -on which Thaddeus Kosciuszko had been born. - -It was in 1814, France and Russia were at war. The Russian Army, as it -advanced against Paris, was barbarously pillaging the valley of the -Seine. The soldiers were burning the cottages of the poor peasants over -their heads, and ill-treating the children, women, and aged folk. - -Among the Russian troops was a Polish Regiment. And while its soldiers -were savagely burning and looting the little houses, an old man with a -scar across his forehead, rushed suddenly in among them. - -Raging like a lion, he shouted in Polish:-- - -“When I commanded brave soldiers, they never pillaged--I should have -punished them severely! And still more severely would I have punished -officers who allowed such disorders as you are all now engaged in!” - -“And who are you, my pretty old man,” cried the officers with sneers and -laughter, “who are you that you dare to speak to us in such a tone, and -with such boldness!” - -“I am Kosciuszko,” was the quick reply. - -Each man stood fixed to the spot. Each was paralyzed with astonishment. - -There, before them with flashing eyes, stood Poland’s hero--the Polish -soldiers’ “Father Thaddeus.” - -Then the men threw down their arms to the ground. They cast themselves -at his feet. They sprinkled dust upon their heads as was their wild -custom at home. They crept close to him, hugging his knees and begging -for his forgiveness--for the forgiveness of their “Father Thaddeus.” - - * * * * * - -When Kosciuszko died in Switzerland, in 1817, there was found in his -bosom next his heart, the blood-stained handkerchief which his lost love -Ludwika had dropped beside him, so long before. - -To-day, in a little chapel at the foot of the lime-planted Hill, the -Lindenhof, there is a bronze urn, in which lies the once brave heart of -Thaddeus Kosciuszko. - - - - -THE LITTLE FRIEND IN FRONT STREET - - _He entitled himself to the gratitude of the entire Country._ - -_Ex-President_ WILLIAM H. TAFT - - - - -He was only a little man in his office on Front Street, Philadelphia. - -Only a little man--but how great! Without his help our War for -Independence might have been lost. He helped to save the Country not -with a sword, but by giving all the means that he had and expecting -nothing in return. - -This little man--his “little friend in Front Street,” as James Madison -called him--was Haym Salomon, a Polish Jew and a Patriot. - -Through Robert Morris, who was Superintendent of Finance, during the War -for Independence, Haym Salomon loaned money to establish the Government -and to pay the soldiers. Without his money, Washington could scarcely -have held the Army together. And all the while, the little friend in -Front Street was refusing any interest on his loans; and some of these -loans were never repaid at all. - -And he not only financed the Nation, but generously made personal -advances of money without interest to members of the Government, in -order that they might keep on in their patriotic work. “When any member -was in need, all that was necessary was to call upon Salomon,” said -James Madison. - -But it was not only by financing our young Nation, that Haym Salomon -showed his Patriotism. - -He was born in Poland of an intelligent educated family. He knew many -languages. He was a friend of Kosciuszko and Pulaski. Because of -oppression, he left Poland and came to New York City. He married and -settled down to business. He soon found, however, that the Americans -were heavily oppressed by England. So he threw himself heart and soul -into the cause for Independence. - -He became a Patriot. He was arrested by the British, imprisoned, -tortured, and condemned to death. He managed to escape, and reached -Philadelphia safely. There he opened his broker’s office in Front -Street. He became a great financier. Henceforward he unselfishly devoted -his brains, his energy, and his wealth to help win the War for -Independence and build up our Republic. - - - - -FAREWELL! MY GENERAL! FAREWELL! - -_December 4, 1783_ - - -The War for Independence was over. - -Thursday the 4th of December was fixed upon for the final leave-taking -of Washington with his officers. - -This was the most trying event in his whole career, and he summoned all -his self-command to meet it with composure. - -Knox and Greene, and Hamilton and Steuben, and others assembled in -Fraunces Tavern,[4] and waited with fast-beating hearts the arrival of -their Chief. - -Not a sound broke the silence as he entered, save the clatter of -scabbards as the whole group rose to do him reverence. Casting his eye -around, he saw the sad and mournful countenances of those who had been -his companions-in-arms through the long years of darkness that had -passed. Shoulder to shoulder, they had pressed by his side through the -smoke of the conflict. He had heard their battle-shout answer his call -in the hour of deepest peril, and seen them bear his standard -triumphantly on to victory. Brave hearts were they all and true, on -whom he had leaned and not in vain. - -Advancing slowly to the table, Washington lifted the glass to his lips -and said in a voice choked with emotion:-- - -“With a heart full of gratitude and love, I now take leave of you. I -most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy -as your former ones have been glorious and honourable.” - -A mournful, profound silence followed this short address, when Knox -advanced to say farewell. But neither could utter a word,--Knox reached -forth his hand, while Washington, opening his arms, took him to his -heart. - -In silence, that was more eloquent than all language, each advanced in -turn and was clasped in his embrace. - -Washington dared not trust himself to speak, and looking a silent -farewell, turned to the door. A corps of light infantry was drawn up on -either side to receive him, and as he passed slowly through the lines, a -gigantic soldier, who had moved beside him in the terrible march on -Trenton, stepped from the ranks, and reaching out his arms, exclaimed:-- - -“Farewell! my dear General, farewell!” - -Washington seized his hand in both of his and wrung it convulsively. In -a moment all discipline was at an end; and the soldiers broke their -order, and rushing around him, seized him by the hands, covering them -with tears. - -This was too much for even his strong nature, and as he moved away his -broad chest heaved, and tears rolled unchecked down his face. - -Passing on to Whitehall, he entered a barge, and as it moved out into -the bay, he rose and waved a mute adieu to the noble band on shore. - -The impressive scene was over. - -_J. T. Headley_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -FROM “WASHINGTON’S LEGACY” - -OR HIS LETTER TO THE GOVERNORS OF ALL THE STATES - - -I now make it my earnest prayer that God would have you, and the State -over which you preside, in His holy protection; that He would incline -the hearts of the Citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and -obedience to government; to entertain a brotherly affection and love for -one another, for their Fellow-citizens of the United States at large, -and particularly for their brethren who have served in the field;--and -finally that He would most graciously be pleased to dispose us all to do -justice, to love mercy, and to demean ourselves with that charity, -humility, and pacific temper of mind, which were the characteristics of -the Divine Author of our blessed Religion, and without an humble -imitation of whose example in these things, we can never hope to be a -happy Nation. - -GEORGE WASHINGTON - - _8 June, 1783_ - - - - -A KING OF MEN - - -Hand in hand with ... rare soundness of judgment there went a -completeness of moral self-control which was all the more impressive -inasmuch as Washington’s was by no means a tame or commonplace nature, -such as ordinary power of will would suffice to guide. - -He was a man of intense and fiery passions. His anger when once aroused -had in it something so terrible, that strong men were cowed by it like -frightened children. This prodigious animal nature was habitually curbed -by a will of iron and held in the service of a sweet and tender soul, -into which no mean or unworthy thought had ever entered. - -Whole-souled devotion to public duty, an incorruptible integrity, which -no appeal to ambition or vanity could for a moment solicit--these were -attributes of Washington, as well marked as his clearness of mind and -his strength of purpose. - -And it was in no unworthy temple, that Nature had enshrined this great -spirit. His lofty stature--exceeding six feet--his grave and handsome -face, his noble bearing, and courtly grace of manner, all proclaimed in -Washington a king of men. - -_John Fiske_ - - - - -WHEN WASHINGTON DIED - - Crape enshrouded the Standards of France, and the Flags upon the - victorious ships of England fell fluttering to half-mast at the - tidings of his death. - -_Chief Justice Fuller_ - - - - Let his countrymen consecrate the memory of the heroic General, the - patriotic Statesman, and the virtuous sage. Let them teach their - children never to forget that the fruits of his labours and his - example, _are their inheritance_. - -_The Senate of the United States, 1799_ - - - - _The following stories about Washington, and the War for - Independence, may be found in “Good Stories for Great Holidays”: - Three Old Tales (the Cherry-Tree Tale); Young George and the Colt; - Washington the Athlete; Washington’s Modesty; Washington at - Yorktown; Washington and the Cowards; Betsy Ross and the Flag; A - Brave Girl (General Schuyler’s Daughter); A Gunpowder Story - (Elizabeth Zane); The Declaration of Independence; Signing of the - Declaration of Independence._ - - - - -FEBRUARY 25 - -JOSE DE SAN MARTIN OF ARGENTINA THE PROTECTOR - - _Jose de San Martin, a strong and silent man, whose character and - achievements have been little known or appreciated outside his own - country ... comes nearer than any one else to being the George - Washington of Spanish America._ - -LORD BRYCE - - San Martin, the great Liberator, loved men of audacity and courage. - Besides, he was just and compassionate ... courteous to gentle and - simple alike ... generous and brave San Martin. - -JOSEPH CONRAD - - - - _The white-souled San Martin who was without fear and almost - without reproach._ - -WILLIAM SPENCE ROBERTSON - - - - _The moral grandeur of San Martin consists in this: that nothing is - known of the secret ambitions of his life; that he was in - everything disinterested; that he confined himself strictly to his - mission; and that he died in silence, showing neither weakness, - pride, nor bitterness at seeing his work triumphant and his part in - it forgotten._ - -BARTOLOME MITRE - - - - SAN MARTIN was born in Spanish America, February 25, 1778 - - Became the Liberator of Argentina, 1812 - - Was the Hannibal of the Andes, 1817 - - He and O’Higgins liberated Chile, 1817-20 - - San Martin resigned after the meeting with Bolivar, 1822 - - In voluntary exile, he died at the age of 72, August 17, 1850 - - His body was brought in state to Argentina, 1880 - - He is called Protector of Peru - - His name is pronounced--Hosay de San Marteen - - - - -THE BOY SOLDIER - - -This boy soldier, who became a great general and American Patriot, was -born in the Indian village of Yapeyu, in the district of Misiones, which -is now a part of Argentina. - -Misiones is a land of thousands of bright butterflies and brilliant -flowers, of plantations and wide forests. In it are abandoned groves of -wild oranges and lemons, once belonging to the Jesuit Missions, that -gave the name of Misiones to the region. - -Though he was born among Indians, the boy soldier was not an Indian. He -was of pure Spanish blood. His father was an officer of the Spanish -Crown, and was Governor of Misiones. Spain ruled all Spanish America in -those days. - -The boy soldier’s name was Jose de San Martin. Jose, is Spanish for -Joseph. - -It was an exciting life for Jose, with Indian boys to show him how to -shoot wild game, and how to fish in the Uruguay River. Then, there were -his father’s soldiers to tell him about military life. - -Before Jose was eight years old, his father was transferred, and the boy -was sent overseas to Spain to attend school in Madrid. - -But such an active American boy, accustomed to Indians and frontier -life, could not stay long contented in a school in old Madrid. Besides, -he had soldiers’ blood in his veins. He grew restless. He was only -eleven; but he petitioned the Spanish Government to be allowed to enlist -in the army. - -His petition was granted, and he became a boy soldier. - -His uniform was white and blue. His first campaign was in Africa. His -first battle was with the Moors. - -During the next few years he served so gallantly, that at sixteen he was -made a lieutenant. So he became a boy officer. - - - - -THE PATRIOT WHO KEPT FAITH - - -In romantic Spain, there was everything to entice young San Martin to -forget his native land so far away, and the little Indian village on the -Uruguay. - -The crimson and gold banners of Spain waved over victorious -battle-fields, the drums beat triumphantly, the trumpets sounded to the -charge. There was glamour of combat with Moors and other brave enemies. -There were romances of knights and ladies, and legends of Aragon, -Castile, and the Alhambra. There were serenades, _fandangos_, and -feasts. While in the quaint Spanish towns, maidens with dark witching -eyes half hidden by mantillas, peeped through the latticed casements. -And they must have peeped out joyously whenever the stalwart, handsome, -young San Martin went by. - -But he never forgot his native land. - -As the years passed, he kept deep in his mind the memories of his -childhood. He heard that some of his countrymen in Argentina had formed -a Patriot Army, and were trying to gain their independence from Spanish -rule. He learned of their unsuccessful attempts and of their sufferings. - -San Martin heard, too, that the English Colonies of North America had -cast off the rule of their mother-country, England, and had established -a free government of the People under a Constitution. - -Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte was throwing Europe into confusion, -pulling down Kings from their thrones, and setting up whomsoever he -wished in their stead. He forced the King of Spain to abdicate, and -proclaimed his own brother Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain. - -Now the Spanish-American Colonies were the property of the _Kings of -Spain_, “the most precious jewel in their crown.” Some of the Colonists -had remained loyal, but when they heard how their King had weakly -abdicated many of them, in disgust, went over to the Patriots’ side. - -It was then that San Martin, although he had opportunities for rising -much higher in the Spanish Army, decided to return to Argentina. - -He landed on Argentine soil, March 9, 1812. - -As a little boy, he had left Argentina. Now he was returned as a man, -offering her his sword, his life, his all. “Forsaking my fortunes and my -hopes,” said San Martin later, “I desired only to sacrifice everything -to promote the Liberty of my native land. I arrived at Buenos Aires in -the beginning of 1812--thenceforward I consecrated myself to the cause -of Spanish America.” - - - - -WHEN SAN MARTIN CAME - - -To-day, the Republic of Argentina is an immense rich land. It stretches -from the Atlantic Coast westward nearly to the Pacific. Its broad -_pampas_, or plains, roll almost from the very doors of the beautiful -city of Buenos Aires to the foothills of the Andes Mountains. The mighty -frozen peaks of the Andes form a wall between the two sister Republics, -Argentina and Chile. - -Though the breadth of Argentina is so great, its length is even more -tremendous. North to South, the Republic stretches from tropic regions -of intense heat to the far distant Patagonian land with its -sheep-ranches, salt-licks, and arid plains, and still farther southward -the Republic stretches toward the Antartic Circle. - -The _pampas_ are like our prairies. On them herds of cattle graze; and -the _gauchos_ Argentine cowboys, round up the cattle on the wealthy -_estancias_ or ranches. On many of these ranches, grow wide acres of the -finest wheat and of other grains. - -And through the city of Buenos Aires, which has been called the “Paris -of America,” pass shipments of beef and wheat to help feed the world. In -the city’s roadstead, are ships from many countries waiting to carry -away not only beef and grain, but hides, sugar, and other Argentine -produce, as well as Patagonian mutton and wool. - -There are flourishing towns and cities in Argentina, and great wealth. -Buenos Aires alone has about two million inhabitants. And to Buenos -Aires come throngs of immigrants from Europe and Asia, seeking their -fortunes in Argentina; just as immigrants land in the City of New York, -to find their fortunes in our country. - -An immense and rich land is the Republic of Argentina to-day; and her -native citizens are one hundred per cent American! - - * * * * * - -But when San Martin stepped upon Argentine soil over a hundred years -ago, there was no great wealthy Republic. There were only some poor -Provinces, struggling with Spain for their Liberty. Buenos Aires was -but a Colonial town on the bank of the River of Silver. - -There was no forest of foreign ships in the roadstead; for Spain had -forbidden trading with any land except herself. There were no great -_estancias_ helping to feed the world. The whole country was groaning -under oppression. Colonists, Indians, and _gauchos_, were in arms to -defend her. - -The land was swarming with Spanish soldiers and Royalists. The patriot -Army was small, scattered, and poorly equipped, and undisciplined. San -Martin, with all his military knowledge, came as a Liberator to his -Country. - -The Patriot Government appointed him to train soldiers and organize the -army. He opened a military school. To it thronged the _gauchos_, those -daring riders of the plains, also Creoles as the Colonists of pure -Spanish blood were called, and Indians, and even slaves, to whom San -Martin had promised their freedom. - -The Patriots wore cockades of white and sky-blue, the Argentine colours. -In time, San Martin had mobilized a well-disciplined army of earnest -courageous men. - -At San Lorenzo, San Martin won a famous victory. The enemy retreated in -headlong flight, leaving behind banner, guns, and muskets. After the -battle, San Martin sent supplies to the enemy for the wounded, and -exchanged prisoners with them. - -This victory put heart into the entire Patriot Army, and assured the -final success of the Patriot cause. - - - - -ARGENTINA’S INDEPENDENCE DAY - -_July 9, 1816_ - - -The Birthday of the Argentine Republic was really May 25, 1810, before -San Martin came to Argentina. For on that day a group of patriotic -citizens of Buenos Aires braved the anger of Spain, set up a People’s -Government, and convened the first Colonial Assembly in Argentina. - -But on July 9, 1816, while San Martin’s soldiers were harassing the -Spaniards, there assembled at the city of Tucuman, delegates from a -number of the Provinces, who declared the “Independence of the United -Provinces of the River of Silver (or Rio de la Plata).” The name -“Argentine Republic” was not given the Argentine Union until some years -later. - -Thus, Argentina, while Spain was yet on her soil, bravely declared her -Independence. - - - - -A GREAT IDEA - - -Gold, jewels, spices, and costly woods, in fact much of the stupendous -wealth of Spanish America, flowed yearly into Lima, “the City of the -Kings” in Peru, on the Pacific, the city founded by Pizarro the -gold-hunter. - -Triumphantly, Lima lifted the picturesque towers and domes of her -palaces, convents, monasteries, and religious schools, and of her -ancient cathedral, for Lima ruled not only the Pacific coast of Spanish -America, but the whole of Spanish America as well. She was the centre of -Spain’s power, strength, religion, and wealth in the New World. There, -with pomp and pageant, lived the most influential of the Spanish -Viceroys, whose word was law. From Lima went forth Spain’s armies to -crush the Patriots in Argentina and Chile. - -So long as Spain should hold Lima, the Patriot cause would be hopeless. -On the other hand, if Lima might be taken by the Patriots, then the -stronghold of Spanish tyranny would be destroyed. - -So thought San Martin; and he began to lay plans to capture Lima, -although the city was seemingly inaccessible and lay beyond the Andes -Mountains far to the northwest on the Pacific Coast. - -The Argentine Government transferred San Martin to the Province of Cuyo, -and made him its Governor. There in the lovely city of Mendoza, the city -of vineyards, at the very foot of the Andes, he set about raising -revenues, and training and equipping an army--a small but strong army of -devoted men. - -But how to reach Lima? questioned San Martin to himself. Any attempt to -lead the army northward to Upper Peru, and over the Andes to Lima, was -sure to bring down upon the small body of Patriots, Spain’s seasoned -troops who held Upper Peru and a part of Argentina. - -The only way, thought San Martin, is to cross the Andes, drive the -Spaniards _out of Chile_, then joining our forces with those of the -Chilean Patriots, go by sea to Lima, and take her from Spain. Peru will -yield, and our continent will be free! - - - - -THE MIGHTY ANDES - - -“What spoils my sleep, is not the strength of the enemy, but how to pass -those immense mountains,” said San Martin, as from Mendoza he gazed upon -the snow-clad summits of the mighty Andes, whose giant wall separated -the wide plains of Argentina from the sunny smiling valleys of Chile on -the Pacific. - -Terrible seemed the Andes stretching from North to South like an -impassable barrier. Near Mendoza, the barren foothills resembled waves -of a petrified sea. Above them soared the central lofty mountain-ranges -of conical, sharply defined peaks white with everlasting snow. Over the -precipices, wheeled the condors at dizzy height. And down the chasm-rent -sides of the mountains, rushed dark torrents of melted snow. - -San Martin knew of the rugged defiles, the narrow paths winding along -the edges of precipices, the ice-choked passages, the gloomy gorges, and -the many unbridged torrents to be crossed, torrents tossing rocks about -like straws. - -Nevertheless, he determined to lead his Army across the Andes, rescue -Chile, and go by sea to Lima. - -So without haste, he carefully laid his plans in every detail. He spent -two years in raising the Army of the Andes and equipping it. He kept his -project of crossing into Chile, secret, lest the enemy should hear of it -and guard the mountain-passes. - -The enthusiastic and loyal men of Mendoza and of the whole Province of -Cuyo, helped him with money and labour. Many of them enlisted. Even the -children wanted to help; so San Martin, to keep up their Patriotism, -formed them into little regiments and let them drill and carry banners. -Their mothers, led by San Martin’s wife, a lovely Argentine lady, took -off their jewels and sold them. If it had not been for the cheerful -spirit of coöperation among the folk of Cuyo, San Martin could not have -mobilized his men. For this reason, Mendoza is called “The Nest of the -Argentine Eagle.” - -_Bartolome Mitre_ (_Retold_) - - - - -THE REAL SAN MARTIN - - -And what was General San Martin like? - -Why did the good folk of Mendoza love him and hasten to do all that he -asked? - -Why did his troops cheerfully submit to terrible privations, and -willingly plunge into danger and death if San Martin was with them? - -Why, to-day, do the boys and girls of Argentina wish to be like their -great and beloved hero--San Martin? - -First, because San Martin never thought of himself. The folk of Mendoza -offered him a handsome house to live in. He quietly refused it. He gave -up to the cause half of his salary as Governor. He accepted the rank of -general with the understanding that he might lay it down as soon as -Argentina was free. He steadfastly refused all other promotions from his -Government. He sent his wife back to Buenos Aires, so that he might live -more simply. - -He lived frugally, ate little, and worked hard. And what did he look -like, this General so strong yet so simple? He wore the plain uniform of -the Mounted Grenadiers, with the white and sky-blue cockade in his hat. - -He was fine-looking, tall, and muscular. His complexion was olive, his -jaw strong, and his lips firm, his black hair thick. His large, jet -black eyes looked out from under bushy eyebrows; eyes now kindly and -humorous, now piercingly observant. But when he met treachery or -cowardice those eyes could frown terribly, and when he faced dangers or -great emergencies, they expressed a fiery determined spirit. - -A man nobly unselfish, gentle yet forceful, modest, patient, whimsically -humorous at times, but always of few words was San Martin. Even -strangers who met him were filled with respect and affection for him. - -His motto was:-- - - _Thou shall be what thou oughtest to be, - Or thou shall be nothing._ - - - - -THE FIGHTING ENGINEER OF THE ANDES - - -Among the Patriots of Mendoza was a begging Friar, named Luis Beltran. -He had fought in Chile against the Spaniards. He had returned across the -Andes to Mendoza with a kit of tools on his back. - -He was a clever fellow, a mathematician, a chemist, an artilleryman, a -maker of watches and fireworks, a carpenter, an architect, a blacksmith, -a draughtsman, a cobbler, and a physician. He was strong and rugged. San -Martin made him chaplain. But on learning of his extraordinary gifts, he -appointed him to establish an arsenal. - -Soon Friar Beltran had three hundred workmen under him, all of whom he -taught. He cast cannon, shot, and shell, melting down church-bells when -his metal gave out. He made limbers for the guns, saddles for the -cavalry, knapsacks, shoes, and other equipment for the soldiers. He -forged horseshoes and bayonets and repaired damaged muskets. - -If he stopped to rest at all, he drew designs on the walls of his grimy -workshop, for special caissons and wagons to transport army-supplies -over the steep passes of the Andes. - -Then, he took off his frock, put on the uniform of a lieutenant of the -artillery, and became the fighting engineer of the Army of the Andes. - -_Bartolome Mitre_ (_Retold_) - - - - -THE HANNIBAL OF THE ANDES - - -I - -Everything was ready. - -Friar Beltran’s forges, blazing night and day, had turned out thirty -thousand horseshoes. His arsenal had produced bullets by the hundreds of -thousands. Friar Beltran’s carriages for artillery, specially designed -for mountain-passes, stood waiting. The guns themselves were to be -carried on the backs of mules. Slings had been prepared to hoist the -mules over dangerous places; also sleds of rawhide in which the guns -might be hauled up inclines too steep for heavily laden mules to climb. - -The women of Mendoza, led by Bernardo O’Higgins’s mother and sister who -were exiles from Chile, had prepared a store of bandages and medicines, -and had made uniforms for the soldiers. - -All was ready--tents, provisions, herds of cattle, saddles, arms, -clothes, water-bottles, cables and anchors for a portable bridge, -muleteers and artisans. Nothing was overlooked by the vigilant San -Martin. - -Silent and reserved, he inspected everything. For he knew too well that -the mountains over which he was about to lead his Army, were more lofty -and dangerous than the famous Alps. He planned to send the Army through -two passes, the highest of which was nearly 13,000 feet above sea-level. -The troops would be long on the way, he knew, and the dangers would be -terrific. - -In January 1817--January is summertime in Argentina--the good folk of -Mendoza gathered to say farewell to the Army that they had helped to -mobilize, and to which so many of their own men belonged, some of whom -they should never see again. - -The Army broke up its cantonments, and began its march in three -divisions, carrying the new flag of the Republic. The women of Mendoza -had made it. It was white and sky-blue, like San Martin’s first uniform -when he was a boy soldier, while on it was emblazoned the face of the -Rising Sun. - -So with provisions for many days, with armament, munitions, baggage, and -great herds of cattle for food, the Army followed the trails that led -through the barren foothills toward the high Andes. - -The lofty central ranges of the gloomy mountains frowned down upon the -soldiers, while the dark passes seemed yawning pitilessly to devour -them. But nothing daunted, they courageously continued to climb the -foothills toward the mountains. - -Bernardo O’Higgins, the Chilean Patriot, led one of the divisions; for -Chile had now joined forces with Argentina against Spain. - -Higher and higher the Army climbed, scouts clearing the way before it, -until it began to enter the passes of the Cordilleras. Then San Martin, -who was still tarrying at Mendoza, wrote to a friend:-- - -“This afternoon I leave to join the Army. God grant me success in this -great enterprise!” - -Then saying good-bye to the folk of Mendoza, by whom he was so much -beloved, he hastened to join one of the divisions. - -Day after day, the troops followed the steep ascents and descents, -walking close to roaring torrents, crossing craggy peaks and narrow -chasms, skirting edges of precipices, wading through snow, and hauling -heavy guns and supplies up steep inclines. - -Great mountain-ridges, with cañons between, ran north and south, beside -numerous lesser ridges; all these had to be crossed to reach Chile. The -intense cold on the summits, killed many of the soldiers. While the -rarefied air caused numbers to drop down and die from heart failure and -exhaustion. Of the nine thousand two hundred and eighty-one mules and -the sixteen hundred horses Friar Beltran had in charge, over half -perished. - -The soldiers, surrounded by the mountain peaks that seemed to touch the -sky with their snow-bound jagged tops, were depressed by the awful -loneliness. Now and then, a condor wheeled above them. Strange noises, -made by gusts of wind in the cañons, sounded like the wails of lost -souls. Every step the soldiers took, convinced them that should they be -attacked, it would be impossible to retreat. Such were some of the -terrible hardships uncomplainingly suffered by the Army of the Andes. - -But the soldiers laughed at despair; a spirit of union and comradeship -upheld them. Each corps tried to outdo the others in cheerful endurance. - -At last, after more than three weeks, the Army began to defile from the -passes into Chile. Then San Martin and O’Higgins, in the great battle of -Chacabuco and later at Maipu, won the victory and drove the Spanish Army -from Chile. - -_General Miller and Bartolome Mitre_ (_Retold_) - - -II - -Thus was accomplished one of the most heroic military feats in history. -“The passage of the Andes by the Army of San Martin,” says Lord Bryce, -“has been pronounced by military historians of authority to have been -one of the most remarkable operations ever accomplished in mountain -warfare. The forces which he led were no doubt small compared ... to -those which Hannibal and Napoleon carried across the Alps. But ... the -passes to be crossed were much higher.” - -Lord Bryce also says that San Martin comes nearer than any one else to -being “the George Washington of Spanish America.” - -And San Martin has been called, “the Hannibal of the Andes.” - - - - -NOT FOR HIMSELF - - -Honours were showered on San Martin after the battle of Chacabuco. News -of his successful crossing of the Andes and of his victory, reached -Buenos Aires. All day long shouts sounded through the streets. Cannon -roared from the fort and from the squadron in the roadstead. San -Martin’s portrait was hung where all could see it, draped in flags -captured from the enemy. - -The Argentine Government decreed a sword and badge for San Martin, and -struck medals for his soldiers. They voted a pension of six hundred -dollars a year for his little daughter, Maria Mercedes. They also sent -him a commission as Brigadier-General, the highest rank in the Argentine -service. - -San Martin accepted the pension for his little daughter, and laid the -money aside for her education. But he refused the commission, asking -only for more arms, money, and men, to carry on the campaign. - -Meanwhile, the grateful Chilean Government offered to make him ruler of -all Chile. But this honour, too, he declined. So his friend and -companion-at-arms, Bernardo O’Higgins, in his stead, was elected Supreme -Ruler of the country. - - - - -COCHRANE, EL DIABLO - - -“On to Lima! On to Lima!” was now the cry of the Argentine and Chilean -soldiers. “Let us drive out the Spaniards! Let us expel them from -Spanish America for ever!” - -“On to Lima by sea,” was San Martin’s decision. Meanwhile, O’Higgins was -busy equipping a fleet to carry the troops to Peru. - -There was, at that time, in England a dauntless, dashing naval-officer, -Lord Thomas Cochrane, who was famous for his extraordinary courage and -adventures. He gladly accepted the invitation of San Martin and -O’Higgins, to become Admiral of the Chilean Navy. And because excitement -and danger were as meat and drink to him, he hastened to Chile. - -He was welcomed with great rejoicings. His beautiful young wife became -one of the belles of Santiago. English, Irish, and American officers, -drawn by the fame of Lord Cochrane’s daring exploits, arrived in numbers -offering their swords to Chile to help win her Freedom. - -Then, with the single-star Flag of Chile nailed to his mastheads, -Admiral Cochrane swept the Pacific clean of Spanish war-vessels. And so -fiery were his attacks, that the Spaniards nicknamed him, “_El Diablo_.” -“For the very Devil himself, he is,” said they. - - - - -OUR BROTHERS, YE SHALL BE FREE! - - -“The Peruvians are our brothers,” proclaimed San Martin to his soldiers. - -“Remember that you are come not to conquer but to liberate a People!” he -proclaimed as soon as the Liberating Army was landed in Peru. For Lord -Cochrane had brought them safely thither aboard the Chilean fleet. - -Then to the Peruvians, San Martin sent broadcast a proclamation:-- - -_You shall be free and independent. You shall form your government and -your laws according to the spontaneous wish of your own representatives. -The soldiers of the Army of Liberation, your brothers, will exert no -influences, military or civil, direct or indirect, in your social -system. Whenever it suits you, dismiss the Army which marches to protect -you. A military force should never occupy the territory of a Free -People, unless invited by its legitimate magistrates._ - -This proclamation aroused the patriotism of many Peruvians, who brought -quantities of food and supplies to the Army. While numbers of them -joined the Army, including six hundred slaves, to whom San Martin -promised their freedom. - -Then San Martin prepared to invest Lima, with the help of Lord -Cochrane’s fleet. - - - - -THE FALL OF THE CITY OF THE KINGS - - -Lima, “the City of the Kings,” stands not far from the sea on a plain -near the foot of the Cordilleras. - -When San Martin landed in Peru, Lima the proud, the rich, was the seat -of the Spanish Viceroy’s Court with all its pomp and vices. She was shut -in by walls above which rose her turrets and domes. Many of her people -were slaves, Indians, or freedmen; the rest were haughty Spanish -grandees and rich royalists. Lima was the civil, and military, despot of -all Spanish America. - -San Martin had now but one thought and aim--to drive the Spaniards from -Lima, and make the city independent. He besieged her by sea and land. -Through proclamations sent far and wide, he urged the Peruvians to rise -up and help gain their own Freedom. Peruvian Colonists, Indians, and -slaves flocked to his standard. - -The siege began to tell on Lima. Her pride was humbled to the dust. Her -food was exhausted. Fresh supplies were cut off by the blockade. The -poor suffered dreadful want. The rich were deprived of their luxuries. -Rich and poor alike lived in terror of their lives. To add to the -miseries of the unhappy city, her officials, who should have protected -her, fell to quarrelling among themselves. - -On the Fifth of July, universal terror reigned. The Spanish Viceroy had -announced that he was about to abandon the city to her fate. Every one -believed that San Martin’s troops would fall upon her to pillage and -burn. At dawn the Viceroy marched out with his troops. - -There was one mad rush to escape to Callao, the port of Lima, several -miles away. All the people who could, hastened to leave. Crowds of -fugitives hurried along the highways, people on foot, in carts, on -horseback; men, women, and children, with bundles and household goods, -with horses and mules, and with slaves bending under heavy burdens of -baggage and treasure. - -Inside the city, there was pandemonium. Women were seen fleeing toward -the convents. The narrow streets were choked with loaded wagons and -mounted horsemen. - -By midday, scarcely a person was to be seen. Those who had been forced -to remain, had barred their doors and closed their shutters, and were -waiting with fear and trembling for San Martin’s troops to fall upon the -city. - -In the midst of this confusion, the few officials who had not fled, -gathered together to consult as to what should be done. They feared an -uprising of the slaves or an attack by a mob. But greater still was -their fear of the multitude of San Martin’s armed Indians, savage and -undisciplined, who were surrounding the city. For though the Indians -were under the command of San Martin’s officers, they seemed likely at -any moment, to break loose from restraint and massacre the helpless -people of Lima. The Indians were so near that they could plainly be -seen, perched on the heights that overhung the city. - -The officials, in great terror of mind, wrote a letter to San Martin, -entreating him to enter Lima and protect her. The letter was despatched -by a messenger. - -All night long, a profound silence brooded over the city. - -The next morning San Martin’s answer came. - -It was brief. He would enter the city, he said, only if it was the real -wish of the People of Lima to declare their Independence. He had no -desire to enter as a conqueror, he declared, but would come only if -invited by the People. - -And added he, that the People, in the meanwhile, might give whatever -orders they desired to his troops surrounding the city; and the orders -should be obeyed. - -His answer stunned the officials. They could not believe that a -conquering general could be so humane to a helpless foe. They thought -that San Martin was mocking them. But to put the matter to the test, -they sent an order to a commanding officer of a regiment stationed near -the city gate, asking him to withdraw his men to a spot a league away. -The officer immediately withdrew them. - -The good news flew through the city. People went almost mad with joy. -Confidence was restored; and parties of picked soldiers were invited in -to guard the city. - -In a day or two everything was as before. The shops were opened again. -Women were seen stealing from the convents. Men ventured into the square -to smoke their cigars. The streets were lined with refugees returning to -their homes, bringing back bundles, trunks, and treasures. The street -criers were bawling their wares; and the city was restored to its usual -noise and bustle. - -Then a deputation of citizens waited upon San Martin to invite him to -enter Lima and proclaim her Independence. - -_Captain Basil Hall_ (_Retold_) - - - - -SAN MARTIN THE CONQUEROR - - -_A Retreat_ - -The people watched eagerly to see San Martin enter in state as a -conquering general should. The day passed, and he did not come. When it -began to grow dark, he rode in through the gate attended by a single -aide-de-camp. - -And he would not have come then, if he could have helped it. It was his -plan to slip unobserved into the city early in the morning before people -were up. - -But the reason why he had to enter at evening, was this:-- - -He was tired, and he had just settled down for the night in the corner -of a little cottage outside the walls. He was blessing his stars that he -was well out of the reach of business, when in came two Friars, who had -discovered his hiding place. - -Each one made him a long tedious speech; one likened him to Cæsar and -the other to Lucullus. - -“Good heavens!” exclaimed San Martin, when the Friars had left. “What -are we to do? This will never answer!” - -“O sir,” replied the aide-de-camp, “there are two more of the same stamp -close at hand.” - -“Indeed! Then saddle the horses again, and let us be off!” exclaimed San -Martin. - -So it happened that the conquering General was forced to retreat, and -enter Lima before people were asleep. - - -_The Mother and her Three Sons_ - -When he entered the city, instead of going directly to the palace where -he was to lodge, he stopped to call on the Governor. - -In a moment, the news of his arrival sped through the city. People came -thronging into the Governor’s house, and even filled the court and -street. - -San Martin was forced to stand in the audience-chamber and receive the -crowds. Old people and young people pressed fast upon him. But though he -was so modest and heartily disliked any show or pretension, he received -their praises patiently and kindly. - -A handsome middle-aged woman approached him, and as he leaned forward to -greet her, she threw herself at his feet. There, clinging to his knees, -she looked up into his face, and exclaimed that she had three sons at -his service, who, she hoped, would become useful citizens. - -San Martin listened to her with respect. As he gently raised her from -the floor, she flung her arms around his neck and finished her speech. -He replied to her with great earnestness; and the poor woman’s heart -seemed bursting with gratitude for his attention and kindness. - - -_The Little Girl Who Was Bashful_ - -San Martin then seeing a little girl about ten or twelve years old, who -was too bashful to come forward, lifted the astonished child and kissed -her cheek. When he set her down again, the little thing was in such -ecstasy that she scarcely knew what to do. - - -_Another Little Girl_ - -San Martin established his headquarters a little beyond the city-wall. -There he was completely surrounded by business. But every man coming out -of San Martin’s presence, seemed pleased whether he had succeeded in his -petition or not. - -Among others, an old man came into headquarters holding a little girl in -his arms. He had just one request, would the great General please kiss -his child? San Martin good-naturedly kissed her, and the father went -away radiantly happy. - - -_The Best Cigar_ - -San Martin lived on the friendliest terms with his officers. - -One day, at his own table, he opened his pouch and took out a cigar, -rounder and firmer than the rest. He gave it a look of unconscious -satisfaction. Just then a voice called:-- - -“My General!” - -San Martin started from his revery, and raised his head. - -“Who spoke?” he said. - -“It was I,” said an officer who had been watching him. “I merely wished -to beg the favour of one cigar from you.” - -“Ah ha!” said San Martin smiling good-naturedly with an assumed look of -reproach. And at once he tossed his chosen cigar to the officer. - - -_Duty Before the General_ - -At another time, San Martin was entertaining a visitor on board a -schooner. While they were walking up and down, the sailors began to swab -the deck. - -“What a plague it is,” said San Martin, “that these fellows will insist -on washing their decks at this rate.” Then turning to one of the men, he -said, “I wish, my friend, you would not wet us here, but go to the other -side.” - -The sailor, who had his duty to perform and who was too well accustomed -to the General’s gentle manner, went on with his work, and soundly -splashed him and his guest. - -“I am afraid,” cried San Martin, “we must go below, although our cabin -is but a miserable hole! For really there is no persuading these fellows -to go out of their usual way.” - -_Captain Basil Hall and Other Sources_ (_Retold_) - - - - -LIMA’S GREATEST DAY - -_July 28, 1821, Peru’s Independence Day_ - - -It was Lima’s greatest day. It was the 28th of July. It was her -Independence Day. - -Flowers and perfumes were being showered down from palace-windows and -balconies. They fell on the heads of San Martin and many officers, -clergy, and officials who were marching through cheering crowds. - -They marched to the great square, and mounted a platform. The troops -were drawn up in the square. - -The Declaration of Independence of Peru was read aloud. - -Then San Martin, standing on the platform, unfurled the new flag of the -Republic of Peru. As he shook out its scarlet and white folds on which -was the face of the Sun rising over the Andes with a tranquil river at -their base, he called in a loud voice:-- - -“From this moment Peru is free and independent by the common wish of the -People, and by the justice of her cause, which God defend!” - -Then waving the flag on high, he shouted:-- - -“Long live the Fatherland! Long live Liberty! Long live Independence!” - -“Long live the Fatherland!” shouted the crowds, as they caught up his -words and passed them along from the square to the streets beyond. - -The bells of the city rang out a joyous peal. Cannon were fired. And -such a roar of voices went up as was never heard before in Lima. - -Then from the platform silver medals were rained down on the crowds. On -each was inscribed:-- - - _Lima, being liberated, swore its Independence on the 28th of July, - 1821, under the protection of the Liberating Army of Peru, - commanded by San Martin._ - -San Martin adopted the title of “Protector of Peru.” He took upon -himself the temporary government of the country until its Independence -should be assured. - -“I do not want military renown,” said San Martin, “I have no ambition to -be the conqueror of Peru. I want solely to liberate the country from -oppression.” - - - - -HAIL! NEIGHBOUR REPUBLICS! - - -San Martin continued to wage his successful campaign against the -Spaniards. Now, let us leave him and Peru for a moment. - -Let us turn to the United States and see what we were doing about all -this. - -We recognized our sister Republics for the first time on March 8, 1822. - -On that day President Monroe sent a special message to Congress saying, -“the Provinces belonging to this hemisphere are our neighbours.” He -recommended that Congress should recognize as independent Nations, -Colombia, Chile, Peru, Mexico, and Argentina, then called La Plata. - -Brazil had already acknowledged them; so the United States was the -second Power to hold out the hand of fellowship to our neighbours. -England followed soon after. - -This acknowledgment of a brave People’s struggle for freedom, came after -more than twenty years of terrible warfare. - -Our neighbour Republics--recognized in 1822,--have the honour of having -won their own Liberty without the aid of foreign Allies. For though they -had the sympathy of all free Peoples, and the moral support of both the -English and the United States Governments, and though hundreds of -foreign young men--whole legions of them--volunteered in the Patriot -Armies and shed their blood for Spanish-American Independence, yet the -Patriots of the Southern Republics had to stand up alone and unaided by -any Government. - -They won their Independence by patient endurance of every conceivable -suffering, by rising above momentary defeats, and by courageously -persisting to the end under the command of their devoted Liberators. - -In the language of San Martin, “God granted them success.” - - - - -AMERICA FOR THE AMERICANS - - -So at last, the Spanish-American Republics were recognized. Their -Freedom was practically won. - -But the Kings of Continental Europe felt their thrones tottering and -their crowns loosened. - -After the wars of Napoleon, the whole of Europe was in political -ferment. So it always happens after long wars. - -The Peoples of Continental Europe, who for generations had been -down-trodden by Kings and Emperors, had learned from the United States -and France, of such things as Liberty, Constitutions, and the right of -Peoples to a voice in their own government. Everywhere the Peoples of -Europe were preparing to demand constitutional governments. Then, too, a -wave of infidelity was sweeping through the world, the result of the -terrible French Revolution. - -Then, in 1815, the three Kings of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, formed a -league called the Holy Alliance. - -Its original purpose was lofty. It was at first, a very pious affair. - -The Holy Allies agreed to take under their Christian protection the -Kingdoms of Europe, and to govern their three Peoples as one People by -the dictates of the Holy Religion of Christ. They pledged themselves to -bring about a reign of charity, justice, and peace for Europe. The Holy -Allies claimed to be divinely appointed to do all this. Spain, France, -Naples, and Sardinia joined them. England did not become a member for -though she has a monarch, she has a Constitutional Government. - -It was not long before this Holy Alliance became a hotbed of European -intrigue, and developed into a subtle political league to destroy the -awakening liberties of the World. - -The Holy Allies conspired to put down all democratic principles, and -stamp out all representative government from Europe. They also conspired -to prevent the formation of any new Republics in other parts of the -World, and to chain the liberty of the Press, which is the Voice of the -People. Thus these Holy Allies joined forces to uphold the divine right -of Kings and the tyranny of absolute monarchies. - -Their next move was to promise Spain to help destroy the -Spanish-American Republics, and thus restore to her her lost Colonies. - -This was after we had acknowledged the Independence of those Republics. - -The Holy Allies planned to _invade America_ with their Army. - -When this news reached the United States, there was a furore. And, when -added to this news, it was announced that Russia was laying plans to -colonize the Pacific coast of North America, there was great indignation -in this country. - -It was then, that President Monroe, on December 2, 1823, gave to the -World the famous MONROE DOCTRINE, which is this:-- - - _To the defense of our own [Government], which has been achieved by - the loss of so much blood and treasure ... and under which we have - enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole Nation is devoted._ - - _That the American continents, by the free and independent - conditions which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth - not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any - European Powers...._ - - _We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their - system to any portion of this hemisphere, as dangerous to our peace - and safety._ ... - - _But with the Governments (the Spanish American Republics) who have - declared their Independence and maintained it, and whose - Independence we have ... acknowledged, we could not view any - interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in - any other manner their destiny by any European Power, in any other - light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward - the United States._ ... - -This is the MONROE DOCTRINE. - -AMERICA FOR THE AMERICANS, American Independence, is what it means. - - - - -WHAT ONE AMERICAN DID - -_October 9, 1820_ - - -Now, to return to South America and its struggle: - -“That was bravely and cleverly done!” exclaimed Joseph Villamil. - -Villamil was an American, a citizen of the United States, who had cast -in his lot with the Spanish-American Patriots. At his house in Guayaquil -(a city now a part of Ecuador) the local Patriots met to discuss plans. - -The Province and city of Guayaquil lay on the northern border of Peru. -They were still under Spanish rule. They were garrisoned by 1500 Spanish -soldiers. - -The Patriots decided to capture the garrison. So while San Martin was -preparing to besiege Lima, they set out from Villamil’s house, led by a -Venezuelan officer. Villamil accompanied them with a band of Englishmen -and North Americans, who were eager to help in the attack. - -They took the garrison in double-quick time, and with very little -bloodshed at that, for scarcely eight men were killed. - -“That was bravely and cleverly done!” said Villamil. - -And that he himself had fought bravely and cleverly during the attack, -was soon proven, for the Provisional Government of Guayaquil despatched -him aboard a schooner to carry the good news to Lord Cochrane and San -Martin. - -Some time after, there took place at Guayaquil one of the most amazing -meetings the world has ever seen. - - - - -THE AMAZING MEETING - - -This amazing meeting at Guayaquil, was like the dramatic climax of an -exciting story. - -There was a mystery in it. - -It happened a few months after the freeing of Guayaquil. The people of -the city, dressed in their gayest clothes, were crowding along the -streets, and craning their necks to watch for a procession. - -Triumphal arches spanned the streets. On each arch was inscribed:-- - - BOLIVAR! - -And while the people watched eagerly, lo, the new white and blue flag of -independent Guayaquil was hauled down from the gunboats on the river, -and in its place were run up the red, yellow, and blue colours of the -great new Republic of Colombia, which had just been formed to the North -of Guayaquil. - -Then there was a sudden burst of military music, and under the -triumphal arches marched a procession of officers in brilliant uniforms -and soldiers with bayonets. And astride his war-horse, cocked hat in -hand, rode Simon Bolivar, the Venezuelan Liberator, small, erect, and -elegant. - -He had been leading his conquering Army down from the North, driving out -the Spaniards; while at the same time, San Martin had been freeing the -Republics of Argentina and Chile and convoying his Army up from the -South to the liberation of Peru. - -It was General Bolivar who had founded the new and great Republic of -Colombia, and had given it a constitutional government. He was now come -to Guayaquil on his way to liberate Peru. - -He rode thus proudly under the arches that bore his name. His alert, -bright, black eyes turned to the right and left as he took in every -detail around him. - -Soon after this, the Amazing Meeting took place. - -San Martin the Protector arrived at Guayaquil to confer with Bolivar. - -Strong Spanish forces were gathering in Peru, concentrating for a -terrible, and final struggle. San Martin’s Army had been weakened by -disease and losses. He was now come to ask Bolivar to join his forces -with the Patriot Army in Peru and so help bring the war to a quick, -decisive end. - -Thus the two great Patriots met in the gayly decked tropic city. One had -liberated all the northern part of Spanish America, the other had -brought Independence to two southern Republics: Bolivar small, alert, -sagacious, of vivid personality and iron will impatient of restraint, -elegantly clad in full dress uniform; San Martin, stalwart, earnest, -simple, yet strong, dressed in plain garments. - -On the result of their conference, hung the completed Freedom of all -Spanish America. - -They were left alone. - -They conferred for more than an hour. - -No one knew what they discussed. But those who caught glimpses of them, -said that Bolivar seemed agitated, while San Martin was grave and calm. - -After the conference, San Martin sent his baggage back to the ship. - -The next day, they conferred again. - -Again, nobody knew what they discussed. - -That night, San Martin went aboard his ship, and sailed for Peru. - - - - -WHAT HAPPENED AFTERWARD - - -Then came the results of that Amazing Meeting. - -San Martin returned to Peru, and announced that Bolivar was coming with -his Army to aid the Country. He then resigned his command, refusing all -the honours heaped upon him by the grateful Peruvian Government. But, he -said, that if the Republic of Peru were ever in danger, he would glory -in joining as a citizen in her defense. - -Then, to the sorrowing Peruvian People, he issued a farewell address, -assuring them, that since their Independence was secured, he was now -about to fulfil his sacred promise and leave them to govern themselves, -adding:-- - - “_God grant that success may preside over your destinies, and that - you may reach the summit of felicity and peace._” - -That same night, San Martin mounted his horse and rode away into the -darkness. He had left Peru forever. - -He passed through Chile and laid down his command; then he crossed the -Andes to rest for a while on his little farm at Mendoza. - -There the terrible news reached him that his wife had died in Buenos -Aires. All that she had meant to him, he himself expressed in the simple -words:-- - -“The wife and friend of General San Martin.” - -His trials were not yet over. For on his reaching Buenos Aires, its -officials met him coldly and scornfully. Then San Martin, ill, -sorrowful, and forsaken, took his little daughter in his arms, and -going aboard a ship sailed for Europe. Thus he left Argentina, and went -into voluntary exile. - -He never saw Buenos Aires again. Five years later, longing to retire -quietly on his farm at Mendoza, he returned to Argentina. He never left -the ship. He learned that if he did so, old political factions would -rise up again, and civil war might threaten Argentina. So he sailed back -to Europe. - -There he looked after his daughter’s education. And in his old age, he -lived comfortably in a small country house on the bank of the Seine. He -cared for his garden, tended his flowers, and read his books, until his -sight began to fail. - -At the age of seventy-two, still a voluntary exile for the good of his -Country, he died in his dear daughter’s arms. - -“I desire,” said he, “that my heart should rest in Buenos Aires.” - - - - -THE MYSTERY SOLVED - - -What was the mystery, that had made San Martin at the height of his -success, bow his head in silence and go into voluntary exile? - -His enemies reviled him. Even some of his friends accused him of -deserting his post in time of need. But he neither complained nor -explained. - -A great act of self-abnegation may not be hidden forever. Years passed -by, then San Martin’s noble purpose came to light. - -At that Amazing Meeting, after he and Bolivar had exchanged opposing -views as to the best form of government for Spanish America, they began -to discuss the liberation of Peru. - -Bolivar refused to enter Peru or to allow his Army to do so without the -consent of the Congress of Colombia. He politely offered to lend San -Martin a few troops, altogether too few to aid in the subjection of the -large Spanish forces gathering in Peru for the final decisive struggle. - -San Martin, at a glance, read the Liberator’s purpose. He saw before him -a brilliant General “of a constancy to which difficulties only added -strength,” who by joining his Army to that of Peru, Argentina, and -Chile, could make sure for all time to come, the liberation of the whole -of Spanish America. But it was also plain to San Martin that Bolivar -would never consent to share his command with any other man. - -Therefore, San Martin offered to lay down the sword of supreme command -of his forces in Peru, and serve as an ordinary officer under Bolivar. - -This Bolivar refused. - -San Martin was pushed to the wall. There was left only one of two things -for him to do--either to return to Peru and wage an unequal and -possibly losing warfare against the Spaniards without the help of -Bolivar,--or to withdraw. - -He withdrew in silence. - -But why in silence? Why did he not explain so that people might -understand and not misjudge him? - -In a letter that he wrote from Peru to Bolivar, giving his reasons for -retiring, he told why he was silent:-- - - “_The sentiments which this letter contains will remain buried in - the most profound silence. If they were to become public, our - enemies might profit by them and injure the cause of Liberty; while - ambitious and intriguing people might use them to foment discord._” - -Again he said, “It shall not be San Martin who will give a day’s delight -to the enemy.” - -And on leaving Peru, he said in his farewell to the People, “My -countrymen, as in most affairs, will be divided in opinion--their -children will give a true verdict.” - - * * * * * - -And their children have justified his faith. - -To-day, his body rests in the Cathedral of Buenos Aires. - -And to-day the school-children of Argentina are taught to love and -reverence the Father of their Country who never thought of himself--Jose -de San Martin. - - - - -MARCH 15 - -ANDREW JACKSON OLD HICKORY - - -_Our Federal Union: It must and shall be preserved!_ - -ANDREW JACKSON’S _Toast on Jefferson’s Birthday_ - - - _I want to say that Andrew Jackson was a Tennessean; but Andrew - Jackson was an American, and there is not a State in this Nation - that cannot claim him, that has not the right to claim him as a - national hero...._ - - _I should not say that Old Hickory was faultless. I do not know - very many strong men that have not got some of the defects of their - qualities. But Andrew Jackson was as upright a Patriot, as honest a - man, as fearless a gentleman, as ever any Nation had in public or - private life._ - -_President_ THEODORE ROOSEVELT - - - ANDREW JACKSON was born in the Carolinas, March 15, 1767 - - Won the Battle of Talladega against the Creeks, 1813 - - Won the Battle of New Orleans against the British, January 8, 1815 - - Was made Governor of Florida, 1821 - - Was elected President, 1828; again, 1832 - - He died, June 8, 1845 - - He is sometimes called “Old Hickory” - - - - -MISCHIEVOUS ANDY - - -“Set the case! You are Shauney Kerr’s mare, and me Billy Buck. And I -should mount you, and you should kick, fall, fling, and break your neck, -should I be to blame for that?” - -Imagine this gibberish, roared out by a sandy-haired boy, as he came -leaping from the door of a log-schoolhouse, ready to defy all the other -boys to a race, a wrestle, or a jumping match, while he playfully laid -sprawling as many of his friends as he could trip unawares. - -There you have Andy Jackson! - -Andy, tall, lank, red-headed, blue-eyed, freckled, barefoot, and dressed -in coarse copperas-coloured clothes, was the son of a poor Scotch Irish -widow. He was born and reared in the Carolinas. He lived with his mother -in the Waxhaws Settlement. His home was a log-cabin in a clearing. - -His mother earned her living and that of her two youngest boys. She had -great ambitions for Andy. She sent him to school in the little -log-schoolhouse. And, when she had earned enough money, she paid his -tuition at a country academy. - -No boy ever lived who liked fun better than Andy. He ran foot-races, -leaped the bar, and high-jumped. To the younger boys, who never -questioned his mastery, he was a generous protector. There was nothing -he would not do to defend them. - -But boys of his own age and older, found him self-willed, somewhat -overbearing, easily offended, very irascible, and on the whole difficult -to get along with. - -He learned to read, write, and cast accounts--little more. - -_James Parton_ (_Retold_) - - - - -READING THE DECLARATION - - -Andy was nine years old when the Declaration of Independence was signed -at Philadelphia. - -In August, some one brought a Philadelphia newspaper to the Waxhaws. It -contained a portion of the Declaration. A crowd of Waxhaw Patriots -gathered in front of the country store owned by Andy’s Uncle Crawford. -They were eager to hear the Declaration read aloud. Andy was chosen to -read it. - -He did so proudly in a shrill, penetrating voice. He read the whole -thing through without once stopping to spell out the words. And that was -more than many of the grown men of the Waxhaws could do in those pioneer -days, when frontier log-schoolhouses were few and far between. - - - - -OUT AGAINST TARLETON - - -Andrew Jackson was little more than thirteen, when the British Tarleton -with his dragoons, thundered along the red roads of the Waxhaws, and -dyed them a deeper red with the blood of the surprised Patriot Militia. -For Tarleton fell upon the Waxhaws settlement, and killed one hundred -and thirteen of the Militia, and wounded a hundred and fifty more. - -The wounded men were abandoned to the care of the settlers, and -quartered in the cabins, and in the old log Waxhaw meeting-house, which -was turned into a hospital. - -Andrew’s mother was one of the kind women who nursed the soldiers in the -meeting-house. Andrew and his brother Robert assisted her in waiting -upon them. Andrew, more in rage than pity, though pitiful by nature, -burned to avenge their wounds and his brother’s death. For his eldest -brother, Hugh, had mounted his horse the year before, and ridden -southward to join the Patriot forces. He had fought gallantly, and had -died bravely. - -Tarleton’s massacre at the Waxhaws, had kindled the flames of war in all -that region of the Carolinas. The time was now come when Andrew and -Robert were to play men’s parts. Carrying their own weapons, they -mounted their grass ponies--ponies of the South Carolina swamps, rough, -Shetlandish, wild--and rode away to join the patriots. - -Andrew and Robert served in a number of actions, and were finally taken -captive. - -They were at length rescued by their mother. This heroic woman arrived -at their prison, and by her efforts and entreaties, succeeded in -bringing about an exchange of prisoners. - -Andrew and Robert were brought out of prison and handed over to her. She -gazed at them in astonishment and horror,--so worn and wasted the boys -were with hunger, wounds, and disease. They were both ill with the -smallpox. Robert could not stand, nor even sit on horseback without -support. - -Two horses were procured. One, Mrs. Jackson rode herself. Robert was -placed on the other, and held in his seat by some of the prisoners to -whom Mrs. Jackson had just given liberty. - -Behind the sad procession poor Andrew dragged his weak and weary limbs, -bare-headed, bare-footed, without a jacket, his only two garments torn -and dirty. - -The forty miles of lonely wilderness to the Waxhaws were nearly -traversed, and the fevered boys were expecting in two hours more, to -enjoy the comfort of home, when a chilly, drenching rain set in. The -smallpox had reached that stage when a violent chill proves wellnigh -fatal. The boys reached home and went to bed. - -In two days Robert Jackson was dead, while Andrew was a raving maniac. -But the mother’s nursing and his own strong constitution brought Andrew -out of his peril, and set him on the way to slow recovery. - -_James Parton_ (_Retold_) - - - - -AN ORPHAN OF THE REVOLUTION - - -Andrew Jackson was no sooner out of danger, than his courageous mother -resolved to go to Charleston, a distance of nearly two hundred miles, -and do what she could for the comfort of the prisoners confined on the -reeking, disease-infested prison-ships. - -Among the many captives on the ships, suffering hunger, sickness, and -neglect, were Mrs. Jackson’s own nephews and some of her Waxhaw -neighbours. She hoped to obtain their release, as she had that of Andy -and Robert. - -She arrived at Charleston, and gained admission to the ships. She -distributed food and medicines, and brought much comfort and joy to the -haggard prisoners. - -She had been there but a little time when she was seized by ship-fever. -After a short illness she died. She was buried on the open plain, and -her grave was lost sight of. Her clothes, a sorry bundle, were sent to -her boy at the Waxhaws. - -And so Andrew Jackson, before reaching his fifteenth birthday had lost -his father, mother, and two brothers. He was an orphan, a sick and -sorrowful orphan, a homeless orphan, an orphan of the Revolution. - -Many years later on his birthday, on the very same day when he disbanded -the Army with which he had won the Battle of New Orleans, he said of his -mother:-- - -“How I wish _she_ could have lived to see this day! There never was a -woman like her. She was gentle as a dove and brave as a lioness.... - -“Her last words have been the law of my life. When the tidings of her -death reached me, I at first could not believe it. When I finally -realized the truth, I felt utterly alone.... Yes, I was alone. With that -feeling, I started to make my own way.... - -“The memory of my Mother and her teachings, were after all the only -capital I had to start in life with, and on that capital I have made my -way.” - -_James Parton and Other Sources._ - - - - -THE HOOTING IN THE WILDERNESS - - -It was night in the Tennessee Wilderness. A train of settlers from the -Carolinas, with four-wheeled ox-carts and pack-horses, and attended by -an armed guard, was winding its way along the trail through the forest -toward the frontier-town of Nashville. They had marched thirty-six -hours, a night and two days, without stopping to rest. They were keeping -a vigilant outlook for savages. - -At length, they reached what they thought was a safe camping-ground. The -tired travellers hastened to encamp. Their little tents were pitched. -Their fires were lighted. The exhausted women and children crept into -the tents, and fell asleep. - -The men, except those who were to stand sentinel during the first half -of the night, wrapped their blankets around them and lay down under the -lee of sheltering logs with their feet to the fire. - -Silence fell on the camp. - -All slept except the sentinels and one young man. He sat with his back -to a tree, smoking a corn-cob pipe. He was not handsome; but the direct -glance of his keen blue eye and his resolute expression, made him seem -so in spite of a long thin face, high forehead somewhat narrow, and -sandy-red hair falling low on his brow. - -This young man was Andrew Jackson,--mischievous Andy of the -Waxhaws,--now grown to be a clever, licensed, young lawyer. He was -going with the emigrant train to Nashville in order to hang out his sign -and practise on the frontier. - -He sat there in the Wilderness, in the darkness, peacefully smoking. He -listened to the night sounds from the forest. He was falling into a -doze, when he noted the various hoots of owls in the forest around him. - -“A remarkable country this, for owls,” he thought, as he closed his eyes -and fell asleep. - -Just then an owl, whose hooting had sounded at a distance, suddenly -uttered a peculiar cry close to the camp. - -In a moment, young Jackson was the widest awake man in Tennessee. - -He grasped his rifle, and crept cautiously to where his friend Searcy -was sleeping, and woke him quietly. - -“Searcy,” said he, “raise your head and make no noise.” - -“What’s the matter?” asked Searcy. - -“The owls--listen--there--there again! Isn’t that a little _too_ -natural?” - -“Do you think so?” asked Searcy. - -“I know it,” replied young Jackson. “There are Indians all around us. I -have heard them in every direction. They mean to attack before -daybreak.” - -In a few minutes, the men of the camp were aroused. The experienced -woodsmen among them listened to the hooting, and agreed with young -Jackson, that there were Indians in the forest. Jackson advised that the -camp should be instantly and quietly broken up, and the march resumed. - -This was done, and the company heard nothing more of the savages. - -But a party of hunters who reached the same camping-ground an hour after -the company had left it, lay down by the fires and slept. Before day -dawned, the Indians were upon them, and killed all except one of the -party. - -But the long train of emigrants, men, women and children, were safely -continuing their wearisome journey through the Wilderness. At last, they -reached Nashville to the joy of the settlers there. - -And a great piece of news young Andrew Jackson brought with him to -Nashville--the Constitution of the United States had just been ratified -and adopted by a majority of the States of the Union. - -_James Parton_ (_Retold_) - - - - -FORT MIMS - - -The War of 1812 was made terrible by an uprising of the Indians. The -Creeks, incited and armed by British officers, attacked Fort Mims in -Alabama, and, with unspeakable atrocities, massacred over five hundred -helpless men, women, and children. - -The howling savages at their bloody work made so hideous a scene, that -even their Chief, a half-breed Indian named Weatherford, was filled with -horror. He tried to protect the women and children. But his savage -followers broke all restraint, and nothing could stop their cruel -butchery. The Creeks ended by setting fire to the ruins of the fort. - -This Indian massacre at Fort Mims was one of the bloodiest in history. - -The news reached Tennessee, arousing the country. Andrew Jackson rose -from a sick-bed, called together an army of volunteers, and led them -against the Creeks. - - - - -DAVY CROCKETT - -_“Go ahead!” Davy Crockett’s motto_ - - -When Andrew Jackson called for volunteers to punish the Creeks, Davy -Crockett, the famous Tennessee bear-hunter, came hurrying to enlist. He -was a backwoodsman, born and reared in a log cabin in the Wilderness. - -Armed with his long rifle and hunting-knife, dressed in a hunting-shirt -and fox-skin cap with the tail hanging down behind, he was a -picturesque figure. - -He was merry as well as fearless, and kept the soldiers in a constant -roar of laughter with his jokes and funny stories. He was kind-hearted, -and gave away his money to any soldier who needed it. - -“Go ahead!” was his motto whenever facing difficulty or dangers. - -Some years after the Creek War, he took part in the struggle for Liberty -in Texas. - -With Travis and Bowie, he defended the Alamo. - -“Go ahead! Liberty and Independence for ever!” wrote Davy Crockett in -his diary just before the Alamo fell. - - - - -CHIEF WEATHERFORD - - -Andrew Jackson carried forward his Indian campaign with crushing effect. -Blow after blow fell upon the doomed Creeks, and at the Battle of the -Horseshoe, he annihilated their power for ever. - -The Creeks were conquered; but their Chief, Weatherford, was still at -large. Andrew Jackson gave orders for his pursuit and capture. He wished -to punish him for his part in the massacre at Fort Mims. - -The Creek force under Weatherford had melted away. The warriors who were -left after the battle, had taken flight to a place of safety, leaving -him alone in the forest with a multitude of Indian women and children, -widows and orphans, perishing for want of food. - -It was then that Weatherford gave a shining example of humanity and -heroism. He might have fled to safety with the rest of his war-party. He -chose to remain and to attempt, at the sacrifice of his own life, to -save from starvation the women and children who were with him. - -He mounted his gray steed, and directed his course to General Jackson’s -camp. When only a few miles from there, a fine deer crossed his path and -stopped within shooting distance. Weatherford shot the deer and placed -it on his horse behind the saddle. - -Reloading his rifle with two balls, for the purpose of shooting Big -Warrior, a leading Chief friendly to the Americans, if he gave him any -trouble, Weatherford rode on. He soon reached the outposts of the camp. -He politely inquired of a group of soldiers where General Jackson was. -An old man pointed out the General’s tent, and the fearless Chief rode -up to it. - -Before the entrance of the tent sat Big Warrior himself. Seeing -Weatherford, he cried out in an insulting tone:-- - -“Ah! Bill Weatherford, have we got you at last?” - -With a glance of fire at Big Warrior, Weatherford replied with an -oath:-- - -“Traitor! if you give me any insolence, I will blow a ball through your -cowardly heart!” - -General Jackson now came running out of the tent. - -“How dare you,” exclaimed the General furiously, “ride up to my tent -after having murdered the women and children at Fort Mims?” - -“General Jackson,” replied Weatherford with dignity, “I am not afraid of -you. I fear no man, for I am a Creek warrior. - -“I have nothing to request in behalf of myself. You can kill me if you -desire. But I come to beg you to send for the women and children of the -war-party, who are now starving in the woods. Their fields and cribs -have been destroyed by your people, who have driven them to the woods -without an ear of corn. I hope that you will send out parties who will -conduct them safely here, in order that they may be fed. - -“I exerted myself in vain to prevent the massacre of the women and -children at Fort Mims. I am now done fighting. The Red Sticks are nearly -all killed. If I could fight you any longer, I would most heartily do -so. - -“Send for the women and children. They never did you any harm. But kill -me, if the white people want it done.” - -While he was speaking, a crowd of officers and soldiers gathered around -the tent. Associating the name of Weatherford with the oft-told horrors -of the massacre, and not understanding what was going forward, the -soldiers cast upon the Chief glances of hatred and aversion. Many of -them cried out:-- - -“Kill him! Kill him! Kill him!” - -“Silence!” exclaimed Jackson. - -And the clamour was hushed. - -“Any man,” added the General, with great energy, “who would kill as -brave a man as this, would rob the dead!” - -He then requested Weatherford to alight, and enter his tent. Which the -Chief did, bringing in with him the deer he had killed by the way, and -presenting it to the General. - -Jackson accepted the gift, and invited Weatherford to drink a glass of -brandy. But Weatherford refused to drink, saying:-- - -“General, I am one of the few Indians who do not drink liquor. But I -would thank you for a little tobacco.” - -Jackson gave him some tobacco, and they then discussed terms of peace. -Weatherford explained that he wished peace, in order that his Nation -might be relieved of their sufferings and the women and children saved. - -“If you wish to continue the war,” said General Jackson, “you are at -liberty to depart unharmed; but if you desire peace you may remain, and -you shall be protected.” - -And as Weatherford desired peace, General Jackson sent for the women and -children and had them fed and cared for. - -When the war was over, Weatherford again became a planter, for he had -been a prosperous one before he led his Nation, the Creeks, on the -war-path. - -He lived many years in peace with white men and red, respected by his -neighbours for his bravery, honour, and good native common-sense. - -To the day of his death, Weatherford deeply regretted the massacre at -Fort Mims. “My warriors,” said he, “were like famished wolves. And the -first taste of blood made their appetites insatiable.” - -_James Parton and Other Stories._ - - - - -SAM HOUSTON - - -Years before the fall of the Alamo, during the Creek War, at the Battle -of the Horseshoe, Andrew Jackson had just given the order for a part of -his troops to charge the Indian breastwork. The troops rushed forward -with loud shouts. - -The first in that rush was a young Lieutenant, Sam Houston.[5] As he -led the way across the breastwork, a barbed arrow struck deep into his -thigh. He tried to pull it out, but could not. He called to an officer, -and asked him to draw it out. - -The officer tugged at its shaft twice, but failed. - -“Try again!” shouted Sam Houston, lifting his sword, “and if you fail -this time, I will smite you to the earth!” - -The officer, with a desperate effort, pulled out the arrow. A stream of -blood gushed from the wound. Sam Houston recrossed the breastwork to the -rear, to have it dressed. - -A surgeon dressed it and staunched the flow of blood. Just then Andrew -Jackson rode up to see who was wounded. Recognizing his daring -lieutenant, he forbade him to return to the fight. - -Under any other circumstances, Sam Houston would have obeyed without a -word. But now he begged the General to allow him to go back to his men. -General Jackson ordered him most peremptorily not to cross the -breastwork again. - -But Sam Houston was determined to die in that battle or win fame for -ever. And soon after, when General Jackson called for volunteers to -storm a ravine, Sam Houston rushed into the thick of the fight, and the -next minute he was leading on his men. He received two rifle-balls in -his right shoulder, and his left arm fell shattered at his side. At -last, exhausted by the loss of blood he dropped to the ground. - -He eventually recovered; and the military prowess and heroism which he -had displayed throughout this battle, secured for him the lasting regard -of Old Hickory. - -_Retold from the “Life of Sam Houston”_ - - - - -WHY JACKSON WAS NAMED OLD HICKORY - - -When Andrew Jackson, with his Tennessee riflemen, was camping at Natchez -waiting for orders to move on to New Orleans, he received a despatch -from the War Department. It ordered him to dismiss his men at once. - -Jackson’s indignation and rage knew no bounds. Dismiss them without pay, -without means of transportation, without provision for the sick! Never! -He himself would march them home again through the savage Wilderness, at -his own expense! Such was his determination. - -And when his little Army set out from Natchez for its march of five -hundred miles through the Wilderness, there were a hundred and fifty men -on the sick-list, of whom fifty-six could not raise their heads from the -pillow. There were but eleven wagons to convey them. The most -desperately ill were placed in the wagons. The rest of the sick were -mounted on the horses of the officers. - -General Jackson had three fine horses, and gave them up to the sick, -himself briskly trudging on foot. Day after day, he tramped gayly along -the miry roads, never tired, and always ready with a cheering word for -others. - -They marched with extraordinary speed, averaging eighteen miles a day, -and performing the whole journey in less than a month. And yet the sick -men rapidly recovered under the reviving influence of a homeward march. - -“Where am I?” asked one young fellow who had been lifted to his place in -a wagon, when insensible and apparently dying. - -“On your way _home_!” cried the General merrily. - -And the young soldier began to improve from that hour, and reached home -in good health. - -Many of the volunteers had heard so much of Jackson’s violent and hasty -temper, that they had joined the corps with a certain dread and -hesitation, fearing not the enemy, nor the marches, nor diseases and -wounds, so much as the swift wrath of their Commander. How surprised -were they to find, that though there was a whole volcano of wrath in -their General, yet to the men of his command, so long as they did their -duty and longer, he was the most gentle, patient, considerate, and -generous of friends. - -It was on this homeward march that the nickname of Old Hickory was -bestowed upon Andrew Jackson by his men. First of all the remark was -made by a soldier, who was struck with his wonderful pedestrian powers, -that the General was _tough_. Next it was observed of him that he was as -_tough as hickory_. Then he was called _Hickory_. Lastly the -affectionate adjective _old_ was prefixed. And ever after he was known -as Old Hickory. - -_James Parton_ (_Retold_) - - - - -THE COTTON-BALES - - -We have all heard tell that Andrew Jackson and his riflemen fought the -Battle of New Orleans from behind cotton-bales. - -This is a mistake. Yet it is true that Old Hickory did commandeer a -whole cargo of cotton-bales, and with them built a bastion in front of -his guns. But at the very first bombardment, the balls from the British -batteries knocked the bales in all directions, while wads from the -American guns and spurting flames from the muzzles of the rifles set -some of the bales afire. They fell smouldering into the ditch outside, -and lay there sending up smoke and choking odours. - -When the bombardment was over, the American soldiers dragged the unburnt -cotton-bales to the rear. They cut them open and used the layers of -cotton for beds. - - - - -AFTER THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS - - -The British troops had retreated before the savage crackling of the -Tennessee and Kentucky rifles. The American artillery, which had -continued to play upon the British batteries, ceased their fire for the -guns to cool and the dense smoke to roll away. - -The whole American Army crowded in triumph to the parapet, and looked -over into the field. - -What a scene was gradually disclosed to them! The plain was covered and -heaped with the British dead and wounded. The American soldiers, to -their credit be it repeated, were appalled and silenced at the sight -before them. - -Dressed in their gay uniforms, cleanly shaven and attired for the -promised victory and triumphal entry into New Orleans, these stalwart -men lay on the gory field frightful examples of the horrors of war. -Strangely did they contrast with those ragged, begrimed, long-haired -pioneer men who, crowding the American parapet, stood surveying the -destruction their long-rifles had caused. - -On the edge of the woods, there were many British soldiers who, being -slightly wounded, had concealed themselves under brush and in the trees. -And it was pitiable to hear the cries for help and water that arose from -every quarter of the field. - -As the Americans gazed on this scene of desolation and suffering, a -profound and melancholy silence pervaded the Army. No sounds of -exultation or rejoicing were heard. Pity and sympathy had succeeded to -the boisterous and savage feelings which a few minutes before had -possessed their souls. - -Many of the Americans stole without leave from their positions, and with -their canteens gave water to the dying, and assisted the wounded. Those -of their enemy who could walk, the Americans led into the lines, where -they received attention from Jackson’s medical staff. Others, who were -desperately wounded, the Americans carried into camp on their backs. - -Jackson sent a message to New Orleans to despatch all the carts and -vehicles to the lines. Late in the day, a long procession of these carts -was seen slowly winding its way along the levee from the field of -battle. They contained the British wounded. - -The citizens of New Orleans, men and women, pressed forward to tender -every aid to their suffering enemies. By private subscription, the -citizens supplied mattresses and pillows, lint and old linen; all of -which articles were then exceedingly scarce in the city. Women-nurses -cared for the British, and watched at their bedsides night and day. -Several of the officers, who were grievously wounded, were taken to -private residences and there provided with every comfort. - -Such acts as these ennoble humanity, and soften the horrors of war. - -_James Parton_ (_Retold_) - - - - -APRIL 13 - -THOMAS JEFFERSON - -THE FRAMER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE - - -_All honour to Jefferson--to the man, who, in the concrete pressure of a -struggle for National Independence by a single People, had the coolness, -forecast, and capacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document -an abstract truth applicable to all men and all times; and so to embalm -it there, that to-day and in all coming days, it shall be a rebuke and a -stumbling-block to the very harbingers of reappearing tyranny and -oppression._ - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN - - - - -THE FOURTH OF JULY - -1826 - - - _“Is it the Fourth?” “No, not yet,” they answered, “but ’t - will soon be early morn. - We will wake you, if you slumber, when the day begins to dawn.” - Then the statesman left the present, lived again amid the past, - Saw, perhaps, the peopled Future, lived again amid the Past, - Till the flashes of the morning lit the far horizon low, - And the sun’s rays, o’er the forest in the East, began to glow._ - - * * * * * - - _Evening, in majestic shadows, fell upon the fortress’ walls; - Sweetly were the last bells ringing on the James and on the Charles. - ’Mid the choruses of Freedom, two departed victors lay, - One beside the blue Rivanna, one by Massachusetts Bay._ - - HEZEKIAH BUTTERWORTH (_Condensed_) - - THOMAS JEFFERSON was born in Virginia, April 13, 1743 - - Framed the Declaration of Independence, 1776 - - Was elected Governor of Virginia, 1779 - - Appointed Secretary of State in Washington’s Cabinet, 1789 - - Elected third President of the United States, 1800 - - He died on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the - Declaration of Independence, the Fourth of July, 1826 - - He was called the Sage of Monticello. Monticello was the name of - his fine country estate. - - - - -THE BOY OWNER OF SHADWELL FARM - - -Thomas Jefferson was a boy of seventeen, tall, raw-boned, freckled, and -sandy-haired. He came to Williamsburg from the far west of Virginia, to -enter the College of William and Mary. - -With his large feet and hands, his thick wrists, and prominent cheek -bones and chin, he could not have been accounted handsome or graceful. -He is described, however, as a fresh, bright, healthy-looking youth, as -straight as a gun-barrel, sinewy and strong, with that alertness of -movement which comes of early familiarity with saddle, gun, canoe, and -minuet. His teeth, too, were perfect. His eyes, which were of -hazel-gray, were beaming and expressive. - -His home, Shadwell Farm, was a hundred and fifty miles to the north-west -of Williamsburg among the mountains of central Virginia. It was a plain, -spacious farmhouse, a story and a half high, with four large rooms and a -wide entry on the ground floor, and many garret chambers above. The farm -was nineteen hundred acres of land, part of it densely wooded, and some -of it so steep and rocky as to be unfit for cultivation. The farm was -tilled by thirty slaves. - -And Thomas Jefferson, this student of seventeen, through the death of -his father, was already the head of the family, and under a guardian, -the owner of Shadwell Farm, the best portion of his father’s estate. - -His father, Peter Jefferson, had been a wonder of physical force and -stature. He had the strength of three strong men. Two hogsheads of -tobacco, each weighing a thousand pounds, he could raise at once from -their sides, and stand them upright. When surveying in the Wilderness, -he could tire out his assistants, and tire out his mules; then eat his -mules, and still press on, sleeping alone by night in a hollow tree to -the howling of the wolves, till his task was done. - -From this natural chief of men, Thomas Jefferson derived his stature, -his erectness, and his bodily strength. - -_James Parton_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -A CHRISTMAS GUEST - - -Shadwell Farm was a good farm to grow up on. Thomas Jefferson and his -noisy crowd of schoolfellows hunted on a mountain near by, which -abounded in deer, turkeys, foxes, and other game. Jefferson was a keen -hunter, eager for a fox, swift of foot and sound of wind, coming in -fresh and alert after a long day’s clambering hunt. - -He studied hard, for he liked books as much as fox-hunting. Soon he -began to be impatient to enter college. Then, too, he had never seen a -town nor even a village of twenty houses, and he was curious to know -something of the great world. His guardian consenting, he bade farewell -to his mother and sisters, and set off for Williamsburg, a five days’ -long ride from his home. - -But just before he started for college, he stayed over the holidays at a -merry house in Hanover County, where he met, for the first time, a -jovial blade named Patrick Henry, noted then only for fiddling, dancing, -mimicry, and practical jokes. - -Jefferson and Henry became great friends. Jefferson had not a suspicion -of the wonderful talent that lay undeveloped in the prime mover of all -the fun of that merry company. While as little, doubtless, did Patrick -Henry see in this slender sandy-haired lad, a political leader and -associate. - -Yet only a few years later, in May 1765, Patrick Henry was elected a -member of the House of Burgesses, and Jefferson was become a brilliant -law student. - -In 1775, Jefferson was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress, -that declared the Independence of the United States of America. - -_James Parton_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -THE AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION - - -The English settlers of Virginia, brought with them English rights and -liberties. The settlers and their descendants were “forever to enjoy all -liberties, franchises, and immunities enjoyed by Englishmen in England.” -They received from England the right to make their own laws, if not -contrary to the laws of England. - -It was a Governor of Virginia who summoned the first representative -Assembly that ever met in America, the first American Colonial -Legislature. This happened about a year before the Pilgrim Fathers -reached the New World, and drew up the Mayflower Compact. - -It was not strange, therefore, that Thomas Jefferson, born and reared in -the atmosphere of Virginia Freedom, should have been a Patriot who -fearlessly defended American Liberty. - -He was also a man of unusual intellectual power and a writer of elegant -prose. So when Congress appointed a Committee to draft the Declaration -of Independence, he was made a member of that Committee. - -When the Committee met, the other members asked Thomas Jefferson to -compose the draft. He did so. The Committee admired his draft so much, -that with but few changes, they submitted it to Congress. - -After a fiery debate, some alterations being made, Congress adopted -Thomas Jefferson’s draft, as the Declaration of Independence of the -United States of America. - - - - -PROCLAIM LIBERTY - -_July 4, 1776_ - - -The Declaration was signed! America was free! - -Joyously the great bell in the steeple of the State House at -Philadelphia, swung its iron tongue and pealed forth the glad news, -proclaiming Liberty throughout all the land. - -The tidings spread from city to city, from village to village, from farm -to farm. There was shouting, rejoicing, bonfires, and thanksgiving. -Copies of the Declaration were sent to all the States. Washington had it -proclaimed at the head of his troops; while far away in the Waxhaws, -nine year old Andrew Jackson read it aloud to an eager crowd of -backwoods settlers. - -The great bell--the Liberty Bell--that had proclaimed Liberty, was -carefully treasured. To-day, it may be seen in Independence Hall, as the -old State House is now called. - -Around the crown of the Liberty Bell are inscribed the words which God -Almighty commanded the Hebrews to proclaim to all the Hebrew People, -every fifty years, so that they should not oppress one another:-- - - _Proclaim Liberty throughout all the Land, - Unto all the inhabitants thereof._ - -Twenty-three years before the Declaration of Independence was signed, -these prophetic words from the Bible had been inscribed upon the crown -of that great Bell. - - - - -ONLY A REPRIEVE - - _Fondly do we hope,--fervently do we pray,--that this mighty - scourge of War may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it - continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman’s two hundred - and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every - drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid by another drawn with - the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must - be said, “The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous - altogether.”_ - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN - - - - -There were two statements in the Declaration of Independence, which must -have profoundly disturbed its Signers:-- - -“All men are created equal,” and have the right “to Life, Liberty, and -the pursuit of Happiness.” - -Many of the Signers were slave-holders. - -Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, the Framer of the Declaration, was an -Abolitionist, and an active one, throwing the weight of his great -influence against the institution of slavery. - -He earnestly believed that all men--white and black alike--are born -equal. So, when he was asked to frame the Declaration of Independence, -he put into it a clause condemning the slave-trade, as an “assemblage of -horrors.” During the debate in the Convention, this clause was stricken -out. - -Though Jefferson had his reasons for not freeing his own slaves, he -continued to speak and write against slavery as a violation of human -rights and liberties. - -“This abomination must have an end,” he said. - -There were other Americans who believed as he did. - -George Washington, in his Will, left their freedom to his slaves, to be -given them after his wife’s death. He ordered a fund to be set aside for -the support of all his old and sick slaves, and he bade his heirs see to -it that the young negroes were taught to read and write and to carry on -some useful occupation. - -Kosciuszko was Jefferson’s intimate friend, and like him a believer in -Freedom for all men, without regard to race or colour. Before he left -America, Kosciuszko made a will turning over his American property to -Jefferson, for the purchase of slaves from their owners and for their -education, so that when free, they might earn their living and become -worthy citizens. - -From the time of Jefferson until the Civil War, slavery to be or not to -be, was the burning question. Men and women, specially those belonging -to the Society of Friends, devoted their lives to the abolition of -slavery. - -Many of these Abolitionists were mobbed, and otherwise persecuted, -because of their humane efforts. William Lloyd Garrison was the great -leader of the Abolitionists. “The Quaker Poet” Whittier was also a -leader in the agitation against slavery. - -But to go back to Thomas Jefferson: When the Missouri Compromise went -into effect, and “the house was divided against itself,” Jefferson was -deeply and terribly stirred. He looked far into the future. - -“This momentous question,” he wrote, “like a fire-bell in the night, -awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell -of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a -_reprieve_ only--not a final sentence.” - -And again he said:-- - -“I tremble for my Country, when I reflect that God is just; that His -justice cannot sleep for ever.” - -First the reprieve! Then as the crime was continued, the execution of -the sentence! Nearly a hundred years of slavery passed after the framing -of the Declaration, then on North and South fell the terrible -retributive punishment of the Civil War. - - - - -ON THE FOURTH OF JULY - -1826 - - -It was the Fourth of July, the fiftieth anniversary of the Signing of -the Declaration of Independence. - -In his home at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson had closed his eyes for ever -on the Fourth of July, the fiftieth anniversary of the Signing of the -Declaration of Independence. - - - - -MAY 29 - -PATRICK HENRY - -THE ORATOR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE - - - _I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me - Liberty or give me Death!_ - -PATRICK HENRY - - - - - - -TO THE READER - - - _Whether (Independence) will prove a blessing or a curse will - depend upon the use our People make of the blessings which a - gracious God hath bestowed on us._ - - _If they are wise, they will be great and happy. If they are of a - contrary character, they will be miserable. Righteoutness alone can - exalt them at a Nation._ - - _Reader!--whoever thou art, remember this; and in thy sphere - practice virtue thyself, and encourage it in others._ - -PATRICK HENRY - - - - - PATRICK HENRY was born in Virginia, May 29, 1736 - - He was elected Governor of Virginia, 1776 - - He died June 6, 1799 - - - - -THE ORATOR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE - - -_A Surprise to All_ - -In 1765, there was an important meeting of the House of Burgesses of -Virginia, as the lawmaking body of that Colony was called. They had come -together to debate upon a great question, that of the Stamp Act passed -by the British Parliament for the taxation of the Colonies. - -Most of the members were opposed to it, but they were timid and -doubtful, and dreadfully afraid of saying or doing something that might -offend the King. They talked all round the subject, but were as afraid -to come close to it as if it had been a chained wolf. - -They were almost ready to adjourn, with nothing done, when a tall and -slender young man, a new and insignificant member whom few knew, rose in -his seat, and began to speak upon the subject. - -Some of the rich and aristocratic members looked upon him with -indignation. What did this nobody mean in meddling with so weighty a -subject as that before them, and which they had already fully debated? -But their indignation did not trouble the young man. - -He began by offering a series of resolutions, in which he maintained -that only the Burgesses and the Governor had the right to tax the -People, and that the Stamp Act was contrary to the Constitution of the -Colony, and therefore was void. - -This was a bold resolution. No one else had dared to go so far. It -scared many of the members, and a great storm of opposition arose, but -the young man would not yield. - -He began to speak, and soon there was flowing from his lips a stream of -eloquence that took every one by surprise. Never had such glowing words -been heard in that old hall. His force and enthusiasm shook the whole -Assembly. - -Finally wrought up to the highest pitch of indignant Patriotism, he -thundered out the memorable words:-- - -“Cæsar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the -Third--” - -“Treason! Treason!” cried some of the excited members. - -But the orator went on: - -“--_may profit by their example_. If _this_ be Treason, make the most of -it!” - -His boldness carried the day. His words were irresistible. The -resolutions were adopted. Virginia took a decided stand. - -And Patrick Henry, the orator, from that time was of first rank among -American speakers. - -[Illustration: “‘TREASON! TREASON!’ CRIED SOME OF THE EXCITED -MEMBERS”] - -A zealous and daring Patriot, he had made himself a power among the -People. - - -_A Failure that was a Success_ - -Who was this man that had dared hurl defiance at the King? - -A few years before he had been looked upon as one of the most -insignificant of men, a failure in everything he undertook, an awkward, -ill-dressed, slovenly, lazy fellow, who could not even speak the king’s -English correctly. He was little better than a tavern lounger, most of -his time being spent in hunting and fishing, in playing the flute and -violin, and in telling amusing stories. - -He had tried farming and failed. He had made a pretense of studying law, -and gained admittance to the bar, though his legal knowledge was very -slight. Having almost nothing to do in the law, he spent most of his -time helping about the tavern at Hanover Court House, kept by his -father-in-law, who supported him and his family, for he had married -early. - -One day there came up a case in court which all of the leading lawyers -had refused. What was the surprise of the people, when the story went -around that Patrick Henry had offered himself on the defendants’ side. -His taking up the case was a joke to most of them, and a general burst -of laughter followed the news. Yet Patrick Henry won the case! - -He was a made man. He no longer had to lounge in his office waiting for -business. Plenty of it came to him. He set himself for the first time to -an earnest study of the law. He improved his command of language, the -dormant powers of his mind rapidly unfolded. Two years after pleading -his first case, he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses. - -We have seen how, in this body, he “set the ball of the Revolution -rolling.” - - -_Give me Liberty or Give me Death!_ - -Patrick Henry, in his spirit-stirring oration before the House of -Burgesses, had put himself on record for all time. His defiance of the -King stamped him as a warrior who had thrown his shield away and -thenceforward would fight only with the sword. - -The Patriot leaders welcomed him. He worked with Thomas Jefferson and -others upon the Committee of Correspondence, which sought to spread the -story of political events through the Colonies. He was sent to -Philadelphia as a member of the first Continental Congress. In fact, he -became one of the most active and ardent of American Patriots. - -It was in 1775 that Patrick Henry, in a convention, presented -resolutions in favour of an open appeal to arms. To this the more timid -spirits made strong opposition. The fight at Lexington had not yet taken -place, but Henry’s prophetic gaze saw it coming. In a burst of flaming -eloquence, he laid bare the tyranny of Parliament and King, declared -that there was nothing left but to fight, and ended with an outburst -thrilling in its force and intensity:-- - -“There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are -forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is -inevitable--and let it come! - -“I repeat it, sir, let it come! It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the -matter! Gentlemen may cry Peace, peace! but there is no peace. The war -is actually begun. The next gale that sweeps from the North, will bring -to our ears the clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in -the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What -would they have? Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at -the price of chains and slavery? - -“Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as -for me, give me Liberty or give me Death!” - -_Charles Morris_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -FACING DANGER - - -It was the last day of August, 1774. The Potomac was flowing lazily past -Mount Vernon. The door of the large mansion on the high river-bank stood -open. Before it were three horses saddled and bridled. Three men came -out of the house. - -One was George Washington, large, handsome, resolute, dressed for a long -journey. With him, was a tall, angular, raw-boned man, slightly -stooping, carelessly dressed, whose dark, deep-set eyes flashed with -peculiar brilliance. The third man was equally striking in appearance, -well-proportioned and graceful, his face serene and thoughtful. - -The tall raw-boned man with deep glowing eyes, was Patrick Henry; the -elegant stranger, Edmund Pendleton. They were two of Virginia’s most -devoted Patriots. - -As the three vaulted into their saddles, Washington’s wife stood in the -open doorway, trying to conceal her anxiety for him under a cheerful -manner. Her heart was very heavy. But as the three gave spurs to their -horses, she called out:-- - -“God be with you, Gentlemen!” - -And so they rode away. It was dangerous business on which they were -bent, as Martha Washington well knew. They were going to attend the -First Continental Congress at Philadelphia. They were about to defy -England. - -But the three rode away from Mount Vernon fearlessly, with her words -ringing in their ears:-- - -“God be with you, Gentlemen!” - - - - -JUNE 9 - -FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA OF VENEZUELA - -THE FLAMING SON OF LIBERTY - - - _He took part in three great political movements of his age:--the - Independence of the United States of North America; the French - Revolution; and the Independence of South America._ - -_From an inscription to Miranda, by the -Venezuelan Government_ - - - - - _The Prince of Filibusters, the Chief of the Apostles of - Spanish-American Independence, and one of the founders of the - Republic of Venezuela, Francisco de Miranda will long live in song - and story._ ... - - _The career of this Knight-Errant of Venezuela has fired the - imagination of many filibusters and revolutionists._ - -WILLIAM SPENCE ROBERTSON - - - - MIRANDA was born in Venezuela, June 9, 1756 - - Flew Venezuela’s first flag of Freedom, the Red, Yellow, and Blue, - March 12, 1806 - - Signed the Declaration of Independence of Venezuela, July 5, 1811 - - He died in Spanish chains, July 14, 1816 - - - - -THE SPANISH GALLEONS - - -I - -Have you ever read the voyages and adventures of the handsome young -Amyas Leigh, who sailed the Spanish Main with the Seawolf, Sir Francis -Drake? Have you read of Ayacanora the Indian Princess with the blowgun, -of Salvation Yeo, of the lost Rose of Devon, of the old _Mono_ of -Panama, and how Amyas and his fellows seized a gold pack-train and -captured a Spanish Treasure-Galleon? - -One of the most thrilling tales of adventure, of Spanish Gold and -Spanish Galleons, is “Westward Ho!” the story of Amyas Leigh. But before -the days of Amyas, Knight of Devon, and of the English Seawolves, the -Spanish Treasure Ships began to sail upon the Spanish Main. - -These Galleons were like huge floating castles, and were manned by armed -Spaniards. They were filled with bars of glittering gold and silver and -with other treasure of the New World. - -For after Columbus’s discovery, there had come to the New World, greedy -pearl-seekers and even greedier gold-hunters and slave-traders. They -exploited the mines and pearl-fisheries, and, capturing thousands of -helpless Indians, sold them to Spanish masters, to do all kinds of hard -labour. - -Thus Spanish America became a vast treasure-house for the Spanish Crown. -Pack-trains of Indian and negro slaves and mules under guard, carrying -bullion, gems, fragrant spices, and costly woods, toiled along the steep -and narrow trails of the Andes, or threaded the dangerous -mountain-passes. These miserable slaves, groaning under their heavy -burdens, cringed beneath the lashes of their drivers’ whips. They -shivered in the piercing cold of the high mountains, and panted from -tropic heat, as the pack-trains wound their way across the Isthmus of -Panama to the Atlantic side. - -There the great Galleons took aboard the gold, silver, emeralds, pearls, -spices, and woods, as well as cargoes of slaves, then sailed away with -them across the Spanish Main. - -But gold breeds robbers. And along the coast and on the Caribbean Sea, -swarmed pirate ships waiting to swoop down upon the Galleons. -Oftentimes, buccaneers grappled with the Treasure-Ships, putting the -Spaniards to the knife, and carrying off the booty to their -pirate-islands. So not every Galleon came safely to its Spanish port. - - -II - -And in order that this stupendous wealth of the West Indies and of -_Tierra Firme_, as South America was then called, should belong to no -country but herself, Spain sent out Governors to rule with iron hand her -Spanish-American Colonies. For the Spanish Crown had Colonies in South -America, just as England had in North America. In South America were -many important cities and towns. - -These Governors were, for the most part, gold-grasping officials. They -oppressed the Creoles, as the native-born Americans of pure Spanish -blood were called. And besides the Creoles, there were in Spanish -America, Indians, negro-slaves, and people of mixed blood, all subjects -of the Crown. - -Laws were enforced taxing the People heavily, closing their ports to -foreign trade, and forbidding them to manufacture commodities which -Spain herself wished to make and sell to the Colonists at exorbitant -prices. - -Not even the rich Creoles were allowed to travel abroad without -permission from the Crown. When in Spain they were treated with -contempt. Their education was limited, higher education is not for -Americans, decreed the Spanish King. And they might not read books -forbidden by Spain. And at that time, the Roman Catholic Church was -exercising its power in Spanish America, in much the same fashion as the -Established Church of England was misusing its function at the time of -the Pilgrim Fathers, Roger Williams, and William Penn. - -If any of the Colonists raised their voices in protest, their property -was confiscated, and they were arrested. The slightest rebellion was -mercilessly punished. Many of the captured rebels were either flung into -filthy dungeons to die or were executed. - -Large numbers of Indians, negroes and people of mixed blood, perished -miserably in the mines and on the plantations, or while deep-sea diving -for pearls,--all this to fill the Spanish Galleons with treasure. - - -III - -Then came the _Liberators_, facing death or cruel imprisonment. But they -were strengthened by the justice of their cause, and by the fact that -the United States of America had succeeded in separating from her Mother -Country, and had established a Republic in which the citizens, rich and -poor alike, had a voice in their own government. - -It is the story of some of these _Liberators_ that is told here, the -Washingtons and Lincolns of their native lands, who freed their -countrymen from the curse of the Spanish Treasure-Ships, and who -established the Latin American Republics. - - - - -THE ROMANCE OF MIRANDA - - -This is the romance of Francisco de Miranda of Venezuela, the Flaming -Son of Liberty, the Knight-Errant of Freedom, who made Spain tremble. - -Romance was in his blood, for Alvaro, his great Spanish ancestor, had -won the family coat-of-arms, by rescuing five Christian maidens from -pagan Moors. And Miranda’s father, an adventurous, bold Spaniard, had -crossed the Atlantic in those dangerous days of pirates to seek his -fortune in Venezuela. - -So the boy, who was to make Spain tremble, was born in Venezuela, and -grew up in the City of Caracas. He liked to read and study. He was given -a classical education. But the call of romance and adventure was too -loud for him to remain quietly at home. When he was sixteen, he sailed -for Spain to try his own fortune. - -His father was wealthy, and the boy bought a captain’s commission in the -Regiment of the Princess. He studied military science and fought -valiantly against Spain’s enemies. He collected books. In fact, he spent -a great deal of money bringing books from many countries; only to have -some of his precious volumes burned by the Spanish Inquisition, because -they taught of _Equality, Fraternity, and Liberty_. - -Then came our American War for Independence. While Washington and the -Continental Army were fighting for our Liberty, Miranda’s romantic -career as a Knight-Errant of Liberty, began. - -For Spain and France were both at war with England. They sent troops to -the West Indies to form an expedition to take away from England, -Pensacola, in Florida. Miranda, a high-spirited, executive young officer -was chosen to accompany the Spanish troops. So for two years he took -part in our struggle for Independence. - -But he made enemies among the Spanish officials stationed in the West -Indies. They accused him of disloyalty to Spain. He was tried, and -banished for ten years. Probably he had aroused their suspicion because, -while fighting for our Freedom, he had begun to plan for the -Independence of Venezuela. - -Thus Miranda became an exile from all of Spain’s dominions. Filled with -his great idea of Freedom for his Country, he went wandering about -Europe armed with papers, maps, and information about Spanish America. -He went from Court to Court, from Country to Country--he even visited -the United States--trying to persuade some Government to take up the -cause of Independence for Spanish America, and to lend him money, men, -and arms. - -But he found time in the midst of all this roving to become a soldier of -France, and to fight for her Freedom during the French Revolution. He -had many thrilling adventures, and was imprisoned and escaped. Then he -once more took up his wanderings and petitionings. - -He was a handsome man. His courtly manners, charm, and eloquence, his -burning words of Patriotism, everywhere aroused sympathy. He told of the -sufferings of his countrymen, and of the great commercial opportunities -which Spanish America offered to whatever friendly Nation would help to -gain her Freedom. - -Everywhere he was received with attention. The Empress Catherine the -Great of Russia became his friend. William Pitt gave him many assurances -that England would aid him if possible; while our own Alexander Hamilton -wrote him, that he hoped the United States might soon come forward -openly to the support of Spanish-American Independence. - -Time and again, it seemed as though Miranda were succeeding. But on each -occasion international politics interfered, and the Governments withdrew -their encouragement. - -Spain feared Miranda. She pronounced him a fugitive from justice. Her -spies followed him. They searched his papers; and would have seized him -and carried him back to Spain, had they not been afraid of his powerful -friends in Russia and England. - -In Miranda’s London home, many Spanish-American Patriots met together, -and joined a secret society founded by him. They planned to free Spanish -America; and they swore to give their lives and their all to the aid of -their Country. - -Many years passed by. Miranda was over fifty. Yet he had not struck a -single blow for Venezuela. He determined to wait no longer for foreign -aid. He believed that the time was ripe to declare the Independence of -Spanish America. He believed that the people there were waiting eagerly -for him to raise Liberty’s standard against Spain. - -He had no funds, so he pledged his precious library, which, during so -many years, he had collected with such pains, industry, and affection. - -Then, with the money thus raised, he sailed for the City of New York. - - - - -THE MYSTERY SHIP - - Hail! the Red, Yellow, and Blue! - The Tri-Colour that flew - On the winds of the Spanish Main, - Striking the heart of Spain, - Breaking the Tyrant-chain, - With its message of Freedom true! - The Red, the Yellow, the Blue! - - -It was early in the year 1806. Near a wharf in Staten Island rode the -good ship _Leander_ tugging at her anchor. - -A crowd of young men, some of them from New York and Long Island, came -hurrying onto the wharf. Many were college men, others were working -boys. Some were dressed in fashionable clothes; while others, who -shouldered their way huskily through the crowd, wore plain homespun and -carried kits of tools or bundles of clothes. Among these young men was -William Steuben Smith, the grandson of John Adams, ex-President of the -United States. With his father’s permission he had left college to sail -on the _Leander_; but he had not consulted his grandfather. - -He and the other young men had signed ship’s papers to sail in the -_Leander_, yet few of them knew where they were going. It was to be a -mysterious voyage. A number of the men had been told that they would get -much gold, and at the same time help to free an unknown suffering -people from slavery. Others had been persuaded to join the expedition by -being assured that they were going south to guard the Washington mail. -Few, if any, had seen their new employer and commander, George Martin. - -The ship’s boats filled rapidly and rowed out to the _Leander_. All the -men were set on board. Then she weighed anchor, and, with sails spread, -was soon briskly cutting her way through the waves of the outer bay. And -when Sandy Hook was passed, she stood out to sea. - -Then, there appeared on deck a most romantic figure, in a red robe and -slippers. The word went round:-- - -“It’s our Commander, George Martin.” - -And George Martin, though the young men did not know it, was Francisco -de Miranda. - -The red robe flapped in the wind around his well-built form. His gray -hair, powdered and combed back from his high forehead, was tied behind -with a ribbon. While from either ear stood out large, wiry, gray -side-whiskers. As he strolled across the deck, examining the young men -with his piercing, eager, hazel eyes, he smiled pleasantly, showing -handsome white teeth. - -They crowded around him, hoping to hear where they were going. Some even -asked the question. But he, ignoring it, shook hands with each one, and -conversed in a delightful manner, now asking the college men about -their studies, and now speaking to the others about their work. Still -the mystery remained--whither was the ship going? - -Day after day went by, and the mystery deepened. The _Leander_ took her -course southward. George Martin, mingling with the men, chatted affably. -He related his adventures, he told of his sufferings, escapes, and many -perils, and of his friendships at Court and of all the romance of his -life. Then he waxed warmer, and spoke of his great idea--of _Equality, -Fraternity, and Liberty_ for all men. Thus he aimed to sow seeds of -heroic deeds and Freedom, in the minds of the young men. - -Meanwhile, he began to drill the men on deck, assigning officers to -duties. He fixed the regimental uniforms; the infantry dress in blue and -yellow, the artillery in blue and red; the engineers in blue and black -velvet; the riflemen in green; the dragoons in yellow and blue. - -From sunrise to sunset there was hustle and bustle on deck. A printing -press was set up. At an armourer’s bench a man was repairing old -muskets, sharpening bayonets, and cleaning rusty swords. Tailors, -sitting cross-legged on the deck, were cutting out and stitching -uniforms. A body of raw recruits were drilling under a drill-master who -looked as bold as a lion and roared nearly as loud. - -There was buzz everywhere, and excitement too, for no one yet knew to -what land the ship was going. And George Martin, looking mightily -pleased, stood watching everybody and everything, and saying, “We shall -soon be ready for the Main.” - -Then a day arrived when several hundred proclamations were run off the -printing press. They were addressed to the People of South America, -painting strongly their hardships and woes, and promising them -deliverance from Spain. They were signed, “Don Francisco de Miranda, -Commander-in-Chief of the Colombian Army.” - -Thereupon George Martin--who was Miranda--announced that he expected -soon to land on the coast of Venezuela and strike the first blow against -Spain. - -Some of the young Americans, who were eager to fight anywhere or -anybody, and who longed for the glint of Spanish Gold, cheered loudly. -But their mates kept quiet, with heavy hearts, for they had begun to -wonder whether after all they were not a band of mere filibusters -instead of a noble army, since they were sailing under no protecting -flag. - -Then, too, rumours were going the round, that if any of the men were -captured by the enemy, they would be given short shrift and hanged as -pirates. - -A few days later General Miranda hoisted for the first time the new -Colombian flag of Freedom--a tri-colour, the Red, Yellow, and Blue. And -as it floated wide on the southern wind, a gun was fired and toasts -drunk to the banner that was long to wave--and is waving to-day--over -the Republic of Venezuela. - -It was the first Flag of Spanish-American Independence. - -After the flag-raising the _Leander_ sped merrily on her way, carrying -the raw army of about two hundred men to fight the whole of Spain. While -many of them in the gloomy bottoms of their hearts, were heartily -wishing that they were safe at home again in the good old City of New -York. - - _Retold from accounts by_ - - _James Biggs, and Moses Smith of Long Island, two Americans who - sailed with Miranda, 1806_ - - - - -THE END OF THE MYSTERY SHIP - - -And what became of the young Americans who had been persuaded to ship in -the _Leander_? - -Two English schooners, the _Bacchus_ and the _Bee_, had joined the -_Leander_ at one of the West Indies. As the latter was overcrowded, some -of the Americans were transferred to the schooners. - -Then, while this small fleet of three small vessels was approaching -Venezuela, two Spanish revenue-cutters swooped down upon them. The -_Leander_ engaged the enemy bravely, firing her guns; but the _Bacchus_ -and _Bee_ tried to escape and became separated from the _Leander_. The -revenue-cutters turned, and, pursuing the little ships, captured them -and all on board. - -Our young Americans fought bravely, but they were badly wounded with -knives and swords. They were captured, and plundered by the Spaniards. -They were stripped, and tied back to back. In this humiliating condition -they were carried to the Fortress of Puerto Cabello, and thrown into a -dungeon; where they were chained together, two and two, and loaded with -irons. - -The dungeon was a living sepulchre, a mere cavity in the moss-grown -mouldy fortress-wall, and below ground at that. The rain soaked through -the foundations and the poor fellows lay wallowing in filth and mire. - -They were tried by a Spanish Court and condemned. Fourteen of them were -hanged as pirates. - -As for the rest, those who were flung back alive into their dungeon, how -gladly now would they have fought to liberate the Spanish-American -People! They no longer blamed Miranda, but wished to aid him with all -their might. - -Like a spluttering candle whose flame suddenly goes out, so ended the -ill-fated career of the Mystery Ship. - -Miranda landed on the coast of Venezuela. He and his men fought well. -But the people did not rise up to join his standard as he had expected. -Instead they fled from him. They were afraid. Spain was too strong in -Venezuela, and the Patriot cause too weak. - -So Miranda was driven from the country. His expedition failed. He was, -finally, forced to disband what was left of his little “Colombian Army,” -after which he took refuge again in England. - -As for the poor captive American lads, those who had not been hanged as -pirates, our United States Government could do little to assist them, -for we were not at war with Spain, and the young men had been taken as -pirates on the high seas. Some of them continued to languish in Spanish -dungeons, others were put to hard labour in the mines, and few of them -were ever heard of again. - - - - -THE GREAT AND GLORIOUS FIFTH - - -Meanwhile, a great change was taking place. In Europe, Napoleon had -forced the King of Spain to abdicate. In Venezuela the people felt no -longer bound in loyalty to the Spanish Crown. Miranda’s teachings had -made an impression. The seeds of Patriotism which he had sown were -taking root. - -The Patriot Party in Venezuela grew strong. Young Simon Bolivar, a fiery -Patriot, was sent on a mission to England. While there, he sought out -Miranda. He invited him to return to Venezuela and help the Patriot -cause. - -So Miranda returned. - -On the Fifth of July, 1811, a Congress representing the Venezuelan -People, assembled and voted in the name “of the all-powerful God” a -Declaration of Independence of the United Provinces of Venezuela, which -by right and act became a free, sovereign, and independent State. - -Miranda was one of the signers. - -It was a great and glorious _Fifth_--like our _Fourth_--when Liberty -enlightened that land. For it was the first Declaration of Independence -in all Spanish America. And the brave delegates, who put their names to -it, did so at the greatest risk of their lives; for Spain was still -strong in Venezuela. - -On that same day, the Venezuelan Congress adopted a flag for the -Republic--the tri-colour, the Red, Yellow, and Blue, which Miranda had -flown from the _Leander_. - -Miranda was made Commander-in-Chief of the Patriot Army of Venezuela, -and led it against the Spanish forces. - - - - -A TERRIBLE THING - - -But the struggle against Spain was only just begun. Her armies were -large. Her General, Monteverde, was treacherous, crafty, and cruel. Much -of Venezuela yet groaned beneath the heel of Spain. - -Miranda and his soldiers fought valiantly, now defeated, now victorious. -It began to seem as though the Patriot cause might triumph in the end. - -Then a terrible thing happened. - -An earthquake--frightful, tremendous--shook the land. The earth heaved -like the sea in all directions. Churches, houses, and barracks swayed, -and fell with a roar. Men, women, and children were crushed and killed. -The Patriot arms and supplies were buried under mountains of débris. - -In the City of Caracas, the ruins were awful. The frantic people ran -screaming into the great square. The hearts of the bravest were frozen -with terror. - -But the earthquake had scarcely passed away, before Friars, who were -loyal to Spain, were mounted on a table in the midst of the frightened -multitude. - -“The earthquake is the judgment of God,” they cried, “and his curse on -all who are trying to cast off their virtuous King, the Lord’s -Anointed!” - -The people listened in horror. A religious panic spread from Caracas -throughout Venezuela. People forgot that earthquakes had often happened -before in many parts of the world, casting cities into ruins. They -believed that God Almighty had condemned their struggle for -Independence. - -Many soldiers of the Patriot Army refused to fight any more against -Spain. They deserted in numbers to Monteverde. In vain Miranda tried to -rally his troops, he could no longer persuade them to believe in the -justice of their cause. Superstitious terror had made cowards of them -all. - -Monteverde continued to advance rapidly. Miranda saw not only his ranks -thinning daily, but the country that supplied food and cattle for his -army, falling into the hands of the enemy. - -Then came a final crushing blow:-- - -The strong Fortress of Puerto Cabello fell into the hands of Monteverde. - - - - -END OF THE ROMANCE - - -“Venezuela is wounded in the heart!” exclaimed Miranda in a deep voice -as he read the despatch telling of the loss of Puerto Cabello. - -It was Simon Bolivar, the fiery, impetuous, young Patriot, who had lost -this important fortress and city to Monteverde. He was in despair, -Bolivar said, because his own body had not been left under the ruins of -that city. - -But the fortress was irretrievably lost, and the tide of Fortune was -turned against Independence. The cause of Venezuela seemed hopeless. -Miranda was worn and weary. So he capitulated. - -He capitulated to Monteverde, with the agreement that none of the -Patriots should be made to suffer for their rebellion; and that any of -them who so wished, might leave the country. - -After signing the capitulation, Miranda prepared to leave on an English -vessel and seek refuge in the West Indies. He sent his servants with his -money and precious papers aboard. He then decided to sleep that night on -land, and embark the next morning. - -But he never embarked. Bolivar, with some of Miranda’s officers, -indignant it is said because Miranda had capitulated, seized him while -he was asleep, and threw him into a dungeon. - -After which they surrendered him to Monteverde, who had him transferred -in chains to Puerto Cabello, the same Fortress in which our young -Americans from the Mystery Ship had suffered so terribly. - -Meanwhile, Simon Bolivar obtained a passport from Monteverde and fled to -the West Indies. - -As for Miranda, he continued to languish in Spanish-American prisons -for some time. Then he was carried to Spain and cast into a dungeon. - -Though Miranda’s existence was miserable, he received comfort from his -books, for he delighted to read. In his cell after his death, were found -Horace, Virgil, Cicero, Don Quixote,--and even a copy of the New -Testament. - -Early on the morning of July 14, 1816, he “gave his soul to God, his -name to history, and his body to the earth.” Whether he died by poison, -execution, or natural death, no one knows. - -Thus perished the Flaming Son of Liberty, the Knight-Errant of Freedom, -the Chief of the Apostles of Spanish-American Independence. - -So his romance was ended. But his work was only begun; it lived on for -others to finish. - - _For how his work lived on, read Simon Bolivar the Liberator, page - 371._ - - - - -JUNE 23-24 - -ROGER WILLIAMS AND THE FOUNDING OF PROVIDENCE - - - _He has been rightly called “The First American,” because he was - the first to actualize in a commonwealth, the distinctively - American principle of Freedom for mind and body and soul._ - -ARTHUR B. STRICKLAND - - - - - - -GOD MAKES A PATH - - - _God makes a path, provides a guide, - And feeds in Wilderness; - His glorious Name, while breath remains, - Oh, that I may confess!_ - - _Lost many a time, I have had no guide, - No house, but hollow tree! - In stormy winter night, no fire, - No food, no company:_ - - _In Him, I found a house, a bed, - A table, company: - No cup so bitter, but ’s made sweet, - When God shall sweet’ning be._ - - ROGER WILLIAMS - - The date of ROGER WILLIAMS’S birth is unknown, probably about 1604 - or 1607 - - He founded Providence, about June 23-24, 1636 - - He died, 1684 - - He has been called “The Apostle of Soul Liberty.” - - - - -ROGER, THE BOY - - -The exact date of Roger Williams’s birth is unknown. Nor are his -historians agreed on the place where he was born. It is generally -thought that he was born in London, where his father was a tailor. He is -also said to have been distantly related to Oliver Cromwell. - -When Roger Williams was a boy, a new system of writing had been devised, -called shorthand. He learned it, and, going to the Star Chamber, took -down some of the sermons and speeches. The Judge, Sir Edward Coke, was -so pleased with his work, that he became Roger Williams’s friend and -patron, and even gained him admission to one of the famous English -schools. Later, young Roger Williams attended Cambridge University. - -After leaving Cambridge, he is said to have studied law under his friend -Sir Edward Coke. Then, not being satisfied with law, he studied to -become a minister. - -Like William Penn, Roger Williams was a thoughtful boy, and like William -Penn, he had a sweet experience in childhood. For Roger Williams himself -when old, said, “From my childhood, now about three score years, the -Father of lights and mercies touched my soul with a love for Himself, to -his Only Begotten, the true Lord Jesus, and to his holy Scriptures.” - - - - -SOUL LIBERTY - - -In those days in England, many members of the Established Church -believed that the Church needed reforming, or _purifying_. These members -were called _Puritans_. - -They were severely persecuted. A number of them emigrated from England -to Massachusetts Bay. One body of these colonists settled in Salem, and -another founded Charlestown and Boston. - -About a year after the settlement of Boston, a young man came thither -from England. He, too, had left home because of religious persecution. -He was known to be a godly man, and thought to be a Puritan. He was -warmly welcomed by the Boston folk. He was Roger Williams. - -But soon the good folk of Boston were scandalized. - -The Puritans of Boston had not actually separated from the Established -Church, as had their neighbours, the Separatists of Plymouth; they had -merely purified their mode of worship. They had, moreover, decreed that -the Government of their Colony should be directed by their church. They -did not permit any man not in good church-standing to have a vote in -public affairs. They even persecuted folk who did not believe as they -did, and who would not attend their church. - -Roger Williams soon electrified them by urging not only separation from -the Established Church, but asserting that no Government had a right to -interfere with the religious faith of any one. The place of the -Government, he said, was to prevent crime, not to enforce any form of -religion. Every man had the right to “soul liberty” he asserted. - -He also insisted that the King of England had no right whatsoever to -give away the lands belonging to the Indians, without their consent. - -The Puritans bitterly opposed him. After a few years, since he continued -to preach and teach his beliefs, they tried him in their court and -banished him from the Colony. - -In the middle of a New England Winter, he was forced to leave his wife, -child, and many sorrowing friends, and flee through the snow to safety. -He had with him to direct his way, only a sun-dial and compass. - -His sufferings were terrible. He never got over the effects of the cold -and hunger which he endured on that flight through the Wilderness. - -He had made friends among the Indians, with Massasoit and Canonicus. He -had most lovingly carried the Gospel to them and their peoples. He had -passed many a night with them in their lodges. - -And now that he was in want and distress, it was his Indian friends who -succoured him. - -In the Spring, he had begun to build and plant at Seekonk, when Governor -Winslow of Plymouth, in the kindest of spirits, sent him word that -Seekonk was within the bounds of Plymouth Colony; and in order that -there might be no trouble with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he advised -him to move across the water, where he would be as free as the Plymouth -folk themselves, adding that then Roger Williams and the Plymouth Folk -might be loving neighbours together. - - - - -WHAT CHEER! - -_Providence_ - -_Founded 1636_ - - -Without bitterness or complaint, Roger Williams prepared immediately to -abandon the cabin he had built at Seekonk, and the fields which he had -so industriously sown and cultivated. - -With five companions who had joined him there, he entered his canoe and -dropped down the river, watching the bank for an inviting landing. - -On approaching a little cove, friendly voices saluted him. On Slate -Rock, Indians were waiting to welcome him. - -“What cheer, Netop!” they exclaimed. - -It was a salutation, meaning, “How do you do, friend!” - -Roger Williams and his companions landed, but were more pleased with the -welcome than the place. - -Getting into their canoe again, they rounded Indian Point and Fox Point, -and sailed up a beautiful sheet of water, skirting a dense forest, to a -spot near the mouth of the Mooshausick River. - -A spring of fresh water was no doubt one of its attractions. Here Roger -Williams commenced to build again, and to prepare for future planting. - -He gave the place the name of _Providence_, “in grateful remembrance of -God’s merciful providence to me in my distress.” - -_Z. A. Mudge_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -RISKING HIS LIFE - - -I - -No one can say that Roger Williams was not a good Christian, a better -one than those who drove him from his home, for he soon risked his own -life to save them from danger. - -The fierce and warlike Indians of the Pequot tribe had made an attack on -the settlers, and were trying to get the large and powerful tribe of the -Narragansetts to join them. They wished to kill all the white people of -the Plymouth Colony, and drive the pale faces from the country. - -The people of Plymouth and of Boston, too, were in a great fright when -they heard of this. They knew that Roger Williams was the only white man -in that region who had any influence with the Indians, and they sent to -him, begging him to go to the Narragansett camp and ask the -Narragansetts not to join the Pequots. - -Many men would have refused to go into a horde of raging savages, to -procure the safety of their enemies. But Roger Williams was too noble to -refuse; though he knew that his life would be in the utmost danger, for -some of the bloodthirsty Pequots were then with the Narragansetts. - -He promptly went to the Indian camp, and spent three days in the -wigwams of the Sachems, though he expected every night to have the -treacherous Pequots “put their bloody knives to his throat.” - -But the Narragansetts were strong friends of the honest pastor. They -listened to his counsel. And in the end, they and another tribe, the -Mohicans, joined the English against the Pequots. - -Thus it was chiefly due to Roger Williams, that the Colonists were saved -from the scalping knives of the Indians. - - -II - -Years of peace and prosperity existed in Providence plantations. The -Colony grew. No man interfered with another man’s religion. Those in the -other New England Colonies, who did not want to be forced to accept the -creed of the Puritans, came to the Colony of Roger Williams. - -He was their principal pastor. He was so kind, gentle, and good, that -everybody respected and loved him. His people were his children. He had -brought them together, and spent his time working for their good; and -they looked on him as their best friend. - -_Charles Morris_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -JULY 6 - -JOHN PAUL JONES - -AMERICA’S IMMORTAL SEA-FIGHTER - - - _I have not yet begun to fight!_ - PAUL JONES - - - - -PAUL JONES - - - _A song unto Liberty’s brave Buccaneer, - Ever bright be the fame of the Patriot Rover. - For our rights he first fought in his “black privateer,” - And faced the proud foe, ere our sea they crossed over - In their channel and coast, - He scattered their host._ - - * * * * * - - _’Twas his hand that raised - The first Flag that blazed, - And his deeds ’neath the “Pine Tree” all ocean amazed._ - - _Ballad_ (_Condensed_) - - JOHN PAUL JONES was born in Scotland, July 6, 1747 - - Was the first American Naval officer to receive a foreign salute - for the Stars and Stripes, 1778 - - Won the victory over the _Serapis_, 1779 - - He died in Paris, July 18, 1792 - - His body was brought to America in 1905 and interred with honours - at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis. - - - - -THE BOY OF THE SOLWAY - - -Born by the seashore of Scotland where the tide heaves up the Solway, -living on a promontory surrounded by romantic scenery, and with the -words of seafaring men constantly ringing in his ears, the boy, John -Paul, longed to be a sailor. - -He was the son of a poor gardener. But he was of that poetic romantic -temperament, which always builds gorgeous structures in the future; and -no boy, with a fancy like that of John Pul could be content to live the -humdrum life of a gardener’s son. So he launched forth with a strong arm -and resolute spirit to hew his way among his fellows. - -John Paul was only twelve or fourteen years of age, when he became a -sailor on board a ship bound to Virginia. - -Thus early were his footsteps directed to America, by which his whole -future career was shaped. - -After reaching America, he took the name of Jones. He rendered his new -name immortal, and the real name John Paul is sunk in that of Paul -Jones. - -_J. T. Headley_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -DON’T TREAD ON ME! - - -In 1775, when our War for Independence broke out, Paul Jones commenced -his brilliant career. - -Some men regard him as a sort of freebooter turned Patriot--an -adventurer to whom the American War was a God-send, in that it kept him -from being a pirate. But nothing could be farther from the truth. - -When the War broke out, he offered to serve in the Navy. Congress -accepted his offer, and appointed him first lieutenant in the _Alfred_. - -As the commander-in-chief of the squadron came on board the _Alfred_, -Paul Jones unfurled our National Flag--the first time its folds were -ever given to the breeze. - -What that Flag was, strange as it may seem, no record tells us. It was -not the Stars and Stripes, for they were not adopted till two years -after. - -The generally received opinion is, that it was a Pine Tree with a -rattlesnake coiled at the roots as if about to spring, and underneath -the motto: - - DON’T TREAD ON ME! - -If the Flag bore such a symbol, it was most appropriate to Paul Jones, -for no serpent was ever more ready to strike than he. - -At all events, it unrolled to the breeze, and waved over as gallant a -young officer as ever trod a quarterdeck. - -Fairly afloat--twenty-nine years of age--healthy, well-knit, though of -light and slender frame--a commissioned officer in the American Navy the -young gardener saw with joy, the shores receding as the fleet steered -for the Bahama Isles. - -The result of this expedition was the capture of New Providence with a -hundred cannon and abundance of military stores. - -And the capture was brought about by the perseverance and daring of -young Paul Jones. - -_J. T. Headley_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -THE FIRST SALUTE - - _That Flag and I are twins, born at the same hour.... We cannot be - parted in life or death. So long as we shall float, we shall float - together. If we sink, we shall go down as one._ - -PAUL JONES - - - - -June 14, 1777, was a great day for the United States and for Paul Jones. - -On that self-same day, Congress passed two famous Resolutions;--and -_Commander_ Paul Jones and the Flag of the Nation were “born at the same -hour”:-- - -_Resolved_: that the Flag of the Thirteen United States be thirteen -Stripes, alternate red and white; that the Union be thirteen Stars, -white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation. - -_Resolved_: that Captain John Paul Jones be appointed to command the -ship _Ranger_. - -Thus it came to pass that the gallant young Scotchman, eager to fight -for Liberty, hastened to make the _Ranger_ ready for sea. Then he sailed -away under orders for France. - -From the harbour of Nantes, he convoyed some American ships to place -them under the protection of the French fleet in Quiberon Bay. The -commander of the French fleet was Admiral La Motte Picquet, who had been -ordered by his Government to keep the coast of France free from British -cruisers. - -And it was there in Quiberon Bay, that John Paul Jones received the -first salute ever given by a foreign Nation to our Stars and Stripes--a -salute that recognized the Independence of the United States. - -It was on Washington’s Birthday, 1778, that Paul Jones wrote to our -Government describing this great event:-- - - “I am happy in having it in my power to congratulate you,” he said, - “on my having seen the American Flag, for the first time, - recognized in the fullest and completest manner by the Flag of - France. - - “I was off their bay, the 18th, and sent my boat in the next day, - to know if the Admiral would return my salute. - - “He answered that he would return to me, as the senior American - Continental officer in Europe, the - -[Illustration: PAUL JONES HOISTING THE STARS AND STRIPES] - - same salute which he was authorized by his Court to return to an - Admiral of Holland, or of any other Republic; which was four guns - less than the salute given. - - “I hesitated at this; for I had demanded gun for gun. - - “Therefore, I anchored in the entrance of the bay, at a distance - from the French Fleet. But after a very particular inquiry, on the - 14th, finding that he had really told the truth, I was induced to - accept of his offer; the more so as it was in fact an - acknowledgment of American Independence. - - “The wind being contrary and blowing hard, it was after sunset - before the Ranger got near enough to salute La Motte Picquet with - _thirteen_ guns, which he returned with nine. - - “However, to put the matter beyond a doubt, I did not suffer the - _Independence_ (an American brig that was with Paul Jones) to - salute till next morning, when I sent the Admiral word, that I - should sail through his Fleet in the brig, and would salute him in - open day. - - “He was exceedingly pleased, and returned the compliment also with - nine guns.” - -Paul Jones thus had the singular honor of being the first to hoist the -original Flag of Liberty on board the _Alfred_; first probably to hoist -the Stars and Stripes, which still wave in pride as our national emblem; -and first to claim for our Flag the courtesy from foreigners due to a -Sovereign State. - -_Alexander S. Mackenzie_ (_Retold_) - - - - -THE POOR RICHARD - - -Paul Jones gave up the command of the _Ranger_ in order to take command -of a larger ship, promised him by the French Government. But he had a -long discouraging period of waiting for the new ship. - -It was then that he wrote to a French official, those famous words:-- - -“I will not have anything to do with ships which do not sail fast, for I -intend to go in harm’s way.” - -After months of desperate waiting and after writing many letters, Paul -Jones chanced to be reading a copy of Franklin’s “Poor Richard’s -Almanack.” These words caught his eye:-- - -_If you would have your business done, go--if not, send._ - -So he stopped sending letters, and hastened to Paris to plead his own -cause. - -With the help of Franklin himself, Paul Jones got his ship at last. He -named it _Bon Homme Richard_, or _The Poor Richard_. - -It was while commanding _The Poor Richard_, that Paul Jones gained his -famous victory over the British ship, the _Serapis_. - - - - -MICKLE’S THE MISCHIEF HE HAS DUNE - - -With seven ships in all--a snug little squadron for Jones, had the -different commanders been subordinate--he set sail in the _Richard_ from -France, and steered for the coast of Ireland. The want of proper -subordination was soon made manifest, for in a week’s time the vessels, -one after another, parted company, to cruise by themselves, till Paul -Jones had with him but the _Alliance_, _Pallas_, and _Vengeance_. - -In a tremendous storm he bore away, and after several days of gales and -heavy seas, approached the shore of Scotland. - -Taking several prizes near the Firth of Forth, he ascertained that a -twenty-four-gun ship and two cutters were in the roads. These he -determined to cut out, and, landing at Leith, lay the town under -contribution. - -The inhabitants supposed his little fleet to be English vessels in -pursuit of _Paul Jones_; and a member of Parliament, a wealthy man in -the place, sent off a boat requesting powder and balls to defend -himself, as he said, against “the pirate Paul Jones.” - -Jones very politely sent back the bearer with a barrel of powder -expressing his regrets that he had no shot to spare. - -Soon after this, he summoned the town to surrender, but the wind -blowing steadily off the land, he could not approach with his vessel. - -At length, however, the wind changed and the _Richard_ stood boldly in -for the shore. The inhabitants, as they saw her bearing steadily up -towards the place, were filled with terror, and ran hither and thither -in affright; but the good minister, Rev. Mr. Shirra, assembled his flock -on the beach, to pray the Lord to deliver them from their enemies. He -was an eccentric man, one of the quaintest of the quaint old Scot -divines, so that his prayers, even in those days, were often quoted for -their oddity and roughness. - -Having gathered his congregation on the beach in full sight of the -vessel, which under a press of canvas, was making a long tack that -brought her close to the town, he knelt down on the sand and thus -began:-- - -“Now, dear Lord, dinna ye think it a shame for ye to send this vile -pirate to rob our folk o’ Kirkaldy; for ye ken they’re puir enow already -and hae naething to spare. - -“The wa the wind blaws he’ll be here in a jiffie, and wha kens what he -may do! He’s nae too good for ony thing. Mickle’s the mischief he has -dune already. He’ll burn their hooses, tak their very claes, and tirl -them to the sark. And waes me! wha kens but the bluidy villain might tak -their lives? The puir weemen are maist frightened out o’ their wits, -and the bairns skirling after them. - -“I canna think of it! I canna think of it! I hae been lang a faithful -servant to ye, Lord; but gin ye dinna turn the wind about and blaw the -scoundrel out of our gate, I’ll nae stir a foot. But will just sit here -till the tide comes. Sae tak ye’r will o’t.” - -Now, to the no little astonishment of the good people, a fierce gale at -that moment began to blow, which sent one of Jones’s prizes ashore and -forced him to stand out to sea. - -This fixed for ever the reputation of good Mr. Shirra. And he did not -himself wholly deny that he believed his intercessions brought on the -gale, for whenever his parishioners spoke of it to him, he always -replied:-- - -“I prayed, but the Lord sent the wind.” - -_J. T. Headley_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -PAUL JONES HIMSELF - - -Paul Jones was slight, being only five feet and a half high. A stoop in -his shoulders diminished still more his stature. But he was firmly knit, -and capable of enduring great fatigue. - -He had dark eyes and a thoughtful, pensive look when not engaged in -conversation; but his countenance lighted up in moments of excitement, -and in battle became terribly determined. His lips closed like a vice, -while his brow contracted with the rigidity of iron. The tones of his -voice were then haughty in the extreme, and his words had an emphasis in -them, which those who heard never forgot. - -He seemed unconscious of fear, and moved amid the storm of battle, and -trod the deck of his shattered and wrecked vessel, like one who rules -his own destiny. He would cruise without fear in a single sloop, right -before the harbours of England, and sail amid ships double the size of -his own. - -But with all his fierceness in the hour of battle, he had as kind a -heart as ever beat. - -To see him in a hot engagement, covered with the smoke of cannon, -himself working the guns, while the timbers around him were constantly -ripping with the enemy’s shot; or watch him on the deck of his dismasted -vessel, over which the hurricane swept and the sea rolled, one would -think him destitute of emotion. But his reports of these scenes -afterwards, resembled the descriptions of an excited spectator. He was -an old Roman soldier in danger, but a poet in his after accounts of it. - -Jones had great defects of character; but most of them sprang from his -want of early education. He was not a mere adventurer--owing his -elevation to headlong daring--he was a hard student as well as a hard -fighter, and had a strong intellect as well as strong arm. He wrote with -astonishing fluency considering the neglect of his early education. He -even wrote eloquently at times, and always with force. His verses were -as good as the general run of poetry of that kind. - -Paul Jones was an irregular character, but his good qualities -predominated over his bad ones. And as the man who first hoisted the -American Flag at sea, and received the first salute ever offered it by a -foreign Nation, and the first who carried it victoriously through the -fight on the waves, he deserves our highest praise and most grateful -remembrance. - -With such a Commander to lead the American Navy, and stand before it as -the model of a brave man, no wonder our Navy has covered itself with -glory. - -_J. T. Headley_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -SOME OF HIS SAYINGS - -I will not have anything to do with ships which do not sail fast, for I -intend to go in harm’s way. - -(_During the fight with the Serapis_) Don’t swear, Mr. Stacy, we may at -the next moment be in Eternity; but let us do our duty. - -I have not yet begun to fight! - -I have ever looked out for the honour of the American Flag. - -I can never renounce the glorious title of a Citizen of the United -States. - -I can accept of no honour that will call in question my devotion to -America. - - - - -JULY 24 - -SIMON BOLIVAR OF VENEZUELA - -THE LIBERATOR - - - _Colombians! All your beauteous Fatherland is now free.... From the - banks of the Orinoco River to the Peruvian Andes, the Army of - Liberation, marching triumphantly, has covered all the territory of - Colombia with its protecting arms._ ... - - _Colombians of the South! the blood of your brothers has redeemed - you from the horrors of War!_ - -BOLIVAR - - - - - - -BOLIVAR - - - _Build up a Column to Bolivar! - Build it under a tropic star! - Build it high as his mounting fame! - Crown its head with his noble name! - Let the letters tell like a light afar, - “This is the Column of Bolivar!”_ - - _Raise the Column to Bolivar! - Firm in peace, and fierce in war! - Shout forth his noble, noble name! - Shout till his enemies die in shame! - Shout till Colombia’s woods awaken, - Like seas by a mighty tempest shaken,-- - Till pity, and praise, and great disdain - Sound like an Indian hurricane! - Shout as ye shout in conquering war, - While ye build the Column to Bolivar!_ - - BARRY CORNWALL (_Condensed_) - - BOLIVAR was born in Venezuela, July 24, 1783 - - Formed the Republic of Great Colombia, 1819 - - He died in exile, December 17, 1830 - - His full name was Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad de - Bolivar y Palacios. But he was known as the citizen, Simon Bolivar - - Bolivar’s name is pronounced, Seemon Boleevar - - The old-fashioned English way was to pronounce it Bollevaar, as in - the poem above. - - - - -THE PRECIOUS JEWEL - - -Two boys were playing a royal game of tennis in the royal tennis court -at Madrid in Spain. The rich American boy, Simon de Bolivar, from -Venezuela, was serving swift ball after swift ball to Ferdinand, Prince -of the Asturias and heir to the Spanish throne. The Queen-mother was -looking on. - -The Prince saw that he was losing, and grew angry. Bolivar, small, -alert, with dark eyes flashing, played on, still winning until the -Prince refused to play any longer. - -But the Queen-mother sternly bade her son finish the game. - -So the Prince had to play on, and he lost. - -“Some day,” exclaimed Bolivar in triumph, “I will deprive Prince -Ferdinand of the most precious jewel in his Crown!” - - * * * * * - -Years before this tennis-game, a great thing had happened in Venezuela. - -On July 24, 1783, a baby boy was born to a rich, noble citizen of the -city of Caracas--a baby destined to deprive Prince Ferdinand of the most -precious jewel in his Crown. - -He was christened Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad de -Bolivar, and with his mother’s name added as they do in Spanish America, -y Palacios. - -A long name for a baby. - -Little Bolivar had everything money could buy, and slaves to wait upon -him whenever he called. Before he was ten years old, his father and -mother died and he was left heir to several large fortunes. He owned -many hundreds of slaves and a rich plantation called San Mateo. - -He was a restless, adventurous, self-willed boy, small but very alert -and bright. He did not like to study much; but he was always ready to -sit and listen to his tutor Rodriguez, whom he adored. His black eyes -sparkled as his tutor told him of lands where people governed -themselves. Sometimes Rodriguez explained the meaning of _Equality, -Fraternity, and Liberty_. And the little boy began to dream of Liberty -and Independence for his own Venezuela. - -But Bolivar did not spend all his time dreaming, he was far too -passionately fond of outdoor sports for that. He fished, swam, and -learned to shoot. He joined the White Militia of the Valleys of Aragua. - -When he was sixteen, his guardian sent him to Spain. There he went to -school and lived with his uncle, who was a favourite at Court. - -And there, he beat the sulky Prince Ferdinand at tennis. - -And there, he met and loved a noble, little Spanish maid, Maria del -Toro, just fifteen years old. So Bolivar forgot for a while his threat -to deprive Prince Ferdinand of his most precious jewel. - -Bolivar and Maria were married, and went on their honeymoon to -Venezuela. They reached the lovely plantation of San Mateo, where they -lived and were very happy. But, alas! in a few months the girl-bride -sickened and died of a fever. - -Then the passionate heart of young Bolivar almost broke. He vowed in his -grief never to marry again. Soon after Maria’s death, he went back to -Europe to try to forget his sorrow in travel and study. - -In France he endeavoured to drown his sad memories in gay living, but he -could not forget Maria. Then he met Rodriguez, his old tutor, who had -been banished from Venezuela. - -This Rodriguez was a strange, rough fellow, with many wild ideas and -some good ones too. From childhood, Bolivar had confided all his sorrows -and joys to him. And, now, as a young man, he was led by his advice. - -Rodriguez saw that Bolivar was wasted and consumptive. He persuaded him -to go on a walking trip. Knapsack on shoulder, the two set off for -their tramp. In Milan, they saw Napoleon crowned King of Italy. They -visited many historical spots to which Rodriguez took Bolivar on purpose -to arouse again his eager interest in _Equality, Fraternity, and -Liberty_. - -Together they climbed Mount Sacro in Rome. And there Bolivar remembered -his threat to deprive Prince Ferdinand of the most precious jewel in his -Crown. He seized Rodriguez’s hand and swore a solemn oath to wrest -Venezuela from the Crown of Spain.[6] - -For Venezuela--in fact all Spanish America--was the vast treasure-house -of Spain, the most precious jewel in her Crown. - - - - -THE FIERY YOUNG PATRIOT - - -Young Bolivar returned to his estates in Venezuela. But he stayed there -only for a little while. He soon gave up the easy indulgent life of -wealth to serve the Patriot cause. - -He was sent on a mission to England. In London he met Miranda, the -Flaming Son of Liberty, whose burning, persuasive words blew into a -flame, the sparks of Liberty which Rodriguez had kindled in Bolivar’s -bosom. - -Bolivar joined Miranda’s secret society. He urged Miranda to return at -once to Venezuela and strengthen the Patriot cause. - -And thus it came about that the Flaming Son of Liberty went back to his -native land, and was made Commander-in-Chief of the Venezuelan forces. -Then it was, that the struggle for Venezuela’s Independence began to -make Spain tremble for the most precious jewel in her Crown. - -How the fiery young Bolivar betrayed General Miranda, has already been -told in _The End of the Romance_, on page 344. After which Bolivar fled -into exile; and Spain confiscated his estates. - -But Bolivar never gave up his determination to free Venezuela. And when -opportunity offered, he returned and became the head of the Patriot -Army. - -It is not possible here to tell of all which he and his valiant troops -accomplished. They fought against the Spanish forces, they suffered -defeats, and they won victories. English, Irish, Scotch, and American -men, were volunteers in Bolivar’s Army, and many of them fighting -bravely, shed their blood for Venezuela’s Freedom. - -It was a terrific war! Nowhere else in all Spanish America was there -waged a more ferocious campaign. The wake of the Spanish Generals, -Monteverde and Boves, was strewn with the corpses of innocent -non-combatants and with the ruins of pillaged towns and burned -villages. - -“It is war to the death!” exclaimed Bolivar fiercely, in answer to these -atrocities. - -And war to the death it was, on both sides--a war of ruthless -retaliation on prisoners and neutrals. - -So the struggle went on. All the sufferings that accompany warfare were -the portion of the miserable people, ruined homes, weeping wives and -mothers, sick and dying children, crippled men, starvation, disease, and -sorrow-stricken hearts. - - - - -SEEING BOLIVAR - - -High adventure and spicy dangers were awaiting the first corps of -hot-headed young Englishmen who volunteered to fight for Venezuela. - -They shipped from England. And after thrilling escapes on the coast of -Spanish Florida and among the West Indies, after many feasts of venison, -wild turkey, turtle, parrots, “tree-oysters,” and lizard, they reached -Venezuela. - -There, higher adventures and spicier dangers were waiting. - -They were convoyed by brig and launches up the swift river Orinoco. They -were marched through tropic forest and across _llanos_ or plains, to -join Bolivar. - -As their boats were rowed through the deep water or poled through the -shallows of the Orinoco, they saw most wonderful sights. - -Lining the banks, the giant mangrove trees shooting their gnarled -banyan-like roots into the water, were linked together by living chains -of vines, festooned with brilliant flowers as big as saucers or -teaplates. Herds of red monkeys with little ones clinging to their -shoulders, chattered, howled, and leaped from tree to tree, following -the boats along. Pink flamingoes, gigantic cranes, pelicans, and -spoonbills were wading about fishing. Overhead, flocks of red, blue, -green, and yellow parrots and macaws flashed to and fro filling the air -with screams; while the metallic note of the bellbird, sounded now close -to the ear and now far away. - -From island to island in the river, glided evil-looking, light-green -snakes, lifting their heads and part of their bodies out of the water. -And under the roots of trees and in the stream, basked man-eating -alligators watching for their prey, only their eyes and nostrils showing -above the water. - -And waiting to drop upon the young Englishmen if their boats came too -near, were venomous snakes glittering like jewels, coiled on the -mangrove limbs or hanging from the branches like shining tinsel ribbons. - -Mosquitoes, too, were lively, piercing through the young men’s blankets -and cloaks, so thirsty were the insects for a taste of fresh, red -English blood. - -And the young men were forced to keep a careful lookout at night for -fear of a visit from a python, jaguar, alligator, or electric eel. When -the sun set, night instantly fell like a black curtain, for there is no -twilight in the tropics. Then the howling of wild beasts made the place -hideous. - -Finally, after passing Indian villages and towns pillaged and burned by -the Spanish soldiers, after water-trip and march, the young Englishmen -caught up with Bolivar on a plain near the Apure River. - -The young men had long been eager to see that remarkable General whose -extraordinary energy and perseverance had already liberated a large -portion of Venezuela. And it was a picturesque scene that now burst on -their sight--a band of tropic warriors in a tropic setting. - -Bolivar was surrounded by his officers, many of them mounted. A -magnificent wild-looking band they were in shirts of brilliant colours -worn over white drawers which reached below the knee. Bright bandanas -were tied about their heads to keep off the sun. Over these -handkerchiefs were set wide sombreros or hats made of split palm-leaves, -decorated with plumes of variegated feathers. One of the officers wore -a silver helmet instead of a sombrero, and another had on a casque of -beaten gold. Some had silver scabbards, and heavy silver ornaments on -their bridles. Almost all wore huge silver or brass spurs fastened to -their bare feet. - -As soon as they saw the young Englishmen approaching, these wild-looking -chiefs spurred their horses forward uttering shrill shouts of welcome. -They embraced the young men, like long absent friends, and examined -their weapons and uniforms. - -Bolivar, reigning in his horse, stood looking on in silence. He was a -small man, with a thin and careworn face, which had upon it an -expression of patient endurance. He appeared refined and elegant -although simply dressed. He wore a dragoon’s helmet. His uniform was a -blue jacket with red cuffs and gilt sugar-loaf buttons; coarse blue -trousers; and sandals of split aloe-fibre. As the young men came up, he -returned their salute with a peculiar melancholy smile, and then rode -on. - -He carried in his hand a lance from which fluttered a small black -banner, embroidered with a white skull and cross-bones, and the motto:-- - - _Death or Liberty_ - -When they halted for the night, the young men were presented to Bolivar -as he sat in his hammock under the trees. He expressed great joy at -seeing Englishmen in his army, who might train and discipline his -troops. After asking questions about the condition of affairs in Europe, -he dismissed them in the charge of his officers. These gave the young -men lances and fine horses. - -Thus the English lads became a part of Bolivar’s Army. They and their -countrymen, forming the English Legion, performed such brave deeds and -made such gallant charges on the battle-fields, that without them -Bolivar could not so soon have won Venezuela’s Independence. _Retold -from the account by one of the young Englishmen._ - - - - -UNCLE PAEZ--THE LION OF THE APURE - - -Paez was one of Bolivar’s most daring and picturesque generals. It would -take a whole book to tell of his romantic adventures and how he was -exiled and came to live in New York. There is a painting of him and his -dashing cowboys in the Municipal Building of the City of New York. - -At first he was a _llanero_ or cowboy of the plains. He was of mighty -strength, and was a magnificent horseman. He knew well how to use the -_llanero’s_ lance with all its cunning tricks. His men were cowboys, -horsemen, and fighters by instinct. They followed him into battle with -wild _llanero_ shouts. _Uncle Paez_, they called him, When Bolivar with -his troops reached the Apure River, he could not cross for there were no -boats. A few canoes were drawn up on the opposite bank, guarded by six -enemy gunboats. - -As Bolivar paced up and down impatiently, he exclaimed:-- - -“Have I no brave man near me, who can take those gunboats?” - -“They shall be yours in an hour,” said Paez coolly, who was standing by. - -“Impossible!” said Bolivar. - -“Leave that to me,” said Paez, and off he galloped. He soon returned -with a body of cowboys picked for their bravery. - -“To the water, lads!” he cried, which was what he always said when they -went swimming. - -The men immediately unsaddled their horses, stripped themselves to their -drawers, hung their swords about their necks, and stood ready. - -“Let those follow Uncle, who please,” cried Paez, and urged his horse -into the river. - -The men rode in after him straight toward the gunboats. - -When the Spanish saw the dreaded cowboys approaching, who never gave -quarter, they fired hurriedly and missed. Then seized with panic, some -cast themselves into the water, and others escaped in canoes. - -Only one prisoner was taken, a woman who fired the last gun at the -cowboys, but who could not stop them from boarding the gunboats. - -Thus Bolivar gained possession of the region on both sides of the Apure. - -Paez is sometimes called the “Lion of the Apure.” - - - - -ANGOSTURA - -_February 15, 1819_ - - -Down the upper Orinoco River, Bolivar’s canoe was slipping quietly past -wide savannahs, palm-tufted isles, and overhanging trees. - -While reclining in the boat, he dictated to his secretary. During the -heat of the day they both landed, and Bolivar, lolling in a hammock -under the shadow of the giant trees, one hand playing with the lapel of -his coat and a forefinger on his upper lip, kept on dictating as the -mood seized him. - -He was composing a new Constitution for the Republic of Venezuela, which -was to be presented at the Congress meeting in the city of Angostura on -the Orinoco. - -And it was the adoption of this Constitution, that made Angostura -famous. - -To-day the town is called the City of Bolivar. - -And while the Congress was meeting, Bolivar and his chief officers held -a council of war, sitting on bleached skulls of cattle slaughtered for -army food. They discussed the dangerous plan of crossing the Andes into -New Granada, and of helping the Patriots there to drive out the Spanish -Army. - -They decided to attempt the crossing. And what that terrible march was -like, one of the young Englishmen who went with Bolivar, will tell in -our next story. - - - - -THE CROSSING - - -This crossing of the Andes was terrible. The hardships which Bolivar’s -troops endured are indescribable. - -At that time of year, the plains were flooded. The infantry were obliged -to march for hours together up to their middle in water. Sometimes the -men fell into holes, or stuck fast in the marshes. - -Many of the soldiers were bitten in their legs and thighs by little -goldfish, brilliant orange in colour and exceedingly voracious. Whole -swarms of these little fish came rushing through the water, with their -mouths open, showing their broad, sharp teeth like sharks’ teeth. -Wherever they bit, they tore away a piece of flesh. They attacked the -poor men most savagely. - -As the troops approached the mountains, the cold winds began to be felt -blowing down from the snowy ridges of the Cordilleras. Soon, violent -mountain torrents swept across the Army’s path; and the men on horseback -were forced to carry across stream all the arms and baggage of the -foot-soldiers. Even Bolivar himself rode again and again through the -rushing current, carrying over sick and weak soldiers and even women who -had followed their husbands. As the trail began to ascend, the horses -used to the level plain, could scarcely keep their footing on the rocky -way, and began to flag and fall lame. - -The snowy peaks of the Andes were now seen to stretch like an impassable -barrier between Venezuela and New Granada. The narrow paths wound their -way up among wild crags, and through ancient forests that clothed the -mountain-sides with trees so vast and thick that the light of day was -almost excluded. At that high altitude, the trees caught and held the -passing clouds in their branches. From the clouds distilled an almost -incessant rain, making the steep trails slippery and dangerous. The few -tired mules that had not perished on the line of march, patiently -clambered on. Now and then, one would slip and go plunging over a -precipice; its fall could be traced by the crashing of shrubs and trees -until its mangled body rolled into a foaming stream far below. - -Although the Army was drenched by rain night and day, it did not -experience severe cold until it emerged from the forests into the bleak -unsheltered passes between the mountain peaks. Then the piercing cold -bit through the soldiers’ thin garments. Many who had worn shoes when -they left the plains, were now barefooted. Even some of the officers -were in rags, so that they were glad to wrap themselves in blankets. - -The view of the Andes at this great height was wildly magnificent. -Incessant gusts of wind swept the passes, and whirled the snow in drifts -from the summits of the ridges. The whole range appeared to be encrusted -with ice, cracked in many places, from which cascades of water were -constantly rushing. Huge pinnacles of granite overhung the passes, -apparently tottering and about to fall. There was no longer any beaten -path; the ground was rocky and broken. Terrific chasms yawned on every -hand, appalling to the sight. - -A sense of great loneliness seized the men. Dead silence prevailed -except for the scream of the condor or the noise of distant waterfalls. -The air was so rarefied that many of the soldiers, overcome by -drowsiness, lay down and died. - -But at last the crest of the Andes was passed, and the Army began to -descend on the other side into the valleys of New Granada. The descent -was not so difficult because the mountain-side was less rugged than the -side they had ascended. - -As soon as the Army reached the lowlands, Bolivar lost no time in -preparing for battle. With his men, he took his stand at the Bridge of -Boyaca. - -Never was there a more complete victory. The whole of the Spanish Army -with baggage, powder, and military stores, fell into the hands of -Bolivar. - -The Battle of Boyaca liberated New Granada from Spain, for ever. - -Then Venezuela and New Granada united, and became the Republic of -Colombia--or Great Colombia. - -_Retold from the account of a -soldier who accompanied Bolivar_ - - - - -PERU NEXT - - -Now was Bolivar at the height of his power. - -He had liberated Venezuela and New Granada. He had founded the Great -Republic of Colombia, and had given it a Constitution. He was -practically Dictator of the Republic. - -He had sent his favourite General, the heroic Antonio de Sucre, to -liberate Quito. - -Bolivar now turned his eyes toward Peru. In his ambition he dreamed of a -Greater Colombia which should include that country. - -But there was an obstacle in his way. - -Peru had already declared her Independence. The foundations of her -Liberty had been laid by another General and another Army. For Jose de -San Martin of Argentina, was Peru’s acknowledged Protector. - -Then came the Amazing Meeting, as told on page 272. - -After that meeting, Bolivar with his Army entered Peru. He combined his -forces with those of the Liberating Army of Peru, and with the aid of -the valiant Sucre, completed what San Martin had so well begun, and -swept away the last vestiges of Spanish power from South America. - -So the great struggle for Independence, which had lasted over twenty -years, was finished. - -But Bolivar was not allowed to enjoy long the fruits of his victories. - -We shall see why. - - - - -THE BREAK - - -Exiled from Venezuela, consumptive, wellnigh penniless, insulted by his -own people, was Bolivar only a few years later. - -The creation of his genius, the Great Colombia, was rent with -revolutions. His own General Paez had abandoned him. His friend Antonio -Sucre had been assassinated. - -Bitterness filled Bolivar’s soul, his pride was broken, but he still -loved Colombia. - -His dying words to her people, were:-- - - _Colombians! My last wishes are for the happiness of my native - Land. If my death helps to check the growth of factions and to - consolidate the Union, I shall rest tranquilly in the tomb._ - -So passed away the Liberator of Venezuela, the founder of the Republic -of Colombia. - -Twelve years later Paez, who was ruling in Venezuela, brought Bolivar’s -body to Caracas and interred it with honours. But he left the hero’s -heart in an urn in the Cathedral of Santa Marta, the city where he had -died. - - * * * * * - -Great Colombia, or the Great Republic of Colombia, founded by Bolivar, -was a Union consisting of Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. Great -Colombia fell; its Union was dissolved. To-day, instead, there exist -three independent Republics--Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. - -As for Bolivia, it was a part of Upper Peru. It was liberated by the -help of Antonio Sucre. It declared its Independence, and took the name -of Bolivar. To-day it is the Republic of Bolivia, “rich in all the -natural products of the world.” - - - - -BOLIVAR THE MAN - - -I - -Simon de Bolivar was about five feet six inches in height, lean of limb -and body. His cheek bones stood out prominently in an oval-shaped face, -which tapered sharply towards the chin. - -His countenance was vivacious; but his skin was furrowed with wrinkles -and tanned by exposure to a tropical sun. The curly black hair that once -covered Bolivar’s head in luxuriant profusion, began to turn white about -1821. Thenceforth, he was accustomed to wear his hair short. - -His nose was long and aquiline. Flexible, sensual lips were often shaded -by a thick mustache; while whiskers covered a part of his face. In 1822, -Bolivar’s large, black, penetrating eyes, “with the glance of an eagle,” -were losing their remarkable brilliancy. At that time, Bolivar had also -lost some of the animation, energy, and extraordinary agility which had -distinguished him in youth and early manhood. Even the casual observer -judged him to be many years older than he really was, so sick and weary -did he appear.... - -A man of many moods, jovial, talkative, taciturn, gloomy, he changed -swiftly from sunshine to storm. - -_William Spence Robertson_ (_Condensed_) - - -II - -“Simon de Bolivar has been characterized as the Napoleon of the South -American Revolution, ...” writes William Spence Robertson, who has been -decorated with Bolivar’s Order of the Liberators. “‘Defeat left Bolivar -undismayed,’ said O’Leary, who served for a time as an aide-de-camp of -the Liberator. ‘Always great, he was greatest in adversity. His enemies -had a saying that “when vanquished Bolivar is more terrible than when he -conquers.”’” - -“There is one point on which all are agreed,” writes F. Loraine Petre, -“the generosity of Bolivar, his carelessness of money and his financial -uprightness. Few men ever had greater opportunities of enriching -themselves; still fewer more honestly refused to take advantage of their -opportunities. He commenced life as a rich man, he died almost a -pauper.... - -“The figure of the worn-out Liberator, suffering in mind and body, -deserted by all but a few, reviled by the majority of those who owed -everything to him, is one of the most pathetic in history.” - - - - -AUGUST 20 - -BERNARDO O’HIGGINS - -FIRST SOLDIER, FIRST CITIZEN OF CHILE - - - _Since my childhood I have loved Chile; and I have shed my blood on - the battle-fields which secured her liberties. If it has not been - my privilege to perfect her institutions, I have the satisfaction - of knowing that I am leaving her free and independent, respected - abroad, and glorious in her victories._ - - _I thank God for the favours He has granted my Government, and pray - that He may protect and guide those who will follow me._ - -BERNARDO O’HIGGINS, _to the Chilean Assembly_ - - - - - - -O’HIGGINS - - - _The name of O’Higgins ... has a double lustre; because it was - borne by two generations with an almost equal brilliancy. It is - seldom that a genius such as Ambrose O’Higgins the father, the - greatest Viceroy of royalist Spanish America, bears a man such as - Bernardo O’Higgins the son, first chief of the new Republic which - sprang up from the ashes of his dead father’s Government._ - -W. H. KOEBEL - - - - _Bernardo O’Higgins alone was able to accomplish and establish the - semblance of decent dignified government in his Country after the - great upheaval, a fact mostly due to his own transparent honesty, - utter unselfishness, and pure Patriotism, as much as to his - political acumen, diplomacy, and powers of organization._ - -JOHN J. MEHEGAN - - - - BERNARDO O’HIGGINS was born August 20, 1778 Became the Hero of - Rancagua, 1814 - - He and San Martin won the Battle of Chacabuco, February 12, 1817 - - First Independence Day in Chile, February 12, 1818 - - O’Higgins went into exile, 1823 - - He died in Peru, October 24, 1842 - - - - -THE SON OF THE BAREFOOT BOY - - -Ambrose O’Higgins was like the bright lad in the fairy tale, who started -out to seek his fortune with a knapsack on his back. Ambrose was only a -servant-boy in Ireland, barefoot some say, running errands for the Lady -of Castle Dangan in County Meath. Then one day he set out to seek his -fortune in Spain where he had an uncle. - -He did not find it there. So he bought a stock of merchandise, and took -ship for South America, the wonderful country, where, so people said, -one could get treasure and emeralds a-plenty. - -He landed at Buenos Aires, and sold some of his goods. Then he crossed -the _pampas_, or prairie, and packed his goods by mule-train over the -high Andes into Chile. - -Still his treasure did not appear, and, being a venturesome lad, he made -his way north to Lima in Peru. There he kept a small stall and peddled -his wares under the shadow of Pizarro’s ancient Cathedral. As he looked -up at its weather-beaten walls and down at his old clothes, little he -dreamed that one day he should enter the door of that very Cathedral -clad in a Vice-King’s garments and surrounded by a brilliant retinue of -officers and retainers. - -Not knowing that all this wonderful thing was to happen, he grew -restless and set off on his travels through Venezuela and New Granada, -and finally went back to Chile. - -There his fortune was awaiting him. As the years passed, he studied and -worked industriously, until he became a famous civil engineer and built -roads and did great things for Chile. He devoted himself to Chile’s -interest until the King of Spain, learning of his genius and of all the -improvements he had brought about in the country, appointed him its -Governor. - -He served with such wisdom that, in time, he was made Viceroy, or -Vice-King, of Peru, the highest and most coveted office in all Spanish -America. - -So with pomp and procession, in a Vice-King’s garments, he entered the -Cathedral doors of the very city where once as a poor homeless boy he -had peddled his wares. - -He died at a great age, full of honours, and left his estate to Bernardo -his son. - -Now, Bernardo his son was anything but a Royalist. He was a Patriot. He -felt no deep loyalty to the Crown of Spain. He had been sent to London -to study while he was only a boy. There he had met Miranda the Flaming -Son of Liberty. Miranda had become his friend. Bernardo had joined his -secret society to which Bolivar and San Martin belonged. Thus the boy, -Bernardo O’Higgins, had enthusiastically pledged himself to help Spanish -America gain her Freedom. - -When his father died, he returned to Chile. He lived for a while on his -farm with his mother and sister Rosa. But he was not content to stay -there long. So leaving the farm, he gave himself completely to the -service of his Country. - -And while San Martin, the Argentine General, was mobilizing his Army at -Mendoza on the other side of the Andes, O’Higgins and many Chilean -Patriots were endeavouring to drive the Spaniards out of their country -northward and back to Lima. - - - - -THE SINGLE STAR FLAG - - -It was the Fourth of July. The United States Consulate in Chile was -celebrating _our_ Independence Day. Over the Consulate floated the Stars -and Stripes, and with it was entwined, for the first time, a -tri-coloured flag, red, white, and blue, with a single five-pointed -silver star in its upper left hand corner. - -It was the new Republican Flag of Chile. - -Soon one saw the Patriots of Santiago on the streets, wearing red, -white, and blue cockades. - -And shortly after this the Single Star Flag was adopted as the Chilean -national emblem. - - - - -THE HERO OF RANCAGUA - - -But Spain was not going to permit Chile to hoist a Flag of Independence. -She despatched armed frigates and war vessels along the Pacific coast, -for she was determined to crush the Patriot uprising once and for all. - -From her stronghold, Lima, she sent out fresh troops seasoned in -European wars. This strong Spanish force marched down through Chile upon -helpless Santiago City. The Patriot Army, very small and badly equipped, -took its stand bravely near the town of Rancagua hoping to keep the -Spanish from passing. - -Unfortunately, there were political quarrels among the Patriots. The -Carreras--three brothers--were trying to gain control of the Government -and Army. Their personal ambition was greater than their love of -Country. - -The Patriot forces at Rancagua were in part commanded by two of the -Carreras, and in part by O’Higgins of whom they were jealous. - -The Spanish attacked. A stiff battle took place. Neither Army would give -quarter. Each side hoisted a black flag as a signal of war to the death. - -Suddenly, without warning, the Carreras fell back and abandoned -O’Higgins and his troop to their fate, leaving them trapped as it were. -But O’Higgins and his men retreated into the town and defended -themselves courageously. For hours, without cessation, the Spanish -attacked. Finally, O’Higgins withdrew his men to the plaza, and fought -from behind hastily thrown-up barricades built of carts, bricks, -furniture, and parts of houses. - -Then a Chilean magazine exploded. The Patriots’ ammunition began to give -out. The buildings around them went up in flames. O’Higgins was shot in -the leg. But he and all of his little band, of whom scarcely two hundred -men were left, tortured by fatigue, thirst, and heat, still gallantly -fought on. - -Destruction seemed certain. But O’Higgins was not a man to yield to -despair. He ordered his men to collect all the horses, mules, and cattle -they could lay hands on. He placed himself at the head of his men, and -driving the herd before him, plunged through the Spanish lines, cutting -fiercely on every side as he went. - -So he and his soldiers retreated in safety to Santiago. - -But that city was doomed. The Spanish marched upon it and took it. All -was terror. Many people fled from the city. Patriots who remained were -seized by the Spanish, and imprisoned or murdered. A number -of men, some quite old, were banished to the lonely island of Juan -Fernandez--Robinson Crusoe’s desert island. - -As for Bernardo O’Higgins, he barely escaped with his life. He led a -party of miserable shivering refugees, men and women, across the Andes -into Argentina. After terrible sufferings from cold in the high mountain -passes, they reached Mendoza. There they were welcomed and sheltered by -San Martin, the General whom God had called to carry Liberty into Chile. - - - - -COMPANIONS-IN-ARMS - - -Then Argentina and Chile joined forces against Spain. O’Higgins and San -Martin became companions-in-arms. - -About all that they accomplished, about the Hannibal of the Andes, -Chacabuco, Maipu, and the strong fleet which O’Higgins assembled to -carry San Martin and his Army to Peru, you may read in the story of San -Martin on page 235. There, also, it is told how O’Higgins became the -Supreme Dictator of Chile, the land where his father the barefoot boy, -had found a fortune. - - - - -THE PATRIOT RULER - - -So while San Martin with his army sailed away to liberate Peru, the -unselfish Supreme Dictator stayed at home to care for his people. - -Now that the Spanish were driven out, the Country was in a chaotic -condition, its laws and Government in confusion. With wisdom, patience, -and tact, O’Higgins began the work of reconstruction. And how well he -succeeded Captain Basil Hall, an English naval officer, tells in his -journal. - - “We left Valparaiso harbour filled with shipping; its customhouse - wharfs piled high with goods too numerous and bulky for the old - warehouses. The road between the port and the capital was always - crowded with convoys of mules loaded with every kind of foreign - manufacture. While numerous ships were busy taking in cargoes of - the wines, corn, and other articles, the growth of the country. - - “And large sums of treasures were daily embarked for Europe, in - return for goods already distributed over the interior. - - “A spirit of inquiry and intelligence animated the whole society. - Schools were multiplied in every town; libraries established; and - every encouragement given to literature and the arts. And as - travelling was free, passports were unnecessary. - - “In the manners and even in the gait of every man, might be traced - the air of conscious freedom and independence.” - -And all this was largely due to the energetic and peaceful rule of -Bernardo O’Higgins. - -But political enemies soon began to press the Supreme Dictator hard. -There were conspiracies of the Carrera party. Diplomatic -misunderstandings arose between Chile and both the United States and -England. - -Meanwhile, a more serious situation was developing which was to bring -misery to Chile. The aristocrats, who had been Royalists, began to work -secretly against O’Higgins and the Republic. Government officials, who -were jealous of O’Higgins’s power and success, plotted against him. -These conspirators succeeded in getting control of the Assembly. - -The Assembly demanded his resignation. O’Higgins knew that if he should -refuse to resign, his act would plunge Chile into civil war. Rather than -harm his Country, he laid down his power. - -The People of Chile, who loved and revered him, wept with sorrow at his -abdication. And his enemies would not have dared to attack him, had they -not known that he would never shed one drop of Chilean blood in his own -defense. - - - - -FIRST SOLDIER, FIRST CITIZEN - - -The rest is soon told. - -Bernardo O’Higgins, with his mother and his sister Rosa, went into -exile. - -He sought refuge in Peru. He reached there after the Amazing Meeting. -San Martin was gone. The Peruvians welcomed him with sincere -hospitality. They gladly offered to shelter him in his exile. They -gratefully acknowledged all that he had done to help equip the -Liberating Army which had freed Peru. They gave him a fine sugar -plantation, and honoured him in every way they could. - -So he lived quietly among them for many years. - -But things were not going well in the Republic of Chile. Her first -place, which she had held among other southern Republics because of her -well-organized Government and her fine civic reconstruction, the work of -O’Higgins, this her first place, was lost. She stood no longer at the -head of her sister Republics. - -She was become a prey to political quarrels. The Holy Alliance in Europe -was threatening her. It was then that Chile received gladly the Monroe -Doctrine of the United States, which protected her against Spain. - -Then Chile, in her trouble, recalled O’Higgins and voted to restore him -to all his titles and honours. - -Though he loved Chile, he knew it was not best to return, so he refused. -Soon after which, he died in Peru. - -He is, to-day, the beloved National Hero of the Chilean People. - - - - -CHILE AS SHE IS - - -Sunny, happy, smiling Chile, stretches like a broad ribbon unrolling -itself along the Pacific coast of South America. To-day she is a -Republic with a Constitution and a President. - -Chile is a prosperous Republic; for after civil war and political -struggles, she has found herself, and is even stronger and more vigorous -than when under the rule of Bernardo O’Higgins. - -High in her background loom the Andes, their jagged summits covered with -eternal snows; while in their hearts are valleys, lakes, and rushing -torrents, rich copper mines, and grazing grounds. - -Chile’s immensely long and narrow land reaches from the hot and arid -deserts of Peru, to the cold and rainy country of Cape Horn. But the -beautiful, sunny, happy Chile lies between these two extremes. In that -delightful part, grow barley, wheat, grapes; and herds of cattle and -horses feed on the rich grass. Each year, Chile sends quantities of -grain as well as of iodine, nitrates, and wool, to the markets of our -United States, and to those of other countries as well. - -In Chile, thousands of school children in the cities, towns, and -villages are taught to honour the name of Bernardo O’Higgins, who -founded their Government, Chile’s “first Soldier, first Citizen.” - -The children of Chile keep their Independence Day on February 12, while -our children in the United States are celebrating Lincoln’s Birthday. - - - - -ONE OF TWENTY - - -Chile is only one of twenty flourishing Latin American Republics. They -are called Latin American, because they were settled by Latin Races, -Spanish, French, or Portuguese. - -There are eighteen Spanish-American ones; one French, Haiti; and one -Portuguese, Brazil. In these twenty Republics there are more than -75,000,000 people. - -This book is too short a one in which to tell about all the Liberators -of these Republics. - -There was Toussaint l’Ouverture, the extraordinary coloured man, an -ex-slave, who liberated Haiti. Haiti was the first Latin American -Republic to declare its Independence. - -In Peru, there was Tupac Amaru, the brave young Indian Cacique, a -descendant of the “Child of the Sun” whom Pizarro conquered. He tried to -liberate his people from Spain, but was captured with all his family, -and put to death. - -In Paraguay there was the tyrant-liberator Francia, about whom that -fascinating romance in English, _El Supremo_, tells. While _La Banda -Oriental_, as Uruguay used to be called, had for a Liberator, the bold -bandit-like Artigas. In Mexico, it was the priest Hidalgo who roused the -Mexican People to revolt against Spain. - -The Peoples of the eighteen Spanish-American Republics, are not _one_ -People like those of our United States, living at peace under _one_ -Government and governed by _one_ Constitution. - -They are not a Union. Instead, each is a separate Republic. Each may do -as it pleases without consulting the welfare of the others. This at -times, brings about bad feeling, and even war. - -But to prevent war and bloodshed, some of these Republics have adopted -_a better way_. - - - - -THE BETTER WAY - - -To-day, high on a ridge of the Andes Mountains, high, high above the -level of the sea, stands a gigantic bronze monument. It is a figure -raised on a pedestal. In one hand it holds a cross, while it extends the -other hand in blessing. - -The winter winds sweep against it with driving storms of snow. The -summer winds whirl drifts of sand around its base. But with peaceful -look, the figure gazes far beyond the black rocks, frozen peaks, and -rushing torrents of the Andes, toward the busy world of men. - -On its base is inscribed:-- - - _Sooner shall these mountains crumble into dust, than Chileans and - Argentines shall break the peace to which they have pledged - themselves at the feet of Christ the Redeemer._ - -It is the figure of _El Cristo_[7] of the Andes. It is a monument -standing close to a lonely trail, once the highway from Argentina into -Chile. It was erected a few years ago by the Republics of Chile and -Argentina. - -It happened this way:-- - -The two Republics had disputed for years over the boundary line which -passed along the crest of the Andes. Each claimed a large share of -valuable territory. Neither would allow the other to settle the boundary -line. - -Sometimes, the Argentine soldiers, patrolling the frontier, would find -the Chilean patrol camping on the disputed ground. The two patrols would -have angry words and nearly come to blows. So the bad feeling grew worse -until both Republics were ready for war. - -Then the Chileans and Argentines remembered that their grandfathers and -great-grandfathers, under San Martin and O’Higgins, had fought side by -side, and had shed their blood together in the cause of Independence. -They could not bring themselves to slaughter each other, for they were -brothers. - -They agreed to arbitrate. They appealed to England to decide the -boundary line for them. King Edward the Seventh sent a commission to the -Andes, which surveyed the region to as far south as Cape Horn. The King -gave his decision. Thus the boundary question was settled without -bloodshed. Though Chile was not quite satisfied, she loyally stood by -the King’s decision. - -So the conflict was stopped, good feeling returned, and the Republics -were saved from the horrors of war. - -To commemorate this great event,--the better way of settling a Nation’s -quarrel by Arbitration,--the Argentines and Chileans erected _El -Cristo_. - -The figure was cast from the metal of old cannon left by the Spanish -soldiers when they were driven from the land by O’Higgins and San -Martin. It is twenty-six feet high, and is mounted on a huge pedestal. -Near it is set up a boundary-marker inscribed on one side _Chile_, and -on the other, _Argentina_. - -_El Cristo_ of the Andes was dedicated. Several thousand people were -present. The vast solitudes of the Andes were broken. Cannon roared and -bands played. Then the Bishop of Ancud spoke: - -“Not only to Argentina and Chile,” he said, “do we dedicate this -monument, but to the World, that from this it may learn the lesson of -Universal Peace.” - -Years have gone by since then. To-day a railroad takes travellers over -the mountains by another route. They no longer pass the bronze figure -that pleads for Peace. - -“The peon with a mail-bag strapped on his back has tramped his way for -the last time down the rocky trail in the winter-snows,” writes Mr. -Nevin O. Winter, who has seen _El Cristo_. “_El Cristo_ stands among the -lonely crags deserted, isolated, and storm-swept; but ever with a noble -dignity befitting the character.” - -But Chile and Argentina have not yet forgotten their pledge. They are -still showing the World the Better Way--the way of Arbitration and -Peace. - - - - -SEPTEMBER 6 - -THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE - -THE FRIEND OF AMERICA - - - _As soon as I heard of American Independence, my heart was - enlisted!_ - -LAFAYETTE - - - - - - -LAFAYETTE SAID WHEN OFFERING HIS SERVICES TO CONGRESS - - - _After the sacrifices I have made, I have the right to exact two - favours. One is to serve at my own expense--the other is, to serve - at first as volunteer._ - - - - -JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, TO LAFAYETTE - -_On Bidding Him Farewell, in 1825_ - - _Our children, in life and after death, shall claim you for our - own. You are ours by that more than patriotic devotion with which - you flew to the aid of our Fathers at the crisis of their fate.... - Ours by that tie of love, stronger than death, which has linked - your name, for endless ages to come, with the name of_ WASHINGTON. - - LAFAYETTE was born in France, September 6, 1757 - - He came to the rescue of America, 1777 - - He made his triumphal tour, 1824-25 - - He died in France, May 20, 1834 - - His full name was Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier - Marquis de Lafayette. He preferred to be called plain “Citizen - Gilbert Motier.” - - - - -I WILL JOIN THE AMERICANS! - - -One night, in 1776, the old Marshal, Commander of the French forces at -Strasburg, was giving a dinner party in honour of the Duke of -Gloucester. - -This light-hearted English Duke was in disgrace with his royal brother -King George the Third of England; so he was taking a little trip abroad. -At the Marshal’s dinner he was maliciously regaling the guests with a -humorous account of how the Americans had flouted King George and had -flung his chests of tea into Boston Harbour, and had declared their -Independence. - -The Duke’s sympathies were all with the Americans, and he dwelt on their -need of volunteers. Amongst the guests--officers in blue and silver, -Strasburg grandees in gold-lace and velvet, all exclaiming, laughing, -and gesticulating--was one silent, solemn-faced young officer. - -He was lean, red-haired, and hook-nosed, and very awkward. He kept his -eager eyes fixed on the Duke’s face. Nobody noticed him. - -After dinner, he strode across the room to the Duke, and opened his lips -for the first time. - -“I will join the Americans--I will help them fight for Freedom!” he -cried; and as he spoke his face was illuminated. “Tell me how to set -about it!” - -The young man was the Marquis de Lafayette, nineteen years old, a rich -French noble, the adoring husband of a sweet young wife, and the father -of one little child. - -_Edith Sichel_ (_Retold_) - - - - -IN AMERICA - - -Accompanied by Baron de Kalb, Lafayette safely reached America, and -presented his credentials to Congress. - -Washington met him first at a dinner in Philadelphia. He was so pleased -with Lafayette’s eager, brave spirit, and with his unselfish offer of -sword and fortune for the American cause, that he invited him to become -a member of his family, and to make Headquarters his home. - -Lafayette was delighted, and immediately had his luggage taken to the -camp. And from that time on, he was always a welcome guest both at camp -and at Mount Vernon. - - - - -ON THE FIELD NEAR CAMDEN - - -What became of Lafayette’s companion, the Baron de Kalb? - -He served his adopted country, the United States, until at the battle -near Camden, he fell, still fighting though pierced by eleven wounds. - -“The rebel General! the rebel General!” shouted the British soldiers who -saw him fall. And they rushed forward to transfix him with their -bayonets. - -But his faithful adjutant tried to throw himself on the Baron’s body to -shield it, crying out at the same time, “Spare the Baron de Kalb!” - -The rough soldiers raised the wounded Baron to his feet, and, leaning -him against a wagon, began to strip him. - -Just then the British General, Lord Cornwallis, rode up. He saw his -valiant enemy stripped to his shirt, the blood pouring from his eleven -wounds. Immediately, he gave orders that the Baron should be treated -with respect and care. - -“I regret to see you so badly wounded,” he said, “but am glad to have -defeated you.” - -The Baron was carried to a bed. He was given every care. His devoted -adjutant watched by his bedside, and the British officers came to -express their sympathy and regret. But the brave Baron lingered three -days only, then he died. Almost his last thoughts were with the men of -his command. He charged his adjutant to thank them for their valour, and -to bid them an affectionate farewell from him. - -The people of Camden erected a monument in memory of the Baron de Kalb. - - - - -THE BANNER OF THE MORAVIAN NUNS - - “_Take thy Banner; and beneath - The war-cloud’s encircling wreath - Guard it--till our homes are free-- - Guard it--God will prosper thee!_ - - * * * * * - - “_Take thy Banner; and if e’er - Thou shouldst press the soldier’s bier - And the muffled drum should beat - To the tread of mournful feet, - Then this Crimson Flag shall be - Martial cloak and shroud for thee!_” - - _And the Warrior took that Banner proud, - And it was his martial cloak and shroud._ - - _From The Hymn of the Moravian Nuns_, - - HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW - - -It was the young and gallant Marquis de Lafayette, who during the -terrible rout on the field of Brandywine, leaped from his horse, and -sword in hand tried to rally the fleeing American soldiers. But a musket -ball passing through his leg, he fell wounded to the ground. - -His brave aide-de-camp placed Lafayette on his own horse, thus saving -his life. Lafayette then tried to rejoin Washington, but his wound bled -so badly that he had to stop and have his leg bandaged. - -Meanwhile, it was growing dark. All was fear and confusion around him. -The American soldiers were fleeing from every direction toward the -village of Chester. They were rushing on in headlong flight, with cannon -and baggage-wagons. The thunder of the enemy’s guns, the clouds of dust, -the shouts and cries, the general panic, were terrific. - -Lafayette was forced to retreat with the Army, but in spite of his -wound, he retained presence of mind enough to station a guard at the -bridge before Chester, with commands to keep all retreating soldiers -from crossing it. So, when Washington and General Greene rode up, they -were able to rally the soldiers and restore something like order. - -As for Lafayette, he was soon after carried to the town of Bethlehem in -Pennsylvania, and left with the Moravian Nuns. - -These good women nursed him, and bestowed every kindly care upon him, -until his wound was healed and he was able to rejoin the Army. He had -been serving without a command, but after his gallant action at -Brandywine, he was made head of a division. - -It was while Lafayette was still at Bethlehem, that a brilliant officer -from the American Army came to see him. He was the Lithuanian-Polish -Patriot, Count Casimir Pulaski. - -All the Nuns, and in fact every one in Bethlehem, knew Count Pulaski’s -romantic history, how while in Poland he had fought for the -Independence of his Country, and had been sent into exile. He was now -fighting for America’s Liberty. - -And when the Nuns learned that Count Pulaski was raising a corps in -Baltimore, they were eager to honour him. With their own hands they made -a banner of crimson silk, embroidering it beautifully. This they sent to -him with their blessing. - -He carried the crimson banner through battle and danger, until at last -he fell so badly wounded that he died. - -The crimson banner was rescued, and carried back to Baltimore. - - - - -LOYAL TO THE CHIEF - - -It was during that terrible Winter at Valley Forge, that Generals Gates -and Conway “with malice and duplicity,” were plotting against -Washington. - -They wanted to win the young and influential Marquis de Lafayette to -their conspiracy. They planned to do so by separating him from -Washington. So they used their influence to have him appointed to an -independent command, with Conway as his chief lieutenant. And this they -did without consulting Washington. - -But they reckoned without their host. The gallant young Frenchman was -loyal. He was incapable of a dastardly act. Though scarcely twenty -years old, he had a mind of his own. He refused to take command without -Washington’s consent; and insisted on having Baron de Kalb, not Conway, -for his lieutenant. - -Then he set out for York, to get his papers. - -He had left Washington with the soldiers, starving and shivering at -Valley Forge; he found General Gates and his officers in York, -comfortably seated at dinner, the table laden with food and drink. They -were flushed and noisy with wine, and greeted Lafayette with shouts of -welcome. - -They fawned upon him; they complimented and toasted him. He listened to -them quietly; and, as soon as he received his papers, rose as if to make -a speech. - -There was a breathless silence. All eyes were fixed upon him. - -In politest tones, he reminded them there was one toast that they had -forgotten, and which he now proposed:-- - - _The health of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the United - States._ - -There was silence. There was consternation and embarrassment. No one -dared refuse to drink. Some merely touched the glasses to their lips, -others set them down scarcely tasted. - -Then, bowing with mock politeness and shrugging his shoulders, -Lafayette left the dining-hall, and mounting his horse rode away. - -_John Fiske and Other Sources_ (_Retold_) - - - - -WE ARE GRATEFUL, LAFAYETTE! - - -During the War for Independence, Lafayette served without pay. He also -cheerfully expended one hundred and forty thousand dollars out of his -own fortune, purchasing a ship to bring him to America, and raising, -equipping, arming, and clothing a regiment. And when he landed in -America, he brought with him munitions of war, which he presented to our -Army. He gave shoes, clothes, and food to our naked suffering American -soldiers. - -After the War was over, some small recognition was offered him by our -Government. But while on his visit here in 1825, to show appreciation of -his unselfish aid to us in time of need, and in compensation for his -expenditures, Congress passed a bill presenting him with two hundred -thousand dollars and a grant of land. - -There were, however, a few members of Congress who violently opposed the -bill, much to the shame of all grateful citizens. And one member of -Congress, humiliated at this opposition, tried to apologize delicately -to Lafayette. - -“I, Sir, _am one of the opposition_!” exclaimed Lafayette. “The gift is -so munificent, so far exceeding the services of the individual, that, -had I been a member of Congress, I must have voted against it!” - -And to Congress itself, Lafayette, deeply touched said:-- - -“The immense and unexpected gift which in addition to former and -considerable bounties, it has pleased Congress to confer upon me, calls -for the warmest acknowledgments of an old American soldier, an adopted -son of the United States--two titles dearer to my heart than all the -treasures in the world.” - - - - -SOME OF WASHINGTON’S HAIR - - -Cordial ties bound the land of Washington to the land of Bolivar one -hundred years ago. - -Then the South American Liberator was held in such high esteem here, -that after the death of Washington his family sent Bolivar several -relics of the national hero of the United States, including locks of -Washington’s hair. - -The gift was transmitted through Lafayette, who had it presented to -Bolivar by a French officer. And the latter bore back to the noble -French comrade of Washington, an eloquent letter of thanks from Bolivar. - -The South American Liberator professed throughout his life ardent -admiration for the United States, and once in conversation with an -American officer in Peru, prophesied that within one hundred years, the -land of Washington would stand first in the world. - -_T. R. Ybarra_ - - - - -WELCOME! FRIEND OF AMERICA! - -1824-25 - - -It was twenty-five years after the death of Washington. It was 1824. In -New York City, joy bells were ringing, bands playing, cannon saluting, -flags waving, and two hundred thousand people wildly cheering. - -The Marquis de Lafayette was visiting America. He was landing at the -Battery. He was no longer the slender, debonair, young French officer -who, afire with ardent courage, had served under Washington, but a man -of sixty-seven, large, massive, almost six feet tall, his rugged face -expressing a strong noble character, his fine hazel eyes beaming with -pleasure and affection. But his manner was the same courtly, gracious -one of the young man of nineteen who so long ago had exclaimed, “I will -join the Americans--I will help them fight for Freedom!” - -Since the American War for Independence, Lafayette had been through the -terrible French Revolution, and had spent five years in an Austrian -prison. Now, as he landed once more on American soil, he was the -honoured and idolized guest of millions of grateful citizens of the -United States. - -As he stepped from a gayly decorated boat, and stood among the throngs -of cheering New York folk, his eyes filled with tears. He had expected -only a little welcome; instead he found the whole Nation waiting -expectant and eager to do him honour. - -His tour of the country in a barouche drawn by four white horses, was -one continuous procession. Enormous crowds gathered everywhere to greet -him as he went from city to city, town to town, and village to village. -He passed beneath arches of flowers and arbours of evergreens. Children -and young girls welcomed him with songs, and officials with addresses. -He was banqueted and fêted. “Lafayette! Lafayette!” was the roar that -went up from millions of throats. - -At Fort McHenry, he was conducted into the tent that had been -Washington’s during the War for Independence. There, some of Lafayette’s -old comrades-in-arms, veteran members of the Society of the Cincinnati, -were awaiting him. - -Lafayette embraced them with tears of joy. Then looking around the tent, -and seeing some of Washington’s equipment, he exclaimed in a subdued -voice:-- - -“I remember! I remember!” - -Later in the day, a procession was formed, which as it passed through -the streets of Baltimore, displayed in a place of honour the crimson -silk banner of Count Pulaski, embroidered for him by the Moravian Nuns -of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. - -In Boston, Lafayette in a barouche drawn by four beautiful white horses, -was escorted by a brilliant procession through the streets. At the -Common, he passed between two lines of school-children, girls in white, -and boys in blue and white; and a lovely little girl crowned him with a -wreath of blossoms. - -Across Washington Street, were thrown two arches decorated with flags, -and inscribed with the words:-- - -WELCOME, LAFAYETTE! - - _The Fathers in glory shall sleep, - That gathered with thee to the fight, - But the Sons will eternally keep - The Tablet of Gratitude bright. - We bow not the neck, and we bend not the knee, - But our hearts, Lafayette, we surrender to thee._ - -And when he entered Lexington, he passed beneath an arch on which was -written in flowers: - - _Welcome! Friend of America! - To the Birthplace of American Liberty._ - - - - -SEPTEMBER 24 - -JOHN MARSHALL - -THE EXPOUNDER OF THE CONSTITUTION - - - _I had grown up at a time ... when the maxim, “United we stand, - divided we fall,” was the maxim of every orthodox American; and I - had imbibed these sentiments so thoroughly that they constituted a - part of my being._ - -JOHN MARSHALL. - - - - - - - _He had a deep sense of moral and religious obligation, and a love - of truth, constant, enduring, unflinching. It naturally gave rise - to a sincerity of thought, purpose, expression and conduct, which, - though never severe, was always open, manly, and straightforward._ - - _Yet it was combined with such a gentle and bland demeanour, that - it never gave offense. But it was, on the contrary, most persuasive - in its appeals to the understanding._ - -_Justice_ JOSEPH STORY - - - - JOHN MARSHALL was born in Virginia, September 24, 1755 - - Became an officer in a Company of Minute Men, 1775 - - Was Envoy to France, 1797 - - Was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United - States, 1801 - - He died, July 6, 1835 - - - - -THE BOY OF THE FRONTIER - - -_In a Log Cabin_ - -Through the ancient and unbroken forests, toward the Monongahela River, -Braddock made his slow and painful way. Weeks passed, then months. But -the Colonists felt no impatience because everybody knew what would -happen when his scarlet columns should finally meet and throw themselves -upon the enemy. - -Yet this meeting when it came, proved to be one of the lesser tragedies -of history, and had a deep and fateful effect upon American public -opinion, and upon the life and future of the American People. - -Time has not dulled the vivid picture of that disaster. The golden -sunshine of that July day; the pleasant murmur of the waters of the -Monongahela; the silent and sombre forests; the steady tramp, tramp of -the British to the inspiriting music of their regimental bands, playing -the martial airs of England; the bright uniforms of the advancing -columns giving to the background of stream and forest a touch of -splendour;--and then the ambush and surprise; the war-whoops of savage -foes that could not be seen; the hail of invisible death, no pellet of -which went astray; the pathetic volleys which the doomed British troops -fired at hidden antagonists; the panic; the rout; the pursuit; the -slaughter; the crushing, humiliating defeat! - -Most of the British officers were killed or wounded, as they vainly -tried to halt the stampede. Braddock himself received a mortal hurt. - -Furious at what he felt was the stupidity and cowardice of the British -regulars, the youthful Washington rode among the fear-frenzied -Englishmen striving to save the day. Two horses were shot under him. -Four bullets rent his uniform. But crazed with fright, the Royal -soldiers were beyond human control. - -Only the Virginia Rangers kept their heads and their courage. Obeying -the shouted orders of their young Commander, they threw themselves -between the terror-stricken British and the savage victors, and, -fighting behind trees and rocks, were an ever-moving rampart of fire -that saved the flying remnants of the English troops. - -But for Washington and his Rangers, Braddock’s whole force would have -been annihilated. - -So everywhere went up the cry, “The British are beaten!” - -At first, rumour had it, that the whole force was destroyed, and that -Washington had been killed in action. But soon another word followed -hard upon this error--the word that the boyish Virginia Captain and his -Rangers had fought with coolness, skill, and courage; that they alone -had prevented the extinction of the British Regulars. - -Thus it was that the American Colonists suddenly came to think, that -they themselves must be their own defenders. It was a revelation, all -the more impressive because it was so abrupt, unexpected, and dramatic, -that the red-coated professional soldiers were not the unconquerable -warriors, the Colonists had been told that they were. From colonial -mansion to log cabin, from the provincial capitals to the mean and -exposed frontier settlements, Braddock’s defeat sowed the seed of the -idea that Americans must depend upon themselves. - -Close upon the heels of this epoch-making event, John Marshall came into -the world. - -He was born in a little log cabin in what is now a part of Virginia, -eleven weeks after Braddock’s defeat. The Marshall cabin stood about a -mile and a half from a cluster of a dozen similar log structures, a -little settlement practically on the frontier. - - -_Off to the Blue Ridge_ - - -Some ten years after Braddock’s defeat, we can picture a strong rude -wagon drawn by two horses, crawling along the stumpy, rock-roughened, -and mud-mired road through the dense woods that led to a valley in the -Blue Ridge Mountains. - -In the wagon sat a young woman. By her side a sturdy red-cheeked boy -looked out with alert but quiet interest showing from his brilliant -black eyes. And three other children cried their delight or vexation as -the hours wore on. - -The red-cheeked boy was John Marshall. - -In this wagon, too, were piled the little family’s household goods. By -the side of the wagon, strode a young man dressed in the costume of the -frontier. Tall, broad-shouldered, lithe-hipped, erect, he was a very oak -of a man. His splendid head was carried with a peculiar dignity. And the -grave but kindly command that shone from his face, together with the -brooding thoughtfulness and fearless light of his striking eyes, would -have singled him out in any assemblage, as a man to be respected and -trusted. - -A negro drove the team, and a negro girl walked behind. So went little -John Marshall with his father and mother, from the log cabin to their -new Blue Ridge home, which was not a log cabin, but a frame house built -of whipsawed uprights and boards. - - -_Making an American_ - -John Marshall lived near the frontier, until he was nineteen, when as -Lieutenant of the famous Culpeper Minute Men, he marched away to -battle. - -And during those nineteen years he had been growing up to be _an -American_. - -The earliest stories told little John Marshall must have been frontier -ones of daring and sacrifice. - -Almost from the home-made cradle, he was taught the idea of American -solidarity. Braddock’s defeat was the theme of fireside talk of the -Colonists, and from this grew in time the conviction that Americans, if -united, could not only protect their homes from the savages and the -French, but could defeat, if need be, the British themselves. - -So thought John Marshall’s father and mother, and so they taught their -children. - -For the most part, the boy’s days were spent studying and reading, or -rifle in hand, in the surrounding mountains and by the pleasant waters -that flowed through the valley of his forest home. He helped his mother, -of course, did the innumerable chores which the day’s work required, and -looked after the younger children. He ate game from the forest and fish -from the stream. Bear meat was plentiful. - -Whether at home with his mother, or on surveying trips with his father, -the boy continually was under the influence and direction of hardy, -clear-minded unusual parents. - -Their lofty and simple ideals, their rational thinking, their unbending -uprightness, their religious convictions--these were the intellectual -companions of John Marshall’s childhood and youth. - - -_Give Me Liberty!_ - -Thomas Marshall, John’s father, served in the Virginia House of -Burgesses of which Patrick Henry was a member. - -When Thomas Marshall returned to his Blue Ridge home, he described, of -course, the scenes he had witnessed and taken part in. The heart of his -son thrilled, we may be sure, as he listened to his father reciting -Patrick Henry’s words of fire. - -And again, when Patrick Henry became the voice of America, and offered -the “Resolutions for Arming and Defense,” and carried them with that -amazing speech ending with:-- - - _Give me Liberty or give me Death!_ - -Thomas Marshall sat beneath its spell. - -And John Marshall, now nineteen years old, heard those words from his -father’s lips, as the family clustered around the fireside of Oak Hill, -their Blue Ridge home. - -The effect on John Marshall’s mind and spirit was heroic and profound. - -_Albert J. Beveridge_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -THE YOUNG LIEUTENANT - - -When John Marshall was nineteen, he was about six feet high, straight, -and rather slender, and of dark complexion. His eyes were dark to -blackness, strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good -nature. His raven black hair was of unusual thickness. - -He was Lieutenant of a Company, and wore a purple or pale blue hunting -shirt, and trousers of the same material fringed with white. A round -black hat, with a buck-tail for a cockade, crowned his figure. - -The news of the Battle of Lexington reached him, and he was soon on the -muster-field training his Company. - -First, he made his men a speech, telling them that he had come to meet -them as fellow soldiers, who were likely to be called on to defend their -Country and their own rights and liberties--that there had been a battle -at Lexington in which the Americans were victorious, but that more -fighting was expected--that soldiers were called for--and that it was -time to brighten their firearms, and learn to use them in the field--and -that, if they would fall into a single line, he would show them the new -manual exercise, for which purpose he had brought his own gun. - -Then before he required the men to imitate him, he went through the -manual exercise by word and motion, deliberately pronounced and -performed. He then proceeded to exercise them with the most perfect -temper. Never did man possess a temper more happy, or one more subdued -or better disciplined. - -After a few lessons, he dismissed the Company, saying that if they -wished to hear more about the war, he would tell them what he understood -about it. The men formed a circle about him, and he talked to them for -about an hour. - -After that he challenged an acquaintance to a game of quoits. And they -closed the day with foot-races and other athletic exercises. - -_Horace Binney_ (_Retold_) - - - - -SERVING THE CAUSE - - -Young John Marshall became a Lieutenant in the first regiment of Minute -Men raised in Virginia. These were the citizen soldiery of the Colonies, -who “were raised in a minute; armed in a minute; marched in a minute; -fought in a minute; and vanquished in a minute.” - -His father Thomas Marshall was Major of this Virginia regiment of Minute -Men. Their appearance was calculated to strike terror into the hearts -of an enemy. They were dressed in green hunting-shirts, home-spun, -home-woven, and home-made, with the words, - - _Liberty or Death!_ - -in large white letters on their bosoms. - -They wore in their hats, buck-tails, and in their belts, tomahawks and -scalping knives. Their savage, warlike appearance excited the terror of -the inhabitants as they marched through the country. - -Lord Dunmore told his troops, before the action at the Great Bridge, -that if they fell into the hands of the “shirt-men,” they would be -scalped. - -To the honour of the “shirt-men,” it should be observed, that they -treated the British prisoners with great kindness--a kindness which was -felt and gratefully acknowledged. - -_Henry Flanders_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -AT VALLEY FORGE - - -Through the battles of Iron Hill, of Brandywine, of Germantown, and of -Monmouth, John Marshall bore himself bravely. And through the dreary -privations, the hunger, and the nakedness of that ghastly Winter at -Valley Forge, his patient endurance and his cheeriness bespoke the very -sweetest temper that ever man was blessed with. - -So long as any lived to speak, men would tell how he was loved by the -soldiers and by his brother officers; how he was the arbiter of their -differences and the composer of their disputes. And when called to act, -as he often was, as Judge Advocate, he exercised that peculiar and -delicate judgment required of him, who is not only the prosecutor but -the protector of the accused. - -It was in the duties of this office that he first met and came to know -well the two men, whom of all others on earth he most admired and loved, -and whose impress he bore through his life--Washington and Hamilton. - -_William Henry Rawle_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -SILVER HEELS - - -Young John Marshall surpassed in athletics, any man in the Army. When -the soldiers were idle at their quarters, it was usual for the officers -to engage in a game of quoits or in jumping and racing. Then he would -throw a quoit farther, and beat at a race any other. He was the only -man, who with a running jump, could clear a stick laid on the heads of -two men as tall as himself. - -On one occasion, he ran a race in his stocking feet with a comrade. His -mother, in knitting his stockings, had knit the legs of blue yarn and -the heels of white. Because of this and because he always won the races, -the soldiers called him:-- - -“Silver Heels.” - -_J. B. Thayer_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -WITHOUT BREAD - -_Told by John Marshall’s Sister_ - - -He was then an officer in the American Army, and he came home for a -visit, accompanied by some of his brother officers, some young French -gentlemen. - -When supper time arrived, Mother had the meal prepared for them, and had -made into bread a little flour, the last she had, which had been saved -for such an occasion. - -The little ones cried for some, and Brother John inquired into matters. -He would eat no more of the bread, which could not be shared with us. - -He was greatly distressed at the straits to which the fortunes of war -had reduced us. And Mother had not intended him to know our condition. - -_From the Green Bag_ - - - - -HIS MOTHER - - -John Marshall’s mother, Mary Isham Keith, was a woman of great force of -character and strong religious faith. She was pleasing in mind, person, -and manners. And her son loved her with that chivalrous tender devotion, -which made him gentle with all women throughout his life. - -A few weeks before his death, John Marshall told his friend, Judge -Story, that he had never failed to repeat each night, through his long -life, the little prayer which begins:-- - - _Now I lay me down to sleep_, - -that he had learned, when a baby, at his mother’s knee. - -_Sallie E. Marshall Hardy_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -HIS FATHER - - -His father, Thomas Marshall, served with great distinction during the -War for Independence. He was a man of uncommon capacity and vigour of -intellect. - -John Marshall, after he became Chief Justice, used often to speak of him -in terms of the deepest affection and reverence. Indeed, he never named -his father, without dwelling on his character with a fond and winning -enthusiasm. - -“My father,” he would say with kindled feelings and emphasis, “my father -was a far abler man than any of his sons. To him I owe the solid -foundation of all my own success in life.” - -_Justice Joseph Story_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -THREE STORIES - - -_What was in the Saddlebags_ - -One Autumn, John Marshall was invited to visit Mount Vernon, in company -with Washington’s nephew. - -On their way to Mount Vernon, the two travellers met with a -misadventure, which gave great amusement to Washington, and of which he -enjoyed telling his friends. - -They came on horseback, and carried but one pair of saddlebags, each -using one side. Arriving thoroughly drenched by rain, they were shown to -a chamber to change their garments. - -One opened his side of the bags, and drew forth _a black bottle of -whiskey_. He insisted that he had opened his companion’s repository. - -Unlocking the other side, they found _a big twist of tobacco, some corn -bread, and the equipment of a pack-saddle_. - -They had exchanged saddlebags with some traveller, and now had to appear -in a ludicrous misfit of borrowed clothes! - - -_Eating Cherries_ - -After the war, John Marshall studied law, and began practice in Virginia -courts. He served in many important offices both of his State and of the -Nation. - -Here is a little story told of him when he first began his practice. At -that time, he was very simple though neat, in his dress. - -He was one morning strolling, we are told, through the streets of -Richmond, attired in a plain linen roundabout and shorts, with his hat -under his arm, from which he was eating cherries, when he stopped in the -porch of the Eagle Hotel, indulged in a little pleasantry with the -landlord, and then passed on. - -A gentleman from the country was present, who had a case coming on -before the Court of Appeals, and was referred by the landlord to -Marshall as the best lawyer to employ. But “the careless languid air” of -Marshall, had so prejudiced the man that he refused to employ him. - -The clerk, when this client entered the courtroom, also recommended -Marshall, but the other would have none of him. - -A venerable-looking lawyer, with powdered wig and in black cloth, soon -entered, and the gentleman engaged him. - -In the first case that came up, this man and Marshall spoke on opposite -sides. The gentleman listened, saw his mistake, and secured Marshall at -once, frankly telling him the whole story, and adding, that while he had -come with one hundred dollars to pay his lawyer, he had but five dollars -left. - -Marshall good-naturedly took this, and helped in the case. - - -_Learned in the Law of Nations_ - -In time, John Marshall became a great lawyer. He declined the office of -District Attorney of the United States at Richmond, that of Attorney -General of the United States, and that of Minister to France, all -offered him by Washington. - -When President Adams persuaded him to go as envoy to France, he wrote to -another envoy of “General Marshall,” as he was then called, from his -rank of Brigadier-General in the Virginia Militia:-- - -“He is a plain man, very sensible, cautious, guarded, and learned in the -Law of Nations.” - -_James B. Thayer_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -THE CONSTITUTION - - _As the British Constitution is the most subtile organism, which - has proceeded from progressive history; so the American - Constitution is the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given - time, by the brain and purpose of man._ - -WILLIAM EWART GLADSTONE - - -“A Constitution,” says the dictionary, is “the fundamental organic law -or principles of Government of a Nation, State, Society, or other -organized body of men. - -“Also a written instrument embodying such law.” - -This is not so hard to understand:-- - -The first statement may be applied to the English Constitution, which is -not a written Document like ours. It is, instead, a vast body of laws -and judicial decisions, which, accumulating through the centuries, and -beginning long before the time of the Magna Carta, have been handed down -from one generation to another. - -On the other hand, the second statement in the dictionary, may be -applied to the Constitution of the United States, which is a Document, a -written instrument, framed and adopted for our protection by those able -and noble Patriots who met in the Federal Convention, over which George -Washington himself presided. They were wise men, learned in the Law, and -far-sighted. They planned a Government for the great future of a very -great Free People. - -Since its adoption, other Republics of the world have used our -Constitution as a model for their own. - -Our Constitution guarantees self-government, and regulates just -government. It is the foundation of our national life. Without it, we -should be threatened with anarchy. Anarchy means universal confusion, -terror, bloodshed, lawlessness of every description, and the destruction -of religion, education, business, and of everything which makes life and -home beautiful and safe. - -After we had declared our Independence and won our Liberty, this Country -was threatened with anarchy because we had as yet no Constitution to -regulate Government, and each State did much as it pleased. - -But after the Constitution was adopted, and the States were united and -had became One People under One Government, order, peace, and prosperity -resulted. - -Thus the amazingly rapid growth of “Our Beloved Country,” as Washington -called it, is due to the safeguards of that most precious Document, the -Constitution of the United States. For which reason every boy and girl -should read it carefully, should regard it with reverence, and should -surround it with every protection, as being, with the blessing of God, -the source of the life and welfare of our Nation. - -As for John Marshall, he did not help to frame the Constitution; but it -was largely through his efforts and those of James Madison, that the -Virginia State Legislature ratified it. In another way, also, he had a -great part in its making. - -After the Constitution was adopted, being a new Document there existed -no body of judicial decisions interpreting its meanings, like the -decisions of England which guided English judges. A body of American -decisions had to be made to interpret our Constitution in order to guide -American judges. This was John Marshall’s great work. - -In 1801, President John Adams called the profound lawyer, John Marshall, -to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. - -It was a most wise appointment, as we shall now see. - - - - -EXPOUNDING THE CONSTITUTION - - -Chief Justice Marshall took his place at the head of the National -Judiciary. The Government under the Constitution, was only organized -twelve years before, and in the interval eleven amendments of the -Constitution had been regularly proposed and adopted. - -Comparatively nothing had been done judicially to define the powers or -develop the resources of the Constitution. In short, the Nation, the -Constitution, and the Laws were in their infancy. - -Under these circumstances, it was most fortunate for the Country, that -the great Chief Justice retained his high position for thirty-four -years, and that during all that time, with scarcely any interruption, he -kept on with the work he showed himself so competent to perform. - -As year after year went by and new occasion required, with his -irresistible logic, enforced by his cogent English, he developed the -hidden treasures of the Constitution, demonstrated its capacities, and -showed beyond all possibility of doubt, that a Government rightfully -administered under its authority, could protect itself against itself -and against the world. - -Hardly a day now passes in the Court he so dignified and adorned, -without reference to some decision of his time, as establishing a -principle which, from that day to this, has been accepted as undoubted -law. - -In all the various questions of constitutional, international, and -general law, the Chief Justice was at home; and when, at the end of his -long and eminent career, he laid down his life, he and those who had so -ably assisted him in his great work, had the right to say, that the -judicial power of the United States had been carefully preserved and -wisely administered. - -The Nation can never honour him or them, too much for the work they -accomplished. - -_Chief Justice Waite_ (_Arranged_) - - - - -THE GREAT CHIEF JUSTICE - - _I have always thought from my earliest youth till now, that the - greatest scourge an angry Heaven ever inflicted upon an ungrateful - and a sinning People, was an ignorant, a corrupt, or a dependent - Judiciary._ - -JOHN MARSHALL - - - - -_Respected by All_ - -When the venerable life of the Chief Justice was near its close, he was -called to give his parting counsel to his native State, in the revision -of her Constitution. - -A spectacle of greater dignity than the Convention of Virginia in the -year 1829, has been rarely exhibited. At its head was James Monroe, -conducted to the chair by James Madison and John Marshall, and -surrounded by the strength of Virginia, including many of the greatest -names of the Union. - -The reverence manifested for Chief Justice Marshall, was one of the most -beautiful features of the scene. The gentleness of his temper, the -purity of his motives, the sincerity of his convictions and his wisdom, -were confessed by all. - -He stood in the centre of his native State, in his very home of fifty -years, surrounded by men who had known him as long as they had known -anything, and there was no one to rise up even to question his opinions, -without a tribute to his personal excellence. - - -_The True Man_ - -This admirable man, extraordinary in the powers of his mind, illustrious -by his services, exalted by his public station, was one of the most -warm-hearted, unassuming, and excellent of men. - -His life from youth to old age was one unbroken harmony of mind, -affections, principles, and manners. - -His kinsman says of him, “He had no frays in boyhood. He had no quarrels -or outbreakings in manhood. He was the composer of strifes. He spoke ill -of no man. He meddled not with their affairs. He viewed their worst -deeds through the medium of charity.” - -Another of his intimate personal friends has said of him, “In private -life he was upright and scrupulously just in all his transactions. His -friendships were ardent, sincere, and constant, his charity and -benevolence unbounded. Magnanimous and forgiving, he never bore malice. -Religious from sentiment and reflection, he was a Christian, believed in -the Gospel, and practiced its tenets.” - -_Horace Binney_ (_Condensed_) - - - - -WHAT OF THE CONSTITUTION? - - _The Unity of Government, which constitutes you One People, is also - now dear to you._ - - _It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your - real Independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your - peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very - Liberty, which you so highly prize._ ... - - _To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for the - whole is indispensable._ - -WASHINGTON, _from his Farewell Address_ - - - - - To me it is a marvel that the Constitution of the United States has - operated so successfully.... But the United States is a singular - example of political virtue and moral rectitude. - - That Nation has been cradled in Liberty, has been nurtured in - Liberty, and has been maintained by pure Liberty. I will add that - the People of the United States are unique in the history of the - human race. - -SIMON BOLIVAR, _the Liberator_ - - - - Let us make our generation one of the strongest and brightest links - in that golden chain which is destined, I fondly believe, to - grapple the People of all the States to this Constitution for Ages - to come. - - We have a great, popular constitutional Government ... defended by - the affections of the whole People. No monarchical throne presses - these States together. No iron chain of military power encircles - them. They live and stand under a Government popular in its form, - representative in its character, founded upon principles of - equality, and so constructed, we hope, as to last for ever.... Its - daily respiration is Liberty and Patriotism. Its yet youthful veins - are full of enterprise, courage, and honourable love of glory and - renown. - -DANIEL WEBSTER - - - - May our children and our children’s children for a thousand - generations continue to enjoy the benefits conferred upon us by a - United Country, and have cause yet to rejoice under those glorious - institutions bequeathed us by Washington and his compeers! Now, my - friends--soldiers and citizens--I can only say once more, Farewell. - -ABRAHAM LINCOLN - - - - - - -ENVOY - - - God of our Fathers, whose almighty hand - Leads forth in beauty, all the starry band - Of shining worlds, in splendour thro’ the skies, - Our grateful songs, before Thy throne arise. - - Thy love divine, hath led us in the past; - In this Free Land, by Thee our lot is cast; - Be Thou our ruler, guardian, guide, and stay, - Thy Word our law, Thy paths our chosen way. - - From war’s alarms, from deadly pestilence, - Be Thy strong arm our ever sure defence; - Thy true religion in our hearts increase, - Thy bounteous goodness nourish us in Peace. - - Refresh Thy people on their toilsome way; - Lead us from night to never-ending day; - Fill all our lives with love and grace divine; - And glory, laud, and praise be ever Thine! - - _D. C. Roberts_ (1876) - - - - -APPENDIX - -FOR TEACHERS AND STORY-TELLERS - - -I - -PROGRAMME OF STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES - - -II - -STORY PROGRAMME OF SOUTH AMERICA’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE - - - - -APPENDIX - - -I - -PROGRAMME OF STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES - -FOR TEACHERS AND STORY-TELLERS - -_This Programme may be used, day by day, in teaching the history of the -United States. The stories are not intended to take the place of the -textbook; but they may be utilized in many delightful ways to illustrate -it. If they are told, or read aloud, or dramatized by the children, they -will make historic events and characters stand out so vividly, that the -boys and girls will never forget their American history._ - -_The stories are arranged by dates of leading events, so that the -teacher may easily illustrate the day’s lesson in the textbook._ - -1451 (about) BIRTH OF COLUMBUS, AND HIS BOYHOOD - The Sea of Darkness, p. 3 - The Fortunate Isles, p. 5 - The Absurd Truth, p. 7 - -1492 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA - Cathay the Golden, p. 10 - The Emerald Islands, p. 12 - -1493 COLUMBUS’S RETURN TO SPAIN - The Magnificent Return, p. 13 - -1498 DISCOVERY OF SOUTH AMERICA (COLUMBUS’S THIRD VOYAGE) - The Fatal Pearls, p. 15 - -1502 DISCOVERY OF PANAMA (COLUMBUS’S FOURTH VOYAGE) - Queen Isabella’s Page, p. 21 - The Twin Cities, p. 24 - The Pearls Again, p. 26 - -1619 THE FIRST REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY IN AMERICA (_in Virginia_) - The Author of the Declaration, p. 308 - -1620 SIGNING OF THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT - The Father of the New England Colonies, p. 125 - -1620 LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS - The Savage New World, p. 128 - -1620-23 SETTLEMENT OF PLYMOUTH COLONY - Welcome, Englishmen! p. 131 - Lost! Lost! a Boy! p. 132 - The Rattlesnake Challenge, p. 136 - The Great Drought, p. 138 - -1636-37 ROGER WILLIAMS AND THE FOUNDING OF PROVIDENCE - Roger, the Boy, p. 349 - Soul Liberty, p. 350 - What Cheer! p. 352 - Risking his Life, p. 354 - -1639 CONNECTICUT’S INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTION - Brother Jonathan, p. 208 - -1681 WILLIAM PENN AND THE FOUNDING OF PENNSYLVANIA - The Boy of Great Tower Hill, p. 31 - Westward Ho, and Away! p. 34 - The City of Brotherly Love, p. 36 - The Place of Kings, p. 38 - -1693-1718 WILLIAM PENN AND WORLD PEACE - He Wore it as Long as he Could, p. 32 - The Peacemaker, p. 33 - Onas, p. 41 - -1755 BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT AND THE BOYHOOD OF WASHINGTON - The Boy in the Valley, p. 191 - The Boy of the Frontier, p. 427 - -1759 GEORGE WASHINGTON AT HOME (BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE) - Washington’s Wedding Day (January 6, 1759), p. 197 - Washington and the Children, p. 197 - Nellie and Little Washington, p. 200 - Nelson, the Hero, p. 204 - Caring for the Guest, p. 205 - Light Horse Harry, p. 216 - -1764-66 STAMP ACT - The Orator of the War for Independence (Patrick Henry), p. 317 - This Terrible Cornet of Horse (William Pitt), p. 95 - America’s Defender, p. 101 - The Sons of Liberty, p. 103 - -1773-74 BOSTON TEA PARTY AND BOSTON PORT BILL - Aid to the Sister Colony, p. 77 - -1774 FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS - Facing Danger, p. 322 - A Famous Date, p. 80 - -1775 LEXINGTON AND THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE - What a Glorious Morning! p. 81 - A Son of Liberty, p. 75 - The Adams Family, p. 76 - The Young Lieutenant, p. 433 - Serving the Cause, p. 434 - Silver Heels, p. 436 - Without Bread, p. 437 - -1775 SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS AND APPOINTMENT OF WASHINGTON - John to Samuel, p. 82 - A Gentleman from Virginia, p. 83 - -1775 BUNKER HILL - The Boy Who Became President, p. 85 - Brother Jonathan, p. 208 - -1775 ISRAEL PUTNAM AND BUNKER HILL - Seeing Boston, p. 143 - The Fight with the Wolf, p. 144 - From Plough to Camp, p. 146 - A Generous Foe, p. 149 - -1775-76 SIEGE OF BOSTON - He made Washington Laugh, p. 148 - Friend Greene, p. 213 - -1776 EVACUATION OF BOSTON BY THE BRITISH - The Little Girl and the Red Coats, p. 200 - -1776 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND ITS FRAMER (JEFFERSON) - The Charter of Liberty, p. 98 - The Boy Owner of Shadwell Farm, p. 305 - A Christmas Guest, p. 306 - The Author of the Declaration, p. 308 - Proclaim Liberty, p. 309 - Reading the Declaration (Andrew Jackson), p. 282 - -1776 FINANCING THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE - The Little Friend in Front Street (Haym Salomon), p. 228 - He Knows Everything (Robert Morris), p. 159 - -1777 THE STARS AND STRIPES, AND PAUL JONES - How Shall the Stars be Placed? p. 88 - The Boy of the Solway, p. 359 - Don’t Tread on Me! p. 360 - The First Salute, p. 361 - _The Poor Richard_, p. 364 - Mickle’s the Mischief he has Dune, p. 365 - Paul Jones Himself, p. 367 - Some of His Sayings, p. 369 - -1777 THE COMING OF LAFAYETTE - I Will Join the Americans, p. 413 - In America, p. 414 - -1777 BRANDYWINE - The Banner of the Moravian Nuns (Count Pulaski), p. 416 - -1777-78 VALLEY FORGE - The Bloody Footprints, p. 210 - At Valley Forge (John Marshall), p. 435 - An Appeal to God (Washington), p. 211 - The Soldier Baron (Steuben), p. 220 - Friend Greene, p. 213 - Loyal to the Chief (Lafayette), p. 418 - -1778 MONMOUTH - Captain Molly, p. 218 - The Soldier Baron, p. 220 - -1778 OUR GREAT COMMISSIONER AND THE TREATY WITH FRANCE (BENJAMIN FRANKLIN) - The Whistle, p. 165 - The Candle-Maker’s Boy, p. 166 - The Boy of the Printing Press, p. 167 - The Three Rolls, p. 168 - Standing Before Kings, p. 169 - The Wonderful Kite Experiment, p, 170 - The Rising Sun, p. 171 - To My Friend, p. 172 - -1778 WEST POINT FORTIFIED - Father Thaddeus (Kosciuszko), p. 223 - -1780 CAMDEN - On the Field Near Camden (De Kalb), p. 414 - -1780-81 TWO PATRIOTS OF THE CAROLINAS (ANDREW JACKSON AND HIS MOTHER) - Mischievous Andy, p. 281 - Out Against Tarleton, p. 283 - An Orphan of the Revolution, p. 285 - -1781 SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS - Washington’s Mother, p. 194 - Nelson, the Hero, p. 204 - -1778-89 CLOSE OF WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE - A Last Scene (William Pitt), p. 105 - Putnam not Forgotten! p. 150 - Farewell! My General, Farewell! p. 230 - The Cincinnatus of the West, p. 206 - Seeing the President, p. 203 - -1787 BUILDING THE NATION--THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES - The Constitution, p. 442 - The Boy of the Hurricane (Hamilton), p. 155 - Call Colonel Hamilton, p. 157 - A Struggle, p. 158 - The Rising Sun, p. 171 - The Hooting in the Wilderness, p. 286 - From “Washington’s Legacy,” p. 232 - -1789 BUILDING THE NATION, THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT - He Knows Everything, p. 159 - -1796 WASHINGTON’S “FAREWELL ADDRESS” - Call Colonel Hamilton, p. 157 - -_The teacher or story-teller is advised to read the whole or parts of -the “Farewell Address” aloud to the boys and girls. They may memorize -selected passages. A reliable text of the address may be found in “Old -South Leaflets,” No. 4; also in the Riverside Literature Series, No. -190._ - -1799 WASHINGTON’S DEATH - Light Horse Harry (famous funeral oration before Congress), p. 217 - A King of Men, p. 233 - When Washington Died, p. 234 - -1801-1835 EXPOUNDING THE CONSTITUTION (JOHN MARSHALL) - The Boy of the Frontier, p. 427 - The Young Lieutenant, p. 433 - Serving the Cause, p. 434 - At Valley Forge, p. 435 - Silver Heels, p. 436 - Without Bread, p. 437 - His Father, p. 438 - His Mother, p. 438 - Three Stories, p. 439 - The Constitution, p. 442 - Expounding the Constitution, p. 444 - The Great Chief Justice, p. 446 - What of the Constitution, p. 448 - -1812-15 ANDREW JACKSON IN THE WAR OF 1812 AND THE CREEK WAR - Fort Mims, p. 289 - Davy Crockett, p. 290 - Chief Weatherford, p. 291 - Sam Houston, p. 295 - Why Jackson was Named Old Hickory, p. 297 - The Cotton-Bales, p. 299 - After the Battle of New Orleans, p. 300 - -1820 MISSOURI COMPROMISE - Only a Reprieve, p. 310 - -1823 MONROE DOCTRINE - Hail! Neighbour Republics! p. 266 - America for the Americans, p. 268 - -1824-25 LAFAYETTE VISITS AMERICA - We are Grateful, Lafayette! p. 420 - Welcome! Friend of America! p. 422 - -1826 FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SIGNING OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE - His Last Toast (John Adams), p. 91 - On the Fourth of July (Jefferson), p. 313 - -1861-65 WAR FOR THE UNION, AND ABRAHAM LINCOLN - Only a Reprieve, p. 310 - The Cabin in the Clearing, p. 175 - How He Learned to be Just, p. 176 - Off to New Orleans, p. 177 - The Kindness of Lincoln, p. 178 - Lincoln and the Children, p. 181 - The President and the Bible, p. 183 - Washington and Lincoln, Speak! p. 185 - Gettysburg Address, p. 186 - -1858-1919 THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE LIBERATION OF CUBA - The Boy Who Grew Strong, p. 45 - Sagamore Hill, p. 50 - The Children of Sagamore Hill, p. 52 - Off with John Burroughs, p. 53 - The Big Stick, p. 54 - A-Hunting Trees with John Muir, p. 55 - The Bear Hunters’ Dinner, p. 56 - Hunting in Africa, p. 57 - The Ever Faithful Island, p. 59 - The Colonel of the Rough Riders, p. 61 - The River of Doubt, p. 65 - Theodore Roosevelt (a Tribute), p. 69 - - -II - -STORY PROGRAMME OF SOUTH AMERICA’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE - -_The reader, teacher, or story-teller, who follows this outline, will -find that it covers a short consecutive history of one of the most -important and courageous world-struggles for Freedom._ - -_Portuguese America--Brazil--holds the honour of having declared its -Republic with practically no shedding of blood._ - -_The struggle of the Spanish-American Colonies was conducted for long -years against fearful odds. And their winning of the victory helped to -make permanent the independence if both North and South America. -Therefore, every school child in the United States should know something -of the heroic history of our neighbour Republics._ - - -SPANISH AMERICA - -DISCOVERY - The Sea of Darkness, p. 3 - The Fortunate Isles, p. 5 - The Absurd Truth, p. 7 - Cathay the Golden, p. 10 - The Emerald Islands, p. 12 - The Magnificent Return, p. 13 - The Fatal Pearls, p. 15 - Queen Isabella’s Page, p. 21 - The Twin Cities, p. 24 - The Pearls Again, p. 26 - -SPANISH AMERICA UNDER SPAIN’S RULE - The Spanish Galleons, p. 327 - -VENEZUELA’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (MIRANDA) - The Romance of Miranda, p. 331 - The Mysterious Stranger, p. 89 - The Mystery Ship, p. 335 - The End of the Mystery Ship, p. 339 - The Great and Glorious Fifth, p. 341 - A Terrible Thing, p. 343 - End of the Romance, p. 344 - -VENEZUELA’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (BOLIVAR) - The Precious Jewel, p. 373 - The Fiery Young Patriot, p. 376 - Seeing Bolivar, p. 378 - Uncle Paez, the Lion of the Apure, p. 382 - Angostura, p. 384 - -GREAT COLOMBIA (FORMED BY BOLIVAR) - The Crossing, p. 385 - Peru Next, p. 388 - -ARGENTINA’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (SAN MARTIN) - The Boy Soldier, p. 237 - The Patriot Who Kept Faith, p. 238 - When San Martin Came, p. 240 - Argentina’s Independence Day, p. 243 - A Great Idea, p. 243 - The Mighty Andes, p. 245 - The Real San Martin, p. 247 - The Fighting Engineer of the Andes, p. 248 - -CHILE’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (SAN MARTIN AND O’HIGGINS) - The Son of the Barefoot Boy, p. 395 - The Single Star Flag, p. 397 - The Hero of Rancagua, p. 398 - The Hannibal of the Andes, p. 249 - Not for Himself, p. 254 - Cochrane, El Diablo, p. 255 - -PERU’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (SAN MARTIN) - Our Brothers, Ye Shall be Free! p. 256 - The Fall of the City of the Kings, p. 257 - San Martin the Conqueror, p. 261 - Lima’s Greatest Day, p. 265 - Hail! Neighbour Republics! p. 266 - America for the Americans, p. 268 - -GUAYAQUIL (NOW IN ECUADOR); ITS STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE - What One American Did, p. 271 - The Amazing Meeting, p. 272 - -END OF THE STRUGGLE OF PERU AND CHILE FOR INDEPENDENCE - (BOLIVAR AND O’HIGGINS) - What Happened Afterward, p. 274 - The Mystery Solved, p. 276 - The Patriot Ruler, p. 400 - First Soldier, First Citizen, p. 402 - Chile as She is, p. 403 - The Break, p. 389 - Bolivar, the Man, p. 390 - -OTHER SPANISH-AMERICAN REPUBLICS - The Break, p. 389 - One of Twenty, p. 405 - -SPAIN’S LAST STAND, CUBA - The Ever Faithful Island, p. 59 - The Colonel of the Rough Riders, p. 61 - -ARBITRATION AND PEACE - The Better Way, p. 406 - - -PORTUGUESE AMERICA - -BRAZIL (DON PEDRO) - The Brazils Magnificent, p. 111 - The Empire of the Southern Cross, p. 112 - Making the Little Emperor, p. 113 - The Patriot Emperor, p. 115 - The United States of Brazil, p. 120 - - - - -SUBJECT INDEX - - -ADAMS, ABIGAIL, marries John Adams, 75; - sees Battle of Bunker Hill, 86; - teaches John Quincy, Patriotism, 87. - -ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, 77. - -ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS, 2d, 77. - -ADAMS, HENRY, 77. - -ADAMS, JOHN, some important dates in his life, 74; - Son of Liberty, 75; - signs Declaration, 75, 76; - exults because of Boston Tea Party, 78; - attends First Continental Congress, 81; - nominates Washington to be Commander-in-Chief, 83; - his design for the Stars and Stripes, 88; - his grandson sails with Miranda, 90, 335; - his Fourth of July Toast, 92; - dies on anniversary of signing of Declaration, 92. - -ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY, son of John Adams, 77; - boyhood, 85; - watches Battle of Bunker Hill, 85, 86; - his mother’s post-boy, 87; - becomes Sixth President of the United States, 88. - -ADAMS, SAMUEL, John Adams’s cousin, 76; - aids blockaded Boston, 78; - at First Continental Congress, 81; - at Lexington, 82; - at the Second Continental Congress, 83. - -ALAMO, THE, 291, 295. - -ALFRED, THE, Paul Jones’s ship, 360, 363. - -AMAZON RIVER, 66, 67, 69. - -“AMERICA FOR THE AMERICANS” motto of the Monroe Doctrine, p. 270. - -AMERICAN INDIANS, named by Columbus, 13; - cruel treatment of, in North America, 41, 132; - in Spanish America, 26, 328, 330. - -ANDES, description of, 245, 252, 386; - crossed by San Martin, 251; - crossed by Bolivar, 385; - _El Cristo_ of the Andes, 406. - -ANGOSTURA, CITY OF, renamed after Bolivar, 384. - -ANGOSTURA, CONSTITUTION OF, composed by Bolivar, 384. - -APOSTLE OF SOUL LIBERTY, soubriquet of Roger Williams, 348. - -APURE RIVER, Bolivar at the Apure, 380; - Paez, the Lion of the Apure, 383. - -ARBITRATION AND PEACE, Penn’s plan, 33; - Penn keeps peace with the Indians, 30, 38, 41; - settlement of boundary line between Argentina and Chile, 407; - object lesson for the World, 403, 409. - -ARGENTINA, geographical description, 240; - natural products, 241; - struggle for Liberty, 239, 241; - National Birthday, 243; - National Colours, 242; - Declaration of Independence, 243; - National Flag, 251; - Independence recognized by the United States, 267; - Chilean boundary line settled by Arbitration, 407. - _See also_, BUENOS AIRES; SAN MARTIN. - -ARTIGAS, Liberator of Uruguay, 405. - -ASIA, WESTERN PASSAGE, _see_ WESTERN PASSAGE TO ASIA. - -ATLANTIC OCEAN, called the Sea of Darkness, 4; - legends of horrors in its waters, 4; - legend of Maeldune, 5; - Fortunate Isles, 6; - Land of Youth, 7; - ocean first crossed by Columbus, 12, 13. - -AZORES, limit of known world in Columbus’s day, 5, 9. - - -BALL, MOLLY, _see_ WASHINGTON, MARY. - -BALTIMORE, aids blockaded Boston, 79. - -BANNERS, Connecticut’s banner at Bunker Hill, 147; - banner made by Moravian Nuns, 418, 424. - _See also_ FLAGS. - -BARRÉ, COLONEL, defender of America, 104. - -BEAR HUNTER’S DINNER, at the White House, 56. - -BELTRAN, FRIAR LUIS, engineer of the Army of the Andes, 248, 250, 252. - -BETHLEHEM (PA.), Lafayette cared for by Moravian Nuns, 417. - -BIBLE, _see_ HOLY BIBLE. - -BIG STICK, THE, Roosevelt’s policy, 54. - -BILLINGTON, JOHN, lost from Plymouth Colony, 133. - -BOBADILLA, throws Columbus -into chains, 19; - is drowned in storm, 22. - -BOLIVAR, SIMON, some important dates in his life, 372; - his full name, 372, 374; - pronunciation of his name, 372; - boyhood, 373; - takes oath in Rome to free Venezuela, 376; - brings Miranda from London, 342; - gives up Miranda to Monteverde, 345; - becomes Commander-in-Chief of Venezuelan forces, 377; - is seen by young Englishmen, 380; - composes Constitution of Angostura, 384; - crosses Andes, and liberates New Granada, 388; - forms Great Colombia, 388; - plans to liberate Peru, 388; - interview with San Martin and its results, 273, 274, 277; - receives relics of Washington, 421; - dies in exile, 390; - tributes to him, 391, 392; - is called the Napoleon of the South American Revolution, 392; - unveiling of his statue in Central Park, New York City, 121. - -BOLIVAR, CITY OF, 384. - -BOLIVIA, liberated, 390; - declares its Independence, 390; - named after Bolivar, 390. - -BONAPARTE, NAPOLEON, _see_ NAPOLEON. - -BOSTON, Boston Tea Party, 77; - Port Bill, 78; - relief of Boston by sister Colonies, 78; - besieged by New England Army, 82, 148, 213; - Washington and the little Boston girl, 200; - the City welcomes Lafayette, 424. - -BOVES, GENERAL, Venezuela devastated by, 377. - -BOYACA, BATTLE OF, 388. - -BRADDOCK’S DEFEAT, Washington covers retreat of Braddock’s army, 194, 428. - -BRADFORD, WILLIAM, some important dates in his life, 124; - boyhood, 125; - influence of Bible on, 125; - becomes a Separatist, 126; - flees into Holland, 126; - in Plymouth Colony, 127; - the Rattlesnake Challenge, 136; - his death, and tribute to him by Cotton Mather, 127. - -BRAINTREE (Quincy, Mass.), 75, 86, 91. - -BRANDAN, ST., legend of, 6. - -BRAZIL, Kingdom, 110, 112; - Declaration of Independence, 113; - Empire, 112, 113, 115, 116; - Republic, 119; - United States of Brazil, to-day, 120; - native products, 121; - Roosevelt and the River of Doubt, 66, 69; - Statue of Liberty presented by the People of the United - States to Brazil, 121. - -BREWSTER, WILLIAM, Pastor of Plymouth Colony, 126. - -BROTHER JONATHAN, soubriquet of Governor Jonathan Trumbull, 210. - -BROTHERLY LOVE, CITY OF, soubriquet of Philadelphia, 36. - -BUENOS AIRES, Paris of America, 241; - Argentina’s first Colonial Assembly, 243; - celebrates victory of Chacabuco, 254; - San Martin exiles himself from, 276; - visit of Roosevelt, 66. - -BUNKER HILL BATTLE, watched by John Quincy Adams, 86; - Putnam at, 147. - -BURKE, EDMUND, defender of America, 104. - -BURROUGHS, JOHN, with Roosevelt in the Yellowstone, 53. - - -CAMBRIDGE (MASS.), Washington at, 147. - -CAMDEN, EARL OF, defender of America, 104. - -CAMDEN, BATTLE OF, de Kalb rescued by Cornwallis, 415. - -CANADA, aids blockaded Boston, 80. - -CANONICUS, CHIEF, sends Rattlesnake Challenge, 137; - succours Roger Williams, 352. - -CAPE COD BAY, the _Mayflower_ anchors in, 129. - -CARACAS, Miranda born in, 331; - destroyed by earthquake, 343; - Bolivar born in, 373; - Bolivar interred in, 390. - -CARIBBEAN SEA, explored by Columbus, 17, 23. - -CARRERAS BROTHERS, at Rancagua, 398. - -CARVER, JOHN, leaves Holland for the New World, 126. - -CASAS, _see_ LAS CASAS. - -CATHAY, Columbus’s search for, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 24. - -CHACABUCO, victory of, 253, 254. - -CHAGRES RIVER, discovered by Columbus, 25. - -CHARLESTOWN (MASS.), burned by the British, 86. - -CHATHAM, EARL OF, _see_ PITT, WILLIAM. - -CHATHAM (N.Y.), named for William Pitt, 94. - -CHESTER (PA.), Lafayette at the bridge of, 417. - -CHILE, San Martin’s Army -crosses the Andes, 251; - battles of Chacabuco and Maipu, 253; - honours San Martin, 254; - National Flag, 255, 397; - Independence recognized by the United States, 267; - reconstruction under O’Higgins, 401; - threatened by Holy Alliance, 403; - welcomes Monroe Doctrine, 403; - Independence Day, 404; - native products, 404; - Argentine boundary line settled, 407; - the Republic to-day, 403. - -CHRIST JESUS, Columbus’s devotion to, 9, 10; - quoted by Penn, 32; - as Prince of Peace, 34, 406; - Lincoln’s testimony to the Saviour, 184; - Washington’s testimony to His precepts, 232; - The Holy Alliance fails to carry out His precepts, 269. - -CHRISTOPHER, ST., legend of, 9. - -CINCINNATI, SOCIETY OF, founded, 208; - members welcome Lafayette, 423. - -CINCINNATUS OF THE WEST, soubriquet of Washington, 206. - -CINCINNATUS THE ROMAN, story of, 207. - -CIPANGO (JAPAN), Columbus searches for, 16. - -CITY OF BOLIVAR, Angostura renamed, 384. - -CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE, soubriquet of Philadelphia, 36, 81. - -CITY OF THE KINGS, soubriquet of Lima, Peru, 244. - -COCHRANE, LORD THOMAS, admiral of Chilean Navy, 255, 256. - -COLOMBIA, REPUBLIC OF, established, 390. - _See also_ GREAT COLOMBIA. - -COLON, CITY OF, named for Columbus, 25. - -COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER, some important dates in his life, 2; - boyhood, 3; - theories about shape of earth, 8; - search for Kublai Khan, 10, 13, 21, 24; - the mutiny, 2, 12; - discovers West Indies, 12; - discovers corn and tobacco, 12; - names Indians, 13; - returns to Spain, 13; - honours conferred on him by sovereigns of Spain, 15; - discovers Trinidad, 16; - discovers South America, 17; - discovers Gulf of Pearls, 18; - is deposed from Governorship, 19, 20; - starts on Fourth Voyage, 21; - wrecked off Jamaica, 24; - dream of Panama, 24; - sails up the Chagres River, 25; - dies in Spain, 26. - -COLUMBUS, DIEGO, at La Rabida, 12. - -COLUMBUS, FERDINAND, page to Queen Isabella, 21; - sails with his father, 22; - encourages the sailors, 22; - returns to Spain, 24, 26. - -CONNECTICUT, aids blockaded Boston, 79; - banner at Bunker Hill, 147; - supplies Washington with powder, 209; - independent Constitution, 209. - -CONNECTICUT RIVER, meaning of name, 209. - -CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, verses by Francis Hopkinson, 153; - defended by Hamilton, 158; - the foundations of, 98, 442; - necessity for -expounding, 444; - expounded by John Marshall, 444; - tribute from Gladstone, 442; - from Bolivar, Webster, and Lincoln, 448, 449. - _See also_ FEDERAL CONVENTION; HAMILTON; REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT. - -CONSTITUTIONS OF OTHER COUNTRIES, Brazil, 120; - Venezuela, 384; - Chile, 404; - England, 99, 269, 442. - -CONSTITUTIONS, definitions of, 442. - -CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, FIRST, meeting of, 80; - Petitions of, 81. - -CONTINENTAL CONGRESS, SECOND, appoints George Washington - Commander-in-Chief, 83, 84, 85. - -CONWAY CABAL, 418. - -CORN, INDIAN, discovery of, 12. - -CORNHILL, Pilgrims find corn at, 135. - -CORNWALLIS, GENERAL, rescues de Kalb, 415. - -COTTON-BALES, at New Orleans, 299. - -COUNCIL ELM, of William Penn, 38. - -CRADLE OF AMERICAN LIBERTY, Faneuil Hall, 104. - -CREEK INDIAN WAR, Massacre at Fort Mims, 289. - -CRESAP, COLONEL, nicknamed Big Spoon, 192. - -CRISTOBAL, CITY OF, named after Columbus, 25. - -CROCKETT, DAVY, joins Andrew Jackson, 290. - -CUBA, Liberation of, 59, 61. - -CUSTIS, GEORGE WASHINGTON PARKE, 200, 203. - -CUSTIS, JACK, 198. - -CUSTIS, NELLIE, 200. - -CUSTIS, PATSY, 198. - - -DEANE, SILAS, attends First Continental Congress, 80. - -DE KALB, BARON, accompanies Lafayette to America, 414; - chosen by Lafayette to be lieutenant, 419; - mortally wounded at Camden, 415. - -DE LAS CASAS, _see_ LAS CASAS. - -DE MIRANDA, _see_ MIRANDA. - -DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF THE UNITED STATES, - in the spirit of Magna Carta, 98; - framed by Jefferson, 308; - clause on slavery stricken out, 311; - Fiftieth anniversary of signing, 91, 304, 313. - _See also_ FOURTH OF JULY; JEFFERSON; LIBERTY BELL. - -DECLARATIONS OF INDEPENDENCE OF OTHER COUNTRIES, Argentina, 243; - Bolivia, 390; - Brazil, 113; - Chile, 404; - Haiti, 405; - Peru, 265; - Venezuela, 342. - -DELAWARE, aids blockaded Boston, 79; - sends delegates to First Continental Congress, 80. - - -EARTH, old theories about its shape, 7. - -EARTHLY PARADISE, Columbus’s search for, 5, 15, 21. - -ECUADOR, Guayaquil now a part of, 271; - formation of Republic, 390. - -EDWARD VII OF ENGLAND, decides Argentine-Chilean boundary line, 407. - -EL CRISTO OF THE ANDES, 406. - -ELDER PITT, soubriquet of William Pitt, 94. - -ELKHORN RANCH, Roosevelt at, 48. - -EMPIRE OF THE SOUTHERN CROSS, _see_ BRAZIL. - -ENGLISH CONSTITUTION, _see_ CONSTITUTIONS OF OTHER COUNTRIES. - -ESTABLISHED CHURCH OF ENGLAND, 125, 330, 350. - -EVER FAITHFUL ISLE, soubriquet of Cuba, 59. - - -FAIRFAX, LORD, Washington surveys his estate, 191, 193. - -FANEUIL HALL, cradle of American Liberty, 104. - -FAREWELL ADDRESS, Washington consults Madison and Hamilton, 158. - -FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY, soubriquet of Washington, 189. - -FATHER THADDEUS, soubriquet of Kosciuszko, 225. - -FEDERAL CONSTITUTION, _see_ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. - -FEDERAL CONVENTION, Washington presides at, 171; - Franklin and the rising sun, 171; - wisdom of its members, 442. - _See also_ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. - -FEDERAL UNION, _see_ UNION, THE. - -FIRST AMERICAN, soubriquet of Roger Williams, 347. - -FIRST SOLDIER, FIRST CITIZEN, soubriquet of Bernardo O’Higgins, 404. - -FLAGS OF THE UNITED STATES, Pine Tree, 358, 360; - adoption -of Stars and Stripes, 361; - design for Stars on Flag, 88; - first foreign salute to, 362. - _See also_ BANNERS. - -FLAGS OF OTHER REPUBLICS, Argentina, 251; - Chile, 255, 397; - Cuba, 60; - Peru, 265; - Venezuela, 339, 342. - -FLAMING SON OF LIBERTY, soubriquet of Miranda, 331, 346. - -FORT MCHENRY, visited by Lafayette, 423. - -FORT MIMS, massacre at, 289, 291, 293, 295. - -FORTUNATE ISLES, legend, 6. - -FOURTH OF JULY, celebration recommended by John Adams, 74; - fiftieth anniversary of, 91, 304, 313; - Jackson reads it aloud, 282. - _See also_ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE; INDEPENDENCE DAYS; LIBERTY BELL. - -FOX, CHARLES JAMES, defender of America, 104. - -FOX, GEORGE, advice to Penn about his sword, 32. - -FRANCIA, Tyrant-liberator of Paraguay, 405. - -FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN, some important dates in his life, 164; - the whistle, 165; - his boyhood, 166, 167; - anecdote of the rolls, 168; - standing before Kings, 169; - draws lightning from the clouds, 170; - at the Federal Convention, 171; - recommends Steuben, 221; - aids Paul Jones, 364; - bequeaths walking-stick to Washington, 172. - -FRAUNCES TAVERN, Washington’s farewell to his officers at, 230. - -FREDERICKSBURG, Washington visits his mother at, 195. - -FRIENDS (QUAKERS), William Penn becomes a Friend, 32; - William Penn and George Fox, 32; - Isaac Potts, 212; - Nathanael Greene, 214; - John Greenleaf Whittier, 312. - _See also_ NEW JERSEY. - - -GALLEONS, _see_ SPANISH GALLEONS. - -GARCIA, GENERAL, Cuban Patriot, 60. - -GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD, Abolitionist, 312. - -GATES, GENERAL, his conspiracy against Washington, 418. - -GAUCHOS, Argentine cowboys or plainsmen, 241, 242. - -GENOA, birthplace of Columbus, 3. - -GEORGE III, KING OF ENGLAND, Petitioned by First Continental Congress, 81. - -GEORGE WASHINGTON OF SPANISH AMERICA, soubriquet of Jose de San Martin, 254. - -GETTYSBURG ADDRESS, text of, 186. - -GOD, PRAYERS TO HIM FOR OUR COUNTRY, Washington’s - Prayer at Valley Forge, 213; - in his “Legacy,” 232; - in his letter to Putnam, 151; - poem by D. C. Roberts, 450. - -GOD MAKES A PATH, poem by Roger Williams, 348. - -GOMEZ, GENERAL, Cuban Patriot, 60. - -GOSPEL, THE, Columbus’s desire to preach it, 9, 10. - -GRAND KHAN OF TARTARY, _see_ KUBLAI KHAN. - -GRAND OLD ADMIRAL, soubriquet of Columbus, 20, 26. - -GREAT COLOMBIA, formed, 272, 388; - Independence recognized by the United States, 267; - dissolved, 390. - -GREAT COMMONER, soubriquet of William Pitt, 94. - -GREAT DROUGHT, in Plymouth Colony, 138. - -GREAT EMANCIPATOR, soubriquet of Lincoln, 173. - -GREENE, NATHANIEL, at the Siege of Boston, 213; - recommends Hamilton to Washington, 157; - presents Moll Pitcher to Washington, 219; - bids Washington farewell at Fraunces Tavern, 230; - tribute to him, 215. - -GUAYAQUIL (NOW A PART OF ECUADOR), liberation of, 271; - San Martin and Bolivar meet at, 273. - -GULF OF PEARLS, discovered by Columbus, 18. - - -HAITI, liberation of, 405. - -HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, some important dates in his life, 154; - boyhood, 155; - meets Washington, 157; - becomes Washington’s private secretary, 157; - defends the Constitution, 158; - bids Washington farewell at Fraunces Tavern, 230; - becomes Secretary of the Treasury, 160; - member of the Cincinnati, 208; - tribute to him, by Daniel Webster, 154. - -HANCOCK, JOHN, at Lexington, 82; - presides over Second Continental Congress, 82. - -HANNIBAL OF THE ANDES, soubriquet of San Martin, 254. - -HARDING, WARREN G., at the unveiling of statue of Bolivar, 121. - -HAVANA HARBOUR, battleship, Maine destroyed in, 62. - -HAYS, MOLLY, _see_ PITCHER MOLLY. - -HEARTS OF OAK, Hamilton’s company, 157. - -HENRY, PATRICK, some important dates in his life, 316; - meets Jefferson, 307; - elected to House of Burgesses, 307; - speaks against Stamp Act, 317; - “Give me Liberty, or give me Death!” 321; - influence on John Marshall, 432; - delegate to First Continental Congress, 80, 320, 322. - -HIDALGO, Liberator of Mexico, 405. - -HOLY ALLIANCE, formation, 268; - plan to invade America, 269; - cause of declaring Monroe Doctrine, 270; - Chile threatened by, 403. - -HOLY BIBLE, influence on William Bradford, 125; - Lincoln’s mother reads it to her children, 176; - influence on Lincoln, 184; - Lincoln reads it to White House servants, 184; - Lincoln’s tribute to, 184; - text from, used by Lincoln, 184; - text from, on Liberty Bell, 310. - -HOPKINS, OCEANUS, Pilgrim child, born at sea, 132. - -HOUSE DIVIDED AGAINST ITSELF, text from Bible used by Lincoln, 184. - -HOUSTON, SAM, serves under Jackson, 295. - - -ICELAND, known as Thule, 8. - -INDEPENDENCE, Growth of Idea, 98, 99, 100, 308, 316, 429. - _See also_ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE; LIBERTY; - MAGNA CARTA; REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT. - -INDEPENDENCE DAYS, in Argentina, 243; - Chile, 404. - _See also_ DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE; FOURTH OF JULY. - -INDIANS, _see_ AMERICAN INDIANS. - -ISABELLA, PRINCESS OF BRAZIL, frees Brazilian slaves, 118. - -ISABELLA, QUEEN OF SPAIN, aids Columbus, 11, 12; - honours him on return from Indies, 14; - permits him to be deposed, 19; - is grieved at his ill-treatment, 20. - - -JACKSON, ANDREW, some important dates in his life, 280; - boyhood, 281; - reads the Declaration, 282; - fights in War for Independence, 283; - tribute to his mother, 286; - emigrates to Tennessee, 286; - why called Old Hickory, 298; - meets Chief Weatherford, 293; - his regard for Sam Houston, 296, 297; - story of the cotton-bales, 299; - kind treatment of enemy at Battle of New Orleans, 301; - his toast on Jefferson’s birthday, 279; - tribute to him, by Roosevelt, 280. - -JACKSON, MRS. ELIZABETH, nurses the wounded soldiers, 283; - rescues her sons from prison, 284; - dies while rescuing other Patriots, 285. - -JACKSON, HUGH, Andrew’s brother, a Patriot, 283. - -JACKSON, ROBERT, helps nurse soldiers, 283; - captured by the British, 284; - dies after release from prison, 285. - -JAMAICA, ISLAND OF, Columbus stranded on, 24. - -JAPAN (CIPANGO), Columbus’s search for, 16. - -JAY, JOHN, attends First Continental Congress, 81. - -JEFFERSON, PETER, strength and force of character, 306. - -JEFFERSON, THOMAS, some important dates in his life, 304; - boyhood, 305; - meets Patrick Henry, 307; - delegate to Continental Congress, 308; - frames Declaration of Independence, 308; - ardent Abolitionist, 310; - God’s judgment on Slavery, 312; - dies on Fiftieth Anniversary of signing of Declaration, 304, 313; - tribute to him, by Lincoln, 303. - -JESUS CHRIST, _see_ CHRIST JESUS. - -JONES, JOHN PAUL, some important dates in his life, 358; - boyhood, 359; - hoists flag on the _Alfred_, 360; - appointed Commander, 361; - first foreign salute offered to Stars and Stripes, 362; - commands the _Poor Richard_, 364; - appearance and character, 367; - his famous sayings, 369. - - -KNOX, GENERAL, bids Washington farewell at Fraunces Tavern, 231. - -KOSCIUSZKO, THADDEUS, meets Washington, 223; - romance of, 224, 227; - fortifies West Point, 225; - leaves American property to free slaves, 311; - member of the Cincinnati, 208; - incident of Polish soldiers, 226. - -KUBLAI KHAN, Columbus’s search for, 9, 10, 13, 21, 24. - - -LA BANDA ORIENTAL, _see_ URUGUAY. - -LA PLATA, _see_ ARGENTINA. - -LA RABIDA, Columbus at, 12. - -LAFAYETTE, MARQUIS DE, some important dates in his life, 412; - arrival in America, 411, 412, 413, 414; - befriended by Washington, 414; - gifts to suffering America, 420; - wounded at Brandywine, 416; - loyal to Washington, 418; - his toast to Washington, 419; - gifts to Washington, 201; - member of the Cincinnati, 208; - revisits America, 422; - is honoured by Congress, 420; - transmits relics of Washington, to Bolivar, 421. - -LAND OF YOUTH, legend of the Atlantic, 6. - -LAS CASAS, BARTOLOME DE, succours the Indians, 26. - -LATIN AMERICAN REPUBLICS, their number, 405; - their Colonial nationality, 405. - _See also_ BOLIVAR; MIRANDA; O’HIGGINS; PEDRO; SAN MARTIN. - -LE BON HOMME RICHARD, Paul Jones’s ship, 364. - -LEANDER, THE, Miranda’s ship, 335; - John Adams’s grandson sails in, 90 335; - cruise to the Spanish Maine, 336; - fate of, 339. - -LEE, HENRY, protégé of Washington, 216; - at Mount Vernon, 217; - delivers Washington’s official funeral oration, 217. - -LEIF, discovery of Vinland, 8. - -LEXINGTON, BATTLE OF, Paul Revere warns the town, 81; - news of, arouses Putnam, 146; - arouses Marshall, 433. - -LIBERATORS, _see_ BOLIVAR; CUBA; MIRANDA; O’HIGGINS; SAN MARTIN. - -LIBERTY, William Penn’s ideas on, 35, 36; - liberty of conscience, 32, 35, 125, 209, 350. - _See also_ INDEPENDENCE, GROWTH OF IDEA. - -LIBERTY BELL, announces signing of Declaration of Independence, 309. - -LIBERTY POLE, in New York, 104. - -LIBERTY TREE, in Boston, 104. - -LIGHT HORSE HARRY, soubriquet of Henry Lee, 216. - -LIMA, Colonial power of, 244, 257; - siege and fall of, 257; - celebrates its first Independence Day, 265. - -LIMON BAY, discovered by Columbus, 25. - -LINCOLN, ABRAHAM, some important dates in his life, 174; - poem to, by Bryant, 174; - boyhood, 175, 176; - at New Orleans, 177; - his honesty, 177; - story of the little birds, 178; - rescues a pig, 179; - opens the kittens’ eyes, 180; - his kindness to children, 181; - influence of the Bible on Lincoln, 177, 183; - thanks Coloured Delegation for gift of Bible, 184; - Order against Sunday-work in the Army and Navy, 185; - Gettysburg Address, 186; - tribute to Washington, 190; - God’s judgment on slavery, 310. - -LINCOLN, NANCY HANKS, makes a home in the wilderness, 175; - teaches her children, 176; - reads them the Bible, 176; - her influence on Lincoln, 177. - -LION OF THE APURE, soubriquet of General Paez, 382. - -LITTLE FRIEND IN FRONT STREET, soubriquet of Haym Salomon, 228. - -LLANEROS, Venezuelan cowboys or plainsmen, 382. - - -MACEO, GENERAL, Cuban Patriot, 60. - -MADISON, JAMES, consulted by Washington, 158; - tribute to Haym Salomon, 228; - in the Virginia Convention, 446. - -MAELDUNE, legend of, 5. - -MAGNA CARTA, a foundation of English Liberty, 97, 98, 442. - -MAINE, aids blockaded Boston, 79. - -MAINE, BATTLESHIP, destruction of, 62. - -MAIPU, victory of, 253. - -MAIZE (INDIAN CORN), discovery of, 12. - -MARBLEHEAD, aids blockaded Boston, 79. - -MARCO POLO, _see_ POLO, MARCO. - -MARGARITA, ISLAND OF, discovered by Columbus, 18. - -MARSHALL, JOHN, some important dates in his life, 426; - boyhood, -427; - brought up an American, 425, 431; - lieutenant in the War for Independence, 433, 434, 437; - at Valley Forge, 435; - nicknamed Silver Heels, 436; - saddlebags story, 439; - cherry story, 440; - public career, 441; - appointed Chief Justice, 444; - expounder of the Constitution, 444, 445; - his tribute to his mother, 438; - to his father, 439; - reverence for him in Virginia, 446; - expresses himself on solidarity of the Union, 425; - on the integrity of the Judiciary, 446; - his religious faith, 438, 448; - tributes to him, 426, 447. - -MARTIN, GEORGE, alias of Francisco de Miranda, 89, 336. - -MARYLAND, aids blockaded Boston, 79. - -MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY, settled by Puritans, 350; - sends delegates to First Continental Congress, 81. - _See also_ ADAMS; BOSTON; WILLIAMS. - -MASSASOIT, KING, helps Pilgrims find lost boy, 133; - aids Roger Williams, 352. - -MAYFLOWER, SHIP, leaves England, 128; - anchors in Cape Cod Bay, 129; - anchors in Plymouth Harbour, 131. - -MAYFLOWER COMPACT, signed, 127. - -MCKEAN, THOMAS, delegate to First Continental Congress, 80. - -MCKINLEY, WILLIAM, on the Cuban situation, 61; - reluctant to go to war, 62; - forced into war by destruction of the _Maine_, 62. - -MEDORA, Roosevelt at, 48. - -MENDOZA, at the foot of the Andes, 244; - patriotism of citizens, 246, 250, 251; - honour San Martin, 247; - called “the Nest of the Argentine Eagle,” 247. - -MEXICO, War of Liberation, 405; - Independence recognized by the United States, 267. - -MIRANDA, FRANCISCO DE, some important dates in his life, 326; - boyhood, 331; - propaganda for South American Independence, 332; - fights for the United States, 332; - fights for French Freedom, 333; - founds secret society, 334, 376, 396; - in New York, 89, 334, 335; - cruises in the _Leander_, 335; - vain attempt to free South America, 339, 341; - returns to Venezuela, 342, 376; - signs Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, 342; - made Commander-in-Chief of Venezuelan forces, 342; - betrayed to Monteverde, 345; - captivity and death, 346; - tribute to him, by the Venezuelan Government, 325; - tribute by William Spence Robertson, 326. - -MISIONES, San Martin born in, 237. - -MISSOURI COMPROMISE, Jefferson’s opinion on, 312. - -MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF, Moll Pitcher, 218; - Steuben’s tactics win, 223; - Washington at, 223. - -MONROE, JAMES, recognizes Independence of Spanish America, 267; - promulgates the Monroe Doctrine, 270. - -MONROE DOCTRINE, announced, 270; - welcomed by Chile, 403. - -MONTEVERDE, GENERAL, his campaign in Venezuela, 343, 344, 377; - imprisons Miranda, 345; - gives passport to Bolivar, 345. - -MONTICELLO, the country estate of Jefferson, 304. - -MONTREAL, aids blockaded Boston, 80. - -MORAVIAN NUNS, nurse Lafayette, 417; - present banner to Pulaski, 418, 424. - -MORRIS, ROBERT, Financier of the War for Independence, 159; - recommends Hamilton for Secretary of Treasury, 160; - procures money through Haym Salomon, 228. - -MOUNT VERNON, children of, 197, 198, 201; - stables and horses of, 201, 204; - guests at, 205, 216, 322. - -MUIR, JOHN, with Roosevelt in the Yosemite, 55. - -MYSTERY SHIP, _see_ LEANDER, THE. - - -NAPOLEON, effect of his wars on South America, 112, 239, 268, 341. - -NAPOLEON OF THE SOUTH AMERICAN REVOLUTION, soubriquet of Simon Bolivar, 392. - -NASHVILLE, Jackson emigrates to, 287, 289. - -NELSON, Washington’s famous charger, 201, 204. - -NEST OF THE ARGENTINE EAGLE, soubriquet of the city of Mendoza, 247. - -NEVIS, ISLAND OF, birthplace of Hamilton, 155. - -NEW ENGLAND ARMY, besieges Boston, 82; - adopted by Congress, 83, 84. - -NEW GRANADA, liberated by Bolivar, 388; - absorbed into Great Colombia, 388; - modern Republic of Colombia, 390. - -NEW HAMPSHIRE, aids blockaded Boston, 79. - -NEW JERSEY, refuge of persecuted Friends, 35; - aids blockaded Boston, 79. - -NEW ORLEANS, Lincoln attends slave-market at, 177; - story of the cotton-bales, 299; - its citizens nurse wounded enemies, 301; - Jackson’s tribute to his mother, 286. - -NEW YORK, aids blockaded Boston, 79; - Hamilton in, 156; - Washington in, 230; - Miranda in, 89, 334, 335; - Haym Salomon in, 229; - Paez in, 382; - Lafayette in, 422; - opposition to ratification in, 159. - _See also_ STEUBEN. - -NORTH CAROLINA, aids blockaded Boston, 79. - - -O’HIGGINS, AMBROSE, boyhood, 395; - made Spanish Viceroy of Lima, 396. - -O’HIGGINS, BERNARDO, some important dates in his life, 394; - boyhood, 396; - joins the Patriots, 397; - heroic action at Rancagua, 398; - escapes to Argentina, 400; - crosses the Andes with San Martin, 251, 253; - is made Supreme Dictator of Chile, 255, 400; - equips navy to liberate Peru, 255; - his work of civic reconstruction, 401; - exiled from Chile, 402; - welcomed by Peru, 402; - recalled to Chile, 403; - dies in Peru, 403; - National Hero of Chile, 404. - -OLD HICKORY, soubriquet of Andrew Jackson, 297. - -OLD PUT, soubriquet of Israel Putnam, 142. - -ONAS, soubriquet of William Penn, 37, 41. - -ORINOCO RIVER, description of, 378, 384. - -OYSTER BAY, home-town of Roosevelt, 50, 53. - - -PAEZ, GENERAL, his strength and courage, 382; - seizes gunboats on the Apure, 383; - revolts against Bolivar, 389; - President of Venezuela, 390; - in exile, 382. - -PAMPAS, Argentine prairie or plain, 240, 241. - -PANAMA, discovered by Columbus, 25. - -PARAGUAY, Tyrant-liberator of, 405. - -PARIS OF AMERICA, soubriquet of Buenos Aires, 241. - -PAUL, JOHN, _see_ JONES, JOHN PAUL. - -PEACE, _see_ ARBITRATION AND PEACE. - -PEARL ISLANDS, discovered by Columbus, 21, 26. - -PEARL OF THE ANTILLES, soubriquet of Cuba, 60. - -PEARLS, found by Columbus, 17, 19, 21, 26. - -PEDRO I, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL, declares Independence of Brazil, 113; - abdicates, 113. - -PEDRO II, EMPEROR OF BRAZIL, some important dates in his life, 110; - boy-emperor, 113, 115; - patriot, 116; - opposes slavery, 117; - abdicates, 119; - poem to him by Whittier, 110. - _See also_ BRAZIL. - -PENDLETON, EDMUND, attends First Continental Congress, 80; - at Mount Vernon, 322. - -PENN, WILLIAM, some important dates in his life, 30; - vision in boyhood, 31; - becomes a Friend, 32; - story of sword, 32; - persecution of, 33; - his principles of Peace, 30, 33; - in America, 36; - friendly and just treatment of Indians, 38, 41; - Indians’ sorrow at his death, 42. - -PENNSYLVANIA, how named, 35; - charter granted William Penn, 35. - _See also_ PHILADELPHIA. - -PENSACOLA, Miranda helps to attack, 332. - -PEREZ, FRIAR JUAN, aids Columbus, 12. - -PERU, under Spanish rule, 244, 257; - patriotic reception of San Martin, 256; - declares its Independence, 265; - National Flag, 265; - Independence recognized by the United States, 267; - gratitude to San Martin, 275; - Bolivar’s plans for liberation of, 273, 388; - its early Patriot, Tupac Amaru, 405; - gratitude to O’Higgins, 402. - _See also_ LIMA; PIZARRO. - -PHILADELPHIA, naming of, 37; - William Penn’s first visit to, 37; - meeting place of Continental Congress, 80; - Independence -of the United States declared in, 309. - -PILGRIM FATHERS, leave Leyden, 123, 124, 126; - land in America, 129; - attacked by Nauset Indians, 130; - hunt for lost boy, 134; - pray for rain, 138; - friendly to Roger Williams, 352. - _See also_ SEPARATISTS. - -PITCHER, MOLL, at Monmouth, 218; - rewarded by Washington, 219. - -PITT, THOMAS, why called “Diamond Pitt,” 95; - transmits his strong will to William Pitt, 96. - -PITT, WILLIAM, some important dates in his life, 94; - boyhood, 96; - defender of America, 93, 101; - supports Francisco de Miranda, 89, 333; - his dramatic last appearance, 105; - tributes to, 94. - -PITTSBURGH, (PA.), named for William Pitt, 94. - -PITTSFIELD, MASS., named for William Pitt, 94. - -PIZARRO, founder of Lima, 244. - -PLYMOUTH, MASS., settled, 131; - Canonicus sends Rattlesnake Challenge to, 136; - saved by Roger Williams, 354. - _See also_, PILGRIM FATHERS. - -POLO, MARCO, his travels read by Columbus, 10. - -POOR RICHARD, THE (LE BON HOMME RICHARD), Paul Jones’s ship, 364, 365. - -POOR RICHARD’S ALMANACK, published by Franklin, 169; - Paul Jones, names ship after, 364. - -PORTIA, pen-name of Abigail Adams, 76. - -POTTS, ISAAC, overhears Washington praying at Valley Forge, 212. - -PRINCE OF PEACE, Penn in his Peace Plan, refers to Christ as, 34; - pledge of Argentina and Chile to, 406. - -PROCLAIM LIBERTY THROUGHOUT ALL THE LAND, Bible text on Liberty Bell, 310. - -PROTECTOR OF PERU, soubriquet of Jose de San Martin, 266. - -PROVIDENCE, founded by Roger Williams, 352; - under peaceful rule of Roger Williams, 355. - -PUERTO CABELLO, imprisonment of Americans in, 340; - fall of, 344; - Miranda imprisoned in, 345. - -PULASKI, COUNT, visits Lafayette, 417; - receives banner from Moravian Nuns, 418; - banner in Lafayette’s procession, 424. - -PURITANS, meaning of name, 350; - Puritans in Boston, 350. - -PUTNAM, ISRAEL, some important dates in his life, 142; - boyhood, 143; - fight with the wolf, 144; - at Bunker Hill, 147; - makes Washington laugh, 148; - praise from Washington, 150; - tribute from Washington Irving, 142. - - -QUAKERS, _see_ FRIENDS. - -QUEBEC, aids blockaded Boston, 80; - Petitions of First Continental Congress, 81. - -QUINCY, MASS., _see_ BRAINTREE. - - -RANCAGUA, battle of, 398. - -RANGER, THE, Paul Jones’s ship, 362. - -RARITAN, Hamilton at, the passage of, 157. - -READ, GEORGE, delegate to First Continental Congress, 80. - -REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT, Lincoln on, 187; - in early Virginia, 308. - _See also_ CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES; INDEPENDENCE, GROWTH OF IDEA. - -REPUBLICS, see names of Republics. - -REVERE, PAUL, ride to Philadelphia, 77; - ride to Lexington, 81. - -RHODE ISLAND, aids blockaded Boston, 79; - sends troops to Bunker Hill and Siege of Boston, 214. - _See also_ WILLIAMS. - -RIO DE JANEIRO, Pedro II crowned in, 113; - visited by Roosevelt, 66; - statue, gift of American people, placed in, 122. - -RIO DE LA PLATA, River of Silver, 242, 243. - -RIO TEODORO, River of Doubt, named after Roosevelt, 69. - -RIVER OF DOUBT, explored by Roosevelt, 65. - -RIVER OF SILVER, Rio de la Plata, 242, 243. - -RIVERS, _see_ names of rivers. - -ROBERTSON, WILLIAM SPENCE, characterization of San Martin, 236; - of Miranda, 326; - of Bolivar, 391, 392; - decorated with Order of Liberators of Venezuela, 392. - -ROBINSON, PASTOR JOHN, in Leyden, 126. - -ROCKINGHAM, LORD, defender of America, 103. - -RODNEY, CÆSAR, delegate to -First Continental Congress, 80. - -RODRIQUEZ, SIMON, Bolivar’s tutor, 374; - arouses his patriotism, 376. - -ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, in Spanish America, 330. - _See also_ BELTRAN; LAS CASAS; PEREZ. - -ROOSEVELT, KERMIT, at Sagamore Hill, 53; - hunts in Africa, 57; - explores the River of Doubt, 66. - -ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, some important dates in his life, 44; - boyhood, 45; - love of Nature, 46, 51; - busting broncos, 47; - ranching, 47; - square deal, 43, 44; - with John Burroughs in the Yellowstone, 53; - Big Stick, 54; - with John Muir in the Yosemite, 55; - Bear Hunters’ dinner, 56; - hunting in Africa, 57; - Rough Riders, 59, 61; - at San Juan Hill, 64; - at Montauk Point, 65; - explores the River of Doubt, 65; - tribute to him, 69. - - -ST. BRANDAN, legend of, 6. - -ST. CHRISTOPHER, legend of, 9. - -SAGAMORE HILL, Roosevelt’s Long Island home, 50, 52. - -SAGE OF MONTICELLO, soubriquet of Thomas Jefferson, 304. - -SALOMON, HAYM, finances the War for Independence, 228; - tribute to, by James Madison 228. - -SAMOSET, welcomes the Pilgrims, 131. - -SAN JUAN HILL, Rough Riders at, 64. - -SAN LORENZO, victory of, 242. - -SAN MARTIN, JOSE DE, some important dates in his life, 236; - boyhood, 237; - serves as officer in Spain, 238; - returns to Argentina, 240; - wins battle of San Lorenzo, 242; - made Governor of Cuyo, 244; - his noble character, 247; - mobilizes Army to cross the Andes, 243, 248, 250; - crosses the Andes, 249; - refuses honours, 254; - proclamation to Peruvians, 256; - takes Lima, 257; - his modesty, 261; - his kindness, 262; - his love of children, 263; - his graciousness, 263; - his gentleness, 264; - becomes Protector of Peru, 266; - interview with Bolivar, 272; - lays down his command, 275; - his wife, 246, 247, 275; - goes into voluntary exile, 276; - his self-abnegation, 277; - his death, 276; - interment at Buenos Aires, 278; - tributes to him by Lord Bryce, Joseph Conrad, - William Spence Robertson, and Bartolome Mitre, 235, 236. - _See also_ ARGENTINA; BOLIVAR; O’HIGGINS. - -SAN MATEO, country estate of Bolivar, 374, 375. - -SANTIAGO, CHILE, taken by the Spaniards, 398, 399. - -SANTO DOMINGO, ruled by Columbus, 18, 19. - -SEA OF DARKNESS, _see_ ATLANTIC OCEAN. - -SEPARATISTS, not Puritans, 350. - _See also_ BRADFORD; PILGRIM FATHERS. - -SEQUOIAS, visited by Roosevelt John Muir, 55. - -SHACKAMAXON, Place of Kings, 38. - -SHADWELL FARM, property of Thomas Jefferson, 305. - -SHENANDOAH RIVER, meaning of name, 192; - Washington surveys in its valley, 192. - -SHERMAN, ROGER, delegate to First Continental Congress, 80. - -SHIRRA, REV. MR., prays God to save Leith from Paul Jones, 366; - strong wind blows Jones’s ship away, 367. - -SILVER HEELS, soubriquet of John Marshall, 436. - -SLATE ROCK, Indians greet Roger Williams from, 353. - -SLAVERY IN BRAZIL, emancipation of slaves, 117, 118. - -SLAVERY IN SPANISH AMERICA, Indian slaves, 26, 329, 330; - slaves defended by Bartolome de Las Casas, 26; - patriot slaves freed by San Martin, 242, 257. - -SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES, Lincoln at the slave-market, 177; - slave clause stricken from Declaration of Independence, 311; - Abolitionists, 312; - God’s judgment on slavery, pronounced by Lincoln, 310; - by Jefferson, 312. - -SMITH, WILLIAM STEUBEN, sails with Miranda, 90, 335. - -SONS OF LIBERTY, origin of name, 104; - active in the Colonies, 104. - -SOUL LIBERTY, preached by Roger Williams, 347, 348, 351. - -SOUTH CAROLINA, aids blockaded Boston, 79. - -SPAIN, rule of, in Spanish America, 237, 242, 329. - _See also_ BOLIVAR; MIRANDA; O’HIGGINS; SAN MARTIN. - -SPANISH GALLEONS, treasure ships, 26, 327. - -SPANISH MAIN, 327, 338. - -STAMP ACT, William Pitt’s speech against, 102; - Patrick Henry’s speech against, 317. - -STANDISH, CAPTAIN MILES, sails for the New World, 126; - arrests Canonicus’s messenger, 137. - -STARS AND STRIPES, _see_ FLAGS OF THE UNITED STATES. - -STEUBEN, BARON, at Valley Forge, 222; - at Monmouth, 223; - bids Washington farewell at Fraunces Tavern, 230; - his services recognized by the State of New York, 223. - -SUCRE, ANTONIO DE, Bolivar’s general and friend, 389; - liberates Bolivia, 390. - - -TARLETON, GENERAL, massacres militia of the Waxhaws, 283. - -TARTARY, Columbus’s search for, 9, 16. - -TERRESTRIAL PARADISE, Columbus’s search for, 5, 15, 21. - -TERRIBLE CORNET OF HORSE, soubriquet of William Pitt, 97. - -THULE, visited by Columbus, 8; - supposed to be Iceland, 8. - -TIERRA FIRME, old Spanish name for the South American continent, 17. - -TISQUANTUM, the Pilgrim’s Indian interpreter, 134, 135, 136. - -TOBACCO, discovered by Columbus, 12. - -TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE, Liberator of Haiti, 405. - -TRINIDAD, named by Columbus, 16. - -TRUMBULL, GOVERNOR JONATHAN, sends Putnam to Bunker Hill, 147; - supplies powder for Battle, 209; - nicknamed Brother Jonathan, 210. - -TUPAC AMARU, early Peruvian Patriot, 405. - -TWIN CITIES, Cristobal and Colon, named after Columbus, 25. - - -UNION, THE, Hamilton’s faith in, 154; - Andrew Jackson’s toast, 279; - John Marshall and the solidarity of the Union, 425, 431; - the Constitution necessary to protect the Union, 158, 443; - Washington on the Unity of our Government, 448. - -URUGUAY, called La Banda Oriental, 405; - Artigas, Liberator of, 405; - Roosevelt visits, 66. - -USHEEN, legend of the Atlantic, 6. - - -VALLEY FORGE, winter of suffering, 210, 211, 418; - Martha Washington nurses the sick, 212; - Washington prays God for aid, 213; - Nathanael Greene procures army supplies, 215; - Steuben trains the Army, 222; - John Marshall keeps up the soldiers’ courage, 436. - -VENEZUELA, discovered by Columbus, 17; - Miranda’s attempt to liberate, 335, 339; - Declaration of Independence, 342; - National Flag, 339, 342; - Constitution -of Bolivar, 384. - _See also_ BOLIVAR; MIRANDA. - -VERMONT, aids blockaded Boston, 79. - -VILLAMIL, JOSEPH, helps to liberate Guayaquil, 271. - -VINLAND THE GOOD, Columbus may have heard of, 9. - -VIRGINIA, aids blockaded Boston, 79; - summons first representative assembly in America, 308. - _See also_ HENRY; JEFFERSON; MADISON; MARSHALL; PENDLETON; WASHINGTON. - -VIRGINIA RANGERS, cover Braddock’s Retreat, 428. - - -WARREN, DR. JOSEPH, at Bunker Hill, 87. - -WASHINGTON, GEORGE, some important dates in his life, 190; - Lincoln’s tribute on his birthday, 190; - boyhood, 191; - offers to aid blockaded Boston, 80; - delegate to First Continental Congress, 80, 322; - nominated Commander-in-Chief, 83; - his modesty, 84, 171; - arrives at Cambridge, 147; - the spy in camp, 148; - letter to Putnam, 150; - meets Hamilton, 157; - on Sunday work in the Army and Navy, 185; - Cincinnatus of the West, 189, 206; - love of children, 198, 200, 204; - story of the little Boston Girl, 200; - his favourite horse, 204; - anecdote of the bowl of tea, 206; - his tact and kindness, 206; - friendship with Governor Trumbull, 209; - at Valley Forge, 210; - compassion for suffering soldiers, 210; - in prayer -to God for help, 213; - befriends Light Horse Harry, 216; - sends Kosciuszko to fortify West Point, 225; - pays the troops with the aid of Haym Salomon, 228; - bids farewell to his officers, 230; - presides over Federal Convention, 171; - bequest from Franklin, 172; - Farewell Address, 158, 418; - bequeaths their Freedom to his slaves, 311; - tributes to him, 233, 234. - _See also_ GREENE; LAFAYETTE; LEE. - -WASHINGTON, MARTHA, wedding day of, 197; - at Valley Forge, 211; - laughing parrot of, 217; - anxiety for Washington, 322. - -WASHINGTON, MARY, education of her son, 195; - Washington visits her at Fredericksburg, 195. - -WASHINGTON OF SOUTH AMERICA, soubriquet of Jose de San Martin, 254. - -WAXHAWS, home-place of Andrew Jackson, 281, 283. - -WEATHERFORD, CHIEF, 290, 291. - -WESTERN PASSAGE TO ASIA, Columbus’s search for, 9, 11, 13, 25. - -WEST INDIES, discovered by Columbus, 12. - -WEST POINT, fortified by Kosciuszko, 225. - -WHAT CHEER, NETOP, Indian greeting to Roger Williams, 353. - -WHITE, PEREGRINE, Pilgrim boy born on the _Mayflower_, 133. - -WHITTIER, JOHN GREENLEAF, as Abolitionist, 312. - -WILLIAMS, ROGER, some important -dates in his life, 348; - boyhood, 349; - preaches Soul Liberty, 347, 348, 351; - his other teachings, 351; - exiled from Massachusetts Bay Colony, 351; - founds Providence, 353; - saves Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies, 354; - peaceful and liberal rule of, 355. - -WINDHAM, (CONN.), aids blockaded Boston, 78. - -WINSLOW, GOVERNOR EDWARD, sails for New World, 126; - tells of the Great Drought, 139; - befriends Roger Williams, 352. - -WINTER, N. O., describes _El Cristo_ of the Andes, 409. - -WOOD, GENERAL LEONARD, Colonel of the Rough Riders, 63; - made Brigadier-General, 64. - - -YAPEYU, birthplace of Jose de San Martin, 237. - -YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, Roosevelt’s visit to, 53. - -YOSEMITE, THE, Roosevelt’s visit to, 55. - - -FOOTNOTES: - - [1] Ode by William Collins. - - [2] These are merely extracts from Pitt’s speeches. - - [3] See page 308. - - [4] Fraunces Tavern is still standing on the corner of Pearl and - Broad Streets, New York City. It has been restored by the Sons of the - Revolution. - - [5] Pronounced Hewston. - - [6] Read the story of the _Spanish Galleons_, on page 327. - - [7] The Christ of the Andes. - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Good stories for great birthdays, by -Francis Jenkins Olcott - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOOD STORIES FOR GREAT BIRTHDAYS *** - -***** This file should be named 55592-0.txt or 55592-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/9/55592/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif, MFR and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Good stories for great birthdays - arranged for story-telling and reading aloud and for the - children's own reading - -Author: Francis Jenkins Olcott - -Release Date: September 21, 2017 [EBook #55592] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOOD STORIES FOR GREAT BIRTHDAYS *** - - - - -Produced by Chuck Greif, MFR and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="c">GOOD STORIES<br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_i" id="page_i"></a>{i}</span> -FOR GREAT BIRTHDAYS</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/cover_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Image unavailable: [Image of the book's -cover unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_ii" id="page_ii"></a>{ii}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_iii" id="page_iii"></a>{iii}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_iv" id="page_iv"></a>{iv}</span> </p> - -<p><a name="front" id="front"></a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/i_frontispiece_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_frontispiece_sml.jpg" width="328" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: BREAKFAST WITH THE CHILDREN AT MOUNT VERNON" /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">BREAKFAST WITH THE CHILDREN AT MOUNT VERNON</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_v" id="page_v"></a>{v}</span></p> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="border:outset 4px black;"> -<tr><td class="c"><a href="#CONTENTS">Contents</a><br /> -<a href="#APPENDIX1">Appendix I. Programme of Stories from the History of the United States</a><br /> -<a href="#APPENDIX2">Appendix II. Story Programme of South America’s Struggle for Independence</a><br /> -<a href="#SUBJECT_INDEX">Subject Index</a>: -<a href="#A">A</a>, -<a href="#B">B</a>, -<a href="#C">C</a>, -<a href="#D">D</a>, -<a href="#E">E</a>, -<a href="#F">F</a>, -<a href="#G">G</a>, -<a href="#H">H</a>, -<a href="#I">I</a>, -<a href="#J">J</a>, -<a href="#K">K</a>, -<a href="#L">L</a>, -<a href="#M">M</a>, -<a href="#N">N</a>, -<a href="#O">O</a>, -<a href="#P">P</a>, -<a href="#Q">Q</a>, -<a href="#R">R</a>, -<a href="#S">S</a>, -<a href="#T">T</a>, -<a href="#U">U</a>, -<a href="#V">V</a>, -<a href="#W">W</a>, -<a href="#Y">Y</a>. -</td></tr> -</table> - -<h1> -GOOD STORIES<br /> -FOR GREAT BIRTHDAYS</h1> - -<p class="cb"><i>ARRANGED FOR STORY-TELLING AND READING<br /> -ALOUD AND FOR THE CHILDREN’S<br /> -OWN READING</i><br /> -<br /> -BY<br /> -<br /> -<big>FRANCES JENKINS OLCOTT</big><br /> -<br /> -<small>WITH ILLUSTRATIONS</small><br /> -<br /> -<img src="images/colophon.png" -alt="Image unavailable" -width="100" -/><br /> -<br /> -BOSTON AND NEW YORK<br /> -HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY<br /> -<span class="eng">The Riverside Press Cambridge</span><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_vi" id="page_vi"></a>{vi}</span><br /> -<br /><br /> -<small>COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY FRANCES JENKINS OLCOTT<br /> - -ALL RIGHTS RESERVED<br /> -<br /> -<br /> -<span class="eng">The Riverside Press</span><br /> -CAMBRIDGE · MASSACHUSETTS<br /> -PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.</small><br /><br /><br /> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_vii" id="page_vii"></a>{vii}</span> -GRATEFULLY DEDICATED<br /><br /> -TO<br /><br /> -FRANCES MARY JENKINS OLCOTT<br /> -<i>January 25</i></p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">One in whose eyes the smile of kindness made<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Its haunt, like flowers by sunny brooks in May,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Yet at the thought of others’ pain, a shade<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Of sweeter sadness chased the smile away.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">William Cullen Bryant</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_ix" id="page_ix"></a>{ix}</span><a name="page_viii" id="page_viii"></a></p> - -<h3><a name="FOREWORD" id="FOREWORD"></a>FOREWORD</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Here</span> are over 200 stories celebrating 23 great birthdays of -patriot-founders and upbuilders of the Republics of both North and South -America. In the stories are more than 75 historical characters, men, -women, and children. The arrangement follows the school-year, beginning -in October with Columbus. The book-cover is dressed in George -Washington’s colours, scarlet and white.</p> - -<h4>TREATMENT OF HISTORY FOR CHILDREN</h4> - -<p>These tales are not packed full of dry facts and dates, boring to -children. Instead, they treat history in a manner appealing to boys and -girls. For it is the strong personalities that moved in the big events -of the world, it is the forceful lives of the men themselves, their -preparation in boyhood for successful careers, their struggles for -right, their heroism, devotion, and high adventure, as well as the why -and wherefore of things, which make history an intense reality to -children and young folk. American history treated after such a fashion, -may be used educationally to develop a fine, true type of Americanism.</p> - -<p>So most of the tales presented here are ones of personality, human and -alive. They are full of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_x" id="page_x"></a>{x}</span> action. Many of them relate deeds of courage, -kindness, self-sacrifice, and perseverance. They are of just the right -length to read aloud or tell without fatiguing the children. They deal -scarcely at all with battle, murder, or sudden death. They stress the -intimate, human side of our Patriots, the side not often found in -textbooks.</p> - -<h4>SOME OF OUR HEROES</h4> - -<p>Here are stories of Washington, Hamilton, John Adams, and John Marshall -showing them not cold and wooden, but warm and vital; also tales of -great-hearted Lincoln, and of America’s very human hero, Roosevelt.</p> - -<p>And exceedingly human, too, are Light Horse Harry, the Sage of -Monticello, Old Hickory, Brother Jonathan, Old Put, and the Great -Commoner, who, with words as powerful as sword-strokes, fought America’s -battles.</p> - -<p>Among the women, the mothers and wives helping to win the Wars for -Independence in both North and South America, are Mary and Martha -Washington, Abigail Adams, Andrew Jackson’s mother, the mother of John -Marshall, and the wife of San Martin.</p> - -<p>And the children of our foreign born, with how much greater pride may -they say, “We are Americans!” when they read about Lafayette,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xi" id="page_xi"></a>{xi}</span> -Kosciuszko, Steuben, Haym Salomon, Pulaski, De Kalb, and Irish Moll -Pitcher. Then, of course, Columbus the Italian is here, sailing under -the gold and crimson banner of Spain.</p> - -<p>Our school children, too, may be surprised to learn, that there are 20 -robust American Republics to the south of us, with aspirations like our -own, and having devoted Patriots. Among their national heroes, are -Miranda “the Flaming Son of Liberty,” San Martin the great and good, -Bolivar the brilliant and victorious, O’Higgins the soldier-citizen, and -Brazil’s patriot Emperor, Dom Pedro the magnanimous.</p> - -<p>All Spanish accents have been omitted—as is sometimes done in English -books—so that the names of South American Patriots may not seem strange -and foreign to our school children.</p> - -<h4>NO HISTORICAL FICTION</h4> - -<p>There is no historical fiction here. The larger number of the stories -are original, written purposely for this volume. Every detail is -historical, and every conversation is based on an authority.</p> - -<p>A partial list of the histories and biographies consulted while writing -the stories, may be found on page <a href="#page_xiv">xiv</a>. When historians have not agreed -as to dates and facts, the most reliable sources have been followed.</p> - -<p>Of the stories attributed to authors, some have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xii" id="page_xii"></a>{xii}</span> been recast to meet the -requirements of storytelling; others are given verbatim. This provides a -selection of tales varied both in style and in treatment. Some of the -tales are for children, and some for young people. The book may be -useful in all Grades.</p> - -<p>No living Americans are celebrated. Those whose birthdays are kept, have -passed into history. And since one small volume cannot hold stories -about all of our Patriots, a careful selection has been made of tales -about Americans whose contributions to the founding of free Government -are of vital importance. It is deeply regretted that lack of space -precludes the use of other birthdays. Because of copyright restrictions, -the Roosevelt section is somewhat limited.</p> - -<p>A number of well-known tales which are omitted, may be found in <i>Good -Stories for Great Holidays</i>.</p> - -<h4>TEACHING AMERICAN SOLIDARITY</h4> - -<p>In as far as possible, all tales of sectional differences, of political -animosities, and of civil strife, have been avoided. The emphasis in -this book is upon American Solidarity.</p> - -<p>Pioneers of progress inevitably arouse bitter antagonists. It would -require a large volume indeed, to treat of the derogatory statements and -written attacks which have been levelled at most<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xiii" id="page_xiii"></a>{xiii}</span> of the men whose -birthdays we are celebrating. We know that Columbus suffered severely -from attacks by enemies, that Washington was one of the “most vilified -of men,” and that Lincoln’s detractors were merciless. To-day we may -perceive the process of vilification still going on around us. Happily, -time has shown that much of the detraction of the past was public -slander and clamour, and has consigned it to the rubbish heap of -history. In a book of this kind, detractions have little or no place; -and it is against the good sense of the best educational principles, to -impress the children’s plastic minds with such matters. When the -children are older, they will be better able to judge of them -intelligently.</p> - -<h4>HELPFUL TO TEACHERS</h4> - -<p>May it be said right here, with emphasis, that this book is not intended -to take the place of suitable biographies of the men whose birthdays we -are celebrating. Entertaining, lively tales should, on the contrary, -lead boys and girls to want to know more about their favourite heroes. -And the teacher may use these short stories not merely to illustrate -American history textbooks, but to strengthen the children’s love of -Country, to teach them the meaning of American Unity, and to give them a -more intelligent reverence for the Constitution.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xiv" id="page_xiv"></a>{xiv}</span></p> - -<p>To aid the teacher and story-teller there is appended on pages 465-483 a -<i>Subject Index</i>, by means of which any story on a given topic may be -quickly found. The Study Programmes, on pages 451-462, are -chronologically arranged to illustrate the day’s lesson.</p> - -<h4>FOR MOTHERS, ALSO</h4> - -<p>But above all else, may this book, day by day, help mothers and -educators to bring to the children’s remembrance on these great -birthdays, something of the devotion, the patience, the sufferings, and -the personal sacrifice of the noble men, who, under the good hand of -God, laid the foundations of American Liberty and Self-Government.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xv" id="page_xv"></a>{xv}</span></p> - -<h2>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</h2> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Grateful</span> acknowledgments are due the following Publishers and Authors, -for material from their books:—</p> - -<p>To Houghton Mifflin Company for material from books by Edward Arber, -Albert J. Beveridge, John Fiske, Henry Cabot Lodge, John T. Morse, James -Parton, James B. Thayer, William Roscoe Thayer, and John Greenleaf -Whittier.</p> - -<p>To the <i>New York Evening Post</i> for stories written for its columns by -the author of this book.</p> - -<p>To the <i>New York Times</i> for “A Lock of Washington’s Hair,” by T. R. -Ybarra.</p> - -<p>To D. Appleton and Company for extracts from the Poems of William Cullen -Bryant, and material from William Spence Robertson’s <i>Rise of the -Spanish-American Republics</i>.</p> - -<p>To Charles Scribner’s Sons for material from <i>Theodore Roosevelt: An -Autobiography</i>.</p> - -<p>To Harr Wagner Publishing Company, San Francisco, California, publishers -of the complete works of Joaquin Miller, for permission to use his -<i>Columbus</i>.</p> - -<p>To J. B. Lippincott Company for material from Charles Morris’s <i>Heroes -of Progress</i>.</p> - -<p>To Lothrop, Lee, and Shepard Company for “Nellie and Little Washington,” -from Harriet<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xvi" id="page_xvi"></a>{xvi}</span> Taylor Upton’s <i>Our Early Presidents, their Wives and -Children</i>.</p> - -<p>To the Missionary Education Movement for “Dom Pedro,” from Margarette -Daniels’s <i>Makers of South America</i>.</p> - -<p>To the Macmillan Company for material from James Morgan’s <i>Theodore -Roosevelt, the Boy and the Man</i>.</p> - -<p>To Dr. Sherman Williams for “The Boy of the Hurricane,” from his <i>New -York’s Part in History</i>, published by D. Appleton and Company.</p> - -<p>To Mr. Wayne Whipple for “The Little Girl and the Red Coats,” from his -<i>Story-Life of Washington</i>, published by John C. Winston Company.</p> - -<p>To the Brooklyn Public Library, Montague Branch, for the use of its -remarkably fine collection of volumes on early American history, many of -which are rare and out of print.</p> - -<p>To the Staff of the Brooklyn Public Library, Montague Branch, for most -helpful co-operation.</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>As this book of <i>Great Birthdays</i> was several years in the making, it is -not possible to cite the many authorities, histories, and biographies -which have been consulted. The following titles may give some idea of -the kind of research work done, in order to make <i>Great Birthdays</i> of -value in teaching American History:—</p> - -<p>Fiske, <i>American Revolution</i>; Garden, <i>Ancedotes<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xvii" id="page_xvii"></a>{xvii}</span> of the Revolutionary -War</i>; Green, <i>Short History of the English People</i>; <i>Journals of the -Continental Congress</i>; Lossing, <i>Pictorial Field-Book of the -Revolution</i>; Elkanah Watson, <i>Men and Times of the Revolution</i>; <i>Select -Letters of Christopher Columbus, with other Original Documents</i> (Hakluyt -Society); <i>Memorials of Columbus ... translated from the Spanish and -Italian</i>; Lives of Columbus by Irving, Lamartine, and Winsor; <i>Story of -the Pilgrim Fathers</i> (Arber Reprint); <i>Mourt’s Relation</i>; <i>Old South -Leaflets</i>; George Washington, <i>Journal of my Journey over the -Mountains</i>, also his <i>Writings</i>; Ford, <i>Washington and the Theatre</i>; -George Washington Parke Custis, <i>Recollections and Private Memoirs of -Washington</i>, by his Adopted Son; Headley, <i>Illustrated Life of George -Washington</i>; Irving, <i>Life of Washington</i>; Lossing, <i>Mary and Martha, -the Mother and the Wife of George Washington</i>; Lodge, <i>George -Washington</i>, (American Statesmen Series); John Paul Jones’s <i>Letters</i>, -also lives of him by De Koven, Headley, and Mackenzie; Lives of William -Penn, by Dixon, Hodges, Janney, Stoughton; Lives of John Marshall, and -addresses in his memory, by Beveridge, Binney, Flanders, Rawle, Sallie -E. Marshal Hardy (in <i>The Green Bag</i>), Justice Story, and Chief Justice -Waite; Peters, Haym Salomon; Franklin’s <i>Autobiography</i>; Humphreys, -<i>Life of the Honourable Major General Israel Putnam</i> (material obtained<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xviii" id="page_xviii"></a>{xviii}</span> -largely from Putnam himself); <i>Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of -Connecticut</i>, by his descendant Jonathan Trumbull; correspondence, -diaries, and speeches of John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Abigail Adams, -Patrick Henry, Jefferson, Lafayette, Pitt, Lincoln, and Webster.</p> - -<p>In writing the South American stories, the following have been most -useful: Biggs, <i>History of Don Francisco de Miranda’s Attempt to Effect -a Revolution in South America</i>; Palacio Fajardo, <i>Outline of the -Revolution in Spanish America</i>; <i>Encyclopedia of Latin America</i>; Koebel, -<i>British Exploits in South America</i>, also his <i>South America</i>; Captain -Basil Hall, <i>Extracts from a Journal</i>; Larrazábal, <i>Simón Bolivar</i>; -Mahoney, <i>Campaigns and Cruises in Venezuela and New Grenada</i>; Mehegan, -<i>O’Higgins of Chile</i>; General Miller, <i>Memoirs in the Service of the -Republic of Peru</i>; Bartolomé Mitre, <i>Emancipation of South America</i>; -Pan-American Union, <i>Bulletin</i>; Petre, <i>Simón Bolivar</i>; Robertson, <i>Rise -of the Spanish-American Republics</i>, also his <i>Francisco de Miranda</i> -(American Historical Association); Smith, <i>History of the Adventures and -Sufferings of Moses Smith</i>; also a number of volumes of travel including -Lord Bryce, <i>South America</i>; and Winter, <i>Argentina</i>, and <i>Chile</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xix" id="page_xix"></a>{xix}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" summary=""> - -<tr><th><a href="#OCTOBER_12"><span class="smcap">October 12</span> -<br /> -COLUMBUS AND DISCOVERER’S DAY</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Columbus</span>, <i>Joaquin Miller</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_002">2</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Sea of Darkness</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_003">3</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Fortunate Isles</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_005">5</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Absurd Truth</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_007">7</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Cathay the Golden</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_010">10</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Emerald Islands</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_012">12</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Magnificent Return</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_013">13</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Fatal Pearls</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_015">15</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Tierra Firme</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">The Pearls</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">The Curse of the Pearls</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Queen Isabella’s Page</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_021">21</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Twin Cities</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_024">24</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Pearls Again</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_026">26</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#OCTOBER_14"><span class="smcap">October 14</span> -<br /> -WILLIAM PENN, THE FOUNDER OF -PENNSYLVANIA</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Within the Land of Penn</span>, <i>John Greenleaf Whittier</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_030">30</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy of Great Tower Hill</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_031">31</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">He Wore It as long as He Could</span>, <i>Samuel M. Janney</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_032">32</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Peacemaker</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_033">33</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Westward Ho, and Away!</span> <i>John Stoughton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_034">34</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The City of Brotherly Love</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_036">36</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Place of Kings</span>, <i>Samuel M. Janney</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_038">38</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Onas</span>, <i>W. Hepworth Dixon</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_041">41</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#OCTOBER_27"><span class="smcap">October 27</span> -<br /> -THEODORE ROOSEVELT, AMERICA’S HERO</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Square Deal</span>, <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_044">44</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy Who Grew Strong</span>, <i>James Morgan</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_045">45</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Not in a Log Cabin</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">In the Wide Out-of-Doors</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Busting Broncos</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Sagamore Hill</span>, <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_050">50</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Children of Sagamore Hill</span>, <i>William Roscoe Thayer</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_052">52</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Off with John Burroughs</span>, <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_053">53</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Big Stick</span>, <i>William Roscoe Thayer</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_054">54</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A-Hunting Trees with John Muir</span>, <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_055">55</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Bear Hunters’ Dinner</span>, <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_056">56</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Hunting in Africa</span>, <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_057">57</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Ever Faithful Island</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_059">59</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Colonel of the Rough Riders</span>, <i>William Roscoe Thayer</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_061">61</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The River of Doubt</span>, <i>William Roscoe Thayer</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_065">65</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span>, <i>William Roscoe Thayer</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_069">69</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#OCTOBER_30"><span class="smcap">October 30</span> -<br /> -JOHN ADAMS, THE SON OF LIBERTY</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Independence Day</span>, <i>John Adams</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_074">74</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Son of Liberty</span>, <i>Benson J. Lossing</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_075">75</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Adams Family</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_076">76</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Aid to the Sister Colony</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_077">77</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Famous Date</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_080">80</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">What a Glorious Morning!</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_081">81</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">John to Samuel</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_082">82</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Gentleman from Virginia</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_083">83</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy Who Became President</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_085">85</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">How Shall the Stars be Placed?</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_088">88</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Mysterious Stranger</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_089">89</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">His Last Toast</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_091">91</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#NOVEMBER_15"><span class="smcap">November 15</span> -<br /> -WILLIAM PITT, DEFENDER OF AMERICA</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">He at once breathed his own lofty spirit</span>, <i>John Richard Green</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_094">94</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">This Terrible Cornet of Horse</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_095">95</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Charter of Liberty</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_098">98</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">America’s Defender</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_101">101</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Sons of Liberty</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_103">103</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Last Scene</span>, <i>John Fiske</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_105">105</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#DECEMBER_2"><span class="smcap">December 2</span> -<br /> -DOM PEDRO THE SECOND, THE MAGNANIMOUS, -THE BEST REPUBLICAN IN BRAZIL</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Freedom in Brazil</span>, <i>John Greenleaf Whittier</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_110">110</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Brazils Magnificent</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_111">111</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Empire of the Southern Cross</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_112">112</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Making the Little Emperor</span>, <i>W. H. Koebel</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_113">113</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Patriot Emperor</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_115">115</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd"> I. Viva Dom Pedro the Second!</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd"> II. My People</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">III. Emancipating the Slaves, 1888</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd"> IV. The Empire of the Southern Cross—No More! <i>Margarette Daniels</i></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The United States of Brazil</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_120">120</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#DECEMBER_20"><span class="smcap">December 20</span> -<br /> -WILLIAM BRADFORD, AND THE LANDING -OF THE PILGRIMS</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">So they left that goodly and pleasant city</span>, <i>William Bradford</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_124">124</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Father of the New England Colonies</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_125">125</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Savage New World</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_128">128</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Welcome, Englishmen</span>!</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_131">131</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Lost! Lost! A Boy!</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_132">132</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Rattlesnake Challenge</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_136">136</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Great Drought</span>, <i>Governor Edward Winslow</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_138">138</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#JANUARY_7"><span class="smcap">January 7</span> -<br /> -GENERAL ISRAEL PUTNAM, “OLD PUT”</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">There was a generosity and buoyancy about the brave old man</span>, <i>Washington Irving</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_142">142</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Seeing Boston</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_143">143</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Fight with the Wolf</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_144">144</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">From Plough to Camp</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_146">146</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">He Made Washington Laugh</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_148">148</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Generous Foe</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_149">149</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Putnam not Forgotten!</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_150">150</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#JANUARY_11"><span class="smcap">January 11</span> -<br /> -ALEXANDER HAMILTON, DEFENDER OF<br /> -THE CONSTITUTION</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">He gave the whole powers of his mind</span>, <i>Daniel Webster</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_154">154</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy of the Hurricane</span>, <i>Sherman Williams</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_155">155</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Call Colonel Hamilton</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_157">157</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Struggle</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_158">158</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top">“<span class="smcap">He Knows Everything</span>”</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_159">159</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#JANUARY_17"><span class="smcap">January 17</span> -<br /> -BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, THE AMERICAN<br /> -SOCRATES</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Our Country</span>, <i>Benjamin Franklin</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_164">164</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Whistle</span>, <i>Benjamin Franklin</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_165">165</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Candle-Maker’s Boy</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_166">166</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy of the Printing Press</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_167">167</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Three Rolls</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_168">168</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Standing Before Kings</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_169">169</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Wonderful Kite Experiment</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_170">170</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Rising Sun</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_171">171</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">To My Friend</span>, <i>Benjamin Franklin</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_172">172</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#FEBRUARY_12"><span class="smcap">February 12</span> -<br /> -ABRAHAM LINCOLN, THE GREAT<br /> -EMANCIPATOR</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Oh, slow to smite and swift to spare</span>, <i>William Cullen Bryant</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_174">174</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Cabin in the Clearing</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_175">175</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">How He Learned to be Just</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_176">176</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Off to New Orleans</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_177">177</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Kindness of Lincoln</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_178">178</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">The Little Birds</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Rescuing the Pig</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Opening Their Eyes</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Lincoln and the Children</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_181">181</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Hurrah for Lincoln!</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Only Eight of Us, Sir</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">He’s Beautiful!</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Please Let Your Beard Grow</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Three Little Girls</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The President and the Bible</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_183">183</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Washington and Lincoln Speak</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_185">185</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Gettysburg Address</span>, <i>Abraham Lincoln</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_186">186</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#FEBRUARY_22"><span class="smcap">February 22</span> -<br /> -GEORGE WASHINGTON, THE FATHER OF<br /> -HIS COUNTRY</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Lincoln on Washington’s Birthday</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_190">190</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy in the Valley</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_191">191</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Washington’s Mother</span>, <i>George Washington Parke Custis</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_194">194</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Washington’s Wedding Day</span>, <i>Henry Cabot Lodge</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_197">197</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Washington and the Children</span>, <i>Grace Greenwood</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_197">197</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Little Girl and the Red Coats</span>, <i>Wayne Whipple</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_200">200</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Nellie and Little Washington</span>, <i>Harriet Taylor Upton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_200">200</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Seeing the President</span>, <i>George Washington Parke Custis</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_203">203</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Nelson the Hero</span>, <i>George Washington Parke Custis</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_204">204</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Caring for the Guest</span>, <i>Elkanah Watson</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_205">205</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Thoughtful of Others</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_206">206</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Cincinnatus of the West</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_206">206</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Brother Jonathan</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_208">208</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Bloody Footprints</span>, <i>George Washington Parke Custis</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_210">210</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">An Appeal to God</span>, <i>Benson J. Lossing</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_211">211</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Friend Greene</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_213">213</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Light Horse Harry</span>, <i>Washington Irving</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_216">216</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Captain Molly</span>, <i>George Washington Parke Custis</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_218">218</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Soldier Baron</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_220">220</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Father Thaddeus</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_223">223</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Little Friend in Front Street</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_228">228</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Farewell! My General! Farewell!</span> <i>J. T. Headley</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_230">230</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">From “Washington’s Legacy”</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_232">232</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A King of Men</span>, <i>John Fiske</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_233">233</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">When Washington Died</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_234">234</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#FEBRUARY_25"><span class="smcap">February 25</span> -<br /> -JOSE DE SAN MARTIN OF ARGENTINA,<br /> -THE PROTECTOR</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">San Martin, the Great Liberator</span>, <i>Joseph Conrad</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_236">236</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy Soldier</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_237">237</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Patriot Who Kept Faith</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_238">238</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">When San Martin Came</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_240">240</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Argentina’s Independence Day</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_243">243</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Great Idea</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_243">243</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Mighty Andes</span>, <i>Bartolome Mitre</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_245">245</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Real San Martin</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_247">247</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Fighting Engineer of the Andes</span>, <i>Bartolome Mitre</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_248">248</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Hannibal of the Andes</span>, <i>General Miller and Bartolome Mitre</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_249">249</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Not for Himself</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_254">254</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Cochrane, El Diablo</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_255">255</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Our Brothers, Ye Shall be Free</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_256">256</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Fall of the City of the Kings</span>, <i>Captain Basil Hall</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_257">257</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">San Martin the Conqueror</span>, <i>Captain Basil Hall</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_261">261</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">A Retreat</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">The Mother and Her Three Sons</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">The Little Girl Who Was Bashful</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Another Little Girl</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">The Best Cigar</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Duty Before the General</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Lima’s Greatest Day</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_265">265</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Hail, Neighbour Republics!</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_266">266</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">America for the Americans</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_268">268</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">What One American Did</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_271">271</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Amazing Meeting</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_272">272</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">What Happened Afterward</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_274">274</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Mystery Solved</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_276">276</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#MARCH_15"><span class="smcap">March 15</span> -<br /> -ANDREW JACKSON, OLD HICKORY</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">I want to say that Andrew Jackson</span>, <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_280">280</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Mischievous Andy</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_281">281</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Reading the Declaration</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_282">282</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Out Against Tarleton</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_283">283</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">An Orphan of the Revolution</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_285">285</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Hooting in the Wilderness</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_286">286</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Fort Mims</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_289">289</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Davy Crockett</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_290">290</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Chief Weatherford</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_291">291</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Sam Houston</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_295">295</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Why Jackson was Named Old Hickory</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_297">297</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Cotton-Bales</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_299">299</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">After the Battle of New Orleans</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_300">300</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#APRIL_13"><span class="smcap">April 13</span> -<br /> -THOMAS JEFFERSON, THE FRAMER OF THE<br /> -DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Fourth of July</span>, <i>Hezekiah Butterworth</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_304">304</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy Owner of Shadwell Farm</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_305">305</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Christmas Guest</span>, <i>James Parton</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_306">306</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Author of the Declaration</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_308">308</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Proclaim Liberty</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_309">309</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Only a Reprieve</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_310">310</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">On the Fourth of July</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_313">313</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#MAY_29"><span class="smcap">May 29</span> -<br /> -PATRICK HENRY, THE ORATOR OF THE<br /> -WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">To the Reader</span>, <i>Patrick Henry</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_316">316</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Orator of the War for Independence</span>, <i>Charles Morris</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_317">317</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">A Surprise to All</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">A Failure That Was a Success</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Facing Danger</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_322">322</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#JUNE_9"><span class="smcap">June 9</span> -<br /> -FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA OF VENEZUELA,<br /> -THE FLAMING SON OF LIBERTY</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Prince of Filibusters</span>, <i>William Spence Robertson</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_326">326</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Spanish Galleons</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_327">327</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Romance of Miranda</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_331">331</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Mystery Ship</span>, <i>James Biggs and Moses Smith</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_335">335</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The End of the Mystery Ship</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_339">339</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Great and Glorious Fifth</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_341">341</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">A Terrible Thing</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_343">343</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">End of the Romance</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_344">344</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#JUNE_23-24"><span class="smcap">June 23-24</span> -<br /> -ROGER WILLIAMS AND THE FOUNDING<br /> -OF PROVIDENCE</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">God makes a Path</span>, <i>Roger Williams</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_348">348</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Roger, the Boy</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_349">349</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Soul Liberty</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_350">350</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">What Cheer!</span> <i>Z. A. Mudge</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_352">352</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Risking His Life</span>, <i>Charles Morris</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_354">354</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#JULY_6"><span class="smcap">July 6</span> -<br /> -JOHN PAUL JONES, AMERICA’S IMMORTAL<br /> -SEA-FIGHTER</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Paul Jones</span>, <i>Ballad</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_358">358</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy of the Solway</span>, <i>J. T. Headley</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_359">359</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Don’t Tread on Me!</span> <i>J. T. Headley</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_360">360</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The First Salute</span>, <i>Alexander S. Mackenzie</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_361">361</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Poor Richard</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_364">364</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Mickle’s the Mischief He has Dune</span>, <i>J. T. Headley</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_365">365</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Paul Jones Himself</span>, <i>J. T. Headley</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_367">367</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Some of His Sayings</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_369">369</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#JULY_24"><span class="smcap">July 24</span> -<br /> -SIMON BOLIVAR OF VENEZUELA,<br /> -THE LIBERATOR</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Bolivar</span>, <i>Barry Cornwall</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_372">372</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Precious Jewel</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_373">373</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Fiery Young Patriot</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_376">376</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Seeing Bolivar</span>, <i>By a Young Englishman</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_378">378</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Uncle Paez—The Lion of the Apure</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_382">382</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Angostura</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_384">384</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Crossing</span>, <i>By One who Accompanied Bolivar</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_385">385</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Peru Next</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_388">388</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Break</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_389">389</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Bolivar the Man</span>, <i>William Spence Robertson</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_390">390</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#AUGUST_20"><span class="smcap">August 20</span> -<br /> -BERNARDO O’HIGGINS, FIRST SOLDIER,<br /> -FIRST CITIZEN OF CHILE</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Name of O’Higgins</span>, <i>W. H. Koebel</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_394">394</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Son of the Barefoot Boy</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_395">395</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Single Star Flag</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_397">397</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Hero of Rancagua</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_398">398</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Companions-in-Arms</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_400">400</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Patriot Ruler</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_400">400</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">First Soldier, First Citizen</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_402">402</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Chile as She Is</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_403">403</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">One of Twenty</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_405">405</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Better Way</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_406">406</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#SEPTEMBER_6"><span class="smcap">September 6</span> -<br /> -THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE, THE<br /> -FRIEND OF AMERICA</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">After the sacrifices I have made</span>, <i>Lafayette</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_412">412</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">I will Join the Americans!</span> <i>Edith Sichel</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_413">413</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">In America</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_414">414</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">On the Field Near Camden</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_414">414</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Banner of the Moravian Nuns</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_416">416</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Loyal to the Chief</span>, <i>John Fiske</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_418">418</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">We Are Grateful, Lafayette!</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_420">420</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Some of Washington’s Hair</span>, <i>T. R. Ybarra</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_421">421</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Welcome! Friend of America!</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_422">422</a></td></tr> - -<tr><th><a href="#SEPTEMBER_24"><span class="smcap">September 24</span> -<br /> -JOHN MARSHALL, THE EXPOUNDER OF<br /> -THE CONSTITUTION</a></th></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">He had a deep sense of moral and religious obligation</span>, <i>Justice Joseph Story</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_426">426</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Boy of the Frontier</span>, <i>Albert J. Beveridge</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_427">427</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">In a Log Cabin</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Off to the Blue Ridge</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Making an American</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Give Me Liberty!</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Young Lieutenant</span>, <i>Horace Binney</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_433">433</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Serving the Cause</span>, <i>Henry Flanders</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_434">434</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">At Valley Forge</span>, <i>William Henry Rawle</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_435">435</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Silver Heels</span>, <i>J. B. Thayer</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_436">436</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Without Bread</span>, <i>John Marshall’s Sister</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_437">437</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">His Mother</span>, <i>Sallie E. Marshall Hardy</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_438">438</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">His Father</span>, <i>Justice Joseph Story</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_438">438</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Three Stories</span>, <i>James B. Thayer</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_439">439</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">What Was in the Saddlebags</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Eating Cherries</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Learned in the Law of Nations</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Constitution</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_442">442</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Expounding the Constitution</span>, <i>Chief Justice Waite</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_444">444</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">The Great Chief Justice</span>, <i>Horace Binney</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_446">446</a></td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">Respected by All</td></tr> -<tr><td class="indd">The True Man</td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">What of the Constitution?</span> <i>Washington</i>, <i>Bolivar</i>, <i>Webster</i>, <i>Lincoln</i></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_448">448</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Envoy</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_450">450</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap"><a href="#APPENDIX">Appendix</a></span></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="indd"> <a href="#APPENDIX1">I. Programme of Stories from the History of the United States</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_453">453</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td class="indd"><a href="#APPENDIX2">II. Story Programme of South America’s Struggle for Independence</a></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_460">460</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap"><a href="#SUBJECT_INDEX">Subject Index</a></span>: -<a href="#A">A</a>, -<a href="#B">B</a>, -<a href="#C">C</a>, -<a href="#D">D</a>, -<a href="#E">E</a>, -<a href="#F">F</a>, -<a href="#G">G</a>, -<a href="#H">H</a>, -<a href="#I">I</a>, -<a href="#J">J</a>, -<a href="#K">K</a>, -<a href="#L">L</a>, -<a href="#M">M</a>, -<a href="#N">N</a>, -<a href="#O">O</a>, -<a href="#P">P</a>, -<a href="#Q">Q</a>, -<a href="#R">R</a>, -<a href="#S">S</a>, -<a href="#T">T</a>, -<a href="#U">U</a>, -<a href="#V">V</a>, -<a href="#W">W</a>, -<a href="#Y">Y</a>.</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#SUBJECT_INDEX">465</a></td></tr> -</table> - -<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Breakfast with the Children at Mount Vernon</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#front"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Columbus examines the Pearls</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_018">18</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Roosevelt breaking “Devil”</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_050">50</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">John Billington brought on the Shoulders of an Indian</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_136">136</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Franklin and the Kite Experiment</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_170">170</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top">“<span class="smcap">He’s beautiful</span>”</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_182">182</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top">“<span class="smcap">‘Treason! Treason!’ cried some of the excited Members</span>”</td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_318">318</a></td></tr> - -<tr><td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Paul Jones hoisting the Stars and Stripes</span></td><td class="rt" valign="bottom"><a href="#page_362">362</a></td></tr> -<tr><td> </td></tr> -<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Drawn by Frank T. Merrill</i></td></tr> - -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_xxxii" id="page_xxxii"></a>{xxxii}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_001" id="page_001"></a>{1}</span> </p> - -<h2><a name="OCTOBER_12" id="OCTOBER_12"></a>OCTOBER 12<br /><br /> -COLUMBUS<br /> AND<br /> DISCOVERER’S DAY</h2> - -<p class="nind"><i>The Very Magnificent Lord Don Cristobal Colon, High Admiral of the -Ocean Sea, Viceroy and Governor of the Islands and Tierra Firma.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a>{2}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="COLUMBUS" id="COLUMBUS"></a>COLUMBUS</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">“My men grow mutinous day by day;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">My men grow ghastly wan and weak.”<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The stout Mate thought of home; a spray<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Of salt wave washed his swarthy cheek.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">“What shall I say, brave Admiral, say,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">If we sight naught but seas at dawn?”<br /></span> -<span class="i0">“Why you shall say at break of day,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">Sail on! Sail on! Sail on! and on!”<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Then pale and worn, he kept his deck,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And peered through darkness. Ah, that night<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of all dark nights! And then a speck—<br /></span> -<span class="i2">A light! A light! A light! A light!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">It grew, a starlit Flag unfurled!<br /></span> -<span class="i2">It grew to be Time’s burst of dawn.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He gained a World, he gave that World<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Its grandest lesson—<br /></span> -<span class="i3">“On! Sail on!”<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="authh"><i>From</i> <span class="smcap">Joaquin Miller’s</span> <i>Columbus</i><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Christopher Columbus</span> was born in Italy, about 1451</p> - -<p>First landed on an island of America, October 12, 1492</p> - -<p>Sighted South America, 1498</p> - -<p>Was sent in chains to Spain, 1500</p> - -<p>Returned from his Fourth Voyage, 1504</p> - -<p>He died, May 20, 1506</p> - -<p>His name in Spanish is Cristobal Colon.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a>{3}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_SEA_OF_DARKNESS" id="THE_SEA_OF_DARKNESS"></a>THE SEA OF DARKNESS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Before</span> America was ever heard of, over four hundred years ago, a boy -lived in Genoa the Proud City.</p> - -<p>He was just one of hundreds of boys in that beautiful Italian town, -whose palaces, marble villas, and churches climbed her picturesque -hillsides. The boy’s name was Christopher Columbus.</p> - -<p>Whenever he could leave his father’s workshop, where he was learning to -comb wool, for his father was a weaver, how eagerly the boy must have -run down to the wharfs and sat there watching the ships come and go.</p> - -<p>They came from all those parts of the world which people knew about -then, from Iceland and England, from European and Asiatic ports, and -from North Africa. Caravels, galleys, and galleons, and sailing craft of -all kinds, came laden with the wealth that made Genoa one of the richest -cities of her time.</p> - -<p>The sailors, who lounged on the wharfs, spun wonderful yarns. They told -how beyond the Pillars of Hercules which guarded the straits of -Gibraltar, there rolled a vast, unknown sea,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a>{4}</span> called the Atlantic Ocean -or the Sea of Darkness.</p> - -<p>No one, they said, had ever crossed it. No one knew what lay beyond it. -All was mystery. And any mariners, the sailors said, who had ventured -far out on its black waters had never returned.</p> - -<p>Fearful things had happened to such mariners, the sailors added, for the -Sea of Darkness swarmed with spectres, devils, and imps. And when night -fell, slimy monsters crawled and swam in its boiling waves. Among these -monsters, was an enormous nautilus large enough to crush a whole ship in -its squirming arms, and a serpent fifty leagues long with flaming eyes -and horse’s mane. Sea-elephants, sea-lions, and sea-tigers, fed in beds -of weeds. Harpies and winged terrors flew over the surface of the water.</p> - -<p>And horrible, they said, was the fate which overtook the ship of any -foolhardy mariners who ventured too far out on that gloomy ocean. A -gigantic hand was thrust up through the waves, and grasped the ship. A -polypus, spouting two water-spouts as high as the sky, made such a -whirlpool that the vessel, spinning round and round like a top, was -sucked down into the roaring abyss.</p> - -<p>These frightful sea-yarns and many like them, the sailors told about the -Atlantic Ocean, and people believed them. But the eyes of the boy -Columbus, as he sat listening, must have sparkled<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a>{5}</span> as he longed to -explore those mysterious waters of the Sea of Darkness, and follow them -to the very edge of the world.</p> - -<p>For all that lay to the west of the Azores, was a great and fascinating -mystery, when Columbus was a boy, before America was discovered.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_FORTUNATE_ISLES" id="THE_FORTUNATE_ISLES"></a>THE FORTUNATE ISLES</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Listen</span> now to some of the stories that the Irish sailors who visited -Genoa, told when Columbus was a boy. And people in those days, believed -them to be true.</p> - -<p>They told how far, far in the West, where the sun set in crimson -splendour, lay the Terrestrial Paradise from which Adam and Eve were -driven. And other wonder tales the sailors told.</p> - -<p>One was the enchanting tale of Maeldune, the Celtic Knight, who seeking -his father’s murderer, sailed over the wide Atlantic in a coracle of -skins lapped threefold, one over the other.</p> - -<p>Many were the wonder-islands that Maeldune and his comrades visited—the -Island of the Silvern Column; the Island of the Flaming Rampart; the -Islands of the Monstrous Ants, and the Giant Birds; the Islands of the -Fierce Beasts, the Fiery Swine, and the Little Cat; the Islands of the -Black Mourners, the Glass Bridge, and the Spouting Water; the Islands of -the Red Berries,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a>{6}</span> and the Magic Apples; and the islands of many other -wonders.</p> - -<p>Many were the strange adventures that Maeldune had in enchanted castles -with beautiful Queens and lovely damsels, with monstrous birds, -sleep-giving potions, and magic food.</p> - -<p>And the Irish sailors told, also, of good St. Brandan who set sail in a -coracle, and discovered the Fortunate Isles. There he dwelt in blessed -happiness, they said:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">“And his voice was low as from other worlds, and his eyes were sweet;<br /></span> -<span class="i1">And his white hair sank to his heels, and his white beard fell to his feet.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>And still another tale the Irish sailors told, a tale of Fairy Land, -called the Land of Youth. Thither once went Usheen the Irish Bard.</p> - -<p>It happened on a sweet, misty morning that Usheen saw a slender -snow-white steed come pacing along the shore of Erin. Silver were his -shoes, and a nodding crest of gold was on his head. Upon his back was -seated a Fairy Maiden crowned with gold, and wrapped in a trailing -mantle adorned with stars of red gold.</p> - -<p>Weirdly but sweetly she smiled, and sang an Elfin song; while over sea -and shore there fell a dreamy silence. Through the fine mist she urged -on her steed, singing sweeter and ever sweeter as she came nearer and -nearer to Usheen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a>{7}</span></p> - -<p>She drew rein before him. His friends saw him spring upon the steed, and -fold the Fairy Maiden in his arms. She shook the bridle which rang forth -like a chime of bells, and swiftly they sped over the water and across -the sea, the snow-white steed running lightly over the waves.</p> - -<p>They plunged into a golden haze that shrouded them from mortal eyes. -Ghostly towers, castles, and palace-gates loomed dimly before Usheen, -then melted away. A hornless doe bounded near him, chased by a white -hound. They vanished into the haze.</p> - -<p>Then a Fairy Damsel rode swiftly past Usheen, holding up a golden apple -to him. Fast behind her, galloped a horseman, his purple cloak streaming -in the still air, a sharp sword glittering in his hand. They, too, -melted mysteriously away.</p> - -<p>And soon Usheen himself vanished into the Land of Youth, into Fairy -Land.</p> - -<p>These are some of the wonder tales that folk used to tell about the -mysterious Atlantic Ocean, when Columbus was a boy.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_ABSURD_TRUTH" id="THE_ABSURD_TRUTH"></a>THE ABSURD TRUTH</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> Columbus was a boy, there was a story told that the Earth was -round. Nearly every one who heard it thought it foolish—absurd.</p> - -<p>“The Earth round!” they said; “do we not<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a>{8}</span> know that the Earth is flat? -And does not the sun set each night at the edge of the World?”</p> - -<p>But young Columbus had a powerful, practical imagination. He believed -there were good reasons to think that the Earth was not flat. He -attended the University of Pavia. He studied astronomy and other -sciences. He learned map-making. He read how the ancient philosophers -thought the Earth to be a sphere and how they had tried to prove their -theory by observing the sun, moon, and stars.</p> - -<p>Then, too, there were scholars in Europe, when Columbus was young, who -agreed with the philosophers.</p> - -<p>But no scholar or philosopher had ever risked his life in a frail ship -and ventured across the terrible Sea of Darkness to battle with its -horrors, and prove his theory to be fact. The surging billows of the -Atlantic with angry leaping crests of foam, still guarded their mystery.</p> - -<p>Young Columbus became a sailor, cruising with his uncle on the -Mediterranean, sometimes chasing pirate ships. When older, he made long -voyages. He learned to navigate a vessel. He visited, so some historians -say, England and Thule. They say, too, that Thule was Iceland. Then if -he visited Iceland, Columbus must have heard the strange tale of how -Leif, son of Erik the Red, the bold Northman, sailed in a single ship -over<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a>{9}</span> the Sea of Darkness, and discovered Vinland the Good on the other -side of the Atlantic.</p> - -<p>Columbus talked with sailors about their voyages. He heard how the waves -of the Sea of Darkness sometimes cast upon the Islands of the Azores, -gigantic bamboos, queer trees, strange nuts, seeds, carved logs, and -bodies of hideous men with flat faces, the flotsam and jetsam from -unknown lands far to the west.</p> - -<p>Columbus’s imagination and spirit of adventure were fired. He became -more eager than ever to explore that vast expanse of water, and learn -what really lay in the mysterious region, where the sun set each night -and from which the sun returned each morning.</p> - -<p>“The Earth is not flat,” thought he, “much goes to prove it. India, from -which gold and spices come, is assuredly on the other side. If I can but -cross the Sea of Darkness, I shall reach Tartary and Cathay the Golden -Country of Kublai Khan. I shall have found a Western Passage to Asia. I -will bring back treasure; but more than all else I shall be able to -carry the Gospel of Christ to the heathen.”</p> - -<p>For Columbus, you must know, was one of the most devout Christian men of -his time.</p> - -<p>And he signed his name to letters, “Christ Bearing.” <i>Christopher</i> in -the Greek language, means Christ-Bearer. Perhaps, he was thinking<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a>{10}</span> of -the beautiful legend of St. Christopher, who on his mighty shoulders -bore the Christ Child across the swelling river, even as he, Christopher -Columbus, humbly wished to bear Christ’s Gospel across the raging waters -of the Sea of Darkness.</p> - -<h3><a name="CATHAY_THE_GOLDEN" id="CATHAY_THE_GOLDEN"></a>CATHAY THE GOLDEN</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Where</span> was Cathay the Golden?</p> - -<p>Who was Kublai Khan?</p> - -<p>One of Columbus’s favourite books was written by Marco Polo, the great -Venetian traveller, who served Kublai, Grand Khan of Tartary in Asia. -Cathay was the name which Marco Polo gave to China.</p> - -<p>In his book, Marco Polo told of many marvels. In the chief city of -Cathay the Golden, ruled over by Kublai Khan, stood the Grand Khan’s -palace. Its walls were covered with gold and silver, and adorned with -figures of dragons, beasts, and birds. Its lofty roof was coloured -outside with vermilion, yellow, green, blue, and every other hue, all -shining like crystal.</p> - -<p>To this city of Cathay, were brought the most costly articles in the -world, gold, silver, precious jewels, spices, and rare silks. The Grand -Khan had so many plates, cups, and ewers of gold and silver, that no one -would believe it without seeing them. He had five thousand elephants in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a>{11}</span> -magnificent trappings, bearing chests on their backs filled with -priceless treasure. He had also, a vast number of camels with rich -housings.</p> - -<p>At the New Year Feast, the people made presents to Kublai Khan of gold, -silver, pearls, precious stones, and rich stuffs. They presented him, -also, with many beautiful snow-white horses handsomely caparisoned.</p> - -<p>These and other wonderful things, did Marco Polo write about in his -book, and Columbus read them all.</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>At last the time came, when Columbus was fully determined to discover a -Western Passage, and thus open a path through the Ocean from Europe to -Asia.</p> - -<p>The Spanish courtiers laughed at Columbus; they called him a fool and -madman to believe that the Sea of Darkness might be crossed. But as the -years of waiting went by, Columbus grew stronger in his determination.</p> - -<p>The story of his many years of patient but determined waiting in Spain, -of his pleadings with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, for money, men, -and ships with which to cross the Ocean Sea, is told in “Good Stories -for Great Holidays.”</p> - -<p>And in “Good Stories for Great Holidays,” it is told how at last -Columbus was befriended by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a>{12}</span> the Friar Juan Perez. There also may be -found the stories of Columbus and the Egg, of his little son Diego at La -Rabida, of Queen Isabella pledging her jewels, of Columbus’s sailing -across the Sea of Darkness, of the mutiny, of his faith, perseverance, -and wisdom, and how at last he sighted a cluster of beautiful green -islands, lying like emeralds in the blue waters of the Atlantic—all -these stories may be read in “Good Stories for Great Holidays.”</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_EMERALD_ISLANDS" id="THE_EMERALD_ISLANDS"></a>THE EMERALD ISLANDS<br /><br /> -<i>Columbus’s Day, October 12, 1492</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was with songs of praise, that Columbus first landed on one of those -emerald islands of the New World.</p> - -<p>And what delightful islands they were, sparkling with streams, and -filled with trees of great height. There were fruits, flowers, and honey -in abundance. Among the large leaves and bright blossoms, flocks of -birds sang and called. There were cultivated fields of Indian corn.</p> - -<p>And there were savages, naked dark-skinned folk, who peeped from behind -trees, or ran frightened away. Later they grew bolder, and traded with -Columbus and his men. Some of the savages smoked rolls of dried leaves. -This was the first tobacco that white men had ever seen.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a>{13}</span> Thus Columbus -and his men discovered Indian corn, and tobacco.</p> - -<p>As Columbus sailed along the shores of the islands, he watched anxiously -for the crystal-shining domes of Kublai Khan’s Palace to rise among the -trees. But no Cathay the Golden gleamed among the green, no elephants in -trappings of cloth-of-gold, paced the sands.</p> - -<p>Instead, all was wild though so beautiful. The only people were the -dark-skinned ones, whom Columbus named <i>Indians</i>; for he was sure that -he had come across the Sea of Darkness by the Western Passage to India.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_MAGNIFICENT_RETURN" id="THE_MAGNIFICENT_RETURN"></a>THE MAGNIFICENT RETURN</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was a day of great rejoicing when Columbus returned to Spain. The -whole country rose up to do him honour. Bells were rung, mass was said, -and vast crowds cheered him as he passed along streets and highways.</p> - -<p>No one called him a fool and madman then. Had he not crossed the Sea of -Darkness and returned alive? Neither nautilus, gigantic hand, nor -polypus had dared to harm him. The Sea of Darkness was a mysterious -gloomy sea no longer, instead it was the wide Atlantic Ocean, a safe -pathway for brave mariners and good ships, a pathway leading to new -lands of gold and spices<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a>{14}</span> far toward the setting sun. And so all Spain -did honour to Columbus.</p> - -<p>King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella eagerly awaited him at Barcelona. He -entered that city with pomp and in procession. Balconies, windows, roofs -were thronged. Crowds surged through the streets to gaze in wonder on -that strange procession, so spectacular, so magnificent.</p> - -<p>First came the dark-skinned savage men, in paint and gold ornaments; -after them walked men bearing live parrots of every colour; then others -came carrying rich glittering coronets and bracelets, together with -beautiful fruits and strange vegetables and plants, such as the people -of Europe had never dreamed could exist.</p> - -<p>Then passed the great discoverer himself, Christopher Columbus, -a-horseback, and surrounded by a cavalcade of the most brilliant -courtiers of Spain.</p> - -<p>He dismounted, and entered the saloon where the King and Queen sat -beneath a canopy of brocade. He modestly greeted them on bended knee. -They raised him most graciously, and bade him be seated in their -presence.</p> - -<p>After they had heard his tale with wonder, and had examined the -treasures that he had brought with him from beyond the Sea of Darkness, -the King and Queen together with their whole Court knelt in thanksgiving -to God.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a>{15}</span></p> - -<p>To reward Columbus, his Sovereigns bestowed upon him the titles of Don -Christopher Columbus, Our Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and Viceroy and -Governor of the Islands discovered in the Indies. They also promised to -make him ruler over any other islands and mainland he might discover.</p> - -<p>Columbus immediately began to prepare for another voyage. With a fleet -of seventeen ships, bearing supplies and colonists, he sailed across the -Sea of Darkness once more to the islands of the New World. He planted a -colony there. He discovered other islands. And he still kept on -searching diligently for Cathay the Golden.</p> - -<p>Turbulent adventurers, rapacious gold-hunters, and vicious men, were -among the colonists. And Columbus, in the name of his Sovereigns, with -great difficulty ruled over them all.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_FATAL_PEARLS" id="THE_FATAL_PEARLS"></a>THE FATAL PEARLS</h3> - -<p class="c"><i>Tierra Firme</i></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was in May, 1498. The fleet of Admiral Don Christopher Columbus, in -the name of the Holy Trinity, set sail from Spain for a third voyage -across the Atlantic.</p> - -<p>It was no longer a Sea of Darkness to Columbus, but a sure pathway to -golden lands. There he still hoped to find the Earthly Paradise from -which Adam and Eve had been driven. And there<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a>{16}</span> too, he still expected to -discover Cathay the Golden in Tartary, and Cipango, the great island of -the western sea, which we call Japan.</p> - -<p>His ships sailed on, now plunging through the lifting billows, now lying -becalmed on glassy waters under the fierce rays of the tropic sun, and -now moving through a region of balmy airs and light refreshing breezes.</p> - -<p>July arrived, yet he had not sighted land. The fierce heat of the sun -had sprung the seams of the ships. The provisions were rancid. There was -scarcely any sweet water left in the casks. The anxious, watchful -Admiral scanned the horizon.</p> - -<p>On the last day of the month, came a shout from the masthead:—“Land!”</p> - -<p>And Columbus beheld the peaks of three mountains rising from the sea, -outlined sharply against the sky. Then he and his men, lifting up their -voices, sang anthems of praise and repeated prayers of thanksgiving.</p> - -<p>As the ships drew nearer to the three peaks, Columbus perceived that -they rose from an island and were united at their base.</p> - -<p>“Three in one,” he said, and named the island after the Holy Trinity in -whose name he had set sail. For he had vowed before leaving Spain, to -name the first new land he saw after the Trinity. That is why that -island, to-day, is called Trinidad.</p> - -<p>They filled their casks there. Then onward<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a>{17}</span> they sailed, skirting the -coast of Trinidad, hoping to find a harbour to put into while repairing -the ships. Soon, they saw a misty headland opposite the island.</p> - -<p>“It is another island,” said Columbus.</p> - -<p>It was no island. Wonderful to relate, Columbus had just discovered a -new Country.</p> - -<p>It was the coastline of a vast southern continent. It was <i>Tierra -Firme</i>. It was South America!</p> - -<h4><i>The Pearls</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Young</span> Indian braves, graceful and handsome, their black hair straight -and long, their heads wrapped in brilliant scarfs, other bright scarfs -wound round their middles, came in a canoe to visit Columbus’s ships.</p> - -<p>Soon after this visit, Columbus set sail again, not knowing that he had -just sighted one of the richest and greatest continents on earth. -Sailing past the mouths of the mighty Orinoco River, pouring out their -torrents with angry roar into the Caribbean Sea, Columbus skirted what -is now called Venezuela.</p> - -<p>Other friendly Indians came to his ships. It was then that Columbus saw -for the first time the pearls which were to help ruin him, and which -were to work wretchedness and death for so many poor Indian folk.</p> - -<p>Among the friendly Indians were some who<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a>{18}</span> wore bracelets of lustrous -pearls. The gold and spices got by Columbus on his former voyages were -of slight beauty compared with those strings of magnificent pearls.</p> - -<p>Columbus examined them eagerly. He longed for some to send back to Queen -Isabella, in order to prove to her what a rich land he had just -discovered.</p> - -<p>He questioned the Indians. Where had they got the pearls? They came from -their own land, and from a country to the north and west, they answered.</p> - -<p>Columbus was eager to go thither. But first he sent men ashore to barter -for some of the bracelets. With bright bits of earthenware, with -buttons, scissors, and needles, they bought quantities of the pearls -from the delighted Indians, to whom such articles were worth more than -gold and jewels of which they had plenty.</p> - -<p>Then Columbus, hoisting sail, ran farther along the coast purchasing -pearls until he had half a bushel or so of the lustrous sea-jewels, some -of them of very large size.</p> - -<p>He named a great gulf, the Gulf of Pearls. He discovered other islands, -among them the island of Margarita, which means a pearl.</p> - -<p>After which he turned his ships toward Santo Domingo, not knowing how -tragic a thing was to befall him there, partly on account of the -pearls.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/i_c018i1_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_c018i1_sml.jpg" width="339" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: COLUMBUS EXAMINES THE PEARLS" /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">COLUMBUS EXAMINES THE PEARLS</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a>{19}</span></p> - -<h4><i>The Curse of the Pearls</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Those</span> fatal sea-jewels had already begun their evil work.</p> - -<p>While Columbus was tarrying to collect them, a rebellion fomented by bad -men who had taken advantage of his absence, had broken out in the Island -of Santo Domingo. When Columbus reached there, he suppressed it. But his -enemies hastened to send lying reports about him to the Spanish Court. -And the courtiers, who were jealous of his high position, wealth, and -power, urged King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella to have him deposed.</p> - -<p>One of their accusations against him was, that he had held back from his -Sovereigns their rightful portion of the rich find of pearls.</p> - -<p>So at last, the royal edict went forth that the very magnificent Don -Christopher Columbus, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, Viceroy and Governor of -the Indies, should be tried and, if found guilty, deposed and returned -to Spain.</p> - -<p>The man sent to do all this, and govern in Columbus’s stead, was named -Bobadilla.</p> - -<p>Bobadilla arrived at Santo Domingo with royal commands for Columbus to -surrender all power to him, and to obey him in everything. He caused him -to be arrested and thrown into prison. He tried and condemned him. He -ordered him put into chains. But no one could be<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a>{20}</span> found to rivet the -chains until one of Columbus’s own servants, “a shameless and graceless -cook,” did so with glee.</p> - -<p>Then Bobadilla reigned in Columbus’s place over the Indies.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, the grand old Admiral broken in spirit, carped at by his -foes, was placed in manacles aboard a caravel.</p> - -<p>Bobadilla had given orders that the chains should not be removed, but -the humane master of the ship offered to break them.</p> - -<p>“Nay,” said Columbus with dignity, “my Sovereigns have commanded me to -submit, and Bobadilla has chained me. I will wear these irons until by -royal order they are removed. And I shall keep them as relics and -memorials of the reward of my services.”</p> - -<p>But when Queen Isabella learned how he had been brought back to Spain in -shackles, she was greatly angered. Both Sovereigns commanded that he -should be immediately released. And when the venerable Columbus grown -old in her service, entered her presence, Queen Isabella wept bitterly. -Columbus fell at her feet, unable to utter a word, so great was his -sorrow.</p> - -<p>Both Sovereigns promised to restore all his titles and the wealth which -had been taken from him by force. But though Bobadilla was finally -deposed from power because of his treatment of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a>{21}</span> Columbus and because of -his evil rule, yet the royal promise was not fulfilled. His titles and -property were never restored to Columbus.</p> - -<p>Instead, he was again sent overseas, on a fourth voyage of discovery.</p> - -<p>With four miserable caravels manned by only a hundred and fifty men, the -gray-headed, weary Columbus set forth once more still hoping to discover -the country of Kublai Khan, and find the Earthly Paradise. And this time -Columbus took with him his younger son, Ferdinand, who was thirteen -years old.</p> - -<h3><a name="QUEEN_ISABELLAS_PAGE" id="QUEEN_ISABELLAS_PAGE"></a>QUEEN ISABELLA’S PAGE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Off</span> to find Kublai Khan, to drink from his golden cups, to eat from his -silvern plates, to ride his elephants, to visit in his great palace, -and, perhaps, to discover the Earthly Paradise—what more thrilling -adventure could a boy want?</p> - -<p>So Ferdinand Columbus, Queen Isabella’s page, eager for adventure, set -sail with his father Columbus, to cross the Sea of Darkness and explore -beyond the emerald islands.</p> - -<p>For, while his father, on his former voyage, had been gathering pearls -among the Pearl Islands of the New World, the boy Ferdinand, amid the -splendour of the Spanish Court, had been waiting upon Queen Isabella.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a>{22}</span></p> - -<p>But now, what a change! Ferdinand was off across the heaving, foaming -Sea of Darkness in a small caravel tossed about like a cockleshell on -the billows. A tempest with rain, thunder, and lightning arose. It -struck Columbus’s wretched caravels. They were buffeted by the wind, -their sails were torn, their rigging, cables, and boats were lost. Food -was washed overboard. The sailors were terrified, they ran about making -religious vows and confessing their sins to each other. Even the boldest -was pale with fear.</p> - -<p>“But the distress of my son who was with me, grieved me to the soul ...” -wrote Columbus afterward, “for he was but thirteen years old, and he -enduring so much toil for so long a time. Our Lord, however, gave him -strength to enable him to encourage the rest. He worked as if he had -been eighty years at sea.”</p> - -<p>But there was more to trouble plucky Ferdinand than the storm at sea. -Columbus, his father, fell sick near to death. There was no one who -could direct the ships’ course, but Columbus himself. So he had a little -cabin rigged up on deck. Lying there, he gave his orders. Presently, to -Ferdinand’s joy, he grew better.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, what was happening to the wicked Bobadilla? That same tempest -was doing great things. It was buffeting, lashing, and wrecking a -caravel which was taking Bobadilla to Spain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a>{23}</span> The ship, plunging under -the howling, raging, black waters, sank to the bottom of the ocean, -taking Bobadilla with it, and the treasure he had stolen from Columbus.</p> - -<p>But Columbus’s own caravels won safely through the storm and across the -Caribbean Sea. They drew near to an unknown shore—the coast of Central -America.</p> - -<p>There is not space here in which to tell of the many adventures of -Columbus and his men, nor of all the things that Ferdinand saw. There -were other storms. At one time, the seas ran high and terrific, foaming -like a caldron. The sky burned like a furnace, the lightning played with -such fury that the waves were red like blood.</p> - -<p>The coast of Central America was thickly peopled with savages. Some of -them were richly clothed, and wore ornaments of gold and coral, and -carried golden mirrors fastened round their necks. Ferdinand saw other -savages in trees living like wild birds, their huts built on sticks -placed across from bough to bough. He saw strange beasts, beautiful -birds, delicious fruits, brilliant flowers, great apes, and alligators -basking in the rivers.</p> - -<p>There were fights with natives, a massacre of some of his father’s men, -there was starvation and misery. Then Columbus, after having sailed down -the coast and back again, turned the ships homeward.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a>{24}</span></p> - -<p>Then came the most terrible adventure of all. The ships were riddled by -worms, their sides were rotten, and the water was pouring through them -like a sieve. Columbus reached the lonely island of Jamaica, just in -time to drive his two remaining ships on the beach, and save them from -sinking.</p> - -<p>There for many months Ferdinand was marooned with his father and the -men. There was more starvation, a mutiny, and adventures with savages. -Then came the exciting rescue by two caravels.</p> - -<p>Such were the adventures of Queen Isabella’s page. But he went back to -Spain without seeing Cathay the Golden and Kublai Khan’s palace.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_TWIN_CITIES" id="THE_TWIN_CITIES"></a>THE TWIN CITIES</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">While</span> Columbus was exploring the coast of Central America, he fell sick -of a fever. He had a dream. He tells us of this dream in his own -letters.</p> - -<p>He dreamed that a compassionate Voice spoke to him, bidding him believe -in God, and serve Him who had had him from infancy in His constant and -watchful care, and who had chosen him to unlock the barriers of the -Ocean Sea.</p> - -<p>This Voice said many things to Columbus, adding these words, “Even now -He partially<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a>{25}</span> shows thee the reward of so many toils and dangers -incurred by thee in the service of others. Fear not but trust.”</p> - -<p>And even then, Columbus, though he did not know it, was actually seeing -the land where his hopes were to come true. For to-day, we Americans -know that while Columbus was exploring inlets and river-mouths on the -coast of Central America searching for the Western Passage to Asia, he -entered Limon Bay of Panama. He even sailed part way up the Chagres -River.</p> - -<p>And if his melancholy eager eyes might have been opened, what a vision -he would have had of the future! He would have beheld the Caribbean Sea -beating on civilized shores. He would have seen Twin Cities rising, -their pleasant white, palm-shaded houses smiling in the sun, the Twin -Cities of Cristobal and Colon—Christopher and Columbus—proud to bear -his famous name. He would have seen those Twin Cities guarding <i>a -Western Passage to Asia</i>.</p> - -<p>He would have perceived in his vision ships, greater than any Spanish -caravels, sliding through a Canal the wonder of the world, on their way -to and from Asia the Golden.</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>But as it was, in a miserable little caravel, tempest-racked, with masts -sprung and sides worm-eaten, the weary disappointed Columbus<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a>{26}</span> with the -boy Ferdinand, returned at last to Spain.</p> - -<p>And about two years later, in the City of Valladolid, “the Grand Old -Admiral,” who had given a New World to the Old, died almost in poverty. -As he passed away, he murmured, “Into Thy hands, O Lord, I commend my -spirit.”</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PEARLS_AGAIN" id="THE_PEARLS_AGAIN"></a>THE PEARLS AGAIN</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> curse of the pearls still held strong after Columbus’s death. News -of the discovery of the Pearl Islands in the New World, spread rapidly -through Europe. Many cruel and greedy pearl-hunters hastened to set out -for the islands.</p> - -<p>They pillaged the native villages. They hunted the Indians like wild -beasts. They forced them to work in the mines. But, worst of all, they -made them dive into the deep sea for pearls, under the most horrible -conditions.</p> - -<p>Then it was that the compassionate friend of the Indians, the humane -priest Bartolome de Las Casas, took up their cause and pleaded for them -with the Spanish Crown. But Spain was too far away for the Crown to -control Spanish officials in America, and do much to lessen the -sufferings of the natives.</p> - -<p>Thus sorrow and desolation followed the finding of the sea-jewels. In -time, they became a rich part of the cargoes of the Treasure Galleons.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a>{27}</span> -And they forged one of the first links in the chain of oppression which -bound all Spanish America for over three hundred years.</p> - -<p>For how this chain was broken by the great Liberators, read:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>Miranda, the Flaming Son of Liberty</i>, page <a href="#page_325">325</a>; <i>San Martin, the -Protector</i>, page <a href="#page_235">235</a>; <i>O’Higgins, First Soldier, First Citizen</i>, -page <a href="#page_393">393</a>; <i>Bolivar, the Liberator</i>, page <a href="#page_371">371</a>.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a>{29}</span><a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="OCTOBER_14" id="OCTOBER_14"></a>OCTOBER 14<br /><br /> -WILLIAM PENN THE FOUNDER OF PENNSYLVANIA</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p class="c">As Justice is a preserver, so it is a better procurer of Peace,<br /> -than War.</p> - -<p class="r"><span class="smcap">William Penn</span></p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a>{30}</span></p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i6">Within the Land of Penn,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The sectary yielded to the citizen,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And peaceful dwelt the many-creeded men.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Peace brooded over all. No trumpet stung<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The air to madness, and no steeple flung<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Alarums down from bells at midnight rung.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">The Land slept well. The Indian from his face<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Washed all his war-paint off, and in the place<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of battle-marches, sped the peaceful chase.<br /></span> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span class="i0">The desert blossomed round him; wheatfields rolled<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Beneath the warm wind, waves of green and gold,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The planted ear returned its hundredfold.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="authh"><span class="smcap">John Greenleaf Whittier</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Penn</span> was born in London, October 14, 1644</p> - -<p>Received the Charter, granting him Pennsylvania, 1681</p> - -<p>Composed the Plan for the Peace of Europe, 1693</p> - -<p>He died in England, May 30, 1718.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a>{31}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_OF_GREAT_TOWER_HILL" id="THE_BOY_OF_GREAT_TOWER_HILL"></a>THE BOY OF GREAT TOWER HILL</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> a house on Great Tower Hill near London Wall, was born William Penn, -who was to become the Founder of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>He was christened William after his ancestor, Penn of Penn’s Lodge. He -was a charming baby, with round face, soft blue eyes, and curling hair. -His father, Captain Penn, who had been called home to see the new baby -on that first birthday of little William Penn, went back to his ship -rejoicing that he had such a handsome son and heir.</p> - -<p>When William Penn was ten years old, a strange thing befell him. He was -not like other boys. He was quiet and serious. At that time he was a -schoolboy in an English village.</p> - -<p>One day, he was alone in his room. Suddenly he felt a wonderful peace -and an “inner comfort,” while a glory filled the room. He felt that he -was drawn near to God, so that his soul might speak with him. A strange -experience for a boy to have. But it was an experience which helped to -shape William Penn’s life. From that time on, he believed that he had -been called to live a holy life.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_032" id="page_032"></a>{32}</span></p> - -<p>When he grew older, his family tried to make him forget this religious -experience, but he never forgot. In time he became a Friend—or Quaker. -In those days, Friends were bitterly persecuted in England. William Penn -suffered imprisonments and persecutions, but always with patient -sweetness and endurance.</p> - -<p>At last, the persecutions of the Friends made William Penn turn his -thoughts toward the New World of America.</p> - -<h3><a name="HE_WORE_IT_AS_LONG_AS_HE_COULD" id="HE_WORE_IT_AS_LONG_AS_HE_COULD"></a>HE WORE IT AS LONG AS HE COULD</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> William Penn became a Friend, he did not immediately leave off his -gay apparel, as other Friends did. He even wore a sword, as was -customary among men of rank and fashion.</p> - -<p>One day, being with George Fox the great leader of the Friends, he asked -his advice about wearing the sword, saying that it had once been the -means of saving his life without injuring his antagonist, and that -moreover Christ has said, “He that hath no sword, let him sell his -garment and buy one.”</p> - -<p>“I advise thee,” answered George Fox quietly, “to wear it <i>as long as -thou canst</i>.”</p> - -<p>Shortly after this, they met again. William Penn had no sword.</p> - -<p>“William,” said George Fox, “where is thy sword?”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_033" id="page_033"></a>{33}</span></p> - -<p>“Oh!” replied William Penn, “I have taken thy advice. I wore it <i>as long -as I could</i>!”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Samuel M. Janney</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PEACEMAKER" id="THE_PEACEMAKER"></a>THE PEACEMAKER</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">He</span> must not be a man but a statue of brass or stone, whose bowels do -not melt when he beholds the bloody tragedies of this war in Hungary, -Germany, Flanders, Ireland, and at sea; the mortality of sickly and -languishing camps and navies; and the mighty prey the devouring winds -and waves have made upon ships and men,” wrote William Penn over two -hundred years ago.</p> - -<p>It was then that William Penn became the peacemaker.</p> - -<p>The world was in the midst of a terrible war. William Penn did not -believe in war. He had cast aside his own sword for principle’s sake, -and had bravely suffered persecutions and imprisonments in the Tower of -London and in Newgate. Fearlessly now he came forward with a plan for -world peace, which he hoped would stop bloody wars, and persuade rulers -to arbitrate their quarrels.</p> - -<p>He published a “Plan for the Peace of Europe,” urging the formation of a -league of European countries.</p> - -<p>So earnest is this plan and so profoundly thought out, that it has had -much influence on<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_034" id="page_034"></a>{34}</span> rulers and statesmen, who from time to time have held -peace congresses in Europe. But rivalry of Nations, has prevented the -peace plan from ever being carried out.</p> - -<p>“Christians,” argued William Penn, “have embrewed their hands in one -another’s blood, invoking and interesting all they could the good and -merciful God to prosper their arms to their brethren’s destruction. Yet -their Saviour has told them that He came to save and not to destroy the -lives of men, to give and plant peace among men. And, if in any sense, -He may be said to send war, it is the Holy War indeed, for it is against -the Devil, and not the persons of men. Of all His titles, this seems the -most glorious as well as comfortable for us, that He is the <i>Prince of -Peace</i>.”</p> - -<h3><a name="WESTWARD_HO_AND_AWAY" id="WESTWARD_HO_AND_AWAY"></a>WESTWARD HO, AND AWAY!</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> time arrived when William Penn’s peaceful thoughts went sailing over -the Atlantic, westward ho, and away! For he was appointed a trustee of -Jersey in America. There came to him while he was still in England, news -of immense tracts of land lying beyond Jersey, so fertile that under -cultivation they would yield harvests unparalleled in his island home. -He heard of rich minerals, of noble forests, of river-banks offering<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_035" id="page_035"></a>{35}</span> -splendid sites for towns and cities, of bays where proud navies might -ride at anchor.</p> - -<p>Moreover, many Friends, who had fled from persecution in England, were -settled in Jersey. Their industry had already turned the wilderness into -a garden. They were holding their meetings and worshipping God, without -fear of constables and fines, of imprisonments and attacks by mobs. In -Jersey, they had full liberty of conscience.</p> - -<p>And William Penn, as his thoughts sailed westward ho, and away! saw, -rising from the sea, bright and fair, a land of refuge not only for -persecuted Friends, but for all oppressed people. He determined to found -a new State in America, where nobody should be persecuted for religion’s -sake, where everybody should be free, and where the people should govern -themselves. “A holy experiment,” he called it.</p> - -<p>He presented a petition to Charles the Second, asking for a royal grant -of land near Jersey. “After many waitings, watchings, solicitings,” the -title to a vast tract was confirmed to him under the Great Seal of -England. He was to be its ruler and “Lord Proprietor,” “with large -powers and privileges.” He was to make laws, grant pardons, and appoint -officials as he saw fit, but subject to the approval of the English -Government.</p> - -<p>Penn named his land, “Sylvania”; but the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_036" id="page_036"></a>{36}</span> King called it Penn-sylvania, -in honour of old Admiral Penn, William Penn’s father.</p> - -<p>Almost the first thing that Penn did was to write to the people already -settled in Pennsylvania, “a loving address.”</p> - -<p>“My Friends,” he began, “I wish you all happiness, here and hereafter. -These are to let you know that it hath pleased God, in his providence, -to cast you within my lot and care....</p> - -<p>“You shall be governed by laws of your own making, and live a free, and, -if you will, a sober and industrious people.”</p> - -<p>Thus William Penn promised the People of Pennsylvania, Liberty and the -right to govern themselves. And he kept his promises.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>John Stoughton</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_CITY_OF_BROTHERLY_LOVE" id="THE_CITY_OF_BROTHERLY_LOVE"></a>THE CITY OF BROTHERLY LOVE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">With</span> what delight did William Penn first set foot on the shore of the -Delaware River. It was Autumn. The sweet clear air, the serene skies, -the trees, fruits, and flowers, filled him with a wellnigh unspeakable -joy.</p> - -<p>And later, while being rowed up the river in a barge, he saw the ancient -forest trees on either bank, their leaves flaming with red, gold, and -amber. He saw flocks of wild fowl rise up from the water, and fly -screaming overhead. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_037" id="page_037"></a>{37}</span> solitude and grandeur of the wilderness brooded -over all.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, farther up the river, a welcome was awaiting him. In a little -town, shaded by pine-trees and built on the high shore, there were white -men and Indians hurrying to and fro. They were preparing an -entertainment for William Penn, their Governor.</p> - -<p>The town was Penn’s capital city. He had named it Philadelphia, which -means Brotherly Love.</p> - -<p>And as his barge drew near the City of Brotherly Love, the white -settlers, Swedish, Dutch, and English Friends, greeted him heartily, for -they already knew how just, gentle, and wise he was.</p> - -<p>As for the Indians, so stately in their robes of fur and nodding plumes, -William Penn walked with them, and sat down on the ground to eat with -them. They gave him hominy and roasted acorns. And after the feast, they -entertained him with their sports, jumping and hopping. And William Penn -sprang up gayly like a boy, and joining in their games, beat them all, -young Braves and old.</p> - -<p>And so the Red Men learned to love and trust their great White -Father—Onas they called him. For Onas is Indian for a pen, or a quill.</p> - -<p>Such was William Penn’s happy welcome to the City of Brotherly Love.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_038" id="page_038"></a>{38}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PLACE_OF_KINGS" id="THE_PLACE_OF_KINGS"></a>THE PLACE OF KINGS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was the last of November. The lofty forest trees on the shore of the -Delaware had shed their summer attire. The ground was strewn with -leaves. A Council-fire was burning brightly beneath a huge Elm, not far -from the City of Brotherly Love.</p> - -<p>It was an ancient Elm, which for over a hundred years had guarded -Shackamaxon, the Place of Kings. For long before the Pale-faces had -landed on the shore of the Delaware, Indian Sachems, Kings of the Red -Skins, had held their friendly councils in its shade, and smoked many a -Pipe of Peace.</p> - -<p>On that November day, the tribes of the Lenni Lenapé under the -wide-spreading branches of the Elm, were gathered around the -Council-fire. They were seated in a half circle, like a half moon. They -were all unarmed.</p> - -<p>Among the Chiefs, was the Great Sachem Taminend, revered for his wisdom -and beloved for his goodness. He sat in the middle of the half moon, -with his council, the aged and wise, on either hand.</p> - -<p>They waited.</p> - -<p>Then, lo! a barge approached. At its masthead flew the broad pennant of -Governor William Penn. The oars were plied with measured strokes,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_039" id="page_039"></a>{39}</span> -guiding the barge to land. And near the helm sat William Penn attended -by his council.</p> - -<p>He landed with his people, and advanced toward the Council-fire. A -handsome man he was, only thirty-eight years old, athletic, and -graceful. His manners were courteous, his blue eyes were friendly. He -was plainly dressed, with a scarf of sky-blue network bound about his -waist.</p> - -<p>Some of his people preceded him. They carried presents for the Indians, -which they laid on the ground before them.</p> - -<p>Then William Penn approached the Council-fire.</p> - -<p>Thereupon the Great Sachem, Taminend, put on a chaplet surmounted by a -horn, the emblem of his power, and through an interpreter announced that -the Nations were ready to hear William Penn.</p> - -<p>Thus being called upon, William Penn began his speech:—</p> - -<p>“The Great Spirit,” he said, “who made me and you, who rules the heavens -and the earth, and who knows the innermost thoughts of men, knows that I -and my friends have a hearty desire to live in peace and friendship with -you, and to serve you to the utmost of our power.</p> - -<p>“It is not our custom to use hostile weapons against our -fellow-creatures, for which reason we have come unarmed. Our object is -not to do<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_040" id="page_040"></a>{40}</span> injury, and thus provoke the Great Spirit, but to do good.</p> - -<p>“We are met on the broad pathway of good faith and good will, so that no -advantage is to be taken on either side, but all to be openness, -brotherhood, and love.”</p> - -<p>Here William Penn unrolled a parchment on which was inscribed an -agreement for trading, and promises of friendship. He explained the -agreement article by article. Then laying the parchment on the ground, -he said that that spot should ever more be common to both -Peoples,—Pale-face and Red Skin.</p> - -<p>The Indians listened to his speech in perfect silence, and with deep -gravity. And when he was finished speaking, they deliberated together, -for some time. Then the Great Sachem ordered one of his Chiefs to -address William Penn.</p> - -<p>The Chief advanced, and in the Sachem’s name saluted him, and taking -William Penn by the hand, made a speech pledging kindness and -neighbourliness, saying that the English and the Lenni Lenapé should -live together in love, so long as the sun and the moon should endure.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Samuel M. Janney</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_041" id="page_041"></a>{41}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="ONAS" id="ONAS"></a>ONAS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">After</span> the Treaty was made at the Place of Kings, the Lenni Lenapé, for -many years enjoyed the mild and just rule of their “elder brother Onas.” -He met them often around the Council-fire, hearing and rectifying their -wrongs, adjusting trade matters, and smoking with them the Pipe of -Peace.</p> - -<p>And William Penn made treaties with the Indians who dwelt on the -Potomac, and with the Five Nations. Thus Pennsylvania had quiet; and the -Red Men were friends of the settlers. Sometimes they brought the white -men venison, beans, and maize, and refused to take pay. Whereas, in the -other Colonies, the Indians were dangerous neighbours, cruel and -delighting in blood. They had been made suspicious and revengeful by the -injustice and wickedness of white men.</p> - -<p>So the Red Men of Pennsylvania, trusted William Penn, although he was a -Pale-face. What Pale-face had they ever seen like him? A Pale-face was -to them a trapper, a soldier, a pirate, a man who cheated them in -barter, who gave them fire-water to drink, who hustled them off their -hunting-ground.</p> - -<p>But here was one Pale-face, who would not cheat and lie; who would not -fire into their lodge; who would not rob them of their beaver skins;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_042" id="page_042"></a>{42}</span> -who would not take a rood of land from them, till they had fixed and he -had paid their price.</p> - -<p>Where were they to look for such another lord?</p> - -<p>So when they heard that Onas was about to sail for England, Indians from -all parts of Pennsylvania gathered to take sorrowful leave of him.</p> - -<p>After he was gone, they preserved with care the memory of their treaties -with him, by means of strings or belts of wampum. Often they gathered -together in the woods, on some shady spot, and laid their wampum belts -on a blanket or a clean piece of bark, and with great satisfaction went -over the whole. So great was their reverence and affection for William -Penn, inspired by his virtues, that they handed on the memory of his -name to their children.</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>When William Penn died in England, the Indians sent his wife a message, -mourning the loss of their “honoured brother Onas.”</p> - -<p>And with the message went a present of beautiful skins for a cloak “to -protect her while passing through the thorny wilderness without her -guide.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>W. Hepworth Dixon and Other Sources</i><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_043" id="page_043"></a>{43}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="OCTOBER_27" id="OCTOBER_27"></a>OCTOBER 27<br /><br /> -THEODORE ROOSEVELT AMERICA’S HERO</h2> - -<p><i>On behalf of all our people, on behalf no less of the honest man of -means, than of the honest man who earns each day’s livelihood by that -day’s sweat of his brow, it is necessary to insist upon honesty in -business and politics alike, in all walks of life, in big things and in -little things; upon just and fair dealing as between man and man.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_044" id="page_044"></a>{44}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_SQUARE_DEAL" id="THE_SQUARE_DEAL"></a>THE SQUARE DEAL</h3> - -<p class="nind"><i><span class="smcap">We</span> of the great modern democracies, must strive unceasingly to make our -several Countries, lands in which a poor man who works hard can live -comfortably and honestly, and in which a rich man cannot live -dishonestly nor in slothful avoidance of duty.</i></p> - -<p><i>And yet, we must judge rich man and poor man alike by a standard which -rests on conduct and not on caste. And we must frown with the same stern -severity on the mean and vicious envy which hates and would plunder a -man because he is well off, and on the brutal and selfish arrogance, -which looks down on and exploits the man with whom life has gone hard.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Colonel Theodore Roosevelt</span> was born in New York City, October 27, -1858</p> - -<p>Was appointed Police Commissioner of New York City, 1895</p> - -<p>Aided in establishing the Independence of Cuba, 1898</p> - -<p>Was elected Governor of the State of New York, 1898</p> - -<p>Served as President of the United States, 1901-1909</p> - -<p>He died, January 6, 1919.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_045" id="page_045"></a>{45}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_WHO_GREW_STRONG" id="THE_BOY_WHO_GREW_STRONG"></a>THE BOY WHO GREW STRONG</h3> - -<p class="c"><i>Not in a Log Cabin</i></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span>, unlike Abraham Lincoln, was not born in a log cabin. -On the contrary, he was born to wealth and position in the City of New -York.</p> - -<p>He was reared in an elegant home and educated in one of the famous -universities of the Country. He read law, but he had no need to practise -a profession. His father had retired from business, and there was no -occasion for the son to take up a business career.</p> - -<p>But Theodore Roosevelt preferred for himself a life of toil—the -strenuous life.</p> - -<p>Ill-health was the first and greatest of all his disadvantages. “When a -boy,” said he, “I was pig-chested and asthmatic.”</p> - -<p>From earliest infancy he was called to battle with asthma. It lowered -his vitality and threatened his growth. His body was frail, but within -was the conquering spirit. He determined to be strong like other boys.</p> - -<p>In this, he had the loving help of gentle parents. On the wide back -porch of their home in the City of New York, they fitted up a gymnasium, -where<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_046" id="page_046"></a>{46}</span> he strove for bodily vigour with all his might. Although at the -start, his pole climbing was very poor, he kept trying until he got to -the top. He would carry his gymnastic exercises to the perilous verge of -the window ledge, more to the alarm of the neighbours than of his own -family.</p> - -<p><i>In the Wide Out-of-Doors</i></p> - -<p>Summer was the season of Roosevelt’s delight. Then he ceased to be a -city boy. At his father’s country place on Long Island, he learned to -run and ride, row, and swim. And when the long sleepless nights came, -the father would take his invalid boy in his arms, wrap him up warmly, -and drive with him in the free open air through fifteen or twenty miles -of darkness.</p> - -<p>The boy had his father’s love of the woods and the fields. He studied -and classified the birds of the neighbourhood, until he knew their songs -and plumage and nests. He and his young friends could be relied on to -find the spot where the violets bloomed the earliest, and the trees on -which the walnuts were most plentiful, as well as the pools where the -minnows swarmed, and the favourite refuge of the coon.</p> - -<p>He was taken to Europe, in the hope that it would benefit his health, “a -tall thin lad with bright eyes and legs like pipestems.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_047" id="page_047"></a>{47}</span></p> - -<p>When at last, he was ready to go to college, he had vanquished his -enemy, ill-health, and was ready to play a man’s part in life.</p> - -<p>“I made my health what it is,” he said later, “I determined to be strong -and well, and did everything to make myself so. By the time I entered -Harvard, I was able to take part in whatever sports I liked. I wrestled -and sparred, and I ran a great deal, and, although I never came in -first, I got more out of the exercise than those who did, because I -immensely enjoyed it and never injured myself.</p> - -<p><i>Busting Broncos</i></p> - -<p>After leaving college, young Roosevelt entered politics. Finally, -between legislative sessions, he surrendered to his impulses and started -for the Wild West.</p> - -<p>He left the train in North Dakota at the little town of Medora. The -young visitor from the East, sought out two hunters and told them that -he wished to go buffalo hunting with them. And he did so, though hunting -the buffalo then was no fancy pastime.</p> - -<p>It was, in truth, a rare chance to see the Wild West in the last glow of -its golden age. Soon it was all to vanish and pass into the most -romantic chapter of American history.</p> - -<p>Before his first visit was at an end, he had become a ranchman.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_048" id="page_048"></a>{48}</span></p> - -<p>The young master of Elkhorn Ranch, brave, outspoken, and always ready to -bear his full share of toil, and hardship, was not long in winning the -respect and hearty good-will of the bluff, honest men of the Bad Lands.</p> - -<p>After only a little experience in ranching, he learned to sit in his -saddle and ride his horse like a life-long plainsman.</p> - -<p>But he never pretended to any special fondness for a bucking bronco; and -a story is told of a trick played on him by some friendly persons in -Medora.</p> - -<p>He was in town, waiting for a train that was to bring a guest from the -East. While he was in a store, the jokers placed his saddle on a -notoriously vicious beast, which they substituted for his mount.</p> - -<p>When he came out, in haste to ride around to the railway station, he did -not detect the deception.</p> - -<p>Once, he was on the horse’s back, the bronco bucked and whirled to the -amusement of the grinning villagers. But to their amazement, the young -ranchman succeeded in staying on him and spurring him into a run.</p> - -<p>Away they flew to the prairies, and soon back they raced in a cloud of -dust and through the town. The friend from the East arrived, and joined -the spectators, who waited to see if<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_049" id="page_049"></a>{49}</span> the young squire of Elkhorn ever -would return.</p> - -<p>In a little while, he was seen coming along the road at a gentle gait. -And when he reached his starting point, he dismounted, with a smile of -quiet mastery, from as meek a creature as ever stood on four legs.</p> - -<p>He had no use, however, for a horse whose spirit ran altogether to -ugliness. When he first went West, he doubted the theory of the natives -that any horse was hopelessly bad.</p> - -<p>For instance, there was one in the sod-roofed log stable of Elkhorn, who -had been labelled <i>The Devil</i>. Roosevelt believed that gentleness would -overcome Devil. The boys thought it might, if he should live to be -seventy-five.</p> - -<p>After much patient wooing, Devil actually let Roosevelt lay his hand on -him and pat him. The boys began to think that possibly there was -something in this new plan of bronco busting.</p> - -<p>One day, however, when his gentle trainer made bold to saddle and mount -him, Devil quickly drew his four hoofs together, leaped into the air, -and came down with a jerk and a thud. Then he finished with a few fancy -curves, that landed his disillusioned rider a good many yards in front -of him.</p> - -<p>Roosevelt sprang to his feet and on to the back of the animal. Four -times he was thrown. Finally, the determined rider manœuvred Devil<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_050" id="page_050"></a>{50}</span> -out on to a quicksand where bucking is impossible. And, when at last, he -was driven back to solid earth, he was like a lamb.</p> - -<p>In this rough life of the range, the young ranchman conquered for ever -the physical weaknesses of his youth, and put on that rude strength -which enabled him to stand before the world, a model of vigorous -manhood.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Morgan</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="SAGAMORE_HILL" id="SAGAMORE_HILL"></a>SAGAMORE HILL<br /><br /> -<i>His Home at Oyster Bay</i><br /><br /> -<i>From Roosevelt’s Autobiography</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Sagamore</span> Hill takes its name from the old Sagamore Mohannis, who, as -Chief of his little tribe, signed away his rights to the land, two -centuries and a half ago.</p> - -<p>The house stands right on the top of the hill, separated by fields and -belts of woodland from all other houses, and looks out over the Bay and -the Sound.</p> - -<p>We see the sun go down beyond long reaches of land and of water. Many -birds dwell in the trees round the house or in the pastures and the -woods near by. And, of course, in Winter gulls, loons, and wild fowl -frequent the waters of the Bay and the Sound.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_051" id="page_051"></a>{51}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/i_c050i1_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_c050i1_sml.jpg" width="329" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: ROOSEVELT BREAKING “DEVIL”" /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">ROOSEVELT BREAKING “DEVIL”</span> -</div> - -<p class="nind">We love all the seasons; the snows and bare woods of Winter; the rush of growing things and the blossom-spray of -Spring; the yellow grain, the ripening fruits, and tasseled corn, and -the deep, leafy shades that are heralded by “the green dance of Summer”; -and the sharp fall winds that tear the brilliant banners with which the -trees greet the dying year.</p> - -<p>The Sound is always lovely. In the summer nights, we watch it from the -piazza, and see the lights of the tall Fall River boats as they steam -steadily by. Now and then we spend a day on it, the two of us together -in the light rowing skiff, or perhaps with one of the boys to pull an -extra pair of oars. We land for lunch at noon under wind-beaten oaks on -the edge of a low bluff, or among the wild plum bushes on a spit of -white sand; while the sails of the coasting schooners gleam in the -sunlight, and the tolling of the bell-buoy comes landward across the -waters....</p> - -<p>Early in April, there is one hillside near us which glows like a tender -flame with the white of the bloodroot. About the same time, we find the -shy mayflower, the trailing arbutus. And although we rarely pick wild -flowers, one member of the household always plucks a little bunch of -mayflowers to send to a friend working in Panama, whose soul hungers for -the northern Spring.</p> - -<p>Then there are shadblow and delicate anemones<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_052" id="page_052"></a>{52}</span> about the time of the -cherry blossoms. The brief glory of the apple orchards follows. And then -the thronging dogwoods fill the forests with their radiance.</p> - -<p>And so flowers follow flowers, until the springtime splendour closes -with the laurel and the evanescent honey-sweet locust bloom. The late -summer flowers follow, the flaunting lilies, and cardinal flowers, and -marshmallows, and pale beach rosemary; and the goldenrod and the asters, -when the afternoons shorten and we again begin to think of fires in the -wide fireplaces.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Theodore Roosevelt</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_CHILDREN_OF_SAGAMORE_HILL" id="THE_CHILDREN_OF_SAGAMORE_HILL"></a>THE CHILDREN OF SAGAMORE HILL</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Mrs. Roosevelt</span> looked after the place itself. She supervised the -farming, and the flower gardens were her especial care.</p> - -<p>The children were now growing up, and from the time when they could -toddle, they took their place—a very large place—in the life of the -home. Roosevelt described the intense satisfaction he had in teaching -the boys what his father had taught him.</p> - -<p>As soon as they were large enough, they rode their horses, they sailed -on the Cove and out into the Sound. They played boys’ games, and through -him, they learned very young to observe nature.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_053" id="page_053"></a>{53}</span></p> - -<p>In his college days, he had intended to be a naturalist, and natural -history remained his strongest avocation. And so he taught his children -to know the birds and animals, the trees, plants, and flowers of Oyster -Bay and its neighbourhood. They had their pets—Kermit, one of the boys, -carried a pet rat in his pocket.</p> - -<p>Three things Roosevelt required of them all: obedience, manliness, and -truthfulness.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>William Roscoe Thayer</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="OFF_WITH_JOHN_BURROUGHS" id="OFF_WITH_JOHN_BURROUGHS"></a>OFF WITH JOHN BURROUGHS<br /><br /> -<i>From Roosevelt’s Autobiography</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">One</span> April, I went to Yellowstone Park, when the snow was still very -deep, and I took John Burroughs with me. I wished to show him the big -game of the Park, the wild creatures that have become so astonishingly -tame and tolerant of human presence.</p> - -<p>In the Yellowstone, the animals seem always to behave as one wishes them -to! It is always possible to see the sheep, and deer, and antelope, and -also the great herds of elk, which are shyer than the smaller beasts.</p> - -<p>In April, we found the elk weak after the short commons and hard living -of Winter. Once, without much difficulty, I regularly rounded up a big -band of them so that John Burroughs could look<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_054" id="page_054"></a>{54}</span> at them. I do not think, -however, that he cared to see them as much as I did.</p> - -<p>The birds interested him more, especially a tiny owl, the size of a -robin, which we saw perched on the top of a tree, in mid-afternoon, -entirely uninfluenced by the sun, and making a queer noise like a cork -being pulled from a bottle.</p> - -<p>I was rather ashamed to find how much better his eyes were than mine, in -seeing the birds and grasping their differences.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Theodore Roosevelt</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BIG_STICK" id="THE_BIG_STICK"></a>THE BIG STICK</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">I saw</span> in Roosevelt a strong man, who had taken early to heart Hamlet’s -maxim, and had steadfastly practised it:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i6">“Rightly to be great<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Is not to stir without great argument,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But greatly to find quarrel in a straw<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When Honour’s at the stake.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">He himself summed up this part of his philosophy in a phrase which has -become a proverb:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">“Speak softly; but carry a big stick.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>More than once in his later years, he quoted this to me, adding, that it -was precisely because this or that Power knew that he carried a big<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_055" id="page_055"></a>{55}</span> -stick, that he was enabled to speak softly with effect.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>William Roscoe Thayer</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="A-HUNTING_TREES_WITH_JOHN_MUIR" id="A-HUNTING_TREES_WITH_JOHN_MUIR"></a>A-HUNTING TREES WITH JOHN MUIR<br /><br /> -<i>From Roosevelt’s Autobiography</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> I first visited California, it was my good fortune to see the “big -trees,” the Sequoias, and then to travel down into the Yosemite with -John Muir. Of course, of all people in the world, he was the one with -whom it was best worth while thus to see the Yosemite....</p> - -<p>John Muir met me with a couple of packers and two mules to carry our -tent, bedding, and food for a three days’ trip.</p> - -<p>The first night was clear, and we lay down in the darkening aisles of -the great Sequoia grove. The majestic trunks, beautiful in colour and in -symmetry, rose round us like the pillars of a mightier cathedral than -ever was conceived even by the fervour of the Middle Ages.</p> - -<p>Hermit thrushes sang beautifully in the evening, and again with a burst -of wonderful music at dawn. I was interested and a little surprised to -find that, unlike John Burroughs, John Muir cared little for birds or -bird songs, and knew little about them. The hermit thrushes meant -nothing to him, the trees and the flowers and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_056" id="page_056"></a>{56}</span> the cliffs, everything. -The only birds he noticed or cared for, were some that were very -conspicuous, such as the water-ousels—always particular favourites of -mine too.</p> - -<p>The second night, we camped in a snow-storm on the edge of the cañon -walls, under the spreading limbs of a grove of mighty silver fir. And -next day, we went down into the wonderland of the Valley itself.</p> - -<p>I shall always be glad that I was in the Yosemite with John Muir, and in -the Yellowstone with John Burroughs.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BEAR_HUNTERS_DINNER" id="THE_BEAR_HUNTERS_DINNER"></a>THE BEAR HUNTERS’ DINNER<br /><br /> -<i>From Roosevelt’s Autobiography</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> wolf-hunting in Texas, and when bear-hunting in Louisiana and -Mississippi, I was not only enthralled by the sport but also by the -strange new birds and other creatures, and the trees and flowers I had -not known before.</p> - -<p>By the way, there was one feast at the White House, which stands above -all others in my memory, this was “The Bear Hunters’ Dinner.”</p> - -<p>I had been treated so kindly by my friends on these hunts, and they were -such fine fellows, men whom I was so proud to think of as Americans, -that I set my heart on having them at a hunters’ dinner at the White -House.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_057" id="page_057"></a>{57}</span></p> - -<p>One December, I succeeded. There were twenty or thirty of them, all -told, as good hunters, as daring riders, as first class citizens as -could be found anywhere. No finer set of guests ever sat at meat in the -White House.</p> - -<p>And among other game on the table, was a black bear, itself contributed -by one of these same guests.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="HUNTING_IN_AFRICA" id="HUNTING_IN_AFRICA"></a>HUNTING IN AFRICA<br /><br /> -<i>From Roosevelt’s Autobiography</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> African buffalo is undoubtedly a dangerous beast, but it happened -that the few that I shot did not charge.</p> - -<p>A bull elephant, a vicious “rogue” which had been killing people in the -native villages, did charge before being shot at. My son Kermit and I -stopped it at forty yards.</p> - -<p>Another bull elephant, also unwounded, which charged, nearly got me, as -I had just fired both cartridges from my heavy double-barreled rifle, in -killing the bull I was after—the first wild elephant I had ever seen. -The second bull came through the thick brush to my left, like a steam -plow through a light snowdrift, everything snapping before his rush, and -was so near that he could have hit me with his trunk. I slipped past him -behind a tree.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_058" id="page_058"></a>{58}</span></p> - -<p>People have asked me how I felt on this occasion. My answer has always -been that I suppose I felt as most men of like experience feel on such -occasions. At such a moment, a hunter is so very busy that he has no -time to get frightened. He wants to get in his cartridges and try -another shot.</p> - -<p>Rhinoceros are truculent, blustering beasts, much the most stupid of all -the dangerous game I know. Generally their attitude is one of mere -stupidity and bluff. But on occasions they do charge wickedly, both when -wounded and when entirely unprovoked. The first I ever shot, I mortally -wounded at a few rods’ distance, and it charged with the utmost -determination. Whereat I and my companion both fired, and, more by good -luck than anything else, brought it to the ground just thirteen paces -from where we stood.</p> - -<p>Another rhinoceros may or may not have been meaning to charge me; I have -never been certain which. It heard us, and came at us through rather -thick brush, snorting and tossing its head. I am by no means sure that -it had fixedly hostile intentions. And indeed, with my present -experience, I think it likely that if I had not fired, it would have -flinched at the last moment, and either retreated or gone by me. But I -am not a rhinoceros mind-reader, and its actions were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_059" id="page_059"></a>{59}</span> such as to -warrant my regarding it as a suspicious character. I stopped it with a -couple of bullets, and then followed it up and killed it.</p> - -<p>The skins of all these animals which I thus killed are in the National -Museum at Washington.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_EVER_FAITHFUL_ISLAND" id="THE_EVER_FAITHFUL_ISLAND"></a>THE EVER FAITHFUL ISLAND</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Now</span>, let us see what Theodore Roosevelt did to help establish Liberty in -this Hemisphere.</p> - -<p>It is a far cry from the Very Magnificent Don Christopher Columbus, -Admiral of the Ocean Sea, and discoverer of the West Indies and South -America, to plain Theodore Roosevelt of Oyster Bay and citizen of the -United States of North America.</p> - -<p>Yet it was a very direct cry, a ringing call down through four -centuries, a never ceasing plea for Liberty and safety.</p> - -<p>And it was plain Colonel Theodore Roosevelt who, with his Rough Riders, -helped to break the last link of the chain of Spanish domination in -America. Its first link was unwittingly forged by Columbus, when he -discovered the gold and pearls of the New World.</p> - -<p>Through the many years, Cuba, the “Ever Faithful Island,” remained loyal -to Spain, while her other American possessions declared their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_060" id="page_060"></a>{60}</span> -Independence, slipped from her grasp, and set up Republics.</p> - -<p>But instead of taking warning from her American losses, Spain continued -her policy of repression in Cuba.</p> - -<p>Then there arose Cuban Patriots, among them, Gomez, Maceo, and Garcia, -who struggled for Cuba’s Freedom. There were rebellions, insurrections, -and war. Great and terrible were the sufferings of the People.</p> - -<p>It is not possible here to give an account of the Cuban War for -Independence. But after a terrific struggle, it was finally won in 1898, -with the help of our United States. Thus Spain lost her last foothold in -America, and withdrew from this hemisphere.</p> - -<p>To-day, the Island of Cuba the “Ever-Faithful Island,” the “Pearl of the -Antilles,” is a flourishing Republic with a world commerce. And during -the World War, the red, white, and blue, single-bestarred Flag of Cuba, -waved over a brave Cuban Army, the ally of the United States.</p> - -<p>But as to Theodore Roosevelt’s part in liberating the Island, while he -was Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President McKinley, we will -let one of his biographers tell about it:—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_061" id="page_061"></a>{61}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_COLONEL_OF_THE_ROUGH_RIDERS" id="THE_COLONEL_OF_THE_ROUGH_RIDERS"></a>THE COLONEL OF THE ROUGH RIDERS</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of -endangered American interests, which give us the right and the duty -to speak and act, the war in Cuba must stop.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>President</i> <span class="smcap">McKinley</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Roosevelt</span> had always felt the danger to the United States of maintaining -a despicable or an inadequate Navy, and from the moment he entered the -Navy Department, he set about pushing the construction of the unfinished -vessels and of improving the quality of the personnel.</p> - -<p>He was impelled to do this, not merely by his instinct to bring whatever -he undertook up to the highest standard, but also because he had a -premonition that a crisis was at hand, which might call the Country, at -an instant’s notice, to protect itself with all the power it had.</p> - -<p>Roosevelt was impressed by the insurrection in Cuba, which kept that -Island in perpetual disorder. The cruel means, especially -reconcentration and starvation, by which the Spaniards tried to put down -the Cubans, stirred the sympathy of the Americans, and the number of -those who believed that the United States ought to interfere in behalf -of humanity, grew from month to month.</p> - -<p>During his first year in office, Assistant Secretary Roosevelt busied -himself with all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_062" id="page_062"></a>{62}</span> details of preparation. And all the while he -watched the horizon towards Cuba, where the signs grew angrier and -angrier.</p> - -<p>But the young Secretary had to act with circumspection. President -McKinley, desiring to keep the peace up to the very end, would not -countenance any move which might seem to the Spaniards either a threat -or an insult.</p> - -<p>Early in the evening of February 15, 1898, the U. S. battleship <i>Maine</i>, -peaceably riding at her moorings in Havana Harbour, was blown up. Two -officers and 264 enlisted men were killed by the explosion and in the -sinking of the ship.</p> - -<p>The next morning, the newspapers carried the report to all parts of the -United States, and, indeed, to the whole world. A tidal wave of anger -surged over this Country.</p> - -<p>“That means war!” was the common utterance.</p> - -<p>I doubt whether Roosevelt ever worked with greater relish than during -the weeks succeeding the blowing-up of the <i>Maine</i>. The Navy Department -arranged in hot haste to victual the ships; to provide them with stores -of coal and ammunition; to bring the crews up to their full quota by -enlisting; to lay out a plan of campaign; to see to the naval bases and -the lines of communication; and to coöperate with the War Department in -making ready the land fortifications along the shore.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_063" id="page_063"></a>{63}</span></p> - -<p>Having accomplished his duty as Assistant Secretary, Roosevelt resigned. -He thought that he had a right to retire from that post, and to gratify -his long cherished desire to take part in the actual warfare.</p> - -<p>General Alger, the Secretary of War, had a great liking for Roosevelt, -offered him a commission in the Army, and even the command of a -regiment.</p> - -<p>This he prudently declined, having no technical military knowledge. He -proposed instead that Dr. Leonard Wood should be made Colonel, and that -he should serve under Wood, as Lieutenant Colonel.</p> - -<p>While Roosevelt finished his business at the Navy Department, Colonel -Wood hurried to San Antonio, Texas, the rendezvous of the First Regiment -of Volunteer Cavalry—the Rough Riders!</p> - -<p>A call for volunteers, issued by Roosevelt and endorsed by Secretary -Alger, spread through the West and Southwest, and it met with a quick -response.</p> - -<p>Not even in Garibaldi’s famous Thousand, was such a strange crowd -gathered. It comprised cow-punchers, ranchmen, hunters, professional -gamblers, and rascals of the Border, sportsmen, mingled with the society -sports, former football players and oarsmen, polo<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_064" id="page_064"></a>{64}</span> players, and lovers -of adventure from the great eastern cities. They all had one quality in -common—courage—and they were all bound together by one common -bond—devotion to Theodore Roosevelt.</p> - -<p>Nearly every one of them knew him personally. Some of the western men -had hunted or ranched with him. Some of the eastern had been with him in -college, or had had contact with him in one of the many vicissitudes of -his career.</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>I shall not attempt to follow in detail the story of the Rough Riders, -but shall touch only on those matters which refer to Roosevelt himself.</p> - -<p>Wood having been promoted to Brigadier General, in command of a larger -unit, Theodore Roosevelt became Colonel of the regiment of Rough Riders.</p> - -<p>On July 1 and 2, he commanded the Rough Riders in their attack on and -capture of San Juan Hill, in connection with some coloured troops.</p> - -<p>In this engagement, their nearest approach to a battle, the Rough -Riders, who had less than five hundred men in action, lost eighty-nine -in killed and wounded.</p> - -<p>Then followed a dreary life in the trenches, until Santiago surrendered, -and then a still<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_065" id="page_065"></a>{65}</span> more terrible experience, while they waited for Spain -to give up the war.</p> - -<p>Under a killing tropical sun, receiving irregular and often damaged -food, without tent or other protection from the heat or from the rain, -the Rough Riders endured for weeks the ravages of fever, climate, and -privation.</p> - -<p>Finally, because of Roosevelt’s insistence, the Government at -Washington, without loss of time, ordered the Army home.</p> - -<p>The sick were transported by thousands to Montauk Point, at the eastern -end of Long Island, where in spite of the best medical care which could -be improvised, large numbers of them died.</p> - -<p>But the Army knew, and the American Public knew, that Roosevelt had -saved multitudes of lives. At Montauk Point, he was the most popular man -in America.</p> - -<p>This concluded Roosevelt’s career as a soldier. The experience -introduced to the Public those virile qualities of his, with which his -friends were familiar.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>William Roscoe Thayer</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_RIVER_OF_DOUBT" id="THE_RIVER_OF_DOUBT"></a>THE RIVER OF DOUBT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Roosevelt</span> decided to make one more trip for hunting and exploration. As -he could not go to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_066" id="page_066"></a>{66}</span> the North Pole, he said, because that would be -poaching on Peary’s field, he selected South America.</p> - -<p>He had long wished to visit the Southern Continent, and invitations to -speak at Rio Janeiro and at Buenos Aires, gave him an excuse for setting -out.</p> - -<p>He started with the distinct purpose of collecting animal and botanical -specimens, this time for the American Museum of Natural History in New -York, which provided two trained naturalists to accompany him. His son -Kermit, toughened by the previous adventure, went also.</p> - -<p>Having paid his visits and seen the civilized parts of Brazil, Uruguay, -and Argentina, he ascended the Paraguay River, and then struck across -the plateau which divides its watershed from that of the tributaries of -the Amazon. For he proposed to make his way through an unexplored region -in Central Brazil, and reach the outposts of civilization on the Great -River.</p> - -<p>The Brazilian Government had informed him that by the route he had -chosen, he would meet a large river—the River of Doubt—by which he -could descend to the Amazon.</p> - -<p>There were some twenty persons, including a dozen or fifteen native -rowers and pack-bearers, in his party. They had canoes and dugouts, -supplies of food for about forty days, and a carefully chosen outfit.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_067" id="page_067"></a>{67}</span></p> - -<p>With high hopes, they put their craft into the water and moved down -stream. But on the fourth day, they found rapids ahead. And from that -time on, they were constantly obliged to land and carry their dugouts -and stores round a cataract.</p> - -<p>The peril of being swept over the falls, was always imminent, and as the -trail, which constituted their portages, had to be cut through the -matted forest, their labours were increased. In the first eleven days, -they progressed only sixty miles. No one knew the distance they would -have to traverse, nor how long the river would be broken by falls and -cataracts, before it came down into the plain of the Amazon.</p> - -<p>Some of their canoes were smashed on the rocks. Two of the natives were -drowned. They watched their provisions shrink. Contrary to their -expectations, the forest had almost no animals. If they could shoot a -monkey or a monster lizard, they rejoiced at having a little fresh meat.</p> - -<p>Tropical insects bit them day and night and caused inflammation and even -infection. Man-eating fish lived in the river, making it dangerous for -the men when they tried to cool their inflamed bodies by a swim.</p> - -<p>Most of the party had malaria, and could be kept going only by large -doses of quinine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_068" id="page_068"></a>{68}</span> Roosevelt, while in the water, wounded his leg on a -rock; inflammation set in, and prevented him from walking, so that he -had to be carried across the portages.</p> - -<p>The physical strength of the party, sapped by sickness and fatigue, was -visibly waning. Still the cataracts continued to impede their progress -and to add terribly to their toil. The supply of food had shrunk so -much, that the rations were restricted, and amounted to little more than -enough to keep the men able to go forward slowly.</p> - -<p>Then fever attacked Roosevelt, and they had to wait for a few days, -because he was too weak to be moved. He besought them to leave him and -hurry along to safety, because every day they delayed consumed their -diminishing store of food, and they might all die of starvation.</p> - -<p>They refused to leave him, however. A change for the better in his -condition came soon. They moved forward. At last they left the rapids -behind them, and could drift and paddle on the unobstructed river.</p> - -<p>Roosevelt lay in the bottom of a dugout, shaded by a bit of canvas put -up over his head, and too weak from sickness even to splash water on his -face; for he was almost fainting from the muggy heat and the tropical -sunshine.</p> - -<p>Forty-eight days, after they began their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_069" id="page_069"></a>{69}</span> voyage on the River of Doubt, -they saw a peasant, a rubber-gatherer, the first human being they had -met. Thenceforward they journeyed without incident.</p> - -<p>The River of Doubt flowed into the larger river, Madeira; where they -found a steamer which took them to Manaos on the Amazon.</p> - -<p>During the homeward voyage, Roosevelt slowly recovered his strength, but -he had never again the iron physique with which he had embarked the year -before. The Brazilian Wilderness stole away ten years of his life.</p> - -<p>He found on his return home that some geographers and South American -explorers laughed at his story of the River of Doubt. He laughed, too, -at their incredulity; and presently the Brazilian Government, having -established the truth of his exploration and named the river after him, -<i>Rio Teodoro</i>, his laughter prevailed. He took real satisfaction in -having placed on the map of Central Brazil, a river six hundred miles -long.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>William Roscoe Thayer</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THEODORE_ROOSEVELT" id="THEODORE_ROOSEVELT"></a>THEODORE ROOSEVELT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> evil men do lives after them; so does the good. With the passing of -years, a man’s name and fame either drift into oblivion or they are seen -in their lasting proportions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_070" id="page_070"></a>{70}</span></p> - -<p>You must sail fifty miles over the Ionian Sea and look back, before you -can fully measure the magnitude and majesty of Mount Ætna. Not -otherwise, I believe, will it be with Theodore Roosevelt, when the -people of the future look back upon him. The blemishes due to -misunderstanding will have faded away. The transient clouds will have -vanished. The world will see him as he was....</p> - -<p>Those of us who knew him, knew him as the most astonishing human -expression of the Creative Spirit we had ever seen. His manifold -talents, his protean interests, his tireless energy, his thunderbolts -which he did not let loose, as well as those he did, his masterful will -sheathed in self-control like a sword in its scabbard, would have -rendered him superhuman, had he not possessed other qualities which made -him the best of playmates for mortals.</p> - -<p>He had humour, which raises every one to the same level. He had loyalty, -which bound his friends to him for life. He had sympathy and capacity -for strong, deep love. How tender he was with little children! How -courteous with women! No matter whether you brought to him important -things or trifles, he understood.</p> - -<p>I can think of no vicissitude in life in which Roosevelt’s participation -would not have been welcome. If it were danger, there could be no<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_071" id="page_071"></a>{71}</span> more -valiant comrade than he. If it were sport, he was a sportsman. If it -were mirth, he was a fountain of mirth, crystal pure and sparkling....</p> - -<p>But yesterday, he seemed one who embodied Life to the utmost. With the -assured step of one whom nothing can frighten or surprise, he walked our -earth as on granite. Suddenly, the granite grew more unsubstantial than -a bubble, and he dropped beyond sight into the Eternal Silence.</p> - -<p>Happy we who had such a friend! Happy the American Republic which bore -such a son!</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>William Roscoe Thayer</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_073" id="page_073"></a>{73}</span><a name="page_072" id="page_072"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="OCTOBER_30" id="OCTOBER_30"></a>OCTOBER 30<br /> -JOHN ADAMS<br /> -THE SON OF LIBERTY<br /> -SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p><i>I have passed the Rubicon: swim or sink, live or die, survive or perish -with my Country, is my unalterable determination.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">John Adams</span><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_074" id="page_074"></a>{74}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="INDEPENDENCE_DAY" id="INDEPENDENCE_DAY"></a>INDEPENDENCE DAY</h3> - -<p><i>I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding -generations as the great anniversary festival.</i></p> - -<p><i>It ought to be commemorated as the Day of Deliverance, by solemn acts -of devotion to God Almighty.</i></p> - -<p><i>It ought to be solemnized with pomp, and parade, with shows, games, -sports, guns, bells, bonfires, tend illuminations, from one end of this -continent to the other, from this time forward, for ever more.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">John Adams</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Adams</span> was born in Braintree, or Quincy, Massachusetts, October -30, 1735</p> - -<p>Was a member of the Committee that framed the Declaration of -Independence; and he signed the Declaration</p> - -<p>Was Commissioner to France, 1778</p> - -<p>Was Ambassador to England, 1785</p> - -<p>Became Second President of the United States, 1796</p> - -<p>He died on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the -Declaration of Independence, the Fourth of July, 1826</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_075" id="page_075"></a>{75}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="A_SON_OF_LIBERTY" id="A_SON_OF_LIBERTY"></a>A SON OF LIBERTY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">There</span> was no loftier genius nor purer Patriot during the struggle for -Independence, than John Adams.</p> - -<p>He was born at Braintree—now a part of Quincy—Massachusetts. He was -descended from Henry Adams who came to America during the reign of -Charles the First. On his mother’s side, he was descended from John -Alden, the Pilgrim Father who came over in the <i>Mayflower</i>. Thus, from -both sides of his house, John Adams inherited staunch, fearless, English -blood and love of Independence.</p> - -<p>He went to school in Braintree, and later graduated from Harvard -University. After which he studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He -married Abigail Smith of Weymouth, Massachusetts. They made their home -in Boston.</p> - -<p>It is not possible here to tell all that John Adams did for America. He -was an ardent Patriot, a Son of Liberty, serving the country at the risk -of his life. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was a -member of the Committee appointed to frame the Declaration of -Independence. He signed the Declaration.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_076" id="page_076"></a>{76}</span> He was sent abroad on foreign -missions. He was elected Vice-President, and afterward called to be -second President of the United States. He lived to see his son, John -Quincy Adams, made sixth President of the United States.</p> - -<p>He died on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of -Independence, at the great age of ninety-one.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Benson J. Lossing and Other Sources</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_ADAMS_FAMILY" id="THE_ADAMS_FAMILY"></a>THE ADAMS FAMILY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">John Adams</span> was not the only great American Patriot in his Family. His -cousin, Samuel Adams, was a popular and fearless leader in the movement -for Independence. His activities were so feared by England, that the -Government issued orders for his arrest and trial for high treason.</p> - -<p>Abigail Adams, John Adams’s wife, was one of the noble American women -who helped to win the War for Independence. She kept her husband -informed of the movements of the British around Boston, while he was -attending the Continental Congress. She wrote him many patriotic -letters, which are inspiring reading to-day. She signed some of them -“Portia,” so that if they fell into the hands of the enemy, no one could -tell who wrote them. She sent many of the letters to her husband by -secret messengers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_077" id="page_077"></a>{77}</span></p> - -<p>Their son, John Quincy Adams, became sixth President of the United -States.</p> - -<p>His son, Charles Francis Adams, and the latter’s two sons, Charles -Francis and Henry Adams, served the Country in important offices, at -home and abroad. They were historians and statesmen.</p> - -<p>John and Abigail Adams, their son and his two sons, kept diaries or -wrote letters, memoirs, and biographies, which form a vivid and intimate -story of many historical events dating from the War for Independence -down nearly to our own time.</p> - -<p>Thus America has to thank the Adams Family for historical records of -great importance.</p> - -<h3><a name="AID_TO_THE_SISTER_COLONY" id="AID_TO_THE_SISTER_COLONY"></a>AID TO THE SISTER COLONY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was a clear and frosty night—that night, when the moonbeams fell on -the tea thrown overboard by the Boston Tea Party. Paul Revere, all -booted and spurred, was ready for a famous ride—not the one to -Lexington, but to Philadelphia this time. Soon he was off and away, -galloping southward, spreading, as he rode along, the astonishing news -that Boston Town had at last defied King George. There were public -rejoicings everywhere, as the news was passed along.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_078" id="page_078"></a>{78}</span></p> - -<p>“This,” said John Adams exultingly, “is the most magnificent movement of -all!... This destruction of the tea is so bold, so daring, so firm, -intrepid and inflexible!... What measures will the Ministry take in -consequence of this? Will they resent it?—Will they dare to resent -it?—Will they punish us?—How?”</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>John Adams did not have to wait long to find out—<i>how</i>. For King George -decided to punish the people of brave Boston Town, by starving them into -submission. The Boston Port Bill was passed in England. A British Fleet -blockaded Boston Harbour. No ship could go in or out; all supplies of -food and fuel were cut off. The Boston folk suffered starvation, -disease, and death; but they would not submit. Their misery became -almost unendurable.</p> - -<p>Then it was that Massachusetts’ sister Colonies roused themselves.</p> - -<p>Samuel Adams of Boston sent a circular letter to each of the Colonies -asking for help. Food, fuel, and money came pouring in.</p> - -<p>All that Summer, Boston, suffering, impoverished Boston, lay upon every -loyal American heart. Each province, county, city, town, neighbourhood, -sent its contribution.</p> - -<p>Windham, Connecticut, began the work of relief, and sent in, with a -cordial letter of applause<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_079" id="page_079"></a>{79}</span> and sympathy, “a small flock of sheep.” Two -hundred and fifty-eight sheep was Windham’s notion of a small flock!</p> - -<p>New Jersey soon wrote that she would be glad to know which would be more -acceptable to a suffering sister, cash or produce. “Cash,” replied -Boston, “if perfectly convenient.”</p> - -<p>Massachusetts farmers supplied grain by the barrel and bushel. The -Marblehead fishermen forwarded “two hundred and twenty-four quintels of -good eating-fish, one barrel and three-quarters of good olive oil”—with -money to boot.</p> - -<p>North Carolina promptly sent two sloop-loads of provisions. South -Carolina’s first gift was one hundred casks of rice.</p> - -<p>And Baltimore Town contributed three thousand bushels of corn, twenty -barrels of rye-flour, two barrels of pork, and twenty barrels of bread.</p> - -<p>Virginia!—there seemed to be no end to Virginia’s gifts!</p> - -<p>And as the cool season approached, the farmers could be more liberal. -Flocks of fat sheep and droves of oxen, together with hundreds of cords -of wood, grain, and money in plenty, helped to relieve the suffering -town. From New York they came, and from Maryland, Maine, Connecticut, -Rhode Island, from the three counties on the Delaware, and from every -little mountain-town in New Hampshire and Vermont.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_080" id="page_080"></a>{80}</span></p> - -<p>As for Canada, from cold and remote Quebec came some wheat, and from -Montreal a hundred pounds sterling.</p> - -<p>The letters that accompanied the gifts, and the grateful answers from -the Boston Committee, would fill a large volume.</p> - -<p>“Boston is suffering in the common cause,” said her sister Colonies.</p> - -<p>“If need be,” said George Washington of Virginia, “I will raise one -thousand men, subsist them at my own expense, and march myself at their -head, for the relief of Boston.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton, and Other Sources</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="A_FAMOUS_DATE" id="A_FAMOUS_DATE"></a>A FAMOUS DATE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">September</span> 5, 1774! What a famous date in American history! And in the -history of the whole World!</p> - -<p>On that day, met for the first time, the Continental Congress of -America.</p> - -<p>From Colony after Colony, the delegates came riding into Philadelphia. -George Washington of Virginia came with fiery Patrick Henry, and Edmund -Pendleton, “one of Virginia’s noblest sons.” There came Cæsar Rodney, -“burley and big, bold and bluff,” with Thomas McKean and George Read, -all from the three counties on the Delaware, and Roger Sherman with -Silas Deane<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_081" id="page_081"></a>{81}</span> of Connecticut, and John Jay and Livingston of New York. -From Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, -and South Carolina, the eager delegates came riding into the City of -Brotherly Love. And, of course, John Adams and Samuel Adams, -representing the suffering Colony of Massachusetts Bay, were on hand -when Congress opened.</p> - -<p>Among its first acts, the First Continental Congress sent a letter to -General Gage; an address to the People of Great Britain; one to the -People of Quebec; and a Petition to King George, setting forth the -grievances of the American Colonists, the violations of their rights as -free Englishmen, and asking for justice, but strongly urging a renewal -of harmony and union between the Colonies and the Mother Country, -England.</p> - -<p>American histories tell how King George disregarded that Petition. -American histories, also, tell how William Pitt and other great English -statesmen, nobly defended America, as you may see if you read the story -of William Pitt, on page <a href="#page_093">93</a>.</p> - -<h3><a name="WHAT_A_GLORIOUS_MORNING" id="WHAT_A_GLORIOUS_MORNING"></a>WHAT A GLORIOUS MORNING!</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> Paul Revere came galloping into Lexington, after warning the -countryside that the British were coming to seize the powder and shot,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_082" id="page_082"></a>{82}</span> -he roused Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who were staying with friends.</p> - -<p>Paul Revere was come to warn them also; for the British General Gage had -given orders for their arrest, and intended to send them to England to -be tried for high treason.</p> - -<p>The British Government was specially afraid of John Hancock, one of the -most daring and active of the Boston Patriots. “The terrible desperado,” -he was called by that Government.</p> - -<p>While he and Samuel Adams were escaping from Lexington and hurrying -across some fields Samuel Adams exclaimed:—</p> - -<p>“Oh, what a glorious morning is this!”</p> - -<p>It was the morning of the Battle of Lexington, when the shot was fired -that was heard round the world.</p> - -<p>After the Second Continental Congress opened, John Hancock was chosen to -preside, while the Congress discussed how to defend the Country.</p> - -<h3><a name="JOHN_TO_SAMUEL" id="JOHN_TO_SAMUEL"></a>JOHN TO SAMUEL</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">New England</span> was in arms. Lexington and Concord had been fought, and -Boston was being besieged by the New England Army.</p> - -<p>The Congress was discussing the defense of the whole Country. There were -some members who wished the Congress to take over the New England<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_083" id="page_083"></a>{83}</span> Army -and appoint a Commander-in-Chief.</p> - -<p>It was then that John Adams met his cousin Samuel Adams, in the State -House yard. This is the way John Adams tells it:—</p> - -<p>“<span class="lftspc">‘</span>What shall we do to get Congress to adopt our Army?’ said Samuel Adams -to John Adams.</p> - -<p>“<span class="lftspc">‘</span>I will tell you what I am determined to do,’ said John to Samuel. ‘I -have taken pains enough to bring you to agree upon something; but you -will not agree upon anything. And now I am determined to take my own -way, let come what will come!’</p> - -<p>“<span class="lftspc">‘</span>Well,’ said Samuel, ‘what is your scheme?’</p> - -<p>“Said John to Samuel, ‘I will go to Congress this morning, and move that -a day be appointed to take into consideration the adoption of the Army -before Boston, the appointment of a General and officers; and I will -nominate Washington for Commander-in-Chief!’<span class="lftspc">”</span></p> - -<h3><a name="A_GENTLEMAN_FROM_VIRGINIA" id="A_GENTLEMAN_FROM_VIRGINIA"></a>A GENTLEMAN FROM VIRGINIA</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">So</span> it happened, that John Adams rose in his seat, and moved that the -Congress should adopt the Army of New England men, and appoint a -Commander-in-Chief, adding, that he had in mind some one for that high -command, “a gentleman from Virginia, who is among us, and very well -known to all of us; a gentleman<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_084" id="page_084"></a>{84}</span> whose skill and experience as an -officer, whose independent fortune, great talents and excellent -universal character, would command the approbation of all America, and -unite the cordial exertions of all the Colonies better than any other -person in the Union.”</p> - -<p>Every one knew whom John Adams meant. And George Washington, who was -sitting near the door, was so overcome by modesty, that he sprang up and -darted into the library close by.</p> - -<p>But his modesty did not prevent his election. He was unanimously chosen -Commander-in-Chief; while the army of New England men was adopted by -Congress and named “the Continental Army.”</p> - -<p>Later, when Washington’s appointment was announced in the Congress, he -rose in his place, and said most earnestly:—</p> - -<p>“Since the Congress desire, I will enter upon the momentous duty and -exert every power I possess in their service and for the support of the -glorious cause.</p> - -<p>“But I beg it may be remembered by every gentleman in the room, that I -this day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself equal -to the command I am honoured with.”</p> - -<p>But far-sighted John Adams was delighted. He was enthusiastic. “There is -something charming to me in the conduct of Washington,”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_085" id="page_085"></a>{85}</span> he wrote to a -friend, “a gentleman of one of the first fortunes upon the continent, -leaving his delicious retirement, his family and friends, sacrificing -his ease, and hazarding all in the cause of his Country.</p> - -<p>“His views are noble and disinterested. He declared, when he accepted -the mighty trust, that he would lay before us an exact account of his -expenses, and not accept a shilling pay.”</p> - -<p>And to Abigail Adams, his wife, far off in Braintree, guarding her -children from battle, and murder, and from sudden death, John Adams -wrote:—</p> - -<p>“I can now inform you, that the Congress have made choice of the modest -and virtuous, the amiable, generous, and brave George Washington, -Esquire, to be General of the American Army.”</p> - -<p>He wrote thus joyously on the 17th day of June,—while on that very day, -Abigail Adams and little John Quincy Adams were standing on a hilltop -watching Charlestown burn and fall into ashes.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_WHO_BECAME_PRESIDENT" id="THE_BOY_WHO_BECAME_PRESIDENT"></a>THE BOY WHO BECAME PRESIDENT</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">My</span> head is much too fickle, my thoughts are running after birds’ eggs, -play, and trifles, till I get vexed with myself,” wrote little John -Quincy<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_086" id="page_086"></a>{86}</span> Adams, nine years old, to his father John Adams.</p> - -<p>Those were terrible times. Little John Quincy’s thoughts were running -after other things besides birds’ eggs. He could hear the thunder of -British cannon and the answering roar of American guns. There was -fighting very near him. From a hilltop, he could see the battle raging. -He knew that some of the American boys who were fighting, were from -Braintree.</p> - -<p>Sometime before, little John Quincy and his mother, Abigail Adams, had -escaped from their home in Boston, and had taken refuge in Braintree, -which was not far away. Now they were living in constant terror for fear -the British should attack Braintree. His father, John Adams, was not -there to protect him. He was attending the Continental Congress in -Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>On the 17th of June, 1775, the British cannonading began in the -direction of Charlestown. John Quincy and his mother climbed the hill, -and watched the battle. With terror-stricken eyes, the boy saw -Charlestown go up in flames and fall in ashes. And as for Abigail Adams, -she trembled with fear lest the British should attack Braintree next; -and then what would become of John Quincy and the other children?</p> - -<p>So John Quincy and his mother watched the famous battle of Bunker Hill. -And while they were listening to the cannon and the guns, their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_087" id="page_087"></a>{87}</span> beloved -friend, Dr. Joseph Warren, the noble Patriot who had joined the American -forces as volunteer, fell mortally wounded.</p> - -<p>And when the news of his death reached Braintree, John Quincy burst into -tears, for Dr. Warren had been the family physician, and had once saved -the boy from having a broken finger amputated.</p> - -<p>And through those exciting times, John Quincy was a staunch boy-patriot. -When he was only nine years old, he became his mother’s post-boy, riding -to Boston and back, eleven or more miles each way, to get news for her.</p> - -<p>And every morning before he climbed out of bed, he did as his mother had -taught him. After he had said the Lord’s Prayer, he recited:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">How sleep the Brave, who sink to rest,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">By all their Country’s wishes blest!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When Spring, with dewy fingers cold,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Returns to deck their hallowed mould,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">She there shall dress a sweeter sod,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Than Fancy’s feet have ever trod.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">By Fairy hands their knell is rung,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">By forms unseen their dirge is sung,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There Honour comes, a Pilgrim grey,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To watch the turf that wraps their clay,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Freedom shall awhile repair<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To dwell a weeping Hermit there.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Thus the boy-patriot did what he could. And when he grew up, he served -his Country so well<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_088" id="page_088"></a>{88}</span> in many important matters, that he was called to -her highest office, and became the sixth President of the United States.</p> - -<h3><a name="HOW_SHALL_THE_STARS_BE_PLACED" id="HOW_SHALL_THE_STARS_BE_PLACED"></a>HOW SHALL THE STARS BE PLACED?</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">On</span> that great day, when the Congress of the United States adopted the -Stars and Stripes as our National Flag, it resolved that the union -should be Thirteen Stars, white in a blue field, representing a new -Constellation.</p> - -<p>And a new Constellation it was, Thirteen Stars of the Thirteen States -united as one, a Constellation destined to shine on all the -World—Liberty enlightening the World!</p> - -<p>But how should the Stars be grouped upon the Flag?—that was the -question.</p> - -<p>John Adams suggested that they should be arranged in the form of the -Constellation Lyra, the beautiful cluster of stars shining in our -northern night.</p> - -<p>But the new Constellation of American Stars could not be arranged thus -to look well. So it was decided to place them in a circle, for a circle -has no end. And it was hoped that as the Country grew larger, adding -more States and a new Star for each State, that the circle would widen.</p> - -<p>And it has widened and widened, until there is no longer any room for a -circle on our Flag;<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_089" id="page_089"></a>{89}</span> but spangled like the sky at night, it has become -the Star-Spangled Banner.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_MYSTERIOUS_STRANGER" id="THE_MYSTERIOUS_STRANGER"></a>THE MYSTERIOUS STRANGER</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">A mysterious</span> foreign stranger suddenly appeared in New York City, after -John Adams had retired from the presidency. He was handsome, with -beaming hazel eyes and flashing white teeth. He was graceful, with -courtly manners. He called himself George Martin.</p> - -<p>But what his real name was, or what his mysterious purpose was, only a -few people knew.</p> - -<p>He was dined and toasted by New York officials. He went to the City of -Washington on his secret mission. He was granted private interviews by -the President and Secretary of State. He talked much about his friends -Catherine the Great of Russia and William Pitt of England. He seemed to -know the secret plots and political intrigues of Europe.</p> - -<p>Then he vanished as mysteriously as he had come.</p> - -<p>A few weeks later, John Adams heard the astounding news. The stranger -was no other than the celebrated South American Patriot, Don Francisco -de Miranda. He had sailed away secretly from New York in a little ship -laden<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_090" id="page_090"></a>{90}</span> with arms and ammunition. And, what was worse, he had taken with -him a band of young American men, some of them mere boys; and he was -sailing toward the Spanish main with the intention of freeing South -America from Spanish rule.</p> - -<p>He had taken with him young William Steuben Smith, John Adams’s -grandson. Young Smith was a college boy, very bright and courageous, and -thirsty for adventure.</p> - -<p>“What do you think were my sensations and reflections?” wrote John Adams -to a friend. “I shudder to this moment, at the recollection of them! I -saw the ruin of my only daughter and her good-hearted, enthusiastic -husband, and had no other hope or wish or prayer than that the ship, -with my grandson in it, might be sunk in a storm in the Gulf Stream!”</p> - -<p>For young William Steuben Smith’s father was surveyor of the port of New -York, and had allowed Miranda’s ship to clear with arms and ammunition -in its hold, to be used against Spain with whom we were at peace.</p> - -<p>Then came to John Adams the terrible news, that Spanish armed vessels -had captured some of the American boys. His grandson had been captured, -and thrown into a dungeon in a dark, filthy fortress in Venezuela. He -was to be tried as a pirate taken on the high seas, and without doubt he -would be hanged.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_091" id="page_091"></a>{91}</span></p> - -<p>The Spanish Ambassador, who had known John Adams in Europe, hastened to -offer his services. He would intercede with Spain for the grandson, he -said.</p> - -<p>“No,” said John Adams to a friend; “he should share the fate of his -colleagues, comrades, and fellow-prisoners.”</p> - -<p>But happily it was all a great mistake. Young Smith was not hanged as a -pirate. He had not been captured at all. Instead, he was sailing gayly -on in Miranda’s Mystery Ship. He had been made aid-de-camp and -lieutenant-colonel, and had donned Miranda’s brilliant uniform.</p> - -<p>For the story of what happened further to the Mystery Ship, see page -335.</p> - -<h3><a name="HIS_LAST_TOAST" id="HIS_LAST_TOAST"></a>HIS LAST TOAST</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was the last day of June, 1826. In five days, it would be the Fourth -of July—the Fiftieth Anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of -Independence. John Adams had been one of the committee to frame the -Declaration.</p> - -<p>A neighbour was sitting with John Adams in his home in Quincy—that used -to be Braintree. Ninety and one years old was John Adams!</p> - -<p>The neighbour was to be orator at the annual banquet on the Fourth of -July. He had called to ask John Adams to compose the toast.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_092" id="page_092"></a>{92}</span></p> - -<p>“Independence for ever!” said John Adams.</p> - -<p>But would he not wish to add something further to the toast, asked the -neighbour.</p> - -<p>“Not a word,” replied John Adams.</p> - -<p>The Fourth of July dawned. The great Patriot lay dying. At the setting -of the sun, those who stood beside him heard him whisper:—“Thomas -Jefferson still lives!”</p> - -<p>As the sun sank out of sight, a loud cheering came from the village. It -was the shouts of the people at the words of his toast:—“Independence -for ever!”</p> - -<p>The cheering echoed through the room where John Adams was. But before -its last sounds could die away, the great Patriot had passed into -history and eternity—on the Fourth of July,—on the Fiftieth -Anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of Independence!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_093" id="page_093"></a>{93}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="NOVEMBER_15" id="NOVEMBER_15"></a>NOVEMBER 15<br /><br /> -WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM DEFENDER OF AMERICA</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p><i>The Colonists are ... equally entitled with yourselves to all the -natural rights of mankind, and the peculiar privileges of Englishmen.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">William Pitt</span><br /> -</p> -</div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_094" id="page_094"></a>{94}</span></p> - -<p><i>He at once breathed his own lofty spirit into the Country he served, as -he communicated something of his own grandeur to the men who served -him.</i></p> - -<p><i>“No man,” said a soldier of the time, “ever entered Mr. Pitt’s closet, -who did not feel himself braver when he came out, than when he went -in.”</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">John Richard Green</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><i>He stands in the annals of Europe, “an illustrious and venerable name,” -admired by countrymen and strangers, by all to whom loftiness of moral -principle and greatness of talent are objects of regard.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Thomas Carlyle</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p>William Pitt was born in England, November 15, 1708</p> - -<p>Created Earl of Chatham, 1766</p> - -<p>He died May 11, 1778</p> - -<p>He was known “as the Great Commoner,” while in the House of -Commons; as “Chatham,” after he entered the House of Lords; and as -“the Elder Pitt,” to distinguish him from his son William Pitt, -called “the Younger,” who likewise was a great statesman.</p> - -<p>There are American towns and cities named in honour of William -Pitt, our Defender; among them, Pittsburgh, Penn.; Chatham, N. Y.; -and Pittsfield, Mass.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_095" id="page_095"></a>{95}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THIS_TERRIBLE_CORNET_OF_HORSE" id="THIS_TERRIBLE_CORNET_OF_HORSE"></a>THIS TERRIBLE CORNET OF HORSE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> the hilt of Napoleon’s ceremonial sword, was set a huge diamond, one -of the largest in the world. It had been brought from India by “Diamond -Pitt” of England, who had sold it to the Regent of France.</p> - -<p>“Diamond Pitt,” was Thomas Pitt. An adventurous young sailor, he had -gone to India, and had started in business for himself as a trader.</p> - -<p>The British East India Company claimed the monopoly of trade in India. -When the bold young Englishman, without so much as “by your leave,” -started an opposition business, the Company determined to crush him.</p> - -<p>It set its powerful legal machinery to work. But it was one thing to try -to crush Thomas Pitt, and quite another thing to do it. He fought -desperately for his rights. Though he was arrested and fined he still -kept on trading, in defiance of the Company. He battled so successfully -and for so many years, that at last for its own protection, the Company -was forced to take him into its service.</p> - -<p>He rose to be Governor of Madras. He became<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_096" id="page_096"></a>{96}</span> known as “Diamond Pitt,” -because he was always in search of large diamonds. Thus he procured the -famous “Pitt Diamond,” which found its way into Napoleon’s sword.</p> - -<p>With a part of the fortune which “Diamond Pitt” got from its sale, he -bought an estate in England. Later he became a member of Parliament.</p> - -<p>“Diamond Pitt’s” grandson, William Pitt, was not a strong boy. He spent -much time with his books. He liked to read Shakespeare aloud to the -family. He enjoyed reading the <i>Faëry Queen</i>, in which the Red Cross -Knight, fearless of harm or evil thing, rides about rescuing the -innocent and helpless.</p> - -<p>Though he was not strong in body, William Pitt had an iron will. He had -“Diamond Pitt’s” indomitable courage and the fighting qualities with -which the sailor had matched his strength against that of the powerful -East India Company.</p> - -<p>William Pitt attended Oxford University. When he was twenty-three, he -was commissioned Cornet of Horse in the King’s Blues.</p> - -<p>The fearless Cornet of Horse was soon elected to the House of Commons. -He started his political career in the House with a fiery, sarcastic -speech supporting the Prince of Wales, who was at enmity with the King -his father.</p> - -<p>William Pitt was a born orator. He was tall,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_097" id="page_097"></a>{97}</span> elegant, and graceful. His -eyes were bright and piercing. He spoke with dignified gesture. And he -delivered this speech with such strength, magnetism, and irony, that the -Prime Minister exclaimed, “We must muzzle this terrible Cornet of -Horse!”</p> - -<p>To muzzle him, he tried, at first with promises of reward. But William -Pitt was incorruptible. He would not sell his honour. Then influence was -brought to bear, and the young Cornet of Horse was dismissed from the -army.</p> - -<p>But this very act, by which his enemies planned to muzzle William Pitt, -brought him before the public eye. His fearlessness and remarkable -oratory advanced him daily with both Parliament and People.</p> - -<p>In time, William Pitt became a leading power, at first in the House of -Commons, and afterward, when he was created Earl of Chatham, in the -House of Lords. He served twice as Prime Minister of England; and he -laid the solid foundations of the British Colonial Empire.</p> - -<p>But more than all else, he was an Englishman defending the unalienable -rights of all Englishmen. He steadfastly combated those political evils -in the British Government, which, at that time, were threatening to -undermine English Liberty as set down in the Magna Carta and safeguarded -by the English Constitution.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_098" id="page_098"></a>{98}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_CHARTER_OF_LIBERTY" id="THE_CHARTER_OF_LIBERTY"></a>THE CHARTER OF LIBERTY<br /><br /> -<i>The Signing of the Magna Carta, 1215</i></h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">O Thou, that sendest out the man<br /></span> -<span class="i4">To rule by land and sea,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Strong mother of a Lion-line,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Be proud of those strong sons of thine,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Who wrenched their rights from thee!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">What wonder if in noble heat,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Those men thine arms withstood,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Retaught the lesson thou hadst taught,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And in thy spirit with thee fought fought—<br /></span> -<span class="i4">Who sprang from English blood!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Alfred Tennyson</span> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Magna Carta</span>! The Great Charter of the liberties of Englishmen!</p> - -<p>At Runnimede, the freemen of England through the action of their Barons, -forced King John to sign and seal the Magna Carta. His tyrannous power -was torn from him. He was forced to pledge himself to violate no longer -the rights and privileges of English freemen.</p> - -<p>For, from times remote, human rights and liberties, protecting them from -oppression by rulers, had been theirs by laws and by common consent.</p> - -<p>About a hundred years after the signing of the Magna Carta, the great -principle, that English freemen should not be taxed without -representation, was established.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_099" id="page_099"></a>{99}</span></p> - -<p>When King Charles the First broke his promises to respect the rights of -his subjects, he was tried and executed. When King James the Second -governed in despotic manner, exercising what he believed to be the -“divine right of Kings,” he lost his throne.</p> - -<p>What has this to do with America and William Pitt? Everything!</p> - -<p>During the reigns of the Stuart Kings, large sections of America were -explored and settled by English freemen, who came to America to escape -persecution, and to enjoy English Liberty which at that time they could -not possibly have had in England.</p> - -<p>The Stuart Kings believed in “divine right,” which means that the King -is the Lord’s annointed, and that neither Parliament nor People may -question any of his acts; and that no matter how cruel or tyrannous a -King may be, the People must submissively obey him.</p> - -<p>The Magna Carta and the English Constitution protect the English People -against this doctrine of “divine right.”</p> - -<p>So, when during the reign of these Kings, men and women fled from -England to find Liberty and refuge in America, they brought with them -their ancient institutions, the rights and privileges guaranteed them -under the Magna Carta.</p> - -<p>There were other Englishmen equally courageous,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_100" id="page_100"></a>{100}</span> equally liberty-loving, -who came to seek their fortunes and build homes in the New World. They, -too, brought with them their rights and privileges.</p> - -<p>These English pioneers hewed their way through the savage wilderness. -Many of them were massacred by Red Men, while their homes were burned; -some of them were carried into captivity and tortured. Yet the great -body of undaunted English settlers, resolutely kept on pushing their -frontiers westward. They laid out farms and plantations, they built -villages and towns, they founded churches and schools. They obtained -charters from far away England, confirming their rights. And through -God’s blessing they prospered, and became strong and rich.</p> - -<p>Other liberty-loving folk, the Dutch, settled in great numbers in what -is now New York and New Jersey; while many settlers from different parts -of Europe, came to the New World to build homes for themselves and their -children.</p> - -<p>The very air of America breathed freedom. The magnitude of the country -and the difficulties of pioneer-life helped to invigorate, expand, and -make indomitable those ideals of English Liberty which the first -settlers and frontiersmen had brought with them.</p> - -<p>When King George the Third inherited the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_101" id="page_101"></a>{101}</span> British Crown, he was unable -to understand the free spirit of Englishmen. And he was far from -realizing its tremendous growth in the New World.</p> - -<p>He taxed the Americans without representation. He placed a standing army -in the Colonies, without their consent. He blockaded the Port of Boston -to force her to submit to his unjust laws. In some cases, trial by jury -was abolished. These are some of his tyrannous violations of the rights -and privileges of English freemen.</p> - -<p>The People of America, in indignation, petitioned the King for redress.</p> - -<p>There was no redress.</p> - -<p>So the People of America rose in arms; and, in the true spirit of Magna -Carta, they issued the Declaration of Independence.</p> - -<p>Now, we shall see what William Pitt had to do with all this.</p> - -<h3><a name="AMERICAS_DEFENDER" id="AMERICAS_DEFENDER"></a>AMERICA’S DEFENDER</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>“<i>For the defence of Liberty, upon a general principle, upon a -constitutional principle, it is a ground on which I stand firm, on -which I dare meet any man.</i>”</p> - -<p>“<i>This Country had no right under Heaven to tax America! It is -contrary to all the principles of justice and civil policy.</i>”</p> - -<p>“<i>If I were an American,” he exclaimed, “as I am an Englishman, -while a foreign troop was landed in my Country, I never would lay -down my arms—never—never—never!</i>”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">William Pitt</span>, <i>Earl of Chatham</i><br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was natural that an English statesman who<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_102" id="page_102"></a>{102}</span> sincerely and firmly -believed in the rights of all Englishmen, should become the defender of -America. And her loyal friend and champion was William Pitt. By the -weight of his eloquent speeches, he fought her battles in Parliament.</p> - -<p>When the Stamp Act was passed, he was absent from his place in -Parliament, because of illness. But later, he was present. Leaning on -his crutch, for he was still very sick, he indignantly arraigned the -British Ministry which had brought about the passage of the Act.</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>“When the resolution was taken in this House to tax America,” he -said, “I was ill in bed. If I could have endured to have been -carried in my bed, so great was the agitation of my mind for the -consequences, I would have solicited some kind hand to have laid me -down on this floor, to have borne my testimony against it!</p> - -<p>“The Colonists are the subjects of this Kingdom, equally entitled -with yourselves to all the natural rights of mankind and the -peculiar privileges of Englishmen; equally bound by its laws, and -equally participating in the Constitution of this free Country. The -Americans are the sons ... of England!”</p></div> - -<p>And when one of the members made a speech abusing the Americans, -defending the Stamp Act, and accusing Pitt of sowing sedition among the -American Colonists, he rose and answered:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>“The gentleman tells us,” he said, “America is obstinate; America -is almost in open rebellion. I rejoice<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_103" id="page_103"></a>{103}</span> that America has resisted. -Three millions of people so dead to all the feelings of Liberty, as -voluntarily to let themselves be made slaves, would have been fit -instruments to make slaves of all the rest.</p> - -<p>“In a good cause, on a sound bottom, the force of this Country can -crush America to atoms. I know the valour of your troops, I know -the skill of your officers.... But on this ground,—on the Stamp -Act—when so many here will think it a crying injustice, I am one -who will lift up my hands against it!</p> - -<p>“In such a cause, even your success would be hazardous. America, if -she fell, would fall like the strong man. She would embrace the -pillars of the State, and pull down the Constitution along with -her.</p> - -<p>“Is this your boasted peace? To sheathe the sword, not in its -scabbard, but in the bowels of your Countrymen?</p> - -<p>“Upon the whole, I will beg leave to tell the House what is really -my opinion. It is that the Stamp Act <i>be repealed absolutely, -totally, and immediately</i>.”<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p></div> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>And whether the Stamp Act was repealed “absolutely, totally, and -immediately,” John Fiske tells in his thrilling history, “The American -Revolution.”</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_SONS_OF_LIBERTY" id="THE_SONS_OF_LIBERTY"></a>THE SONS OF LIBERTY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">William Pitt</span> was not the only English statesman who championed America. -There was Lord Rockingham, at one time Prime Minister of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_104" id="page_104"></a>{104}</span> England, also -the Earl of Camden, and the celebrated Charles James Fox.</p> - -<p>And there was Edmund Burke, “one of the earliest friends of America,” -with his scratch wig, round spectacles, and pockets stuffed with papers. -He pleaded our cause so brilliantly that his hearers were dazzled by his -oratory “with its passionate ardour, its poetic fancy, its amazing -prodigality of resources, the dazzling succession in which irony, -pathos, invective, tenderness, the most brilliant word-pictures, the -coolest arguments, followed each other.”</p> - -<p>And among America’s British friends, was Colonel Barré, a member of the -House of Commons. In an indignant speech against the Stamp Act, he -referred to the American Patriots as “Sons of Liberty.”</p> - -<p>When his speech reached America, the name “Sons of Liberty” was adopted -by secret societies pledged to resist the Stamp Act.</p> - -<p>In Boston, the Sons of Liberty held meetings under the Liberty Tree, a -huge elm; they met also in Faneuil Hall, since called “the Cradle of -American Liberty.” In New York City, the Sons of Liberty erected a tall -Liberty Pole, and defended it against the Red Coats.</p> - -<p>All over the Country, the Sons of Liberty were active, sometimes too -violently so, in the cause of American Independence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_105" id="page_105"></a>{105}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="A_LAST_SCENE" id="A_LAST_SCENE"></a>A LAST SCENE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> 1778, a dramatic event took place in the House of Lords.</p> - -<p>William Pitt, old now and wasted by disease, but the fire of whose -genius still burned bright and clear, was about to speak.</p> - -<p>France had acknowledged the Independence of the United States. Germany -was planning to do so; while Spain stood ready to enter into an alliance -with the Americans. England was at war with France. The situation of -England seemed desperate.</p> - -<p>And on that dramatic day in the House of Lords, the Duke of Richmond was -about to move that the royal fleets and armies should be instantly -withdrawn from America, and peace be made on whatever terms Congress -might see fit to accept.</p> - -<p>But William Pitt would not willingly consent to a step that seemed -certain to wreck the Empire his genius had won for England.</p> - -<p>He had got up from his sick bed, and had come into the House of Lords to -argue against the motion.</p> - -<p>Wrapped in flannel bandages, and leaning upon crutches, his dark eyes in -their brilliancy enhancing the pallor of his careworn face, as he -entered the House, supported on the one side by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_106" id="page_106"></a>{106}</span> his son-in-law, and on -the other by that younger son who was so soon to add fresh glory to the -name of William Pitt, the peers all started to their feet, and remained -standing until he had taken his place.</p> - -<p>In broken sentences, with strange flashes of the eloquence which had -once held captive ear and heart, he protested against the hasty adoption -of a measure which simply prostrated the dignity of England before its -ancient enemy, the House of Bourbon.</p> - -<p>The Duke of Richmond’s answer, reverently and delicately worded, urged -that while the magic of Chatham’s name could work anything short of -miracles, yet only a miracle could now relieve them from the dire -necessity of abandoning America.</p> - -<p>Chatham rose to reply, but his overwrought frame gave way, and he sank -in a swoon upon the floor.</p> - -<p>All business was at once adjourned. The peers, with eager sympathy, came -crowding up to offer assistance, and the unconscious statesman was -carried in the arms of his friends to a house near by, whence in a few -days he was removed to his home.</p> - -<p>There, after lingering between life and death for several weeks, on the -11th of May, and in the seventieth year of his age, Lord Chatham -breathed his last.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_107" id="page_107"></a>{107}</span></p> - -<p>The man thus struck down like a soldier at his post, was one whom -Americans, no less than Englishmen, have delighted to honour.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>John Fiske</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_109" id="page_109"></a>{109}</span><a name="page_108" id="page_108"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="DECEMBER_2" id="DECEMBER_2"></a>DECEMBER 2<br /><br /> -DOM PEDRO THE SECOND THE MAGNANIMOUS THE BEST REPUBLICAN IN BRAZIL</h2> - -<p class="c"> -TO<br /> -H. M. DOM PEDRO II<br /> -EMPEROR OF BRAZIL<br /> -SCHOLAR AND SCIENTIST, PATRON OF<br /> -ARTS AND LETTERS<br /> -STERLING STATESMAN AND MODEL MONARCH,<br /> -WHOSE REIGN OF HALF A CENTURY HAS BEEN<br /> -ZEALOUSLY AND SUCCESSFULLY DEVOTED TO<br /> -PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, INDUSTRIAL<br /> -ENTERPRISE, AND THE ABOLITION<br /> -OF SLAVERY<br /> -THROUGHOUT THE VAST AND OPULENT<br /> -“EMPIRE OF THE SOUTHERN CROSS”<br /> -</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Dedication by</i> <span class="smcap">Frank Vincent</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_110" id="page_110"></a>{110}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="FREEDOM_IN_BRAZIL" id="FREEDOM_IN_BRAZIL"></a>FREEDOM IN BRAZIL</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">With clearer light, Cross of the South shine forth<br /></span> -<span class="i2">In blue Brazilian skies:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And thou, O River, cleaving half the earth,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">From sunset to sunrise,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">From the great mountains to the Atlantic waves,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Thy joy’s long anthem pour,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Yet a few years (God make them less!) and slaves<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Shall shame thy pride no more.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No fettered feet thy shaded margins press,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">But all men shall walk free.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where, thou the high-priest of the wilderness,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Hast wedded sea to sea.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">And thou, great-hearted Ruler, through whose mouth<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The word of God is said<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Once more:—“Let there be light!”—Son of the South,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Lift up thy honoured head,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Wear unashamed a crown by thy desert<br /></span> -<span class="i2">More than by birth thy own,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Careless of watch and ward; thou art begirt<br /></span> -<span class="i2">By grateful hearts alone.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The moated wall and battleship may fail,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">But safe shall Justice prove;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Stronger than greaves of brass or iron mail,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The panoply of Love.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="authh"><span class="smcap">John Greenleaf Whittier</span> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Dom Pedro</span> was born December 2, 1825</p> - -<p>Was made Emperor at five years of age, April 7, 1831</p> - -<p>Visited the United States, 1876</p> - -<p>His daughter, Princess Isabel, emancipated the slaves, 1888</p> - -<p>He abdicated, and Brazil was proclaimed a Republic, 1889</p> - -<p>Dom Pedro died, December 5, 1891.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_111" id="page_111"></a>{111}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BRAZILS_MAGNIFICENT" id="THE_BRAZILS_MAGNIFICENT"></a>THE BRAZILS MAGNIFICENT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Robinson Crusoe</span>, after escaping from Moorish slavery with the boy Xury, -was rescued by a Portuguese ship bound for South America. He was carried -by the ship’s captain to the Brazils.</p> - -<p>There he settled, bought a plantation and made a fortune. Then, away -from those same Brazils, he sailed and was wrecked and cast upon his -Desert Island.</p> - -<p>Magnificent and rich were Robinson Crusoe’s Brazils, or the Country of -Brazil, stretching vast and unknown far westward into the interior of -the continent. Near the sea-coast, in the parts inhabited by civilized -men, were plantations of coffee, tobacco, and fruits. Primeval forests -covered the shores of the rivers whose mighty waters rushed far out into -the ocean. Fierce savages roved the forests. There were gold, spices, -and diamonds in Robinson Crusoe’s Brazils, and rare woods, brilliant -birds, butterflies, and flowers.</p> - -<p>And so is the country of Brazil to-day—a magnificent land! Only there -are cities there now, and towns and villages. And to-day, Brazil is a -Republic with a Constitution like that of our own United States.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_112" id="page_112"></a>{112}</span></p> - -<p>In Robinson Crusoe’s time, Brazil was owned and ruled by the Kingdom of -Portugal, just as other parts of South America were owned and ruled by -the Crown of Spain.</p> - -<p>How Brazil won Independence and became a Republic, is a fascinating -story.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_EMPIRE_OF_THE_SOUTHERN_CROSS" id="THE_EMPIRE_OF_THE_SOUTHERN_CROSS"></a>THE EMPIRE OF THE SOUTHERN CROSS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Brazil</span>, on which the Southern Cross of four bright stars, looks down, -first became a Kingdom, then an Empire and after that a Republic.</p> - -<p>When Napoleon’s Army threatened to invade Portugal, the Royal Family of -Portugal fled in terror of their lives. They escaped from Lisbon, -crossed the Atlantic, and found refuge in the royal Colony of Brazil.</p> - -<p>In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom, though still to remain a part of -Portugal. The first and only European Kingdom in America!</p> - -<p>When the time arrived, that the Royal Family might safely return to -Portugal, the King left his son, Dom Pedro, to be Regent or Governor of -Brazil.</p> - -<p>But the Brazilians had grown used to having their King live among them. -More just laws and greater privileges were theirs, when their ruler -lived in the land. He could understand their needs better than if he -ruled them from Europe.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_113" id="page_113"></a>{113}</span> So the Brazilians became dissatisfied, when -their country was reduced once more to the state of a Colony.</p> - -<p>Dom Pedro was a patriotic Brazilian, and ruled the Country without much -regard to Portugal’s wishes. Trouble soon arose between the Mother -Country and Brazil. Dom Pedro proclaimed the Independence of Brazil, -September 7, 1822. An Empire was established, and Dom Pedro was made -Emperor under a Constitution.</p> - -<p>But as time went on, the Emperor did not uphold the People’s rights; so -he was forced to abdicate in favour of his little son, Dom Pedro, who -was only five years old.</p> - -<p>After which, Dom Pedro the First, sailed away to Europe, leaving little -Dom Pedro the Second, to rule in his stead.</p> - -<h3><a name="MAKING_THE_LITTLE_EMPEROR" id="MAKING_THE_LITTLE_EMPEROR"></a>MAKING THE LITTLE EMPEROR</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">The</span> King is afloat! God save the King!” were the shouts which rang -through the streets of Rio Janeiro, for now that their Emperor Pedro the -First had abdicated and escaped on an English man-o-war, the people were -giving themselves up to rejoicing.</p> - -<p>“The King is afloat! God save the King!” was the cry of the townspeople -and the streets, festooned with coffee branches, were made to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_114" id="page_114"></a>{114}</span> glow with -coloured silks, while the balconies were thronged with señoritas in all -their finery of brilliant dresses, garlands, fluttering fans, and -feather flowers.</p> - -<p>They were witnessing the triumphal entry into his capital of the new -Emperor, Dom Pedro the Second, the little lad of five and a half years -old.</p> - -<p>First in the procession of the Child-Emperor, were justices of the peace -bearing green flags. Then came the little Emperor.</p> - -<p>And what a figure was this! A tiny infant in a huge state-coach, dragged -by four strings of excited mulattoes! He cried, and at the same time -waved a white handkerchief.</p> - -<p>The tender-hearted Brazilians, every man and woman of their number a -child-adorer, were altogether overcome by the sight, and even the choir -that accompanied the procession, was touched. Its triumphant chant died -away in an emotional quiver.</p> - -<p>With great pomp, little Pedro was installed as Emperor, the eyes of the -enthusiastic spectators swimming with tears, as he was carried out of -the chapel in the arms of an old chamberlain.</p> - -<p>Later, while sitting in a little chair at the window of the palace, he -reviewed the troops of his Empire.</p> - -<p>But though little Pedro was now Emperor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_115" id="page_115"></a>{115}</span> all Brazil, he was too young -to rule. A Regent ruled for him for ten years, while Pedro studied and -prepared himself to govern his People.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>W. H. Koebel and Other Sources</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PATRIOT_EMPEROR" id="THE_PATRIOT_EMPEROR"></a>THE PATRIOT EMPEROR</h3> - -<h4>I</h4> - -<p class="c"><i>Viva Dom Pedro the Second!</i></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">At</span> last a large political party in the capital grew tired of installing -Regents and electing new ministers, and insistently demanded that the -Emperor himself begin to reign, although legally he was still too young. -According to the Constitution, an Emperor reached his majority at the -age of eighteen, and Dom Pedro was only fifteen. But in spite of his -youth, Dom Pedro the Second was declared constitutional Emperor and -perpetual defender of Brazil. Viva Dom Pedro the Second!</p> - -<p>So mature was the young Emperor in mind and appearance, that he was well -fitted to play the part of an eighteen-year-old. His tutors were the -best that could be found in Europe or South America, and he was a -brilliant student. He had a trick of relighting his lamp at night and -studying for a while after every one had gone to bed. Natural history, -mathematics, and astronomy were his favourite subjects at that time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_116" id="page_116"></a>{116}</span></p> - -<p>But in the course of his life he studied almost everything under the -sun, and he could talk fluently on any subject in English, German, -French, Italian or Spanish; he read Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. When he -was sixty he learned Sanskrit. His library was packed with histories, -biographies, encyclopædias, and law-books.</p> - -<p>Besides his library the Emperor loved peace, happiness, and prosperity. -These were his gifts to Brazil during his long reign, while surrounding -Nations were struggling with anarchy and civil war.</p> - -<p>Before Dom Pedro was eighteen, he signed a contract of marriage with a -Princess whom he had never seen, Theresa Christina Maria, sister of the -King of the two Sicilies. A Brazilian squadron conducted her to Rio, and -the city received her with splendid ceremonies.</p> - -<h4>II</h4> - -<p class="c"><i>My People</i></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Under</span> Dom Pedro’s guiding influence, Brazil gained steadily in power, -importance, and reputation. Home industries and foreign commerce -doubled. Telegraphic communications were established with the United -States and Europe. Good steamship lines, both coastwise and oceanic, -made Brazil accessible to all the world. Public property was opened to -settlement, and the Government<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_117" id="page_117"></a>{117}</span> became as hospitable to all foreign -enterprise as it had before this been exclusive.</p> - -<p>Above all things, Dom Pedro wanted to stimulate the love of knowledge -among his People, to give the boys and girls of every class an equal -chance. Free public schools were established all over the Empire.</p> - -<p>One time, the Emperor learned that 3,000,000 francs had been pledged by -citizens for a fine bronze statue of himself to be given the place of -honour in a city square. Dom Pedro, expressing his deep gratitude, said -that it would please him far more if the money could be used for public -schools instead. The grade and high school buildings of Rio have always -been noted for their beauty, size, and equipment.</p> - -<p>While so many of the South American States were lagging far behind the -times, Brazil, under Dom Pedro, caught up with other progressive Nations -of the World. Liberty of speech and religious tolerance were not even -questioned, but taken for granted.</p> - -<h4>III</h4> - -<p class="c"><i>Emancipating the Slaves</i></p> - -<p class="c">1888</p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> greatest national event during Dom Pedro’s reign was the Abolition -of Slavery, and no one worked harder to bring it to pass than the -Emperor himself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_118" id="page_118"></a>{118}</span></p> - -<p>The African slave-trade had been abolished in 1850 and from that time on -public opinion grew more and more in favour of Emancipation, in spite of -the strong opposition of planters and wealthy slave owners.</p> - -<p>Following Dom Pedro’s example, many high-minded citizens freed their own -slaves. The slave was enabled to free himself in many ways, such as -raising his own purchase money. The incentive to do this was great, for -an ambitious slave had plenty of chance to rise in the world.</p> - -<p>Dom Pedro’s dearest wish was that he might live to see every slave in -the country a free man, and this wish came true in the last year of his -reign.</p> - -<p>He had gone abroad in poor health, leaving his daughter Isabel as -Regent. When Congress met, the Princess Isabel railroaded the Abolition -Bill through both Houses in eight days, and signed the bill which put -the law into immediate effect.</p> - -<h4>IV</h4> - -<p class="c"><i>The Empire of the Southern Cross—No More!</i></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Soon</span> after the humane Princess Isabel had freed the slaves, Dom Pedro -came hastening home from Europe. He landed in Rio, and was received with -genuine enthusiasm. But his loved personality could no longer stand -between the throne and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_119" id="page_119"></a>{119}</span> the widespread desire for a Republic together -with the popular discontent aroused by the Princess’s acts.</p> - -<p>In 1889, a Republican revolt took the whole Empire by surprise. It had -long been brewing beneath the surface, but so great was the Emperor’s -popularity that Republicans had tacitly agreed to postpone the new -Government until his death.</p> - -<p>A rumor that Dom Pedro might abdicate in favour of Princess Isabel, and -thus initiate another generation of monarchy, precipitated the -Revolution. The Republican leagues, with the backing of the army and -navy, refused to wait any longer.</p> - -<p>Dom Pedro, summoned from Petropolis by telegram, found a Provisional -Government already organized when he reached the capital. In the -Imperial Palace at Rio, surrounded by insurgents, the old Emperor was -told briefly that his long reign was over.</p> - -<p>“We are forced to notify you,” said the ultimatum, “that the Provisional -Government expects from your Patriotism the sacrifice of leaving -Brazilian territory with your family in the shortest possible time.”</p> - -<p>Dom Pedro the Second replied simply:—</p> - -<p>“I resolve to submit to the command of circumstances and will depart -with my family for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_120" id="page_120"></a>{120}</span> Europe to-morrow, leaving this beloved Country to -which I have tried to give firm testimony of my love and my dedication -during nearly half a century as chief of the State. I shall always have -kind remembrances of Brazil and hopes for its prosperity.”</p> - -<p>The next day the Imperial Family sailed for Lisbon.</p> - -<p>In three days’ time a monarchy had been overthrown <i>without bloodshed</i> -or opposition. The Emperor, who had sometimes been called the best -Republican in Brazil, was replaced by a military dictator.</p> - -<p>The homesick Emperor, living in European hotels or rented villas, -“always remained as one on the point of departure, as if he ever -expected to be recalled by his former subjects, a hope which till the -last moment would not die out of his heart.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Margarette Daniels</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_UNITED_STATES_OF_BRAZIL" id="THE_UNITED_STATES_OF_BRAZIL"></a>THE UNITED STATES OF BRAZIL</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Brazil</span>, whose name originally meant the Land of Red Dye Wood, is to-day, -the United States of Brazil with a Constitution like our own. It has a -President, Vice-President, and House of Congress, and an army and navy. -It has railroads,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_121" id="page_121"></a>{121}</span> beautiful cities, many towns, and a world commerce.</p> - -<p>Brazil exports quantities of rubber, sugar, coffee, and other products. -The milky juice of the caoutchouc or rubber, is gathered largely from -the wild rubber-trees growing in the tropical forests far in the -interior of Brazil, or along the banks of the Amazon. Our United States -receives great shipments of this rubber. The coffee-trees flourish in -the famous red earth of Brazil, producing large crops of the delicious -berry, to make happy the breakfast tables of the world.</p> - -<p>There is the friendliest of relations between our United States and -Brazil. It is no uncommon sight to meet Brazilian sailors in their -picturesque uniform, at home on the streets of New York City. And when -the statue of Bolivar, the Liberator of Venezuela, was unveiled in -Central Park in 1921, there was present a detachment of Brazilian -Marines detailed from their battleship anchored in New York Harbour. -They made an imposing appearance, filing down the park-slope of Bolivar -Hill, in the military procession which accompanied President Harding.</p> - -<p>The year 1922, the one hundredth anniversary of Brazilian Independence, -has been celebrated by People of the United States. Out of friendship -for Brazil, they have presented her with a statue<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_122" id="page_122"></a>{122}</span> of Liberty cast in -bronze. Liberty holds aloft two entwined banners, the Brazilian Flag and -the Stars and Stripes. The Brazilian Government has selected one of the -most prominent spots in the city of Rio Janeiro, as a site for the -statue.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_123" id="page_123"></a>{123}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="DECEMBER_20" id="DECEMBER_20"></a>DECEMBER 20<br /><br /> -WILLIAM BRADFORD<br /><br /> -AND<br /><br /> -THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">The word of God to Leyden came,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Dutch town, by Zuyder Zee:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">“Rise up, my Children of no name,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">My kings and priests to be.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There is an Empire in the West<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Which I will soon unfold,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A thousand harvests in her breast,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Rocks ribbed with iron and gold.”<br /></span> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span class="i0">They left the towers of Leyden Town,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">They left the Zuyder Zee,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And where they cast their anchor down,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Rose Freedom’s realm to be.”<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">J. E. Rankin</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_124" id="page_124"></a>{124}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PILGRIM_FATHERS" id="THE_PILGRIM_FATHERS"></a>THE PILGRIM FATHERS</h3> - -<p><i>So they left that goodly and pleasant city which had been their resting -place near twelve years.</i></p> - -<p><i>But they knew they were Pilgrims, and looked not much on these things; -but lift up their eyes to the Heavens, their dearest country, and -quieted their spirits.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Governor</i> <span class="smcap">William Bradford</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">William Bradford</span> was born about 1590</p> - -<p>The <i>Mayflower</i> reached Cape Cod; Mayflower Compact signed, -November 11, 1620</p> - -<p>The Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock, probably December 20, 1620</p> - -<p>William Bradford died, May 9, 1657</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_125" id="page_125"></a>{125}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_FATHER_OF_THE_NEW_ENGLAND_COLONIES" id="THE_FATHER_OF_THE_NEW_ENGLAND_COLONIES"></a>THE FATHER OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">William Bradford’s</span> birthday, we celebrate on the anniversary of the -landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock. We do not know the exact date -of his birth.</p> - -<p>He was just an ordinary boy living in a small English village. He was -brought up by relatives, for his father and mother had died when he was -a child. They had left him a small fortune, so he was not in want.</p> - -<p>When about twelve years old, he began to read the Bible. It interested -him so much, that when older he attended the meetings of some neighbours -who were studying the Bible and worshipping God in their own little -Assembly. Separatists, they were called, for they had separated from the -Established Church of England.</p> - -<p>In those days, it was a crime in England for any one to hold or attend -religious meetings of Separatists. The Bible printed in the English -tongue, had long been forbidden reading, but in William Bradford’s days, -it was beginning to be read quite widely, specially by Separatists.</p> - -<p>These poor people’s Assemblies were watched<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_126" id="page_126"></a>{126}</span> by spies and informers. -Separatists were arrested and imprisoned, while some were executed. -Others fled into Holland—brave liberty-loving Holland—where there was -no persecution for religion’s sake.</p> - -<p>William Bradford became a Separatist. When about eighteen years old, he, -too, fled into Holland, where he might serve his Lord and Saviour Jesus -Christ, in full liberty of conscience.</p> - -<p>For ten years or more he lived in Holland. He was a member of an English -Separatist Church in Leyden, under the gentle rule of its beloved -pastor, John Robinson.</p> - -<p>The Separatists believed that every man in the church-congregation -should have a voice in its management; thus they elected their pastor.</p> - -<p>The time came when a part of Pastor Robinson’s congregation decided to -emigrate and seek a home in the New World. The leaders of this little -band of Pilgrims—the Pilgrim Fathers, we call them—were William -Bradford, John Carver, and Edward Winslow. With them went William -Brewster, who was to be their pastor in the New World. Miles Standish, -also, went with them, and became the Captain of their small army, which -defended them against the Indians.</p> - -<p>So the Pilgrim Fathers, together with their wives, little ones, and men -and maid servants, said farewell to Holland’s hospitable shore.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_127" id="page_127"></a>{127}</span> Soon -after, they sailed from England in the <i>Mayflower</i>, to found a -settlement in the savage New World, under the rule of England.</p> - -<p>They took with them the seeds of American Independence. They had left -England so that they might have the freedom which was theirs by rights. -They were come to America so that they might govern themselves, every -man having a voice in the government of the new settlement as well as in -the management of his own congregation. This principle of -self-government, the Pilgrims embodied in the famous Mayflower Compact, -an agreement which they drew up and signed the day they reached New -England.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, far to the South of New England another Colony of Englishmen -had planted and was fostering other seeds of American Independence.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> - -<p>But let us see what became of William Bradford, since we are celebrating -his birthday. We will let Cotton Mather tell it in his own quaint -style:—</p> - -<p>“The rest of his days were spent in the services and the temptations of -that American wilderness. Here was Master Bradford, in the year 1621, -unanimously chosen the Governor of the Plantation. The difficulties -whereof were such that if he had not been a person of more than -ordinary<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_128" id="page_128"></a>{128}</span> piety, wisdom, and courage, he must have sunk under them.” He -served for thirty-seven years, “in every one of which he was chosen -their Governor, except the three years wherein Master Winslow and the -two years wherein Master Prince, at the choice of the people, took a -turn with him.... But the crown of all was his holy, prayerful, -watchful, and fruitful, walk with God.... He died May 9th, 1657, in the -69th year of his age, lamented by all the Colonies of New England as a -common Blessing and Father to them all.”</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_SAVAGE_NEW_WORLD" id="THE_SAVAGE_NEW_WORLD"></a>THE SAVAGE NEW WORLD</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was November, 1620. The ocean swelled angrily. A cold wind was -blowing, as day broke over the gray water. Sea-gulls swooped and wheeled -around the good ship <i>Mayflower</i>, which, with tattered sails, was -driving through the billows. For over two months she had been on her way -from Plymouth, England, carrying the Pilgrims. And, now, while the dull -day was breaking, suddenly a cry was heard:—</p> - -<p>“Land Ho!”</p> - -<p>The Pilgrims came crowding to the deck, fathers, mothers, children, men, -and maid-servants. They looked eagerly toward the west. They saw the -coast of the New World, as the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_129" id="page_129"></a>{129}</span> ship rushed nearer, low with a white -line of surf beating against its wooded shore.</p> - -<p>It was a very new, strange, savage world awaiting them, full of unknown -horrors and Indians. Yet the Pilgrims were not fearful. Had they not -committed themselves to God’s will? And was not this to be their home, -the land to which He was bringing them? So they fell on their knees, and -blessed Him who had guided them safely through storm and stress.</p> - -<p>The wide bay where they first anchored—Cape Cod Bay—was wooded to the -water’s edge, with pines and oaks, with sassafras and juniper, with -birch and holly, ash and walnut. Whales swam spouting around the ship, -while flocks of wild fowl flew screaming overhead.</p> - -<p>And when at last the Pilgrims went ashore in that uninhabited spot, how -briskly the mothers and sisters rubbed and scrubbed, as they washed the -Pilgrims’ clothes. For it had been a frightful two months’ voyage, with -so many storms and so much sickness aboard, that little washing had been -done. And the first thing the Pilgrim Mothers did, was to hold a great -wash day.</p> - -<p>And while the women washed, the carpenter repaired the ship’s shallop; -for William Bradford and some of the others wished to explore the coast, -in order to find a safe and pleasant spot for their settlement.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_130" id="page_130"></a>{130}</span></p> - -<p>While the shallop was being got ready, the Pilgrims decided to send out -a party by land, to see what the country was like.</p> - -<p>And many thrilling adventures, the Pilgrim Fathers had before they -discovered a site, and built Plymouth Town.</p> - -<p>On their first adventure, they saw Indians in the distance. They walked -through fields of corn-stubble which belonged to Indians. They found a -white man’s kettle and the ruins of a cabin. They dug up a fine, great, -new basket filled with corn, red, yellow, and blue. They took the corn -with them, intending to search out the owner, and pay him well.</p> - -<p>On the second adventure, they found empty Indian wigwams, more corn, and -the grave of a man with yellow hair.</p> - -<p>On the third adventure, they left their shallop, at night, to camp on -shore. In the gray dusk of morning, a band of fierce Nauset Indians -attacked them. A flight of brass-headed or claw-tipped arrows came -flying across the Pilgrims’ barricade. The Pilgrims fired their guns, -and the Nausets, whooping loudly, bounded away into the dusk. The -Pilgrims pursued them for a short distance.</p> - -<p>Though many arrows had fallen around them, none of the Pilgrims were -hurt. They gave thanks to God for their deliverance; and, after<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_131" id="page_131"></a>{131}</span> naming -the spot The <i>Place of the First Encounter</i>, they sailed away in their -shallop to explore the coast near by.</p> - -<p>Then, at last, they discovered a beautiful site for their town, situated -on a fine harbour. They returned to the <i>Mayflower</i>, with the good news. -And a few days before Christmas, the <i>Mayflower</i> anchored in the -harbour, and the Pilgrim folk landed on Plymouth Rock.</p> - -<p>On Christmas day, they began to build Plymouth Town.</p> - -<h3><a name="WELCOME_ENGLISHMEN" id="WELCOME_ENGLISHMEN"></a>WELCOME, ENGLISHMEN!</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">Welcome!</span>”</p> - -<p>That cry—just one English word—sounded through the street of Plymouth, -and startled the Pilgrims. They caught up their muskets and ran from the -houses.</p> - -<p>A tall naked savage, his lank hair clinging to his shoulders, was -stalking along the street, holding a bow and arrows.</p> - -<p>“Welcome!” he shouted.</p> - -<p>The Pilgrims returned his greeting.</p> - -<p>He was Samoset, Chief of Pemaquid, he told them. He had journeyed from -very far off. He had learned English among the Englishmen who sometimes -came to fish off the coast of his country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_132" id="page_132"></a>{132}</span></p> - -<p>The Pilgrims, glad to talk with a friendly Indian, invited him to eat -with them. Then, as the wind was rising, they wrapped a warm coat around -his naked body. They gave him biscuit with butter, and cheese, and a -piece of cooked duck; all of which he seemed to relish hugely.</p> - -<p>And in answer to their questions Samoset told them many things about -that country. As for the Nauset Indians, who had attacked them so -fiercely at The Place of the First Encounter, he said that these Nausets -hated all white men because a certain Englishman, one Captain Hunt, a -short time before the Pilgrims landed, had cruelly deceived the Nauset -Indians, kidnapping twenty of them, and selling them to other white men.</p> - -<p>All this and much more, Samoset told the Pilgrims. He stayed with them -that night. The next day they sent him away with a gift of a knife, a -ring, and a bracelet. He went off promising that he would come soon -again and bring other Indians to trade with them.</p> - -<p>But the Pilgrims were troubled, for they had not found the owners of the -buried corn.</p> - -<h3><a name="LOST_LOST_A_BOY" id="LOST_LOST_A_BOY"></a>LOST! LOST! A BOY!</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">There</span> were children on the <i>Mayflower</i>—Oceanus Hopkins who was born at -sea, Peregrine<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_133" id="page_133"></a>{133}</span> White who gave his first baby-cry soon after the -<i>Mayflower</i> reached the New World, Francis Billington who almost blew up -the <i>Mayflower</i>, while trying to make fireworks, and John Billington.</p> - -<p>John was a mischievous youngster, and so lively that the Pilgrim Fathers -had to keep a stern eye upon him. But in spite of their watching, he got -lost. For one day, soon after the Pilgrims were settled in Plymouth, he -slipped out of the town, and into the woods that stretched farther than -eye could see from the top of the highest tree.</p> - -<p>That night when John did not come home, the Plymouth folk were worried. -Where was the boy? they asked. How had he managed to slip from the town -without being seen? Had he strayed into the woods? Had a savage caught -him and carried him off?</p> - -<p>Governor Bradford sent a party to look for him. They scoured the woods -about, but there was no John.</p> - -<p>Five days went by,—five anxious days for the Plymouth folk. And John -had not returned when a message came from the friendly Indian, King -Massasoit, saying that the Nausets had the lad. The Nauset Indians were -the same fierce savages who had attacked the Pilgrims at The Place of -the First Encounter.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_134" id="page_134"></a>{134}</span></p> - -<p>A shallop was launched and victualed; and the next morning ten of the -Pilgrims, with Tisquantum, their Indian interpreter, set sail for -Nauset.</p> - -<p>It was a dangerous trip. At first the day was calm and bright, then came -on a storm of wind with thunder and lightning, that lashed the little -ship; while a waterspout almost broke over her. “But GOD be praised!” -says the <i>Pilgrim Chronicle</i>, which tells about <i>the lost boy</i>, “GOD be -praised! it dured not long, and we put in that night for harbour at a -place called Cummaquid, where we had some hope to find the boy.”</p> - -<p>But they didn’t find him there. “The Nausets have got him,” said the -friendly Cummaquid Indians, when they came down the next morning to -catch lobsters. And they invited the Pilgrims to come ashore and eat -with them. So six of them landed, hoping to learn something more about -John.</p> - -<p>Iyanough, the handsome young Cummaquid Chief, welcomed them heartily. He -made a feast of venison and maize cakes. And after they had eaten, he -offered to go with them to help rescue John. So the Pilgrims put out to -sea again, taking Iyanough and two of his braves. They made the best -speed possible, for they were anxious to find what had happened to the -boy.</p> - -<p>The tide was out when they reached Nauset, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_135" id="page_135"></a>{135}</span> the water was so shallow -that they had to anchor at a distance from land. Iyanough, his braves, -and Tisquantum, went ashore to find Aspinet the Nauset Chief. They hoped -to persuade him to give up John, if he was still alive.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, crowds of Nauset Indians came running down to the beach. They -waded out from shore; and soon they were swarming around the shallop. -The Pilgrims stood guard to keep them from boarding her, for they -remembered all too well, how these same savages had attacked them with -showers of brass-headed arrows.</p> - -<p>Finally, they allowed two of the Indians to climb into the shallop. And -what was the Pilgrims’ delight when they found that one of the two was -part owner of the corn dug up at Cornhill. They welcomed him gladly. -They told him that they wished to pay for the corn. They asked him to -come to Plymouth for the payment. He promised that he would.</p> - -<p>By this time the sun was setting, but Iyanough had not returned with -news of John. This made the Pilgrims all the more anxious.</p> - -<p>After sunset, they saw a long train of Nauset Indians come winding down -to the beach. At their head, walked their haughty Chief Aspinet. He drew -near to the edge of the beach. Some of his warriors stood guard with -their bows and arrows ready to shoot. The others laid down<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_136" id="page_136"></a>{136}</span> their -weapons and followed Aspinet into the water. They began to wade out -toward the shallop. And whom should the Pilgrims see sitting on the -shoulders of a big Indian, but John himself, covered with strings of -beads! He had been visiting in the Nauset village, where his new friend -the big Indian had feasted and entertained him in his wigwam.</p> - -<p>And while the Indian was giving John over to the Pilgrims, Aspinet -announced that he and his people wished to make peace with the white -men. So the Pilgrims made peace with him, and presented him with a -strong English knife. They gave another one to the big Indian in return -for his kindness to John. Aspinet and his warriors then went back -friendly and satisfied, to their village.</p> - -<p>So the lost boy was found.</p> - -<p>And so the buried corn was paid for at last.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_RATTLESNAKE_CHALLENGE" id="THE_RATTLESNAKE_CHALLENGE"></a>THE RATTLESNAKE CHALLENGE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was just before Christmas, when a strange Brave came into Plymouth -town, carrying a bundle of new arrows wrapped in a rattlesnake-skin.</p> - -<p>He asked for Tisquantum. When they told him that Tisquantum was away, he -smiled and seemed glad. He laid down the skin, and turned to run out of -the town.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/i_c136i1_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_c136i1_sml.jpg" width="329" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: JOHN BILLINGTON BROUGHT ON THE SHOULDERS OF AN INDIAN" /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">JOHN BILLINGTON BROUGHT ON THE SHOULDERS OF AN INDIAN</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_137" id="page_137"></a>{137}</span></p> - -<p>But Governor Bradford did not like his looks nor his queer gift, so -ordered Captain Standish to seize him. The Captain laid hold of him, and -locked him up for the night. At first the poor Indian shook so with fear -that he could not speak. Then as they questioned him gently, he grew -calmer. And when they promised to set him free if he would tell who had -sent him, he confessed to being a messenger from Canonicus, the great -Chieftain of the Naragansett Indians, a People powerful and many -thousands strong.</p> - -<p>Governor Bradford, in the morning, set him free, bidding him go back to -Canonicus and tell him that if he would not live at peace with the white -men, as their other Indian neighbours did, the white men would show him -their wrath.</p> - -<p>The messenger listened quietly. He refused all offers of food, but -thanked the Pilgrims for their kindness. Then he sped away to his -master.</p> - -<p>When Tisquantum came back, they asked him what the rattlesnake-skin -meant.</p> - -<p>To send a rattlesnake-skin meant an enemy, he said. It was the same as -sending a challenge.</p> - -<p>In answer, Governor Bradford stuffed the skin full of powder, and sent -it back by an Indian runner to Canonicus.</p> - -<p>The runner delivered it with such terrifying words of defiance, that -Canonicus would not even touch it for fear of the powder and shot, nor<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_138" id="page_138"></a>{138}</span> -would he let the rattlesnake-skin stay overnight in his village. The -runner refused to take it back to Plymouth. Canonicus then gave it to -one of his own Indians, who had it posted from place to place, until at -last it was returned to Governor Bradford—<i>unopened</i>!</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_GREAT_DROUGHT" id="THE_GREAT_DROUGHT"></a>THE GREAT DROUGHT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">How</span> the Pilgrims’ little farms did flourish! Rye, barley, maize, oats, -beans, and peas grew and thrived; also parsnips, carrots, turnips, -onions, melons, radishes, and beets. In the gardens, were fragrant -herbs. Refreshing watercresses grew wild in the meadows; while fruit -ripened on the trees, which the Pilgrims had found already growing in -the land.</p> - -<p>But early during the third Summer, destruction threatened those little -farms. There was a great drought. For many weeks, scarcely a drop of -rain fell.</p> - -<p>The corn, oats, rye, and barley, drooped their yellowing blades. The -beans stopped running, and lay parched and shrivelling. The other -vegetables were turning yellow. Unless rain should fall soon, the -Pilgrims knew that they and their little children must starve when -Winter came.</p> - -<p>To add to the misery of it all, a ship laden with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_139" id="page_139"></a>{139}</span> supplies, which had -been sent from England, was missing. Nothing had been heard of her for -months. And now, during the great drought, the wreck of a ship was cast -on shore.</p> - -<p>In sorrow and anxiety, the Pilgrims met together for a day of public -fasting and prayer.</p> - -<p>We will let Edward Winslow himself, tell what happened:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>“But, Oh! the mercy of our God! who was as ready to hear as we to -ask!</p> - -<p>“For though in the morning when we assembled together, the heavens -were as clear and the drought as like to continue as ever it was, -yet our Exercise (public worship) continuing some eight or nine -hours, before our departure the weather was overcast, the clouds -gathered together on all sides.</p> - -<p>“And on the next morning distilled such soft, sweet, and moderate -showers of rain continuing some fourteen days and mixed with such -seasonable weather, as it was hard to say whether our withered corn -or drooping affections were most quickened or revived.</p> - -<p>“Such was the bounty and goodness of our God!</p> - -<p>“So that having these many signs of God’s favour, and acceptation, -we thought it would be great ingratitude if secretly we should -smoother up the same or content ourselves with private -thanksgiving, for that which by private prayer could not be -obtained.</p> - -<p>“And therefore another Solemn Day was set apart and appointed for -that end. Wherein we returned glory, honour, and praise, with all -thankfulness to our good God which dealt so graciously with us.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Governor Edward Winslow</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>The story of “The First Harvest Home in Plymouth” may be found in -“Good Stories for Great Holidays.”</i></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_141" id="page_141"></a>{141}</span><a name="page_140" id="page_140"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="JANUARY_7" id="JANUARY_7"></a>JANUARY 7<br /><br /> -GENERAL ISRAEL PUTNAM<br /> -“OLD PUT”</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>The picturesque wolf-slayer, a brave and sterling Patriot.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">John Fiske</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_142" id="page_142"></a>{142}</span></p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p>There was a generosity and buoyancy about the brave old man, that made -him a favourite throughout the Army; especially with the younger -officers, who spoke of him familiarly and fondly as “Old Put.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Washington Irving</span><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p>General <span class="smcap">Israel Putnam</span> was born in Massachusetts, January 7, 1718</p> - -<p>Moved to Connecticut, 1740</p> - -<p>Left his plough to fight at Bunker Hill, 1775</p> - -<p>He died, May 29, 1790.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_143" id="page_143"></a>{143}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="SEEING_BOSTON" id="SEEING_BOSTON"></a>SEEING BOSTON</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was before the War for Independence. A country boy in rough homespun -clothes was walking along the streets of Boston. He was staring at the -shop signs and windows. It was his first visit to the big city. He had -never seen such interesting things before. The boy was Israel Putnam, -the son of a farmer.</p> - -<p>A city boy, much bigger than Putnam, saw him wandering about staring -curiously at everything. He thought that it would be safe to bully such -a raw-looking boy. Stepping up to Putnam, he began to make fun of his -coarse clothes and his awkward walk.</p> - -<p>Putnam stood it as long as he could, for though he was known as a -fighter at home, he never provoked a quarrel. But now, as he saw a crowd -gathering which seemed to enjoy his humiliation, his blood rose. He -turned on the big boy, and gave him such a drubbing that the crowd -cheered with delight. The boy slunk off, and Putnam walked away and had -no more annoyance.</p> - -<p>That was the kind of boy—and man too—Israel Putnam was; slow to anger; -but when once roused by injustice, nothing could hold him back.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_144" id="page_144"></a>{144}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_FIGHT_WITH_THE_WOLF" id="THE_FIGHT_WITH_THE_WOLF"></a>THE FIGHT WITH THE WOLF</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Israel Putnam</span> grew older, married, and went to live in Connecticut. He -had a stock farm.</p> - -<p>One winter, wolves began to kill his animals. There was a she-wolf, -particularly fierce and ravenous, who had lost the toes of one foot. She -attacked and devoured animals for miles around.</p> - -<p>During a single night Putnam lost seventy fine sheep and goats, besides -having many lambs and kids badly torn. In the morning he found around -the fold the tracks of the she-wolf’s toeless foot.</p> - -<p>Putnam and some of his neighbours traced her to a cave about five miles -away. Then they returned home.</p> - -<p>The next morning they started out with dogs, guns, and brimstone. The -dogs chased the wolf into her cave, but came running out again torn and -yelping. Putnam and the men built a fire in the cave-entrance. They -threw on brimstone which gave out choking fumes. They threw on straw -which made a thick smoke. But there were no signs of the wolf. All was -quiet in the cave.</p> - -<p>It grew to be nearly ten o’clock at night. Putnam tried once more to -make his dog enter the cave, but he would not stir. Putnam, then, asked -his negro man to go in and shoot the beast. But the black man, shivering -with fright, refused to crawl in.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_145" id="page_145"></a>{145}</span></p> - -<p>Putnam grew angry. In spite of all that his neighbours could say, he -threw off his coat and lighted a torch. Then, tying a rope around his -legs, he gave the end to his friends, saying when he signaled to pull -him out.</p> - -<p>In he went, headfirst, holding the lighted torch before him. Stooping, -he groped his way into the body of the cave. The torch made a dim circle -of light; all the rest of the den was in terrifying darkness. Silence -like death was around him.</p> - -<p>He cautiously proceeded onward to an ascent. As he was slowly climbing -it on hands and knees, he discovered the glaring eyeballs of the -she-wolf just in front of him. Startled at the sight of the flaming -torch, she gnashed her teeth and gave a sullen growl.</p> - -<p>Putnam kicked the rope, and his friends, who were listening with painful -anxiety and who heard the growling of the beast, pulled him out so -quickly that his shirt was stripped over his head and his body was badly -cut.</p> - -<p>After he had adjusted his clothes, he loaded his gun with buckshot. Then -holding the torch in one hand and the gun in the other, he entered -again. This time the wolf assumed a still more fierce and terrible -aspect, howling, rolling her eyes, and snapping her teeth. Then she -dropped her head between her legs making ready to spring.</p> - -<p>At this moment Putnam raised his gun and fired.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_146" id="page_146"></a>{146}</span></p> - -<p>Stunned by the noise and suffocated with smoke, he felt himself being -jerked backward out of the cave. His friends had heard the shot, and -were pulling the rope.</p> - -<p>He rested a few moments in the fresh air, while letting the smoke -dissipate. Then in he went a third time.</p> - -<p>The wolf lay stretched on the floor as if asleep. He put the torch to -her nose to make sure that she was dead. Then he took her by the ears -and kicked the rope.</p> - -<p>His friends, with loud cheers, drew him out, and the wolf with him.</p> - -<h3><a name="FROM_PLOUGH_TO_CAMP" id="FROM_PLOUGH_TO_CAMP"></a>FROM PLOUGH TO CAMP</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Israel Putnam</span> did not stay on his farm. When the French and Indian War -broke out, he enlisted. He served as major. He had many thrilling -escapes from Indians. Once he was captured and tortured by savages, but -was rescued by the French.</p> - -<p>After many years’ service, he resigned and went back to his farm. When -the news of the Battle of Lexington reached him, he was ploughing. He -left his plough in the field, and unyoked his team. Then, in his old -farm-clothes, he sprang on a horse and galloped off to Governor Trumbull -for orders.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_147" id="page_147"></a>{147}</span></p> - -<p>“Go,” said the Governor, “to the seat of action.”</p> - -<p>“But my clothes, Governor!” exclaimed Putnam.</p> - -<p>“Oh, never mind your clothes,” answered he, “your military experience -will be of service to your countrymen.”</p> - -<p>“But my men, Governor! What shall I do about my men?”</p> - -<p>“Oh, never mind your men,” said he, “I’ll send your men after you.”</p> - -<p>So without waiting to change his soiled farm-clothes, Putnam put spurs -to his horse and in a single day rode all the way to Cambridge.</p> - -<p>He attended a council of war held by the Americans, returned to -Connecticut, raised a regiment, and went back to Cambridge in time to -take part in the Battle of Bunker Hill. There on Prospect Hill he -unfurled the new Banner of Connecticut, which, as a cannon fired a -salute, was seen to rise and unroll itself to the wind.</p> - -<p>When Washington, appointed by Congress to be Commander-in-Chief, arrived -at Cambridge, and saw the redoubts that had been cast up by Putnam and -his men, he said to Putnam:—</p> - -<p>“You seem, General, to have the faculty of infusing your own spirit into -all the workmen you employ.”</p> - -<p>Washington had brought with him a commission<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_148" id="page_148"></a>{148}</span> from Congress, making -Israel Putnam a Major-General.</p> - -<h3><a name="HE_MADE_WASHINGTON_LAUGH" id="HE_MADE_WASHINGTON_LAUGH"></a>HE MADE WASHINGTON LAUGH</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">General Putnam</span> once had the honour of making Washington laugh heartily.</p> - -<p>It was during the Siege of Boston.</p> - -<p>There was a traitor in camp. No one knew who he was. A strange woman—a -spy—had delivered a letter, intended for him, to the wrong person. It -was laid before Washington. It was in cipher. Washington ordered the -woman to be arrested, but she was gone.</p> - -<p>Not long after, as Washington was standing in the upper window at -Headquarters, he saw the oddest sight.</p> - -<p>It was stout “Old Put” himself, in all his regimentals, mounted on his -horse, proudly cantering up to Headquarters. Behind him, seated on his -saddle-bow and hanging on like grim death, was a very fat woman. “Old -Put” had captured the spy.</p> - -<p>Washington burst into a hearty laugh. He hurried to the top of the -stairs, just as “Old Put” escorted the fat woman into the hall. -Washington, as gravely as he could, called down, in his severest tones, -that unless she confessed <i>everything</i>, a halter was waiting for her.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_149" id="page_149"></a>{149}</span></p> - -<p>She confessed immediately, and the traitor in camp was found.</p> - -<h3><a name="A_GENEROUS_FOE" id="A_GENEROUS_FOE"></a>A GENEROUS FOE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Israel Putnam</span> was brave, bluff, and honest, and he was also -compassionate.</p> - -<p>During the French and Indian War, the enemy’s wounded lay dying and -neglected on one of the battle-fields.</p> - -<p>After the fierce fighting was over, Putnam himself hurried out onto the -field, to tend the poor fellows. He gathered them together into one -place. He gave them what food and drink he could get. He furnished each -with a blanket. Under one badly wounded French sergeant, he placed three -blankets, and laid him in a comfortable position against a tree.</p> - -<p>Gratefully, the suffering man squeezed his hand, while Putnam said -reassuringly:—</p> - -<p>“Ah! depend upon it, my brave soldier, you shall be brought to the camp -as soon as possible, and the same care shall be taken of you as if you -were my brother.”</p> - -<p>At the Battle of Princeton a Scotch Captain of the British Army was -desperately wounded in the lungs and left for dead. Putnam found him in -great pain, with no surgeon, and without any friend to cheer him. He had -him<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_150" id="page_150"></a>{150}</span> supplied with every comfort and the best of care.</p> - -<p>One day, when Putnam was visiting him, the Scotchman said:—</p> - -<p>“Pray, sir, what countryman are you?”</p> - -<p>“An American,” answered Putnam.</p> - -<p>“Not a Yankee!” exclaimed the Scotchman.</p> - -<p>“A full-blooded one,” replied Putnam.</p> - -<p>“I’m sorry for that!” rejoined the Scotchman with an oath. “I did not -think there could be so much goodness and generosity in an American, or, -indeed, in anybody but a Scotchman!”</p> - -<p>Thanks to Putnam’s friendly Yankee care, the Scotchman recovered.</p> - -<h3><a name="PUTNAM_NOT_FORGOTTEN" id="PUTNAM_NOT_FORGOTTEN"></a>PUTNAM NOT FORGOTTEN!</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> General Putnam, full of years and honours, retired from the Army, -Washington wrote him a letter telling him that he was entitled to full -pay till the close of the War, and afterward to half-pay. The letter was -cordial and warm, and in it Washington said:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>“Among the many worthy and meritorious officers, with whom I have -had the happiness to be connected in service through the course of -this War, and from whose cheerful assistance and advice I have -received much support and confidence ... the name of Putnam is not -forgotten, nor will it be but with that stroke of time which shall -obliterate from my mind<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_151" id="page_151"></a>{151}</span> the remembrance of all those toils and -fatigues through which we have struggled for the preservation and -establishment of the Rights, Liberties, and Independence of our -Country....</p> - -<p>“I commend you, my dear sir, my other friends, and with them the -interests and happiness of our dear Country, to the keeping and -protection of Almighty God.</p> - -<p class="r"> -“<span class="smcap">George Washington</span>”<br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_153" id="page_153"></a>{153}</span><a name="page_152" id="page_152"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="JANUARY_11" id="JANUARY_11"></a>JANUARY 11<br /><br /> -ALEXANDER HAMILTON<br /> -DEFENDER OF THE CONSTITUTION<br /> -THE CONSTITUTION; OR, THE NEW ROOF<br /> -1787</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Our roof is now raised, and our song still shall be<br /></span> -<span class="i0">A Federal Head o’er a People that’s free!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Huzza! my brave boys, our work is complete,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The World shall admire Columbia’s fair seat;<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Its strength against tempest and time shall be proof;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And thousands shall come to dwell under our roof.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="authh"><span class="smcap">Francis Hopkinson</span> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_154" id="page_154"></a>{154}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="ALEXANDER_HAMILTON" id="ALEXANDER_HAMILTON"></a>ALEXANDER HAMILTON</h3> - -<p class="nind"><i>He gave the whole powers of his mind to the contemplation of the weak -and distracted condition of the Country.... He saw ... the absolute -necessity of some closer bond of Union for the States.... He saw at last -his hopes fulfilled; he saw the Constitution adopted, and the Government -under it established and organized.</i></p> - -<p><i>The discerning eye of Washington immediately called him to the post -which was far the most important in the administration of the new -system. He was made Secretary of the Treasury. And how he fulfilled the -duties of such a place, at such a time, the whole Country perceived with -delight and the whole World saw with admiration.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Daniel Webster</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Alexander Hamilton</span> was born in the West Indies, January 11, 1757</p> - -<p>Came to New York City, 1772</p> - -<p>Signed the Constitution, 1787</p> - -<p>Was appointed first Secretary of the Treasury, 1789</p> - -<p>He was killed by Aaron Burr in a duel, 1804</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_155" id="page_155"></a>{155}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_OF_THE_HURRICANE" id="THE_BOY_OF_THE_HURRICANE"></a>THE BOY OF THE HURRICANE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">On</span> the 11th of January, 1757, there was born on the little West Indian -island of Nevis, a boy who was to become one of the foremost citizens of -his adopted Country, and who was to have a large part in determining its -Independence, its form of government, and in working out the details of -its administration. This was Alexander Hamilton.</p> - -<p>His mother died when he was very young. His father was not so situated -as properly to care for his son, so he was sent to the adjoining island -of St. Croix, to live with his mother’s relatives, who were people of -means.</p> - -<p>He was given a place in their counting-house, where he acquitted himself -with much credit, though the work was not at all to his liking.</p> - -<p>When Hamilton was only fifteen years old, a terrible hurricane swept -over the island. The sea was lashed into fury. The storm swept across -the land, uprooting trees, and carrying devastation in its path. Even -the bravest of the inhabitants were greatly frightened, and many were -terror-stricken. But young Hamilton<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_156" id="page_156"></a>{156}</span> watched the storm with the greatest -interest and without fear.</p> - -<p>A few days later, an account of the storm appeared in a paper printed in -a neighbouring island. The account was so vivid, the word-painting so -marvellous, that the people were certain some writer of note must have -been among them without their knowledge. And when they learned that the -account was written by Alexander Hamilton, and he a mere boy, they were -greatly astonished.</p> - -<p>They felt that such a lad should have a better chance for education than -St. Croix could afford, and a wider field in which to exercise his -talents. His friends raised a fund for him, and he was sent to America. -He entered a preparatory school at Elizabethtown in the Jerseys. He then -went to New York City, and entered King’s College, now Columbia -University.</p> - -<p>At this time, he was disposed to side with the friends of the King of -England in the controversy between the Colonists and the Mother Country; -but after he had been at college for half a year, he made a visit to -Boston where he heard Samuel Adams, James Otis, and other Patriots, and -came back a most earnest Patriot himself.</p> - -<p>About the time of the breaking out of the War for Independence, Hamilton -organized a company of the college students who adopted the name<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_157" id="page_157"></a>{157}</span> -“Hearts of Oak.” Later Hamilton was appointed the Captain of the first -company of artillery raised in the Colony. He so thoroughly drilled and -disciplined it, that the attention of General Greene was attracted. He -sought the acquaintance of Hamilton, and spoke most enthusiastically to -Washington about him, saying that he was a natural master of men, and a -young man worthy the attention of the Commander-in-Chief.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Sherman Williams</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="CALL_COLONEL_HAMILTON" id="CALL_COLONEL_HAMILTON"></a>CALL COLONEL HAMILTON</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">While</span> young Hamilton was directing his battery during the passage of the -Raritan, Washington, who was anxiously watching the passing of the -troops, observed Hamilton’s skill and courage. He ordered one of his -officers to find out the young man’s name, and tell him to report at -Headquarters.</p> - -<p>Therefore, as soon as possible, young Hamilton hurried to Headquarters. -As a result of this interview, Washington made him a member of his own -staff. Hamilton became Washington’s private secretary.</p> - -<p>Many a night, after long hours of work together, Washington and Hamilton -would retire to their rooms. Then suddenly a courier with important -despatches would gallop up to Headquarters.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_158" id="page_158"></a>{158}</span> Washington would arise, -read the despatches and say:—</p> - -<p>“Call Colonel Hamilton.”</p> - -<p>And the young secretary would come and take his dictation.</p> - -<p>Washington had the greatest confidence in Hamilton’s judgment. So much -did Washington value his advice, that when he wrote his “Farewell -Address,” “acting as every wise man would do under the circumstances,” -he asked Hamilton for his opinion, as he also asked James Madison for -his. Washington desired to get the different points of view of two large -minds, on so important a document.</p> - -<h3><a name="A_STRUGGLE" id="A_STRUGGLE"></a>A STRUGGLE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">After</span> the Constitution of the United States had been framed by the -Constitutional Convention, a severe political struggle took place to -bring about its ratification by the States themselves. There were -selfish political interests at work to prevent ratification.</p> - -<p>The influence of Alexander Hamilton, through his speeches and writings, -so brilliant and convincing, did much to bring the People of the United -States to understand the absolute necessity for a strong Federal Union -and for a Constitution to safeguard the liberties of the Country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_159" id="page_159"></a>{159}</span></p> - -<p>In the State of New York, the opposition to ratification was most -violent. But Alexander Hamilton, during weeks of furious debate in the -State Convention, spoke again and again in defense of the Constitution. -And when the weary weeks of contention were passed, the vote was taken; -and Alexander Hamilton’s arguments had won votes enough to carry the -ratification of the Constitution. He had saved the day.</p> - -<h3><a name="HE_KNOWS_EVERYTHING" id="HE_KNOWS_EVERYTHING"></a>“HE KNOWS EVERYTHING”</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">He</span> knows everything,” said Robert Morris to President Washington.</p> - -<p>Robert Morris, during the War for Independence, had been Superintendent -of Finance. When Congress needed funds, when Washington wished money -with which to pay the soldiers, Robert Morris provided the means since -his private commercial credit was great. Men had confidence in his -business ability and honour.</p> - -<p>Once, when Congress was utterly without cash, Robert Morris supplied the -Army with four or five thousand barrels of flour. And when France sent -troops to America to fight for us, Robert Morris personally borrowed -through Count Rochambeau, money for our Country’s use.</p> - -<p>When Robert Morris sought to procure for Congress, money from abroad, he -borrowed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_160" id="page_160"></a>{160}</span> large sums through the Patriot, Haym Salomon, “the little -friend in Front Street.”</p> - -<p>So after Washington was elected President, and while he was making up -his Cabinet, he visited Robert Morris, and said:—</p> - -<p>“The Treasury, Morris, will of course be your berth. After your -invaluable services as Financier of the Revolution, no one can pretend -to contest the office of Secretary of the Treasury with you.”</p> - -<p>This flattering offer, Robert Morris promptly declined, adding:—</p> - -<p>“But, my dear General, you will be no loser by my declining the -Secretaryship of the Treasury, for I can recommend to you a far cleverer -fellow than I am, for your minister of finance, in the person of your -former aide-de-camp, Colonel Hamilton.”</p> - -<p>“I always knew Colonel Hamilton to be a man of superior talents,” said -Washington, “but never supposed he had any knowledge of finance.”</p> - -<p>To which Robert Morris replied:—</p> - -<p>“He knows everything, sir! To a mind like his, nothing comes amiss.”</p> - -<p>Washington then appointed Hamilton to be Secretary of the Treasury.</p> - -<p>Hamilton took up his duties. The Country and the States were in debt. He -organized the finances of our young and new Nation, putting them upon a -sound basis; he provided funds with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_161" id="page_161"></a>{161}</span> which to pay the National debt, so -that the United States of America “might command the respect of the -Nations of the World.”</p> - -<p>It was Alexander Hamilton who laid the foundations of the financial -system of our Republic.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_163" id="page_163"></a>{163}</span><a name="page_162" id="page_162"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="JANUARY_17" id="JANUARY_17"></a>JANUARY 17<br /><br /> -BENJAMIN FRANKLIN<br /> -THE AMERICAN SOCRATES</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p><i>We have reason to be thankful he was so long spared, that the most -useful life should be the longest, also that it was protracted so far -beyond the ordinary span allotted to man, as to avail us of his wisdom -in the establishment of our own Freedom.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_164" id="page_164"></a>{164}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="OUR_COUNTRY" id="OUR_COUNTRY"></a>OUR COUNTRY<br /><br /> -<i>Dr. Benjamin Franklin to General George Washington</i></h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p><i>I must soon quit the scene, but you may live to see our Country -flourish, as it will amazingly and rapidly after the War is over; like a -field of young Indian Corn, which long fair weather and sunshine had -enfeebled and discoloured, and which in that weak state, by a -thundergust of violent wind, hail, and rain, seemed to be threatened -with absolute destruction; yet the storm being past, it recovers fresh -verdure, shoots up with double vigour, and delights the eye not of its -owner only, but of every observing traveller.</i></p> - -<p><i>March 5, 1780</i></p> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span> was born in Boston, January 17, 1706</p> - -<p>Went to Philadelphia, 1723</p> - -<p>Through his diplomacy, France was persuaded to recognize the United -States by treaty, February 6, 1778</p> - -<p>He signed the Constitution of the United States, 1787</p> - -<p>He died in Philadelphia, April 17, 1790</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_165" id="page_165"></a>{165}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_WHISTLE" id="THE_WHISTLE"></a>THE WHISTLE<br /><br /> -<span class="smcap">Told by Franklin Himself</span></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> I was a child of seven years old, my friends on a holiday filled my -pocket with coppers. I went directly to a shop where they sold toys for -children, and being charmed with the sound of a <i>whistle</i> that I met by -the way in the hands of another boy, I voluntarily offered and gave all -my money for one.</p> - -<p>I then came home and went whistling all over the house, much pleased -with my <i>whistle</i>, but disturbing all the family.</p> - -<p>My brothers and sisters and cousins, understanding the bargain I had -made, told me I had given four times as much for it as it was worth; put -me in mind what good things I might have bought with the rest of the -money, and laughed at me so much for my folly, that I cried with -vexation. And the reflection gave me more chagrin than the <i>whistle</i> -gave me pleasure.</p> - -<p>This, however, was afterwards of use to me, the impression continuing on -my mind, so that often, when I was tempted to buy some unnecessary -thing, I said to myself:—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_166" id="page_166"></a>{166}</span></p> - -<p>“<i>Don’t give too much for the whistle!</i>”</p> - -<p>And I saved my money.</p> - -<p>As I grew up, came into the world, and observed the actions of men, I -thought I met with many, very many, <i>who gave too much for the whistle</i>.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>From The Whistle</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_CANDLE-MAKERS_BOY" id="THE_CANDLE-MAKERS_BOY"></a>THE CANDLE-MAKER’S BOY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Benjamin Franklin</span>, when a boy, used to work in his father’s shop at the -Sign of the Blue Ball. His father was a tallow chandler, and made soap -and candles.</p> - -<p>The boy got up early, cut wicks for candles, filled moulds with tallow, -ran errands, and tended shop. Though he worked hard and honestly, his -heart was not in his work. He wanted to go to sea. His elder brother, a -sailor, had come home; and he told the most thrilling tales of his -adventures. So Benjamin Franklin could not get the sea out of his mind.</p> - -<p>He grew to detest the trade of tallow chandler, and hankered more and -more for the sea. His father, wishing him to give up thoughts of a -roving life, took him to talk with joiners, bricklayers, turners, and -other workmen, and to watch them at work. But none of their trades -appealed to the boy.</p> - -<p>His place was at home his father urged, adding:<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_167" id="page_167"></a>{167}</span></p> - -<p>“Seest thou a man diligent in his calling, he shall stand before Kings; -he shall not stand before mean men.”</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_OF_THE_PRINTING_PRESS" id="THE_BOY_OF_THE_PRINTING_PRESS"></a>THE BOY OF THE PRINTING PRESS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">But</span> Benjamin Franklin did not run away to sea. He became a printer’s -boy.</p> - -<p>Because he liked books, he was apprenticed to his brother James, who had -set up a printing press in Boston. To James’s house he went, taking with -him his collection of precious volumes.</p> - -<p>There he worked hard by day, and read and studied at night. Recollecting -his father’s favourite proverb, “Seest thou a man diligent in his -calling, he shall stand before Kings,” Franklin saved his money, and -worked early and late.</p> - -<p>When James began to issue a newspaper, Franklin helped him print it, and -delivered copies to customers. He wrote articles and slipped them under -the printing-house door, and James published them, without knowing who -was their author. Later Franklin wrote clever, audacious, and humorous -articles on the questions of the day, which were widely read and much -talked about.</p> - -<p>So things continued until he was seventeen years old, when he ran -away—but not to sea.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_168" id="page_168"></a>{168}</span> He and his brother quarrelled often. Benjamin the -apprentice was saucy and provoking, and James the master was -hot-tempered and beat his younger brother severely. After a particularly -bad quarrel, Franklin sold some of his books, and took passage on a -sloop bound for New York.</p> - -<p>Arriving at New York, he found no employment there, and went on to -Philadelphia.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_THREE_ROLLS" id="THE_THREE_ROLLS"></a>THE THREE ROLLS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Early</span> in the morning of an October day, young Benjamin Franklin, -seventeen years old and seeking his fortune, reached Philadelphia. He -was tired and hungry, and had only a dollar of his little fund left.</p> - -<p>He stopped at a baker’s, and bought three big puffy rolls. He put a roll -under each arm, and, munching the third, walked along Market Street.</p> - -<p>In the doorway of a house, stood a young girl. She saw the awkward, -handsome boy, trudging past hungrily eating a big roll. She laughed to -herself; she thought it funny to see him with his broad-brimmed hat, -knee-breeches, and buckled shoes all shabby and dusty, and his great -pockets stuffed with stockings and shirts.</p> - -<p>So she laughed to herself, did Deborah Read. And little she knew that in -a few years, she would become that boy’s wife! But so it happened.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_169" id="page_169"></a>{169}</span></p> - -<p>Young Benjamin Franklin found work in a printer’s shop. He came to lodge -at Deborah Read’s home. In a few years, he owned his own printing press. -He married Deborah Read. He became a well-known printer. He issued an -influential newspaper, and published “Poor Richard’s Almanack.” He was -industrious, studious, thrifty, and prosperous. In time, he became the -most famous and learned citizen of Pennsylvania, and a great American -Patriot.</p> - -<h3><a name="STANDING_BEFORE_KINGS" id="STANDING_BEFORE_KINGS"></a>STANDING BEFORE KINGS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> the American Colonies rose against the exactions of England, -Benjamin Franklin was called upon to serve his Country as a diplomat in -France and England.</p> - -<p>“My father,” wrote Franklin, “having among his instructions to me when a -boy frequently repeated a proverb of Solomon, ‘Seest thou a man diligent -in his calling, he shall stand before Kings; he shall not stand before -mean men,’ “I from thence considered industry as a means of obtaining -wealth and distinction, which encouraged me, though I did not think that -I should ever literally <i>stand before Kings</i>, which, however, has since -happened, for I have stood before <i>five</i>, and even had the honour of -sitting down with one, the King of Denmark, to dinner.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_170" id="page_170"></a>{170}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_WONDERFUL_KITE_EXPERIMENT" id="THE_WONDERFUL_KITE_EXPERIMENT"></a>THE WONDERFUL KITE EXPERIMENT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> Benjamin Franklin’s time, there were no electric trains, no -telegraphs, telephones, radiographs, and radiophones. The driving and -lighting power of electricity was not understood. People did not know -that lightning was due to the presence of electricity in nature.</p> - -<p>Benjamin Franklin, who was keen and inquisitive, made scientific -experiments with the Leyden jar and with simple machines which produced -electricity by friction. He discovered that in certain ways, the action -of electricity and lightning was the same, and he observed that electric -fluid might be conducted along a pack-string.</p> - -<p>So he determined to prove that electricity and lightning were the same, -by drawing lightning down from the clouds along a pack-string. He used a -silk kite, with a sharp-pointed wire fastened to its framework, and a -silk ribbon tied to the end of the kite-string holding a metal key in -place.</p> - -<p>He secretly flew the kite during a June thunderstorm. And as he saw the -kite-string stiffen in a strange way, he eagerly laid his hand against -the key. Instantly he felt a shock of electricity pass through him. He -had made one of the most important discoveries of all ages!</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/i_c170i1_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_c170i1_sml.jpg" width="324" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: FRANKLIN AND THE KITE EXPERIMENT" /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">FRANKLIN AND THE KITE EXPERIMENT</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_171" id="page_171"></a>{171}</span></p> - -<p>His discovery was soon known throughout the world. Men made other -experiments, and in time invented the wonderful electrical machines and -devices which we enjoy to-day.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_RISING_SUN" id="THE_RISING_SUN"></a>THE RISING SUN</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> the Federal Constitutional Convention met at Philadelphia, General -Washington was unanimously made President of the Convention. He took the -chair with diffidence. He assured the members that he was not used to -such a situation, that he was embarrassed, and he hoped they would -excuse his errors. And in what masterly fashion he conducted the -convention, history shows.</p> - -<p>Behind his chair was painted a picture of the sun. After the debates -were over and the Constitution was adopted, Benjamin Franklin, who had -just signed the immortal Document, turned to some of the members. He -drew their attention to the sun behind General Washington’s chair.</p> - -<p>“I have often and often,” said Franklin, “in the course of the session -and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue, looked at -that behind the President, without being able to tell whether it was -rising or setting. But now, at length, I have the happiness to know that -it is a rising, and not a setting, sun.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_172" id="page_172"></a>{172}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="TO_MY_FRIEND" id="TO_MY_FRIEND"></a>TO MY FRIEND<br /><br /> -<i>From Franklin’s Will and Testament</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">My</span> fine crabtree walking-stick, with a gold head curiously wrought in -the form of the Cap of Liberty, I give to my friend and the friend of -Mankind, General Washington.</p> - -<p>If it were a Sceptre, he has merited it, and would become it.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Benjamin Franklin</i><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_173" id="page_173"></a>{173}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="FEBRUARY_12" id="FEBRUARY_12"></a>FEBRUARY 12<br /><br /> -ABRAHAM LINCOLN<br /> -THE GREAT EMANCIPATOR</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p><i>With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the -right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the -work we are in; to bind up the Nation’s wounds; to care for him who -shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do -all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among -ourselves, and with all Nations.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span><br /> -<br /> -<i>March 4, 1865</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_174" id="page_174"></a>{174}</span><br /> -</p> - -</div> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -Oh, slow to smite and swift to spare,<br /> - Gentle and merciful and just!<br /> -Who, in the fear of God, didst bear<br /> - The sword of power, a Nation’s trust!<br /> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -In sorrow by thy bier we stand,<br /> - Amid the awe that hushes all,<br /> -And speak the anguish of a land<br /> - That shook with horror at thy fall.<br /> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -Thy task is done; the bond are free:<br /> - We bear thee to an honoured grave,<br /> -Whose proudest monument shall be<br /> - The broken fetters of the slave.<br /> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -Pure was thy life; its bloody close<br /> - Hath placed thee with the sons of light,<br /> -Among the noble host of those<br /> - Who perished in the cause of Right.<br /> -<br /> -<span class="authh"><span class="smcap">William Cullen Bryant</span></span><br /> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span> was born, February 12, 1809</p> - -<p>Was elected President, 1860</p> - -<p>Issued the Emancipation Proclamation, New Year’s Day, 1863</p> - -<p>Was re-elected, 1864</p> - -<p>He was assassinated, 1865</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_175" id="page_175"></a>{175}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_CABIN_IN_THE_CLEARING" id="THE_CABIN_IN_THE_CLEARING"></a>THE CABIN IN THE CLEARING</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was only a small cabin in a forest-clearing in the wilderness of -Indiana. It stood on a knoll overlooking a piece of ground where corn -and vegetables grew. In the woods around the cabin were bear, deer, and -other wild creatures. The furniture was rude, brought from the East, or -made of logs and hickory-sticks, while the bed was a sack of leaves. In -the big fireplace, the logs cut from the forest, burned with a cheerful -blaze.</p> - -<p>And there lived little Abe Lincoln, nine years old, with his father and -sister and his mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln.</p> - -<p>Abe was born in Kentucky. When he was seven, his family moved to the -cabin in Indiana. He helped clear the way through the wilderness to the -new home. So with swinging the axe and blazing trails, he was made -unusually large and strong for his age, alert and courageous—a real -backwoods boy.</p> - -<p>He could shoot, fish, cut down trees, and work on the farm in the -clearing. In his veins ran the red blood of Kentucky pioneers. His -grandfather, in the days of Daniel Boone, had been killed by an Indian, -while Abe’s father—a child<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_176" id="page_176"></a>{176}</span> then—had been rescued from this same -Indian by his brother, Mordecai Lincoln, a daring lad, who shot the -savage with his dead father’s rifle, so saving his little brother.</p> - -<h3><a name="HOW_HE_LEARNED_TO_BE_JUST" id="HOW_HE_LEARNED_TO_BE_JUST"></a>HOW HE LEARNED TO BE JUST</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>Let us have faith that Right makes Might, and in that Faith, let -us to the end, dare to do our duty as we understand it.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>, <i>from his speech at Cooper Institute</i><br /> -</p></div> - -<p>But it was not all work for Abe on the new farm in Indiana. He picked -wild plums and pawpaws in the woods, and ate corn dodgers, fried bacon, -roast wild turkey, and fish caught in the Indiana streams. He went to -school when he could, which was not often, for in those days schools -were few and far between, and teachers were not many.</p> - -<p>But little Abe had the best teacher of all, his mother, Nancy Lincoln. -For, though his father could scarcely write his own name, his mother -could read, and she loved books. She taught her little son his letters -and how to read. Often they sat together in the cabin, Abe and his -sister at their mother’s knee, while she read the Bible to them.</p> - -<p>“I would rather my son would be able to read the Bible, than to own a -farm, if he can’t have but one,” she said.</p> - -<p>She was a beautiful woman, slender, sad, and pale, with dark hair. She -was more refined than<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_177" id="page_177"></a>{177}</span> most women of those hardy pioneer times, but she -could use a rifle, work on the farm, spin, and do other housework. -Because of her gentle and firm character, she was loved and respected -not only by her husband and children, but by her neighbours.</p> - -<p>Above all things she had a deep and tender religious spirit which she -shared with Abe and his sister, Sarah. She taught Abe to love truth and -justice and to revere God. In time he could repeat by heart much of the -Bible, and, when he grew up, he thought and wrote in the simple, clear, -and forceful language of the Bible. And he learned from it his ideas of -right and his scorn of wrong, making him “Honest Abe.”</p> - -<h3><a name="OFF_TO_NEW_ORLEANS" id="OFF_TO_NEW_ORLEANS"></a>OFF TO NEW ORLEANS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Young</span> Abe Lincoln went on several flatboat trips carrying produce down -the Mississippi to New Orleans.</p> - -<p>One of these trips made a deep and lasting impression upon him. In New -Orleans, he visited the slave-market. There negro men, women, and -children were bought, sold, and flogged. Wives were torn from their -husbands, children from their mothers, and auctioned off like cattle.</p> - -<p>The anguish of these scenes wrung Lincoln’s heartstrings. With quivering -lips, he said, “If<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_178" id="page_178"></a>{178}</span> ever I get a chance to hit that thing, I will hit it -hard.”</p> - -<p>John Hanks, a relative who was with him at the slave-market, said in -after years:—</p> - -<p>“Lincoln saw it; his heart bled; said nothing much, was silent, looked -bad. I can say it, knowing him, that it was on this trip that he formed -his opinions of slavery. It run its iron into him, then and there.”</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_KINDNESS_OF_LINCOLN" id="THE_KINDNESS_OF_LINCOLN"></a>THE KINDNESS OF LINCOLN</h3> - -<h4><i>The Little Birds</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> Lincoln was a lawyer, one day he was going with a party of lawyers -to attend court. They were riding, two by two, on horseback through a -country lane, Lincoln in the rear. As they passed through a thicket of -wild plum and crab-apple trees, his friends missed him.</p> - -<p>“Where is he?” they asked.</p> - -<p>Just then Lincoln’s companion came riding up. “Oh,” replied he, “when I -saw him last, he had caught two young birds that the wind had blown out -of their nest, and was hunting for the nest to put them back.”</p> - -<p>After a little while, Lincoln rode up, and when his friends rallied him -about his tender heart, he said:—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_179" id="page_179"></a>{179}</span></p> - -<p>“I could not have slept, unless I had restored those little birds to -their mother.”</p> - -<h4><i>Rescuing the Pig</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Another</span> time, Lincoln was riding past a deep miry ditch, and saw a pig -struggling in the mud. The animal could not get out, and was squealing -with terror.</p> - -<p>Lincoln looked at the pig and the mud, and then at his clothes—clean -ones, that he had just put on. Then he decided in favour of the clean -clothes, and rode along.</p> - -<p>But he could not get rid of the thought of the poor animal struggling so -pitifully in its terror. He had not gone far when he turned back.</p> - -<p>He reached the ditch, dismounted, and tied his horse. Then he collected -some old wooden rails, and with them made a foot-bridge to the bottom of -the ditch. He carefully walked down the bridge, and caught hold of the -pig. He pulled it out, and setting it on the ground, let it run away.</p> - -<p>The screaming, struggling pig, had spattered Lincoln’s clean clothes -with mud. His hands were covered with filth; so he went to the nearest -brook, washed them, and wiped them on the grass.</p> - -<p>Later, when telling a friend about his adventure,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_180" id="page_180"></a>{180}</span> Lincoln said that he -had rescued the pig for purely selfish reasons, “to take a pain out of -his own mind.”</p> - -<h4><i>Opening Their Eyes</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was toward the close of the Civil War, the crisis had come, and the -end of the long struggle was in sight. The Union troops were hemming in -Richmond. President Lincoln went himself to City Point, and there he -remained, anxiously waiting.</p> - -<p>In his tent lived a pet cat. It had a family of new-born kittens. -Sometimes, the President relieved his mind by playing with them.</p> - -<p>Finally Richmond was taken, and Lincoln prepared to visit the city. -Before he left his tent, he picked up one of the kittens, saying:—</p> - -<p>“Little kitten, I must perform a last act of kindness for you before I -go. I must open your eyes.”</p> - -<p>He passed his hand gently over its closed lids, until the eyes opened; -then he set the kitten on the floor, and said:—</p> - -<p>“Oh! that I could open the eyes of my blinded fellow-countrymen as -easily as I have those of that little creature!”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_181" id="page_181"></a>{181}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="LINCOLN_AND_THE_CHILDREN" id="LINCOLN_AND_THE_CHILDREN"></a>LINCOLN AND THE CHILDREN</h3> - -<h4><i>Hurrah for Lincoln!</i></h4> - -<p>Abraham Lincoln loved children, and even strange children were drawn to -him, as though they had known him all their lives. Here are a few of the -stories told about Lincoln and his child-friends.</p> - -<p>Soon after Lincoln was elected President, he went to Chicago, where he -was welcomed with shouts and cheers.</p> - -<p>Later, as he sat in a room talking with friends, a little boy was led -in. At the sight of the President-elect, he took off his hat and swung -it, shouting:—</p> - -<p>“Hurrah for Lincoln!”</p> - -<p>Lincoln rose, and catching the little fellow in his strong hands, tossed -him to the ceiling, shouting:—</p> - -<p>“Hurrah for <i>you</i>!”</p> - -<h4><i>Only Eight of Us, Sir!</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">On</span> this same visit to Chicago, while Lincoln was talking with visitors, -a little German girl, heading a delegation of other girls, walked -timidly up to him.</p> - -<p>“What do you want, my little girl? What can I do for you?” he asked -kindly.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_182" id="page_182"></a>{182}</span></p> - -<p>“I want your name,” she said.</p> - -<p>“But there are many other little girls that want my name, and as I -cannot give it to them all, they will feel hurt if I give it to you.”</p> - -<p>She looked around at her companions, and said, “Only <i>eight</i> of us, -sir!”</p> - -<p>Lincoln could not resist that, so he sat down immediately, and -forgetting his other visitors, took eight sheets of paper and wrote a -line and his name on each. These he gave to the little girls, and they -went away happy.</p> - -<h4><i>He’s Beautiful!</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Once</span> a little girl’s father took her to call upon Lincoln. She had been -told that he was very homely. But when he lifted her on his knee and -talked to her in his kindly, merry way, she turned to her father, and -exclaimed:—</p> - -<p>“O Pa! He isn’t ugly at all! He’s beautiful!”</p> - -<h4><i>Please Let Your Beard Grow</i></h4> - -<p class="nind">But there was another little girl who did not think so. She lived in -Westfield, in the State of New York. She had seen Lincoln’s picture, and -did not like it; so after his election she wrote a letter asking him to -let his beard grow, as she thought it would make him better looking.</p> - -<p>Lincoln enjoyed the letter very much. <span class="pagenum"><a name="page_183" id="page_183"></a>{183}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/i_c182i1_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_c182i1_sml.jpg" width="332" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: “HE’S BEAUTIFUL”" /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">“HE’S BEAUTIFUL”</span> -</div> - -<p class="nind">It happened later that he was on a train passing through Westfield, and, as -the train stopped for a few minutes, he was asked to address the people -at the station. He told about the letter, and stroking his chin, -added:—</p> - -<p>“I intend to follow her advice!”</p> - -<p>He then called for the little girl. She came forward, and he greeted her -kindly.</p> - -<h4><i>Three Little Girls</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">One</span> day, after Lincoln had gone to Washington, three little girls, the -children of a workingman, went to the White House on a reception day. -They joined the throng, and were pushed along until they came to where -Lincoln was shaking hands with each of his visitors.</p> - -<p>When the children reached him, they were so bashful, that they did not -dare to put out their hands. But Lincoln saw them passing by, and -called:—</p> - -<p>“Little girls, are you going to pass me without shaking hands?”</p> - -<p>Then, stooping over, he kept every one waiting while he shook hands with -each child.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PRESIDENT_AND_THE_BIBLE" id="THE_PRESIDENT_AND_THE_BIBLE"></a>THE PRESIDENT AND THE BIBLE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Lincoln’s</span> love of truth, justice, and mercy, his detestation of -everything ignoble, brutal, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_184" id="page_184"></a>{184}</span> mean, were taught him or strengthened in -him from childhood through his reading of the Bible.</p> - -<p>The language of his speeches and writings was forceful and direct like -the English of the Bible, and such a phrase as “A house divided against -itself,” he took from the Bible.</p> - -<p>While President, he used to carry a New Testament with him; and he could -quote whole passages. He used often to rise early in the morning to get -time to read and pray before the pressing business of the day began.</p> - -<p>He read the Bible aloud to the coloured servants of the White House. -Once, when a Committee of Coloured People waited upon him, to present -him with a fine copy of the Bible, he took it and made a speech to them, -a part of which was:—</p> - -<p>“In regard to this great book, I have but to say, it is the best gift -God has given to man. All the good Saviour gave to the World was -communicated through this book. But for it, we could not know right from -wrong. All things most desirable for man’s welfare, here and hereafter, -are to be found portrayed in it.</p> - -<p>“To you I return my most sincere thanks for the very elegant copy of the -great Book of God which you present.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_185" id="page_185"></a>{185}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="WASHINGTON_AND_LINCOLN_SPEAK" id="WASHINGTON_AND_LINCOLN_SPEAK"></a>WASHINGTON AND LINCOLN SPEAK<br /><br /> -A LINCOLN ORDER<br /><br /> -<i>To the Army and Navy</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> President, Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, desires and -enjoins the orderly observance of the Sabbath by the officers and men in -the military and naval service.</p> - -<p>The importance for man and beast of the prescribed weekly rest, the -sacred rights of Christian soldiers and sailors, a becoming deference to -the best sentiment of a Christian people, and a due regard for the -Divine will, demand that Sunday labour in the Army and Navy be reduced -to the measure of strict necessity.</p> - -<p>The discipline and character of the national forces should not suffer, -nor the cause they defend be imperilled, by the profanation of the day -or name of the Most High.</p> - -<p>“At this time of public distress”—adopting the words of Washington in -1776—“men may find enough to do in the service of God and their Country -without abandoning themselves to vice and immorality.”</p> - -<p>The first General Order issued by the Father of his Country after the -Declaration of Independence indicates the spirit in which our -institutions were founded and should ever be defended:—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_186" id="page_186"></a>{186}</span></p> - -<p>“The General hopes and trusts that every officer and man will endeavour -to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier, defending the dearest -Rights and Liberties of his Country.”</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>November 15, 1862.</i></p></div> - -<h3><a name="ADDRESS_DELIVERED_AT_THE_DEDICATION_OF_THE_GETTYSBURG_NATIONAL_CEMETERY" id="ADDRESS_DELIVERED_AT_THE_DEDICATION_OF_THE_GETTYSBURG_NATIONAL_CEMETERY"></a>ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE DEDICATION OF THE GETTYSBURG NATIONAL CEMETERY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Fourscore</span> and seven years ago our Fathers brought forth on this -continent a new Nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the -proposition that all men are created equal.</p> - -<p>Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that Nation, or -any Nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met -on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion -of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their -lives that that Nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper -that we should do this.</p> - -<p>But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we -cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who -struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or -detract. The World will little note nor long remember what we say<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_187" id="page_187"></a>{187}</span> here, -but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, -rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who -fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be -here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these -honoured dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they -gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that -these dead shall not have died in vain; that this Nation, under God, -shall have a new birth of Freedom; and that Government of the People, by -the People, for the People, shall not perish from the earth.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>November 19, 1863.</i></p> - -<p><i>The following famous stories about Lincoln are in “Good Stories -for Great Holidays”: A Solomon Come to Judgment; The Colonel of the -Zouaves; Courage of his Convictions; George Pickett’s Friend; He -Rescues the Birds; His Springfield Farewell Address; Lincoln and -the Little Girl; Lincoln the Lawyer; Mr. Lincoln and the Bible; A -Stranger at Five-Points; Training for the Presidency; Why Lincoln -was called “Honest Abe”; The Widow and her Three Sons; The Young -Sentinel.</i></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_189" id="page_189"></a>{189}</span><a name="page_188" id="page_188"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="FEBRUARY_22" id="FEBRUARY_22"></a>FEBRUARY 22<br /><br /> -GEORGE WASHINGTON<br /> -THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Where may the wearied eye repose,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When gazing on the Great;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Where neither guilty glory glows,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Nor despicable state?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Yes—one—the first—the last—the best—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Cincinnatus of the West,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Whom Envy dared not hate,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Bequeathed the name of Washington,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">To make man blush there was but one!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Lord Byron</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_190" id="page_190"></a>{190}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="LINCOLN_ON_WASHINGTONS_BIRTHDAY" id="LINCOLN_ON_WASHINGTONS_BIRTHDAY"></a>LINCOLN ON WASHINGTON’S BIRTHDAY</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p class="nind"><i>This is the one hundred and tenth anniversary of the birthday of -Washington. We are met to celebrate this day. Washington is the -mightiest name of earth—long since mightiest in the cause of Civil -Liberty; still mightiest in moral reformation. On that name no eulogy is -expected. It cannot be. To add brightness to the sun or glory to the -name of Washington, is alike impossible. Let none attempt it.</i></p> - -<p><i>In solemn awe pronounce the name, and in its naked deathless splendour, -leave it shining on.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span>, <i>February 22, 1849</i><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Washington</span> was born, February 22, 1732</p> - -<p>Was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the American Army, 1775</p> - -<p>Was made President of the Federal Convention for Framing the -Constitution, and signed the Constitution, 1787</p> - -<p>Was inaugurated, first President of the United States, 1789</p> - -<p>Issued his “Farewell Address,” 1796</p> - -<p>He died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_191" id="page_191"></a>{191}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_IN_THE_VALLEY" id="THE_BOY_IN_THE_VALLEY"></a>THE BOY IN THE VALLEY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> boy George Washington was magnificently strong and tall, with firm -muscles and powerful body. He could run, leap, wrestle, toss the bar, -and pitch quoits. He rode fiery horses and hunted foxes. He was a -silent, determined lad, truth-telling, with a wonderful grip on his -temper. By the time that he was sixteen he was an excellent surveyor.</p> - -<p>And he was a proud and happy boy when, one spring day, he leaped on his -horse, and, with a companion, rode away into the Wilderness on a real -job of surveying.</p> - -<p>Lord Fairfax, his close friend, owned a great estate of over five -million acres stretching to the westward. A part of the estate was a -wilderness, and lay on the other side of the Blue Ridge Mountains. It -had never been surveyed. Squatters were stealing the land. So Lord -Fairfax had sent sixteen-year old George Washington to survey it for -him.</p> - -<p>As the boy rode over the mountains, and guided his horse down the steep -trail into the beautiful Shenandoah Valley, Spring was busy all around -him. Cascades and torrents of snow-water<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_192" id="page_192"></a>{192}</span> were rushing from the -mountain-tops to feed the bright Shenandoah River—“The Daughter of the -Stars,” the Indians called the river.</p> - -<p>The boy spent the better part of the first day riding through fine -groves of sugar maples, and admiring the trees and the richness of the -land. Here and there showed the little clearings, where the squatters -were preparing their small farms for crops of tobacco, hemp, and corn.</p> - -<p>For some days, he surveyed along the banks of the river and in the -valley, roughing it at night. And many were the adventures he had about -which he has written in his diary.</p> - -<p>Sometimes he slept before the camp-fire or in a hut, at others in a -tent. Once, he was nearly burnt to death when his straw bed caught fire. -He roasted wild turkeys, and ate off chips for plates. He swam his horse -through swollen streams, and followed the rough roads made by the -squatters.</p> - -<p>But his most exciting adventure was with Indians.</p> - -<p>On the bank of the Potomac stood a little cabin. Near it was hung a huge -kettle suspended over a place always ready for a fire. The cabin -belonged to Cresap, a frontiersman, and so did the kettle. He kept the -fireplace and everything in readiness for the passing Indians to cook -their meals. The grateful Red Skins called him “Big Spoon.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_193" id="page_193"></a>{193}</span></p> - -<p>Rain and floods drove Washington to the cabin. Big Spoon invited him to -stay until the bad weather was past.</p> - -<p>On the third day, Washington looked out and saw a band of Indians -carrying a scalp, come toward the cabin. It was a war-party returning -from a raid.</p> - -<p>Big Spoon greeted them heartily, for everybody was welcome at his place. -The Indians built a fire, sat down in a circle, and held a big -celebration. Then they performed a war-dance, while their musicians -played on drums made of pots half full of water, with deerskin stretched -tightly over them.</p> - -<p>And as Washington watched their savage antics, he little dreamed how -soon he himself would be fighting with Red Skins.</p> - -<p>When his surveying was finished, he returned home to make his report. -Lord Fairfax was delighted with his careful work and fine maps. In fact, -to-day the surveys Washington made when a boy, stand unquestioned; they -are so perfect.</p> - -<p>Roughing it in the Shenandoah Valley was not the last of Washington’s -adventures in the Wilderness. He was appointed public surveyor. For the -next three years, he spent a great deal of time in the wilds, with -settlers, frontiersmen, trappers, and Indians.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_194" id="page_194"></a>{194}</span></p> - -<p>He grew to be over six feet tall, and remarkably strong and rugged. He -overcame difficulties and faced dangers through pluck and perseverance.</p> - -<p>He became a Colonel of a Virginia regiment. He acquired military -training and widened his knowledge of handling all sorts of men.</p> - -<p>What he learned about Indian warfare and life in the forests and in the -Wilderness, taught him the caution and knowledge which he showed while -guarding the retreat of what was left of Braddock’s troops.</p> - -<p>So his adventures while a boy in the Valley, and his experiences as a -young man roughing it on the frontier, fighting with Indians, carrying -messages through the Wilderness, and serving as a soldier,—all prepared -Washington to become the Liberator of our Country.</p> - -<h3><a name="WASHINGTONS_MOTHER" id="WASHINGTONS_MOTHER"></a>WASHINGTON’S MOTHER</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Molly Ball</span> of Virginia, Molly Ball with hair like flax and cheeks like -mayblossoms,—as she is described in the fragment of a quaint old -letter,—married Augustine Washington of Virginia, and became the mother -of George Washington.</p> - -<p>Washington was like his mother in qualities of character. He had her -strength of will, love of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_195" id="page_195"></a>{195}</span> truth, firm purpose, high sense of duty, -dignity, and reverence.</p> - -<p>All these noble qualities were strengthened and made practical by her -careful education and discipline.</p> - -<p>When he became great, she was quietly proud of him. And when people -spoke warmly of his glory and success, she would say:—</p> - -<p>“But, my good sirs, here is too much flattery. Still, George will not -forget the lessons I early taught him. He will not forget himself, -though he is the subject of so much praise.”</p> - -<p>When she was informed by special messenger that Cornwallis had -surrendered, she exclaimed:</p> - -<p>“Thank God! war will now be ended, and peace, Independence, and -happiness, bless our Country!”</p> - -<p>After the surrender of Cornwallis, Washington visited his mother at -Fredericksburg, where she was living in her own little house. She was -about seventy-five years old.</p> - -<p>He reached Fredericksburg surrounded by his numerous and brilliant -suite. He dismounted, and sent to inquire when it would be her pleasure -to receive him.</p> - -<p>Afoot and alone, he walked to her house. She was by herself, employed in -a household task, when she was told that the victor-chief was waiting at -her door. She bade him welcome by<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_196" id="page_196"></a>{196}</span> a warm embrace, calling him “George,” -the dear familiar name of his childhood.</p> - -<p>She spoke to him of old times and old friends, but of his glory, not one -word.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, in the town of Fredericksburg there was excitement and -rejoicing. The place was crowded with foreign and American officers. -Gentlemen from miles around were hastening into town to congratulate the -conquerors of Yorktown.</p> - -<p>The citizens got up a splendid ball in Washington’s honour, to which his -mother was specially invited.</p> - -<p>The foreign officers were eager to meet their Chief’s mother. They had -heard of her remarkable character. They expected to see her enter the -ballroom in glittering attire, clad in rich brocades, like the noble -ladies of Europe.</p> - -<p>How surprised they were, when, leaning on her son’s arm, she entered -dressed simply. She was dignified and imposing. She received quietly all -the compliments and attentions showered upon her. At an early hour she -wished the company much pleasure, saying that it was time for old folk -to be in bed.</p> - -<p>She retired leaning on the arm of her son.</p> - -<p>“If such are the matrons in America,” exclaimed the foreign officers, -“well may she boast of illustrious sons!”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>George Washington Parke Custis and Other Sources</i><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_197" id="page_197"></a>{197}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="WASHINGTONS_WEDDING_DAY" id="WASHINGTONS_WEDDING_DAY"></a>WASHINGTON’S WEDDING DAY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Washington</span> plighted his troth with Martha Dandridge, the charming widow -of Daniel Parke Custis. She was young, pretty, intelligent, and an -heiress.</p> - -<p>It was a brilliant wedding party which assembled on a winter day in the -little church near Mrs. Custis’s home. There were gathered the gay, -free-thinking, high-living Governor, gorgeous in scarlet and gold; -British officers, red-coated and gold-laced; and all the neighbouring -gentry in their handsomest clothes.</p> - -<p>The bride was attired in silk and satin, laces and brocade, with pearls -on her neck and in her ears. While the bridegroom appeared in blue and -silver trimmed with scarlet, and with gold buckles at his knees and on -his shoes.</p> - -<p>After the ceremony, the bride was taken home in a coach and six, -Washington riding beside her, mounted on a splendid horse, and followed -by all the gentlemen of the party.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Henry Cabot Lodge</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="WASHINGTON_AND_THE_CHILDREN" id="WASHINGTON_AND_THE_CHILDREN"></a>WASHINGTON AND THE CHILDREN</h3> - -<h4>I</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">There</span> were two joyous little people who went to live with the bride in -her new home at Mount<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_198" id="page_198"></a>{198}</span> Vernon. They were her two children, Jack Custis, -six years old, and his sister Patsy, just four years old.</p> - -<p>Washington gave them little ponies to ride. He bought fashionably -dressed baby dolls for Patsy, silver shoe and knee buckles for Jack, and -for both of them toys, gingerbread-figures, sugar-images, and little -books with coloured pictures in them. He gave them each a Bible bound in -turkey leather with their names printed in gilt letters on the inside -covers.</p> - -<h4>II</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Washington</span> loved all children. He always smiled at them. He was -specially popular with boys.</p> - -<p>When he rode in state to Independence Hall in his cream-coloured coach -drawn by six bays, and with postilions and outriders, boys were always -at hand to cheer as he drove by. And when he returned to Mount Vernon, -there were other boys waiting to welcome him. He could always count on -boys, wherever he went, to shout and wave their hats. He used to touch -his own hat to them as politely as if they were veterans on parade.</p> - -<p>After his great dinners at Mount Vernon, as soon as the guests were done -eating, he would<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_199" id="page_199"></a>{199}</span> tell his steward to call in the neighbours’ boys, who -were never far away at such a time. In they would come, crowding around -the table, and make quick work of the cakes, nuts, and raisins the -guests had left.</p> - -<p>At twilight, Washington had a habit of pacing up and down the large room -on the first floor with his hands behind him.</p> - -<p>One evening, a boy who had never seen him, climbed up to a high open -window to look in at him.</p> - -<p>The boy fell and hurt himself. Washington heard him cry, and sent a -servant to see what was the matter.</p> - -<p>The servant came back and said, “The boy was trying to get a look at -you, sir.”</p> - -<p>“Bring him in,” said Washington.</p> - -<p>And when the boy came in, he patted him on the head, saying:—</p> - -<p>“You wanted to see General Washington, did you? Well, I am General -Washington.”</p> - -<p>But the little fellow shook his head, and replied:—</p> - -<p>“No, you are only just a man. I want to see the President.”</p> - -<p>Washington laughed, and told him that he was <i>the President</i> and a <i>man</i> -for all that. Then he had the servant give him some cakes and nuts, and -sent him away happy.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Grace Greenwood and Other Sources</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_200" id="page_200"></a>{200}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_LITTLE_GIRL_AND_THE_RED_COATS" id="THE_LITTLE_GIRL_AND_THE_RED_COATS"></a>THE LITTLE GIRL AND THE RED COATS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> Washington with the Army entered Boston after the British had -evacuated the city, he made the best tavern in town his Headquarters. It -had been the British Headquarters. The tavern-keeper’s little girl was -running about very much interested in all that was going on.</p> - -<p>Washington called her to him, and holding her on his knee, asked:—</p> - -<p>“Now that you have seen the soldiers on both sides, which do you like -best?”</p> - -<p>The little girl hesitated, but like the great Washington himself, she -could not tell a lie, so she said:—</p> - -<p>“I like the Red Coats best.”</p> - -<p>Washington laughed at her frankness, and said gently:—</p> - -<p>“Yes, my dear, the Red Coats do look the best, but it takes the ragged -boys to do the fighting.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Wayne Whipple</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="NELLIE_AND_LITTLE_WASHINGTON" id="NELLIE_AND_LITTLE_WASHINGTON"></a>NELLIE AND LITTLE WASHINGTON</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">George Washington</span> loved children, and, as he had none of his own, he -adopted two of his wife’s grandchildren, Nellie Custis and George -Washington Parke Custis.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_201" id="page_201"></a>{201}</span></p> - -<p>The little boy was known as “Washington.” Nellie was a beautiful child -with smiling black eyes and thick curly brown hair; while her brother -was of very light complexion.</p> - -<p>They had good times together at Mount Vernon. There was a delightfully -fearsome pack of hounds in the kennel; French dogs, the gift of -Lafayette, “fierce, big-mouthed, savage.” And there were litters of -beautiful puppies.</p> - -<p>The stables were full of horses, fine creatures for pets and -playfellows. Nellie liked to be with the horses, and was constantly -alarming her grandmother as she flashed by the windows or down the -lanes, mounted upon some half-broken colt.</p> - -<p>The children loved old Nelson, Washington’s war horse. They used to -climb upon the fence to pat his forehead, as he came racing up to greet -his master.</p> - -<p>There were many other animals—gifts to Washington of friends and -admirers.</p> - -<p>Among them were Spanish jackasses, Chinese pigs, and Chinese geese.</p> - -<p>There was always something going on to interest the children. They might -run down to the river-landing to see what strange fish “Daddy Jack” had -caught; day in and day out, “Daddy Jack” was always fishing there in his -canoe. Or they might go to meet the hunter “carrying his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_202" id="page_202"></a>{202}</span> gun and pouch, -his body wrapped with strings of game, his dogs at heel.” They liked to -look at the game, and smooth the thick feathers or soft fur. There were -birds, squirrels, wild turkeys, molly cotton-tails, wily ’possums, and -canvas-back ducks.</p> - -<p>Coaches of company, too, were coming and going. State dinners were -cooked and served to nobles and dignitaries.</p> - -<p>And when the children ran about the gardens, they saw rare things -growing—“fig-trees, raisins, limes, oranges, large English mulberries, -artichokes.”</p> - -<p>Then there were the mills to visit, the smithy, the shops, the fields, -and the negro-quarters, all in company with their dear adopted father, -Washington himself.</p> - -<p>But the children and indeed every one looked forward to the evening, -when Washington sat with them. This was the children’s hour, when by the -uncertain twinkle of the home-made candles, they danced and sang their -little songs.</p> - -<p>The curled darling of the house was “Master Washington”—George -Washington Parke Custis. Many years later, when Lafayette visited Master -Washington, then grown up, he told how he had first seen him on the -portico of Mount Vernon, a little boy, a very little gentleman, with a -feather in his hat, holding fast to one<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_203" id="page_203"></a>{203}</span> finger of Washington’s hand, -which finger was so large that the little boy could hardly hold on to -it.</p> - -<p>As for Nellie, she wanted to romp and play from morning till night. She -did not like to have her hair dressed with feathers and ribbons. She did -not enjoy her books and music. And she used to cry for hours together, -while her determined grandmother stood guard over her, keeping her at -practice on the beautiful harpsichord, which Washington had given her.</p> - -<p>As for Washington, he tried to lighten little Nellie’s tasks, and used -to carry her off for a gallop or brisk outdoor walk.</p> - -<p>He was always extremely fond of little girls. He liked other little -girls beside Nellie. He had with him her pretty sister, Elizabeth, when -he sat for one of his portraits. And in the most critical week of his -Presidency, Washington went to the house of one of his cabinet officers, -and played with his little daughters.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Harriet Taylor Upton</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>Many of the stories in this book are from the Life of Washington, -by his adopted son, George Washington Parke Custis.</i></p></div> - -<h3><a name="SEEING_THE_PRESIDENT" id="SEEING_THE_PRESIDENT"></a>SEEING THE PRESIDENT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Sometimes</span>, when President Washington went on a journey in his -state-coach, he wanted to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_204" id="page_204"></a>{204}</span> travel quietly, without attracting people’s -attention. So he charged his courier, who rode on ahead, to make all -necessary arrangements at inns, but to tell no one but the landlords, -that the President was coming.</p> - -<p>Often, however, the news leaked out, and was flashed throughout the -countryside. Trumpets were blown, as the veterans of the War for -Independence gathered to welcome their Chief. Village cannon roared. -Every village and hamlet poured out its folk to greet the man who was -“first in the hearts of his countrymen.”</p> - -<p>As for the school children, how eagerly they hurried to get their -lessons, so that as a reward, they might see <i>General Washington</i>.</p> - -<p>And when at last he did come, how happy the children were to be -presented to him. With delight, they listened to his kind voice, felt -the kindlier touch of his hand, and even climbed on his knee to look up -into his smiling face.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>George Washington Parke Custis</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="NELSON_THE_HERO" id="NELSON_THE_HERO"></a>NELSON THE HERO</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">There</span> was one old horse at Mount Vernon, after the War for Independence, -who was a hero. He was never ridden. He was cared for kindly. He grazed -in a pleasant paddock.</p> - -<p>That was Nelson, Washington’s favourite and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_205" id="page_205"></a>{205}</span> splendid charger, which he -had ridden on the day of the surrender at Yorktown. He was a light -sorrel, with white face and legs.</p> - -<p>Now that he was old, he was petted and cared for. Whenever Washington -made the rounds of his kennels and stables, he stopped at the paddock. -Then the old war-horse would run neighing up to the fence, proud to be -caressed by the hand of his master.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>George Washington Parke Custis</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="CARING_FOR_THE_GUEST" id="CARING_FOR_THE_GUEST"></a>CARING FOR THE GUEST<br /><br /> -<i>Told by the Guest Himself</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">I had</span> feasted my imagination, for several days, on the near prospect of -a visit to Mount Vernon, the seat of Washington. No pilgrim ever -approached Mecca with deeper enthusiasm.</p> - -<p>The first evening I spent under the wing of his hospitality, we sat a -full hour at table, by ourselves, without the least interruption after -the family had retired.</p> - -<p>I was extremely oppressed with a severe cold and excessive coughing, -contracted from the exposure of a harsh winter journey. He pressed me to -use some remedies, but I declined doing so.</p> - -<p>As usual, soon after retiring, my cough increased.</p> - -<p>When some time had elapsed, the door of my<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_206" id="page_206"></a>{206}</span> room was gently opened. And, -on drawing back my bed-curtains, to my utter astonishment, I beheld -Washington himself standing at my bedside with a bowl of hot tea in his -hand.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Elkanah Watson</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THOUGHTFUL_OF_OTHERS" id="THOUGHTFUL_OF_OTHERS"></a>THOUGHTFUL OF OTHERS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Once</span>, when Washington was stopping for refreshment at a house in Jersey, -some one told him that a wounded officer was there, who could not bear -the slightest sound.</p> - -<p>During the meal, Washington spoke in an undertone, and was careful to -make no noise.</p> - -<p>After he had left the table, however, his officers began to talk in loud -voices. Instantly, Washington softly opened the dining-room door, -entered on tip-toe, took a book from the mantelpiece, and stole out of -the room without uttering a word.</p> - -<p>His officers took the hint, and were silent.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_CINCINNATUS_OF_THE_WEST" id="THE_CINCINNATUS_OF_THE_WEST"></a>THE CINCINNATUS OF THE WEST</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">A man who’d fought to free the land from woe,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Like me, had left his farm a-soldiering to go;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But having gained his point, he had, like me,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Returned his own potato-ground to see;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But there he couldn’t rest;—with one accord<br /></span> -<span class="i0">He’s called to be a kind of—, not a Lord,—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">I don’t know what—he’s not a great man, sure,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For poor men love him, just as he was poor!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">They love him like a father or a brother!<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_207" id="page_207"></a>{207}</span></p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p class="nind"><i>This little verse is from “Darby’s Return,” a play that President -Washington went to see. The moment he entered the theatre the whole -audience rose to its feet and cheered. And when “Darby” said these -lines, the audience stared hard at Washington to see how he would take -them. He looked horribly embarrassed. But when “Darby” quickly added -that he had not seen the “man” at all at all because he was so plainly -dressed that he passed by unnoticed, Washington burst into a hearty -laugh.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> the ancient days of Rome, a terrible enemy threatened the city. There -was no Roman general wise enough to lead the army against the foe. There -was just one plain Roman citizen whom the people trusted. They believed -that he had the wisdom to save them. This was Cincinnatus the -Curly-haired. They sent hasty messengers to bid him come to the aid of -Rome.</p> - -<p>The messengers found him tilling his land, for he was a farmer. His feet -were heavy with damp earth and his clothes covered with soil. He -listened to their message, and to the request of the Roman Senate that -he should come at once to the aid of his Country.</p> - -<p>He called his wife to bring his toga from their hut. After he had wiped -off the dust and sweat, he put on his toga and went with the messengers.</p> - -<p>So he saved Rome.</p> - -<p>Thus it was with Washington.</p> - -<p>When the call came for him to save his Country, he left his plantation. -So did many farmers and planters; at a moment’s notice they left their -farms and plantations, took up their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_208" id="page_208"></a>{208}</span> muskets and answered the call of -their Country. They became officers in Washington’s Army.</p> - -<p>After the war, these officers formed a society, called the Society of -the Cincinnati, naming it after the patriotic old Roman farmer.</p> - -<p>To it belonged Washington, Hamilton, Lafayette, Kosciuszko, and many -other American and foreign officers, who had served with honour in the -Continental army. To-day their descendants, one representing each -officer, belong to the Society of the Cincinnati.</p> - -<p>The French members presented Washington with a magnificent badge of the -Order, studded with about two hundred precious stones—diamonds, rubies, -emeralds, and amethysts.</p> - -<p>Washington himself is called:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">“Yes—one—the first—the last—the best,<br /></span> -<span class="i1">The Cincinnatus of the West.”<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<h3><a name="BROTHER_JONATHAN" id="BROTHER_JONATHAN"></a>BROTHER JONATHAN</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>I do hereby earnestly recommend it to all ... to meet together for -social prayer to Almighty God ... that He would ... preserve our -precious Rights and Liberties ... and make us a People of his -praise, and blessed of the Lord, as long as the sun and the moon -shall endure.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Jonathan Trumbull</span>,<br /> -<i>to the People of Connecticut, June 18, 1776</i><br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Patriotic</span> and plucky was Connecticut, the State of the Charter Oak. It -had been a liberty-loving Colony from the days when its first settlers, -with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_209" id="page_209"></a>{209}</span> their wives, children, household goods, and cattle, came through -the howling Wilderness—literally howling with savage Pequot -Indians—and settled on the banks of the beautiful Connecticut River, -whose name in the Indian language means Long River.</p> - -<p>Those brave settlers came into the Wilderness so that they might have -religious and civil Liberty. Almost, their first act was to frame in -1639, a Constitution for their own government. It was the first -Constitution in America to make no mention of allegiance to King or -Great Britain. It breathed the free spirit of American Independence over -a hundred years before the Declaration of Independence.</p> - -<p>Is it strange, then, that Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut -under King George, should have been a Patriot?</p> - -<p>He was more than loyal to American freedom. He was Washington’s friend -and supporter. He supplied Washington with soldiers and ammunition. He -supplied more than half the powder used at Bunker Hill.</p> - -<p>There is a tale, that once when Washington was hard put to it for -ammunition, and it looked as though the campaign would fail for lack of -powder and shot, Washington said to his officers, “We must consult -Brother Jonathan.”</p> - -<p>Then Washington consulted Governor Trumbull, and got his powder and -shot.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_210" id="page_210"></a>{210}</span></p> - -<p>After that, whenever a difficulty arose in the Army, the men would say, -“We must consult Brother Jonathan.” So the saying became a byword.</p> - -<p>Later, people nicknamed the United States, “Brother Jonathan,” just as -England is called “John Bull.”</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BLOODY_FOOTPRINTS" id="THE_BLOODY_FOOTPRINTS"></a>THE BLOODY FOOTPRINTS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was the terrible winter of 1777. The snow lay thick on the ground, -and the cold was piercing. Through the snow, a detachment of Patriot -troops was wearily plodding toward winter-quarters at Valley Forge. -Half-naked, hungry, and numb with cold, they pushed on.</p> - -<p>Presently Washington rode slowly up after them. He was eying the snow -intently through which they had marched. There was something on its -frozen surface, something red that he had tracked for many miles.</p> - -<p>Saluting the commanding officer, Washington drew rein.</p> - -<p>“How comes it, sir,” he said, “that I have tracked the march of your -troops by the bloodstains of their feet upon the frozen ground? Were -there no shoes in the commissary’s stores, that this sad spectacle is to -be seen along the public highways?”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_211" id="page_211"></a>{211}</span></p> - -<p>“Your Excellency may rest assured,” replied the officer, “that this -sight is as painful to my feelings as it can be to yours. But there is -no remedy within our reach. When the shoes were issued, the different -regiments were served in turn. It was our misfortune to be among the -last to be served, and the stores became exhausted before we could -obtain even the smallest supply.”</p> - -<p>Washington’s lips compressed, while his chest heaved with the powerful -emotions that were struggling in his bosom. Then turning toward the -troops, with a trembling voice, he exclaimed:—</p> - -<p>“Poor fellows!”</p> - -<p>Then giving his horse the rein, he rode sadly on.</p> - -<p>During this touching interview, every eye had been bent upon him; and as -those two words warm from the heart of their beloved commander and full -of commiseration for their sufferings, reached the soldiers, there burst -gratefully from their lips:—</p> - -<p>“God bless your Excellency, your poor soldiers’ friend!”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>George Washington Parke Custis</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="AN_APPEAL_TO_GOD" id="AN_APPEAL_TO_GOD"></a>AN APPEAL TO GOD</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">On</span> a cold wintry journey to Valley Forge, Mrs. Washington rode behind -her husband on a pillion. He was on his powerful bay charger, and -accompanied by a single aide-de-camp.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_212" id="page_212"></a>{212}</span></p> - -<p>On his arrival at Valley Forge, Washington placed her in the small but -comfortable house of Isaac Potts, a Quaker preacher.</p> - -<p>So in all the trials of that Winter at Valley Forge, Washington had the -most earnest sympathies, cheerful spirit, and willing hands of his -loving wife to sustain him and share in his cares.</p> - -<p>She provided comforts for the sick soldiers. Every day except Sundays, -the wives of officers, and other women too, assisted her in knitting -socks, patching garments, and making shirts for the poor soldiers.</p> - -<p>Every fair day, she might be seen, basket in hand and with a single -attendant, going among the huts and giving comfort to the most needy -sufferers.</p> - -<p>On one occasion, she went to the hut of a dying sergeant, whose young -wife was with him. His misery touched the heart of Mrs. Washington, and -after she had given him some food prepared with her own hands, she knelt -down by his straw bed, and prayed earnestly for him and his wife, in her -sweet serious voice.</p> - -<p>But it was not only women who prayed in those terrible days at Valley -Forge.</p> - -<p>The cold and suffering increased. One day Friend Potts was walking by -the creek not far from his house, when he heard a solemn voice speaking. -He went quietly in its direction, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_213" id="page_213"></a>{213}</span> saw Washington’s horse without a -rider tied to a sapling.</p> - -<p>He stole nearer, and saw Washington himself, kneeling in a thicket. He -was on his knees in prayer to God asking Him for help. Tears were on -Washington’s cheeks.</p> - -<p>And quietly the Friend stole away. On entering his house, he burst out -weeping. When his wife asked him what was the matter, he said:—</p> - -<p>“If there is any one on this earth whom the Lord will listen to, it is -George Washington. And I feel a presentiment that under such a Commander -there can be no doubt of our eventually establishing our Independence, -and that God in His providence has willed it so.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Benson J. Lossing</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="FRIEND_GREENE" id="FRIEND_GREENE"></a>FRIEND GREENE</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">At Eutaw Springs the valiant died;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Their limbs with dust are covered o’er.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Weep on, ye springs, your tearful tide;<br /></span> -<span class="i2">How many heroes are no more!<br /></span> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span class="i0">Led by thy conquering genius, Greene,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">The Britons they compelled to fly;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">None distant viewed the fatal plain,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">None grieved, in such a cause to die.<br /></span> -<span class="authh"><i>From Eutaw Springs, by</i> <span class="smcap">Philip Freneau</span></span><br /> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was at the Siege of Boston. The troops of the Colonies were raw and -uncouth. They were camping separately. Washington was inspecting<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_214" id="page_214"></a>{214}</span> their -camps for the first time. He saw that their shelters were made of -anything the soldiers could lay hands on, turf, bricks, sail-cloth, -boards, or brushwood. Each soldier seemed to live and do as he pleased.</p> - -<p>But when Washington reached the camp of the Rhode Island troops, he -perceived neat tents pitched, soldiers well drilled and equipped, and -under perfect discipline. He was pausing to look around him with -pleasure and approval, when a young officer, vigorous and finely built, -stepped forward to greet him, his frank manly face beaming with a -cordial welcome.</p> - -<p>The young man was Nathanael Greene, Commander of the Rhode Island -troops. It was he who had trained them, after studying the manœuvres -of the British troops in Boston.</p> - -<p>Nathanael Greene was born a Friend or Quaker. When a boy, he worked in -his father’s forge, and helped on the farm.</p> - -<p>He was eager to read. He got together a little library of his own. He -studied hard. He liked best to read about military heroes. When he grew -older, although he was a Friend, he joined the Rhode Island militia. -Later he was appointed Rhode Island’s Commander, and led her troops to -Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston.</p> - -<p>Washington liked and trusted him at first sight. Later his confidence -became friendship.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_215" id="page_215"></a>{215}</span></p> - -<p>At Valley Forge, Nathanael Greene gave up active duty in the field, much -to his sorrow and regret, and became Quartermaster-General. He gave up -his ambitions, in order to help Washington relieve the sufferings of the -troops. As Quartermaster-General, he was soon able to supply them with -some blankets, clothes, and food, all of which Congress had failed to -deliver.</p> - -<p>Later Greene’s reward of faithful service came. Washington appointed him -Commander of the Army in the South. It was a post of great danger; but -he conducted his military operations with such courage and sagacity that -they led on to completed victory for the American arms at Yorktown.</p> - -<p>This is what John Fiske says of Nathanael Greene:—</p> - -<p>“The intellectual qualities which he showed in his southern campaign -were those which have characterized some of the foremost strategists of -modern times.... Nor was Greene less notable for the sweetness and -purity of his character, than for the scope of his intelligence. From -lowly beginnings he had come to be ... the most admired and respected -citizen of Rhode Island.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_216" id="page_216"></a>{216}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="LIGHT_HORSE_HARRY" id="LIGHT_HORSE_HARRY"></a>LIGHT HORSE HARRY</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"> -<i>The American Congress to Henry Lee, Colonel of Cavalry</i>:—<br /> -</p> - -<p>“<i>Notwithstanding rivers and intrenchments, he with a small band -ered the foe by warlike skill and prowess, and firmly bound by his -humanity, those who had been conquered by his arms.</i>”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>In memory of the conflict at Paulus’s Hook,<br /> -nineteenth of August, 1779</i><br /> -</p></div> - -<h4>I</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> most dashing and romantic young soldier of the Continental Army, was -Light Horse Harry. His real name was Henry Lee.</p> - -<p>He was a small, alert, young man, mischievous sometimes, but always -brave. He was a cavalry-leader. He commanded the famous Legion of Light -Horse, which took part in so many heroic battles. He was one of -Washington’s most trusted generals.</p> - -<p>His charm and dauntlessness delighted Washington, who showed warm -interest in his promotion; perhaps this was because Light Horse Harry’s -mother had been Washington’s young sweetheart in his schoolboy days. “My -lowland beauty,” he had called her. But she had married a Lee, and not -Washington.</p> - -<p>Light Horse Harry had many adventures as romantic and daring as himself.</p> - -<h4>II</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Light Horse Harry</span> was a favourite at Mount<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_217" id="page_217"></a>{217}</span> Vernon. He did not stand in -any reverential awe of the great Washington.</p> - -<p>One day, as they sat at table, Washington mentioned that he wanted a -pair of carriage horses, and asked the young man if he knew where they -might be bought.</p> - -<p>“I have a fine pair, General,” replied he, “but you cannot get them.”</p> - -<p>“Why not?”</p> - -<p>“Because you will never pay more than half price for anything; and I -must have full price for my horses.”</p> - -<p>This bantering reply set Mrs. Washington laughing; and her parrot, -perched beside her, joined in the laugh.</p> - -<p>Washington took this familiar assault upon his dignity with great good -humour.</p> - -<p>“Ah, Lee, you are a funny fellow!” said he, “See, that bird is laughing -at you!”</p> - -<h4>III</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> Washington died, it was Light Horse Harry who was chosen by -Congress to deliver the funeral oration before both Houses. It was in -this oration that he said those famous words:—</p> - -<p>“He survives in our hearts—in the growing knowledge of our children, in -the affection of the good throughout the World,— ... first in war, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_218" id="page_218"></a>{218}</span>first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen ... pious, -just, humane, temperate and sincere, uniform, dignified and commanding -... the purity of his private character gave effulgence to his public -virtues.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Washington Irving and Other Sources</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="CAPTAIN_MOLLY" id="CAPTAIN_MOLLY"></a>CAPTAIN MOLLY</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p class="nind">Proudly floats the starry banner; Monmouth’s glorious field is won;<br /> -And in triumph Irish Molly stands beside her smoking gun. -</p> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Moll Pitcher</span>, twenty-two years old, was dubbed <i>Captain</i> at the Battle -of Monmouth, and very proud she was of the title. Her real name was -Molly Hays. She carried drinking-water on the battle-field, to refresh -the soldiers; so they nicknamed her Moll Pitcher.</p> - -<p>At Monmouth, her husband, a Patriot, belonged to Proctor’s artillery. -Moll was with him on the field. Six men, one after another, were killed -or wounded at her husband’s gun.</p> - -<p>“It’s an unlucky gun,” grumbled the soldiers, “draw it aside and abandon -it.”</p> - -<p>Just at that moment, while Moll was serving water to the soldiers, her -husband received a shot in the head, and fell lifeless under the wheels -of that very gun.</p> - -<p>Moll threw down her pail of water; and crying, “Lie there, my darling, -while I revenge ye!” she grasped the ramrod that the lifeless hand of -the poor fellow had let fall, and rammed home the charge.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_219" id="page_219"></a>{219}</span></p> - -<p>Then she called to the artillerymen to prime and fire.</p> - -<p>It was done. Pushing the sponge into the smoking muzzle of the gun, she -performed the duties of an expert artilleryman, while loud shouts from -the soldiers passed along the line.</p> - -<p>The gun was no longer thought unlucky. The fire of the battery became -more vivid than ever.</p> - -<p>Moll kept to her post till night closed the action, and the British were -driven back by the Patriots, Washington himself leading them to the -attack.</p> - -<p>It was then that General Greene complimented Moll on her courage and -conduct. The next morning he presented her to Washington, who received -her graciously, and gave her a piece of gold, assuring her that her -services should not be forgotten.</p> - -<p>Washington conferred upon her the commission of sergeant, and placed her -name on the half-pay list for life.</p> - -<p>The French officers, charmed with her bravery, gave her many presents. -She would sometimes pass along the French line with her cocked hat, and -get it almost filled with crowns.</p> - -<p>She was always welcome at Headquarters. She wore a cocked hat and -feather, and an artilleryman’s coat over her petticoat.</p> - -<p>One day, Washington found her washing clothes, and stopped to chat with -her.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_220" id="page_220"></a>{220}</span></p> - -<p>“Well, Captain Molly,” he said, “are you not almost tired of this quiet -way of life; and longing to be once more on the field of battle?”</p> - -<p>“Troth, your Excellency,” replied she, “and ye may say that! for I care -not how soon I have another slap at them Red Coats, bad luck to them!”</p> - -<p>“But what is to become of your petticoats, in such an event, Captain -Molly?”</p> - -<p>“Oh, long life to your Excellency!” said she, “and never de ye mind them -at all at all! Sure, and it is only in the artillery, your Excellency -knows, that I would sarve, and divil a fear but the smoke of the cannon -will hide my petticoats!”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>George Washington Parke Custis, and Other Sources</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_SOLDIER_BARON" id="THE_SOLDIER_BARON"></a>THE SOLDIER BARON</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>The good Baron found time to prepare a new code of discipline and -tactics ... and this excellent manual held its place, long after -the death of its author, as the Blue Book of our Army.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">John Fiske</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">While</span> the ragged Patriot Army with Washington starved, froze, and -suffered at Valley Forge, there was speeding down from Boston on a fast -saddle-horse, a man who was to help them win the war.</p> - -<p>His keen hazel eyes looked pleasantly out from under bushy brows. His -mouth smiled with good cheer; but he held his head in military fashion. -The glittering star of a foreign Order was on his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_221" id="page_221"></a>{221}</span> breast, and he -carried a letter of recommendation from Benjamin Franklin to George -Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the American Army.</p> - -<p>He was Baron Steuben, a famous soldier and German hero of the Seven -Years’ War. He had offered his services to Washington to train the Army, -explaining that he wished to deserve the title of a citizen of America, -by fighting for her Liberty.</p> - -<p>At his side rode his young and waggish French interpreter in scarlet -regimentals faced with blue. His bright eyes were always on the watch -for a glimpse of pretty American maidens. Behind the two came their -servants with the baggage.</p> - -<p>It began to snow heavily. Night fell. They drew rein at an inn. It had a -bad name; and it was kept by a Tory.</p> - -<p>“I’ve no beds, bread, meat, drink, milk, or eggs for you,” said the -sullen Tory landlord.</p> - -<p>And neither Steuben’s remonstrances nor oaths could make him change his -mind.</p> - -<p>Steuben’s blood began to boil. “Bring me my pistol!” he cried in German -to his servant.</p> - -<p>And the landlord, who was smiling maliciously, suddenly felt a pistol -pressed against his breast.</p> - -<p>“Can you give us beds?” shouted Steuben.</p> - -<p>“Yes!” cried the affrighted man.</p> - -<p>“Bread?”</p> - -<p>“Yes!”</p> - -<p>“Meat—drink—milk—eggs?”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_222" id="page_222"></a>{222}</span></p> - -<p>“Yes!—yes!—yes!—yes!”</p> - -<p>And the trembling landlord scurried around. The table was quickly laid, -and food set out. Then after a substantial supper, a comfortable night -and a hearty breakfast, the Baron and his men mounted and were off -again.</p> - -<p>To cut the story short, he was soon at Valley Forge, serving with -Washington, and training the troops. They had had little expert military -training before. The Baron drilled the soldiers himself. He took a -musket in hand and showed them how to advance, retreat, or charge -without falling into disorder.</p> - -<p>Not only the soldiers, but the generals, colonels, and captains, watched -him eagerly and with enthusiasm. Soon the camp was a bustling military -training school. The men almost forgot their sufferings, so intent they -were on learning. They worked incessantly and with tremendous energy.</p> - -<p>But the Baron made it lively for them, for he had a quick temper. He -swore at them in three languages; and, when they did not understand -that, he called his aide to help him out in English.</p> - -<p>Some of the men had thrown away their bayonets, and some had used them -for roasting meat. But the Baron soon drilled them to use bayonets with -such good effect that when later a column of them stormed Stony Point -they took it in a bayonet charge.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_223" id="page_223"></a>{223}</span></p> - -<p>He—the bluff Steuben—never failed in bravery on the battle-field. At -Monmouth, while the American troops were fleeing in panic, the Baron -kept doggedly on with his face to the foe. Meanwhile, Washington, -furious and fiery, rallied the soldiers and led them back to victory. -“It was now,” says John Fiske, “that the admirable results of Steuben’s -teaching were to be seen. The retreating soldiers immediately wheeled -and formed under fire, with as much coolness and precision as they could -have shown on parade.”</p> - -<p>Bluff, generous, kindly, old Steuben still served the Country after -peace and Independence came. Then he settled down on his farm of sixteen -thousand acres, the gift to him from the State of New York, in -recognition of his patriotic services. “Throughout the war,” says John -Fiske, “Steuben proved no less faithful than capable. He came to feel a -genuine love for his adopted Country.”</p> - -<h3><a name="FATHER_THADDEUS" id="FATHER_THADDEUS"></a>FATHER THADDEUS</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Hope, for a season, bade the world farewell,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And Freedom shrieked, as Kosciuszko fell!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Thomas Campbell</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">What</span> do you wish to do?” said Washington.</p> - -<p>The young Polish officer with a rugged face, held himself erect.</p> - -<p>“I come,” answered he, “to fight as a volunteer for American -Independence.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_224" id="page_224"></a>{224}</span></p> - -<p>“What can you do?” asked Washington.</p> - -<p>“Try me!” said the young Pole, his dark eyes flashing pleasantly.</p> - -<p>So Washington tried him.</p> - -<p>He was Thaddeus Kosciuszko, born in Lithuania, and a Patriot of unhappy -Poland.</p> - -<p>Poor Poland! Dismembered, patriotic Poland! Again and again she had been -betrayed, and divided by her greedy neighbours, Russia, Prussia, and -Austria. But always the fires of Patriotism had burned in the hearts of -the Poles, and though they had been forced to bow their necks to their -enemies they had never bowed their hearts.</p> - -<p>And it was a romantic story that had sent young Kosciuszko post-haste -from Poland to America. He was poor but of good blood. He had fallen in -love with a beautiful and clever Polish girl. Her father was a haughty, -rich State official. He would not give his consent to their marriage. So -the young lovers eloped. The father pursued them with his men. -Kosciuszko fought like a lion to defend his beloved Ludwika. But her -father’s men wounded him so severely that he fell senseless on the -field. Then her father carried Ludwika home, and married her to another -man.</p> - -<p>When Kosciuszko came to his senses, his Love was gone. Her handkerchief -stained with his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_225" id="page_225"></a>{225}</span> own blood, lay beside him. He took it up reverently -and placed it in his bosom.</p> - -<p>Thus disappointed in love, he had left Poland and come to America to -forget his grief in fighting for Freedom. For Kosciuszko had been a -Patriot and a lover of Liberty for all men, since his early boyhood.</p> - -<p>Washington placed him on his own staff. Soon he found that the young man -had talent, and was an experienced army engineer. He commissioned him -Chief Engineer. Kosciuszko rendered great service to America, but his -most important work was on the defenses of West Point.</p> - -<p>When our War for Independence was over, he returned to Poland. He became -her leading Patriot, defending her against the invasions of Russia, -Prussia, and Austria. “Father Thaddeus” his men called him, as he led -them into battle.</p> - -<p>During his famous defense of Warsaw, he was badly wounded on the -battle-field, and captured by Cossacks. He was thrown into a Russian -prison; and there he was kept until after the death of Catherine the -Great.</p> - -<p>He was released by the new Czar, who admired him, and wished to give him -a brilliant commission in the Russian Army. But Kosciuszko refused his -offer, and went into voluntary<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_226" id="page_226"></a>{226}</span> exile. He still hoped that some day -again he might serve Poland.</p> - -<p>His wounds were yet unhealed. There was a sabre-cut across his forehead. -There were three bayonet-thrusts in his back. A part of his thigh had -been torn away by a cannon ball. Around his forehead, he kept a black -band tied over the sabre-cut.</p> - -<p>He went into exile, and the people of Poland believed that he was dead.</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>It was nearly seventy-five years after that red-letter day in Lithuania, -on which Thaddeus Kosciuszko had been born.</p> - -<p>It was in 1814, France and Russia were at war. The Russian Army, as it -advanced against Paris, was barbarously pillaging the valley of the -Seine. The soldiers were burning the cottages of the poor peasants over -their heads, and ill-treating the children, women, and aged folk.</p> - -<p>Among the Russian troops was a Polish Regiment. And while its soldiers -were savagely burning and looting the little houses, an old man with a -scar across his forehead, rushed suddenly in among them.</p> - -<p>Raging like a lion, he shouted in Polish:—</p> - -<p>“When I commanded brave soldiers, they never pillaged—I should have -punished them severely! And still more severely would I have<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_227" id="page_227"></a>{227}</span> punished -officers who allowed such disorders as you are all now engaged in!”</p> - -<p>“And who are you, my pretty old man,” cried the officers with sneers and -laughter, “who are you that you dare to speak to us in such a tone, and -with such boldness!”</p> - -<p>“I am Kosciuszko,” was the quick reply.</p> - -<p>Each man stood fixed to the spot. Each was paralyzed with astonishment.</p> - -<p>There, before them with flashing eyes, stood Poland’s hero—the Polish -soldiers’ “Father Thaddeus.”</p> - -<p>Then the men threw down their arms to the ground. They cast themselves -at his feet. They sprinkled dust upon their heads as was their wild -custom at home. They crept close to him, hugging his knees and begging -for his forgiveness—for the forgiveness of their “Father Thaddeus.”</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>When Kosciuszko died in Switzerland, in 1817, there was found in his -bosom next his heart, the blood-stained handkerchief which his lost love -Ludwika had dropped beside him, so long before.</p> - -<p>To-day, in a little chapel at the foot of the lime-planted Hill, the -Lindenhof, there is a bronze urn, in which lies the once brave heart of -Thaddeus Kosciuszko.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_228" id="page_228"></a>{228}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_LITTLE_FRIEND_IN_FRONT_STREET" id="THE_LITTLE_FRIEND_IN_FRONT_STREET"></a>THE LITTLE FRIEND IN FRONT STREET</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="c"><i>He entitled himself to the gratitude of the entire Country.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Ex-President</i> <span class="smcap">William H. Taft</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">He</span> was only a little man in his office on Front Street, Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>Only a little man—but how great! Without his help our War for -Independence might have been lost. He helped to save the Country not -with a sword, but by giving all the means that he had and expecting -nothing in return.</p> - -<p>This little man—his “little friend in Front Street,” as James Madison -called him—was Haym Salomon, a Polish Jew and a Patriot.</p> - -<p>Through Robert Morris, who was Superintendent of Finance, during the War -for Independence, Haym Salomon loaned money to establish the Government -and to pay the soldiers. Without his money, Washington could scarcely -have held the Army together. And all the while, the little friend in -Front Street was refusing any interest on his loans; and some of these -loans were never repaid at all.</p> - -<p>And he not only financed the Nation, but generously made personal -advances of money without interest to members of the Government, in -order that they might keep on in their patriotic work. “When any member -was in need, all that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_229" id="page_229"></a>{229}</span> was necessary was to call upon Salomon,” said -James Madison.</p> - -<p>But it was not only by financing our young Nation, that Haym Salomon -showed his Patriotism.</p> - -<p>He was born in Poland of an intelligent educated family. He knew many -languages. He was a friend of Kosciuszko and Pulaski. Because of -oppression, he left Poland and came to New York City. He married and -settled down to business. He soon found, however, that the Americans -were heavily oppressed by England. So he threw himself heart and soul -into the cause for Independence.</p> - -<p>He became a Patriot. He was arrested by the British, imprisoned, -tortured, and condemned to death. He managed to escape, and reached -Philadelphia safely. There he opened his broker’s office in Front -Street. He became a great financier. Henceforward he unselfishly devoted -his brains, his energy, and his wealth to help win the War for -Independence and build up our Republic.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_230" id="page_230"></a>{230}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="FAREWELL_MY_GENERAL_FAREWELL" id="FAREWELL_MY_GENERAL_FAREWELL"></a>FAREWELL! MY GENERAL! FAREWELL!<br /><br /> -<i>December 4, 1783</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> War for Independence was over.</p> - -<p>Thursday the 4th of December was fixed upon for the final leave-taking -of Washington with his officers.</p> - -<p>This was the most trying event in his whole career, and he summoned all -his self-command to meet it with composure.</p> - -<p>Knox and Greene, and Hamilton and Steuben, and others assembled in -Fraunces Tavern,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and waited with fast-beating hearts the arrival of -their Chief.</p> - -<p>Not a sound broke the silence as he entered, save the clatter of -scabbards as the whole group rose to do him reverence. Casting his eye -around, he saw the sad and mournful countenances of those who had been -his companions-in-arms through the long years of darkness that had -passed. Shoulder to shoulder, they had pressed by his side through the -smoke of the conflict. He had heard their battle-shout answer his call -in the hour of deepest peril, and seen them bear his standard -triumphantly on to victory. Brave<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_231" id="page_231"></a>{231}</span> hearts were they all and true, on -whom he had leaned and not in vain.</p> - -<p>Advancing slowly to the table, Washington lifted the glass to his lips -and said in a voice choked with emotion:—</p> - -<p>“With a heart full of gratitude and love, I now take leave of you. I -most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy -as your former ones have been glorious and honourable.”</p> - -<p>A mournful, profound silence followed this short address, when Knox -advanced to say farewell. But neither could utter a word,—Knox reached -forth his hand, while Washington, opening his arms, took him to his -heart.</p> - -<p>In silence, that was more eloquent than all language, each advanced in -turn and was clasped in his embrace.</p> - -<p>Washington dared not trust himself to speak, and looking a silent -farewell, turned to the door. A corps of light infantry was drawn up on -either side to receive him, and as he passed slowly through the lines, a -gigantic soldier, who had moved beside him in the terrible march on -Trenton, stepped from the ranks, and reaching out his arms, exclaimed:—</p> - -<p>“Farewell! my dear General, farewell!”</p> - -<p>Washington seized his hand in both of his and wrung it convulsively. In -a moment all discipline<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_232" id="page_232"></a>{232}</span> was at an end; and the soldiers broke their -order, and rushing around him, seized him by the hands, covering them -with tears.</p> - -<p>This was too much for even his strong nature, and as he moved away his -broad chest heaved, and tears rolled unchecked down his face.</p> - -<p>Passing on to Whitehall, he entered a barge, and as it moved out into -the bay, he rose and waved a mute adieu to the noble band on shore.</p> - -<p>The impressive scene was over.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>J. T. Headley</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="FROM_WASHINGTONS_LEGACY" id="FROM_WASHINGTONS_LEGACY"></a>FROM “WASHINGTON’S LEGACY”<br /><br /> -OR HIS LETTER TO THE GOVERNORS OF ALL THE STATES</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">I now</span> make it my earnest prayer that God would have you, and the State -over which you preside, in His holy protection; that He would incline -the hearts of the Citizens to cultivate a spirit of subordination and -obedience to government; to entertain a brotherly affection and love for -one another, for their Fellow-citizens of the United States at large, -and particularly for their brethren who have served in the field;—and -finally that He would most graciously be pleased to dispose us all to do -justice, to love mercy, and to demean ourselves with that charity, -humility, and pacific temper of mind, which were the characteristics of -the Divine Author of our<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_233" id="page_233"></a>{233}</span> blessed Religion, and without an humble -imitation of whose example in these things, we can never hope to be a -happy Nation.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">George Washington</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>8 June, 1783</i></p></div> - -<h3><a name="A_KING_OF_MEN" id="A_KING_OF_MEN"></a>A KING OF MEN</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Hand</span> in hand with ... rare soundness of judgment there went a -completeness of moral self-control which was all the more impressive -inasmuch as Washington’s was by no means a tame or commonplace nature, -such as ordinary power of will would suffice to guide.</p> - -<p>He was a man of intense and fiery passions. His anger when once aroused -had in it something so terrible, that strong men were cowed by it like -frightened children. This prodigious animal nature was habitually curbed -by a will of iron and held in the service of a sweet and tender soul, -into which no mean or unworthy thought had ever entered.</p> - -<p>Whole-souled devotion to public duty, an incorruptible integrity, which -no appeal to ambition or vanity could for a moment solicit—these were -attributes of Washington, as well marked as his clearness of mind and -his strength of purpose.</p> - -<p>And it was in no unworthy temple, that Nature<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_234" id="page_234"></a>{234}</span> had enshrined this great -spirit. His lofty stature—exceeding six feet—his grave and handsome -face, his noble bearing, and courtly grace of manner, all proclaimed in -Washington a king of men.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>John Fiske</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="WHEN_WASHINGTON_DIED" id="WHEN_WASHINGTON_DIED"></a>WHEN WASHINGTON DIED</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Crape</span> enshrouded the Standards of France, and the Flags upon the -victorious ships of England fell fluttering to half-mast at the -tidings of his death.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Chief Justice Fuller</i><br /> -</p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Let</span> his countrymen consecrate the memory of the heroic General, the -patriotic Statesman, and the virtuous sage. Let them teach their -children never to forget that the fruits of his labours and his -example, <i>are their inheritance</i>.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>The Senate of the United States, 1799</i><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>The following stories about Washington, and the War for -Independence, may be found in “Good Stories for Great Holidays”: -Three Old Tales (the Cherry-Tree Tale); Young George and the Colt; -Washington the Athlete; Washington’s Modesty; Washington at -Yorktown; Washington and the Cowards; Betsy Ross and the Flag; A -Brave Girl (General Schuyler’s Daughter); A Gunpowder Story -(Elizabeth Zane); The Declaration of Independence; Signing of the -Declaration of Independence.</i></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_235" id="page_235"></a>{235}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="FEBRUARY_25" id="FEBRUARY_25"></a>FEBRUARY 25<br /><br /> -JOSE DE SAN MARTIN OF ARGENTINA THE PROTECTOR</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Jose de San Martin, a strong and silent man, whose character and -achievements have been little known or appreciated outside his own -country ... comes nearer than any one else to being the George -Washington of Spanish America.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Lord Bryce</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_236" id="page_236"></a>{236}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">San Martin, the great Liberator, loved men of audacity and courage. -Besides, he was just and compassionate ... courteous to gentle and -simple alike ... generous and brave San Martin.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Joseph Conrad</span><br /> -</p> - -<p class="nind"><i>The white-souled San Martin who was without fear and almost -without reproach.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">William Spence Robertson</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><i>The moral grandeur of San Martin consists in this: that nothing is -known of the secret ambitions of his life; that he was in -everything disinterested; that he confined himself strictly to his -mission; and that he died in silence, showing neither weakness, -pride, nor bitterness at seeing his work triumphant and his part in -it forgotten.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Bartolome Mitre</span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">San Martin</span> was born in Spanish America, February 25, 1778</p> - -<p>Became the Liberator of Argentina, 1812</p> - -<p>Was the Hannibal of the Andes, 1817</p> - -<p>He and O’Higgins liberated Chile, 1817-20</p> - -<p>San Martin resigned after the meeting with Bolivar, 1822</p> - -<p>In voluntary exile, he died at the age of 72, August 17, 1850</p> - -<p>His body was brought in state to Argentina, 1880</p> - -<p>He is called Protector of Peru</p> - -<p>His name is pronounced—Hosay de San Marteen</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_237" id="page_237"></a>{237}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_SOLDIER" id="THE_BOY_SOLDIER"></a>THE BOY SOLDIER</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">This</span> boy soldier, who became a great general and American Patriot, was -born in the Indian village of Yapeyu, in the district of Misiones, which -is now a part of Argentina.</p> - -<p>Misiones is a land of thousands of bright butterflies and brilliant -flowers, of plantations and wide forests. In it are abandoned groves of -wild oranges and lemons, once belonging to the Jesuit Missions, that -gave the name of Misiones to the region.</p> - -<p>Though he was born among Indians, the boy soldier was not an Indian. He -was of pure Spanish blood. His father was an officer of the Spanish -Crown, and was Governor of Misiones. Spain ruled all Spanish America in -those days.</p> - -<p>The boy soldier’s name was Jose de San Martin. Jose, is Spanish for -Joseph.</p> - -<p>It was an exciting life for Jose, with Indian boys to show him how to -shoot wild game, and how to fish in the Uruguay River. Then, there were -his father’s soldiers to tell him about military life.</p> - -<p>Before Jose was eight years old, his father was transferred, and the boy -was sent overseas to Spain to attend school in Madrid.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_238" id="page_238"></a>{238}</span></p> - -<p>But such an active American boy, accustomed to Indians and frontier -life, could not stay long contented in a school in old Madrid. Besides, -he had soldiers’ blood in his veins. He grew restless. He was only -eleven; but he petitioned the Spanish Government to be allowed to enlist -in the army.</p> - -<p>His petition was granted, and he became a boy soldier.</p> - -<p>His uniform was white and blue. His first campaign was in Africa. His -first battle was with the Moors.</p> - -<p>During the next few years he served so gallantly, that at sixteen he was -made a lieutenant. So he became a boy officer.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PATRIOT_WHO_KEPT_FAITH" id="THE_PATRIOT_WHO_KEPT_FAITH"></a>THE PATRIOT WHO KEPT FAITH</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> romantic Spain, there was everything to entice young San Martin to -forget his native land so far away, and the little Indian village on the -Uruguay.</p> - -<p>The crimson and gold banners of Spain waved over victorious -battle-fields, the drums beat triumphantly, the trumpets sounded to the -charge. There was glamour of combat with Moors and other brave enemies. -There were romances of knights and ladies, and legends of Aragon, -Castile, and the Alhambra. There were serenades, <i>fandangos</i>, and -feasts. While in the quaint Spanish<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_239" id="page_239"></a>{239}</span> towns, maidens with dark witching -eyes half hidden by mantillas, peeped through the latticed casements. -And they must have peeped out joyously whenever the stalwart, handsome, -young San Martin went by.</p> - -<p>But he never forgot his native land.</p> - -<p>As the years passed, he kept deep in his mind the memories of his -childhood. He heard that some of his countrymen in Argentina had formed -a Patriot Army, and were trying to gain their independence from Spanish -rule. He learned of their unsuccessful attempts and of their sufferings.</p> - -<p>San Martin heard, too, that the English Colonies of North America had -cast off the rule of their mother-country, England, and had established -a free government of the People under a Constitution.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, Napoleon Bonaparte was throwing Europe into confusion, -pulling down Kings from their thrones, and setting up whomsoever he -wished in their stead. He forced the King of Spain to abdicate, and -proclaimed his own brother Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain.</p> - -<p>Now the Spanish-American Colonies were the property of the <i>Kings of -Spain</i>, “the most precious jewel in their crown.” Some of the Colonists -had remained loyal, but when they heard how their King had weakly -abdicated many of them, in disgust, went over to the Patriots’ side.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_240" id="page_240"></a>{240}</span></p> - -<p>It was then that San Martin, although he had opportunities for rising -much higher in the Spanish Army, decided to return to Argentina.</p> - -<p>He landed on Argentine soil, March 9, 1812.</p> - -<p>As a little boy, he had left Argentina. Now he was returned as a man, -offering her his sword, his life, his all. “Forsaking my fortunes and my -hopes,” said San Martin later, “I desired only to sacrifice everything -to promote the Liberty of my native land. I arrived at Buenos Aires in -the beginning of 1812—thenceforward I consecrated myself to the cause -of Spanish America.”</p> - -<h3><a name="WHEN_SAN_MARTIN_CAME" id="WHEN_SAN_MARTIN_CAME"></a>WHEN SAN MARTIN CAME</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">To-day</span>, the Republic of Argentina is an immense rich land. It stretches -from the Atlantic Coast westward nearly to the Pacific. Its broad -<i>pampas</i>, or plains, roll almost from the very doors of the beautiful -city of Buenos Aires to the foothills of the Andes Mountains. The mighty -frozen peaks of the Andes form a wall between the two sister Republics, -Argentina and Chile.</p> - -<p>Though the breadth of Argentina is so great, its length is even more -tremendous. North to South, the Republic stretches from tropic regions -of intense heat to the far distant Patagonian land with its -sheep-ranches, salt-licks, and arid plains, and still farther southward -the Republic stretches toward the Antartic Circle.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_241" id="page_241"></a>{241}</span></p> - -<p>The <i>pampas</i> are like our prairies. On them herds of cattle graze; and -the <i>gauchos</i> Argentine cowboys, round up the cattle on the wealthy -<i>estancias</i> or ranches. On many of these ranches, grow wide acres of the -finest wheat and of other grains.</p> - -<p>And through the city of Buenos Aires, which has been called the “Paris -of America,” pass shipments of beef and wheat to help feed the world. In -the city’s roadstead, are ships from many countries waiting to carry -away not only beef and grain, but hides, sugar, and other Argentine -produce, as well as Patagonian mutton and wool.</p> - -<p>There are flourishing towns and cities in Argentina, and great wealth. -Buenos Aires alone has about two million inhabitants. And to Buenos -Aires come throngs of immigrants from Europe and Asia, seeking their -fortunes in Argentina; just as immigrants land in the City of New York, -to find their fortunes in our country.</p> - -<p>An immense and rich land is the Republic of Argentina to-day; and her -native citizens are one hundred per cent American!</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>But when San Martin stepped upon Argentine soil over a hundred years -ago, there was no great wealthy Republic. There were only some poor -Provinces, struggling with Spain for their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_242" id="page_242"></a>{242}</span> Liberty. Buenos Aires was -but a Colonial town on the bank of the River of Silver.</p> - -<p>There was no forest of foreign ships in the roadstead; for Spain had -forbidden trading with any land except herself. There were no great -<i>estancias</i> helping to feed the world. The whole country was groaning -under oppression. Colonists, Indians, and <i>gauchos</i>, were in arms to -defend her.</p> - -<p>The land was swarming with Spanish soldiers and Royalists. The patriot -Army was small, scattered, and poorly equipped, and undisciplined. San -Martin, with all his military knowledge, came as a Liberator to his -Country.</p> - -<p>The Patriot Government appointed him to train soldiers and organize the -army. He opened a military school. To it thronged the <i>gauchos</i>, those -daring riders of the plains, also Creoles as the Colonists of pure -Spanish blood were called, and Indians, and even slaves, to whom San -Martin had promised their freedom.</p> - -<p>The Patriots wore cockades of white and sky-blue, the Argentine colours. -In time, San Martin had mobilized a well-disciplined army of earnest -courageous men.</p> - -<p>At San Lorenzo, San Martin won a famous victory. The enemy retreated in -headlong flight, leaving behind banner, guns, and muskets. After the -battle, San Martin sent supplies to the enemy<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_243" id="page_243"></a>{243}</span> for the wounded, and -exchanged prisoners with them.</p> - -<p>This victory put heart into the entire Patriot Army, and assured the -final success of the Patriot cause.</p> - -<h3><a name="ARGENTINAS_INDEPENDENCE_DAY" id="ARGENTINAS_INDEPENDENCE_DAY"></a>ARGENTINA’S INDEPENDENCE DAY<br /><br /> -<i>July 9, 1816</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> Birthday of the Argentine Republic was really May 25, 1810, before -San Martin came to Argentina. For on that day a group of patriotic -citizens of Buenos Aires braved the anger of Spain, set up a People’s -Government, and convened the first Colonial Assembly in Argentina.</p> - -<p>But on July 9, 1816, while San Martin’s soldiers were harassing the -Spaniards, there assembled at the city of Tucuman, delegates from a -number of the Provinces, who declared the “Independence of the United -Provinces of the River of Silver (or Rio de la Plata).” The name -“Argentine Republic” was not given the Argentine Union until some years -later.</p> - -<p>Thus, Argentina, while Spain was yet on her soil, bravely declared her -Independence.</p> - -<h3><a name="A_GREAT_IDEA" id="A_GREAT_IDEA"></a>A GREAT IDEA</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Gold</span>, jewels, spices, and costly woods, in fact much of the stupendous -wealth of Spanish America,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_244" id="page_244"></a>{244}</span> flowed yearly into Lima, “the City of the -Kings” in Peru, on the Pacific, the city founded by Pizarro the -gold-hunter.</p> - -<p>Triumphantly, Lima lifted the picturesque towers and domes of her -palaces, convents, monasteries, and religious schools, and of her -ancient cathedral, for Lima ruled not only the Pacific coast of Spanish -America, but the whole of Spanish America as well. She was the centre of -Spain’s power, strength, religion, and wealth in the New World. There, -with pomp and pageant, lived the most influential of the Spanish -Viceroys, whose word was law. From Lima went forth Spain’s armies to -crush the Patriots in Argentina and Chile.</p> - -<p>So long as Spain should hold Lima, the Patriot cause would be hopeless. -On the other hand, if Lima might be taken by the Patriots, then the -stronghold of Spanish tyranny would be destroyed.</p> - -<p>So thought San Martin; and he began to lay plans to capture Lima, -although the city was seemingly inaccessible and lay beyond the Andes -Mountains far to the northwest on the Pacific Coast.</p> - -<p>The Argentine Government transferred San Martin to the Province of Cuyo, -and made him its Governor. There in the lovely city of Mendoza, the city -of vineyards, at the very foot of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_245" id="page_245"></a>{245}</span> the Andes, he set about raising -revenues, and training and equipping an army—a small but strong army of -devoted men.</p> - -<p>But how to reach Lima? questioned San Martin to himself. Any attempt to -lead the army northward to Upper Peru, and over the Andes to Lima, was -sure to bring down upon the small body of Patriots, Spain’s seasoned -troops who held Upper Peru and a part of Argentina.</p> - -<p>The only way, thought San Martin, is to cross the Andes, drive the -Spaniards <i>out of Chile</i>, then joining our forces with those of the -Chilean Patriots, go by sea to Lima, and take her from Spain. Peru will -yield, and our continent will be free!</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_MIGHTY_ANDES" id="THE_MIGHTY_ANDES"></a>THE MIGHTY ANDES</h3> - -<p>“What spoils my sleep, is not the strength of the enemy, but how to pass -those immense mountains,” said San Martin, as from Mendoza he gazed upon -the snow-clad summits of the mighty Andes, whose giant wall separated -the wide plains of Argentina from the sunny smiling valleys of Chile on -the Pacific.</p> - -<p>Terrible seemed the Andes stretching from North to South like an -impassable barrier. Near Mendoza, the barren foothills resembled waves -of a petrified sea. Above them soared the central<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_246" id="page_246"></a>{246}</span> lofty mountain-ranges -of conical, sharply defined peaks white with everlasting snow. Over the -precipices, wheeled the condors at dizzy height. And down the chasm-rent -sides of the mountains, rushed dark torrents of melted snow.</p> - -<p>San Martin knew of the rugged defiles, the narrow paths winding along -the edges of precipices, the ice-choked passages, the gloomy gorges, and -the many unbridged torrents to be crossed, torrents tossing rocks about -like straws.</p> - -<p>Nevertheless, he determined to lead his Army across the Andes, rescue -Chile, and go by sea to Lima.</p> - -<p>So without haste, he carefully laid his plans in every detail. He spent -two years in raising the Army of the Andes and equipping it. He kept his -project of crossing into Chile, secret, lest the enemy should hear of it -and guard the mountain-passes.</p> - -<p>The enthusiastic and loyal men of Mendoza and of the whole Province of -Cuyo, helped him with money and labour. Many of them enlisted. Even the -children wanted to help; so San Martin, to keep up their Patriotism, -formed them into little regiments and let them drill and carry banners. -Their mothers, led by San Martin’s wife, a lovely Argentine lady, took -off their jewels and sold them. If it had not been for the cheerful -spirit of coöperation among the folk<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_247" id="page_247"></a>{247}</span> of Cuyo, San Martin could not have -mobilized his men. For this reason, Mendoza is called “The Nest of the -Argentine Eagle.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Bartolome Mitre</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_REAL_SAN_MARTIN" id="THE_REAL_SAN_MARTIN"></a>THE REAL SAN MARTIN</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">And</span> what was General San Martin like?</p> - -<p>Why did the good folk of Mendoza love him and hasten to do all that he -asked?</p> - -<p>Why did his troops cheerfully submit to terrible privations, and -willingly plunge into danger and death if San Martin was with them?</p> - -<p>Why, to-day, do the boys and girls of Argentina wish to be like their -great and beloved hero—San Martin?</p> - -<p>First, because San Martin never thought of himself. The folk of Mendoza -offered him a handsome house to live in. He quietly refused it. He gave -up to the cause half of his salary as Governor. He accepted the rank of -general with the understanding that he might lay it down as soon as -Argentina was free. He steadfastly refused all other promotions from his -Government. He sent his wife back to Buenos Aires, so that he might live -more simply.</p> - -<p>He lived frugally, ate little, and worked hard. And what did he look -like, this General so strong yet so simple? He wore the plain uniform of -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_248" id="page_248"></a>{248}</span> Mounted Grenadiers, with the white and sky-blue cockade in his hat.</p> - -<p>He was fine-looking, tall, and muscular. His complexion was olive, his -jaw strong, and his lips firm, his black hair thick. His large, jet -black eyes looked out from under bushy eyebrows; eyes now kindly and -humorous, now piercingly observant. But when he met treachery or -cowardice those eyes could frown terribly, and when he faced dangers or -great emergencies, they expressed a fiery determined spirit.</p> - -<p>A man nobly unselfish, gentle yet forceful, modest, patient, whimsically -humorous at times, but always of few words was San Martin. Even -strangers who met him were filled with respect and affection for him.</p> - -<p>His motto was:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"><div class="poem"> -<div class="stanzaitl"> -Thou shall be what thou oughtest to be,<br /> -Or thou shall be nothing.<br /> -</div></div> -</div> - -<h3><a name="THE_FIGHTING_ENGINEER_OF_THE_ANDES" id="THE_FIGHTING_ENGINEER_OF_THE_ANDES"></a>THE FIGHTING ENGINEER OF THE ANDES</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Among</span> the Patriots of Mendoza was a begging Friar, named Luis Beltran. -He had fought in Chile against the Spaniards. He had returned across the -Andes to Mendoza with a kit of tools on his back.</p> - -<p>He was a clever fellow, a mathematician, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_249" id="page_249"></a>{249}</span> chemist, an artilleryman, a -maker of watches and fireworks, a carpenter, an architect, a blacksmith, -a draughtsman, a cobbler, and a physician. He was strong and rugged. San -Martin made him chaplain. But on learning of his extraordinary gifts, he -appointed him to establish an arsenal.</p> - -<p>Soon Friar Beltran had three hundred workmen under him, all of whom he -taught. He cast cannon, shot, and shell, melting down church-bells when -his metal gave out. He made limbers for the guns, saddles for the -cavalry, knapsacks, shoes, and other equipment for the soldiers. He -forged horseshoes and bayonets and repaired damaged muskets.</p> - -<p>If he stopped to rest at all, he drew designs on the walls of his grimy -workshop, for special caissons and wagons to transport army-supplies -over the steep passes of the Andes.</p> - -<p>Then, he took off his frock, put on the uniform of a lieutenant of the -artillery, and became the fighting engineer of the Army of the Andes.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Bartolome Mitre</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_HANNIBAL_OF_THE_ANDES" id="THE_HANNIBAL_OF_THE_ANDES"></a>THE HANNIBAL OF THE ANDES</h3> - -<h4>I</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Everything</span> was ready.</p> - -<p>Friar Beltran’s forges, blazing night and day,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_250" id="page_250"></a>{250}</span> had turned out thirty -thousand horseshoes. His arsenal had produced bullets by the hundreds of -thousands. Friar Beltran’s carriages for artillery, specially designed -for mountain-passes, stood waiting. The guns themselves were to be -carried on the backs of mules. Slings had been prepared to hoist the -mules over dangerous places; also sleds of rawhide in which the guns -might be hauled up inclines too steep for heavily laden mules to climb.</p> - -<p>The women of Mendoza, led by Bernardo O’Higgins’s mother and sister who -were exiles from Chile, had prepared a store of bandages and medicines, -and had made uniforms for the soldiers.</p> - -<p>All was ready—tents, provisions, herds of cattle, saddles, arms, -clothes, water-bottles, cables and anchors for a portable bridge, -muleteers and artisans. Nothing was overlooked by the vigilant San -Martin.</p> - -<p>Silent and reserved, he inspected everything. For he knew too well that -the mountains over which he was about to lead his Army, were more lofty -and dangerous than the famous Alps. He planned to send the Army through -two passes, the highest of which was nearly 13,000 feet above sea-level. -The troops would be long on the way, he knew, and the dangers would be -terrific.</p> - -<p>In January 1817—January is summertime in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_251" id="page_251"></a>{251}</span> Argentina—the good folk of -Mendoza gathered to say farewell to the Army that they had helped to -mobilize, and to which so many of their own men belonged, some of whom -they should never see again.</p> - -<p>The Army broke up its cantonments, and began its march in three -divisions, carrying the new flag of the Republic. The women of Mendoza -had made it. It was white and sky-blue, like San Martin’s first uniform -when he was a boy soldier, while on it was emblazoned the face of the -Rising Sun.</p> - -<p>So with provisions for many days, with armament, munitions, baggage, and -great herds of cattle for food, the Army followed the trails that led -through the barren foothills toward the high Andes.</p> - -<p>The lofty central ranges of the gloomy mountains frowned down upon the -soldiers, while the dark passes seemed yawning pitilessly to devour -them. But nothing daunted, they courageously continued to climb the -foothills toward the mountains.</p> - -<p>Bernardo O’Higgins, the Chilean Patriot, led one of the divisions; for -Chile had now joined forces with Argentina against Spain.</p> - -<p>Higher and higher the Army climbed, scouts clearing the way before it, -until it began to enter the passes of the Cordilleras. Then San Martin,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_252" id="page_252"></a>{252}</span> -who was still tarrying at Mendoza, wrote to a friend:—</p> - -<p>“This afternoon I leave to join the Army. God grant me success in this -great enterprise!”</p> - -<p>Then saying good-bye to the folk of Mendoza, by whom he was so much -beloved, he hastened to join one of the divisions.</p> - -<p>Day after day, the troops followed the steep ascents and descents, -walking close to roaring torrents, crossing craggy peaks and narrow -chasms, skirting edges of precipices, wading through snow, and hauling -heavy guns and supplies up steep inclines.</p> - -<p>Great mountain-ridges, with cañons between, ran north and south, beside -numerous lesser ridges; all these had to be crossed to reach Chile. The -intense cold on the summits, killed many of the soldiers. While the -rarefied air caused numbers to drop down and die from heart failure and -exhaustion. Of the nine thousand two hundred and eighty-one mules and -the sixteen hundred horses Friar Beltran had in charge, over half -perished.</p> - -<p>The soldiers, surrounded by the mountain peaks that seemed to touch the -sky with their snow-bound jagged tops, were depressed by the awful -loneliness. Now and then, a condor wheeled above them. Strange noises, -made by gusts of wind in the cañons, sounded like the wails of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_253" id="page_253"></a>{253}</span> lost -souls. Every step the soldiers took, convinced them that should they be -attacked, it would be impossible to retreat. Such were some of the -terrible hardships uncomplainingly suffered by the Army of the Andes.</p> - -<p>But the soldiers laughed at despair; a spirit of union and comradeship -upheld them. Each corps tried to outdo the others in cheerful endurance.</p> - -<p>At last, after more than three weeks, the Army began to defile from the -passes into Chile. Then San Martin and O’Higgins, in the great battle of -Chacabuco and later at Maipu, won the victory and drove the Spanish Army -from Chile.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>General Miller and Bartolome Mitre</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h4>II</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Thus</span> was accomplished one of the most heroic military feats in history. -“The passage of the Andes by the Army of San Martin,” says Lord Bryce, -“has been pronounced by military historians of authority to have been -one of the most remarkable operations ever accomplished in mountain -warfare. The forces which he led were no doubt small compared ... to -those which Hannibal and Napoleon carried across the Alps. But ... the -passes to be crossed were much higher.”</p> - -<p>Lord Bryce also says that San Martin comes<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_254" id="page_254"></a>{254}</span> nearer than any one else to -being “the George Washington of Spanish America.”</p> - -<p>And San Martin has been called, “the Hannibal of the Andes.”</p> - -<h3><a name="NOT_FOR_HIMSELF" id="NOT_FOR_HIMSELF"></a>NOT FOR HIMSELF</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Honours</span> were showered on San Martin after the battle of Chacabuco. News -of his successful crossing of the Andes and of his victory, reached -Buenos Aires. All day long shouts sounded through the streets. Cannon -roared from the fort and from the squadron in the roadstead. San -Martin’s portrait was hung where all could see it, draped in flags -captured from the enemy.</p> - -<p>The Argentine Government decreed a sword and badge for San Martin, and -struck medals for his soldiers. They voted a pension of six hundred -dollars a year for his little daughter, Maria Mercedes. They also sent -him a commission as Brigadier-General, the highest rank in the Argentine -service.</p> - -<p>San Martin accepted the pension for his little daughter, and laid the -money aside for her education. But he refused the commission, asking -only for more arms, money, and men, to carry on the campaign.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, the grateful Chilean Government offered to make him ruler of -all Chile. But this<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_255" id="page_255"></a>{255}</span> honour, too, he declined. So his friend and -companion-at-arms, Bernardo O’Higgins, in his stead, was elected Supreme -Ruler of the country.</p> - -<h3><a name="COCHRANE_EL_DIABLO" id="COCHRANE_EL_DIABLO"></a>COCHRANE, EL DIABLO</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">On</span> to Lima! On to Lima!” was now the cry of the Argentine and Chilean -soldiers. “Let us drive out the Spaniards! Let us expel them from -Spanish America for ever!”</p> - -<p>“On to Lima by sea,” was San Martin’s decision. Meanwhile, O’Higgins was -busy equipping a fleet to carry the troops to Peru.</p> - -<p>There was, at that time, in England a dauntless, dashing naval-officer, -Lord Thomas Cochrane, who was famous for his extraordinary courage and -adventures. He gladly accepted the invitation of San Martin and -O’Higgins, to become Admiral of the Chilean Navy. And because excitement -and danger were as meat and drink to him, he hastened to Chile.</p> - -<p>He was welcomed with great rejoicings. His beautiful young wife became -one of the belles of Santiago. English, Irish, and American officers, -drawn by the fame of Lord Cochrane’s daring exploits, arrived in numbers -offering their swords to Chile to help win her Freedom.</p> - -<p>Then, with the single-star Flag of Chile nailed to his mastheads, -Admiral Cochrane swept<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_256" id="page_256"></a>{256}</span> the Pacific clean of Spanish war-vessels. And so -fiery were his attacks, that the Spaniards nicknamed him, “<i>El Diablo</i>.” -“For the very Devil himself, he is,” said they.</p> - -<h3><a name="OUR_BROTHERS_YE_SHALL_BE_FREE" id="OUR_BROTHERS_YE_SHALL_BE_FREE"></a>OUR BROTHERS, YE SHALL BE FREE!</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">The</span> Peruvians are our brothers,” proclaimed San Martin to his soldiers.</p> - -<p>“Remember that you are come not to conquer but to liberate a People!” he -proclaimed as soon as the Liberating Army was landed in Peru. For Lord -Cochrane had brought them safely thither aboard the Chilean fleet.</p> - -<p>Then to the Peruvians, San Martin sent broadcast a proclamation:—</p> - -<p><i>You shall be free and independent. You shall form your government and -your laws according to the spontaneous wish of your own representatives. -The soldiers of the Army of Liberation, your brothers, will exert no -influences, military or civil, direct or indirect, in your social -system. Whenever it suits you, dismiss the Army which marches to protect -you. A military force should never occupy the territory of a Free -People, unless invited by its legitimate magistrates.</i></p> - -<p>This proclamation aroused the patriotism of many Peruvians, who brought -quantities of food and supplies to the Army. While numbers of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_257" id="page_257"></a>{257}</span> them -joined the Army, including six hundred slaves, to whom San Martin -promised their freedom.</p> - -<p>Then San Martin prepared to invest Lima, with the help of Lord -Cochrane’s fleet.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_FALL_OF_THE_CITY_OF_THE_KINGS" id="THE_FALL_OF_THE_CITY_OF_THE_KINGS"></a>THE FALL OF THE CITY OF THE KINGS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Lima</span>, “the City of the Kings,” stands not far from the sea on a plain -near the foot of the Cordilleras.</p> - -<p>When San Martin landed in Peru, Lima the proud, the rich, was the seat -of the Spanish Viceroy’s Court with all its pomp and vices. She was shut -in by walls above which rose her turrets and domes. Many of her people -were slaves, Indians, or freedmen; the rest were haughty Spanish -grandees and rich royalists. Lima was the civil, and military, despot of -all Spanish America.</p> - -<p>San Martin had now but one thought and aim—to drive the Spaniards from -Lima, and make the city independent. He besieged her by sea and land. -Through proclamations sent far and wide, he urged the Peruvians to rise -up and help gain their own Freedom. Peruvian Colonists, Indians, and -slaves flocked to his standard.</p> - -<p>The siege began to tell on Lima. Her pride<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_258" id="page_258"></a>{258}</span> was humbled to the dust. Her -food was exhausted. Fresh supplies were cut off by the blockade. The -poor suffered dreadful want. The rich were deprived of their luxuries. -Rich and poor alike lived in terror of their lives. To add to the -miseries of the unhappy city, her officials, who should have protected -her, fell to quarrelling among themselves.</p> - -<p>On the Fifth of July, universal terror reigned. The Spanish Viceroy had -announced that he was about to abandon the city to her fate. Every one -believed that San Martin’s troops would fall upon her to pillage and -burn. At dawn the Viceroy marched out with his troops.</p> - -<p>There was one mad rush to escape to Callao, the port of Lima, several -miles away. All the people who could, hastened to leave. Crowds of -fugitives hurried along the highways, people on foot, in carts, on -horseback; men, women, and children, with bundles and household goods, -with horses and mules, and with slaves bending under heavy burdens of -baggage and treasure.</p> - -<p>Inside the city, there was pandemonium. Women were seen fleeing toward -the convents. The narrow streets were choked with loaded wagons and -mounted horsemen.</p> - -<p>By midday, scarcely a person was to be seen. Those who had been forced -to remain, had barred their doors and closed their shutters, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_259" id="page_259"></a>{259}</span> were -waiting with fear and trembling for San Martin’s troops to fall upon the -city.</p> - -<p>In the midst of this confusion, the few officials who had not fled, -gathered together to consult as to what should be done. They feared an -uprising of the slaves or an attack by a mob. But greater still was -their fear of the multitude of San Martin’s armed Indians, savage and -undisciplined, who were surrounding the city. For though the Indians -were under the command of San Martin’s officers, they seemed likely at -any moment, to break loose from restraint and massacre the helpless -people of Lima. The Indians were so near that they could plainly be -seen, perched on the heights that overhung the city.</p> - -<p>The officials, in great terror of mind, wrote a letter to San Martin, -entreating him to enter Lima and protect her. The letter was despatched -by a messenger.</p> - -<p>All night long, a profound silence brooded over the city.</p> - -<p>The next morning San Martin’s answer came.</p> - -<p>It was brief. He would enter the city, he said, only if it was the real -wish of the People of Lima to declare their Independence. He had no -desire to enter as a conqueror, he declared, but would come only if -invited by the People.</p> - -<p>And added he, that the People, in the meanwhile,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_260" id="page_260"></a>{260}</span> might give whatever -orders they desired to his troops surrounding the city; and the orders -should be obeyed.</p> - -<p>His answer stunned the officials. They could not believe that a -conquering general could be so humane to a helpless foe. They thought -that San Martin was mocking them. But to put the matter to the test, -they sent an order to a commanding officer of a regiment stationed near -the city gate, asking him to withdraw his men to a spot a league away. -The officer immediately withdrew them.</p> - -<p>The good news flew through the city. People went almost mad with joy. -Confidence was restored; and parties of picked soldiers were invited in -to guard the city.</p> - -<p>In a day or two everything was as before. The shops were opened again. -Women were seen stealing from the convents. Men ventured into the square -to smoke their cigars. The streets were lined with refugees returning to -their homes, bringing back bundles, trunks, and treasures. The street -criers were bawling their wares; and the city was restored to its usual -noise and bustle.</p> - -<p>Then a deputation of citizens waited upon San Martin to invite him to -enter Lima and proclaim her Independence.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Captain Basil Hall</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_261" id="page_261"></a>{261}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="SAN_MARTIN_THE_CONQUEROR" id="SAN_MARTIN_THE_CONQUEROR"></a>SAN MARTIN THE CONQUEROR</h3> - -<p class="c"><i>A Retreat</i></p> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> people watched eagerly to see San Martin enter in state as a -conquering general should. The day passed, and he did not come. When it -began to grow dark, he rode in through the gate attended by a single -aide-de-camp.</p> - -<p>And he would not have come then, if he could have helped it. It was his -plan to slip unobserved into the city early in the morning before people -were up.</p> - -<p>But the reason why he had to enter at evening, was this:—</p> - -<p>He was tired, and he had just settled down for the night in the corner -of a little cottage outside the walls. He was blessing his stars that he -was well out of the reach of business, when in came two Friars, who had -discovered his hiding place.</p> - -<p>Each one made him a long tedious speech; one likened him to Cæsar and -the other to Lucullus.</p> - -<p>“Good heavens!” exclaimed San Martin, when the Friars had left. “What -are we to do? This will never answer!”</p> - -<p>“O sir,” replied the aide-de-camp, “there are two more of the same stamp -close at hand.”</p> - -<p>“Indeed! Then saddle the horses again, and let us be off!” exclaimed San -Martin.</p> - -<p>So it happened that the conquering General<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_262" id="page_262"></a>{262}</span> was forced to retreat, and -enter Lima before people were asleep.</p> - -<h4><i>The Mother and her Three Sons</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> he entered the city, instead of going directly to the palace where -he was to lodge, he stopped to call on the Governor.</p> - -<p>In a moment, the news of his arrival sped through the city. People came -thronging into the Governor’s house, and even filled the court and -street.</p> - -<p>San Martin was forced to stand in the audience-chamber and receive the -crowds. Old people and young people pressed fast upon him. But though he -was so modest and heartily disliked any show or pretension, he received -their praises patiently and kindly.</p> - -<p>A handsome middle-aged woman approached him, and as he leaned forward to -greet her, she threw herself at his feet. There, clinging to his knees, -she looked up into his face, and exclaimed that she had three sons at -his service, who, she hoped, would become useful citizens.</p> - -<p>San Martin listened to her with respect. As he gently raised her from -the floor, she flung her arms around his neck and finished her speech. -He replied to her with great earnestness; and the poor woman’s heart -seemed bursting with gratitude for his attention and kindness.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_263" id="page_263"></a>{263}</span></p> - -<h4><i>The Little Girl Who Was Bashful</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">San Martin</span> then seeing a little girl about ten or twelve years old, who -was too bashful to come forward, lifted the astonished child and kissed -her cheek. When he set her down again, the little thing was in such -ecstasy that she scarcely knew what to do.</p> - -<h4><i>Another Little Girl</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">San Martin</span> established his headquarters a little beyond the city-wall. -There he was completely surrounded by business. But every man coming out -of San Martin’s presence, seemed pleased whether he had succeeded in his -petition or not.</p> - -<p>Among others, an old man came into headquarters holding a little girl in -his arms. He had just one request, would the great General please kiss -his child? San Martin good-naturedly kissed her, and the father went -away radiantly happy.</p> - -<h4><i>The Best Cigar</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">San Martin</span> lived on the friendliest terms with his officers.</p> - -<p>One day, at his own table, he opened his pouch and took out a cigar, -rounder and firmer than the rest. He gave it a look of unconscious -satisfaction. Just then a voice called:—</p> - -<p>“My General!”</p> - -<p>San Martin started from his revery, and raised his head.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_264" id="page_264"></a>{264}</span></p> - -<p>“Who spoke?” he said.</p> - -<p>“It was I,” said an officer who had been watching him. “I merely wished -to beg the favour of one cigar from you.”</p> - -<p>“Ah ha!” said San Martin smiling good-naturedly with an assumed look of -reproach. And at once he tossed his chosen cigar to the officer.</p> - -<h4><i>Duty Before the General</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">At</span> another time, San Martin was entertaining a visitor on board a -schooner. While they were walking up and down, the sailors began to swab -the deck.</p> - -<p>“What a plague it is,” said San Martin, “that these fellows will insist -on washing their decks at this rate.” Then turning to one of the men, he -said, “I wish, my friend, you would not wet us here, but go to the other -side.”</p> - -<p>The sailor, who had his duty to perform and who was too well accustomed -to the General’s gentle manner, went on with his work, and soundly -splashed him and his guest.</p> - -<p>“I am afraid,” cried San Martin, “we must go below, although our cabin -is but a miserable hole! For really there is no persuading these fellows -to go out of their usual way.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Captain Basil Hall and Other Sources</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_265" id="page_265"></a>{265}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="LIMAS_GREATEST_DAY" id="LIMAS_GREATEST_DAY"></a>LIMA’S GREATEST DAY<br /><br /> -<i>July 28, 1821, Peru’s Independence Day</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was Lima’s greatest day. It was the 28th of July. It was her -Independence Day.</p> - -<p>Flowers and perfumes were being showered down from palace-windows and -balconies. They fell on the heads of San Martin and many officers, -clergy, and officials who were marching through cheering crowds.</p> - -<p>They marched to the great square, and mounted a platform. The troops -were drawn up in the square.</p> - -<p>The Declaration of Independence of Peru was read aloud.</p> - -<p>Then San Martin, standing on the platform, unfurled the new flag of the -Republic of Peru. As he shook out its scarlet and white folds on which -was the face of the Sun rising over the Andes with a tranquil river at -their base, he called in a loud voice:—</p> - -<p>“From this moment Peru is free and independent by the common wish of the -People, and by the justice of her cause, which God defend!”</p> - -<p>Then waving the flag on high, he shouted:—</p> - -<p>“Long live the Fatherland! Long live Liberty! Long live Independence!”</p> - -<p>“Long live the Fatherland!” shouted the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_266" id="page_266"></a>{266}</span> crowds, as they caught up his -words and passed them along from the square to the streets beyond.</p> - -<p>The bells of the city rang out a joyous peal. Cannon were fired. And -such a roar of voices went up as was never heard before in Lima.</p> - -<p>Then from the platform silver medals were rained down on the crowds. On -each was inscribed:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>Lima, being liberated, swore its Independence on the 28th of July, -1821, under the protection of the Liberating Army of Peru, -commanded by San Martin.</i></p></div> - -<p>San Martin adopted the title of “Protector of Peru.” He took upon -himself the temporary government of the country until its Independence -should be assured.</p> - -<p>“I do not want military renown,” said San Martin, “I have no ambition to -be the conqueror of Peru. I want solely to liberate the country from -oppression.”</p> - -<h3><a name="HAIL_NEIGHBOUR_REPUBLICS" id="HAIL_NEIGHBOUR_REPUBLICS"></a>HAIL! NEIGHBOUR REPUBLICS!</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">San Martin</span> continued to wage his successful campaign against the -Spaniards. Now, let us leave him and Peru for a moment.</p> - -<p>Let us turn to the United States and see what we were doing about all -this.</p> - -<p>We recognized our sister Republics for the first time on March 8, 1822.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_267" id="page_267"></a>{267}</span></p> - -<p>On that day President Monroe sent a special message to Congress saying, -“the Provinces belonging to this hemisphere are our neighbours.” He -recommended that Congress should recognize as independent Nations, -Colombia, Chile, Peru, Mexico, and Argentina, then called La Plata.</p> - -<p>Brazil had already acknowledged them; so the United States was the -second Power to hold out the hand of fellowship to our neighbours. -England followed soon after.</p> - -<p>This acknowledgment of a brave People’s struggle for freedom, came after -more than twenty years of terrible warfare.</p> - -<p>Our neighbour Republics—recognized in 1822,—have the honour of having -won their own Liberty without the aid of foreign Allies. For though they -had the sympathy of all free Peoples, and the moral support of both the -English and the United States Governments, and though hundreds of -foreign young men—whole legions of them—volunteered in the Patriot -Armies and shed their blood for Spanish-American Independence, yet the -Patriots of the Southern Republics had to stand up alone and unaided by -any Government.</p> - -<p>They won their Independence by patient endurance of every conceivable -suffering, by rising above momentary defeats, and by courageously -persisting to the end under the command of their devoted Liberators.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_268" id="page_268"></a>{268}</span></p> - -<p>In the language of San Martin, “God granted them success.”</p> - -<h3><a name="AMERICA_FOR_THE_AMERICANS" id="AMERICA_FOR_THE_AMERICANS"></a>AMERICA FOR THE AMERICANS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">So</span> at last, the Spanish-American Republics were recognized. Their -Freedom was practically won.</p> - -<p>But the Kings of Continental Europe felt their thrones tottering and -their crowns loosened.</p> - -<p>After the wars of Napoleon, the whole of Europe was in political -ferment. So it always happens after long wars.</p> - -<p>The Peoples of Continental Europe, who for generations had been -down-trodden by Kings and Emperors, had learned from the United States -and France, of such things as Liberty, Constitutions, and the right of -Peoples to a voice in their own government. Everywhere the Peoples of -Europe were preparing to demand constitutional governments. Then, too, a -wave of infidelity was sweeping through the world, the result of the -terrible French Revolution.</p> - -<p>Then, in 1815, the three Kings of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, formed a -league called the Holy Alliance.</p> - -<p>Its original purpose was lofty. It was at first, a very pious affair.</p> - -<p>The Holy Allies agreed to take under their Christian protection the -Kingdoms of Europe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_269" id="page_269"></a>{269}</span> and to govern their three Peoples as one People by -the dictates of the Holy Religion of Christ. They pledged themselves to -bring about a reign of charity, justice, and peace for Europe. The Holy -Allies claimed to be divinely appointed to do all this. Spain, France, -Naples, and Sardinia joined them. England did not become a member for -though she has a monarch, she has a Constitutional Government.</p> - -<p>It was not long before this Holy Alliance became a hotbed of European -intrigue, and developed into a subtle political league to destroy the -awakening liberties of the World.</p> - -<p>The Holy Allies conspired to put down all democratic principles, and -stamp out all representative government from Europe. They also conspired -to prevent the formation of any new Republics in other parts of the -World, and to chain the liberty of the Press, which is the Voice of the -People. Thus these Holy Allies joined forces to uphold the divine right -of Kings and the tyranny of absolute monarchies.</p> - -<p>Their next move was to promise Spain to help destroy the -Spanish-American Republics, and thus restore to her her lost Colonies.</p> - -<p>This was after we had acknowledged the Independence of those Republics.</p> - -<p>The Holy Allies planned to <i>invade America</i> with their Army.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_270" id="page_270"></a>{270}</span></p> - -<p>When this news reached the United States, there was a furore. And, when -added to this news, it was announced that Russia was laying plans to -colonize the Pacific coast of North America, there was great indignation -in this country.</p> - -<p>It was then, that President Monroe, on December 2, 1823, gave to the -World the famous <span class="smcap">Monroe Doctrine</span>, which is this:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>To the defense of our own [Government], which has been achieved by -the loss of so much blood and treasure ... and under which we have -enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole Nation is devoted.</i></p> - -<p><i>That the American continents, by the free and independent -conditions which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth -not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any -European Powers....</i></p> - -<p><i>We should consider any attempt on their part to extend their -system to any portion of this hemisphere, as dangerous to our peace -and safety.</i> ...</p> - -<p><i>But with the Governments (the Spanish American Republics) who have -declared their Independence and maintained it, and whose -Independence we have ... acknowledged, we could not view any -interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in -any other manner their destiny by any European Power, in any other -light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward -the United States.</i> ...</p></div> - -<p>This is the <span class="smcap">Monroe Doctrine</span>.</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">America for the Americans</span>, American Independence, is what it means.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_271" id="page_271"></a>{271}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="WHAT_ONE_AMERICAN_DID" id="WHAT_ONE_AMERICAN_DID"></a>WHAT ONE AMERICAN DID<br /><br /> -<i>October 9, 1820</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Now</span>, to return to South America and its struggle:</p> - -<p>“That was bravely and cleverly done!” exclaimed Joseph Villamil.</p> - -<p>Villamil was an American, a citizen of the United States, who had cast -in his lot with the Spanish-American Patriots. At his house in Guayaquil -(a city now a part of Ecuador) the local Patriots met to discuss plans.</p> - -<p>The Province and city of Guayaquil lay on the northern border of Peru. -They were still under Spanish rule. They were garrisoned by 1500 Spanish -soldiers.</p> - -<p>The Patriots decided to capture the garrison. So while San Martin was -preparing to besiege Lima, they set out from Villamil’s house, led by a -Venezuelan officer. Villamil accompanied them with a band of Englishmen -and North Americans, who were eager to help in the attack.</p> - -<p>They took the garrison in double-quick time, and with very little -bloodshed at that, for scarcely eight men were killed.</p> - -<p>“That was bravely and cleverly done!” said Villamil.</p> - -<p>And that he himself had fought bravely and cleverly during the attack, -was soon proven, for<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_272" id="page_272"></a>{272}</span> the Provisional Government of Guayaquil despatched -him aboard a schooner to carry the good news to Lord Cochrane and San -Martin.</p> - -<p>Some time after, there took place at Guayaquil one of the most amazing -meetings the world has ever seen.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_AMAZING_MEETING" id="THE_AMAZING_MEETING"></a>THE AMAZING MEETING</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">This</span> amazing meeting at Guayaquil, was like the dramatic climax of an -exciting story.</p> - -<p>There was a mystery in it.</p> - -<p>It happened a few months after the freeing of Guayaquil. The people of -the city, dressed in their gayest clothes, were crowding along the -streets, and craning their necks to watch for a procession.</p> - -<p>Triumphal arches spanned the streets. On each arch was inscribed:—</p> - -<h3>BOLIVAR!</h3> - -<p>And while the people watched eagerly, lo, the new white and blue flag of -independent Guayaquil was hauled down from the gunboats on the river, -and in its place were run up the red, yellow, and blue colours of the -great new Republic of Colombia, which had just been formed to the North -of Guayaquil.</p> - -<p>Then there was a sudden burst of military<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_273" id="page_273"></a>{273}</span> music, and under the -triumphal arches marched a procession of officers in brilliant uniforms -and soldiers with bayonets. And astride his war-horse, cocked hat in -hand, rode Simon Bolivar, the Venezuelan Liberator, small, erect, and -elegant.</p> - -<p>He had been leading his conquering Army down from the North, driving out -the Spaniards; while at the same time, San Martin had been freeing the -Republics of Argentina and Chile and convoying his Army up from the -South to the liberation of Peru.</p> - -<p>It was General Bolivar who had founded the new and great Republic of -Colombia, and had given it a constitutional government. He was now come -to Guayaquil on his way to liberate Peru.</p> - -<p>He rode thus proudly under the arches that bore his name. His alert, -bright, black eyes turned to the right and left as he took in every -detail around him.</p> - -<p>Soon after this, the Amazing Meeting took place.</p> - -<p>San Martin the Protector arrived at Guayaquil to confer with Bolivar.</p> - -<p>Strong Spanish forces were gathering in Peru, concentrating for a -terrible, and final struggle. San Martin’s Army had been weakened by -disease and losses. He was now come to ask Bolivar to join his forces -with the Patriot Army in Peru and so help bring the war to a quick, -decisive end.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_274" id="page_274"></a>{274}</span></p> - -<p>Thus the two great Patriots met in the gayly decked tropic city. One had -liberated all the northern part of Spanish America, the other had -brought Independence to two southern Republics: Bolivar small, alert, -sagacious, of vivid personality and iron will impatient of restraint, -elegantly clad in full dress uniform; San Martin, stalwart, earnest, -simple, yet strong, dressed in plain garments.</p> - -<p>On the result of their conference, hung the completed Freedom of all -Spanish America.</p> - -<p>They were left alone.</p> - -<p>They conferred for more than an hour.</p> - -<p>No one knew what they discussed. But those who caught glimpses of them, -said that Bolivar seemed agitated, while San Martin was grave and calm.</p> - -<p>After the conference, San Martin sent his baggage back to the ship.</p> - -<p>The next day, they conferred again.</p> - -<p>Again, nobody knew what they discussed.</p> - -<p>That night, San Martin went aboard his ship, and sailed for Peru.</p> - -<h3><a name="WHAT_HAPPENED_AFTERWARD" id="WHAT_HAPPENED_AFTERWARD"></a>WHAT HAPPENED AFTERWARD</h3> - -<p>Then came the results of that Amazing Meeting.</p> - -<p>San Martin returned to Peru, and announced<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_275" id="page_275"></a>{275}</span> that Bolivar was coming with -his Army to aid the Country. He then resigned his command, refusing all -the honours heaped upon him by the grateful Peruvian Government. But, he -said, that if the Republic of Peru were ever in danger, he would glory -in joining as a citizen in her defense.</p> - -<p>Then, to the sorrowing Peruvian People, he issued a farewell address, -assuring them, that since their Independence was secured, he was now -about to fulfil his sacred promise and leave them to govern themselves, -adding:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>“<i>God grant that success may preside over your destinies, and that -you may reach the summit of felicity and peace.</i>”</p></div> - -<p>That same night, San Martin mounted his horse and rode away into the -darkness. He had left Peru forever.</p> - -<p>He passed through Chile and laid down his command; then he crossed the -Andes to rest for a while on his little farm at Mendoza.</p> - -<p>There the terrible news reached him that his wife had died in Buenos -Aires. All that she had meant to him, he himself expressed in the simple -words:—</p> - -<p>“The wife and friend of General San Martin.”</p> - -<p>His trials were not yet over. For on his reaching Buenos Aires, its -officials met him coldly and scornfully. Then San Martin, ill, -sorrowful, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_276" id="page_276"></a>{276}</span> forsaken, took his little daughter in his arms, and -going aboard a ship sailed for Europe. Thus he left Argentina, and went -into voluntary exile.</p> - -<p>He never saw Buenos Aires again. Five years later, longing to retire -quietly on his farm at Mendoza, he returned to Argentina. He never left -the ship. He learned that if he did so, old political factions would -rise up again, and civil war might threaten Argentina. So he sailed back -to Europe.</p> - -<p>There he looked after his daughter’s education. And in his old age, he -lived comfortably in a small country house on the bank of the Seine. He -cared for his garden, tended his flowers, and read his books, until his -sight began to fail.</p> - -<p>At the age of seventy-two, still a voluntary exile for the good of his -Country, he died in his dear daughter’s arms.</p> - -<p>“I desire,” said he, “that my heart should rest in Buenos Aires.”</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_MYSTERY_SOLVED" id="THE_MYSTERY_SOLVED"></a>THE MYSTERY SOLVED</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">What</span> was the mystery, that had made San Martin at the height of his -success, bow his head in silence and go into voluntary exile?</p> - -<p>His enemies reviled him. Even some of his friends accused him of -deserting his post in time of need. But he neither complained nor -explained.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_277" id="page_277"></a>{277}</span></p> - -<p>A great act of self-abnegation may not be hidden forever. Years passed -by, then San Martin’s noble purpose came to light.</p> - -<p>At that Amazing Meeting, after he and Bolivar had exchanged opposing -views as to the best form of government for Spanish America, they began -to discuss the liberation of Peru.</p> - -<p>Bolivar refused to enter Peru or to allow his Army to do so without the -consent of the Congress of Colombia. He politely offered to lend San -Martin a few troops, altogether too few to aid in the subjection of the -large Spanish forces gathering in Peru for the final decisive struggle.</p> - -<p>San Martin, at a glance, read the Liberator’s purpose. He saw before him -a brilliant General “of a constancy to which difficulties only added -strength,” who by joining his Army to that of Peru, Argentina, and -Chile, could make sure for all time to come, the liberation of the whole -of Spanish America. But it was also plain to San Martin that Bolivar -would never consent to share his command with any other man.</p> - -<p>Therefore, San Martin offered to lay down the sword of supreme command -of his forces in Peru, and serve as an ordinary officer under Bolivar.</p> - -<p>This Bolivar refused.</p> - -<p>San Martin was pushed to the wall. There was left only one of two things -for him to do—either to return to Peru and wage an unequal and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_278" id="page_278"></a>{278}</span> -possibly losing warfare against the Spaniards without the help of -Bolivar,—or to withdraw.</p> - -<p>He withdrew in silence.</p> - -<p>But why in silence? Why did he not explain so that people might -understand and not misjudge him?</p> - -<p>In a letter that he wrote from Peru to Bolivar, giving his reasons for -retiring, he told why he was silent:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>“<i>The sentiments which this letter contains will remain buried in -the most profound silence. If they were to become public, our -enemies might profit by them and injure the cause of Liberty; while -ambitious and intriguing people might use them to foment discord.</i>”</p></div> - -<p>Again he said, “It shall not be San Martin who will give a day’s delight -to the enemy.”</p> - -<p>And on leaving Peru, he said in his farewell to the People, “My -countrymen, as in most affairs, will be divided in opinion—their -children will give a true verdict.”</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>And their children have justified his faith.</p> - -<p>To-day, his body rests in the Cathedral of Buenos Aires.</p> - -<p>And to-day the school-children of Argentina are taught to love and -reverence the Father of their Country who never thought of himself—Jose -de San Martin.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_279" id="page_279"></a>{279}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="MARCH_15" id="MARCH_15"></a>MARCH 15<br /><br /> -ANDREW<br /> OLD HICKORY</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p class="c"><i>Our Federal Union: It must and shall be preserved!</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson’s</span> <i>Toast on Jefferson’s Birthday</i><br /> -</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_280" id="page_280"></a>{280}</span></p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>I want to say that Andrew Jackson was a Tennessean; but Andrew -Jackson was an American, and there is not a State in this Nation -that cannot claim him, that has not the right to claim him as a -national hero....</i></p> - -<p><i>I should not say that Old Hickory was faultless. I do not know -very many strong men that have not got some of the defects of their -qualities. But Andrew Jackson was as upright a Patriot, as honest a -man, as fearless a gentleman, as ever any Nation had in public or -private life.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>President</i> <span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span> was born in the Carolinas, March 15, 1767</p> - -<p>Won the Battle of Talladega against the Creeks, 1813</p> - -<p>Won the Battle of New Orleans against the British, January 8, 1815</p> - -<p>Was made Governor of Florida, 1821</p> - -<p>Was elected President, 1828; again, 1832</p> - -<p>He died, June 8, 1845</p> - -<p>He is sometimes called “Old Hickory”</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_281" id="page_281"></a>{281}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="MISCHIEVOUS_ANDY" id="MISCHIEVOUS_ANDY"></a>MISCHIEVOUS ANDY</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">Set</span> the case! You are Shauney Kerr’s mare, and me Billy Buck. And I -should mount you, and you should kick, fall, fling, and break your neck, -should I be to blame for that?”</p> - -<p>Imagine this gibberish, roared out by a sandy-haired boy, as he came -leaping from the door of a log-schoolhouse, ready to defy all the other -boys to a race, a wrestle, or a jumping match, while he playfully laid -sprawling as many of his friends as he could trip unawares.</p> - -<p>There you have Andy Jackson!</p> - -<p>Andy, tall, lank, red-headed, blue-eyed, freckled, barefoot, and dressed -in coarse copperas-coloured clothes, was the son of a poor Scotch Irish -widow. He was born and reared in the Carolinas. He lived with his mother -in the Waxhaws Settlement. His home was a log-cabin in a clearing.</p> - -<p>His mother earned her living and that of her two youngest boys. She had -great ambitions for Andy. She sent him to school in the little -log-schoolhouse. And, when she had earned enough money, she paid his -tuition at a country academy.</p> - -<p>No boy ever lived who liked fun better than Andy. He ran foot-races, -leaped the bar, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_282" id="page_282"></a>{282}</span> high-jumped. To the younger boys, who never -questioned his mastery, he was a generous protector. There was nothing -he would not do to defend them.</p> - -<p>But boys of his own age and older, found him self-willed, somewhat -overbearing, easily offended, very irascible, and on the whole difficult -to get along with.</p> - -<p>He learned to read, write, and cast accounts—little more.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="READING_THE_DECLARATION" id="READING_THE_DECLARATION"></a>READING THE DECLARATION</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Andy</span> was nine years old when the Declaration of Independence was signed -at Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>In August, some one brought a Philadelphia newspaper to the Waxhaws. It -contained a portion of the Declaration. A crowd of Waxhaw Patriots -gathered in front of the country store owned by Andy’s Uncle Crawford. -They were eager to hear the Declaration read aloud. Andy was chosen to -read it.</p> - -<p>He did so proudly in a shrill, penetrating voice. He read the whole -thing through without once stopping to spell out the words. And that was -more than many of the grown men of the Waxhaws could do in those pioneer -days, when frontier log-schoolhouses were few and far between.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_283" id="page_283"></a>{283}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="OUT_AGAINST_TARLETON" id="OUT_AGAINST_TARLETON"></a>OUT AGAINST TARLETON</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span> was little more than thirteen, when the British Tarleton -with his dragoons, thundered along the red roads of the Waxhaws, and -dyed them a deeper red with the blood of the surprised Patriot Militia. -For Tarleton fell upon the Waxhaws settlement, and killed one hundred -and thirteen of the Militia, and wounded a hundred and fifty more.</p> - -<p>The wounded men were abandoned to the care of the settlers, and -quartered in the cabins, and in the old log Waxhaw meeting-house, which -was turned into a hospital.</p> - -<p>Andrew’s mother was one of the kind women who nursed the soldiers in the -meeting-house. Andrew and his brother Robert assisted her in waiting -upon them. Andrew, more in rage than pity, though pitiful by nature, -burned to avenge their wounds and his brother’s death. For his eldest -brother, Hugh, had mounted his horse the year before, and ridden -southward to join the Patriot forces. He had fought gallantly, and had -died bravely.</p> - -<p>Tarleton’s massacre at the Waxhaws, had kindled the flames of war in all -that region of the Carolinas. The time was now come when Andrew and -Robert were to play men’s parts. Carrying their own weapons, they -mounted their grass<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_284" id="page_284"></a>{284}</span> ponies—ponies of the South Carolina swamps, rough, -Shetlandish, wild—and rode away to join the patriots.</p> - -<p>Andrew and Robert served in a number of actions, and were finally taken -captive.</p> - -<p>They were at length rescued by their mother. This heroic woman arrived -at their prison, and by her efforts and entreaties, succeeded in -bringing about an exchange of prisoners.</p> - -<p>Andrew and Robert were brought out of prison and handed over to her. She -gazed at them in astonishment and horror,—so worn and wasted the boys -were with hunger, wounds, and disease. They were both ill with the -smallpox. Robert could not stand, nor even sit on horseback without -support.</p> - -<p>Two horses were procured. One, Mrs. Jackson rode herself. Robert was -placed on the other, and held in his seat by some of the prisoners to -whom Mrs. Jackson had just given liberty.</p> - -<p>Behind the sad procession poor Andrew dragged his weak and weary limbs, -bare-headed, bare-footed, without a jacket, his only two garments torn -and dirty.</p> - -<p>The forty miles of lonely wilderness to the Waxhaws were nearly -traversed, and the fevered boys were expecting in two hours more, to -enjoy the comfort of home, when a chilly, drenching rain set in. The -smallpox had reached that stage<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_285" id="page_285"></a>{285}</span> when a violent chill proves wellnigh -fatal. The boys reached home and went to bed.</p> - -<p>In two days Robert Jackson was dead, while Andrew was a raving maniac. -But the mother’s nursing and his own strong constitution brought Andrew -out of his peril, and set him on the way to slow recovery.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="AN_ORPHAN_OF_THE_REVOLUTION" id="AN_ORPHAN_OF_THE_REVOLUTION"></a>AN ORPHAN OF THE REVOLUTION</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span> was no sooner out of danger, than his courageous mother -resolved to go to Charleston, a distance of nearly two hundred miles, -and do what she could for the comfort of the prisoners confined on the -reeking, disease-infested prison-ships.</p> - -<p>Among the many captives on the ships, suffering hunger, sickness, and -neglect, were Mrs. Jackson’s own nephews and some of her Waxhaw -neighbours. She hoped to obtain their release, as she had that of Andy -and Robert.</p> - -<p>She arrived at Charleston, and gained admission to the ships. She -distributed food and medicines, and brought much comfort and joy to the -haggard prisoners.</p> - -<p>She had been there but a little time when she was seized by ship-fever. -After a short illness she died. She was buried on the open plain, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_286" id="page_286"></a>{286}</span> -her grave was lost sight of. Her clothes, a sorry bundle, were sent to -her boy at the Waxhaws.</p> - -<p>And so Andrew Jackson, before reaching his fifteenth birthday had lost -his father, mother, and two brothers. He was an orphan, a sick and -sorrowful orphan, a homeless orphan, an orphan of the Revolution.</p> - -<p>Many years later on his birthday, on the very same day when he disbanded -the Army with which he had won the Battle of New Orleans, he said of his -mother:—</p> - -<p>“How I wish <i>she</i> could have lived to see this day! There never was a -woman like her. She was gentle as a dove and brave as a lioness....</p> - -<p>“Her last words have been the law of my life. When the tidings of her -death reached me, I at first could not believe it. When I finally -realized the truth, I felt utterly alone.... Yes, I was alone. With that -feeling, I started to make my own way....</p> - -<p>“The memory of my Mother and her teachings, were after all the only -capital I had to start in life with, and on that capital I have made my -way.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton and Other Sources.</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_HOOTING_IN_THE_WILDERNESS" id="THE_HOOTING_IN_THE_WILDERNESS"></a>THE HOOTING IN THE WILDERNESS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was night in the Tennessee Wilderness. A train of settlers from the -Carolinas, with four-wheeled<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_287" id="page_287"></a>{287}</span> ox-carts and pack-horses, and attended by -an armed guard, was winding its way along the trail through the forest -toward the frontier-town of Nashville. They had marched thirty-six -hours, a night and two days, without stopping to rest. They were keeping -a vigilant outlook for savages.</p> - -<p>At length, they reached what they thought was a safe camping-ground. The -tired travellers hastened to encamp. Their little tents were pitched. -Their fires were lighted. The exhausted women and children crept into -the tents, and fell asleep.</p> - -<p>The men, except those who were to stand sentinel during the first half -of the night, wrapped their blankets around them and lay down under the -lee of sheltering logs with their feet to the fire.</p> - -<p>Silence fell on the camp.</p> - -<p>All slept except the sentinels and one young man. He sat with his back -to a tree, smoking a corn-cob pipe. He was not handsome; but the direct -glance of his keen blue eye and his resolute expression, made him seem -so in spite of a long thin face, high forehead somewhat narrow, and -sandy-red hair falling low on his brow.</p> - -<p>This young man was Andrew Jackson,—mischievous Andy of the -Waxhaws,—now grown to be a clever, licensed, young lawyer.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_288" id="page_288"></a>{288}</span> He was -going with the emigrant train to Nashville in order to hang out his sign -and practise on the frontier.</p> - -<p>He sat there in the Wilderness, in the darkness, peacefully smoking. He -listened to the night sounds from the forest. He was falling into a -doze, when he noted the various hoots of owls in the forest around him.</p> - -<p>“A remarkable country this, for owls,” he thought, as he closed his eyes -and fell asleep.</p> - -<p>Just then an owl, whose hooting had sounded at a distance, suddenly -uttered a peculiar cry close to the camp.</p> - -<p>In a moment, young Jackson was the widest awake man in Tennessee.</p> - -<p>He grasped his rifle, and crept cautiously to where his friend Searcy -was sleeping, and woke him quietly.</p> - -<p>“Searcy,” said he, “raise your head and make no noise.”</p> - -<p>“What’s the matter?” asked Searcy.</p> - -<p>“The owls—listen—there—there again! Isn’t that a little <i>too</i> -natural?”</p> - -<p>“Do you think so?” asked Searcy.</p> - -<p>“I know it,” replied young Jackson. “There are Indians all around us. I -have heard them in every direction. They mean to attack before -daybreak.”</p> - -<p>In a few minutes, the men of the camp were<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_289" id="page_289"></a>{289}</span> aroused. The experienced -woodsmen among them listened to the hooting, and agreed with young -Jackson, that there were Indians in the forest. Jackson advised that the -camp should be instantly and quietly broken up, and the march resumed.</p> - -<p>This was done, and the company heard nothing more of the savages.</p> - -<p>But a party of hunters who reached the same camping-ground an hour after -the company had left it, lay down by the fires and slept. Before day -dawned, the Indians were upon them, and killed all except one of the -party.</p> - -<p>But the long train of emigrants, men, women and children, were safely -continuing their wearisome journey through the Wilderness. At last, they -reached Nashville to the joy of the settlers there.</p> - -<p>And a great piece of news young Andrew Jackson brought with him to -Nashville—the Constitution of the United States had just been ratified -and adopted by a majority of the States of the Union.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="FORT_MIMS" id="FORT_MIMS"></a>FORT MIMS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> War of 1812 was made terrible by an uprising of the Indians. The -Creeks, incited and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_290" id="page_290"></a>{290}</span> armed by British officers, attacked Fort Mims in -Alabama, and, with unspeakable atrocities, massacred over five hundred -helpless men, women, and children.</p> - -<p>The howling savages at their bloody work made so hideous a scene, that -even their Chief, a half-breed Indian named Weatherford, was filled with -horror. He tried to protect the women and children. But his savage -followers broke all restraint, and nothing could stop their cruel -butchery. The Creeks ended by setting fire to the ruins of the fort.</p> - -<p>This Indian massacre at Fort Mims was one of the bloodiest in history.</p> - -<p>The news reached Tennessee, arousing the country. Andrew Jackson rose -from a sick-bed, called together an army of volunteers, and led them -against the Creeks.</p> - -<h3><a name="DAVY_CROCKETT" id="DAVY_CROCKETT"></a>DAVY CROCKETT<br /><br /> -<i>“Go ahead!” Davy Crockett’s motto</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> Andrew Jackson called for volunteers to punish the Creeks, Davy -Crockett, the famous Tennessee bear-hunter, came hurrying to enlist. He -was a backwoodsman, born and reared in a log cabin in the Wilderness.</p> - -<p>Armed with his long rifle and hunting-knife, dressed in a hunting-shirt -and fox-skin cap with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_291" id="page_291"></a>{291}</span> the tail hanging down behind, he was a -picturesque figure.</p> - -<p>He was merry as well as fearless, and kept the soldiers in a constant -roar of laughter with his jokes and funny stories. He was kind-hearted, -and gave away his money to any soldier who needed it.</p> - -<p>“Go ahead!” was his motto whenever facing difficulty or dangers.</p> - -<p>Some years after the Creek War, he took part in the struggle for Liberty -in Texas.</p> - -<p>With Travis and Bowie, he defended the Alamo.</p> - -<p>“Go ahead! Liberty and Independence for ever!” wrote Davy Crockett in -his diary just before the Alamo fell.</p> - -<h3><a name="CHIEF_WEATHERFORD" id="CHIEF_WEATHERFORD"></a>CHIEF WEATHERFORD</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson</span> carried forward his Indian campaign with crushing effect. -Blow after blow fell upon the doomed Creeks, and at the Battle of the -Horseshoe, he annihilated their power for ever.</p> - -<p>The Creeks were conquered; but their Chief, Weatherford, was still at -large. Andrew Jackson gave orders for his pursuit and capture. He wished -to punish him for his part in the massacre at Fort Mims.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_292" id="page_292"></a>{292}</span></p> - -<p>The Creek force under Weatherford had melted away. The warriors who were -left after the battle, had taken flight to a place of safety, leaving -him alone in the forest with a multitude of Indian women and children, -widows and orphans, perishing for want of food.</p> - -<p>It was then that Weatherford gave a shining example of humanity and -heroism. He might have fled to safety with the rest of his war-party. He -chose to remain and to attempt, at the sacrifice of his own life, to -save from starvation the women and children who were with him.</p> - -<p>He mounted his gray steed, and directed his course to General Jackson’s -camp. When only a few miles from there, a fine deer crossed his path and -stopped within shooting distance. Weatherford shot the deer and placed -it on his horse behind the saddle.</p> - -<p>Reloading his rifle with two balls, for the purpose of shooting Big -Warrior, a leading Chief friendly to the Americans, if he gave him any -trouble, Weatherford rode on. He soon reached the outposts of the camp. -He politely inquired of a group of soldiers where General Jackson was. -An old man pointed out the General’s tent, and the fearless Chief rode -up to it.</p> - -<p>Before the entrance of the tent sat Big Warrior himself. Seeing -Weatherford, he cried out in an insulting tone:—<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_293" id="page_293"></a>{293}</span></p> - -<p>“Ah! Bill Weatherford, have we got you at last?”</p> - -<p>With a glance of fire at Big Warrior, Weatherford replied with an -oath:—</p> - -<p>“Traitor! if you give me any insolence, I will blow a ball through your -cowardly heart!”</p> - -<p>General Jackson now came running out of the tent.</p> - -<p>“How dare you,” exclaimed the General furiously, “ride up to my tent -after having murdered the women and children at Fort Mims?”</p> - -<p>“General Jackson,” replied Weatherford with dignity, “I am not afraid of -you. I fear no man, for I am a Creek warrior.</p> - -<p>“I have nothing to request in behalf of myself. You can kill me if you -desire. But I come to beg you to send for the women and children of the -war-party, who are now starving in the woods. Their fields and cribs -have been destroyed by your people, who have driven them to the woods -without an ear of corn. I hope that you will send out parties who will -conduct them safely here, in order that they may be fed.</p> - -<p>“I exerted myself in vain to prevent the massacre of the women and -children at Fort Mims. I am now done fighting. The Red Sticks are nearly -all killed. If I could fight you any longer, I would most heartily do -so.</p> - -<p>“Send for the women and children. They never<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_294" id="page_294"></a>{294}</span> did you any harm. But kill -me, if the white people want it done.”</p> - -<p>While he was speaking, a crowd of officers and soldiers gathered around -the tent. Associating the name of Weatherford with the oft-told horrors -of the massacre, and not understanding what was going forward, the -soldiers cast upon the Chief glances of hatred and aversion. Many of -them cried out:—</p> - -<p>“Kill him! Kill him! Kill him!”</p> - -<p>“Silence!” exclaimed Jackson.</p> - -<p>And the clamour was hushed.</p> - -<p>“Any man,” added the General, with great energy, “who would kill as -brave a man as this, would rob the dead!”</p> - -<p>He then requested Weatherford to alight, and enter his tent. Which the -Chief did, bringing in with him the deer he had killed by the way, and -presenting it to the General.</p> - -<p>Jackson accepted the gift, and invited Weatherford to drink a glass of -brandy. But Weatherford refused to drink, saying:—</p> - -<p>“General, I am one of the few Indians who do not drink liquor. But I -would thank you for a little tobacco.”</p> - -<p>Jackson gave him some tobacco, and they then discussed terms of peace. -Weatherford explained that he wished peace, in order that his Nation -might be relieved of their sufferings and the women and children saved.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_295" id="page_295"></a>{295}</span></p> - -<p>“If you wish to continue the war,” said General Jackson, “you are at -liberty to depart unharmed; but if you desire peace you may remain, and -you shall be protected.”</p> - -<p>And as Weatherford desired peace, General Jackson sent for the women and -children and had them fed and cared for.</p> - -<p>When the war was over, Weatherford again became a planter, for he had -been a prosperous one before he led his Nation, the Creeks, on the -war-path.</p> - -<p>He lived many years in peace with white men and red, respected by his -neighbours for his bravery, honour, and good native common-sense.</p> - -<p>To the day of his death, Weatherford deeply regretted the massacre at -Fort Mims. “My warriors,” said he, “were like famished wolves. And the -first taste of blood made their appetites insatiable.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton and Other Stories.</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="SAM_HOUSTON" id="SAM_HOUSTON"></a>SAM HOUSTON</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Years</span> before the fall of the Alamo, during the Creek War, at the Battle -of the Horseshoe, Andrew Jackson had just given the order for a part of -his troops to charge the Indian breastwork. The troops rushed forward -with loud shouts.</p> - -<p>The first in that rush was a young Lieutenant,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_296" id="page_296"></a>{296}</span> Sam Houston.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> As he -led the way across the breastwork, a barbed arrow struck deep into his -thigh. He tried to pull it out, but could not. He called to an officer, -and asked him to draw it out.</p> - -<p>The officer tugged at its shaft twice, but failed.</p> - -<p>“Try again!” shouted Sam Houston, lifting his sword, “and if you fail -this time, I will smite you to the earth!”</p> - -<p>The officer, with a desperate effort, pulled out the arrow. A stream of -blood gushed from the wound. Sam Houston recrossed the breastwork to the -rear, to have it dressed.</p> - -<p>A surgeon dressed it and staunched the flow of blood. Just then Andrew -Jackson rode up to see who was wounded. Recognizing his daring -lieutenant, he forbade him to return to the fight.</p> - -<p>Under any other circumstances, Sam Houston would have obeyed without a -word. But now he begged the General to allow him to go back to his men. -General Jackson ordered him most peremptorily not to cross the -breastwork again.</p> - -<p>But Sam Houston was determined to die in that battle or win fame for -ever. And soon after, when General Jackson called for volunteers to -storm a ravine, Sam Houston rushed into the thick of the fight, and the -next minute he was leading on his men. He received two rifle-balls in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_297" id="page_297"></a>{297}</span> -his right shoulder, and his left arm fell shattered at his side. At -last, exhausted by the loss of blood he dropped to the ground.</p> - -<p>He eventually recovered; and the military prowess and heroism which he -had displayed throughout this battle, secured for him the lasting regard -of Old Hickory.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Retold from the “Life of Sam Houston”</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="WHY_JACKSON_WAS_NAMED_OLD_HICKORY" id="WHY_JACKSON_WAS_NAMED_OLD_HICKORY"></a>WHY JACKSON WAS NAMED OLD HICKORY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> Andrew Jackson, with his Tennessee riflemen, was camping at Natchez -waiting for orders to move on to New Orleans, he received a despatch -from the War Department. It ordered him to dismiss his men at once.</p> - -<p>Jackson’s indignation and rage knew no bounds. Dismiss them without pay, -without means of transportation, without provision for the sick! Never! -He himself would march them home again through the savage Wilderness, at -his own expense! Such was his determination.</p> - -<p>And when his little Army set out from Natchez for its march of five -hundred miles through the Wilderness, there were a hundred and fifty men -on the sick-list, of whom fifty-six could not raise their heads from the -pillow. There were but eleven wagons to convey them. The most -desperately<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_298" id="page_298"></a>{298}</span> ill were placed in the wagons. The rest of the sick were -mounted on the horses of the officers.</p> - -<p>General Jackson had three fine horses, and gave them up to the sick, -himself briskly trudging on foot. Day after day, he tramped gayly along -the miry roads, never tired, and always ready with a cheering word for -others.</p> - -<p>They marched with extraordinary speed, averaging eighteen miles a day, -and performing the whole journey in less than a month. And yet the sick -men rapidly recovered under the reviving influence of a homeward march.</p> - -<p>“Where am I?” asked one young fellow who had been lifted to his place in -a wagon, when insensible and apparently dying.</p> - -<p>“On your way <i>home</i>!” cried the General merrily.</p> - -<p>And the young soldier began to improve from that hour, and reached home -in good health.</p> - -<p>Many of the volunteers had heard so much of Jackson’s violent and hasty -temper, that they had joined the corps with a certain dread and -hesitation, fearing not the enemy, nor the marches, nor diseases and -wounds, so much as the swift wrath of their Commander. How surprised -were they to find, that though there was a whole volcano of wrath in -their General, yet to the men of his command, so long as they did<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_299" id="page_299"></a>{299}</span> their -duty and longer, he was the most gentle, patient, considerate, and -generous of friends.</p> - -<p>It was on this homeward march that the nickname of Old Hickory was -bestowed upon Andrew Jackson by his men. First of all the remark was -made by a soldier, who was struck with his wonderful pedestrian powers, -that the General was <i>tough</i>. Next it was observed of him that he was as -<i>tough as hickory</i>. Then he was called <i>Hickory</i>. Lastly the -affectionate adjective <i>old</i> was prefixed. And ever after he was known -as Old Hickory.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_COTTON-BALES" id="THE_COTTON-BALES"></a>THE COTTON-BALES</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">We</span> have all heard tell that Andrew Jackson and his riflemen fought the -Battle of New Orleans from behind cotton-bales.</p> - -<p>This is a mistake. Yet it is true that Old Hickory did commandeer a -whole cargo of cotton-bales, and with them built a bastion in front of -his guns. But at the very first bombardment, the balls from the British -batteries knocked the bales in all directions, while wads from the -American guns and spurting flames from the muzzles of the rifles set -some of the bales afire. They fell smouldering into the ditch outside, -and lay there sending up smoke and choking odours.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_300" id="page_300"></a>{300}</span></p> - -<p>When the bombardment was over, the American soldiers dragged the unburnt -cotton-bales to the rear. They cut them open and used the layers of -cotton for beds.</p> - -<h3><a name="AFTER_THE_BATTLE_OF_NEW_ORLEANS" id="AFTER_THE_BATTLE_OF_NEW_ORLEANS"></a>AFTER THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> British troops had retreated before the savage crackling of the -Tennessee and Kentucky rifles. The American artillery, which had -continued to play upon the British batteries, ceased their fire for the -guns to cool and the dense smoke to roll away.</p> - -<p>The whole American Army crowded in triumph to the parapet, and looked -over into the field.</p> - -<p>What a scene was gradually disclosed to them! The plain was covered and -heaped with the British dead and wounded. The American soldiers, to -their credit be it repeated, were appalled and silenced at the sight -before them.</p> - -<p>Dressed in their gay uniforms, cleanly shaven and attired for the -promised victory and triumphal entry into New Orleans, these stalwart -men lay on the gory field frightful examples of the horrors of war. -Strangely did they contrast with those ragged, begrimed, long-haired -pioneer men who, crowding the American parapet, stood surveying the -destruction their long-rifles had caused.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_301" id="page_301"></a>{301}</span></p> - -<p>On the edge of the woods, there were many British soldiers who, being -slightly wounded, had concealed themselves under brush and in the trees. -And it was pitiable to hear the cries for help and water that arose from -every quarter of the field.</p> - -<p>As the Americans gazed on this scene of desolation and suffering, a -profound and melancholy silence pervaded the Army. No sounds of -exultation or rejoicing were heard. Pity and sympathy had succeeded to -the boisterous and savage feelings which a few minutes before had -possessed their souls.</p> - -<p>Many of the Americans stole without leave from their positions, and with -their canteens gave water to the dying, and assisted the wounded. Those -of their enemy who could walk, the Americans led into the lines, where -they received attention from Jackson’s medical staff. Others, who were -desperately wounded, the Americans carried into camp on their backs.</p> - -<p>Jackson sent a message to New Orleans to despatch all the carts and -vehicles to the lines. Late in the day, a long procession of these carts -was seen slowly winding its way along the levee from the field of -battle. They contained the British wounded.</p> - -<p>The citizens of New Orleans, men and women, pressed forward to tender -every aid to their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_302" id="page_302"></a>{302}</span> suffering enemies. By private subscription, the -citizens supplied mattresses and pillows, lint and old linen; all of -which articles were then exceedingly scarce in the city. Women-nurses -cared for the British, and watched at their bedsides night and day. -Several of the officers, who were grievously wounded, were taken to -private residences and there provided with every comfort.</p> - -<p>Such acts as these ennoble humanity, and soften the horrors of war.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_303" id="page_303"></a>{303}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="APRIL_13" id="APRIL_13"></a>APRIL 13<br /><br /> -THOMAS JEFFERSON<br /> -THE FRAMER OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE</h2> - -<p class="nind"><i>All honour to Jefferson—to the man, who, in the concrete pressure of a -struggle for National Independence by a single People, had the coolness, -forecast, and capacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document -an abstract truth applicable to all men and all times; and so to embalm -it there, that to-day and in all coming days, it shall be a rebuke and a -stumbling-block to the very harbingers of reappearing tyranny and -oppression.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_304" id="page_304"></a>{304}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_FOURTH_OF_JULY" id="THE_FOURTH_OF_JULY"></a>THE FOURTH OF JULY<br /><br /> -1826</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">“Is it the Fourth?” “No, not yet,” they answered, “but ’t will soon be early morn.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">We will wake you, if you slumber, when the day begins to dawn.”<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then the statesman left the present, lived again amid the past,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Saw, perhaps, the peopled Future, lived again amid the Past,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Till the flashes of the morning lit the far horizon low,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the sun’s rays, o’er the forest in the East, began to glow.<br /></span> -<span style="margin-left: 6em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span class="i0">Evening, in majestic shadows, fell upon the fortress’ walls;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sweetly were the last bells ringing on the James and on the Charles.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">’Mid the choruses of Freedom, two departed victors lay,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">One beside the blue Rivanna, one by Massachusetts Bay.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Hezekiah Butterworth</span> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span> was born in Virginia, April 13, 1743</p> - -<p>Framed the Declaration of Independence, 1776</p> - -<p>Was elected Governor of Virginia, 1779</p> - -<p>Appointed Secretary of State in Washington’s Cabinet, 1789</p> - -<p>Elected third President of the United States, 1800</p> - -<p>He died on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the -Declaration of Independence, the Fourth of July, 1826</p> - -<p>He was called the Sage of Monticello. Monticello was the name of -his fine country estate.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_305" id="page_305"></a>{305}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_OWNER_OF_SHADWELL_FARM" id="THE_BOY_OWNER_OF_SHADWELL_FARM"></a>THE BOY OWNER OF SHADWELL FARM</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Thomas Jefferson</span> was a boy of seventeen, tall, raw-boned, freckled, and -sandy-haired. He came to Williamsburg from the far west of Virginia, to -enter the College of William and Mary.</p> - -<p>With his large feet and hands, his thick wrists, and prominent cheek -bones and chin, he could not have been accounted handsome or graceful. -He is described, however, as a fresh, bright, healthy-looking youth, as -straight as a gun-barrel, sinewy and strong, with that alertness of -movement which comes of early familiarity with saddle, gun, canoe, and -minuet. His teeth, too, were perfect. His eyes, which were of -hazel-gray, were beaming and expressive.</p> - -<p>His home, Shadwell Farm, was a hundred and fifty miles to the north-west -of Williamsburg among the mountains of central Virginia. It was a plain, -spacious farmhouse, a story and a half high, with four large rooms and a -wide entry on the ground floor, and many garret chambers above. The farm -was nineteen hundred acres of land, part of it densely wooded, and some -of it so steep and rocky as to be unfit for cultivation. The farm was -tilled by thirty slaves.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_306" id="page_306"></a>{306}</span></p> - -<p>And Thomas Jefferson, this student of seventeen, through the death of -his father, was already the head of the family, and under a guardian, -the owner of Shadwell Farm, the best portion of his father’s estate.</p> - -<p>His father, Peter Jefferson, had been a wonder of physical force and -stature. He had the strength of three strong men. Two hogsheads of -tobacco, each weighing a thousand pounds, he could raise at once from -their sides, and stand them upright. When surveying in the Wilderness, -he could tire out his assistants, and tire out his mules; then eat his -mules, and still press on, sleeping alone by night in a hollow tree to -the howling of the wolves, till his task was done.</p> - -<p>From this natural chief of men, Thomas Jefferson derived his stature, -his erectness, and his bodily strength.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="A_CHRISTMAS_GUEST" id="A_CHRISTMAS_GUEST"></a>A CHRISTMAS GUEST</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Shadwell Farm</span> was a good farm to grow up on. Thomas Jefferson and his -noisy crowd of schoolfellows hunted on a mountain near by, which -abounded in deer, turkeys, foxes, and other game. Jefferson was a keen -hunter, eager for a fox, swift of foot and sound of wind, coming<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_307" id="page_307"></a>{307}</span> in -fresh and alert after a long day’s clambering hunt.</p> - -<p>He studied hard, for he liked books as much as fox-hunting. Soon he -began to be impatient to enter college. Then, too, he had never seen a -town nor even a village of twenty houses, and he was curious to know -something of the great world. His guardian consenting, he bade farewell -to his mother and sisters, and set off for Williamsburg, a five days’ -long ride from his home.</p> - -<p>But just before he started for college, he stayed over the holidays at a -merry house in Hanover County, where he met, for the first time, a -jovial blade named Patrick Henry, noted then only for fiddling, dancing, -mimicry, and practical jokes.</p> - -<p>Jefferson and Henry became great friends. Jefferson had not a suspicion -of the wonderful talent that lay undeveloped in the prime mover of all -the fun of that merry company. While as little, doubtless, did Patrick -Henry see in this slender sandy-haired lad, a political leader and -associate.</p> - -<p>Yet only a few years later, in May 1765, Patrick Henry was elected a -member of the House of Burgesses, and Jefferson was become a brilliant -law student.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_308" id="page_308"></a>{308}</span></p> - -<p>In 1775, Jefferson was elected a delegate to the Continental Congress, -that declared the Independence of the United States of America.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James Parton</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_AUTHOR_OF_THE_DECLARATION" id="THE_AUTHOR_OF_THE_DECLARATION"></a>THE AUTHOR OF THE DECLARATION</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> English settlers of Virginia, brought with them English rights and -liberties. The settlers and their descendants were “forever to enjoy all -liberties, franchises, and immunities enjoyed by Englishmen in England.” -They received from England the right to make their own laws, if not -contrary to the laws of England.</p> - -<p>It was a Governor of Virginia who summoned the first representative -Assembly that ever met in America, the first American Colonial -Legislature. This happened about a year before the Pilgrim Fathers -reached the New World, and drew up the Mayflower Compact.</p> - -<p>It was not strange, therefore, that Thomas Jefferson, born and reared in -the atmosphere of Virginia Freedom, should have been a Patriot who -fearlessly defended American Liberty.</p> - -<p>He was also a man of unusual intellectual power and a writer of elegant -prose. So when Congress appointed a Committee to draft the Declaration -of Independence, he was made a member of that Committee.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_309" id="page_309"></a>{309}</span></p> - -<p>When the Committee met, the other members asked Thomas Jefferson to -compose the draft. He did so. The Committee admired his draft so much, -that with but few changes, they submitted it to Congress.</p> - -<p>After a fiery debate, some alterations being made, Congress adopted -Thomas Jefferson’s draft, as the Declaration of Independence of the -United States of America.</p> - -<h3><a name="PROCLAIM_LIBERTY" id="PROCLAIM_LIBERTY"></a>PROCLAIM LIBERTY<br /><br /> -<i>July 4, 1776</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> Declaration was signed! America was free!</p> - -<p>Joyously the great bell in the steeple of the State House at -Philadelphia, swung its iron tongue and pealed forth the glad news, -proclaiming Liberty throughout all the land.</p> - -<p>The tidings spread from city to city, from village to village, from farm -to farm. There was shouting, rejoicing, bonfires, and thanksgiving. -Copies of the Declaration were sent to all the States. Washington had it -proclaimed at the head of his troops; while far away in the Waxhaws, -nine year old Andrew Jackson read it aloud to an eager crowd of -backwoods settlers.</p> - -<p>The great bell—the Liberty Bell—that had proclaimed Liberty, was -carefully treasured. To-day, it may be seen in Independence Hall, as the -old State House is now called.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_310" id="page_310"></a>{310}</span></p> - -<p>Around the crown of the Liberty Bell are inscribed the words which God -Almighty commanded the Hebrews to proclaim to all the Hebrew People, -every fifty years, so that they should not oppress one another:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Proclaim Liberty throughout all the Land,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Unto all the inhabitants thereof.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>Twenty-three years before the Declaration of Independence was signed, -these prophetic words from the Bible had been inscribed upon the crown -of that great Bell.</p> - -<h3><a name="ONLY_A_REPRIEVE" id="ONLY_A_REPRIEVE"></a>ONLY A REPRIEVE</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Fondly do we hope,—fervently do we pray,—that this mighty -scourge of War may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it -continue until all the wealth piled by the bondsman’s two hundred -and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every -drop of blood drawn by the lash shall be paid by another drawn with -the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must -be said, “The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous -altogether.”</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">There</span> were two statements in the Declaration of Independence, which must -have profoundly disturbed its Signers:—</p> - -<p>“All men are created equal,” and have the right “to Life, Liberty, and -the pursuit of Happiness.”</p> - -<p>Many of the Signers were slave-holders.</p> - -<p>Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, the Framer of the Declaration, was an -Abolitionist, and an<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_311" id="page_311"></a>{311}</span> active one, throwing the weight of his great -influence against the institution of slavery.</p> - -<p>He earnestly believed that all men—white and black alike—are born -equal. So, when he was asked to frame the Declaration of Independence, -he put into it a clause condemning the slave-trade, as an “assemblage of -horrors.” During the debate in the Convention, this clause was stricken -out.</p> - -<p>Though Jefferson had his reasons for not freeing his own slaves, he -continued to speak and write against slavery as a violation of human -rights and liberties.</p> - -<p>“This abomination must have an end,” he said.</p> - -<p>There were other Americans who believed as he did.</p> - -<p>George Washington, in his Will, left their freedom to his slaves, to be -given them after his wife’s death. He ordered a fund to be set aside for -the support of all his old and sick slaves, and he bade his heirs see to -it that the young negroes were taught to read and write and to carry on -some useful occupation.</p> - -<p>Kosciuszko was Jefferson’s intimate friend, and like him a believer in -Freedom for all men, without regard to race or colour. Before he left -America, Kosciuszko made a will turning over his American property to -Jefferson, for the purchase<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_312" id="page_312"></a>{312}</span> of slaves from their owners and for their -education, so that when free, they might earn their living and become -worthy citizens.</p> - -<p>From the time of Jefferson until the Civil War, slavery to be or not to -be, was the burning question. Men and women, specially those belonging -to the Society of Friends, devoted their lives to the abolition of -slavery.</p> - -<p>Many of these Abolitionists were mobbed, and otherwise persecuted, -because of their humane efforts. William Lloyd Garrison was the great -leader of the Abolitionists. “The Quaker Poet” Whittier was also a -leader in the agitation against slavery.</p> - -<p>But to go back to Thomas Jefferson: When the Missouri Compromise went -into effect, and “the house was divided against itself,” Jefferson was -deeply and terribly stirred. He looked far into the future.</p> - -<p>“This momentous question,” he wrote, “like a fire-bell in the night, -awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell -of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a -<i>reprieve</i> only—not a final sentence.”</p> - -<p>And again he said:—</p> - -<p>“I tremble for my Country, when I reflect that God is just; that His -justice cannot sleep for ever.”</p> - -<p>First the reprieve! Then as the crime was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_313" id="page_313"></a>{313}</span> continued, the execution of -the sentence! Nearly a hundred years of slavery passed after the framing -of the Declaration, then on North and South fell the terrible -retributive punishment of the Civil War.</p> - -<h3><a name="ON_THE_FOURTH_OF_JULY" id="ON_THE_FOURTH_OF_JULY"></a>ON THE FOURTH OF JULY<br /><br /> -1826</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was the Fourth of July, the fiftieth anniversary of the Signing of -the Declaration of Independence.</p> - -<p>In his home at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson had closed his eyes for ever -on the Fourth of July, the fiftieth anniversary of the Signing of the -Declaration of Independence.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_315" id="page_315"></a>{315}</span><a name="page_314" id="page_314"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="MAY_29" id="MAY_29"></a>MAY 29<br /> -PATRICK HENRY<br /> -THE ORATOR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="c"><i>I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me -Liberty or give me Death!</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Patrick Henry</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_316" id="page_316"></a>{316}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="TO_THE_READER" id="TO_THE_READER"></a>TO THE READER</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Whether (Independence) will prove a blessing or a curse will -depend upon the use our People make of the blessings which a -gracious God hath bestowed on us.</i></p> - -<p><i>If they are wise, they will be great and happy. If they are of a -contrary character, they will be miserable. Righteoutness alone can -exalt them at a Nation.</i></p> - -<p><i>Reader!—whoever thou art, remember this; and in thy sphere -practice virtue thyself, and encourage it in others.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Patrick Henry</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Patrick Henry</span> was born in Virginia, May 29, 1736</p> - -<p>He was elected Governor of Virginia, 1776</p> - -<p>He died June 6, 1799</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_317" id="page_317"></a>{317}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_ORATOR_OF_THE_WAR_FOR_INDEPENDENCE" id="THE_ORATOR_OF_THE_WAR_FOR_INDEPENDENCE"></a>THE ORATOR OF THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE</h3> - -<h4><i>A Surprise to All</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> 1765, there was an important meeting of the House of Burgesses of -Virginia, as the lawmaking body of that Colony was called. They had come -together to debate upon a great question, that of the Stamp Act passed -by the British Parliament for the taxation of the Colonies.</p> - -<p>Most of the members were opposed to it, but they were timid and -doubtful, and dreadfully afraid of saying or doing something that might -offend the King. They talked all round the subject, but were as afraid -to come close to it as if it had been a chained wolf.</p> - -<p>They were almost ready to adjourn, with nothing done, when a tall and -slender young man, a new and insignificant member whom few knew, rose in -his seat, and began to speak upon the subject.</p> - -<p>Some of the rich and aristocratic members looked upon him with -indignation. What did this nobody mean in meddling with so weighty a -subject as that before them, and which they had already fully debated? -But their indignation did not trouble the young man.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_318" id="page_318"></a>{318}</span></p> - -<p>He began by offering a series of resolutions, in which he maintained -that only the Burgesses and the Governor had the right to tax the -People, and that the Stamp Act was contrary to the Constitution of the -Colony, and therefore was void.</p> - -<p>This was a bold resolution. No one else had dared to go so far. It -scared many of the members, and a great storm of opposition arose, but -the young man would not yield.</p> - -<p>He began to speak, and soon there was flowing from his lips a stream of -eloquence that took every one by surprise. Never had such glowing words -been heard in that old hall. His force and enthusiasm shook the whole -Assembly.</p> - -<p>Finally wrought up to the highest pitch of indignant Patriotism, he -thundered out the memorable words:—</p> - -<p>“Cæsar had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the -Third—”</p> - -<p>“Treason! Treason!” cried some of the excited members.</p> - -<p>But the orator went on:</p> - -<p>“—<i>may profit by their example</i>. If <i>this</i> be Treason, make the most of -it!”</p> - -<p>His boldness carried the day. His words were irresistible. The -resolutions were adopted. Virginia took a decided stand.</p> - -<p>And Patrick Henry, the orator, from that time was of first rank among -American speakers.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/i_c318i1_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_c318i1_sml.jpg" width="325" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: “‘TREASON! TREASON!’ CRIED SOME OF THE EXCITED -MEMBERS”" /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">“‘TREASON! TREASON!’ CRIED SOME OF THE EXCITED -MEMBERS”</span> -</div> - -<p>A zealous and daring Patriot, he had made himself a power among the -People.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_319" id="page_319"></a>{319}</span></p> - -<h4><i>A Failure that was a Success</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Who</span> was this man that had dared hurl defiance at the King?</p> - -<p>A few years before he had been looked upon as one of the most -insignificant of men, a failure in everything he undertook, an awkward, -ill-dressed, slovenly, lazy fellow, who could not even speak the king’s -English correctly. He was little better than a tavern lounger, most of -his time being spent in hunting and fishing, in playing the flute and -violin, and in telling amusing stories.</p> - -<p>He had tried farming and failed. He had made a pretense of studying law, -and gained admittance to the bar, though his legal knowledge was very -slight. Having almost nothing to do in the law, he spent most of his -time helping about the tavern at Hanover Court House, kept by his -father-in-law, who supported him and his family, for he had married -early.</p> - -<p>One day there came up a case in court which all of the leading lawyers -had refused. What was the surprise of the people, when the story went -around that Patrick Henry had offered himself on the defendants’ side. -His taking up the case was a joke to most of them, and a general burst<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_320" id="page_320"></a>{320}</span> -of laughter followed the news. Yet Patrick Henry won the case!</p> - -<p>He was a made man. He no longer had to lounge in his office waiting for -business. Plenty of it came to him. He set himself for the first time to -an earnest study of the law. He improved his command of language, the -dormant powers of his mind rapidly unfolded. Two years after pleading -his first case, he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses.</p> - -<p>We have seen how, in this body, he “set the ball of the Revolution -rolling.”</p> - -<h4><i>Give me Liberty or Give me Death!</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Patrick Henry</span>, in his spirit-stirring oration before the House of -Burgesses, had put himself on record for all time. His defiance of the -King stamped him as a warrior who had thrown his shield away and -thenceforward would fight only with the sword.</p> - -<p>The Patriot leaders welcomed him. He worked with Thomas Jefferson and -others upon the Committee of Correspondence, which sought to spread the -story of political events through the Colonies. He was sent to -Philadelphia as a member of the first Continental Congress. In fact, he -became one of the most active and ardent of American Patriots.</p> - -<p>It was in 1775 that Patrick Henry, in a convention,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_321" id="page_321"></a>{321}</span> presented -resolutions in favour of an open appeal to arms. To this the more timid -spirits made strong opposition. The fight at Lexington had not yet taken -place, but Henry’s prophetic gaze saw it coming. In a burst of flaming -eloquence, he laid bare the tyranny of Parliament and King, declared -that there was nothing left but to fight, and ended with an outburst -thrilling in its force and intensity:—</p> - -<p>“There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are -forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is -inevitable—and let it come!</p> - -<p>“I repeat it, sir, let it come! It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the -matter! Gentlemen may cry Peace, peace! but there is no peace. The war -is actually begun. The next gale that sweeps from the North, will bring -to our ears the clash of resounding arms. Our brethren are already in -the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What -would they have? Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at -the price of chains and slavery?</p> - -<p>“Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as -for me, give me Liberty or give me Death!”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Charles Morris</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_322" id="page_322"></a>{322}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="FACING_DANGER" id="FACING_DANGER"></a>FACING DANGER</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was the last day of August, 1774. The Potomac was flowing lazily past -Mount Vernon. The door of the large mansion on the high river-bank stood -open. Before it were three horses saddled and bridled. Three men came -out of the house.</p> - -<p>One was George Washington, large, handsome, resolute, dressed for a long -journey. With him, was a tall, angular, raw-boned man, slightly -stooping, carelessly dressed, whose dark, deep-set eyes flashed with -peculiar brilliance. The third man was equally striking in appearance, -well-proportioned and graceful, his face serene and thoughtful.</p> - -<p>The tall raw-boned man with deep glowing eyes, was Patrick Henry; the -elegant stranger, Edmund Pendleton. They were two of Virginia’s most -devoted Patriots.</p> - -<p>As the three vaulted into their saddles, Washington’s wife stood in the -open doorway, trying to conceal her anxiety for him under a cheerful -manner. Her heart was very heavy. But as the three gave spurs to their -horses, she called out:—</p> - -<p>“God be with you, Gentlemen!”</p> - -<p>And so they rode away. It was dangerous business on which they were -bent, as Martha Washington well knew. They were going to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_323" id="page_323"></a>{323}</span> attend the -First Continental Congress at Philadelphia. They were about to defy -England.</p> - -<p>But the three rode away from Mount Vernon fearlessly, with her words -ringing in their ears:—</p> - -<p>“God be with you, Gentlemen!”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_325" id="page_325"></a>{325}</span><a name="page_324" id="page_324"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="JUNE_9" id="JUNE_9"></a>JUNE 9<br /><br /> -FRANCISCO DE MIRANDA OF VENEZUELA<br /> -THE FLAMING SON OF LIBERTY</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>He took part in three great political movements of his age:—the -Independence of the United States of North America; the French -Revolution; and the Independence of South America.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>From an inscription to Miranda, by the<br /> -Venezuelan Government</i><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_326" id="page_326"></a>{326}</span></p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>The Prince of Filibusters, the Chief of the Apostles of -Spanish-American Independence, and one of the founders of the -Republic of Venezuela, Francisco de Miranda will long live in song -and story.</i> ...</p> - -<p><i>The career of this Knight-Errant of Venezuela has fired the -imagination of many filibusters and revolutionists.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">William Spence Robertson</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Miranda</span> was born in Venezuela, June 9, 1756</p> - -<p>Flew Venezuela’s first flag of Freedom, the Red, Yellow, and Blue, -March 12, 1806</p> - -<p>Signed the Declaration of Independence of Venezuela, July 5, 1811</p> - -<p>He died in Spanish chains, July 14, 1816</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_327" id="page_327"></a>{327}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_SPANISH_GALLEONS" id="THE_SPANISH_GALLEONS"></a>THE SPANISH GALLEONS</h3> - -<h4>I</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Have</span> you ever read the voyages and adventures of the handsome young -Amyas Leigh, who sailed the Spanish Main with the Seawolf, Sir Francis -Drake? Have you read of Ayacanora the Indian Princess with the blowgun, -of Salvation Yeo, of the lost Rose of Devon, of the old <i>Mono</i> of -Panama, and how Amyas and his fellows seized a gold pack-train and -captured a Spanish Treasure-Galleon?</p> - -<p>One of the most thrilling tales of adventure, of Spanish Gold and -Spanish Galleons, is “Westward Ho!” the story of Amyas Leigh. But before -the days of Amyas, Knight of Devon, and of the English Seawolves, the -Spanish Treasure Ships began to sail upon the Spanish Main.</p> - -<p>These Galleons were like huge floating castles, and were manned by armed -Spaniards. They were filled with bars of glittering gold and silver and -with other treasure of the New World.</p> - -<p>For after Columbus’s discovery, there had come to the New World, greedy -pearl-seekers and even greedier gold-hunters and slave-traders. They -exploited the mines and pearl-fisheries, and,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_328" id="page_328"></a>{328}</span> capturing thousands of -helpless Indians, sold them to Spanish masters, to do all kinds of hard -labour.</p> - -<p>Thus Spanish America became a vast treasure-house for the Spanish Crown. -Pack-trains of Indian and negro slaves and mules under guard, carrying -bullion, gems, fragrant spices, and costly woods, toiled along the steep -and narrow trails of the Andes, or threaded the dangerous -mountain-passes. These miserable slaves, groaning under their heavy -burdens, cringed beneath the lashes of their drivers’ whips. They -shivered in the piercing cold of the high mountains, and panted from -tropic heat, as the pack-trains wound their way across the Isthmus of -Panama to the Atlantic side.</p> - -<p>There the great Galleons took aboard the gold, silver, emeralds, pearls, -spices, and woods, as well as cargoes of slaves, then sailed away with -them across the Spanish Main.</p> - -<p>But gold breeds robbers. And along the coast and on the Caribbean Sea, -swarmed pirate ships waiting to swoop down upon the Galleons. -Oftentimes, buccaneers grappled with the Treasure-Ships, putting the -Spaniards to the knife, and carrying off the booty to their -pirate-islands. So not every Galleon came safely to its Spanish port.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_329" id="page_329"></a>{329}</span></p> - -<h4>II</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">And</span> in order that this stupendous wealth of the West Indies and of -<i>Tierra Firme</i>, as South America was then called, should belong to no -country but herself, Spain sent out Governors to rule with iron hand her -Spanish-American Colonies. For the Spanish Crown had Colonies in South -America, just as England had in North America. In South America were -many important cities and towns.</p> - -<p>These Governors were, for the most part, gold-grasping officials. They -oppressed the Creoles, as the native-born Americans of pure Spanish -blood were called. And besides the Creoles, there were in Spanish -America, Indians, negro-slaves, and people of mixed blood, all subjects -of the Crown.</p> - -<p>Laws were enforced taxing the People heavily, closing their ports to -foreign trade, and forbidding them to manufacture commodities which -Spain herself wished to make and sell to the Colonists at exorbitant -prices.</p> - -<p>Not even the rich Creoles were allowed to travel abroad without -permission from the Crown. When in Spain they were treated with -contempt. Their education was limited, higher education is not for -Americans, decreed the Spanish King. And they might not read books<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_330" id="page_330"></a>{330}</span> -forbidden by Spain. And at that time, the Roman Catholic Church was -exercising its power in Spanish America, in much the same fashion as the -Established Church of England was misusing its function at the time of -the Pilgrim Fathers, Roger Williams, and William Penn.</p> - -<p>If any of the Colonists raised their voices in protest, their property -was confiscated, and they were arrested. The slightest rebellion was -mercilessly punished. Many of the captured rebels were either flung into -filthy dungeons to die or were executed.</p> - -<p>Large numbers of Indians, negroes and people of mixed blood, perished -miserably in the mines and on the plantations, or while deep-sea diving -for pearls,—all this to fill the Spanish Galleons with treasure.</p> - -<h4>III</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Then</span> came the <i>Liberators</i>, facing death or cruel imprisonment. But they -were strengthened by the justice of their cause, and by the fact that -the United States of America had succeeded in separating from her Mother -Country, and had established a Republic in which the citizens, rich and -poor alike, had a voice in their own government.</p> - -<p>It is the story of some of these <i>Liberators</i> that is told here, the -Washingtons and Lincolns of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_331" id="page_331"></a>{331}</span> their native lands, who freed their -countrymen from the curse of the Spanish Treasure-Ships, and who -established the Latin American Republics.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_ROMANCE_OF_MIRANDA" id="THE_ROMANCE_OF_MIRANDA"></a>THE ROMANCE OF MIRANDA</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">This</span> is the romance of Francisco de Miranda of Venezuela, the Flaming -Son of Liberty, the Knight-Errant of Freedom, who made Spain tremble.</p> - -<p>Romance was in his blood, for Alvaro, his great Spanish ancestor, had -won the family coat-of-arms, by rescuing five Christian maidens from -pagan Moors. And Miranda’s father, an adventurous, bold Spaniard, had -crossed the Atlantic in those dangerous days of pirates to seek his -fortune in Venezuela.</p> - -<p>So the boy, who was to make Spain tremble, was born in Venezuela, and -grew up in the City of Caracas. He liked to read and study. He was given -a classical education. But the call of romance and adventure was too -loud for him to remain quietly at home. When he was sixteen, he sailed -for Spain to try his own fortune.</p> - -<p>His father was wealthy, and the boy bought a captain’s commission in the -Regiment of the Princess. He studied military science and fought -valiantly against Spain’s enemies. He collected books. In fact, he spent -a great deal of money<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_332" id="page_332"></a>{332}</span> bringing books from many countries; only to have -some of his precious volumes burned by the Spanish Inquisition, because -they taught of <i>Equality, Fraternity, and Liberty</i>.</p> - -<p>Then came our American War for Independence. While Washington and the -Continental Army were fighting for our Liberty, Miranda’s romantic -career as a Knight-Errant of Liberty, began.</p> - -<p>For Spain and France were both at war with England. They sent troops to -the West Indies to form an expedition to take away from England, -Pensacola, in Florida. Miranda, a high-spirited, executive young officer -was chosen to accompany the Spanish troops. So for two years he took -part in our struggle for Independence.</p> - -<p>But he made enemies among the Spanish officials stationed in the West -Indies. They accused him of disloyalty to Spain. He was tried, and -banished for ten years. Probably he had aroused their suspicion because, -while fighting for our Freedom, he had begun to plan for the -Independence of Venezuela.</p> - -<p>Thus Miranda became an exile from all of Spain’s dominions. Filled with -his great idea of Freedom for his Country, he went wandering about -Europe armed with papers, maps, and information about Spanish America. -He went from Court to Court, from Country to Country<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_333" id="page_333"></a>{333}</span>—he even visited -the United States—trying to persuade some Government to take up the -cause of Independence for Spanish America, and to lend him money, men, -and arms.</p> - -<p>But he found time in the midst of all this roving to become a soldier of -France, and to fight for her Freedom during the French Revolution. He -had many thrilling adventures, and was imprisoned and escaped. Then he -once more took up his wanderings and petitionings.</p> - -<p>He was a handsome man. His courtly manners, charm, and eloquence, his -burning words of Patriotism, everywhere aroused sympathy. He told of the -sufferings of his countrymen, and of the great commercial opportunities -which Spanish America offered to whatever friendly Nation would help to -gain her Freedom.</p> - -<p>Everywhere he was received with attention. The Empress Catherine the -Great of Russia became his friend. William Pitt gave him many assurances -that England would aid him if possible; while our own Alexander Hamilton -wrote him, that he hoped the United States might soon come forward -openly to the support of Spanish-American Independence.</p> - -<p>Time and again, it seemed as though Miranda were succeeding. But on each -occasion international politics interfered, and the Governments withdrew -their encouragement.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_334" id="page_334"></a>{334}</span></p> - -<p>Spain feared Miranda. She pronounced him a fugitive from justice. Her -spies followed him. They searched his papers; and would have seized him -and carried him back to Spain, had they not been afraid of his powerful -friends in Russia and England.</p> - -<p>In Miranda’s London home, many Spanish-American Patriots met together, -and joined a secret society founded by him. They planned to free Spanish -America; and they swore to give their lives and their all to the aid of -their Country.</p> - -<p>Many years passed by. Miranda was over fifty. Yet he had not struck a -single blow for Venezuela. He determined to wait no longer for foreign -aid. He believed that the time was ripe to declare the Independence of -Spanish America. He believed that the people there were waiting eagerly -for him to raise Liberty’s standard against Spain.</p> - -<p>He had no funds, so he pledged his precious library, which, during so -many years, he had collected with such pains, industry, and affection.</p> - -<p>Then, with the money thus raised, he sailed for the City of New York.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_335" id="page_335"></a>{335}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_MYSTERY_SHIP" id="THE_MYSTERY_SHIP"></a>THE MYSTERY SHIP</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Hail! the Red, Yellow, and Blue!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Tri-Colour that flew<br /></span> -<span class="i2">On the winds of the Spanish Main,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Striking the heart of Spain,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Breaking the Tyrant-chain,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With its message of Freedom true!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The Red, the Yellow, the Blue!<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was early in the year 1806. Near a wharf in Staten Island rode the -good ship <i>Leander</i> tugging at her anchor.</p> - -<p>A crowd of young men, some of them from New York and Long Island, came -hurrying onto the wharf. Many were college men, others were working -boys. Some were dressed in fashionable clothes; while others, who -shouldered their way huskily through the crowd, wore plain homespun and -carried kits of tools or bundles of clothes. Among these young men was -William Steuben Smith, the grandson of John Adams, ex-President of the -United States. With his father’s permission he had left college to sail -on the <i>Leander</i>; but he had not consulted his grandfather.</p> - -<p>He and the other young men had signed ship’s papers to sail in the -<i>Leander</i>, yet few of them knew where they were going. It was to be a -mysterious voyage. A number of the men had been told that they would get -much gold, and at the same time help to free an unknown suffering<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_336" id="page_336"></a>{336}</span> -people from slavery. Others had been persuaded to join the expedition by -being assured that they were going south to guard the Washington mail. -Few, if any, had seen their new employer and commander, George Martin.</p> - -<p>The ship’s boats filled rapidly and rowed out to the <i>Leander</i>. All the -men were set on board. Then she weighed anchor, and, with sails spread, -was soon briskly cutting her way through the waves of the outer bay. And -when Sandy Hook was passed, she stood out to sea.</p> - -<p>Then, there appeared on deck a most romantic figure, in a red robe and -slippers. The word went round:—</p> - -<p>“It’s our Commander, George Martin.”</p> - -<p>And George Martin, though the young men did not know it, was Francisco -de Miranda.</p> - -<p>The red robe flapped in the wind around his well-built form. His gray -hair, powdered and combed back from his high forehead, was tied behind -with a ribbon. While from either ear stood out large, wiry, gray -side-whiskers. As he strolled across the deck, examining the young men -with his piercing, eager, hazel eyes, he smiled pleasantly, showing -handsome white teeth.</p> - -<p>They crowded around him, hoping to hear where they were going. Some even -asked the question. But he, ignoring it, shook hands with each one, and -conversed in a delightful manner,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_337" id="page_337"></a>{337}</span> now asking the college men about -their studies, and now speaking to the others about their work. Still -the mystery remained—whither was the ship going?</p> - -<p>Day after day went by, and the mystery deepened. The <i>Leander</i> took her -course southward. George Martin, mingling with the men, chatted affably. -He related his adventures, he told of his sufferings, escapes, and many -perils, and of his friendships at Court and of all the romance of his -life. Then he waxed warmer, and spoke of his great idea—of <i>Equality, -Fraternity, and Liberty</i> for all men. Thus he aimed to sow seeds of -heroic deeds and Freedom, in the minds of the young men.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, he began to drill the men on deck, assigning officers to -duties. He fixed the regimental uniforms; the infantry dress in blue and -yellow, the artillery in blue and red; the engineers in blue and black -velvet; the riflemen in green; the dragoons in yellow and blue.</p> - -<p>From sunrise to sunset there was hustle and bustle on deck. A printing -press was set up. At an armourer’s bench a man was repairing old -muskets, sharpening bayonets, and cleaning rusty swords. Tailors, -sitting cross-legged on the deck, were cutting out and stitching -uniforms. A body of raw recruits were drilling under a drill-master who -looked as bold as a lion and roared nearly as loud.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_338" id="page_338"></a>{338}</span></p> - -<p>There was buzz everywhere, and excitement too, for no one yet knew to -what land the ship was going. And George Martin, looking mightily -pleased, stood watching everybody and everything, and saying, “We shall -soon be ready for the Main.”</p> - -<p>Then a day arrived when several hundred proclamations were run off the -printing press. They were addressed to the People of South America, -painting strongly their hardships and woes, and promising them -deliverance from Spain. They were signed, “Don Francisco de Miranda, -Commander-in-Chief of the Colombian Army.”</p> - -<p>Thereupon George Martin—who was Miranda—announced that he expected -soon to land on the coast of Venezuela and strike the first blow against -Spain.</p> - -<p>Some of the young Americans, who were eager to fight anywhere or -anybody, and who longed for the glint of Spanish Gold, cheered loudly. -But their mates kept quiet, with heavy hearts, for they had begun to -wonder whether after all they were not a band of mere filibusters -instead of a noble army, since they were sailing under no protecting -flag.</p> - -<p>Then, too, rumours were going the round, that if any of the men were -captured by the enemy, they would be given short shrift and hanged as -pirates.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_339" id="page_339"></a>{339}</span></p> - -<p>A few days later General Miranda hoisted for the first time the new -Colombian flag of Freedom—a tri-colour, the Red, Yellow, and Blue. And -as it floated wide on the southern wind, a gun was fired and toasts -drunk to the banner that was long to wave—and is waving to-day—over -the Republic of Venezuela.</p> - -<p>It was the first Flag of Spanish-American Independence.</p> - -<p>After the flag-raising the <i>Leander</i> sped merrily on her way, carrying -the raw army of about two hundred men to fight the whole of Spain. While -many of them in the gloomy bottoms of their hearts, were heartily -wishing that they were safe at home again in the good old City of New -York.</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="hang"><i>Retold from accounts by -James Biggs, and Moses Smith of Long Island, two Americans who -sailed with Miranda, 1806</i></p></div> - -<h3><a name="THE_END_OF_THE_MYSTERY_SHIP" id="THE_END_OF_THE_MYSTERY_SHIP"></a>THE END OF THE MYSTERY SHIP</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">And</span> what became of the young Americans who had been persuaded to ship in -the <i>Leander</i>?</p> - -<p>Two English schooners, the <i>Bacchus</i> and the <i>Bee</i>, had joined the -<i>Leander</i> at one of the West Indies. As the latter was overcrowded, some -of the Americans were transferred to the schooners.</p> - -<p>Then, while this small fleet of three small vessels was approaching -Venezuela, two Spanish revenue-cutters swooped down upon them. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_340" id="page_340"></a>{340}</span> -<i>Leander</i> engaged the enemy bravely, firing her guns; but the <i>Bacchus</i> -and <i>Bee</i> tried to escape and became separated from the <i>Leander</i>. The -revenue-cutters turned, and, pursuing the little ships, captured them -and all on board.</p> - -<p>Our young Americans fought bravely, but they were badly wounded with -knives and swords. They were captured, and plundered by the Spaniards. -They were stripped, and tied back to back. In this humiliating condition -they were carried to the Fortress of Puerto Cabello, and thrown into a -dungeon; where they were chained together, two and two, and loaded with -irons.</p> - -<p>The dungeon was a living sepulchre, a mere cavity in the moss-grown -mouldy fortress-wall, and below ground at that. The rain soaked through -the foundations and the poor fellows lay wallowing in filth and mire.</p> - -<p>They were tried by a Spanish Court and condemned. Fourteen of them were -hanged as pirates.</p> - -<p>As for the rest, those who were flung back alive into their dungeon, how -gladly now would they have fought to liberate the Spanish-American -People! They no longer blamed Miranda, but wished to aid him with all -their might.</p> - -<p>Like a spluttering candle whose flame suddenly goes out, so ended the -ill-fated career of the Mystery Ship.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_341" id="page_341"></a>{341}</span></p> - -<p>Miranda landed on the coast of Venezuela. He and his men fought well. -But the people did not rise up to join his standard as he had expected. -Instead they fled from him. They were afraid. Spain was too strong in -Venezuela, and the Patriot cause too weak.</p> - -<p>So Miranda was driven from the country. His expedition failed. He was, -finally, forced to disband what was left of his little “Colombian Army,” -after which he took refuge again in England.</p> - -<p>As for the poor captive American lads, those who had not been hanged as -pirates, our United States Government could do little to assist them, -for we were not at war with Spain, and the young men had been taken as -pirates on the high seas. Some of them continued to languish in Spanish -dungeons, others were put to hard labour in the mines, and few of them -were ever heard of again.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_GREAT_AND_GLORIOUS_FIFTH" id="THE_GREAT_AND_GLORIOUS_FIFTH"></a>THE GREAT AND GLORIOUS FIFTH</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Meanwhile</span>, a great change was taking place. In Europe, Napoleon had -forced the King of Spain to abdicate. In Venezuela the people felt no -longer bound in loyalty to the Spanish Crown. Miranda’s teachings had -made an impression. The seeds of Patriotism which he had sown were -taking root.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_342" id="page_342"></a>{342}</span></p> - -<p>The Patriot Party in Venezuela grew strong. Young Simon Bolivar, a fiery -Patriot, was sent on a mission to England. While there, he sought out -Miranda. He invited him to return to Venezuela and help the Patriot -cause.</p> - -<p>So Miranda returned.</p> - -<p>On the Fifth of July, 1811, a Congress representing the Venezuelan -People, assembled and voted in the name “of the all-powerful God” a -Declaration of Independence of the United Provinces of Venezuela, which -by right and act became a free, sovereign, and independent State.</p> - -<p>Miranda was one of the signers.</p> - -<p>It was a great and glorious <i>Fifth</i>—like our <i>Fourth</i>—when Liberty -enlightened that land. For it was the first Declaration of Independence -in all Spanish America. And the brave delegates, who put their names to -it, did so at the greatest risk of their lives; for Spain was still -strong in Venezuela.</p> - -<p>On that same day, the Venezuelan Congress adopted a flag for the -Republic—the tri-colour, the Red, Yellow, and Blue, which Miranda had -flown from the <i>Leander</i>.</p> - -<p>Miranda was made Commander-in-Chief of the Patriot Army of Venezuela, -and led it against the Spanish forces.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_343" id="page_343"></a>{343}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="A_TERRIBLE_THING" id="A_TERRIBLE_THING"></a>A TERRIBLE THING</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">But</span> the struggle against Spain was only just begun. Her armies were -large. Her General, Monteverde, was treacherous, crafty, and cruel. Much -of Venezuela yet groaned beneath the heel of Spain.</p> - -<p>Miranda and his soldiers fought valiantly, now defeated, now victorious. -It began to seem as though the Patriot cause might triumph in the end.</p> - -<p>Then a terrible thing happened.</p> - -<p>An earthquake—frightful, tremendous—shook the land. The earth heaved -like the sea in all directions. Churches, houses, and barracks swayed, -and fell with a roar. Men, women, and children were crushed and killed. -The Patriot arms and supplies were buried under mountains of débris.</p> - -<p>In the City of Caracas, the ruins were awful. The frantic people ran -screaming into the great square. The hearts of the bravest were frozen -with terror.</p> - -<p>But the earthquake had scarcely passed away, before Friars, who were -loyal to Spain, were mounted on a table in the midst of the frightened -multitude.</p> - -<p>“The earthquake is the judgment of God,” they cried, “and his curse on -all who are trying to cast off their virtuous King, the Lord’s -Anointed!”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_344" id="page_344"></a>{344}</span></p> - -<p>The people listened in horror. A religious panic spread from Caracas -throughout Venezuela. People forgot that earthquakes had often happened -before in many parts of the world, casting cities into ruins. They -believed that God Almighty had condemned their struggle for -Independence.</p> - -<p>Many soldiers of the Patriot Army refused to fight any more against -Spain. They deserted in numbers to Monteverde. In vain Miranda tried to -rally his troops, he could no longer persuade them to believe in the -justice of their cause. Superstitious terror had made cowards of them -all.</p> - -<p>Monteverde continued to advance rapidly. Miranda saw not only his ranks -thinning daily, but the country that supplied food and cattle for his -army, falling into the hands of the enemy.</p> - -<p>Then came a final crushing blow:—</p> - -<p>The strong Fortress of Puerto Cabello fell into the hands of Monteverde.</p> - -<h3><a name="END_OF_THE_ROMANCE" id="END_OF_THE_ROMANCE"></a>END OF THE ROMANCE</h3> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">Venezuela</span> is wounded in the heart!” exclaimed Miranda in a deep voice -as he read the despatch telling of the loss of Puerto Cabello.</p> - -<p>It was Simon Bolivar, the fiery, impetuous, young Patriot, who had lost -this important<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_345" id="page_345"></a>{345}</span> fortress and city to Monteverde. He was in despair, -Bolivar said, because his own body had not been left under the ruins of -that city.</p> - -<p>But the fortress was irretrievably lost, and the tide of Fortune was -turned against Independence. The cause of Venezuela seemed hopeless. -Miranda was worn and weary. So he capitulated.</p> - -<p>He capitulated to Monteverde, with the agreement that none of the -Patriots should be made to suffer for their rebellion; and that any of -them who so wished, might leave the country.</p> - -<p>After signing the capitulation, Miranda prepared to leave on an English -vessel and seek refuge in the West Indies. He sent his servants with his -money and precious papers aboard. He then decided to sleep that night on -land, and embark the next morning.</p> - -<p>But he never embarked. Bolivar, with some of Miranda’s officers, -indignant it is said because Miranda had capitulated, seized him while -he was asleep, and threw him into a dungeon.</p> - -<p>After which they surrendered him to Monteverde, who had him transferred -in chains to Puerto Cabello, the same Fortress in which our young -Americans from the Mystery Ship had suffered so terribly.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, Simon Bolivar obtained a passport from Monteverde and fled to -the West Indies.</p> - -<p>As for Miranda, he continued to languish in<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_346" id="page_346"></a>{346}</span> Spanish-American prisons -for some time. Then he was carried to Spain and cast into a dungeon.</p> - -<p>Though Miranda’s existence was miserable, he received comfort from his -books, for he delighted to read. In his cell after his death, were found -Horace, Virgil, Cicero, Don Quixote,—and even a copy of the New -Testament.</p> - -<p>Early on the morning of July 14, 1816, he “gave his soul to God, his -name to history, and his body to the earth.” Whether he died by poison, -execution, or natural death, no one knows.</p> - -<p>Thus perished the Flaming Son of Liberty, the Knight-Errant of Freedom, -the Chief of the Apostles of Spanish-American Independence.</p> - -<p>So his romance was ended. But his work was only begun; it lived on for -others to finish.</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>For how his work lived on, read Simon Bolivar the Liberator, page -371.</i></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_347" id="page_347"></a>{347}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="JUNE_23-24" id="JUNE_23-24"></a>JUNE 23-24<br /><br /> -ROGER WILLIAMS AND THE FOUNDING OF PROVIDENCE</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>He has been rightly called “The First American,” because he was -the first to actualize in a commonwealth, the distinctively -American principle of Freedom for mind and body and soul.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Arthur B. Strickland</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_348" id="page_348"></a>{348}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="GOD_MAKES_A_PATH" id="GOD_MAKES_A_PATH"></a>GOD MAKES A PATH</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">God makes a path, provides a guide,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And feeds in Wilderness;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">His glorious Name, while breath remains,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Oh, that I may confess!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Lost many a time, I have had no guide,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">No house, but hollow tree!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In stormy winter night, no fire,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">No food, no company:<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">In Him, I found a house, a bed,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">A table, company:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">No cup so bitter, but ’s made sweet,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">When God shall sweet’ning be.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">Roger Williams</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p>The date of <span class="smcap">Roger Williams’s</span> birth is unknown, probably about 1604 -or 1607</p> - -<p>He founded Providence, about June 23-24, 1636</p> - -<p>He died, 1684</p> - -<p>He has been called “The Apostle of Soul Liberty.”</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_349" id="page_349"></a>{349}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="ROGER_THE_BOY" id="ROGER_THE_BOY"></a>ROGER, THE BOY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> exact date of Roger Williams’s birth is unknown. Nor are his -historians agreed on the place where he was born. It is generally -thought that he was born in London, where his father was a tailor. He is -also said to have been distantly related to Oliver Cromwell.</p> - -<p>When Roger Williams was a boy, a new system of writing had been devised, -called shorthand. He learned it, and, going to the Star Chamber, took -down some of the sermons and speeches. The Judge, Sir Edward Coke, was -so pleased with his work, that he became Roger Williams’s friend and -patron, and even gained him admission to one of the famous English -schools. Later, young Roger Williams attended Cambridge University.</p> - -<p>After leaving Cambridge, he is said to have studied law under his friend -Sir Edward Coke. Then, not being satisfied with law, he studied to -become a minister.</p> - -<p>Like William Penn, Roger Williams was a thoughtful boy, and like William -Penn, he had a sweet experience in childhood. For Roger Williams himself -when old, said, “From my<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_350" id="page_350"></a>{350}</span> childhood, now about three score years, the -Father of lights and mercies touched my soul with a love for Himself, to -his Only Begotten, the true Lord Jesus, and to his holy Scriptures.”</p> - -<h3><a name="SOUL_LIBERTY" id="SOUL_LIBERTY"></a>SOUL LIBERTY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> those days in England, many members of the Established Church -believed that the Church needed reforming, or <i>purifying</i>. These members -were called <i>Puritans</i>.</p> - -<p>They were severely persecuted. A number of them emigrated from England -to Massachusetts Bay. One body of these colonists settled in Salem, and -another founded Charlestown and Boston.</p> - -<p>About a year after the settlement of Boston, a young man came thither -from England. He, too, had left home because of religious persecution. -He was known to be a godly man, and thought to be a Puritan. He was -warmly welcomed by the Boston folk. He was Roger Williams.</p> - -<p>But soon the good folk of Boston were scandalized.</p> - -<p>The Puritans of Boston had not actually separated from the Established -Church, as had their neighbours, the Separatists of Plymouth; they had -merely purified their mode of worship.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_351" id="page_351"></a>{351}</span> They had, moreover, decreed that -the Government of their Colony should be directed by their church. They -did not permit any man not in good church-standing to have a vote in -public affairs. They even persecuted folk who did not believe as they -did, and who would not attend their church.</p> - -<p>Roger Williams soon electrified them by urging not only separation from -the Established Church, but asserting that no Government had a right to -interfere with the religious faith of any one. The place of the -Government, he said, was to prevent crime, not to enforce any form of -religion. Every man had the right to “soul liberty” he asserted.</p> - -<p>He also insisted that the King of England had no right whatsoever to -give away the lands belonging to the Indians, without their consent.</p> - -<p>The Puritans bitterly opposed him. After a few years, since he continued -to preach and teach his beliefs, they tried him in their court and -banished him from the Colony.</p> - -<p>In the middle of a New England Winter, he was forced to leave his wife, -child, and many sorrowing friends, and flee through the snow to safety. -He had with him to direct his way, only a sun-dial and compass.</p> - -<p>His sufferings were terrible. He never got over the effects of the cold -and hunger which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_352" id="page_352"></a>{352}</span> he endured on that flight through the Wilderness.</p> - -<p>He had made friends among the Indians, with Massasoit and Canonicus. He -had most lovingly carried the Gospel to them and their peoples. He had -passed many a night with them in their lodges.</p> - -<p>And now that he was in want and distress, it was his Indian friends who -succoured him.</p> - -<p>In the Spring, he had begun to build and plant at Seekonk, when Governor -Winslow of Plymouth, in the kindest of spirits, sent him word that -Seekonk was within the bounds of Plymouth Colony; and in order that -there might be no trouble with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he advised -him to move across the water, where he would be as free as the Plymouth -folk themselves, adding that then Roger Williams and the Plymouth Folk -might be loving neighbours together.</p> - -<h3><a name="WHAT_CHEER" id="WHAT_CHEER"></a>WHAT CHEER!<br /><br /> -<i>Providence</i><br /><br /> -<i>Founded 1636</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Without</span> bitterness or complaint, Roger Williams prepared immediately to -abandon the cabin he had built at Seekonk, and the fields which he had -so industriously sown and cultivated.</p> - -<p>With five companions who had joined him<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_353" id="page_353"></a>{353}</span> there, he entered his canoe and -dropped down the river, watching the bank for an inviting landing.</p> - -<p>On approaching a little cove, friendly voices saluted him. On Slate -Rock, Indians were waiting to welcome him.</p> - -<p>“What cheer, Netop!” they exclaimed.</p> - -<p>It was a salutation, meaning, “How do you do, friend!”</p> - -<p>Roger Williams and his companions landed, but were more pleased with the -welcome than the place.</p> - -<p>Getting into their canoe again, they rounded Indian Point and Fox Point, -and sailed up a beautiful sheet of water, skirting a dense forest, to a -spot near the mouth of the Mooshausick River.</p> - -<p>A spring of fresh water was no doubt one of its attractions. Here Roger -Williams commenced to build again, and to prepare for future planting.</p> - -<p>He gave the place the name of <i>Providence</i>, “in grateful remembrance of -God’s merciful providence to me in my distress.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Z. A. Mudge</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_354" id="page_354"></a>{354}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="RISKING_HIS_LIFE" id="RISKING_HIS_LIFE"></a>RISKING HIS LIFE</h3> - -<h4>I</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">No</span> one can say that Roger Williams was not a good Christian, a better -one than those who drove him from his home, for he soon risked his own -life to save them from danger.</p> - -<p>The fierce and warlike Indians of the Pequot tribe had made an attack on -the settlers, and were trying to get the large and powerful tribe of the -Narragansetts to join them. They wished to kill all the white people of -the Plymouth Colony, and drive the pale faces from the country.</p> - -<p>The people of Plymouth and of Boston, too, were in a great fright when -they heard of this. They knew that Roger Williams was the only white man -in that region who had any influence with the Indians, and they sent to -him, begging him to go to the Narragansett camp and ask the -Narragansetts not to join the Pequots.</p> - -<p>Many men would have refused to go into a horde of raging savages, to -procure the safety of their enemies. But Roger Williams was too noble to -refuse; though he knew that his life would be in the utmost danger, for -some of the bloodthirsty Pequots were then with the Narragansetts.</p> - -<p>He promptly went to the Indian camp, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_355" id="page_355"></a>{355}</span> spent three days in the -wigwams of the Sachems, though he expected every night to have the -treacherous Pequots “put their bloody knives to his throat.”</p> - -<p>But the Narragansetts were strong friends of the honest pastor. They -listened to his counsel. And in the end, they and another tribe, the -Mohicans, joined the English against the Pequots.</p> - -<p>Thus it was chiefly due to Roger Williams, that the Colonists were saved -from the scalping knives of the Indians.</p> - -<h4>II</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Years</span> of peace and prosperity existed in Providence plantations. The -Colony grew. No man interfered with another man’s religion. Those in the -other New England Colonies, who did not want to be forced to accept the -creed of the Puritans, came to the Colony of Roger Williams.</p> - -<p>He was their principal pastor. He was so kind, gentle, and good, that -everybody respected and loved him. His people were his children. He had -brought them together, and spent his time working for their good; and -they looked on him as their best friend.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Charles Morris</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_357" id="page_357"></a>{357}</span><a name="page_356" id="page_356"></a></p> - -<h2><a name="JULY_6" id="JULY_6"></a>JULY 6<br /><br /> -JOHN PAUL JONES<br /> -AMERICA’S IMMORTAL SEA-FIGHTER</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">I have not yet begun to fight!<br /></span> -<span class="i12"><span class="smcap">Paul Jones</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_358" id="page_358"></a>{358}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="PAUL_JONES" id="PAUL_JONES"></a>PAUL JONES</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">A song unto Liberty’s brave Buccaneer,<br /></span> -<span class="i2">Ever bright be the fame of the Patriot Rover.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">For our rights he first fought in his “black privateer,”<br /></span> -<span class="i2">And faced the proud foe, ere our sea they crossed over<br /></span> -<span class="i6">In their channel and coast,<br /></span> -<span class="i6">He scattered their host.<br /></span> -<span style="margin-left: 6em;">. . . . . . . . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span class="i6">’Twas his hand that raised<br /></span> -<span class="i6">The first Flag that blazed,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And his deeds ’neath the “Pine Tree” all ocean amazed.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="authh"><i>Ballad</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Paul Jones</span> was born in Scotland, July 6, 1747</p> - -<p>Was the first American Naval officer to receive a foreign salute -for the Stars and Stripes, 1778</p> - -<p>Won the victory over the <i>Serapis</i>, 1779</p> - -<p>He died in Paris, July 18, 1792</p> - -<p>His body was brought to America in 1905 and interred with honours -at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_359" id="page_359"></a>{359}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_OF_THE_SOLWAY" id="THE_BOY_OF_THE_SOLWAY"></a>THE BOY OF THE SOLWAY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Born</span> by the seashore of Scotland where the tide heaves up the Solway, -living on a promontory surrounded by romantic scenery, and with the -words of seafaring men constantly ringing in his ears, the boy, John -Paul, longed to be a sailor.</p> - -<p>He was the son of a poor gardener. But he was of that poetic romantic -temperament, which always builds gorgeous structures in the future; and -no boy, with a fancy like that of John Pul could be content to live the -humdrum life of a gardener’s son. So he launched forth with a strong arm -and resolute spirit to hew his way among his fellows.</p> - -<p>John Paul was only twelve or fourteen years of age, when he became a -sailor on board a ship bound to Virginia.</p> - -<p>Thus early were his footsteps directed to America, by which his whole -future career was shaped.</p> - -<p>After reaching America, he took the name of Jones. He rendered his new -name immortal, and the real name John Paul is sunk in that of Paul -Jones.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>J. T. Headley</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_360" id="page_360"></a>{360}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="DONT_TREAD_ON_ME" id="DONT_TREAD_ON_ME"></a>DON’T TREAD ON ME!</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> 1775, when our War for Independence broke out, Paul Jones commenced -his brilliant career.</p> - -<p>Some men regard him as a sort of freebooter turned Patriot—an -adventurer to whom the American War was a God-send, in that it kept him -from being a pirate. But nothing could be farther from the truth.</p> - -<p>When the War broke out, he offered to serve in the Navy. Congress -accepted his offer, and appointed him first lieutenant in the <i>Alfred</i>.</p> - -<p>As the commander-in-chief of the squadron came on board the <i>Alfred</i>, -Paul Jones unfurled our National Flag—the first time its folds were -ever given to the breeze.</p> - -<p>What that Flag was, strange as it may seem, no record tells us. It was -not the Stars and Stripes, for they were not adopted till two years -after.</p> - -<p>The generally received opinion is, that it was a Pine Tree with a -rattlesnake coiled at the roots as if about to spring, and underneath -the motto:</p> - -<h4>DON’T TREAD ON ME!</h4> - -<p>If the Flag bore such a symbol, it was most appropriate to Paul Jones, -for no serpent was ever more ready to strike than he.</p> - -<p>At all events, it unrolled to the breeze, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_361" id="page_361"></a>{361}</span> waved over as gallant a -young officer as ever trod a quarterdeck.</p> - -<p>Fairly afloat—twenty-nine years of age—healthy, well-knit, though of -light and slender frame—a commissioned officer in the American Navy the -young gardener saw with joy, the shores receding as the fleet steered -for the Bahama Isles.</p> - -<p>The result of this expedition was the capture of New Providence with a -hundred cannon and abundance of military stores.</p> - -<p>And the capture was brought about by the perseverance and daring of -young Paul Jones.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>J. T. Headley</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_FIRST_SALUTE" id="THE_FIRST_SALUTE"></a>THE FIRST SALUTE</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p><i>That Flag and I are twins, born at the same hour.... We cannot be -parted in life or death. So long as we shall float, we shall float -together. If we sink, we shall go down as one.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Paul Jones</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">June</span> 14, 1777, was a great day for the United States and for Paul Jones.</p> - -<p>On that self-same day, Congress passed two famous Resolutions;—and -<i>Commander</i> Paul Jones and the Flag of the Nation were “born at the same -hour”:—</p> - -<p><i>Resolved</i>: that the Flag of the Thirteen United States be thirteen -Stripes, alternate red and white; that the Union be thirteen Stars, -white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_362" id="page_362"></a>{362}</span></p> - -<p><i>Resolved</i>: that Captain John Paul Jones be appointed to command the -ship <i>Ranger</i>.</p> - -<p>Thus it came to pass that the gallant young Scotchman, eager to fight -for Liberty, hastened to make the <i>Ranger</i> ready for sea. Then he sailed -away under orders for France.</p> - -<p>From the harbour of Nantes, he convoyed some American ships to place -them under the protection of the French fleet in Quiberon Bay. The -commander of the French fleet was Admiral La Motte Picquet, who had been -ordered by his Government to keep the coast of France free from British -cruisers.</p> - -<p>And it was there in Quiberon Bay, that John Paul Jones received the -first salute ever given by a foreign Nation to our Stars and Stripes—a -salute that recognized the Independence of the United States.</p> - -<p>It was on Washington’s Birthday, 1778, that Paul Jones wrote to our -Government describing this great event:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p>“I am happy in having it in my power to congratulate you,” he said, -“on my having seen the American Flag, for the first time, -recognized in the fullest and completest manner by the Flag of -France.</p> - -<p>“I was off their bay, the 18th, and sent my boat in the next day, -to know if the Admiral would return my salute.</p> - -<p>“He answered that he would return to me, as the senior American -Continental officer in Europe, the</p></div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/i_c362i1_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/i_c362i1_sml.jpg" width="325" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: PAUL JONES HOISTING THE STARS AND STRIPES" /></a> -<br /> -<span class="caption">PAUL JONES HOISTING THE STARS AND STRIPES</span> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_363" id="page_363"></a>{363}</span></p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind">same salute which he was authorized by his Court to return to an -Admiral of Holland, or of any other Republic; which was four guns -less than the salute given.</p> - -<p>“I hesitated at this; for I had demanded gun for gun.</p> - -<p>“Therefore, I anchored in the entrance of the bay, at a distance -from the French Fleet. But after a very particular inquiry, on the -14th, finding that he had really told the truth, I was induced to -accept of his offer; the more so as it was in fact an -acknowledgment of American Independence.</p> - -<p>“The wind being contrary and blowing hard, it was after sunset -before the Ranger got near enough to salute La Motte Picquet with -<i>thirteen</i> guns, which he returned with nine.</p> - -<p>“However, to put the matter beyond a doubt, I did not suffer the -<i>Independence</i> (an American brig that was with Paul Jones) to -salute till next morning, when I sent the Admiral word, that I -should sail through his Fleet in the brig, and would salute him in -open day.</p> - -<p>“He was exceedingly pleased, and returned the compliment also with -nine guns.”</p></div> - -<p>Paul Jones thus had the singular honor of being the first to hoist the -original Flag of Liberty on board the <i>Alfred</i>; first probably to hoist -the Stars and Stripes, which still wave in pride as our national emblem; -and first to claim for our Flag the courtesy from foreigners due to a -Sovereign State.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Alexander S. Mackenzie</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_364" id="page_364"></a>{364}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_POOR_RICHARD" id="THE_POOR_RICHARD"></a>THE POOR RICHARD</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Paul Jones</span> gave up the command of the <i>Ranger</i> in order to take command -of a larger ship, promised him by the French Government. But he had a -long discouraging period of waiting for the new ship.</p> - -<p>It was then that he wrote to a French official, those famous words:—</p> - -<p>“I will not have anything to do with ships which do not sail fast, for I -intend to go in harm’s way.”</p> - -<p>After months of desperate waiting and after writing many letters, Paul -Jones chanced to be reading a copy of Franklin’s “Poor Richard’s -Almanack.” These words caught his eye:—</p> - -<p><i>If you would have your business done, go—if not, send.</i></p> - -<p>So he stopped sending letters, and hastened to Paris to plead his own -cause.</p> - -<p>With the help of Franklin himself, Paul Jones got his ship at last. He -named it <i>Bon Homme Richard</i>, or <i>The Poor Richard</i>.</p> - -<p>It was while commanding <i>The Poor Richard</i>, that Paul Jones gained his -famous victory over the British ship, the <i>Serapis</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_365" id="page_365"></a>{365}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="MICKLES_THE_MISCHIEF_HE_HAS_DUNE" id="MICKLES_THE_MISCHIEF_HE_HAS_DUNE"></a>MICKLE’S THE MISCHIEF HE HAS DUNE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">With</span> seven ships in all—a snug little squadron for Jones, had the -different commanders been subordinate—he set sail in the <i>Richard</i> from -France, and steered for the coast of Ireland. The want of proper -subordination was soon made manifest, for in a week’s time the vessels, -one after another, parted company, to cruise by themselves, till Paul -Jones had with him but the <i>Alliance</i>, <i>Pallas</i>, and <i>Vengeance</i>.</p> - -<p>In a tremendous storm he bore away, and after several days of gales and -heavy seas, approached the shore of Scotland.</p> - -<p>Taking several prizes near the Firth of Forth, he ascertained that a -twenty-four-gun ship and two cutters were in the roads. These he -determined to cut out, and, landing at Leith, lay the town under -contribution.</p> - -<p>The inhabitants supposed his little fleet to be English vessels in -pursuit of <i>Paul Jones</i>; and a member of Parliament, a wealthy man in -the place, sent off a boat requesting powder and balls to defend -himself, as he said, against “the pirate Paul Jones.”</p> - -<p>Jones very politely sent back the bearer with a barrel of powder -expressing his regrets that he had no shot to spare.</p> - -<p>Soon after this, he summoned the town to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_366" id="page_366"></a>{366}</span> surrender, but the wind -blowing steadily off the land, he could not approach with his vessel.</p> - -<p>At length, however, the wind changed and the <i>Richard</i> stood boldly in -for the shore. The inhabitants, as they saw her bearing steadily up -towards the place, were filled with terror, and ran hither and thither -in affright; but the good minister, Rev. Mr. Shirra, assembled his flock -on the beach, to pray the Lord to deliver them from their enemies. He -was an eccentric man, one of the quaintest of the quaint old Scot -divines, so that his prayers, even in those days, were often quoted for -their oddity and roughness.</p> - -<p>Having gathered his congregation on the beach in full sight of the -vessel, which under a press of canvas, was making a long tack that -brought her close to the town, he knelt down on the sand and thus -began:—</p> - -<p>“Now, dear Lord, dinna ye think it a shame for ye to send this vile -pirate to rob our folk o’ Kirkaldy; for ye ken they’re puir enow already -and hae naething to spare.</p> - -<p>“The wa the wind blaws he’ll be here in a jiffie, and wha kens what he -may do! He’s nae too good for ony thing. Mickle’s the mischief he has -dune already. He’ll burn their hooses, tak their very claes, and tirl -them to the sark. And waes me! wha kens but the bluidy villain might tak -their lives? The puir weemen are maist<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_367" id="page_367"></a>{367}</span> frightened out o’ their wits, -and the bairns skirling after them.</p> - -<p>“I canna think of it! I canna think of it! I hae been lang a faithful -servant to ye, Lord; but gin ye dinna turn the wind about and blaw the -scoundrel out of our gate, I’ll nae stir a foot. But will just sit here -till the tide comes. Sae tak ye’r will o’t.”</p> - -<p>Now, to the no little astonishment of the good people, a fierce gale at -that moment began to blow, which sent one of Jones’s prizes ashore and -forced him to stand out to sea.</p> - -<p>This fixed for ever the reputation of good Mr. Shirra. And he did not -himself wholly deny that he believed his intercessions brought on the -gale, for whenever his parishioners spoke of it to him, he always -replied:—</p> - -<p>“I prayed, but the Lord sent the wind.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>J. T. Headley</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="PAUL_JONES_HIMSELF" id="PAUL_JONES_HIMSELF"></a>PAUL JONES HIMSELF</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Paul</span> Jones was slight, being only five feet and a half high. A stoop in -his shoulders diminished still more his stature. But he was firmly knit, -and capable of enduring great fatigue.</p> - -<p>He had dark eyes and a thoughtful, pensive look when not engaged in -conversation; but his countenance lighted up in moments of excitement,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_368" id="page_368"></a>{368}</span> -and in battle became terribly determined. His lips closed like a vice, -while his brow contracted with the rigidity of iron. The tones of his -voice were then haughty in the extreme, and his words had an emphasis in -them, which those who heard never forgot.</p> - -<p>He seemed unconscious of fear, and moved amid the storm of battle, and -trod the deck of his shattered and wrecked vessel, like one who rules -his own destiny. He would cruise without fear in a single sloop, right -before the harbours of England, and sail amid ships double the size of -his own.</p> - -<p>But with all his fierceness in the hour of battle, he had as kind a -heart as ever beat.</p> - -<p>To see him in a hot engagement, covered with the smoke of cannon, -himself working the guns, while the timbers around him were constantly -ripping with the enemy’s shot; or watch him on the deck of his dismasted -vessel, over which the hurricane swept and the sea rolled, one would -think him destitute of emotion. But his reports of these scenes -afterwards, resembled the descriptions of an excited spectator. He was -an old Roman soldier in danger, but a poet in his after accounts of it.</p> - -<p>Jones had great defects of character; but most of them sprang from his -want of early education. He was not a mere adventurer—owing his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_369" id="page_369"></a>{369}</span> -elevation to headlong daring—he was a hard student as well as a hard -fighter, and had a strong intellect as well as strong arm. He wrote with -astonishing fluency considering the neglect of his early education. He -even wrote eloquently at times, and always with force. His verses were -as good as the general run of poetry of that kind.</p> - -<p>Paul Jones was an irregular character, but his good qualities -predominated over his bad ones. And as the man who first hoisted the -American Flag at sea, and received the first salute ever offered it by a -foreign Nation, and the first who carried it victoriously through the -fight on the waves, he deserves our highest praise and most grateful -remembrance.</p> - -<p>With such a Commander to lead the American Navy, and stand before it as -the model of a brave man, no wonder our Navy has covered itself with -glory.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>J. T. Headley</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="SOME_OF_HIS_SAYINGS" id="SOME_OF_HIS_SAYINGS"></a>SOME OF HIS SAYINGS</h3> - -<p class="nind">I <span class="smcap">will</span> not have anything to do with ships which do not sail fast, for I -intend to go in harm’s way.</p> - -<p>(<i>During the fight with the Serapis</i>) Don’t swear, Mr. Stacy, we may at -the next moment be in Eternity; but let us do our duty.</p> - -<p>I have not yet begun to fight!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_370" id="page_370"></a>{370}</span></p> - -<p>I have ever looked out for the honour of the American Flag.</p> - -<p>I can never renounce the glorious title of a Citizen of the United -States.</p> - -<p>I can accept of no honour that will call in question my devotion to -America.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_371" id="page_371"></a>{371}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="JULY_24" id="JULY_24"></a>JULY 24<br /><br /> -SIMON BOLIVAR OF VENEZUELA<br /> -THE LIBERATOR</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Colombians! All your beauteous Fatherland is now free.... From the -banks of the Orinoco River to the Peruvian Andes, the Army of -Liberation, marching triumphantly, has covered all the territory of -Colombia with its protecting arms.</i> ...</p> - -<p><i>Colombians of the South! the blood of your brothers has redeemed -you from the horrors of War!</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Bolivar</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_372" id="page_372"></a>{372}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="BOLIVAR" id="BOLIVAR"></a>BOLIVAR</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Build up a Column to Bolivar!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Build it under a tropic star!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Build it high as his mounting fame!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Crown its head with his noble name!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Let the letters tell like a light afar,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">“This is the Column of Bolivar!”<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Raise the Column to Bolivar!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Firm in peace, and fierce in war!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shout forth his noble, noble name!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shout till his enemies die in shame!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shout till Colombia’s woods awaken,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Like seas by a mighty tempest shaken,—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Till pity, and praise, and great disdain<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Sound like an Indian hurricane!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shout as ye shout in conquering war,<br /></span> -<span class="i3">While ye build the Column to Bolivar!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="authh"><span class="smcap">Barry Cornwall</span> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bolivar</span> was born in Venezuela, July 24, 1783</p> - -<p>Formed the Republic of Great Colombia, 1819</p> - -<p>He died in exile, December 17, 1830</p> - -<p>His full name was Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad de -Bolivar y Palacios. But he was known as the citizen, Simon Bolivar</p> - -<p>Bolivar’s name is pronounced, Seemon Boleevar</p> - -<p>The old-fashioned English way was to pronounce it Bollevaar, as in -the poem above.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_373" id="page_373"></a>{373}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PRECIOUS_JEWEL" id="THE_PRECIOUS_JEWEL"></a>THE PRECIOUS JEWEL</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Two</span> boys were playing a royal game of tennis in the royal tennis court -at Madrid in Spain. The rich American boy, Simon de Bolivar, from -Venezuela, was serving swift ball after swift ball to Ferdinand, Prince -of the Asturias and heir to the Spanish throne. The Queen-mother was -looking on.</p> - -<p>The Prince saw that he was losing, and grew angry. Bolivar, small, -alert, with dark eyes flashing, played on, still winning until the -Prince refused to play any longer.</p> - -<p>But the Queen-mother sternly bade her son finish the game.</p> - -<p>So the Prince had to play on, and he lost.</p> - -<p>“Some day,” exclaimed Bolivar in triumph, “I will deprive Prince -Ferdinand of the most precious jewel in his Crown!”</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>Years before this tennis-game, a great thing had happened in Venezuela.</p> - -<p>On July 24, 1783, a baby boy was born to a rich, noble citizen of the -city of Caracas—a baby destined to deprive Prince Ferdinand of the most -precious jewel in his Crown.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_374" id="page_374"></a>{374}</span></p> - -<p>He was christened Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad de -Bolivar, and with his mother’s name added as they do in Spanish America, -y Palacios.</p> - -<p>A long name for a baby.</p> - -<p>Little Bolivar had everything money could buy, and slaves to wait upon -him whenever he called. Before he was ten years old, his father and -mother died and he was left heir to several large fortunes. He owned -many hundreds of slaves and a rich plantation called San Mateo.</p> - -<p>He was a restless, adventurous, self-willed boy, small but very alert -and bright. He did not like to study much; but he was always ready to -sit and listen to his tutor Rodriguez, whom he adored. His black eyes -sparkled as his tutor told him of lands where people governed -themselves. Sometimes Rodriguez explained the meaning of <i>Equality, -Fraternity, and Liberty</i>. And the little boy began to dream of Liberty -and Independence for his own Venezuela.</p> - -<p>But Bolivar did not spend all his time dreaming, he was far too -passionately fond of outdoor sports for that. He fished, swam, and -learned to shoot. He joined the White Militia of the Valleys of Aragua.</p> - -<p>When he was sixteen, his guardian sent him to Spain. There he went to -school and lived with his uncle, who was a favourite at Court.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_375" id="page_375"></a>{375}</span></p> - -<p>And there, he beat the sulky Prince Ferdinand at tennis.</p> - -<p>And there, he met and loved a noble, little Spanish maid, Maria del -Toro, just fifteen years old. So Bolivar forgot for a while his threat -to deprive Prince Ferdinand of his most precious jewel.</p> - -<p>Bolivar and Maria were married, and went on their honeymoon to -Venezuela. They reached the lovely plantation of San Mateo, where they -lived and were very happy. But, alas! in a few months the girl-bride -sickened and died of a fever.</p> - -<p>Then the passionate heart of young Bolivar almost broke. He vowed in his -grief never to marry again. Soon after Maria’s death, he went back to -Europe to try to forget his sorrow in travel and study.</p> - -<p>In France he endeavoured to drown his sad memories in gay living, but he -could not forget Maria. Then he met Rodriguez, his old tutor, who had -been banished from Venezuela.</p> - -<p>This Rodriguez was a strange, rough fellow, with many wild ideas and -some good ones too. From childhood, Bolivar had confided all his sorrows -and joys to him. And, now, as a young man, he was led by his advice.</p> - -<p>Rodriguez saw that Bolivar was wasted and consumptive. He persuaded him -to go on a walking trip. Knapsack on shoulder, the two<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_376" id="page_376"></a>{376}</span> set off for -their tramp. In Milan, they saw Napoleon crowned King of Italy. They -visited many historical spots to which Rodriguez took Bolivar on purpose -to arouse again his eager interest in <i>Equality, Fraternity, and -Liberty</i>.</p> - -<p>Together they climbed Mount Sacro in Rome. And there Bolivar remembered -his threat to deprive Prince Ferdinand of the most precious jewel in his -Crown. He seized Rodriguez’s hand and swore a solemn oath to wrest -Venezuela from the Crown of Spain.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> - -<p>For Venezuela—in fact all Spanish America—was the vast treasure-house -of Spain, the most precious jewel in her Crown.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_FIERY_YOUNG_PATRIOT" id="THE_FIERY_YOUNG_PATRIOT"></a>THE FIERY YOUNG PATRIOT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Young Bolivar</span> returned to his estates in Venezuela. But he stayed there -only for a little while. He soon gave up the easy indulgent life of -wealth to serve the Patriot cause.</p> - -<p>He was sent on a mission to England. In London he met Miranda, the -Flaming Son of Liberty, whose burning, persuasive words blew into a -flame, the sparks of Liberty which Rodriguez had kindled in Bolivar’s -bosom.</p> - -<p>Bolivar joined Miranda’s secret society. He urged Miranda to return at -once to Venezuela and strengthen the Patriot cause.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_377" id="page_377"></a>{377}</span></p> - -<p>And thus it came about that the Flaming Son of Liberty went back to his -native land, and was made Commander-in-Chief of the Venezuelan forces. -Then it was, that the struggle for Venezuela’s Independence began to -make Spain tremble for the most precious jewel in her Crown.</p> - -<p>How the fiery young Bolivar betrayed General Miranda, has already been -told in <i>The End of the Romance</i>, on page <a href="#page_344">344</a>. After which Bolivar fled -into exile; and Spain confiscated his estates.</p> - -<p>But Bolivar never gave up his determination to free Venezuela. And when -opportunity offered, he returned and became the head of the Patriot -Army.</p> - -<p>It is not possible here to tell of all which he and his valiant troops -accomplished. They fought against the Spanish forces, they suffered -defeats, and they won victories. English, Irish, Scotch, and American -men, were volunteers in Bolivar’s Army, and many of them fighting -bravely, shed their blood for Venezuela’s Freedom.</p> - -<p>It was a terrific war! Nowhere else in all Spanish America was there -waged a more ferocious campaign. The wake of the Spanish Generals, -Monteverde and Boves, was strewn with the corpses of innocent -non-combatants and with the ruins of pillaged towns and burned -villages.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_378" id="page_378"></a>{378}</span></p> - -<p>“It is war to the death!” exclaimed Bolivar fiercely, in answer to these -atrocities.</p> - -<p>And war to the death it was, on both sides—a war of ruthless -retaliation on prisoners and neutrals.</p> - -<p>So the struggle went on. All the sufferings that accompany warfare were -the portion of the miserable people, ruined homes, weeping wives and -mothers, sick and dying children, crippled men, starvation, disease, and -sorrow-stricken hearts.</p> - -<h3><a name="SEEING_BOLIVAR" id="SEEING_BOLIVAR"></a>SEEING BOLIVAR</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">High</span> adventure and spicy dangers were awaiting the first corps of -hot-headed young Englishmen who volunteered to fight for Venezuela.</p> - -<p>They shipped from England. And after thrilling escapes on the coast of -Spanish Florida and among the West Indies, after many feasts of venison, -wild turkey, turtle, parrots, “tree-oysters,” and lizard, they reached -Venezuela.</p> - -<p>There, higher adventures and spicier dangers were waiting.</p> - -<p>They were convoyed by brig and launches up the swift river Orinoco. They -were marched through tropic forest and across <i>llanos</i> or plains, to -join Bolivar.</p> - -<p>As their boats were rowed through the deep<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_379" id="page_379"></a>{379}</span> water or poled through the -shallows of the Orinoco, they saw most wonderful sights.</p> - -<p>Lining the banks, the giant mangrove trees shooting their gnarled -banyan-like roots into the water, were linked together by living chains -of vines, festooned with brilliant flowers as big as saucers or -teaplates. Herds of red monkeys with little ones clinging to their -shoulders, chattered, howled, and leaped from tree to tree, following -the boats along. Pink flamingoes, gigantic cranes, pelicans, and -spoonbills were wading about fishing. Overhead, flocks of red, blue, -green, and yellow parrots and macaws flashed to and fro filling the air -with screams; while the metallic note of the bellbird, sounded now close -to the ear and now far away.</p> - -<p>From island to island in the river, glided evil-looking, light-green -snakes, lifting their heads and part of their bodies out of the water. -And under the roots of trees and in the stream, basked man-eating -alligators watching for their prey, only their eyes and nostrils showing -above the water.</p> - -<p>And waiting to drop upon the young Englishmen if their boats came too -near, were venomous snakes glittering like jewels, coiled on the -mangrove limbs or hanging from the branches like shining tinsel ribbons.</p> - -<p>Mosquitoes, too, were lively, piercing through<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_380" id="page_380"></a>{380}</span> the young men’s blankets -and cloaks, so thirsty were the insects for a taste of fresh, red -English blood.</p> - -<p>And the young men were forced to keep a careful lookout at night for -fear of a visit from a python, jaguar, alligator, or electric eel. When -the sun set, night instantly fell like a black curtain, for there is no -twilight in the tropics. Then the howling of wild beasts made the place -hideous.</p> - -<p>Finally, after passing Indian villages and towns pillaged and burned by -the Spanish soldiers, after water-trip and march, the young Englishmen -caught up with Bolivar on a plain near the Apure River.</p> - -<p>The young men had long been eager to see that remarkable General whose -extraordinary energy and perseverance had already liberated a large -portion of Venezuela. And it was a picturesque scene that now burst on -their sight—a band of tropic warriors in a tropic setting.</p> - -<p>Bolivar was surrounded by his officers, many of them mounted. A -magnificent wild-looking band they were in shirts of brilliant colours -worn over white drawers which reached below the knee. Bright bandanas -were tied about their heads to keep off the sun. Over these -handkerchiefs were set wide sombreros or hats made of split palm-leaves, -decorated with plumes of variegated feathers. One of the officers wore -a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_381" id="page_381"></a>{381}</span> silver helmet instead of a sombrero, and another had on a casque of -beaten gold. Some had silver scabbards, and heavy silver ornaments on -their bridles. Almost all wore huge silver or brass spurs fastened to -their bare feet.</p> - -<p>As soon as they saw the young Englishmen approaching, these wild-looking -chiefs spurred their horses forward uttering shrill shouts of welcome. -They embraced the young men, like long absent friends, and examined -their weapons and uniforms.</p> - -<p>Bolivar, reigning in his horse, stood looking on in silence. He was a -small man, with a thin and careworn face, which had upon it an -expression of patient endurance. He appeared refined and elegant -although simply dressed. He wore a dragoon’s helmet. His uniform was a -blue jacket with red cuffs and gilt sugar-loaf buttons; coarse blue -trousers; and sandals of split aloe-fibre. As the young men came up, he -returned their salute with a peculiar melancholy smile, and then rode -on.</p> - -<p>He carried in his hand a lance from which fluttered a small black -banner, embroidered with a white skull and cross-bones, and the motto:—</p> - -<h4><i>Death or Liberty</i></h4> - -<p>When they halted for the night, the young men were presented to Bolivar -as he sat in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_382" id="page_382"></a>{382}</span> hammock under the trees. He expressed great joy at -seeing Englishmen in his army, who might train and discipline his -troops. After asking questions about the condition of affairs in Europe, -he dismissed them in the charge of his officers. These gave the young -men lances and fine horses.</p> - -<p>Thus the English lads became a part of Bolivar’s Army. They and their -countrymen, forming the English Legion, performed such brave deeds and -made such gallant charges on the battle-fields, that without them -Bolivar could not so soon have won Venezuela’s Independence. <i>Retold -from the account by one of the young Englishmen.</i></p> - -<h3><a name="UNCLE_PAEZ_THE_LION_OF_THE_APURE" id="UNCLE_PAEZ_THE_LION_OF_THE_APURE"></a>UNCLE PAEZ—THE LION OF THE APURE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Paez</span> was one of Bolivar’s most daring and picturesque generals. It would -take a whole book to tell of his romantic adventures and how he was -exiled and came to live in New York. There is a painting of him and his -dashing cowboys in the Municipal Building of the City of New York.</p> - -<p>At first he was a <i>llanero</i> or cowboy of the plains. He was of mighty -strength, and was a magnificent horseman. He knew well how to use the -<i>llanero’s</i> lance with all its cunning tricks. His men were cowboys, -horsemen, and fighters by instinct. They followed him into battle with -wild <i>llanero</i> shouts. <i>Uncle Paez</i>, they called him,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_383" id="page_383"></a>{383}</span> When Bolivar with -his troops reached the Apure River, he could not cross for there were no -boats. A few canoes were drawn up on the opposite bank, guarded by six -enemy gunboats.</p> - -<p>As Bolivar paced up and down impatiently, he exclaimed:—</p> - -<p>“Have I no brave man near me, who can take those gunboats?”</p> - -<p>“They shall be yours in an hour,” said Paez coolly, who was standing by.</p> - -<p>“Impossible!” said Bolivar.</p> - -<p>“Leave that to me,” said Paez, and off he galloped. He soon returned -with a body of cowboys picked for their bravery.</p> - -<p>“To the water, lads!” he cried, which was what he always said when they -went swimming.</p> - -<p>The men immediately unsaddled their horses, stripped themselves to their -drawers, hung their swords about their necks, and stood ready.</p> - -<p>“Let those follow Uncle, who please,” cried Paez, and urged his horse -into the river.</p> - -<p>The men rode in after him straight toward the gunboats.</p> - -<p>When the Spanish saw the dreaded cowboys approaching, who never gave -quarter, they fired hurriedly and missed. Then seized with panic, some -cast themselves into the water, and others escaped in canoes.</p> - -<p>Only one prisoner was taken, a woman who<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_384" id="page_384"></a>{384}</span> fired the last gun at the -cowboys, but who could not stop them from boarding the gunboats.</p> - -<p>Thus Bolivar gained possession of the region on both sides of the Apure.</p> - -<p>Paez is sometimes called the “Lion of the Apure.”</p> - -<h3><a name="ANGOSTURA" id="ANGOSTURA"></a>ANGOSTURA<br /> -<i>February 15, 1819</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Down</span> the upper Orinoco River, Bolivar’s canoe was slipping quietly past -wide savannahs, palm-tufted isles, and overhanging trees.</p> - -<p>While reclining in the boat, he dictated to his secretary. During the -heat of the day they both landed, and Bolivar, lolling in a hammock -under the shadow of the giant trees, one hand playing with the lapel of -his coat and a forefinger on his upper lip, kept on dictating as the -mood seized him.</p> - -<p>He was composing a new Constitution for the Republic of Venezuela, which -was to be presented at the Congress meeting in the city of Angostura on -the Orinoco.</p> - -<p>And it was the adoption of this Constitution, that made Angostura -famous.</p> - -<p>To-day the town is called the City of Bolivar.</p> - -<p>And while the Congress was meeting, Bolivar and his chief officers held -a council of war, sitting<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_385" id="page_385"></a>{385}</span> on bleached skulls of cattle slaughtered for -army food. They discussed the dangerous plan of crossing the Andes into -New Granada, and of helping the Patriots there to drive out the Spanish -Army.</p> - -<p>They decided to attempt the crossing. And what that terrible march was -like, one of the young Englishmen who went with Bolivar, will tell in -our next story.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_CROSSING" id="THE_CROSSING"></a>THE CROSSING</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">This</span> crossing of the Andes was terrible. The hardships which Bolivar’s -troops endured are indescribable.</p> - -<p>At that time of year, the plains were flooded. The infantry were obliged -to march for hours together up to their middle in water. Sometimes the -men fell into holes, or stuck fast in the marshes.</p> - -<p>Many of the soldiers were bitten in their legs and thighs by little -goldfish, brilliant orange in colour and exceedingly voracious. Whole -swarms of these little fish came rushing through the water, with their -mouths open, showing their broad, sharp teeth like sharks’ teeth. -Wherever they bit, they tore away a piece of flesh. They attacked the -poor men most savagely.</p> - -<p>As the troops approached the mountains, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_386" id="page_386"></a>{386}</span> cold winds began to be felt -blowing down from the snowy ridges of the Cordilleras. Soon, violent -mountain torrents swept across the Army’s path; and the men on horseback -were forced to carry across stream all the arms and baggage of the -foot-soldiers. Even Bolivar himself rode again and again through the -rushing current, carrying over sick and weak soldiers and even women who -had followed their husbands. As the trail began to ascend, the horses -used to the level plain, could scarcely keep their footing on the rocky -way, and began to flag and fall lame.</p> - -<p>The snowy peaks of the Andes were now seen to stretch like an impassable -barrier between Venezuela and New Granada. The narrow paths wound their -way up among wild crags, and through ancient forests that clothed the -mountain-sides with trees so vast and thick that the light of day was -almost excluded. At that high altitude, the trees caught and held the -passing clouds in their branches. From the clouds distilled an almost -incessant rain, making the steep trails slippery and dangerous. The few -tired mules that had not perished on the line of march, patiently -clambered on. Now and then, one would slip and go plunging over a -precipice; its fall could be traced by the crashing of shrubs and trees -until its mangled body rolled into a foaming stream far below.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_387" id="page_387"></a>{387}</span></p> - -<p>Although the Army was drenched by rain night and day, it did not -experience severe cold until it emerged from the forests into the bleak -unsheltered passes between the mountain peaks. Then the piercing cold -bit through the soldiers’ thin garments. Many who had worn shoes when -they left the plains, were now barefooted. Even some of the officers -were in rags, so that they were glad to wrap themselves in blankets.</p> - -<p>The view of the Andes at this great height was wildly magnificent. -Incessant gusts of wind swept the passes, and whirled the snow in drifts -from the summits of the ridges. The whole range appeared to be encrusted -with ice, cracked in many places, from which cascades of water were -constantly rushing. Huge pinnacles of granite overhung the passes, -apparently tottering and about to fall. There was no longer any beaten -path; the ground was rocky and broken. Terrific chasms yawned on every -hand, appalling to the sight.</p> - -<p>A sense of great loneliness seized the men. Dead silence prevailed -except for the scream of the condor or the noise of distant waterfalls. -The air was so rarefied that many of the soldiers, overcome by -drowsiness, lay down and died.</p> - -<p>But at last the crest of the Andes was passed, and the Army began to -descend on the other side into the valleys of New Granada. The descent<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_388" id="page_388"></a>{388}</span> -was not so difficult because the mountain-side was less rugged than the -side they had ascended.</p> - -<p>As soon as the Army reached the lowlands, Bolivar lost no time in -preparing for battle. With his men, he took his stand at the Bridge of -Boyaca.</p> - -<p>Never was there a more complete victory. The whole of the Spanish Army -with baggage, powder, and military stores, fell into the hands of -Bolivar.</p> - -<p>The Battle of Boyaca liberated New Granada from Spain, for ever.</p> - -<p>Then Venezuela and New Granada united, and became the Republic of -Colombia—or Great Colombia.</p> - -<p class="c"> -<i>Retold from the account of a<br /> -soldier who accompanied Bolivar</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="PERU_NEXT" id="PERU_NEXT"></a>PERU NEXT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Now</span> was Bolivar at the height of his power.</p> - -<p>He had liberated Venezuela and New Granada. He had founded the Great -Republic of Colombia, and had given it a Constitution. He was -practically Dictator of the Republic.</p> - -<p>He had sent his favourite General, the heroic Antonio de Sucre, to -liberate Quito.</p> - -<p>Bolivar now turned his eyes toward Peru. In his ambition he dreamed of a -Greater Colombia which should include that country.</p> - -<p>But there was an obstacle in his way.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_389" id="page_389"></a>{389}</span></p> - -<p>Peru had already declared her Independence. The foundations of her -Liberty had been laid by another General and another Army. For Jose de -San Martin of Argentina, was Peru’s acknowledged Protector.</p> - -<p>Then came the Amazing Meeting, as told on page <a href="#page_272">272</a>.</p> - -<p>After that meeting, Bolivar with his Army entered Peru. He combined his -forces with those of the Liberating Army of Peru, and with the aid of -the valiant Sucre, completed what San Martin had so well begun, and -swept away the last vestiges of Spanish power from South America.</p> - -<p>So the great struggle for Independence, which had lasted over twenty -years, was finished.</p> - -<p>But Bolivar was not allowed to enjoy long the fruits of his victories.</p> - -<p>We shall see why.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BREAK" id="THE_BREAK"></a>THE BREAK</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Exiled</span> from Venezuela, consumptive, wellnigh penniless, insulted by his -own people, was Bolivar only a few years later.</p> - -<p>The creation of his genius, the Great Colombia, was rent with -revolutions. His own General Paez had abandoned him. His friend Antonio -Sucre had been assassinated.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_390" id="page_390"></a>{390}</span></p> - -<p>Bitterness filled Bolivar’s soul, his pride was broken, but he still -loved Colombia.</p> - -<p>His dying words to her people, were:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Colombians! My last wishes are for the happiness of my native -Land. If my death helps to check the growth of factions and to -consolidate the Union, I shall rest tranquilly in the tomb.</i></p></div> - -<p>So passed away the Liberator of Venezuela, the founder of the Republic -of Colombia.</p> - -<p>Twelve years later Paez, who was ruling in Venezuela, brought Bolivar’s -body to Caracas and interred it with honours. But he left the hero’s -heart in an urn in the Cathedral of Santa Marta, the city where he had -died.</p> - -<p class="dott">. . . . . . . . . .</p> - -<p>Great Colombia, or the Great Republic of Colombia, founded by Bolivar, -was a Union consisting of Venezuela, New Granada, and Ecuador. Great -Colombia fell; its Union was dissolved. To-day, instead, there exist -three independent Republics—Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.</p> - -<p>As for Bolivia, it was a part of Upper Peru. It was liberated by the -help of Antonio Sucre. It declared its Independence, and took the name -of Bolivar. To-day it is the Republic of Bolivia, “rich in all the -natural products of the world.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_391" id="page_391"></a>{391}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="BOLIVAR_THE_MAN" id="BOLIVAR_THE_MAN"></a>BOLIVAR THE MAN</h3> - -<h4>I</h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Simon de Bolivar</span> was about five feet six inches in height, lean of limb -and body. His cheek bones stood out prominently in an oval-shaped face, -which tapered sharply towards the chin.</p> - -<p>His countenance was vivacious; but his skin was furrowed with wrinkles -and tanned by exposure to a tropical sun. The curly black hair that once -covered Bolivar’s head in luxuriant profusion, began to turn white about -1821. Thenceforth, he was accustomed to wear his hair short.</p> - -<p>His nose was long and aquiline. Flexible, sensual lips were often shaded -by a thick mustache; while whiskers covered a part of his face. In 1822, -Bolivar’s large, black, penetrating eyes, “with the glance of an eagle,” -were losing their remarkable brilliancy. At that time, Bolivar had also -lost some of the animation, energy, and extraordinary agility which had -distinguished him in youth and early manhood. Even the casual observer -judged him to be many years older than he really was, so sick and weary -did he appear....</p> - -<p>A man of many moods, jovial, talkative, taciturn, gloomy, he changed -swiftly from sunshine to storm.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>William Spence Robertson</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_392" id="page_392"></a>{392}</span></p> - -<h4>II</h4> - -<p class="nind">“<span class="smcap">Simon de Bolivar</span> has been characterized as the Napoleon of the South -American Revolution, ...” writes William Spence Robertson, who has been -decorated with Bolivar’s Order of the Liberators. “<span class="lftspc">‘</span>Defeat left Bolivar -undismayed,’ said O’Leary, who served for a time as an aide-de-camp of -the Liberator. ‘Always great, he was greatest in adversity. His enemies -had a saying that “when vanquished Bolivar is more terrible than when he -conquers.”<span class="lftspc">’</span><span class="lftspc">”</span></p> - -<p>“There is one point on which all are agreed,” writes F. Loraine Petre, -“the generosity of Bolivar, his carelessness of money and his financial -uprightness. Few men ever had greater opportunities of enriching -themselves; still fewer more honestly refused to take advantage of their -opportunities. He commenced life as a rich man, he died almost a -pauper....</p> - -<p>“The figure of the worn-out Liberator, suffering in mind and body, -deserted by all but a few, reviled by the majority of those who owed -everything to him, is one of the most pathetic in history.”<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_393" id="page_393"></a>{393}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="AUGUST_20" id="AUGUST_20"></a>AUGUST 20<br /><br /> -BERNARDO O’HIGGINS<br /> -FIRST SOLDIER, FIRST CITIZEN OF CHILE</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Since my childhood I have loved Chile; and I have shed my blood on -the battle-fields which secured her liberties. If it has not been -my privilege to perfect her institutions, I have the satisfaction -of knowing that I am leaving her free and independent, respected -abroad, and glorious in her victories.</i></p> - -<p><i>I thank God for the favours He has granted my Government, and pray -that He may protect and guide those who will follow me.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Bernardo O’Higgins</span>, <i>to the Chilean Assembly</i><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_394" id="page_394"></a>{394}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="OHIGGINS" id="OHIGGINS"></a>O’HIGGINS</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>The name of O’Higgins ... has a double lustre; because it was -borne by two generations with an almost equal brilliancy. It is -seldom that a genius such as Ambrose O’Higgins the father, the -greatest Viceroy of royalist Spanish America, bears a man such as -Bernardo O’Higgins the son, first chief of the new Republic which -sprang up from the ashes of his dead father’s Government.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">W. H. KOEBEL</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Bernardo O’Higgins alone was able to accomplish and establish the -semblance of decent dignified government in his Country after the -great upheaval, a fact mostly due to his own transparent honesty, -utter unselfishness, and pure Patriotism, as much as to his -political acumen, diplomacy, and powers of organization.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">John J. Mehegan</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Bernardo O’Higgins</span> was born August 20, 1778 Became the Hero of -Rancagua, 1814</p> - -<p>He and San Martin won the Battle of Chacabuco, February 12, 1817</p> - -<p>First Independence Day in Chile, February 12, 1818</p> - -<p>O’Higgins went into exile, 1823</p> - -<p>He died in Peru, October 24, 1842</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_395" id="page_395"></a>{395}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_SON_OF_THE_BAREFOOT_BOY" id="THE_SON_OF_THE_BAREFOOT_BOY"></a>THE SON OF THE BAREFOOT BOY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Ambrose O’Higgins</span> was like the bright lad in the fairy tale, who started -out to seek his fortune with a knapsack on his back. Ambrose was only a -servant-boy in Ireland, barefoot some say, running errands for the Lady -of Castle Dangan in County Meath. Then one day he set out to seek his -fortune in Spain where he had an uncle.</p> - -<p>He did not find it there. So he bought a stock of merchandise, and took -ship for South America, the wonderful country, where, so people said, -one could get treasure and emeralds a-plenty.</p> - -<p>He landed at Buenos Aires, and sold some of his goods. Then he crossed -the <i>pampas</i>, or prairie, and packed his goods by mule-train over the -high Andes into Chile.</p> - -<p>Still his treasure did not appear, and, being a venturesome lad, he made -his way north to Lima in Peru. There he kept a small stall and peddled -his wares under the shadow of Pizarro’s ancient Cathedral. As he looked -up at its weather-beaten walls and down at his old clothes, little he -dreamed that one day he should enter the door of that very Cathedral -clad in a Vice-King’s garments and surrounded by a brilliant retinue of -officers and retainers.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_396" id="page_396"></a>{396}</span></p> - -<p>Not knowing that all this wonderful thing was to happen, he grew -restless and set off on his travels through Venezuela and New Granada, -and finally went back to Chile.</p> - -<p>There his fortune was awaiting him. As the years passed, he studied and -worked industriously, until he became a famous civil engineer and built -roads and did great things for Chile. He devoted himself to Chile’s -interest until the King of Spain, learning of his genius and of all the -improvements he had brought about in the country, appointed him its -Governor.</p> - -<p>He served with such wisdom that, in time, he was made Viceroy, or -Vice-King, of Peru, the highest and most coveted office in all Spanish -America.</p> - -<p>So with pomp and procession, in a Vice-King’s garments, he entered the -Cathedral doors of the very city where once as a poor homeless boy he -had peddled his wares.</p> - -<p>He died at a great age, full of honours, and left his estate to Bernardo -his son.</p> - -<p>Now, Bernardo his son was anything but a Royalist. He was a Patriot. He -felt no deep loyalty to the Crown of Spain. He had been sent to London -to study while he was only a boy. There he had met Miranda the Flaming -Son of Liberty. Miranda had become his friend. Bernardo had joined his -secret society to which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_397" id="page_397"></a>{397}</span> Bolivar and San Martin belonged. Thus the boy, -Bernardo O’Higgins, had enthusiastically pledged himself to help Spanish -America gain her Freedom.</p> - -<p>When his father died, he returned to Chile. He lived for a while on his -farm with his mother and sister Rosa. But he was not content to stay -there long. So leaving the farm, he gave himself completely to the -service of his Country.</p> - -<p>And while San Martin, the Argentine General, was mobilizing his Army at -Mendoza on the other side of the Andes, O’Higgins and many Chilean -Patriots were endeavouring to drive the Spaniards out of their country -northward and back to Lima.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_SINGLE_STAR_FLAG" id="THE_SINGLE_STAR_FLAG"></a>THE SINGLE STAR FLAG</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was the Fourth of July. The United States Consulate in Chile was -celebrating <i>our</i> Independence Day. Over the Consulate floated the Stars -and Stripes, and with it was entwined, for the first time, a -tri-coloured flag, red, white, and blue, with a single five-pointed -silver star in its upper left hand corner.</p> - -<p>It was the new Republican Flag of Chile.</p> - -<p>Soon one saw the Patriots of Santiago on the streets, wearing red, -white, and blue cockades.</p> - -<p>And shortly after this the Single Star Flag was adopted as the Chilean -national emblem.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_398" id="page_398"></a>{398}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_HERO_OF_RANCAGUA" id="THE_HERO_OF_RANCAGUA"></a>THE HERO OF RANCAGUA</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">But</span> Spain was not going to permit Chile to hoist a Flag of Independence. -She despatched armed frigates and war vessels along the Pacific coast, -for she was determined to crush the Patriot uprising once and for all.</p> - -<p>From her stronghold, Lima, she sent out fresh troops seasoned in -European wars. This strong Spanish force marched down through Chile upon -helpless Santiago City. The Patriot Army, very small and badly equipped, -took its stand bravely near the town of Rancagua hoping to keep the -Spanish from passing.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately, there were political quarrels among the Patriots. The -Carreras—three brothers—were trying to gain control of the Government -and Army. Their personal ambition was greater than their love of -Country.</p> - -<p>The Patriot forces at Rancagua were in part commanded by two of the -Carreras, and in part by O’Higgins of whom they were jealous.</p> - -<p>The Spanish attacked. A stiff battle took place. Neither Army would give -quarter. Each side hoisted a black flag as a signal of war to the death.</p> - -<p>Suddenly, without warning, the Carreras fell back and abandoned -O’Higgins and his troop to their fate, leaving them trapped as it were. -But<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_399" id="page_399"></a>{399}</span> O’Higgins and his men retreated into the town and defended -themselves courageously. For hours, without cessation, the Spanish -attacked. Finally, O’Higgins withdrew his men to the plaza, and fought -from behind hastily thrown-up barricades built of carts, bricks, -furniture, and parts of houses.</p> - -<p>Then a Chilean magazine exploded. The Patriots’ ammunition began to give -out. The buildings around them went up in flames. O’Higgins was shot in -the leg. But he and all of his little band, of whom scarcely two hundred -men were left, tortured by fatigue, thirst, and heat, still gallantly -fought on.</p> - -<p>Destruction seemed certain. But O’Higgins was not a man to yield to -despair. He ordered his men to collect all the horses, mules, and cattle -they could lay hands on. He placed himself at the head of his men, and -driving the herd before him, plunged through the Spanish lines, cutting -fiercely on every side as he went.</p> - -<p>So he and his soldiers retreated in safety to Santiago.</p> - -<p>But that city was doomed. The Spanish marched upon it and took it. All -was terror. Many people fled from the city. Patriots who remained were -seized by the Spanish, and imprisoned or murdered. A number of men, some -quite old, were banished to the lonely island of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_400" id="page_400"></a>{400}</span> Juan -Fernandez—Robinson Crusoe’s desert island.</p> - -<p>As for Bernardo O’Higgins, he barely escaped with his life. He led a -party of miserable shivering refugees, men and women, across the Andes -into Argentina. After terrible sufferings from cold in the high mountain -passes, they reached Mendoza. There they were welcomed and sheltered by -San Martin, the General whom God had called to carry Liberty into Chile.</p> - -<h3><a name="COMPANIONS-IN-ARMS" id="COMPANIONS-IN-ARMS"></a>COMPANIONS-IN-ARMS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Then</span> Argentina and Chile joined forces against Spain. O’Higgins and San -Martin became companions-in-arms.</p> - -<p>About all that they accomplished, about the Hannibal of the Andes, -Chacabuco, Maipu, and the strong fleet which O’Higgins assembled to -carry San Martin and his Army to Peru, you may read in the story of San -Martin on page <a href="#page_235">235</a>. There, also, it is told how O’Higgins became the -Supreme Dictator of Chile, the land where his father the barefoot boy, -had found a fortune.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_PATRIOT_RULER" id="THE_PATRIOT_RULER"></a>THE PATRIOT RULER</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">So</span> while San Martin with his army sailed away to liberate Peru, the -unselfish Supreme Dictator stayed at home to care for his people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_401" id="page_401"></a>{401}</span></p> - -<p>Now that the Spanish were driven out, the Country was in a chaotic -condition, its laws and Government in confusion. With wisdom, patience, -and tact, O’Higgins began the work of reconstruction. And how well he -succeeded Captain Basil Hall, an English naval officer, tells in his -journal.</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind">“We left Valparaiso harbour filled with shipping; its customhouse -wharfs piled high with goods too numerous and bulky for the old -warehouses. The road between the port and the capital was always -crowded with convoys of mules loaded with every kind of foreign -manufacture. While numerous ships were busy taking in cargoes of -the wines, corn, and other articles, the growth of the country.</p> - -<p>“And large sums of treasures were daily embarked for Europe, in -return for goods already distributed over the interior.</p> - -<p>“A spirit of inquiry and intelligence animated the whole society. -Schools were multiplied in every town; libraries established; and -every encouragement given to literature and the arts. And as -travelling was free, passports were unnecessary.</p> - -<p>“In the manners and even in the gait of every man, might be traced -the air of conscious freedom and independence.”</p></div> - -<p>And all this was largely due to the energetic and peaceful rule of -Bernardo O’Higgins.</p> - -<p>But political enemies soon began to press the Supreme Dictator hard. -There were conspiracies of the Carrera party. Diplomatic -misunderstandings arose between Chile and both the United States and -England.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_402" id="page_402"></a>{402}</span></p> - -<p>Meanwhile, a more serious situation was developing which was to bring -misery to Chile. The aristocrats, who had been Royalists, began to work -secretly against O’Higgins and the Republic. Government officials, who -were jealous of O’Higgins’s power and success, plotted against him. -These conspirators succeeded in getting control of the Assembly.</p> - -<p>The Assembly demanded his resignation. O’Higgins knew that if he should -refuse to resign, his act would plunge Chile into civil war. Rather than -harm his Country, he laid down his power.</p> - -<p>The People of Chile, who loved and revered him, wept with sorrow at his -abdication. And his enemies would not have dared to attack him, had they -not known that he would never shed one drop of Chilean blood in his own -defense.</p> - -<h3><a name="FIRST_SOLDIER_FIRST_CITIZEN" id="FIRST_SOLDIER_FIRST_CITIZEN"></a>FIRST SOLDIER, FIRST CITIZEN</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">The</span> rest is soon told.</p> - -<p>Bernardo O’Higgins, with his mother and his sister Rosa, went into -exile.</p> - -<p>He sought refuge in Peru. He reached there after the Amazing Meeting. -San Martin was gone. The Peruvians welcomed him with sincere -hospitality. They gladly offered to shelter him in his exile. They -gratefully acknowledged all that he had done to help equip the -Liberating Army which had freed Peru. They gave him a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_403" id="page_403"></a>{403}</span> fine sugar -plantation, and honoured him in every way they could.</p> - -<p>So he lived quietly among them for many years.</p> - -<p>But things were not going well in the Republic of Chile. Her first -place, which she had held among other southern Republics because of her -well-organized Government and her fine civic reconstruction, the work of -O’Higgins, this her first place, was lost. She stood no longer at the -head of her sister Republics.</p> - -<p>She was become a prey to political quarrels. The Holy Alliance in Europe -was threatening her. It was then that Chile received gladly the Monroe -Doctrine of the United States, which protected her against Spain.</p> - -<p>Then Chile, in her trouble, recalled O’Higgins and voted to restore him -to all his titles and honours.</p> - -<p>Though he loved Chile, he knew it was not best to return, so he refused. -Soon after which, he died in Peru.</p> - -<p>He is, to-day, the beloved National Hero of the Chilean People.</p> - -<h3><a name="CHILE_AS_SHE_IS" id="CHILE_AS_SHE_IS"></a>CHILE AS SHE IS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Sunny</span>, happy, smiling Chile, stretches like a broad ribbon unrolling -itself along the Pacific<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_404" id="page_404"></a>{404}</span> coast of South America. To-day she is a -Republic with a Constitution and a President.</p> - -<p>Chile is a prosperous Republic; for after civil war and political -struggles, she has found herself, and is even stronger and more vigorous -than when under the rule of Bernardo O’Higgins.</p> - -<p>High in her background loom the Andes, their jagged summits covered with -eternal snows; while in their hearts are valleys, lakes, and rushing -torrents, rich copper mines, and grazing grounds.</p> - -<p>Chile’s immensely long and narrow land reaches from the hot and arid -deserts of Peru, to the cold and rainy country of Cape Horn. But the -beautiful, sunny, happy Chile lies between these two extremes. In that -delightful part, grow barley, wheat, grapes; and herds of cattle and -horses feed on the rich grass. Each year, Chile sends quantities of -grain as well as of iodine, nitrates, and wool, to the markets of our -United States, and to those of other countries as well.</p> - -<p>In Chile, thousands of school children in the cities, towns, and -villages are taught to honour the name of Bernardo O’Higgins, who -founded their Government, Chile’s “first Soldier, first Citizen.”</p> - -<p>The children of Chile keep their Independence Day on February 12, while -our children in the United States are celebrating Lincoln’s Birthday.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_405" id="page_405"></a>{405}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="ONE_OF_TWENTY" id="ONE_OF_TWENTY"></a>ONE OF TWENTY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Chile</span> is only one of twenty flourishing Latin American Republics. They -are called Latin American, because they were settled by Latin Races, -Spanish, French, or Portuguese.</p> - -<p>There are eighteen Spanish-American ones; one French, Haiti; and one -Portuguese, Brazil. In these twenty Republics there are more than -75,000,000 people.</p> - -<p>This book is too short a one in which to tell about all the Liberators -of these Republics.</p> - -<p>There was Toussaint l’Ouverture, the extraordinary coloured man, an -ex-slave, who liberated Haiti. Haiti was the first Latin American -Republic to declare its Independence.</p> - -<p>In Peru, there was Tupac Amaru, the brave young Indian Cacique, a -descendant of the “Child of the Sun” whom Pizarro conquered. He tried to -liberate his people from Spain, but was captured with all his family, -and put to death.</p> - -<p>In Paraguay there was the tyrant-liberator Francia, about whom that -fascinating romance in English, <i>El Supremo</i>, tells. While <i>La Banda -Oriental</i>, as Uruguay used to be called, had for a Liberator, the bold -bandit-like Artigas. In Mexico, it was the priest Hidalgo who roused the -Mexican People to revolt against Spain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_406" id="page_406"></a>{406}</span></p> - -<p>The Peoples of the eighteen Spanish-American Republics, are not <i>one</i> -People like those of our United States, living at peace under <i>one</i> -Government and governed by <i>one</i> Constitution.</p> - -<p>They are not a Union. Instead, each is a separate Republic. Each may do -as it pleases without consulting the welfare of the others. This at -times, brings about bad feeling, and even war.</p> - -<p>But to prevent war and bloodshed, some of these Republics have adopted -<i>a better way</i>.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BETTER_WAY" id="THE_BETTER_WAY"></a>THE BETTER WAY</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">To-day</span>, high on a ridge of the Andes Mountains, high, high above the -level of the sea, stands a gigantic bronze monument. It is a figure -raised on a pedestal. In one hand it holds a cross, while it extends the -other hand in blessing.</p> - -<p>The winter winds sweep against it with driving storms of snow. The -summer winds whirl drifts of sand around its base. But with peaceful -look, the figure gazes far beyond the black rocks, frozen peaks, and -rushing torrents of the Andes, toward the busy world of men.</p> - -<p>On its base is inscribed:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Sooner shall these mountains crumble into dust, than Chileans and -Argentines shall break the peace to which they have pledged -themselves at the feet of Christ the Redeemer.</i></p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_407" id="page_407"></a>{407}</span></p> - -<p>It is the figure of <i>El Cristo</i><a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> of the Andes. It is a monument -standing close to a lonely trail, once the highway from Argentina into -Chile. It was erected a few years ago by the Republics of Chile and -Argentina.</p> - -<p>It happened this way:—</p> - -<p>The two Republics had disputed for years over the boundary line which -passed along the crest of the Andes. Each claimed a large share of -valuable territory. Neither would allow the other to settle the boundary -line.</p> - -<p>Sometimes, the Argentine soldiers, patrolling the frontier, would find -the Chilean patrol camping on the disputed ground. The two patrols would -have angry words and nearly come to blows. So the bad feeling grew worse -until both Republics were ready for war.</p> - -<p>Then the Chileans and Argentines remembered that their grandfathers and -great-grandfathers, under San Martin and O’Higgins, had fought side by -side, and had shed their blood together in the cause of Independence. -They could not bring themselves to slaughter each other, for they were -brothers.</p> - -<p>They agreed to arbitrate. They appealed to England to decide the -boundary line for them. King Edward the Seventh sent a commission to the -Andes, which surveyed the region to as far<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_408" id="page_408"></a>{408}</span> south as Cape Horn. The King -gave his decision. Thus the boundary question was settled without -bloodshed. Though Chile was not quite satisfied, she loyally stood by -the King’s decision.</p> - -<p>So the conflict was stopped, good feeling returned, and the Republics -were saved from the horrors of war.</p> - -<p>To commemorate this great event,—the better way of settling a Nation’s -quarrel by Arbitration,—the Argentines and Chileans erected <i>El -Cristo</i>.</p> - -<p>The figure was cast from the metal of old cannon left by the Spanish -soldiers when they were driven from the land by O’Higgins and San -Martin. It is twenty-six feet high, and is mounted on a huge pedestal. -Near it is set up a boundary-marker inscribed on one side <i>Chile</i>, and -on the other, <i>Argentina</i>.</p> - -<p><i>El Cristo</i> of the Andes was dedicated. Several thousand people were -present. The vast solitudes of the Andes were broken. Cannon roared and -bands played. Then the Bishop of Ancud spoke:</p> - -<p>“Not only to Argentina and Chile,” he said, “do we dedicate this -monument, but to the World, that from this it may learn the lesson of -Universal Peace.”</p> - -<p>Years have gone by since then. To-day a railroad takes travellers over -the mountains by another route. They no longer pass the bronze figure -that pleads for Peace.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_409" id="page_409"></a>{409}</span></p> - -<p>“The peon with a mail-bag strapped on his back has tramped his way for -the last time down the rocky trail in the winter-snows,” writes Mr. -Nevin O. Winter, who has seen <i>El Cristo</i>. “<i>El Cristo</i> stands among the -lonely crags deserted, isolated, and storm-swept; but ever with a noble -dignity befitting the character.”</p> - -<p>But Chile and Argentina have not yet forgotten their pledge. They are -still showing the World the Better Way—the way of Arbitration and -Peace.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_410" id="page_410"></a>{410}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_411" id="page_411"></a>{411}</span> </p> - -<h2><a name="SEPTEMBER_6" id="SEPTEMBER_6"></a>SEPTEMBER 6<br /><br /> -THE MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE<br /> -THE FRIEND OF AMERICA</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>As soon as I heard of American Independence, my heart was -enlisted!</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Lafayette</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_412" id="page_412"></a>{412}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="LAFAYETTE_SAID_WHEN_OFFERING_HIS_SERVICES_TO_CONGRESS" id="LAFAYETTE_SAID_WHEN_OFFERING_HIS_SERVICES_TO_CONGRESS"></a>LAFAYETTE SAID WHEN OFFERING HIS SERVICES TO CONGRESS</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>After the sacrifices I have made, I have the right to exact two -favours. One is to serve at my own expense—the other is, to serve -at first as volunteer.</i></p></div> - -<h3><a name="JOHN_QUINCY_ADAMS_TO_LAFAYETTE" id="JOHN_QUINCY_ADAMS_TO_LAFAYETTE"></a>JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, TO LAFAYETTE<br /><br /> -<i>On Bidding Him Farewell, in 1825</i></h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>Our children, in life and after death, shall claim you for our -own. You are ours by that more than patriotic devotion with which -you flew to the aid of our Fathers at the crisis of their fate.... -Ours by that tie of love, stronger than death, which has linked -your name, for endless ages to come, with the name of</i> <span class="smcap">Washington</span>.</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Lafayette</span> was born in France, September 6, 1757</p> - -<p>He came to the rescue of America, 1777</p> - -<p>He made his triumphal tour, 1824-25</p> - -<p>He died in France, May 20, 1834</p> - -<p>His full name was Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier -Marquis de Lafayette. He preferred to be called plain “Citizen -Gilbert Motier.”</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_413" id="page_413"></a>{413}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="I_WILL_JOIN_THE_AMERICANS" id="I_WILL_JOIN_THE_AMERICANS"></a>I WILL JOIN THE AMERICANS!</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">One</span> night, in 1776, the old Marshal, Commander of the French forces at -Strasburg, was giving a dinner party in honour of the Duke of -Gloucester.</p> - -<p>This light-hearted English Duke was in disgrace with his royal brother -King George the Third of England; so he was taking a little trip abroad. -At the Marshal’s dinner he was maliciously regaling the guests with a -humorous account of how the Americans had flouted King George and had -flung his chests of tea into Boston Harbour, and had declared their -Independence.</p> - -<p>The Duke’s sympathies were all with the Americans, and he dwelt on their -need of volunteers. Amongst the guests—officers in blue and silver, -Strasburg grandees in gold-lace and velvet, all exclaiming, laughing, -and gesticulating—was one silent, solemn-faced young officer.</p> - -<p>He was lean, red-haired, and hook-nosed, and very awkward. He kept his -eager eyes fixed on the Duke’s face. Nobody noticed him.</p> - -<p>After dinner, he strode across the room to the Duke, and opened his lips -for the first time.</p> - -<p>“I will join the Americans—I will help them<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_414" id="page_414"></a>{414}</span> fight for Freedom!” he -cried; and as he spoke his face was illuminated. “Tell me how to set -about it!”</p> - -<p>The young man was the Marquis de Lafayette, nineteen years old, a rich -French noble, the adoring husband of a sweet young wife, and the father -of one little child.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Edith Sichel</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="IN_AMERICA" id="IN_AMERICA"></a>IN AMERICA</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Accompanied</span> by Baron de Kalb, Lafayette safely reached America, and -presented his credentials to Congress.</p> - -<p>Washington met him first at a dinner in Philadelphia. He was so pleased -with Lafayette’s eager, brave spirit, and with his unselfish offer of -sword and fortune for the American cause, that he invited him to become -a member of his family, and to make Headquarters his home.</p> - -<p>Lafayette was delighted, and immediately had his luggage taken to the -camp. And from that time on, he was always a welcome guest both at camp -and at Mount Vernon.</p> - -<h3><a name="ON_THE_FIELD_NEAR_CAMDEN" id="ON_THE_FIELD_NEAR_CAMDEN"></a>ON THE FIELD NEAR CAMDEN</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">What</span> became of Lafayette’s companion, the Baron de Kalb?<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_415" id="page_415"></a>{415}</span></p> - -<p>He served his adopted country, the United States, until at the battle -near Camden, he fell, still fighting though pierced by eleven wounds.</p> - -<p>“The rebel General! the rebel General!” shouted the British soldiers who -saw him fall. And they rushed forward to transfix him with their -bayonets.</p> - -<p>But his faithful adjutant tried to throw himself on the Baron’s body to -shield it, crying out at the same time, “Spare the Baron de Kalb!”</p> - -<p>The rough soldiers raised the wounded Baron to his feet, and, leaning -him against a wagon, began to strip him.</p> - -<p>Just then the British General, Lord Cornwallis, rode up. He saw his -valiant enemy stripped to his shirt, the blood pouring from his eleven -wounds. Immediately, he gave orders that the Baron should be treated -with respect and care.</p> - -<p>“I regret to see you so badly wounded,” he said, “but am glad to have -defeated you.”</p> - -<p>The Baron was carried to a bed. He was given every care. His devoted -adjutant watched by his bedside, and the British officers came to -express their sympathy and regret. But the brave Baron lingered three -days only, then he died. Almost his last thoughts were with the men of -his command. He charged his adjutant to thank them for their valour, and -to bid them an affectionate farewell from him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_416" id="page_416"></a>{416}</span></p> - -<p>The people of Camden erected a monument in memory of the Baron de Kalb.</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BANNER_OF_THE_MORAVIAN_NUNS" id="THE_BANNER_OF_THE_MORAVIAN_NUNS"></a>THE BANNER OF THE MORAVIAN NUNS</h3> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="iq">“Take thy Banner; and beneath<br /></span> -<span class="i0">The war-cloud’s encircling wreath<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Guard it—till our homes are free—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Guard it—God will prosper thee!<br /></span> -<span style="margin-left: 4em;">. . . . . . . . . .</span><br /> -<span class="iq">“Take thy Banner; and if e’er<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thou shouldst press the soldier’s bier<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And the muffled drum should beat<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To the tread of mournful feet,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Then this Crimson Flag shall be<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Martial cloak and shroud for thee!”<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="iq">And the Warrior took that Banner proud,<br /></span> -<span class="iq">And it was his martial cloak and shroud.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">From The Hymn of the Moravian Nuns,<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="authh"><span class="smcap">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</span><br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was the young and gallant Marquis de Lafayette, who during the -terrible rout on the field of Brandywine, leaped from his horse, and -sword in hand tried to rally the fleeing American soldiers. But a musket -ball passing through his leg, he fell wounded to the ground.</p> - -<p>His brave aide-de-camp placed Lafayette on his own horse, thus saving -his life. Lafayette then tried to rejoin Washington, but his wound bled -so badly that he had to stop and have his leg bandaged.</p> - -<p>Meanwhile, it was growing dark. All was fear and confusion around him. -The American<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_417" id="page_417"></a>{417}</span> soldiers were fleeing from every direction toward the -village of Chester. They were rushing on in headlong flight, with cannon -and baggage-wagons. The thunder of the enemy’s guns, the clouds of dust, -the shouts and cries, the general panic, were terrific.</p> - -<p>Lafayette was forced to retreat with the Army, but in spite of his -wound, he retained presence of mind enough to station a guard at the -bridge before Chester, with commands to keep all retreating soldiers -from crossing it. So, when Washington and General Greene rode up, they -were able to rally the soldiers and restore something like order.</p> - -<p>As for Lafayette, he was soon after carried to the town of Bethlehem in -Pennsylvania, and left with the Moravian Nuns.</p> - -<p>These good women nursed him, and bestowed every kindly care upon him, -until his wound was healed and he was able to rejoin the Army. He had -been serving without a command, but after his gallant action at -Brandywine, he was made head of a division.</p> - -<p>It was while Lafayette was still at Bethlehem, that a brilliant officer -from the American Army came to see him. He was the Lithuanian-Polish -Patriot, Count Casimir Pulaski.</p> - -<p>All the Nuns, and in fact every one in Bethlehem, knew Count Pulaski’s -romantic history,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_418" id="page_418"></a>{418}</span> how while in Poland he had fought for the -Independence of his Country, and had been sent into exile. He was now -fighting for America’s Liberty.</p> - -<p>And when the Nuns learned that Count Pulaski was raising a corps in -Baltimore, they were eager to honour him. With their own hands they made -a banner of crimson silk, embroidering it beautifully. This they sent to -him with their blessing.</p> - -<p>He carried the crimson banner through battle and danger, until at last -he fell so badly wounded that he died.</p> - -<p>The crimson banner was rescued, and carried back to Baltimore.</p> - -<h3><a name="LOYAL_TO_THE_CHIEF" id="LOYAL_TO_THE_CHIEF"></a>LOYAL TO THE CHIEF</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was during that terrible Winter at Valley Forge, that Generals Gates -and Conway “with malice and duplicity,” were plotting against -Washington.</p> - -<p>They wanted to win the young and influential Marquis de Lafayette to -their conspiracy. They planned to do so by separating him from -Washington. So they used their influence to have him appointed to an -independent command, with Conway as his chief lieutenant. And this they -did without consulting Washington.</p> - -<p>But they reckoned without their host. The gallant young Frenchman was -loyal. He was<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_419" id="page_419"></a>{419}</span> incapable of a dastardly act. Though scarcely twenty -years old, he had a mind of his own. He refused to take command without -Washington’s consent; and insisted on having Baron de Kalb, not Conway, -for his lieutenant.</p> - -<p>Then he set out for York, to get his papers.</p> - -<p>He had left Washington with the soldiers, starving and shivering at -Valley Forge; he found General Gates and his officers in York, -comfortably seated at dinner, the table laden with food and drink. They -were flushed and noisy with wine, and greeted Lafayette with shouts of -welcome.</p> - -<p>They fawned upon him; they complimented and toasted him. He listened to -them quietly; and, as soon as he received his papers, rose as if to make -a speech.</p> - -<p>There was a breathless silence. All eyes were fixed upon him.</p> - -<p>In politest tones, he reminded them there was one toast that they had -forgotten, and which he now proposed:—</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>The health of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the United -States.</i></p></div> - -<p>There was silence. There was consternation and embarrassment. No one -dared refuse to drink. Some merely touched the glasses to their lips, -others set them down scarcely tasted.</p> - -<p>Then, bowing with mock politeness and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_420" id="page_420"></a>{420}</span> shrugging his shoulders, -Lafayette left the dining-hall, and mounting his horse rode away.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>John Fiske and Other Sources</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="WE_ARE_GRATEFUL_LAFAYETTE" id="WE_ARE_GRATEFUL_LAFAYETTE"></a>WE ARE GRATEFUL, LAFAYETTE!</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">During</span> the War for Independence, Lafayette served without pay. He also -cheerfully expended one hundred and forty thousand dollars out of his -own fortune, purchasing a ship to bring him to America, and raising, -equipping, arming, and clothing a regiment. And when he landed in -America, he brought with him munitions of war, which he presented to our -Army. He gave shoes, clothes, and food to our naked suffering American -soldiers.</p> - -<p>After the War was over, some small recognition was offered him by our -Government. But while on his visit here in 1825, to show appreciation of -his unselfish aid to us in time of need, and in compensation for his -expenditures, Congress passed a bill presenting him with two hundred -thousand dollars and a grant of land.</p> - -<p>There were, however, a few members of Congress who violently opposed the -bill, much to the shame of all grateful citizens. And one member of -Congress, humiliated at this opposition, tried to apologize delicately -to Lafayette.</p> - -<p>“I, Sir, <i>am one of the opposition</i>!” exclaimed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_421" id="page_421"></a>{421}</span> Lafayette. “The gift is -so munificent, so far exceeding the services of the individual, that, -had I been a member of Congress, I must have voted against it!”</p> - -<p>And to Congress itself, Lafayette, deeply touched said:—</p> - -<p>“The immense and unexpected gift which in addition to former and -considerable bounties, it has pleased Congress to confer upon me, calls -for the warmest acknowledgments of an old American soldier, an adopted -son of the United States—two titles dearer to my heart than all the -treasures in the world.”</p> - -<h3><a name="SOME_OF_WASHINGTONS_HAIR" id="SOME_OF_WASHINGTONS_HAIR"></a>SOME OF WASHINGTON’S HAIR</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Cordial</span> ties bound the land of Washington to the land of Bolivar one -hundred years ago.</p> - -<p>Then the South American Liberator was held in such high esteem here, -that after the death of Washington his family sent Bolivar several -relics of the national hero of the United States, including locks of -Washington’s hair.</p> - -<p>The gift was transmitted through Lafayette, who had it presented to -Bolivar by a French officer. And the latter bore back to the noble -French comrade of Washington, an eloquent letter of thanks from Bolivar.</p> - -<p>The South American Liberator professed<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_422" id="page_422"></a>{422}</span> throughout his life ardent -admiration for the United States, and once in conversation with an -American officer in Peru, prophesied that within one hundred years, the -land of Washington would stand first in the world.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>T. R. Ybarra</i><br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="WELCOME_FRIEND_OF_AMERICA" id="WELCOME_FRIEND_OF_AMERICA"></a>WELCOME! FRIEND OF AMERICA!<br /><br /> -1824-25</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">It</span> was twenty-five years after the death of Washington. It was 1824. In -New York City, joy bells were ringing, bands playing, cannon saluting, -flags waving, and two hundred thousand people wildly cheering.</p> - -<p>The Marquis de Lafayette was visiting America. He was landing at the -Battery. He was no longer the slender, debonair, young French officer -who, afire with ardent courage, had served under Washington, but a man -of sixty-seven, large, massive, almost six feet tall, his rugged face -expressing a strong noble character, his fine hazel eyes beaming with -pleasure and affection. But his manner was the same courtly, gracious -one of the young man of nineteen who so long ago had exclaimed, “I will -join the Americans—I will help them fight for Freedom!”</p> - -<p>Since the American War for Independence, Lafayette had been through the -terrible French<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_423" id="page_423"></a>{423}</span> Revolution, and had spent five years in an Austrian -prison. Now, as he landed once more on American soil, he was the -honoured and idolized guest of millions of grateful citizens of the -United States.</p> - -<p>As he stepped from a gayly decorated boat, and stood among the throngs -of cheering New York folk, his eyes filled with tears. He had expected -only a little welcome; instead he found the whole Nation waiting -expectant and eager to do him honour.</p> - -<p>His tour of the country in a barouche drawn by four white horses, was -one continuous procession. Enormous crowds gathered everywhere to greet -him as he went from city to city, town to town, and village to village. -He passed beneath arches of flowers and arbours of evergreens. Children -and young girls welcomed him with songs, and officials with addresses. -He was banqueted and fêted. “Lafayette! Lafayette!” was the roar that -went up from millions of throats.</p> - -<p>At Fort McHenry, he was conducted into the tent that had been -Washington’s during the War for Independence. There, some of Lafayette’s -old comrades-in-arms, veteran members of the Society of the Cincinnati, -were awaiting him.</p> - -<p>Lafayette embraced them with tears of joy. Then looking around the tent, -and seeing some<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_424" id="page_424"></a>{424}</span> of Washington’s equipment, he exclaimed in a subdued -voice:—</p> - -<p>“I remember! I remember!”</p> - -<p>Later in the day, a procession was formed, which as it passed through -the streets of Baltimore, displayed in a place of honour the crimson -silk banner of Count Pulaski, embroidered for him by the Moravian Nuns -of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>In Boston, Lafayette in a barouche drawn by four beautiful white horses, -was escorted by a brilliant procession through the streets. At the -Common, he passed between two lines of school-children, girls in white, -and boys in blue and white; and a lovely little girl crowned him with a -wreath of blossoms.</p> - -<p>Across Washington Street, were thrown two arches decorated with flags, -and inscribed with the words:—</p> - -<p class="c">WELCOME, LAFAYETTE!</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i4">The Fathers in glory shall sleep,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">That gathered with thee to the fight,<br /></span> -<span class="i4">But the Sons will eternally keep<br /></span> -<span class="i4">The Tablet of Gratitude bright.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">We bow not the neck, and we bend not the knee,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">But our hearts, Lafayette, we surrender to thee.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p>And when he entered Lexington, he passed beneath an arch on which was -written in flowers:</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i3">Welcome! Friend of America!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To the Birthplace of American Liberty.<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_425" id="page_425"></a>{425}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="SEPTEMBER_24" id="SEPTEMBER_24"></a>SEPTEMBER 24<br /><br /> -JOHN MARSHALL<br /> -THE EXPOUNDER OF THE CONSTITUTION</h2> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>I had grown up at a time ... when the maxim, “United we stand, -divided we fall,” was the maxim of every orthodox American; and I -had imbibed these sentiments so thoroughly that they constituted a -part of my being.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">John Marshall.</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_426" id="page_426"></a>{426}</span></p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>He had a deep sense of moral and religious obligation, and a love -of truth, constant, enduring, unflinching. It naturally gave rise -to a sincerity of thought, purpose, expression and conduct, which, -though never severe, was always open, manly, and straightforward.</i></p> - -<p><i>Yet it was combined with such a gentle and bland demeanour, that -it never gave offense. But it was, on the contrary, most persuasive -in its appeals to the understanding.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Justice</i> <span class="smcap">Joseph Story</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">John Marshall</span> was born in Virginia, September 24, 1755</p> - -<p>Became an officer in a Company of Minute Men, 1775</p> - -<p>Was Envoy to France, 1797</p> - -<p>Was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United -States, 1801</p> - -<p>He died, July 6, 1835</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_427" id="page_427"></a>{427}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_BOY_OF_THE_FRONTIER" id="THE_BOY_OF_THE_FRONTIER"></a>THE BOY OF THE FRONTIER</h3> - -<h4><i>In a Log Cabin</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Through</span> the ancient and unbroken forests, toward the Monongahela River, -Braddock made his slow and painful way. Weeks passed, then months. But -the Colonists felt no impatience because everybody knew what would -happen when his scarlet columns should finally meet and throw themselves -upon the enemy.</p> - -<p>Yet this meeting when it came, proved to be one of the lesser tragedies -of history, and had a deep and fateful effect upon American public -opinion, and upon the life and future of the American People.</p> - -<p>Time has not dulled the vivid picture of that disaster. The golden -sunshine of that July day; the pleasant murmur of the waters of the -Monongahela; the silent and sombre forests; the steady tramp, tramp of -the British to the inspiriting music of their regimental bands, playing -the martial airs of England; the bright uniforms of the advancing -columns giving to the background of stream and forest a touch of -splendour;—and then the ambush and surprise; the war-whoops of savage -foes that could not be seen; the hail of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_428" id="page_428"></a>{428}</span> invisible death, no pellet of -which went astray; the pathetic volleys which the doomed British troops -fired at hidden antagonists; the panic; the rout; the pursuit; the -slaughter; the crushing, humiliating defeat!</p> - -<p>Most of the British officers were killed or wounded, as they vainly -tried to halt the stampede. Braddock himself received a mortal hurt.</p> - -<p>Furious at what he felt was the stupidity and cowardice of the British -regulars, the youthful Washington rode among the fear-frenzied -Englishmen striving to save the day. Two horses were shot under him. -Four bullets rent his uniform. But crazed with fright, the Royal -soldiers were beyond human control.</p> - -<p>Only the Virginia Rangers kept their heads and their courage. Obeying -the shouted orders of their young Commander, they threw themselves -between the terror-stricken British and the savage victors, and, -fighting behind trees and rocks, were an ever-moving rampart of fire -that saved the flying remnants of the English troops.</p> - -<p>But for Washington and his Rangers, Braddock’s whole force would have -been annihilated.</p> - -<p>So everywhere went up the cry, “The British are beaten!”</p> - -<p>At first, rumour had it, that the whole force was destroyed, and that -Washington had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_429" id="page_429"></a>{429}</span> killed in action. But soon another word followed -hard upon this error—the word that the boyish Virginia Captain and his -Rangers had fought with coolness, skill, and courage; that they alone -had prevented the extinction of the British Regulars.</p> - -<p>Thus it was that the American Colonists suddenly came to think, that -they themselves must be their own defenders. It was a revelation, all -the more impressive because it was so abrupt, unexpected, and dramatic, -that the red-coated professional soldiers were not the unconquerable -warriors, the Colonists had been told that they were. From colonial -mansion to log cabin, from the provincial capitals to the mean and -exposed frontier settlements, Braddock’s defeat sowed the seed of the -idea that Americans must depend upon themselves.</p> - -<p>Close upon the heels of this epoch-making event, John Marshall came into -the world.</p> - -<p>He was born in a little log cabin in what is now a part of Virginia, -eleven weeks after Braddock’s defeat. The Marshall cabin stood about a -mile and a half from a cluster of a dozen similar log structures, a -little settlement practically on the frontier.</p> - -<h4><i>Off to the Blue Ridge</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Some</span> ten years after Braddock’s defeat, we can picture a strong rude -wagon drawn by two horses,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_430" id="page_430"></a>{430}</span> crawling along the stumpy, rock-roughened, -and mud-mired road through the dense woods that led to a valley in the -Blue Ridge Mountains.</p> - -<p>In the wagon sat a young woman. By her side a sturdy red-cheeked boy -looked out with alert but quiet interest showing from his brilliant -black eyes. And three other children cried their delight or vexation as -the hours wore on.</p> - -<p>The red-cheeked boy was John Marshall.</p> - -<p>In this wagon, too, were piled the little family’s household goods. By -the side of the wagon, strode a young man dressed in the costume of the -frontier. Tall, broad-shouldered, lithe-hipped, erect, he was a very oak -of a man. His splendid head was carried with a peculiar dignity. And the -grave but kindly command that shone from his face, together with the -brooding thoughtfulness and fearless light of his striking eyes, would -have singled him out in any assemblage, as a man to be respected and -trusted.</p> - -<p>A negro drove the team, and a negro girl walked behind. So went little -John Marshall with his father and mother, from the log cabin to their -new Blue Ridge home, which was not a log cabin, but a frame house built -of whipsawed uprights and boards.</p> - -<h4><i>Making an American</i></h4> - -<p>John Marshall lived near the frontier, until he was nineteen, when as -Lieutenant of the famous<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_431" id="page_431"></a>{431}</span> Culpeper Minute Men, he marched away to -battle.</p> - -<p>And during those nineteen years he had been growing up to be <i>an -American</i>.</p> - -<p>The earliest stories told little John Marshall must have been frontier -ones of daring and sacrifice.</p> - -<p>Almost from the home-made cradle, he was taught the idea of American -solidarity. Braddock’s defeat was the theme of fireside talk of the -Colonists, and from this grew in time the conviction that Americans, if -united, could not only protect their homes from the savages and the -French, but could defeat, if need be, the British themselves.</p> - -<p>So thought John Marshall’s father and mother, and so they taught their -children.</p> - -<p>For the most part, the boy’s days were spent studying and reading, or -rifle in hand, in the surrounding mountains and by the pleasant waters -that flowed through the valley of his forest home. He helped his mother, -of course, did the innumerable chores which the day’s work required, and -looked after the younger children. He ate game from the forest and fish -from the stream. Bear meat was plentiful.</p> - -<p>Whether at home with his mother, or on surveying trips with his father, -the boy continually was under the influence and direction of hardy, -clear-minded unusual parents.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_432" id="page_432"></a>{432}</span></p> - -<p>Their lofty and simple ideals, their rational thinking, their unbending -uprightness, their religious convictions—these were the intellectual -companions of John Marshall’s childhood and youth.</p> - -<h4><i>Give Me Liberty!</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Thomas Marshall</span>, John’s father, served in the Virginia House of -Burgesses of which Patrick Henry was a member.</p> - -<p>When Thomas Marshall returned to his Blue Ridge home, he described, of -course, the scenes he had witnessed and taken part in. The heart of his -son thrilled, we may be sure, as he listened to his father reciting -Patrick Henry’s words of fire.</p> - -<p>And again, when Patrick Henry became the voice of America, and offered -the “Resolutions for Arming and Defense,” and carried them with that -amazing speech ending with:—</p> - -<h4>Give me Liberty or give me Death!</h4> - -<p class="nind">Thomas Marshall sat beneath its spell.</p> - -<p>And John Marshall, now nineteen years old, heard those words from his -father’s lips, as the family clustered around the fireside of Oak Hill, -their Blue Ridge home.</p> - -<p>The effect on John Marshall’s mind and spirit was heroic and profound.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Albert J. Beveridge</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_433" id="page_433"></a>{433}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_YOUNG_LIEUTENANT" id="THE_YOUNG_LIEUTENANT"></a>THE YOUNG LIEUTENANT</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> John Marshall was nineteen, he was about six feet high, straight, -and rather slender, and of dark complexion. His eyes were dark to -blackness, strong and penetrating, beaming with intelligence and good -nature. His raven black hair was of unusual thickness.</p> - -<p>He was Lieutenant of a Company, and wore a purple or pale blue hunting -shirt, and trousers of the same material fringed with white. A round -black hat, with a buck-tail for a cockade, crowned his figure.</p> - -<p>The news of the Battle of Lexington reached him, and he was soon on the -muster-field training his Company.</p> - -<p>First, he made his men a speech, telling them that he had come to meet -them as fellow soldiers, who were likely to be called on to defend their -Country and their own rights and liberties—that there had been a battle -at Lexington in which the Americans were victorious, but that more -fighting was expected—that soldiers were called for—and that it was -time to brighten their firearms, and learn to use them in the field—and -that, if they would fall into a single line, he would show them the new -manual exercise, for which purpose he had brought his own gun.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_434" id="page_434"></a>{434}</span></p> - -<p>Then before he required the men to imitate him, he went through the -manual exercise by word and motion, deliberately pronounced and -performed. He then proceeded to exercise them with the most perfect -temper. Never did man possess a temper more happy, or one more subdued -or better disciplined.</p> - -<p>After a few lessons, he dismissed the Company, saying that if they -wished to hear more about the war, he would tell them what he understood -about it. The men formed a circle about him, and he talked to them for -about an hour.</p> - -<p>After that he challenged an acquaintance to a game of quoits. And they -closed the day with foot-races and other athletic exercises.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Horace Binney</i> (<i>Retold</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="SERVING_THE_CAUSE" id="SERVING_THE_CAUSE"></a>SERVING THE CAUSE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Young John Marshall</span> became a Lieutenant in the first regiment of Minute -Men raised in Virginia. These were the citizen soldiery of the Colonies, -who “were raised in a minute; armed in a minute; marched in a minute; -fought in a minute; and vanquished in a minute.”</p> - -<p>His father Thomas Marshall was Major of this Virginia regiment of Minute -Men. Their<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_435" id="page_435"></a>{435}</span> appearance was calculated to strike terror into the hearts -of an enemy. They were dressed in green hunting-shirts, home-spun, -home-woven, and home-made, with the words,</p> - -<p class="c"><i>Liberty or Death!</i></p> - -<p class="nind">in large white letters on their bosoms.</p> - -<p>They wore in their hats, buck-tails, and in their belts, tomahawks and -scalping knives. Their savage, warlike appearance excited the terror of -the inhabitants as they marched through the country.</p> - -<p>Lord Dunmore told his troops, before the action at the Great Bridge, -that if they fell into the hands of the “shirt-men,” they would be -scalped.</p> - -<p>To the honour of the “shirt-men,” it should be observed, that they -treated the British prisoners with great kindness—a kindness which was -felt and gratefully acknowledged.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Henry Flanders</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="AT_VALLEY_FORGE" id="AT_VALLEY_FORGE"></a>AT VALLEY FORGE</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Through</span> the battles of Iron Hill, of Brandywine, of Germantown, and of -Monmouth, John Marshall bore himself bravely. And through the dreary -privations, the hunger, and the nakedness of that ghastly Winter at -Valley Forge, his patient endurance and his cheeriness bespoke<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_436" id="page_436"></a>{436}</span> the very -sweetest temper that ever man was blessed with.</p> - -<p>So long as any lived to speak, men would tell how he was loved by the -soldiers and by his brother officers; how he was the arbiter of their -differences and the composer of their disputes. And when called to act, -as he often was, as Judge Advocate, he exercised that peculiar and -delicate judgment required of him, who is not only the prosecutor but -the protector of the accused.</p> - -<p>It was in the duties of this office that he first met and came to know -well the two men, whom of all others on earth he most admired and loved, -and whose impress he bore through his life—Washington and Hamilton.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>William Henry Rawle</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="SILVER_HEELS" id="SILVER_HEELS"></a>SILVER HEELS</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Young John Marshall</span> surpassed in athletics, any man in the Army. When -the soldiers were idle at their quarters, it was usual for the officers -to engage in a game of quoits or in jumping and racing. Then he would -throw a quoit farther, and beat at a race any other. He was the only -man, who with a running jump, could clear a stick laid on the heads of -two men as tall as himself.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_437" id="page_437"></a>{437}</span></p> - -<p>On one occasion, he ran a race in his stocking feet with a comrade. His -mother, in knitting his stockings, had knit the legs of blue yarn and -the heels of white. Because of this and because he always won the races, -the soldiers called him:—</p> - -<p>“Silver Heels.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>J. B. Thayer</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="WITHOUT_BREAD" id="WITHOUT_BREAD"></a>WITHOUT BREAD<br /> -<i>Told by John Marshall’s Sister</i></h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">He</span> was then an officer in the American Army, and he came home for a -visit, accompanied by some of his brother officers, some young French -gentlemen.</p> - -<p>When supper time arrived, Mother had the meal prepared for them, and had -made into bread a little flour, the last she had, which had been saved -for such an occasion.</p> - -<p>The little ones cried for some, and Brother John inquired into matters. -He would eat no more of the bread, which could not be shared with us.</p> - -<p>He was greatly distressed at the straits to which the fortunes of war -had reduced us. And Mother had not intended him to know our condition.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>From the Green Bag</i><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_438" id="page_438"></a>{438}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="HIS_MOTHER" id="HIS_MOTHER"></a>HIS MOTHER</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">John Marshall’s</span> mother, Mary Isham Keith, was a woman of great force of -character and strong religious faith. She was pleasing in mind, person, -and manners. And her son loved her with that chivalrous tender devotion, -which made him gentle with all women throughout his life.</p> - -<p>A few weeks before his death, John Marshall told his friend, Judge -Story, that he had never failed to repeat each night, through his long -life, the little prayer which begins:—</p> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanzaitl"> -<span class="i0">Now I lay me down to sleep,<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p class="nind">that he had learned, when a baby, at his mother’s knee.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Sallie E. Marshall Hardy</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="HIS_FATHER" id="HIS_FATHER"></a>HIS FATHER</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">His</span> father, Thomas Marshall, served with great distinction during the -War for Independence. He was a man of uncommon capacity and vigour of -intellect.</p> - -<p>John Marshall, after he became Chief Justice, used often to speak of him -in terms of the deepest affection and reverence. Indeed, he never named -his father, without dwelling on his character with a fond and winning -enthusiasm.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_439" id="page_439"></a>{439}</span></p> - -<p>“My father,” he would say with kindled feelings and emphasis, “my father -was a far abler man than any of his sons. To him I owe the solid -foundation of all my own success in life.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Justice Joseph Story</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THREE_STORIES" id="THREE_STORIES"></a>THREE STORIES</h3> - -<h4><i>What was in the Saddlebags</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">One</span> Autumn, John Marshall was invited to visit Mount Vernon, in company -with Washington’s nephew.</p> - -<p>On their way to Mount Vernon, the two travellers met with a -misadventure, which gave great amusement to Washington, and of which he -enjoyed telling his friends.</p> - -<p>They came on horseback, and carried but one pair of saddlebags, each -using one side. Arriving thoroughly drenched by rain, they were shown to -a chamber to change their garments.</p> - -<p>One opened his side of the bags, and drew forth <i>a black bottle of -whiskey</i>. He insisted that he had opened his companion’s repository.</p> - -<p>Unlocking the other side, they found <i>a big twist of tobacco, some corn -bread, and the equipment of a pack-saddle</i>.</p> - -<p>They had exchanged saddlebags with some traveller, and now had to appear -in a ludicrous misfit of borrowed clothes!<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_440" id="page_440"></a>{440}</span></p> - -<h4><i>Eating Cherries</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">After</span> the war, John Marshall studied law, and began practice in Virginia -courts. He served in many important offices both of his State and of the -Nation.</p> - -<p>Here is a little story told of him when he first began his practice. At -that time, he was very simple though neat, in his dress.</p> - -<p>He was one morning strolling, we are told, through the streets of -Richmond, attired in a plain linen roundabout and shorts, with his hat -under his arm, from which he was eating cherries, when he stopped in the -porch of the Eagle Hotel, indulged in a little pleasantry with the -landlord, and then passed on.</p> - -<p>A gentleman from the country was present, who had a case coming on -before the Court of Appeals, and was referred by the landlord to -Marshall as the best lawyer to employ. But “the careless languid air” of -Marshall, had so prejudiced the man that he refused to employ him.</p> - -<p>The clerk, when this client entered the courtroom, also recommended -Marshall, but the other would have none of him.</p> - -<p>A venerable-looking lawyer, with powdered wig and in black cloth, soon -entered, and the gentleman engaged him.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_441" id="page_441"></a>{441}</span></p> - -<p>In the first case that came up, this man and Marshall spoke on opposite -sides. The gentleman listened, saw his mistake, and secured Marshall at -once, frankly telling him the whole story, and adding, that while he had -come with one hundred dollars to pay his lawyer, he had but five dollars -left.</p> - -<p>Marshall good-naturedly took this, and helped in the case.</p> - -<h4><i>Learned in the Law of Nations</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">In</span> time, John Marshall became a great lawyer. He declined the office of -District Attorney of the United States at Richmond, that of Attorney -General of the United States, and that of Minister to France, all -offered him by Washington.</p> - -<p>When President Adams persuaded him to go as envoy to France, he wrote to -another envoy of “General Marshall,” as he was then called, from his -rank of Brigadier-General in the Virginia Militia:—</p> - -<p>“He is a plain man, very sensible, cautious, guarded, and learned in the -Law of Nations.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>James B. Thayer</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_442" id="page_442"></a>{442}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="THE_CONSTITUTION" id="THE_CONSTITUTION"></a>THE CONSTITUTION</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>As the British Constitution is the most subtile organism, which -has proceeded from progressive history; so the American -Constitution is the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given -time, by the brain and purpose of man.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">William Ewart Gladstone</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<p class="nind">“A <span class="smcap">Constitution</span>,” says the dictionary, is “the fundamental organic law -or principles of Government of a Nation, State, Society, or other -organized body of men.</p> - -<p>“Also a written instrument embodying such law.”</p> - -<p>This is not so hard to understand:—</p> - -<p>The first statement may be applied to the English Constitution, which is -not a written Document like ours. It is, instead, a vast body of laws -and judicial decisions, which, accumulating through the centuries, and -beginning long before the time of the Magna Carta, have been handed down -from one generation to another.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, the second statement in the dictionary, may be -applied to the Constitution of the United States, which is a Document, a -written instrument, framed and adopted for our protection by those able -and noble Patriots who met in the Federal Convention, over which George -Washington himself presided. They were wise men, learned in the Law, and -far-sighted. They planned a Government for the great future of a very -great Free People.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_443" id="page_443"></a>{443}</span></p> - -<p>Since its adoption, other Republics of the world have used our -Constitution as a model for their own.</p> - -<p>Our Constitution guarantees self-government, and regulates just -government. It is the foundation of our national life. Without it, we -should be threatened with anarchy. Anarchy means universal confusion, -terror, bloodshed, lawlessness of every description, and the destruction -of religion, education, business, and of everything which makes life and -home beautiful and safe.</p> - -<p>After we had declared our Independence and won our Liberty, this Country -was threatened with anarchy because we had as yet no Constitution to -regulate Government, and each State did much as it pleased.</p> - -<p>But after the Constitution was adopted, and the States were united and -had became One People under One Government, order, peace, and prosperity -resulted.</p> - -<p>Thus the amazingly rapid growth of “Our Beloved Country,” as Washington -called it, is due to the safeguards of that most precious Document, the -Constitution of the United States. For which reason every boy and girl -should read it carefully, should regard it with reverence, and should -surround it with every protection, as being, with the blessing of God, -the source of the life and welfare of our Nation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_444" id="page_444"></a>{444}</span></p> - -<p>As for John Marshall, he did not help to frame the Constitution; but it -was largely through his efforts and those of James Madison, that the -Virginia State Legislature ratified it. In another way, also, he had a -great part in its making.</p> - -<p>After the Constitution was adopted, being a new Document there existed -no body of judicial decisions interpreting its meanings, like the -decisions of England which guided English judges. A body of American -decisions had to be made to interpret our Constitution in order to guide -American judges. This was John Marshall’s great work.</p> - -<p>In 1801, President John Adams called the profound lawyer, John Marshall, -to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.</p> - -<p>It was a most wise appointment, as we shall now see.</p> - -<h3><a name="EXPOUNDING_THE_CONSTITUTION" id="EXPOUNDING_THE_CONSTITUTION"></a>EXPOUNDING THE CONSTITUTION</h3> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">Chief Justice Marshall</span> took his place at the head of the National -Judiciary. The Government under the Constitution, was only organized -twelve years before, and in the interval eleven amendments of the -Constitution had been regularly proposed and adopted.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_445" id="page_445"></a>{445}</span></p> - -<p>Comparatively nothing had been done judicially to define the powers or -develop the resources of the Constitution. In short, the Nation, the -Constitution, and the Laws were in their infancy.</p> - -<p>Under these circumstances, it was most fortunate for the Country, that -the great Chief Justice retained his high position for thirty-four -years, and that during all that time, with scarcely any interruption, he -kept on with the work he showed himself so competent to perform.</p> - -<p>As year after year went by and new occasion required, with his -irresistible logic, enforced by his cogent English, he developed the -hidden treasures of the Constitution, demonstrated its capacities, and -showed beyond all possibility of doubt, that a Government rightfully -administered under its authority, could protect itself against itself -and against the world.</p> - -<p>Hardly a day now passes in the Court he so dignified and adorned, -without reference to some decision of his time, as establishing a -principle which, from that day to this, has been accepted as undoubted -law.</p> - -<p>In all the various questions of constitutional, international, and -general law, the Chief Justice was at home; and when, at the end of his -long and eminent career, he laid down his life, he and those who had so -ably assisted him in his great<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_446" id="page_446"></a>{446}</span> work, had the right to say, that the -judicial power of the United States had been carefully preserved and -wisely administered.</p> - -<p>The Nation can never honour him or them, too much for the work they -accomplished.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Chief Justice Waite</i> (<i>Arranged</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="THE_GREAT_CHIEF_JUSTICE" id="THE_GREAT_CHIEF_JUSTICE"></a>THE GREAT CHIEF JUSTICE</h3> - -<div class="blockquotsml"><p class="nind"><i>I have always thought from my earliest youth till now, that the -greatest scourge an angry Heaven ever inflicted upon an ungrateful -and a sinning People, was an ignorant, a corrupt, or a dependent -Judiciary.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">John Marshall</span><br /> -</p></div> - -<h4><i>Respected by All</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">When</span> the venerable life of the Chief Justice was near its close, he was -called to give his parting counsel to his native State, in the revision -of her Constitution.</p> - -<p>A spectacle of greater dignity than the Convention of Virginia in the -year 1829, has been rarely exhibited. At its head was James Monroe, -conducted to the chair by James Madison and John Marshall, and -surrounded by the strength of Virginia, including many of the greatest -names of the Union.</p> - -<p>The reverence manifested for Chief Justice Marshall, was one of the most -beautiful features of the scene. The gentleness of his temper, the -purity of his motives, the sincerity of his convictions<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_447" id="page_447"></a>{447}</span> and his wisdom, -were confessed by all.</p> - -<p>He stood in the centre of his native State, in his very home of fifty -years, surrounded by men who had known him as long as they had known -anything, and there was no one to rise up even to question his opinions, -without a tribute to his personal excellence.</p> - -<h4><i>The True Man</i></h4> - -<p class="nind"><span class="smcap">This</span> admirable man, extraordinary in the powers of his mind, illustrious -by his services, exalted by his public station, was one of the most -warm-hearted, unassuming, and excellent of men.</p> - -<p>His life from youth to old age was one unbroken harmony of mind, -affections, principles, and manners.</p> - -<p>His kinsman says of him, “He had no frays in boyhood. He had no quarrels -or outbreakings in manhood. He was the composer of strifes. He spoke ill -of no man. He meddled not with their affairs. He viewed their worst -deeds through the medium of charity.”</p> - -<p>Another of his intimate personal friends has said of him, “In private -life he was upright and scrupulously just in all his transactions. His -friendships were ardent, sincere, and constant, his charity and -benevolence unbounded. Magnanimous and forgiving, he never bore malice.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_448" id="page_448"></a>{448}</span> -Religious from sentiment and reflection, he was a Christian, believed in -the Gospel, and practiced its tenets.”</p> - -<p class="r"> -<i>Horace Binney</i> (<i>Condensed</i>)<br /> -</p> - -<h3><a name="WHAT_OF_THE_CONSTITUTION" id="WHAT_OF_THE_CONSTITUTION"></a>WHAT OF THE CONSTITUTION?</h3> - -<p><i>The Unity of Government, which constitutes you One People, is also -now dear to you.</i></p> - -<p><i>It is justly so; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your -real Independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your -peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very -Liberty, which you so highly prize.</i> ...</p> - -<p><i>To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for the -whole is indispensable.</i></p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Washington</span>, <i>from his Farewell Address</i><br /> -</p> - -<p> </p> - -<p class="nind">To me it is a marvel that the Constitution of the United States has -operated so successfully.... But the United States is a singular -example of political virtue and moral rectitude.</p> - -<p>That Nation has been cradled in Liberty, has been nurtured in -Liberty, and has been maintained by pure Liberty. I will add that -the People of the United States are unique in the history of the -human race.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Simon Bolivar</span>, <i>the Liberator</i><br /> -</p> - -<p> </p> - -<p class="nind">Let us make our generation one of the strongest and brightest links -in that golden chain which is<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_449" id="page_449"></a>{449}</span> destined, I fondly believe, to -grapple the People of all the States to this Constitution for Ages -to come.</p> - -<p>We have a great, popular constitutional Government ... defended by -the affections of the whole People. No monarchical throne presses -these States together. No iron chain of military power encircles -them. They live and stand under a Government popular in its form, -representative in its character, founded upon principles of -equality, and so constructed, we hope, as to last for ever.... Its -daily respiration is Liberty and Patriotism. Its yet youthful veins -are full of enterprise, courage, and honourable love of glory and -renown.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Daniel Webster</span><br /> -</p> -<p> </p> -<p class="nind">May our children and our children’s children for a thousand -generations continue to enjoy the benefits conferred upon us by a -United Country, and have cause yet to rejoice under those glorious -institutions bequeathed us by Washington and his compeers! Now, my -friends—soldiers and citizens—I can only say once more, Farewell.</p> - -<p class="r"> -<span class="smcap">Abraham Lincoln</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_450" id="page_450"></a>{450}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="ENVOY" id="ENVOY"></a>ENVOY</h2> - -<div class="poetry"> -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0"><span class="smcap">God</span> of our Fathers, whose almighty hand<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Leads forth in beauty, all the starry band<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of shining worlds, in splendour thro’ the skies,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Our grateful songs, before Thy throne arise.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Thy love divine, hath led us in the past;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">In this Free Land, by Thee our lot is cast;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Be Thou our ruler, guardian, guide, and stay,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thy Word our law, Thy paths our chosen way.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">From war’s alarms, from deadly pestilence,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Be Thy strong arm our ever sure defence;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thy true religion in our hearts increase,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Thy bounteous goodness nourish us in Peace.<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Refresh Thy people on their toilsome way;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Lead us from night to never-ending day;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fill all our lives with love and grace divine;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And glory, laud, and praise be ever Thine!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="authh"><i>D. C. Roberts</i> (1876)<br /></span> -</div></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_451" id="page_451"></a>{451}</span></p> - -<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX<br /><br /> -FOR TEACHERS AND STORY-TELLERS</h2> - -<p class="cb">I</p> - -<p class="cb">PROGRAMME OF STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES</p> - -<p class="cb">II</p> - -<p class="cb">STORY PROGRAMME OF SOUTH AMERICA’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_452" id="page_452"></a>{452}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_453" id="page_453"></a>{453}</span> </p> - -<h2><a name="APPENDIX1" id="APPENDIX1"></a>APPENDIX</h2> - -<h3>I</h3> - -<p class="cb">PROGRAMME OF STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES</p> - -<p class="cb">FOR TEACHERS AND STORY-TELLERS</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p><i>This Programme may be used, day by day, in teaching the history of the -United States. The stories are not intended to take the place of the -textbook; but they may be utilized in many delightful ways to illustrate -it. If they are told, or read aloud, or dramatized by the children, they -will make historic events and characters stand out so vividly, that the -boys and girls will never forget their American history.</i></p> - -<p><i>The stories are arranged by dates of leading events, so that the -teacher may easily illustrate the day’s lesson in the textbook.</i></p> -</div> - -<p class="nind"> -1451 (about) <span class="smcap">Birth of Columbus, and his Boyhood</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Sea of Darkness, p. <a href="#page_003">3</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fortunate Isles, p. <a href="#page_005">5</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Absurd Truth, p. <a href="#page_007">7</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1492 <span class="smcap">Discovery of America</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cathay the Golden, p. <a href="#page_010">10</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Emerald Islands, p. <a href="#page_012">12</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1493 <span class="smcap">Columbus’s Return to Spain</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Magnificent Return, p. <a href="#page_013">13</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1498 <span class="smcap">Discovery of South America</span> (<span class="smcap">Columbus’s Third Voyage</span>)<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fatal Pearls, p. <a href="#page_015">15</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1502 <span class="smcap">Discovery of Panama</span> (<span class="smcap">Columbus’s Fourth Voyage</span>)<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen Isabella’s Page, p. <a href="#page_021">21</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Twin Cities, p. <a href="#page_024">24</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Pearls Again, p. <a href="#page_026">26</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1619 <span class="smcap">The First Representative Assembly in America</span> (<i>in Virginia</i>)<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Author of the Declaration, p. 308<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_454" id="page_454"></a>{454}</span></span><br /> -<br /> -1620 <span class="smcap">Signing of the Mayflower Compact</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Father of the New England Colonies, p. <a href="#page_125">125</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1620 <span class="smcap">Landing of the Pilgrims</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Savage New World, p. <a href="#page_128">128</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1620-23 <span class="smcap">Settlement of Plymouth Colony</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Welcome, Englishmen! p. <a href="#page_131">131</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lost! Lost! a Boy! p. <a href="#page_132">132</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Rattlesnake Challenge, p. <a href="#page_136">136</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Great Drought, p. <a href="#page_138">138</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1636-37 <span class="smcap">Roger Williams and the Founding of Providence</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roger, the Boy, p. <a href="#page_349">349</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Soul Liberty, p. <a href="#page_350">350</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What Cheer! p. <a href="#page_352">352</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Risking his Life, p. <a href="#page_354">354</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1639 <span class="smcap">Connecticut’s Independent Constitution</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brother Jonathan, p. <a href="#page_208">208</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1681 <span class="smcap">William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy of Great Tower Hill, p. <a href="#page_031">31</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Westward Ho, and Away! p. <a href="#page_034">34</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The City of Brotherly Love, p. <a href="#page_036">36</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Place of Kings, p. <a href="#page_038">38</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1693-1718 <span class="smcap">William Penn and World Peace</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He Wore it as Long as he Could, p. <a href="#page_032">32</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Peacemaker, p. <a href="#page_033">33</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Onas, p. <a href="#page_041">41</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1755 <span class="smcap">Braddock’s Defeat and the Boyhood of Washington</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy in the Valley, p. <a href="#page_191">191</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy of the Frontier, p. <a href="#page_427">427</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1759 <span class="smcap">George Washington at Home</span> (<span class="smcap">Before and after the War for Independence</span>)<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington’s Wedding Day (January 6, 1759), p. <a href="#page_197">197</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington and the Children, p. <a href="#page_197">197</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nellie and Little Washington, p. <a href="#page_200">200</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nelson, the Hero, p. <a href="#page_204">204</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Caring for the Guest, p. <a href="#page_205">205</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Light Horse Harry, p. 216<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_455" id="page_455"></a>{455}</span></span><br /> -<br /> -1764-66 <span class="smcap">Stamp Act</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Orator of the War for Independence (Patrick Henry), p. <a href="#page_317">317</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">This Terrible Cornet of Horse (William Pitt), p. <a href="#page_095">95</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">America’s Defender, p. <a href="#page_101">101</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Sons of Liberty, p. <a href="#page_103">103</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1773-74 <span class="smcap">Boston Tea Party and Boston Port Bill</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aid to the Sister Colony, p. <a href="#page_077">77</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1774 <span class="smcap">First Continental Congress</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Facing Danger, p. <a href="#page_322">322</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Famous Date, p. <a href="#page_080">80</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1775 <span class="smcap">Lexington and the Beginning of the War for Independence</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What a Glorious Morning! p. <a href="#page_081">81</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Son of Liberty, p. <a href="#page_075">75</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Adams Family, p. <a href="#page_076">76</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Young Lieutenant, p. <a href="#page_433">433</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Serving the Cause, p. <a href="#page_434">434</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silver Heels, p. <a href="#page_436">436</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Without Bread, p. <a href="#page_437">437</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1775 <span class="smcap">Second Continental Congress and Appointment of Washington</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John to Samuel, p. <a href="#page_082">82</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Gentleman from Virginia, p. <a href="#page_083">83</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1775 <span class="smcap">Bunker Hill</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy Who Became President, p. <a href="#page_085">85</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brother Jonathan, p. <a href="#page_208">208</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1775 <span class="smcap">Israel Putnam and Bunker Hill</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seeing Boston, p. <a href="#page_143">143</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fight with the Wolf, p. <a href="#page_144">144</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From Plough to Camp, p. <a href="#page_146">146</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Generous Foe, p. <a href="#page_149">149</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1775-76 <span class="smcap">Siege of Boston</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He made Washington Laugh, p. <a href="#page_148">148</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Friend Greene, p. <a href="#page_213">213</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1776 <span class="smcap">Evacuation of Boston by the British</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Little Girl and the Red Coats, p. 200<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_456" id="page_456"></a>{456}</span></span><br /> -<br /> -1776 <span class="smcap">Declaration of Independence and its Framer (Jefferson)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Charter of Liberty, p. <a href="#page_098">98</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy Owner of Shadwell Farm, p. <a href="#page_305">305</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Christmas Guest, p. <a href="#page_306">306</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Author of the Declaration, p. <a href="#page_308">308</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Proclaim Liberty, p. <a href="#page_309">309</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reading the Declaration (Andrew Jackson), p. <a href="#page_282">282</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1776 <span class="smcap">Financing the War for Independence</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Little Friend in Front Street (Haym Salomon), p. <a href="#page_228">228</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He Knows Everything (Robert Morris), p. <a href="#page_159">159</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1777 <span class="smcap">The Stars and Stripes, and Paul Jones</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How Shall the Stars be Placed? p. <a href="#page_088">88</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy of the Solway, p. <a href="#page_359">359</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Don’t Tread on Me! p. <a href="#page_360">360</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The First Salute, p. <a href="#page_361">361</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>The Poor Richard</i>, p. <a href="#page_364">364</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mickle’s the Mischief he has Dune, p. <a href="#page_365">365</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul Jones Himself, p. <a href="#page_367">367</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Some of His Sayings, p. <a href="#page_369">369</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1777 <span class="smcap">The Coming of Lafayette</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">I Will Join the Americans, p. <a href="#page_413">413</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">In America, p. <a href="#page_414">414</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1777 <span class="smcap">Brandywine</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Banner of the Moravian Nuns (Count Pulaski), p. <a href="#page_416">416</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1777-78 <span class="smcap">Valley Forge</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Bloody Footprints, p. <a href="#page_210">210</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At Valley Forge (John Marshall), p. <a href="#page_435">435</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">An Appeal to God (Washington), p. <a href="#page_211">211</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Soldier Baron (Steuben), p. <a href="#page_220">220</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Friend Greene, p. <a href="#page_213">213</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loyal to the Chief (Lafayette), p. <a href="#page_418">418</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1778 <span class="smcap">Monmouth</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captain Molly, p. <a href="#page_218">218</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Soldier Baron, p. 220<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_457" id="page_457"></a>{457}</span></span><br /> -<br /> -1778 <span class="smcap">Our Great Commissioner and the Treaty with France (Benjamin Franklin)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Whistle, p. <a href="#page_165">165</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Candle-Maker’s Boy, p. <a href="#page_166">166</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy of the Printing Press, p. <a href="#page_167">167</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Three Rolls, p. <a href="#page_168">168</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Standing Before Kings, p. <a href="#page_169">169</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Wonderful Kite Experiment, p, 170</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Rising Sun, p. <a href="#page_171">171</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">To My Friend, p. <a href="#page_172">172</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1778 <span class="smcap">West Point Fortified</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Father Thaddeus (Kosciuszko), p. <a href="#page_223">223</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1780 <span class="smcap">Camden</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On the Field Near Camden (De Kalb), p. <a href="#page_414">414</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1780-81 <span class="smcap">Two Patriots of the Carolinas (Andrew Jackson and his Mother)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mischievous Andy, p. <a href="#page_281">281</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Out Against Tarleton, p. <a href="#page_283">283</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">An Orphan of the Revolution, p. <a href="#page_285">285</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1781 <span class="smcap">Surrender of Cornwallis</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington’s Mother, p. <a href="#page_194">194</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nelson, the Hero, p. <a href="#page_204">204</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1778-89 <span class="smcap">Close of War for Independence</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Last Scene (William Pitt), p. <a href="#page_105">105</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Putnam not Forgotten! p. <a href="#page_150">150</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farewell! My General, Farewell! p. <a href="#page_230">230</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Cincinnatus of the West, p. <a href="#page_206">206</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seeing the President, p. <a href="#page_203">203</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1787 <span class="smcap">Building the Nation—The Constitution of the United States</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Constitution, p. <a href="#page_442">442</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy of the Hurricane (Hamilton), p. <a href="#page_155">155</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Call Colonel Hamilton, p. <a href="#page_157">157</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Struggle, p. <a href="#page_158">158</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Rising Sun, p. <a href="#page_171">171</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Hooting in the Wilderness, p. <a href="#page_286">286</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">From “Washington’s Legacy,” p. 232<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_458" id="page_458"></a>{458}</span></span><br /> -<br /> -1789 <span class="smcap">Building the Nation, The Treasury Department</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">He Knows Everything, p. <a href="#page_159">159</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1796 <span class="smcap">Washington’s “Farewell Address”</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Call Colonel Hamilton, p. <a href="#page_157">157</a></span><br /> -</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p><i>The teacher or story-teller is advised to read the whole or parts of -the “Farewell Address” aloud to the boys and girls. They may memorize -selected passages. A reliable text of the address may be found in “Old -South Leaflets,” No. 4; also in the Riverside Literature Series, No. -190.</i></p></div> - -<p class="nind"> -1799 <span class="smcap">Washington’s Death</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Light Horse Harry (famous funeral oration before Congress), p. <a href="#page_217">217</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A King of Men, p. <a href="#page_233">233</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When Washington Died, p. <a href="#page_234">234</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1801-1835 <span class="smcap">Expounding the Constitution (John Marshall)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy of the Frontier, p. <a href="#page_427">427</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Young Lieutenant, p. <a href="#page_433">433</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Serving the Cause, p. <a href="#page_434">434</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At Valley Forge, p. <a href="#page_435">435</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Silver Heels, p. <a href="#page_436">436</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Without Bread, p. <a href="#page_437">437</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His Father, p. <a href="#page_438">438</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His Mother, p. <a href="#page_438">438</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Three Stories, p. <a href="#page_439">439</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Constitution, p. <a href="#page_442">442</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Expounding the Constitution, p. <a href="#page_444">444</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Great Chief Justice, p. <a href="#page_446">446</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What of the Constitution, p. <a href="#page_448">448</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1812-15 <span class="smcap">Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812 and the Creek War</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Mims, p. <a href="#page_289">289</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davy Crockett, p. <a href="#page_290">290</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Weatherford, p. <a href="#page_291">291</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sam Houston, p. <a href="#page_295">295</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Why Jackson was Named Old Hickory, p. <a href="#page_297">297</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Cotton-Bales, p. <a href="#page_299">299</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">After the Battle of New Orleans, p. <a href="#page_300">300</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1820 <span class="smcap">Missouri Compromise</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Only a Reprieve, p. 310<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_459" id="page_459"></a>{459}</span></span><br /> -<br /> -1823 <span class="smcap">Monroe Doctrine</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail! Neighbour Republics! p. <a href="#page_266">266</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">America for the Americans, p. <a href="#page_268">268</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1824-25 <span class="smcap">Lafayette Visits America</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">We are Grateful, Lafayette! p. <a href="#page_420">420</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Welcome! Friend of America! p. <a href="#page_422">422</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1826 <span class="smcap">Fiftieth Anniversary of the Signing of the Declaration of Independence</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His Last Toast (John Adams), p. <a href="#page_091">91</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On the Fourth of July (Jefferson), p. <a href="#page_313">313</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1861-65 <span class="smcap">War for the Union, and Abraham Lincoln</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Only a Reprieve, p. <a href="#page_310">310</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Cabin in the Clearing, p. <a href="#page_175">175</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">How He Learned to be Just, p. <a href="#page_176">176</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Off to New Orleans, p. <a href="#page_177">177</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Kindness of Lincoln, p. <a href="#page_178">178</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln and the Children, p. <a href="#page_181">181</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The President and the Bible, p. <a href="#page_183">183</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington and Lincoln, Speak! p. <a href="#page_185">185</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gettysburg Address, p. <a href="#page_186">186</a></span><br /> -<br /> -1858-1919 <span class="smcap">Theodore Roosevelt and the Liberation of Cuba</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy Who Grew Strong, p. <a href="#page_045">45</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sagamore Hill, p. <a href="#page_050">50</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Children of Sagamore Hill, p. <a href="#page_052">52</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Off with John Burroughs, p. <a href="#page_053">53</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Big Stick, p. <a href="#page_054">54</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A-Hunting Trees with John Muir, p. <a href="#page_055">55</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Bear Hunters’ Dinner, p. <a href="#page_056">56</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hunting in Africa, p. <a href="#page_057">57</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Ever Faithful Island, p. <a href="#page_059">59</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Colonel of the Rough Riders, p. <a href="#page_061">61</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The River of Doubt, p. <a href="#page_065">65</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theodore Roosevelt (a Tribute), p. <a href="#page_069">69</a></span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_460" id="page_460"></a>{460}</span></p> - -<h3><a name="APPENDIX2" id="APPENDIX2"></a>II</h3> - -<p class="cb">STORY PROGRAMME OF SOUTH AMERICA’S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE</p> - -<div class="blockquotsml"> -<p><i>The reader, teacher, or story-teller, who follows this outline, will -find that it covers a short consecutive history of one of the most -important and courageous world-struggles for Freedom.</i></p> - -<p><i>Portuguese America—Brazil—holds the honour of having declared its -Republic with practically no shedding of blood.</i></p> - -<p><i>The struggle of the Spanish-American Colonies was conducted for long -years against fearful odds. And their winning of the victory helped to -make permanent the independence if both North and South America. -Therefore, every school child in the United States should know something -of the heroic history of our neighbour Republics.</i></p> -</div> - -<h4>SPANISH AMERICA</h4> - -<p class="nind"> -<span class="smcap">Discovery</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Sea of Darkness, p. <a href="#page_003">3</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fortunate Isles, p. <a href="#page_005">5</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Absurd Truth, p. <a href="#page_007">7</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cathay the Golden, p. <a href="#page_010">10</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Emerald Islands, p. <a href="#page_012">12</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Magnificent Return, p. <a href="#page_013">13</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fatal Pearls, p. <a href="#page_015">15</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen Isabella’s Page, p. <a href="#page_021">21</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Twin Cities, p. <a href="#page_024">24</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Pearls Again, p. <a href="#page_026">26</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Spanish America under Spain’s Rule</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Spanish Galleons, p. <a href="#page_327">327</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Venezuela’s Struggle for Independence (Miranda)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Romance of Miranda, p. <a href="#page_331">331</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Mysterious Stranger, p. <a href="#page_089">89</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Mystery Ship, p. <a href="#page_335">335</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The End of the Mystery Ship, p. <a href="#page_339">339</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Great and Glorious Fifth, p. <a href="#page_341">341</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Terrible Thing, p. <a href="#page_343">343</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">End of the Romance, p. <a href="#page_344">344</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_461" id="page_461"></a>{461}</span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Venezuela’s Struggle for Independence (Bolivar)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Precious Jewel, p. <a href="#page_373">373</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fiery Young Patriot, p. <a href="#page_376">376</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seeing Bolivar, p. <a href="#page_378">378</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Uncle Paez, the Lion of the Apure, p. <a href="#page_382">382</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Angostura, p. <a href="#page_384">384</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Great Colombia (formed by Bolivar)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Crossing, p. <a href="#page_385">385</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peru Next, p. <a href="#page_388">388</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Argentina’s Struggle for Independence (San Martin)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Boy Soldier, p. <a href="#page_237">237</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Patriot Who Kept Faith, p. <a href="#page_238">238</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">When San Martin Came, p. <a href="#page_240">240</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Argentina’s Independence Day, p. <a href="#page_243">243</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A Great Idea, p. <a href="#page_243">243</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Mighty Andes, p. <a href="#page_245">245</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Real San Martin, p. <a href="#page_247">247</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fighting Engineer of the Andes, p. <a href="#page_248">248</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Chile’s Struggle for Independence (San Martin and O’Higgins)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Son of the Barefoot Boy, p. <a href="#page_395">395</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Single Star Flag, p. <a href="#page_397">397</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Hero of Rancagua, p. <a href="#page_398">398</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Hannibal of the Andes, p. <a href="#page_249">249</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Not for Himself, p. <a href="#page_254">254</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cochrane, El Diablo, p. <a href="#page_255">255</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Peru’s Struggle for Independence (San Martin)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Our Brothers, Ye Shall be Free! p. <a href="#page_256">256</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Fall of the City of the Kings, p. <a href="#page_257">257</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">San Martin the Conqueror, p. <a href="#page_261">261</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lima’s Greatest Day, p. <a href="#page_265">265</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hail! Neighbour Republics! p. <a href="#page_266">266</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">America for the Americans, p. <a href="#page_268">268</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Guayaquil (now in Ecuador); its Struggle for Independence</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What One American Did, p. <a href="#page_271">271</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Amazing Meeting, p. <a href="#page_272">272</a><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_462" id="page_462"></a>{462}</span></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">End of the Struggle of Peru and Chile for Independence (Bolivar and O’Higgins)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">What Happened Afterward, p. <a href="#page_274">274</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Mystery Solved, p. <a href="#page_276">276</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Patriot Ruler, p. <a href="#page_400">400</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Soldier, First Citizen, p. <a href="#page_402">402</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chile as She is, p. <a href="#page_403">403</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Break, p. <a href="#page_389">389</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bolivar, the Man, p. <a href="#page_390">390</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Other Spanish-American Republics</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Break, p. <a href="#page_389">389</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">One of Twenty, p. <a href="#page_405">405</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Spain’s Last Stand, Cuba</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Ever Faithful Island, p. <a href="#page_059">59</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Colonel of the Rough Riders, p. <a href="#page_061">61</a></span><br /> -<br /> -<span class="smcap">Arbitration and Peace</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Better Way, p. <a href="#page_406">406</a></span><br /> -</p> - -<h4>PORTUGUESE AMERICA</h4> - -<p> -<span class="smcap">Brazil (Don Pedro)</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Brazils Magnificent, p. <a href="#page_111">111</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Empire of the Southern Cross, p. <a href="#page_112">112</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Making the Little Emperor, p. <a href="#page_113">113</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Patriot Emperor, p. <a href="#page_115">115</a></span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The United States of Brazil, p. <a href="#page_120">120</a></span><br /> -</p> - -<h2><a name="SUBJECT_INDEX" id="SUBJECT_INDEX"></a>SUBJECT INDEX</h2> - -<p class="c"><a href="#A">A</a>, -<a href="#B">B</a>, -<a href="#C">C</a>, -<a href="#D">D</a>, -<a href="#E">E</a>, -<a href="#F">F</a>, -<a href="#G">G</a>, -<a href="#H">H</a>, -<a href="#I">I</a>, -<a href="#J">J</a>, -<a href="#K">K</a>, -<a href="#L">L</a>, -<a href="#M">M</a>, -<a href="#N">N</a>, -<a href="#O">O</a>, -<a href="#P">P</a>, -<a href="#Q">Q</a>, -<a href="#R">R</a>, -<a href="#S">S</a>, -<a href="#T">T</a>, -<a href="#U">U</a>, -<a href="#V">V</a>, -<a href="#W">W</a>, -<a href="#Y">Y</a>.</p> - -<p class="nind"> -<span class="smcap"><a name="A" id="A"></a>Adams, Abigail</span>, marries John Adams, <a href="#page_075">75</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sees Battle of Bunker Hill, <a href="#page_086">86</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">teaches John Quincy, Patriotism, <a href="#page_087">87</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Adams, Charles Francis</span>, <a href="#page_077">77</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Adams, Charles Francis</span>, 2d, <a href="#page_077">77</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Adams, Henry</span>, <a href="#page_077">77</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Adams, John</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_074">74</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Son of Liberty, <a href="#page_075">75</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs Declaration, <a href="#page_075">75</a>, <a href="#page_076">76</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exults because of Boston Tea Party, <a href="#page_078">78</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attends First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_081">81</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nominates Washington to be Commander-in-Chief, <a href="#page_083">83</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his design for the Stars and Stripes, <a href="#page_088">88</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his grandson sails with Miranda, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Fourth of July Toast, <a href="#page_092">92</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies on anniversary of signing of Declaration, <a href="#page_092">92</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Adams, John Quincy</span>, son of John Adams, <a href="#page_077">77</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_085">85</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">watches Battle of Bunker Hill, <a href="#page_085">85</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his mother’s post-boy, <a href="#page_087">87</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes Sixth President of the United States, <a href="#page_088">88</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Adams, Samuel</span>, John Adams’s cousin, <a href="#page_076">76</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_078">78</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_081">81</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Lexington, <a href="#page_082">82</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Second Continental Congress, <a href="#page_083">83</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Alamo, The</span>, <a href="#page_291">291</a>, <a href="#page_295">295</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Alfred, The</span>, Paul Jones’s ship, <a href="#page_360">360</a>, <a href="#page_363">363</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Amazon River</span>, <a href="#page_066">66</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a>, <a href="#page_069">69</a>.<br /> - -“<span class="smcap">America for the Americans</span>” motto of the Monroe Doctrine, p. <a href="#page_270">270</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">American Indians</span>, named by Columbus, <a href="#page_013">13</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cruel treatment of, in North America, <a href="#page_041">41</a>, <a href="#page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Spanish America, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_328">328</a>, <a href="#page_330">330</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Andes</span>, description of, <a href="#page_245">245</a>, <a href="#page_252">252</a>, <a href="#page_386">386</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crossed by San Martin, <a href="#page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crossed by Bolivar, <a href="#page_385">385</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>El Cristo</i> of the Andes, <a href="#page_406">406</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Angostura, City of</span>, renamed after Bolivar, <a href="#page_384">384</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Angostura, Constitution of</span>, composed by Bolivar, <a href="#page_384">384</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Apostle of Soul Liberty</span>, soubriquet of Roger Williams, <a href="#page_348">348</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Apure River</span>, Bolivar at the Apure, <a href="#page_380">380</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paez, the Lion of the Apure, <a href="#page_383">383</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Arbitration and Peace</span>, Penn’s plan, <a href="#page_033">33</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Penn keeps peace with the Indians, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_038">38</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settlement of boundary line between Argentina and Chile, <a href="#page_407">407</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">object lesson for the World, <a href="#page_403">403</a>, <a href="#page_409">409</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Argentina</span>, geographical description, <a href="#page_240">240</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">natural products, <a href="#page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">struggle for Liberty, <a href="#page_239">239</a>, <a href="#page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Birthday, <a href="#page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Colours, <a href="#page_242">242</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Declaration of Independence, <a href="#page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Flag, <a href="#page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Independence recognized by the United States, <a href="#page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chilean boundary line settled by Arbitration, <a href="#page_407">407</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i>, <span class="smcap">Buenos Aires</span>; <span class="smcap">San Martin</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Artigas</span>, Liberator of Uruguay, <a href="#page_405">405</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Asia, Western Passage</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Western Passage to Asia</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Atlantic Ocean</span>, called the Sea of Darkness, <a href="#page_004">4</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">legends of horrors in its waters, <a href="#page_004">4</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">legend of Maeldune, <a href="#page_005">5</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fortunate Isles, <a href="#page_006">6</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Land of Youth, <a href="#page_007">7</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ocean first crossed by Columbus, <a href="#page_012">12</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Azores</span>, limit of known world in Columbus’s day, <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_009">9</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="B" id="B"></a><span class="smcap">Ball, Molly</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Washington, Mary</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Baltimore</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Banners</span>, Connecticut’s banner at Bunker Hill, <a href="#page_147">147</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">banner made by Moravian Nuns, <a href="#page_418">418</a>, <a href="#page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Flags</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Barré, Colonel</span>, defender of America, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bear Hunter’s Dinner</span>, at the White House, <a href="#page_056">56</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Beltran, Friar Luis</span>, engineer of the Army of the Andes, <a href="#page_248">248</a>, <a href="#page_250">250</a>, <a href="#page_252">252</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bethlehem (Pa.)</span>, Lafayette cared for by Moravian Nuns, <a href="#page_417">417</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bible</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Holy Bible</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Big Stick, The</span>, Roosevelt’s policy, <a href="#page_054">54</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Billington, John</span>, lost from Plymouth Colony, <a href="#page_133">133</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bobadilla</span>, throws Columbus<br /> -into chains, <a href="#page_019">19</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is drowned in storm, <a href="#page_022">22</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bolivar, Simon</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_372">372</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his full name, <a href="#page_372">372</a>, <a href="#page_374">374</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pronunciation of his name, <a href="#page_372">372</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes oath in Rome to free Venezuela, <a href="#page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brings Miranda from London, <a href="#page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives up Miranda to Monteverde, <a href="#page_345">345</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes Commander-in-Chief of Venezuelan forces, <a href="#page_377">377</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is seen by young Englishmen, <a href="#page_380">380</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">composes Constitution of Angostura, <a href="#page_384">384</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crosses Andes, and liberates New Granada, <a href="#page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forms Great Colombia, <a href="#page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans to liberate Peru, <a href="#page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with San Martin and its results, <a href="#page_273">273</a>, <a href="#page_274">274</a>, <a href="#page_277">277</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives relics of Washington, <a href="#page_421">421</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies in exile, <a href="#page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tributes to him, <a href="#page_391">391</a>, <a href="#page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is called the Napoleon of the South American Revolution, <a href="#page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unveiling of his statue in Central Park, New York City, <a href="#page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bolivar, City of</span>, <a href="#page_384">384</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bolivia</span>, liberated, <a href="#page_390">390</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares its Independence, <a href="#page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">named after Bolivar, <a href="#page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bonaparte, Napoleon</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Napoleon</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Boston</span>, Boston Tea Party, <a href="#page_077">77</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Port Bill, <a href="#page_078">78</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relief of Boston by sister Colonies, <a href="#page_078">78</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">besieged by New England Army, <a href="#page_082">82</a>, <a href="#page_148">148</a>, <a href="#page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington and the little Boston girl, <a href="#page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the City welcomes Lafayette, <a href="#page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Boves, General</span>, Venezuela devastated by, <a href="#page_377">377</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Boyaca, Battle of</span>, <a href="#page_388">388</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Braddock’s Defeat</span>, Washington covers retreat of Braddock’s army, <a href="#page_194">194</a>, <a href="#page_428">428</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bradford, William</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_124">124</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence of Bible on, <a href="#page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes a Separatist, <a href="#page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">flees into Holland, <a href="#page_126">126</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Plymouth Colony, <a href="#page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Rattlesnake Challenge, <a href="#page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, and tribute to him by Cotton Mather, <a href="#page_127">127</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Braintree</span> (Quincy, Mass.), <a href="#page_075">75</a>, <a href="#page_086">86</a>, <a href="#page_091">91</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Brandan, St.</span>, legend of, <a href="#page_006">6</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Brazil</span>, Kingdom, <a href="#page_110">110</a>, <a href="#page_112">112</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Declaration of Independence, <a href="#page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Empire, <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_115">115</a>, <a href="#page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic, <a href="#page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United States of Brazil, to-day, <a href="#page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">native products, <a href="#page_121">121</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt and the River of Doubt, <a href="#page_066">66</a>, <a href="#page_069">69</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Statue of Liberty presented by the People of the United States to Brazil, <a href="#page_121">121</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Brewster, William</span>, Pastor of Plymouth Colony, <a href="#page_126">126</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Brother Jonathan</span>, soubriquet of Governor Jonathan Trumbull, <a href="#page_210">210</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Brotherly Love, City of</span>, soubriquet of Philadelphia, <a href="#page_036">36</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Buenos Aires</span>, Paris of America, <a href="#page_241">241</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Argentina’s first Colonial Assembly, <a href="#page_243">243</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">celebrates victory of Chacabuco, <a href="#page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">San Martin exiles himself from, <a href="#page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visit of Roosevelt, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Bunker Hill Battle</span>, watched by John Quincy Adams, <a href="#page_086">86</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Putnam at, <a href="#page_147">147</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Burke, Edmund</span>, defender of America, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Burroughs, John</span>, with Roosevelt in the Yellowstone, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="C" id="C"></a><span class="smcap">Cambridge (Mass.)</span>, Washington at, <a href="#page_147">147</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Camden, Earl of</span>, defender of America, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Camden, Battle of</span>, de Kalb rescued by Cornwallis, <a href="#page_415">415</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Canada</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Canonicus, Chief</span>, sends Rattlesnake Challenge, <a href="#page_137">137</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">succours Roger Williams, <a href="#page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cape Cod Bay</span>, the <i>Mayflower</i> anchors in, <a href="#page_129">129</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Caracas</span>, Miranda born in, <a href="#page_331">331</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destroyed by earthquake, <a href="#page_343">343</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bolivar born in, <a href="#page_373">373</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bolivar interred in, <a href="#page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Caribbean Sea</span>, explored by Columbus, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_023">23</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Carreras Brothers</span>, at Rancagua, <a href="#page_398">398</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Carver, John</span>, leaves Holland for the New World, <a href="#page_126">126</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Casas</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Las Casas</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cathay</span>, Columbus’s search for, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a>, <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_016">16</a>, <a href="#page_024">24</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Chacabuco</span>, victory of, <a href="#page_253">253</a>, <a href="#page_254">254</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Chagres River</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Charlestown (Mass.)</span>, burned by the British, <a href="#page_086">86</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Chatham, Earl of</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Pitt, William</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Chatham (N.Y.)</span>, named for William Pitt, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Chester (Pa.)</span>, Lafayette at the bridge of, <a href="#page_417">417</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Chile</span>, San Martin’s Army<br /> -crosses the Andes, <a href="#page_251">251</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">battles of Chacabuco and Maipu, <a href="#page_253">253</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">honours San Martin, <a href="#page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Flag, <a href="#page_255">255</a>, <a href="#page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Independence recognized by the United States, <a href="#page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reconstruction under O’Higgins, <a href="#page_401">401</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">threatened by Holy Alliance, <a href="#page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">welcomes Monroe Doctrine, <a href="#page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Independence Day, <a href="#page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">native products, <a href="#page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Argentine boundary line settled, <a href="#page_407">407</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Republic to-day, <a href="#page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Christ Jesus</span>, Columbus’s devotion to, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">quoted by Penn, <a href="#page_032">32</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Prince of Peace, <a href="#page_034">34</a>, <a href="#page_406">406</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln’s testimony to the Saviour, <a href="#page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington’s testimony to His precepts, <a href="#page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The Holy Alliance fails to carry out His precepts, <a href="#page_269">269</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Christopher, St.</span>, legend of, <a href="#page_009">9</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cincinnati, Society of</span>, founded, <a href="#page_208">208</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">members welcome Lafayette, <a href="#page_423">423</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cincinnatus of the West</span>, soubriquet of Washington, <a href="#page_206">206</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cincinnatus the Roman</span>, story of, <a href="#page_207">207</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cipango (Japan)</span>, Columbus searches for, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">City of Bolivar</span>, Angostura renamed, <a href="#page_384">384</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">City of Brotherly Love</span>, soubriquet of Philadelphia, <a href="#page_036">36</a>, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">City of the Kings</span>, soubriquet of Lima, Peru, <a href="#page_244">244</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cochrane, Lord Thomas</span>, admiral of Chilean Navy, <a href="#page_255">255</a>, <a href="#page_256">256</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Colombia, Republic of</span>, established, <a href="#page_390">390</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Great Colombia</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Colon, City of</span>, named for Columbus, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Columbus, Christopher</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_002">2</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_003">3</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">theories about shape of earth, <a href="#page_008">8</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">search for Kublai Khan, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_024">24</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the mutiny, <a href="#page_002">2</a>, <a href="#page_012">12</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers West Indies, <a href="#page_012">12</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers corn and tobacco, <a href="#page_012">12</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">names Indians, <a href="#page_013">13</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Spain, <a href="#page_013">13</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">honours conferred on him by sovereigns of Spain, <a href="#page_015">15</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Trinidad, <a href="#page_016">16</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers South America, <a href="#page_017">17</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discovers Gulf of Pearls, <a href="#page_018">18</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is deposed from Governorship, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_020">20</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">starts on Fourth Voyage, <a href="#page_021">21</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wrecked off Jamaica, <a href="#page_024">24</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dream of Panama, <a href="#page_024">24</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails up the Chagres River, <a href="#page_025">25</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies in Spain, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Columbus, Diego</span>, at La Rabida, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Columbus, Ferdinand</span>, page to Queen Isabella, <a href="#page_021">21</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sails with his father, <a href="#page_022">22</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">encourages the sailors, <a href="#page_022">22</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Spain, <a href="#page_024">24</a>, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Connecticut</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">banner at Bunker Hill, <a href="#page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supplies Washington with powder, <a href="#page_209">209</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">independent Constitution, <a href="#page_209">209</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Connecticut River</span>, meaning of name, <a href="#page_209">209</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Constitution of the United States</span>, verses by Francis Hopkinson, <a href="#page_153">153</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defended by Hamilton, <a href="#page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the foundations of, <a href="#page_098">98</a>, <a href="#page_442">442</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">necessity for</span><br /> -expounding, <a href="#page_444">444</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expounded by John Marshall, <a href="#page_444">444</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute from Gladstone, <a href="#page_442">442</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Bolivar, Webster, and Lincoln, <a href="#page_448">448</a>, <a href="#page_449">449</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Federal Convention</span>; <span class="smcap">Hamilton</span>; <span class="smcap">Representative Government</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Constitutions of Other Countries</span>, Brazil, <a href="#page_120">120</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venezuela, <a href="#page_384">384</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chile, <a href="#page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England, <a href="#page_099">99</a>, <a href="#page_269">269</a>, <a href="#page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Constitutions</span>, definitions of, <a href="#page_442">442</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Continental Congress, First</span>, meeting of, <a href="#page_080">80</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petitions of, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Continental Congress, Second</span>, appoints George Washington Commander-in-Chief, <a href="#page_083">83</a>, <a href="#page_084">84</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Conway Cabal</span>, <a href="#page_418">418</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Corn, Indian</span>, discovery of, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cornhill</span>, Pilgrims find corn at, <a href="#page_135">135</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cornwallis, General</span>, rescues de Kalb, <a href="#page_415">415</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cotton-Bales</span>, at New Orleans, <a href="#page_299">299</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Council Elm</span>, of William Penn, <a href="#page_038">38</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cradle of American Liberty</span>, Faneuil Hall, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Creek Indian War</span>, Massacre at Fort Mims, <a href="#page_289">289</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cresap, Colonel</span>, nicknamed Big Spoon, <a href="#page_192">192</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cristobal, City of</span>, named after Columbus, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Crockett, Davy</span>, joins Andrew Jackson, <a href="#page_290">290</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Cuba</span>, Liberation of, <a href="#page_059">59</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Custis, George Washington Parke</span>, <a href="#page_200">200</a>, <a href="#page_203">203</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Custis, Jack</span>, <a href="#page_198">198</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Custis, Nellie</span>, <a href="#page_200">200</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Custis, Patsy</span>, <a href="#page_198">198</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="D" id="D"></a><span class="smcap">Deane, Silas</span>, attends First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">De Kalb, Baron</span>, accompanies Lafayette to America, <a href="#page_414">414</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">chosen by Lafayette to be lieutenant, <a href="#page_419">419</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mortally wounded at Camden, <a href="#page_415">415</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">De Las Casas</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Las Casas</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">De Miranda</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Miranda</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Declaration of Independence of the United States</span>, in the spirit of Magna Carta, <a href="#page_098">98</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">framed by Jefferson, <a href="#page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">clause on slavery stricken out, <a href="#page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fiftieth anniversary of signing, <a href="#page_091">91</a>, <a href="#page_304">304</a>, <a href="#page_313">313</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Fourth of July</span>; <span class="smcap">Jefferson</span>; <span class="smcap">Liberty Bell</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Declarations of Independence of Other Countries</span>, Argentina, <a href="#page_243">243</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bolivia, <a href="#page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brazil, <a href="#page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chile, <a href="#page_404">404</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haiti, <a href="#page_405">405</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peru, <a href="#page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venezuela, <a href="#page_342">342</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Delaware</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends delegates to First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.</span><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="E" id="E"></a><span class="smcap">Earth</span>, old theories about its shape, <a href="#page_007">7</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Earthly Paradise</span>, Columbus’s search for, <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Ecuador</span>, Guayaquil now a part of, <a href="#page_271">271</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">formation of Republic, <a href="#page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Edward VII of England</span>, decides Argentine-Chilean boundary line, <a href="#page_407">407</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">El Cristo of the Andes</span>, <a href="#page_406">406</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Elder Pitt</span>, soubriquet of William Pitt, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Elkhorn Ranch</span>, Roosevelt at, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Empire of the Southern Cross</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Brazil</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">English Constitution</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Constitutions of Other Countries</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Established Church of England</span>, <a href="#page_125">125</a>, <a href="#page_330">330</a>, <a href="#page_350">350</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Ever Faithful Isle</span>, soubriquet of Cuba, <a href="#page_059">59</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="F" id="F"></a><span class="smcap">Fairfax, Lord</span>, Washington surveys his estate, <a href="#page_191">191</a>, <a href="#page_193">193</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Faneuil Hall</span>, cradle of American Liberty, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Farewell Address</span>, Washington consults Madison and Hamilton, <a href="#page_158">158</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Father of his Country</span>, soubriquet of Washington, <a href="#page_189">189</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Father Thaddeus</span>, soubriquet of Kosciuszko, <a href="#page_225">225</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Federal Constitution</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Constitution of the United States</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Federal Convention</span>, Washington presides at, <a href="#page_171">171</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franklin and the rising sun, <a href="#page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wisdom of its members, <a href="#page_442">442</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Constitution of the United States</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Federal Union</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Union, The</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">First American</span>, soubriquet of Roger Williams, <a href="#page_347">347</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">First Soldier, First Citizen</span>, soubriquet of Bernardo O’Higgins, <a href="#page_404">404</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Flags of the United States</span>, Pine Tree, <a href="#page_358">358</a>, <a href="#page_360">360</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">adoption</span><br /> -of Stars and Stripes, <a href="#page_361">361</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">design for Stars on Flag, <a href="#page_088">88</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first foreign salute to, <a href="#page_362">362</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Banners</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Flags of Other Republics</span>, Argentina, <a href="#page_251">251</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chile, <a href="#page_255">255</a>, <a href="#page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cuba, <a href="#page_060">60</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peru, <a href="#page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venezuela, <a href="#page_339">339</a>, <a href="#page_342">342</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Flaming Son of Liberty</span>, soubriquet of Miranda, <a href="#page_331">331</a>, <a href="#page_346">346</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fort McHenry</span>, visited by Lafayette, <a href="#page_423">423</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fort Mims</span>, massacre at, <a href="#page_289">289</a>, <a href="#page_291">291</a>, <a href="#page_293">293</a>, <a href="#page_295">295</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fortunate Isles</span>, legend, <a href="#page_006">6</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fourth of July</span>, celebration recommended by John Adams, <a href="#page_074">74</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fiftieth anniversary of, <a href="#page_091">91</a>, <a href="#page_304">304</a>, <a href="#page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jackson reads it aloud, <a href="#page_282">282</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Declaration of Independence</span>; <span class="smcap">Independence Days</span>; <span class="smcap">Liberty Bell</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fox, Charles James</span>, defender of America, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fox, George</span>, advice to Penn about his sword, <a href="#page_032">32</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Francia</span>, Tyrant-liberator of Paraguay, <a href="#page_405">405</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Franklin, Benjamin</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_164">164</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the whistle, <a href="#page_165">165</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his boyhood, <a href="#page_166">166</a>, <a href="#page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anecdote of the rolls, <a href="#page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">standing before Kings, <a href="#page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">draws lightning from the clouds, <a href="#page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Federal Convention, <a href="#page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recommends Steuben, <a href="#page_221">221</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids Paul Jones, <a href="#page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bequeaths walking-stick to Washington, <a href="#page_172">172</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fraunces Tavern</span>, Washington’s farewell to his officers at, <a href="#page_230">230</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Fredericksburg</span>, Washington visits his mother at, <a href="#page_195">195</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Friends (Quakers)</span>, William Penn becomes a Friend, <a href="#page_032">32</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Penn and George Fox, <a href="#page_032">32</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Isaac Potts, <a href="#page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathanael Greene, <a href="#page_214">214</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Greenleaf Whittier, <a href="#page_312">312</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>.</span><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="G" id="G"></a><span class="smcap">Galleons</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Spanish Galleons</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Garcia, General</span>, Cuban Patriot, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Garrison, William Lloyd</span>, Abolitionist, <a href="#page_312">312</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Gates, General</span>, his conspiracy against Washington, <a href="#page_418">418</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Gauchos</span>, Argentine cowboys or plainsmen, <a href="#page_241">241</a>, <a href="#page_242">242</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Genoa</span>, birthplace of Columbus, <a href="#page_003">3</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">George III, King of England</span>, Petitioned by First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">George Washington of Spanish America</span>, soubriquet of Jose de San Martin, <a href="#page_254">254</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Gettysburg Address</span>, text of, <a href="#page_186">186</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">God, Prayers to Him for our Country</span>, Washington’s Prayer at Valley Forge, <a href="#page_213">213</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in his “Legacy,” <a href="#page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in his letter to Putnam, <a href="#page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poem by D. C. Roberts, <a href="#page_450">450</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">God Makes a Path</span>, poem by Roger Williams, <a href="#page_348">348</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Gomez, General</span>, Cuban Patriot, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Gospel, The</span>, Columbus’s desire to preach it, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Grand Khan of Tartary</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Kublai Khan</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Grand Old Admiral</span>, soubriquet of Columbus, <a href="#page_020">20</a>, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Great Colombia</span>, formed, <a href="#page_272">272</a>, <a href="#page_388">388</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Independence recognized by the United States, <a href="#page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dissolved, <a href="#page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Great Commoner</span>, soubriquet of William Pitt, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Great Drought</span>, in Plymouth Colony, <a href="#page_138">138</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Great Emancipator</span>, soubriquet of Lincoln, <a href="#page_173">173</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Greene, Nathaniel</span>, at the Siege of Boston, <a href="#page_213">213</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recommends Hamilton to Washington, <a href="#page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presents Moll Pitcher to Washington, <a href="#page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bids Washington farewell at Fraunces Tavern, <a href="#page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to him, <a href="#page_215">215</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Guayaquil (now a Part of Ecuador)</span>, liberation of, <a href="#page_271">271</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">San Martin and Bolivar meet at, <a href="#page_273">273</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Gulf of Pearls</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_018">18</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="H" id="H"></a><span class="smcap">Haiti</span>, liberation of, <a href="#page_405">405</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Hamilton, Alexander</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_154">154</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets Washington, <a href="#page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes Washington’s private secretary, <a href="#page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defends the Constitution, <a href="#page_158">158</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bids Washington farewell at Fraunces Tavern, <a href="#page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="#page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">member of the Cincinnati, <a href="#page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to him, by Daniel Webster, <a href="#page_154">154</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Hancock, John</span>, at Lexington, <a href="#page_082">82</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presides over Second Continental Congress, <a href="#page_082">82</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Hannibal of the Andes</span>, soubriquet of San Martin, <a href="#page_254">254</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Harding, Warren G.</span>, at the unveiling of statue of Bolivar, <a href="#page_121">121</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Havana Harbour</span>, battleship, Maine destroyed in, <a href="#page_062">62</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Hays, Molly</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Pitcher Molly</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Hearts of Oak</span>, Hamilton’s company, <a href="#page_157">157</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Henry, Patrick</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_316">316</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets Jefferson, <a href="#page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elected to House of Burgesses, <a href="#page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">speaks against Stamp Act, <a href="#page_317">317</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">“Give me Liberty, or give me Death!” <a href="#page_321">321</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence on John Marshall, <a href="#page_432">432</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delegate to First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_320">320</a>, <a href="#page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Hidalgo</span>, Liberator of Mexico, <a href="#page_405">405</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Holy Alliance</span>, formation, <a href="#page_268">268</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plan to invade America, <a href="#page_269">269</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cause of declaring Monroe Doctrine, <a href="#page_270">270</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chile threatened by, <a href="#page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Holy Bible</span>, influence on William Bradford, <a href="#page_125">125</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln’s mother reads it to her children, <a href="#page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence on Lincoln, <a href="#page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln reads it to White House servants, <a href="#page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln’s tribute to, <a href="#page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">text from, used by Lincoln, <a href="#page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">text from, on Liberty Bell, <a href="#page_310">310</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Hopkins, Oceanus</span>, Pilgrim child, born at sea, <a href="#page_132">132</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">House Divided against itself</span>, text from Bible used by Lincoln, <a href="#page_184">184</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Houston, Sam</span>, serves under Jackson, <a href="#page_295">295</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="I" id="I"></a><span class="smcap">Iceland</span>, known as Thule, <a href="#page_008">8</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Independence</span>, Growth of Idea, <a href="#page_098">98</a>, <a href="#page_099">99</a>, <a href="#page_100">100</a>, <a href="#page_308">308</a>, <a href="#page_316">316</a>, <a href="#page_429">429</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Declaration of Independence</span>; <span class="smcap">Liberty</span>; <span class="smcap">Magna Carta</span>; <span class="smcap">Representative Government</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Independence Days</span>, in Argentina, <a href="#page_243">243</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chile, <a href="#page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Declaration of Independence</span>; <span class="smcap">Fourth of July</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Indians</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">American Indians</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Isabella, Princess of Brazil</span>, frees Brazilian slaves, <a href="#page_118">118</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Isabella, Queen of Spain</span>, aids Columbus, <a href="#page_011">11</a>, <a href="#page_012">12</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">honours him on return from Indies, <a href="#page_014">14</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">permits him to be deposed, <a href="#page_019">19</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is grieved at his ill-treatment, <a href="#page_020">20</a>.</span><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="J" id="J"></a><span class="smcap">Jackson, Andrew</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_280">280</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_281">281</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reads the Declaration, <a href="#page_282">282</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fights in War for Independence, <a href="#page_283">283</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to his mother, <a href="#page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">emigrates to Tennessee, <a href="#page_286">286</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">why called Old Hickory, <a href="#page_298">298</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets Chief Weatherford, <a href="#page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his regard for Sam Houston, <a href="#page_296">296</a>, <a href="#page_297">297</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of the cotton-bales, <a href="#page_299">299</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">kind treatment of enemy at Battle of New Orleans, <a href="#page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his toast on Jefferson’s birthday, <a href="#page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to him, by Roosevelt, <a href="#page_280">280</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jackson, Mrs. Elizabeth</span>, nurses the wounded soldiers, <a href="#page_283">283</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rescues her sons from prison, <a href="#page_284">284</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies while rescuing other Patriots, <a href="#page_285">285</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jackson, Hugh</span>, Andrew’s brother, a Patriot, <a href="#page_283">283</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jackson, Robert</span>, helps nurse soldiers, <a href="#page_283">283</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captured by the British, <a href="#page_284">284</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies after release from prison, <a href="#page_285">285</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jamaica, Island of</span>, Columbus stranded on, <a href="#page_024">24</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Japan (Cipango)</span>, Columbus’s search for, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jay, John</span>, attends First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jefferson, Peter</span>, strength and force of character, <a href="#page_306">306</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jefferson, Thomas</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_304">304</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_305">305</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets Patrick Henry, <a href="#page_307">307</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delegate to Continental Congress, <a href="#page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">frames Declaration of Independence, <a href="#page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ardent Abolitionist, <a href="#page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God’s judgment on Slavery, <a href="#page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies on Fiftieth Anniversary of signing of Declaration, <a href="#page_304">304</a>, <a href="#page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to him, by Lincoln, <a href="#page_303">303</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jesus Christ</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Christ Jesus</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Jones, John Paul</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_358">358</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_359">359</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hoists flag on the <i>Alfred</i>, <a href="#page_360">360</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Commander, <a href="#page_361">361</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first foreign salute offered to Stars and Stripes, <a href="#page_362">362</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commands the <i>Poor Richard</i>, <a href="#page_364">364</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appearance and character, <a href="#page_367">367</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his famous sayings, <a href="#page_369">369</a>.</span><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="K" id="K"></a><span class="smcap">Knox, General</span>, bids Washington farewell at Fraunces Tavern, <a href="#page_231">231</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Kosciuszko, Thaddeus</span>, meets Washington, <a href="#page_223">223</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">romance of, <a href="#page_224">224</a>, <a href="#page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fortifies West Point, <a href="#page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leaves American property to free slaves, <a href="#page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">member of the Cincinnati, <a href="#page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">incident of Polish soldiers, <a href="#page_226">226</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Kublai Khan</span>, Columbus’s search for, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_024">24</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="L" id="L"></a><span class="smcap">La Banda Oriental</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Uruguay</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">La Plata</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Argentina</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">La Rabida</span>, Columbus at, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Lafayette, Marquis de</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_412">412</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrival in America, <a href="#page_411">411</a>, <a href="#page_412">412</a>, <a href="#page_413">413</a>, <a href="#page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">befriended by Washington, <a href="#page_414">414</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gifts to suffering America, <a href="#page_420">420</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wounded at Brandywine, <a href="#page_416">416</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">loyal to Washington, <a href="#page_418">418</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his toast to Washington, <a href="#page_419">419</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gifts to Washington, <a href="#page_201">201</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">member of the Cincinnati, <a href="#page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">revisits America, <a href="#page_422">422</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is honoured by Congress, <a href="#page_420">420</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transmits relics of Washington, to Bolivar, <a href="#page_421">421</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Land of Youth</span>, legend of the Atlantic, <a href="#page_006">6</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Las Casas, Bartolome de</span>, succours the Indians, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Latin American Republics</span>, their number, <a href="#page_405">405</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">their Colonial nationality, <a href="#page_405">405</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Bolivar</span>; <span class="smcap">Miranda</span>; <span class="smcap">O’Higgins</span>; <span class="smcap">Pedro</span>; <span class="smcap">San Martin</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Le Bon Homme Richard</span>, Paul Jones’s ship, <a href="#page_364">364</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Leander, The</span>, Miranda’s ship, <a href="#page_335">335</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Adams’s grandson sails in, 90 <a href="#page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cruise to the Spanish Maine, <a href="#page_336">336</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fate of, <a href="#page_339">339</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Lee, Henry</span>, protégé of Washington, <a href="#page_216">216</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Mount Vernon, <a href="#page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delivers Washington’s official funeral oration, <a href="#page_217">217</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Leif</span>, discovery of Vinland, <a href="#page_008">8</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Lexington, Battle of</span>, Paul Revere warns the town, <a href="#page_081">81</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">news of, arouses Putnam, <a href="#page_146">146</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arouses Marshall, <a href="#page_433">433</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Liberators</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Bolivar</span>; <span class="smcap">Cuba</span>; <span class="smcap">Miranda</span>; <span class="smcap">O’Higgins</span>; <span class="smcap">San Martin</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Liberty</span>, William Penn’s ideas on, <a href="#page_035">35</a>, <a href="#page_036">36</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">liberty of conscience, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_035">35</a>, <a href="#page_125">125</a>, <a href="#page_209">209</a>, <a href="#page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Independence, Growth of Idea</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Liberty Bell</span>, announces signing of Declaration of Independence, <a href="#page_309">309</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Liberty Pole</span>, in New York, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Liberty Tree</span>, in Boston, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Light Horse Harry</span>, soubriquet of Henry Lee, <a href="#page_216">216</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Lima</span>, Colonial power of, <a href="#page_244">244</a>, <a href="#page_257">257</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">siege and fall of, <a href="#page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">celebrates its first Independence Day, <a href="#page_265">265</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Limon Bay</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Lincoln, Abraham</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_174">174</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poem to, by Bryant, <a href="#page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_175">175</a>, <a href="#page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at New Orleans, <a href="#page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his honesty, <a href="#page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of the little birds, <a href="#page_178">178</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rescues a pig, <a href="#page_179">179</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opens the kittens’ eyes, <a href="#page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his kindness to children, <a href="#page_181">181</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence of the Bible on Lincoln, <a href="#page_177">177</a>, <a href="#page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">thanks Coloured Delegation for gift of Bible, <a href="#page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Order against Sunday-work in the Army and Navy, <a href="#page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gettysburg Address, <a href="#page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to Washington, <a href="#page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God’s judgment on slavery, <a href="#page_310">310</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Lincoln, Nancy Hanks</span>, makes a home in the wilderness, <a href="#page_175">175</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">teaches her children, <a href="#page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reads them the Bible, <a href="#page_176">176</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her influence on Lincoln, <a href="#page_177">177</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Lion of the Apure</span>, soubriquet of General Paez, <a href="#page_382">382</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Little Friend in Front Street</span>, soubriquet of Haym Salomon, <a href="#page_228">228</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Llaneros</span>, Venezuelan cowboys or plainsmen, <a href="#page_382">382</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="M" id="M"></a><span class="smcap">Maceo, General</span>, Cuban Patriot, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Madison, James</span>, consulted by Washington, <a href="#page_158">158</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to Haym Salomon, <a href="#page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in the Virginia Convention, <a href="#page_446">446</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Maeldune</span>, legend of, <a href="#page_005">5</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Magna Carta</span>, a foundation of English Liberty, <a href="#page_097">97</a>, <a href="#page_098">98</a>, <a href="#page_442">442</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Maine</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Maine, Battleship</span>, destruction of, <a href="#page_062">62</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Maipu</span>, victory of, <a href="#page_253">253</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Maize (Indian Corn)</span>, discovery of, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Marblehead</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Marco Polo</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Polo, Marco</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Margarita, Island of</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_018">18</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Marshall, John</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_426">426</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood,</span><br /> -<a href="#page_427">427</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">brought up an American, <a href="#page_425">425</a>, <a href="#page_431">431</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lieutenant in the War for Independence, <a href="#page_433">433</a>, <a href="#page_434">434</a>, <a href="#page_437">437</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Valley Forge, <a href="#page_435">435</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nicknamed Silver Heels, <a href="#page_436">436</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">saddlebags story, <a href="#page_439">439</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cherry story, <a href="#page_440">440</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">public career, <a href="#page_441">441</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed Chief Justice, <a href="#page_444">444</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expounder of the Constitution, <a href="#page_444">444</a>, <a href="#page_445">445</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his tribute to his mother, <a href="#page_438">438</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to his father, <a href="#page_439">439</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reverence for him in Virginia, <a href="#page_446">446</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expresses himself on solidarity of the Union, <a href="#page_425">425</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the integrity of the Judiciary, <a href="#page_446">446</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his religious faith, <a href="#page_438">438</a>, <a href="#page_448">448</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tributes to him, <a href="#page_426">426</a>, <a href="#page_447">447</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Martin, George</span>, alias of Francisco de Miranda, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_336">336</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Maryland</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Massachusetts Bay Colony</span>, settled by Puritans, <a href="#page_350">350</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends delegates to First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Adams</span>; <span class="smcap">Boston</span>; <span class="smcap">Williams</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Massasoit, King</span>, helps Pilgrims find lost boy, <a href="#page_133">133</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids Roger Williams, <a href="#page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Mayflower, Ship</span>, leaves England, <a href="#page_128">128</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anchors in Cape Cod Bay, <a href="#page_129">129</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anchors in Plymouth Harbour, <a href="#page_131">131</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Mayflower Compact</span>, signed, <a href="#page_127">127</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">McKean, Thomas</span>, delegate to First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">McKinley, William</span>, on the Cuban situation, <a href="#page_061">61</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reluctant to go to war, <a href="#page_062">62</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">forced into war by destruction of the <i>Maine</i>, <a href="#page_062">62</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Medora</span>, Roosevelt at, <a href="#page_048">48</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Mendoza</span>, at the foot of the Andes, <a href="#page_244">244</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patriotism of citizens, <a href="#page_246">246</a>, <a href="#page_250">250</a>, <a href="#page_251">251</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">honour San Martin, <a href="#page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">called “the Nest of the Argentine Eagle,” <a href="#page_247">247</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Mexico</span>, War of Liberation, <a href="#page_405">405</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Independence recognized by the United States, <a href="#page_267">267</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Miranda, Francisco de</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_326">326</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">propaganda for South American Independence, <a href="#page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fights for the United States, <a href="#page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fights for French Freedom, <a href="#page_333">333</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds secret society, <a href="#page_334">334</a>, <a href="#page_376">376</a>, <a href="#page_396">396</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in New York, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_334">334</a>, <a href="#page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cruises in the <i>Leander</i>, <a href="#page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vain attempt to free South America, <a href="#page_339">339</a>, <a href="#page_341">341</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Venezuela, <a href="#page_342">342</a>, <a href="#page_376">376</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs Venezuelan Declaration of Independence, <a href="#page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Commander-in-Chief of Venezuelan forces, <a href="#page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">betrayed to Monteverde, <a href="#page_345">345</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">captivity and death, <a href="#page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to him, by the Venezuelan Government, <a href="#page_325">325</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute by William Spence Robertson, <a href="#page_326">326</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Misiones</span>, San Martin born in, <a href="#page_237">237</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Missouri Compromise</span>, Jefferson’s opinion on, <a href="#page_312">312</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Monmouth, Battle of</span>, Moll Pitcher, <a href="#page_218">218</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steuben’s tactics win, <a href="#page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington at, <a href="#page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Monroe, James</span>, recognizes Independence of Spanish America, <a href="#page_267">267</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promulgates the Monroe Doctrine, <a href="#page_270">270</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Monroe Doctrine</span>, announced, <a href="#page_270">270</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">welcomed by Chile, <a href="#page_403">403</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Monteverde, General</span>, his campaign in Venezuela, <a href="#page_343">343</a>, <a href="#page_344">344</a>, <a href="#page_377">377</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisons Miranda, <a href="#page_345">345</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives passport to Bolivar, <a href="#page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Monticello</span>, the country estate of Jefferson, <a href="#page_304">304</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Montreal</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Moravian Nuns</span>, nurse Lafayette, <a href="#page_417">417</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">present banner to Pulaski, <a href="#page_418">418</a>, <a href="#page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Morris, Robert</span>, Financier of the War for Independence, <a href="#page_159">159</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recommends Hamilton for Secretary of Treasury, <a href="#page_160">160</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">procures money through Haym Salomon, <a href="#page_228">228</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Mount Vernon</span>, children of, <a href="#page_197">197</a>, <a href="#page_198">198</a>, <a href="#page_201">201</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stables and horses of, <a href="#page_201">201</a>, <a href="#page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">guests at, <a href="#page_205">205</a>, <a href="#page_216">216</a>, <a href="#page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Muir, John</span>, with Roosevelt in the Yosemite, <a href="#page_055">55</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Mystery Ship</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Leander, The</span>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="N" id="N"></a><span class="smcap">Napoleon</span>, effect of his wars on South America, <a href="#page_112">112</a>, <a href="#page_239">239</a>, <a href="#page_268">268</a>, <a href="#page_341">341</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Napoleon of the South American Revolution</span>, soubriquet of Simon Bolivar, <a href="#page_392">392</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Nashville</span>, Jackson emigrates to, <a href="#page_287">287</a>, <a href="#page_289">289</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Nelson</span>, Washington’s famous charger, <a href="#page_201">201</a>, <a href="#page_204">204</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Nest of the Argentine Eagle</span>, soubriquet of the city of Mendoza, <a href="#page_247">247</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Nevis, Island of</span>, birthplace of Hamilton, <a href="#page_155">155</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">New England Army</span>, besieges Boston, <a href="#page_082">82</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">adopted by Congress, <a href="#page_083">83</a>, <a href="#page_084">84</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">New Granada</span>, liberated by Bolivar, <a href="#page_388">388</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">absorbed into Great Colombia, <a href="#page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">modern Republic of Colombia, <a href="#page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">New Hampshire</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">New Jersey</span>, refuge of persecuted Friends, <a href="#page_035">35</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">New Orleans</span>, Lincoln attends slave-market at, <a href="#page_177">177</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of the cotton-bales, <a href="#page_299">299</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">its citizens nurse wounded enemies, <a href="#page_301">301</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jackson’s tribute to his mother, <a href="#page_286">286</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">New York</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hamilton in, <a href="#page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington in, <a href="#page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miranda in, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_334">334</a>, <a href="#page_335">335</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haym Salomon in, <a href="#page_229">229</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paez in, <a href="#page_382">382</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lafayette in, <a href="#page_422">422</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposition to ratification in, <a href="#page_159">159</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Steuben</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">North Carolina</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="O" id="O"></a><span class="smcap">O’Higgins, Ambrose</span>, boyhood, <a href="#page_395">395</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Spanish Viceroy of Lima, <a href="#page_396">396</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">O’Higgins, Bernardo</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_394">394</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_396">396</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joins the Patriots, <a href="#page_397">397</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">heroic action at Rancagua, <a href="#page_398">398</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">escapes to Argentina, <a href="#page_400">400</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crosses the Andes with San Martin, <a href="#page_251">251</a>, <a href="#page_253">253</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is made Supreme Dictator of Chile, <a href="#page_255">255</a>, <a href="#page_400">400</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">equips navy to liberate Peru, <a href="#page_255">255</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his work of civic reconstruction, <a href="#page_401">401</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exiled from Chile, <a href="#page_402">402</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">welcomed by Peru, <a href="#page_402">402</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recalled to Chile, <a href="#page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dies in Peru, <a href="#page_403">403</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Hero of Chile, <a href="#page_404">404</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Old Hickory</span>, soubriquet of Andrew Jackson, <a href="#page_297">297</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Old Put</span>, soubriquet of Israel Putnam, <a href="#page_142">142</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Onas</span>, soubriquet of William Penn, <a href="#page_037">37</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Orinoco River</span>, description of, <a href="#page_378">378</a>, <a href="#page_384">384</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Oyster Bay</span>, home-town of Roosevelt, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="P" id="P"></a><span class="smcap">Paez, General</span>, his strength and courage, <a href="#page_382">382</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seizes gunboats on the Apure, <a href="#page_383">383</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">revolts against Bolivar, <a href="#page_389">389</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">President of Venezuela, <a href="#page_390">390</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in exile, <a href="#page_382">382</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pampas</span>, Argentine prairie or plain, <a href="#page_240">240</a>, <a href="#page_241">241</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Panama</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Paraguay</span>, Tyrant-liberator of, <a href="#page_405">405</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Paris of America</span>, soubriquet of Buenos Aires, <a href="#page_241">241</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Paul, John</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Jones, John Paul</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Peace</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Arbitration and Peace</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pearl Islands</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pearl of the Antilles</span>, soubriquet of Cuba, <a href="#page_060">60</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pearls</span>, found by Columbus, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a>, <a href="#page_026">26</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil</span>, declares Independence of Brazil, <a href="#page_113">113</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abdicates, <a href="#page_113">113</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_110">110</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boy-emperor, <a href="#page_113">113</a>, <a href="#page_115">115</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patriot, <a href="#page_116">116</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposes slavery, <a href="#page_117">117</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abdicates, <a href="#page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poem to him by Whittier, <a href="#page_110">110</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Brazil</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pendleton, Edmund</span>, attends First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Mount Vernon, <a href="#page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Penn, William</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_030">30</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">vision in boyhood, <a href="#page_031">31</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes a Friend, <a href="#page_032">32</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of sword, <a href="#page_032">32</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">persecution of, <a href="#page_033">33</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his principles of Peace, <a href="#page_030">30</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in America, <a href="#page_036">36</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendly and just treatment of Indians, <a href="#page_038">38</a>, <a href="#page_041">41</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians’ sorrow at his death, <a href="#page_042">42</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pennsylvania</span>, how named, <a href="#page_035">35</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charter granted William Penn, <a href="#page_035">35</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pensacola</span>, Miranda helps to attack, <a href="#page_332">332</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Perez, Friar Juan</span>, aids Columbus, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Peru</span>, under Spanish rule, <a href="#page_244">244</a>, <a href="#page_257">257</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patriotic reception of San Martin, <a href="#page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares its Independence, <a href="#page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Flag, <a href="#page_265">265</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Independence recognized by the United States, <a href="#page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gratitude to San Martin, <a href="#page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bolivar’s plans for liberation of, <a href="#page_273">273</a>, <a href="#page_388">388</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">its early Patriot, Tupac Amaru, <a href="#page_405">405</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gratitude to O’Higgins, <a href="#page_402">402</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Lima</span>; <span class="smcap">Pizarro</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Philadelphia</span>, naming of, <a href="#page_037">37</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Penn’s first visit to, <a href="#page_037">37</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting place of Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Independence</span><br /> -of the United States declared in, <a href="#page_309">309</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pilgrim Fathers</span>, leave Leyden, <a href="#page_123">123</a>, <a href="#page_124">124</a>, <a href="#page_126">126</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">land in America, <a href="#page_129">129</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attacked by Nauset Indians, <a href="#page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hunt for lost boy, <a href="#page_134">134</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pray for rain, <a href="#page_138">138</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendly to Roger Williams, <a href="#page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Separatists</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pitcher, Moll</span>, at Monmouth, <a href="#page_218">218</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rewarded by Washington, <a href="#page_219">219</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pitt, Thomas</span>, why called “Diamond Pitt,” <a href="#page_095">95</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transmits his strong will to William Pitt, <a href="#page_096">96</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pitt, William</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_094">94</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_096">96</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defender of America, <a href="#page_093">93</a>, <a href="#page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supports Francisco de Miranda, <a href="#page_089">89</a>, <a href="#page_333">333</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his dramatic last appearance, <a href="#page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tributes to, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pittsburgh, (Pa.)</span>, named for William Pitt, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pittsfield, Mass.</span>, named for William Pitt, <a href="#page_094">94</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pizarro</span>, founder of Lima, <a href="#page_244">244</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Plymouth, Mass.</span>, settled, <a href="#page_131">131</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canonicus sends Rattlesnake Challenge to, <a href="#page_136">136</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">saved by Roger Williams, <a href="#page_354">354</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i>, <span class="smcap">Pilgrim Fathers</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Polo, Marco</span>, his travels read by Columbus, <a href="#page_010">10</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Poor Richard, The (Le Bon Homme Richard)</span>, Paul Jones’s ship, <a href="#page_364">364</a>, <a href="#page_365">365</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Poor Richard’s Almanack</span>, published by Franklin, <a href="#page_169">169</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul Jones, names ship after, <a href="#page_364">364</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Portia</span>, pen-name of Abigail Adams, <a href="#page_076">76</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Potts, Isaac</span>, overhears Washington praying at Valley Forge, <a href="#page_212">212</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Prince of Peace</span>, Penn in his Peace Plan, refers to Christ as, <a href="#page_034">34</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pledge of Argentina and Chile to, <a href="#page_406">406</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Proclaim Liberty Throughout All the Land</span>, Bible text on Liberty Bell, <a href="#page_310">310</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Protector of Peru</span>, soubriquet of Jose de San Martin, <a href="#page_266">266</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Providence</span>, founded by Roger Williams, <a href="#page_352">352</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">under peaceful rule of Roger Williams, <a href="#page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Puerto Cabello</span>, imprisonment of Americans in, <a href="#page_340">340</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fall of, <a href="#page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miranda imprisoned in, <a href="#page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Pulaski, Count</span>, visits Lafayette, <a href="#page_417">417</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives banner from Moravian Nuns, <a href="#page_418">418</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">banner in Lafayette’s procession, <a href="#page_424">424</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Puritans</span>, meaning of name, <a href="#page_350">350</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Puritans in Boston, <a href="#page_350">350</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Putnam, Israel</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_142">142</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_143">143</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fight with the wolf, <a href="#page_144">144</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Bunker Hill, <a href="#page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes Washington laugh, <a href="#page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">praise from Washington, <a href="#page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute from Washington Irving, <a href="#page_142">142</a>.</span><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="Q" id="Q"></a><span class="smcap">Quakers</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Friends</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Quebec</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_080">80</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petitions of First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Quincy, Mass.</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Braintree</span>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="R" id="R"></a><span class="smcap">Rancagua</span>, battle of, <a href="#page_398">398</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Ranger, The</span>, Paul Jones’s ship, <a href="#page_362">362</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Raritan</span>, Hamilton at, the passage of, <a href="#page_157">157</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Read, George</span>, delegate to First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Representative Government</span>, Lincoln on, <a href="#page_187">187</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in early Virginia, <a href="#page_308">308</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Constitution of the United States</span>; <span class="smcap">Independence, Growth of Idea</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Republics</span>, see names of Republics.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Revere, Paul</span>, ride to Philadelphia, <a href="#page_077">77</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ride to Lexington, <a href="#page_081">81</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Rhode Island</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends troops to Bunker Hill and Siege of Boston, <a href="#page_214">214</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Williams</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Rio de Janeiro</span>, Pedro II crowned in, <a href="#page_113">113</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by Roosevelt, <a href="#page_066">66</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">statue, gift of American people, placed in, <a href="#page_122">122</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Rio de la Plata</span>, River of Silver, <a href="#page_242">242</a>, <a href="#page_243">243</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Rio Teodoro</span>, River of Doubt, named after Roosevelt, <a href="#page_069">69</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">River of Doubt</span>, explored by Roosevelt, <a href="#page_065">65</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">River of Silver</span>, Rio de la Plata, <a href="#page_242">242</a>, <a href="#page_243">243</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Rivers</span>, <i>see</i> names of rivers.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Robertson, William Spence</span>, characterization of San Martin, <a href="#page_236">236</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Miranda, <a href="#page_326">326</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Bolivar, <a href="#page_391">391</a>, <a href="#page_392">392</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">decorated with Order of Liberators of Venezuela, <a href="#page_392">392</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Robinson, Pastor John</span>, in Leyden, <a href="#page_126">126</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Rockingham, Lord</span>, defender of America, <a href="#page_103">103</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Rodney, Cæsar</span>, delegate to<br /> -First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Rodriquez, Simon</span>, Bolivar’s tutor, <a href="#page_374">374</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arouses his patriotism, <a href="#page_376">376</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Roman Catholic Church</span>, in Spanish America, <a href="#page_330">330</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Beltran</span>; <span class="smcap">Las Casas</span>; <span class="smcap">Perez</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Roosevelt, Kermit</span>, at Sagamore Hill, <a href="#page_053">53</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hunts in Africa, <a href="#page_057">57</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explores the River of Doubt, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Roosevelt, Theodore</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_044">44</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_045">45</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love of Nature, <a href="#page_046">46</a>, <a href="#page_051">51</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">busting broncos, <a href="#page_047">47</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ranching, <a href="#page_047">47</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">square deal, <a href="#page_043">43</a>, <a href="#page_044">44</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with John Burroughs in the Yellowstone, <a href="#page_053">53</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Big Stick, <a href="#page_054">54</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with John Muir in the Yosemite, <a href="#page_055">55</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bear Hunters’ dinner, <a href="#page_056">56</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hunting in Africa, <a href="#page_057">57</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rough Riders, <a href="#page_059">59</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at San Juan Hill, <a href="#page_064">64</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Montauk Point, <a href="#page_065">65</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">explores the River of Doubt, <a href="#page_065">65</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to him, <a href="#page_069">69</a>.</span><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="S" id="S"></a><span class="smcap">St. Brandan</span>, legend of, <a href="#page_006">6</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">St. Christopher</span>, legend of, <a href="#page_009">9</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Sagamore Hill</span>, Roosevelt’s Long Island home, <a href="#page_050">50</a>, <a href="#page_052">52</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Sage of Monticello</span>, soubriquet of Thomas Jefferson, <a href="#page_304">304</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Salomon, Haym</span>, finances the War for Independence, <a href="#page_228">228</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribute to, by James Madison <a href="#page_228">228</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Samoset</span>, welcomes the Pilgrims, <a href="#page_131">131</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">San Juan Hill</span>, Rough Riders at, <a href="#page_064">64</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">San Lorenzo</span>, victory of, <a href="#page_242">242</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">San Martin, Jose de</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_236">236</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_237">237</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">serves as officer in Spain, <a href="#page_238">238</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Argentina, <a href="#page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wins battle of San Lorenzo, <a href="#page_242">242</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Governor of Cuyo, <a href="#page_244">244</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his noble character, <a href="#page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mobilizes Army to cross the Andes, <a href="#page_243">243</a>, <a href="#page_248">248</a>, <a href="#page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">crosses the Andes, <a href="#page_249">249</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses honours, <a href="#page_254">254</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proclamation to Peruvians, <a href="#page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes Lima, <a href="#page_257">257</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his modesty, <a href="#page_261">261</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his kindness, <a href="#page_262">262</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his love of children, <a href="#page_263">263</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his graciousness, <a href="#page_263">263</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his gentleness, <a href="#page_264">264</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes Protector of Peru, <a href="#page_266">266</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Bolivar, <a href="#page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lays down his command, <a href="#page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his wife, <a href="#page_246">246</a>, <a href="#page_247">247</a>, <a href="#page_275">275</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes into voluntary exile, <a href="#page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his self-abnegation, <a href="#page_277">277</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his death, <a href="#page_276">276</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interment at Buenos Aires, <a href="#page_278">278</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tributes to him by Lord Bryce, Joseph Conrad, William Spence Robertson, and Bartolome Mitre, <a href="#page_235">235</a>, <a href="#page_236">236</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Argentina</span>; <span class="smcap">Bolivar</span>; <span class="smcap">O’Higgins</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">San Mateo</span>, country estate of Bolivar, <a href="#page_374">374</a>, <a href="#page_375">375</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Santiago, Chile</span>, taken by the Spaniards, <a href="#page_398">398</a>, <a href="#page_399">399</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Santo Domingo</span>, ruled by Columbus, <a href="#page_018">18</a>, <a href="#page_019">19</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Sea of Darkness</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Atlantic Ocean</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Separatists</span>, not Puritans, <a href="#page_350">350</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Bradford</span>; <span class="smcap">Pilgrim Fathers</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Sequoias</span>, visited by Roosevelt John Muir, <a href="#page_055">55</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Shackamaxon</span>, Place of Kings, <a href="#page_038">38</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Shadwell Farm</span>, property of Thomas Jefferson, <a href="#page_305">305</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Shenandoah River</span>, meaning of name, <a href="#page_192">192</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington surveys in its valley, <a href="#page_192">192</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Sherman, Roger</span>, delegate to First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Shirra, Rev. Mr.</span>, prays God to save Leith from Paul Jones, <a href="#page_366">366</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">strong wind blows Jones’s ship away, <a href="#page_367">367</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Silver Heels</span>, soubriquet of John Marshall, <a href="#page_436">436</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Slate Rock</span>, Indians greet Roger Williams from, <a href="#page_353">353</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Slavery in Brazil</span>, emancipation of slaves, <a href="#page_117">117</a>, <a href="#page_118">118</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Slavery in Spanish America</span>, Indian slaves, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_329">329</a>, <a href="#page_330">330</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slaves defended by Bartolome de Las Casas, <a href="#page_026">26</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patriot slaves freed by San Martin, <a href="#page_242">242</a>, <a href="#page_257">257</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Slavery in the United States</span>, Lincoln at the slave-market, <a href="#page_177">177</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slave clause stricken from Declaration of Independence, <a href="#page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abolitionists, <a href="#page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">God’s judgment on slavery, pronounced by Lincoln, <a href="#page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Jefferson, <a href="#page_312">312</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Smith, William Steuben</span>, sails with Miranda, <a href="#page_090">90</a>, <a href="#page_335">335</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Sons of Liberty</span>, origin of name, <a href="#page_104">104</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">active in the Colonies, <a href="#page_104">104</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Soul Liberty</span>, preached by Roger Williams, <a href="#page_347">347</a>, <a href="#page_348">348</a>, <a href="#page_351">351</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">South Carolina</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Spain</span>, rule of, in Spanish America, <a href="#page_237">237</a>, <a href="#page_242">242</a>, <a href="#page_329">329</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Bolivar</span>; <span class="smcap">Miranda</span>; <span class="smcap">O’Higgins</span>; <span class="smcap">San Martin</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Spanish Galleons</span>, treasure ships, <a href="#page_026">26</a>, <a href="#page_327">327</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Spanish Main</span>, <a href="#page_327">327</a>, <a href="#page_338">338</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Stamp Act</span>, William Pitt’s speech against, <a href="#page_102">102</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patrick Henry’s speech against, <a href="#page_317">317</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Standish, Captain Miles</span>, sails for the New World, <a href="#page_126">126</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrests Canonicus’s messenger, <a href="#page_137">137</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Stars and Stripes</span>, <i>see</i> <span class="smcap">Flags of the United States</span>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Steuben, Baron</span>, at Valley Forge, <a href="#page_222">222</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Monmouth, <a href="#page_223">223</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bids Washington farewell at Fraunces Tavern, <a href="#page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his services recognized by the State of New York, <a href="#page_223">223</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Sucre, Antonio de</span>, Bolivar’s general and friend, <a href="#page_389">389</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">liberates Bolivia, <a href="#page_390">390</a>.</span><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="T" id="T"></a><span class="smcap">Tarleton, General</span>, massacres militia of the Waxhaws, <a href="#page_283">283</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Tartary</span>, Columbus’s search for, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Terrestrial Paradise</span>, Columbus’s search for, <a href="#page_005">5</a>, <a href="#page_015">15</a>, <a href="#page_021">21</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Terrible Cornet of Horse</span>, soubriquet of William Pitt, <a href="#page_097">97</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Thule</span>, visited by Columbus, <a href="#page_008">8</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supposed to be Iceland, <a href="#page_008">8</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Tierra Firme</span>, old Spanish name for the South American continent, <a href="#page_017">17</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Tisquantum</span>, the Pilgrim’s Indian interpreter, <a href="#page_134">134</a>, <a href="#page_135">135</a>, <a href="#page_136">136</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Tobacco</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Toussaint l’Ouverture</span>, Liberator of Haiti, <a href="#page_405">405</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Trinidad</span>, named by Columbus, <a href="#page_016">16</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Trumbull, Governor Jonathan</span>, sends Putnam to Bunker Hill, <a href="#page_147">147</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supplies powder for Battle, <a href="#page_209">209</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nicknamed Brother Jonathan, <a href="#page_210">210</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Tupac Amaru</span>, early Peruvian Patriot, <a href="#page_405">405</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Twin Cities</span>, Cristobal and Colon, named after Columbus, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="U" id="U"></a><span class="smcap">Union, The</span>, Hamilton’s faith in, <a href="#page_154">154</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Andrew Jackson’s toast, <a href="#page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Marshall and the solidarity of the Union, <a href="#page_425">425</a>, <a href="#page_431">431</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Constitution necessary to protect the Union, <a href="#page_158">158</a>, <a href="#page_443">443</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington on the Unity of our Government, <a href="#page_448">448</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Uruguay</span>, called La Banda Oriental, <a href="#page_405">405</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Artigas, Liberator of, <a href="#page_405">405</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roosevelt visits, <a href="#page_066">66</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Usheen</span>, legend of the Atlantic, <a href="#page_006">6</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="V" id="V"></a><span class="smcap">Valley Forge</span>, winter of suffering, <a href="#page_210">210</a>, <a href="#page_211">211</a>, <a href="#page_418">418</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martha Washington nurses the sick, <a href="#page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington prays God for aid, <a href="#page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nathanael Greene procures army supplies, <a href="#page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Steuben trains the Army, <a href="#page_222">222</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Marshall keeps up the soldiers’ courage, <a href="#page_436">436</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Venezuela</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_017">17</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Miranda’s attempt to liberate, <a href="#page_335">335</a>, <a href="#page_339">339</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Declaration of Independence, <a href="#page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Flag, <a href="#page_339">339</a>, <a href="#page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Constitution</span><br /> -of Bolivar, <a href="#page_384">384</a>.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Bolivar</span>; <span class="smcap">Miranda</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Vermont</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Villamil, Joseph</span>, helps to liberate Guayaquil, <a href="#page_271">271</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Vinland the Good</span>, Columbus may have heard of, <a href="#page_009">9</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Virginia</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_079">79</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">summons first representative assembly in America, <a href="#page_308">308</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Henry</span>; <span class="smcap">Jefferson</span>; <span class="smcap">Madison</span>; <span class="smcap">Marshall</span>; <span class="smcap">Pendleton</span>; <span class="smcap">Washington</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Virginia Rangers</span>, cover Braddock’s Retreat, <a href="#page_428">428</a>.<br /> - -<br /> -<a name="W" id="W"></a><span class="smcap">Warren, Dr. Joseph</span>, at Bunker Hill, <a href="#page_087">87</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Washington, George</span>, some important dates in his life, <a href="#page_190">190</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lincoln’s tribute on his birthday, <a href="#page_190">190</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_191">191</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers to aid blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_080">80</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delegate to First Continental Congress, <a href="#page_080">80</a>, <a href="#page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nominated Commander-in-Chief, <a href="#page_083">83</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his modesty, <a href="#page_084">84</a>, <a href="#page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrives at Cambridge, <a href="#page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the spy in camp, <a href="#page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to Putnam, <a href="#page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meets Hamilton, <a href="#page_157">157</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on Sunday work in the Army and Navy, <a href="#page_185">185</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cincinnatus of the West, <a href="#page_189">189</a>, <a href="#page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">love of children, <a href="#page_198">198</a>, <a href="#page_200">200</a>, <a href="#page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">story of the little Boston Girl, <a href="#page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his favourite horse, <a href="#page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anecdote of the bowl of tea, <a href="#page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his tact and kindness, <a href="#page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendship with Governor Trumbull, <a href="#page_209">209</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Valley Forge, <a href="#page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compassion for suffering soldiers, <a href="#page_210">210</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in prayer</span><br /> -to God for help, <a href="#page_213">213</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">befriends Light Horse Harry, <a href="#page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends Kosciuszko to fortify West Point, <a href="#page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pays the troops with the aid of Haym Salomon, <a href="#page_228">228</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bids farewell to his officers, <a href="#page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presides over Federal Convention, <a href="#page_171">171</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bequest from Franklin, <a href="#page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Farewell Address, <a href="#page_158">158</a>, <a href="#page_418">418</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bequeaths their Freedom to his slaves, <a href="#page_311">311</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tributes to him, <a href="#page_233">233</a>, <a href="#page_234">234</a>.</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>See also</i> <span class="smcap">Greene</span>; <span class="smcap">Lafayette</span>; <span class="smcap">Lee</span>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Washington, Martha</span>, wedding day of, <a href="#page_197">197</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Valley Forge, <a href="#page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">laughing parrot of, <a href="#page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anxiety for Washington, <a href="#page_322">322</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Washington, Mary</span>, education of her son, <a href="#page_195">195</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington visits her at Fredericksburg, <a href="#page_195">195</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Washington of South America</span>, soubriquet of Jose de San Martin, <a href="#page_254">254</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Waxhaws</span>, home-place of Andrew Jackson, <a href="#page_281">281</a>, <a href="#page_283">283</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Weatherford, Chief</span>, <a href="#page_290">290</a>, <a href="#page_291">291</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Western Passage to Asia</span>, Columbus’s search for, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_011">11</a>, <a href="#page_013">13</a>, <a href="#page_025">25</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">West Indies</span>, discovered by Columbus, <a href="#page_012">12</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">West Point</span>, fortified by Kosciuszko, <a href="#page_225">225</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">What Cheer, Netop</span>, Indian greeting to Roger Williams, <a href="#page_353">353</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">White, Peregrine</span>, Pilgrim boy born on the <i>Mayflower</i>, <a href="#page_133">133</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Whittier, John Greenleaf</span>, as Abolitionist, <a href="#page_312">312</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Williams, Roger</span>, some important<br /> -dates in his life, <a href="#page_348">348</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boyhood, <a href="#page_349">349</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">preaches Soul Liberty, <a href="#page_347">347</a>, <a href="#page_348">348</a>, <a href="#page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his other teachings, <a href="#page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exiled from Massachusetts Bay Colony, <a href="#page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">founds Providence, <a href="#page_353">353</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">saves Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies, <a href="#page_354">354</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">peaceful and liberal rule of, <a href="#page_355">355</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Windham, (Conn.)</span>, aids blockaded Boston, <a href="#page_078">78</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Winslow, Governor Edward</span>, sails for New World, <a href="#page_126">126</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tells of the Great Drought, <a href="#page_139">139</a>;</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">befriends Roger Williams, <a href="#page_352">352</a>.</span><br /> - -<span class="smcap">Winter, N. O.</span>, describes <i>El Cristo</i> of the Andes, <a href="#page_409">409</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Wood, General Leonard</span>, Colonel of the Rough Riders, <a href="#page_063">63</a>;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made Brigadier-General, <a href="#page_064">64</a>.</span><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="Y" id="Y"></a><span class="smcap">Yapeyu</span>, birthplace of Jose de San Martin, <a href="#page_237">237</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Yellowstone National Park</span>, Roosevelt’s visit to, <a href="#page_053">53</a>.<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Yosemite, The</span>, Roosevelt’s visit to, <a href="#page_055">55</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<div class="footnotes"><p class="cb">FOOTNOTES:</p> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Ode by William Collins.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> These are merely extracts from Pitt’s speeches.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> See page <a href="#page_308">308</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Fraunces Tavern is still standing on the corner of Pearl -and Broad Streets, New York City. It has been restored by the Sons of the Revolution.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Pronounced Hewston.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Read the story of the <i>Spanish Galleons</i>, on page <a href="#page_327">327</a>.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> The Christ of the Andes.</p></div> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/back.jpg" width="361" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: [Image -of the book's back cover unavailable.]" /> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Good stories for great birthdays, by -Francis Jenkins Olcott - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GOOD STORIES FOR GREAT BIRTHDAYS *** - -***** This file should be named 55592-h.htm or 55592-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/5/9/55592/ - -Produced by Chuck Greif, MFR and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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