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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a6a3de7 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55482 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55482) diff --git a/old/55482-0.txt b/old/55482-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index e28ef71..0000000 --- a/old/55482-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2071 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Machines at Work, by Mary Elting Folsom - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Machines at Work - -Author: Mary Elting Folsom - -Release Date: September 3, 2017 [EBook #55482] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MACHINES AT WORK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Chuck Greif -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - [Illustration: - - MACHINES - _AT WORK_ - - - MARY ELTING - _ILLUSTRATED BY_ - LASZLO ROTH] - - [Illustration] - - Copyright 1953 by Duenewald Printing Corporation. - Lithographed in the United States of America. - - - - - MACHINES AT WORK - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration] - - - - - MACHINES - AT WORK - - _By Mary Elting_ - - [Illustration] - - ILLUSTRATED BY - LASZLO ROTH - - GARDEN CITY BOOKS GARDEN CITY, N. Y. - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration] - - -MAN-MADE GIANTS - -You could do everything that the machines in this book do. For some of -the jobs, of course, you’d have to get friends to help you. But people -have always been able to work and build wonderful things, using just -their muscles. And they can do a very great deal more when they use -their brains, too. They can invent machines to make work thousands of -times easier and faster. - -The big machine in the picture is a shovel that’s used for digging an -enormous hole. In one bite, its scoop can tear out a chunk of earth more -than twice as tall as a man. Its long arm, called the boom, lifts the -load as high as the top of a seven story building, then swings around -and drops it almost a city block away. - -There are only a few shovels like this in the world. They were -especially made to work where beds of coal lie close to the surface of -the earth, covered by a layer of soil. The shovels clear away the soil -so that other machines can dig out the coal. - -[Illustration] - -When a giant shovel has cleared off one spot, its crawlers begin to -turn, and it creeps slowly ahead. But it can’t travel on roads. It’s far -too big and heavy and tall--so big, in fact, that it came to the mine in -separate pieces. Forty-five freight cars were needed to haul all the -parts for just one machine from the factory to the mine. Then experts -put the parts together right where the shovel was to start digging. - -And dig it does. In one minute its scoop can bite out as much dirt as -3,600 men could dig just using their muscles to lift ordinary hand -shovels! - -The giant shovel is one of the biggest machines ever made, but there’s -another that can lift even bulkier things. It is an overhead crane that -works in a shipyard. - -Often the crane hoists big boilers out of ships so that repair men can -work on them. It is so huge that it carries another crane on its back. -The piggy-back crane--that’s its real name--reaches down and lifts -things off the deck of the ship, too. - -[Illustration: strongman] - -Hammering is another kind of muscle work that - -[Illustration: crane] - -machines can do quickly and easily. Suppose the water pipes under your -street need mending. Repair men have to tear up the pavement in order to -reach the pipes. So they bring in jack hammers to do the pounding. -Strong blasts of air run the hammers, and, in no time, the pavement is -broken up. - -[Illustration: rock crusher] - -Crushed rock was used for making the paved street in the first place. It -came from a big machine called a rock crusher, which breaks up chunks of -stone into small pieces. Strong jaws inside the crusher chew at the -stone until they have made it into bits that are just the right size. - -[Illustration: pile driver] - -An even bigger pounding machine is the pile driver. It can hammer a -great thick log down into the ground almost as easily as a man can -hammer a nail through a board. One kind of pile driver does its pounding -job with a steam piston. Another kind lifts a heavy weight and lets it -bang down on top of the log, called a pile. The one in the picture -works in a harbor. It drives piles deep into the earth that lies under -water. A whole group of piles make the foundation for a pier in the -harbor, for ships to tie up alongside. - -Harbors and rivers must be kept safe for ships. If mud and sand pile up -in a thick layer on the bottom, ships may get stuck. So dredges go to -work clearing the mud and sand away. Often a clean-up job takes a long -time. The men who run the machinery live on board the dredge, just as -sailors live on a ship. - -[Illustration: dredge] - -Some dredges have scoops that dig under water. Others, like the one in -the picture, use giant suction pumps. The mud or sand they suck up is -called spoil. - -If there’s hard-caked mud on the bottom, cutter heads break it up. Then -it’s ready to be pumped out through huge steel pipes that stretch away -from the dredge like a great snake and pour the spoil out on land. - -Of course, a dredge must stay in one place while it is working. So it -carries along two huge spikes called spuds. These move straight up and -down at the stern of the dredge. When they ram into the earth -underwater, they keep the dredge from drifting. - -[Illustration: dredge] - -A spud is so heavy that it pokes its own hole in the muddy bottom of a -river or harbor. But making holes on dry land is a different problem. -For instance, you can’t just poke a telephone pole into the hard -ground, or pound it in easily with a pile driver, either. So, in many -places, a machine bores holes for telephone poles, just the way a -carpenter bores a hole with a brace and bit. Then the machine’s long -arms reach out, lift a pole into the air and plug it down neatly into -place. - -[Illustration: borer] - -Long ago our ancestors discovered how to use simple tools--such as -hammers, shovels, crowbars and rollers. These things seem very ordinary -to us, but they were really wonderful discoveries. The clever men who -invented them were providing ideas, one by one, which scientists and -engineers used much later. Our great machines are combinations of many, -many things that men discovered from using simple tools. - - -POWERFUL PUSHERS - -The giant shovel digs; the overhead crane lifts; the pile driver pounds. -All machines multiply the power that’s in the muscles of men--or of -animals. The pushingest animal is an elephant. In some places in the -world, elephants are trained to clear land by putting their foreheads -against a tree and heaving until the tree topples over. - -A tree-dozer can out-push an elephant. The one in the picture has a -special forehead built in front. With a slow, steady shove, it clears -the way for roads or opens up fields for farms. - -[Illustration: tree-dozer] - -Farmers used to dig their fields by hand. Then they hitched horses to -plows. Now a tractor does the work, but we still measure its strength in -horsepower. - -[Illustration: elephant] - - -MACHINES FOR FARMERS - -Dan is a farmer. He knows how to use almost any kind of farm machine, -and he has lots of them. The most important is his tractor, for it is -busy all year round. Sometimes it pushes. Sometimes it pulls. Or it may -stand still and lend its power to other machinery. - -When the frost is out of the soil in the spring, Dan backs his tractor -into the tool shed and bolts on a plow. This one is a two-gang plow--it -can make two furrows in the earth at the same time. Dan touches a lever. -The blades of the plow lift up so they can’t dig into the farmyard and -the road, and Dan chugs off to the field. Another touch on the lever -sends the blades down. In a few minutes, Dan has made the first furrows -across the field. - -Now he has to turn. He lifts the plow and steps on the left brake pedal. -While the big left wheel stands still, the right one keeps going and -turns the tractor, ready to start the next furrows. When Dan wants to -stop, he steps on both the left and right brake pedals at once. - -After plowing comes harrowing. The tractor pulls a different implement -for this job--a whole row of saucer-shaped metal discs that chew up the -soil and spread it out evenly. Now Dan is ready to plant corn. - -[Illustration: harrowing disc] - -[Illustration: corn planter rear] - -The corn planter does five jobs in one trip down the field. It makes -trenches for two rows of corn. It drops corn seeds into the trenches. It -drops fertilizer alongside to give food to the young plants. It covers -the seeds. And it leaves a mark all along the field to show exactly -where the tractor should go to plant the next row of seeds. Dan follows -the mark very carefully. All the rows must be exactly the same distance -apart, because the tractor will have to go through the field again to -cut out the weeds after the corn starts to grow. If the rows are badly -spaced, the tractor wheels will squash some of the plants. - -[Illustration: corn planter side] - -[Illustration: cultivator] - -When Dan was a little boy, he used to help his father hoe the corn by -hand, getting rid of weeds and loosening the soil. Now he has an -implement called a cultivator which does the job. - -After the corn is well up, Dan pulls the cultivator through the field, -driving carefully, with the wheels between the rows. Small blades on the -cultivator cut through the weeds and break the soil into loose chunks. -The pictures show several kinds of cultivator blades. - -All summer long the corn grows tall. Dan waits till the ears are dry -before he harvests them, ready for his cows and chickens to eat in -winter. - -[Illustration: hand tools?] - -Dan’s farm is small, so he can’t afford to buy a big corn-picking -machine. But his neighbor Al has one that he rents out, and one morning -Dan drives it to his cornfield. His tractor seems lost inside the -picking machine. Gatherers that look like the pointed snouts of huge -mice creep along in front of the tractor close to the ground. One by one -the stalks of corn go into the machine, which snaps the ears off. Then -revolving claws and rubber paddles rip off the husks, and an elevator -carries the clean ears back to a wagon which the tractor pulls along. In -a very short time, Dan’s whole field is done. - -Corn isn’t the only thing that grows on Dan’s farm. He raises tomatoes -for the market, too. At planting time, he needs two helpers who ride on -little seats very close to the ground behind the tractor. They put the -tender little tomato plants one by one into a trench which the planting -machine digs, and then a special wheel covers the roots with earth. - -Dan has some wheat fields, too. In the spring, after the ground is -harrowed, a wide planting machine sows many rows of wheat at a time. And -it drops out fertilizer to feed the plants on the same trip. - -[Illustration: cornfield] - -Many farmers use their tractors for harvesting wheat, but Dan doesn’t. -Instead, he rents a shiny red reaper which he calls a “package job,” -because it moves itself along and does the whole harvesting at once. It -cuts the wheat, shakes the grain loose from the stalk and separates it -from the husks. If there are weeds growing in the wheat, the machine -separates the weed seeds from the wheat kernels and spills them into -different bags. - -[Illustration] - -Dan sits high in the air at the front of the machine. He says he has a -“box seat.” Behind him on a bench sits a helper who ties the bags as -they fill up and puts new bags in place. Dan says it won’t be long -before somebody invents a machine that will reap the wheat, grind the -flour and bake bread right there in the field! - -All of Dan’s machines are wonderful inventions, but they can be -dangerous, too, if people are careless. To give himself and his helpers -warning, he has painted bright stripes and markers around open places -where fingers might get caught in moving parts. - - -EGGS, TOO - -Dan has a flock of fine white Leghorn chickens. He takes care of them by -machinery, for eggs are a crop, too. The hens live in cages with wire -floors, so that they keep very clean. All their droppings go through the -wire to a platform below. With a special scoop, run by his tractor, Dan -cleans the manure from the platform and puts it in a pile to be used as -fertilizer on the fields. - -Every day the chickens have their meals brought to them on a moving -belt. The eggs they lay drop through their nests onto another belt that -carries them away. Finally a machine sorts the eggs according to size, -ready for packing. - -Some farmers raise chickens for the market. Of course, the feathers must -be taken off after the chickens have been killed. There are machines for -this, too. One kind has mechanical fingers that pluck the feathers as -chickens go past on a moving belt. - -[Illustration] - - -MACHINES FOR BIGGER FARMS - -Dan’s neighbor Al has a big dairy farm, with lots of cows to milk every -day, and land enough to grow their feed. Besides his corn picker, Al has -other special machines. One of them cuts corn while it is still green, -chops it up fine and loads it into a truck. The truck has a sort of cage -over it to keep the corn from spilling out. Next, Al turns his tractor -into a stationary engine which runs a blowing machine. A wide belt from -a pulley on the tractor turns the blower, which shoots the chopped-up -corn to the top of a storage tower called a silo. The green stuff -ferments in the silo and turns into wonderful food for the cows. - -Al’s fields are so big that he needs larger plows than the one Dan uses. -He hires an airplane to spread dust that kills plant-eating insects. - -Al plants his hayfields with a seeding machine that he pulls behind the -tractor. Grass seed is so tiny that it can’t be planted deep. Al’s -seeder sprinkles just the right amount of seed on the soil, and then -squeezes a thin covering of earth on top. He says the machine “tucks -each seed to bed.” - -[Illustration] - -After the mowing machine has cut the hay, Al pulls his automatic baler -across the field. The baler scoops the hay up, then presses it into a -box-shaped bundle, slices it off neat and square, and ties it with -strong twine. One by one the bales drop out on the field, ready for a -truck to pick them up. - -Some farmers rake their hay into long heaps called windrows before they -bale it. The machine that does this job has many teeth that whirl round -and push the hay sidewise into the windrows. The whole field has a -rolling look, like ocean waves. - -The hay must be dry before it goes into the barn. If it isn’t, it may -get moldy. And green hay may even be dangerous. It can actually make -heat enough to start a fire. - -[Illustration] - -To be sure his hay keeps well, Al has a blower that circulates air -around the barn and dries the bales completely. - -[Illustration] - -Some farmers use machines that tie the hay into round bales. Others -don’t bale it at all. They use stackers to pile it into tall stacks -where it is kept till the cows are ready to eat it. - -[Illustration] - -The stacker fits onto the tractor. When it was first invented, farmers -thought it was a sort of luxury, because it was used so seldom. Then -they discovered that they could put it to work on other jobs, too. If a -platform of boards is fitted across the forks of the stacker, it turns -into an elevator that a man can stand on. Then he can paint the barn or -pick apples from high branches without having to climb up and down -ladders. - - -MILKING MACHINES - -It would take a lot of work to milk all of Al’s cows. So he uses milking -machines. When a man milks a cow, he squeezes with his fingers. Instead -of fingers, the milking machine has four soft rubber funnels that fit -over the cow’s teats. A pump squeezes the funnels, presses the milk out -and sends it through hoses to the milk can. - -A farmer has only two hands. His milking machine has four funnels with -hoses. So it can work much faster, and he can have several machines -going at once. - -[Illustration] - -You’d never guess it, but a cow is a nervous, fussy animal. She lets -down her milk easily if the same person or the same machine squeezes on -her teats with the same rhythm every day, but any kind of change or -hurry upsets her. Then she’s hard to milk. And so Al’s machine is built -with a very accurate timer which makes the funnels squeeze exactly -forty-eight times a minute. - -A good farmer tries to make life calm and comfortable for his cows. Even -the names for some things in Al’s barn have a comfortable sound. The -place where the cows wait to be milked is called the loafing pen. The -room where they stand for milking is kept perfectly clean, and it’s -called the milking parlor. - -Before the machine is attached, the cows’ udders and teats must be -washed clean. Al has fixed an upside-down shower bath for his cows. He -built a concrete pen with sprays coming up through the floor. The -showers clean the cows and make them feel so calm that he never has any -trouble milking them. - -The fanciest milking parlor of all has a machine in it called a -Rotolactor. It is really a quiet, slow merry-go-round. Cows amble up a -ramp and step into stalls on the gently moving platform. A man attaches -milking machines to them, one after the other. By the time each cow has -been carried halfway around the big circle, her milk has been pumped out -into a glass tank that sits on a rack above her. A man takes off the -rubber cups, a - -[Illustration] - -gate opens in front of the cow, and she steps off onto another ramp that -goes from the center of the merry-go-round, underneath it and out to the -barnyard. Twenty-five cows at a time can be milked on the Rotolactor. - -[Illustration] - -Automatic gadgets empty the milk from the glass tanks, wash them, -sterilize them and get them ready for the next round. All the time men -are busy keeping the stalls clean and tending to the machinery. Most -dairies milk the cows twice a day, but the Rotolactor milks three times. - - -MACHINES FOR EVERY JOB - -The Rotolactor was invented for one particular kind of huge dairy. But -farmers everywhere like to have good machinery to do special jobs. - -For hilly country, there’s a plow that has one of its blades higher than -the other so it can work on a slope. There are chisel plows that dig up -hard soil by clawing at it with strong steel fingers. - -One farmer in Texas decided to make his tractor do the plowing all by -itself, after he had driven it once around the field to give it a start. -He invented a guide - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -wheel that went ahead of the tractor in the furrow he had made. Now the -guide led the tractor around in a spiral that got narrower and narrower -until at last it stopped in the center of the plowed field. Another - -[Illustration] - -Texan, with a bigger field and more machines, had a larger idea. He set -three tractors loose without drivers, one behind the other. Away they -went, round and round. If one traveled too fast and caught up with the -one ahead, they stopped. The only work he had to do was go out and start -them up again! - -There have even been experiments in guiding plows by remote control -radio, the way airplanes can be guided. The farmer just sits under a -tree and pushes buttons in a control box. - - -COTTON MEANS HARD WORK - -[Illustration] - -Cotton is a crop that has always taken an enormous amount of work. Even -after cultivating machines were invented, men had to go through the -fields twice every year and hoe out weeds around the plants by hand. One -farmer rigged up a contraption that made hoeing easier. He hitched an -air compressor to his tractor and ran hoses from the compressor to four -special hoes. Then the escaping air jiggled the hoes in the men’s hands -and saved the work of swinging them up and down. - -[Illustration] - -Nowadays some of the big cotton farmers have an easier way of solving -the problem. They just keep the weeds from growing in the first place. -As the planting machine drops the cotton seeds, it spreads weed killer -along each side of the row. This killer is a particular kind of chemical -that keeps the weeds from sprouting, but it does not hurt the cotton. -The only weeds that grow in the field come up between rows where it’s -easy for a cultivator to scratch them under. - -At cotton picking time, machines now do the work in many places. Cotton -is ready to pick when the little round heads of white fluff called bolls -break open. Not all the bolls on one plant burst at the same time. A man -who picks by hand can tell by looking which ones are ready. Of course -the machine doesn’t have eyes, but its tiny barbed steel fingers catch -up only the opened bolls. The fingers are fixed on a turning drum. They -pluck the cotton from the plant, carry it around to be pulled off and -blown through a big pipe into a large basket behind the driver. - -People have been trying for at least a hundred years to invent a perfect -cotton picker, and they haven’t succeeded yet. The machines still can’t -do as careful a job as skilled men and women can do by hand. - - -SPRAYING MACHINES - -Nobody could possibly do by hand all of the spraying that protects -farmers’ crops. Mechanical sprayers come in many shapes and sizes. The -most usual sort for big fields travels along behind a tractor, shooting -chemicals out from nozzles in a pipe that is twenty or thirty or even -sixty feet wide. - -Some of the special sprayers are queer looking machines. One of them has -six squirmy arms, bent in different directions so that they get the -chemicals underneath leaves and on top as well. The kind that sprays -fruit trees pumps chemicals out of twelve pipes at once. It works so -hard and fast that farmers call it a cyclone. - -[Illustration] - -Then there is a sprayer that can be used for several different kinds of -job. One day the farmer hitches it up to a tank near cattle pens. As the -cattle walk down a narrow path between two fences, he sprays them with a -chemical that kills bothersome insects. Next day, he may want to paint -his fence. So he rigs the machine up differently and shoots paint onto -the boards. - - -HOME WORK - -All of this sounds as if everything that a farmer could need must have -been invented by now. The fact is that there are new inventions coming -along all the time, and farmers themselves make many of them. Every day -in the week some farmer is likely to think up something he needs, then -go to work making it. Here is a sample: - -[Illustration] - -Many farmers specialize in raising a kind of corn called hybrid corn. In -order to make it grow properly, they must pick the tassels off the tops -of some of the corn plants. Each tassel has to be picked by hand, and -it’s a slow job in a big field. So one farmer rigged up a machine that -gives four tassel-pickers a comfortable ride all at the same time, and -it gets the job done much more than four times as fast as before. - -[Illustration] - - -WONDERFUL INVENTIONS - -It would take a whole book just to list the other machines that help -different kinds of farmers. But here are some that are fun to know -about: - -One clever contraption attached to a tractor grabs hold of nut trees and -gives them a hard shaking. The nuts fall on the ground, ready for a kind -of giant vacuum sweeper to come and suck them into a truck. - -Crops that grow underneath the earth need their own sort of harvesting -machine. There are potato diggers and many others. The sugar beet digger -works in a particularly clever way. Machine fingers feel for the beet -tops. They set off a knife which cuts the tops off while other fingers -lift the beet out and put it on an elevator which removes the clods of -dirt as it travels. Once in a while the machine makes a mistake and -delivers a stone, or a chunk of mud at the end of the elevator. Men do -nothing but throw the junk away and let the beets slide into the truck -that travels alongside. - -[Illustration] - -A farmer always has to keep an eye on what his implements are doing, -unless he has a helper who rides along on machines like this big reaper. -When the tractor - -[Illustration] - -pulls a cultivator or a planter, the driver must turn his head often to -see how the work is going. For a long time, farmers complained that this -was a pain in the neck, and they really meant that their necks hurt from -turning so much. Some of them actually went back to using horses, -because they could either walk or sit behind horse-drawn machines. So -the farm machine makers had to change as many of the machines as they -could, placing them beside the tractor or out in front where the driver -can watch what is going on. - -Tractors themselves come in many sizes and shapes. Some are built very -high off the ground so they can pass over tall crops without hurting the -plants. Some have four wheels that can be pushed close together for work -in one field and pulled wide apart for work in another. Some have three -wheels. - -Mostly, farmers buy tractors the way people buy automobiles. They pick a -model they happen to like and then argue that it’s the best in the -world. Of course, a little light “cub” tractor is easier to handle than -a big one, but it can’t do the hard work of a heavy model with huge rear -wheels and tires. And here’s something about the tires--farmers often -fill them with water instead of air to give them more weight when they -grip the ground. In winter, these farmers must put antifreeze not only -in the radiator but in the tires as well! - -[Illustration] - -On enormous farms where very heavy work must be done, there are often -crawler tractors to do it. Instead of tires they have caterpillar treads -that give a better grip on the ground. Then they can pull a whole string -of plows the way you see them in the picture, staggered out behind. - -This kind of tractor was first named caterpillar by only one -manufacturer. But people liked the idea, and they began to call all -crawlers caterpillars. - -A caterpillar is powerful enough to push a snow plow, too. Or it can -bulldoze out a hole for a watering pond or a cellar for a new building. - - -BUILDING MACHINES - -Charlie is the man who can tell you about driving a caterpillar tractor. -He works in a city, helping to put up big buildings, and he knows how to -use other construction machines, too. In fact, Charlie grew up with -machines, for his father and his uncles and his grandfather were -construction workers. It often happens that families pass along their -knowledge of building from the older to the younger men, and they are -very proud of their skills. Charlie uses the caterpillar tractor with a -bulldozer blade to push heaps of earth and rock into a pile, ready for -the shovel to load on a truck. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -People often call the shovel a “steam shovel,” but that’s not its right -name. You hardly ever see a real steam shovel any more. Years ago the -big digging machines were driven by regular steam engines. Before they -could start to work on a job, the men had to build a fire in the boiler -and wait until they had enough steam pressure to make the shovel go. Of -course, this wasted a lot of time. So, when very strong gasoline and -Diesel engines came along, builders began using them for their shovels -instead of steam engines. - -Many shovels and other construction machines ride to work on long -gooseneck trailers. They travel faster that way than they could on their -own crawlers. And, in cities, the caterpillar treads might damage the -pavement. To load and unload a shovel, the operator sets a short ramp of -heavy planks against the trailer. Then the shovel creeps up and down on -its own crawlers. - -The kind of shovel that’s used on a job depends upon the work that must -be done. If a basement has to be dug through hard rocky earth, Charlie -may operate a crowd shovel, which crawls down into the hole. The shovel -has a heavy dipper with teeth along the rim. When it digs, it crowds its -teeth down into the ground. Charlie, sitting inside the cab, called the -house, swings the dipper outward and up, then dumps the load into a -truck. - -[Illustration] - -Another shovel digs in the opposite way. It’s called a pull shovel. The -teeth dig down and toward the driver. It can work from a bank and -doesn’t have to go down inside the hole at all. - -Sometimes Charlie uses a crane to get loose earth out of a hole. The -crane has a long boom with wheels at the tip. Cables run over the -wheels. Charlie fastens a kind of bucket called a clamshell to the -cables. With its mouth open, the clamshell drops down over a heap of -rocks and earth. Then Charlie starts machinery that pulls up on the -cable. The jaws of the clamshell squeeze together and come up with a -load of earth. Now Charlie swings the whole crane around till the -clamshell is hanging above a truck. He pulls a cable that opens the -bucket, and the earth and stone tumble out. - -After the basement for a building has been dug, Charlie uses the crane -for other jobs. Men hook the cables to heavy steel beams, and Charlie -lifts them into position. - -[Illustration] - -No matter what he is doing, he has a lot to watch out for. He must know -which of four brake pedals to use at any moment and which of four hand -levers to pull. One lever works the turntable which swings the whole -house around. One moves the boom up and down. The other two control the -cables. - -[Illustration] - -At the same time, Charlie must watch what’s going on outside. A man -stands on the job giving signals. Thumbs up mean “Take the boom up.” -Thumbs down mean “Lower the boom.” When the signal man points up with -his first finger, it means “Raise the cable.” If he wiggles the finger, -it means “faster.” When Charlie is lifting a beam and has to hold it for -a while in the air, he says he “takes a strain and dogs it off.” Dogging -is his word for setting the brake on the cable. - -Things are always likely to fall around a construction job, so the men -who work on the ground have steel caps in their shoes to protect their -toes. They wear steel helmets on their heads, too! - -As the building goes up, Charlie’s crane lifts loads higher and higher. -After a while he has to put a jib on the boom. This is an extension that -makes it longer. When the building goes too high for his crane to reach, -Charlie works another crane. It sits on top of the building’s framework -and reaches down from there. - -[Illustration] - -After Charlie lifts a big steel girder into position, other men bolt it -in place then fasten it tight with rivets. A man called a heater gets -the rivets red-hot in a fire. Using tongs, he tosses them one at a time -to the catcher who reaches for them--not with a mitt but with a kind of -cup. The catcher pokes a rivet in a hole, and two other men fasten it -tight. One of them, the bucker, holds the rivet in position with a bar, -and the rivet man pounds the other end flat with a rivet gun. (The gun -works like a jack hammer, and it makes an awful racket.) - -When you’re down in the street, it’s hard to realize that there may be a -heavy wind blowing across the bare girders of a tall new building. High -in the air, men have to keep their balance on narrow places and walk -with sure feet. There are families who specialize in work far above the -solid ground. Boys learn from their fathers how to walk safely without -being afraid--although almost everyone is frightened at first. And, of -course, everyone is careful. In New York a group of Mohawk Indians have -worked on many high buildings where men like Charlie did the beginning -work. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Once in a while Charlie helps to wreck an old building before putting up -a new one. First, a crew of men go in and take away everything that can -be used again or sold for junk. With specially made crowbars, they pry -away floors and door frames. They take out furnaces and plumbing -fixtures. Then Charlie gets to work with his crane. At the end of a -cable he fastens a heavy steel ball, called a skull cracker. Then, - -[Illustration] - -swinging the boom, he bashes the skull cracker into the wall of the old -building. Over and over, the ball strikes the mortar and bricks. Cracks -spread, and big chunks of the wall start tumbling to the ground. In a -little while Charlie and his machine have made a heap of rubble out of a -house that it took dozens of men to put up. - - -BUILDING A ROAD - -[Illustration] - -Once Charlie worked on a road-building job. There he used a crane and a -shovel and many other machines besides. This particular road had to -cross a big swamp near the ocean. So the first problem was to fill up -the swamp with something solid. In order to get enough earth and rock -for the fill, men would have had to tear down a whole mountain. Instead -they called in suction dredge machinery for the job. The huge pumps -sucked sand from the bottom of the sea and poured it through pipes onto -the swampy ground. When the water drained away, millions of tons of fine -white sand were left. - -[Illustration] - -Charlie helped level the sand off with a bulldozer. Then he moved on to -a place where a hilly spot had to be leveled. There he drove a carrying -scraper, a machine with a scoop between its front wheels and its rear -wheels. The sharp scoop scraped up a load of earth, and Charlie drove -off to dump it in a low spot. When he got there, a pusher blade at the -back of the scoop pushed the earth out. Round and round he went, -without having to stop for loading or unloading. - -Other men used a different machine like the one in the picture. This -earth mover carried more in one load than the motor scraper, and it was -better for hauling earth longer distances. For very short hauls, Charlie -drove a fast little tractor. At least it looked small compared to the -giant machines. It pushed a scoop in front of it like a shovel, then -lifted a load, turned swiftly and dumped the earth where it was needed a -few yards away. - -Charlie’s road was going to be a special highway for speedy traffic. In -order to make it as safe as possible, the crossroads had to be lifted up -over the new highway. Crews of men built these overpasses. First they -used the huge earth-moving machines to make little hills on each side of -the highway. Then they built bridges of concrete and steel between the -hills. - -At one place, there were two houses on the exact spot where the hill for -an overpass had to be made. Instead of tearing the houses down, moving -men just carried them away with the furniture still inside. First they -raised the houses off the ground with jacks. Next a tractor backed a -wide, low trailer up close to each house. Using special machinery and -rollers, the men - -[Illustration] - -eased the whole building onto the trailers. That same night, the houses -were set down on new foundations, and the people went right on living in -them. - -At one place, a big ledge of rock was in the way of the new road. Men -called powder monkeys blasted the ledge to smithereens with explosive. -Then Charlie came in with his caterpillar tractor and a rock rake. -Unlike a garden rake, which you pull, Charlie’s rock rake scratched up -rocks and pushed them ahead of it. He shoved all the loose chunks of -stone away, but several big ones were too far underground for the rake -to pry them loose. So Charlie put a ripper on behind his tractor. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -The ripper had strong prongs that could dig down deep and get a good -hold on a boulder. The frame that held the prongs was hollow. For very -heavy work, Charlie filled the hollow frame with sand to give it a lot -of weight so the prongs wouldn’t slip. To pry out the very largest -boulders, Charlie sometimes got another driver to hitch his caterpillar -onto the ripper. Then the two tractors, chugging together, did the job. - -After the bulldozers and scrapers and rakes had built a rough bed for -the highway, Charlie helped to smooth it down and get it all ready for -finishing. He used a long six-wheel motor grader for the job. - -The motor grader had its Diesel engine in the rear, above the four -wheels that did the pushing. The guiding wheels were way off at the -front, and in between was the scraping blade, placed where Charlie could -watch it. - -Charlie could set the blade at almost any angle, just as a barber can -tilt a long-bladed razor. And Charlie was proud of the way he had left -the road almost as smooth as a barber leaves a man’s face. - -[Illustration] - -Charlie could play tricks with the motor grader’s front wheels, too. -Besides steering them in the ordinary way, he often made them lean over -toward the right or the left. To look at them, you’d think they were -broken, but they were only tilting to do a special job. They were -actually in a tug-of-war with the blade and the earth it was pushing. -The weight of the earth against the blade pulled the grader toward one -side. But the leaning of the wheels pulled in the opposite direction. So -the two pulls balanced each other. Charlie could guide the grader in a -straight line without having a wrestling match with his steering wheel. - -[Illustration] - -Charlie leaned his wheels when the grader went around a bend in the -road, too. They helped the long machine to turn easily. If he had to -back into a ditch, - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -he didn’t worry. The great wheels adjusted themselves to the sloping -earth. All six wheels stayed on the ground, and the machine never got -hung up the way a four-wheeled automobile would. - -[Illustration] - -When the earth had been smoothed down, it was time to put the hard -surface on. Trucks brought in crushed rock to make a solid bed. Concrete -mixers covered the rock with concrete. And asphalt spreaders put a coat -of asphalt on top. - -Wherever the asphalt wasn’t spread evenly, men with rakes finished the -job by hand. Then came the tandem roller to pack it down and make the -surface smooth. - -A Diesel engine moved the roller’s great weight quickly back and forth -over the asphalt. In no time the road was as smooth as a table top. If -the driver wanted to, he could turn his seat sideways. Then he could -easily see whether he was guiding the roller straight forward and -straight back. - -[Illustration] - -Many people call road rollers “steam rollers.” That’s because the first -ones really were driven by steam engines. Men have a lot less fuss and -bother with a modern Diesel-engined tandem. There’s no need to start the -fire or shovel coal to keep steam up. You can still see some steam -rollers at work, though, because they are strong machines that last a -long time. But when one wears out, it is replaced with a modern roller. - -After the roller finished smoothing all the asphalt down, Charlie’s road -was ready for traffic, but the job still wasn’t quite done. All along -the highway the machines had left bare banks of earth. These had to be -protected from the weather--just the way a house is protected with a -coat of paint. The best coat for the earth is grass of one kind or -another. So Charlie turned gardener. In some places he used the motor -grader again to prepare the soil so that seed could be planted. With the -blade of his grader hung away out at the side and pointed up in the air, -he smoothed off the steep banks. Running along the edge of the road, he -filled in the soft shoulders. - -[Illustration] - -Then a seed-planter sowed the grass. And finally Charlie used the -strangest machine of all. It chugged and puffed and spit out great -mouthfuls of hay, which fell over the newly-planted grass! The hay -protected the grass seed and kept it moist until its roots were growing -strongly in the soil. - - -MORE ROAD WORK - -The road was finished now, but some of the machines still had work ahead -of them. In fact, road work is never ended. - -All summer long, tractors pull mowing machines beside the highways, -cutting the grass. Brush and small trees must be kept cleared away so -that drivers can see ahead. In winter, the motor graders and the snow -plows can keep the road clear. But in places where heavy snow piles up -into drifts, caterpillar tractors often push special snow plows that eat -through the drifts with powerful whirling blades. With one motion these -plows dig out the snow and throw it off to one side of the road. - -[Illustration] - -The caterpillar treads work better in snow than wheels with tires. So -the “cats” are used all winter long in the Far North. There they even -pull whole trailer trains on runners. The one in the picture is hauling -Muskeg schooners, which are really trailer houses on sleds. Muskeg is an -Indian word for swamp. The cats pull the schooners over frozen, -snow-covered swamps. - -You may wonder why anyone wants to use a trailer home in the roadless -wastes of the Far North. The fact is that men work there the year round, -prospecting for oil. When they think they have located oil there or -anywhere else, well-drilling machinery goes to work. - - -DRILLING MACHINES - -Everybody knows that oil wells and derricks go together. The tall -derrick towers are needed to hoist drilling equipment in and out of the -hole. - -[Illustration] - -When men start to drill a well, they fasten a cutting tool, called a -bit, to a piece of pipe which hangs upright in the derrick. Machinery -turns the whole thing round and round, so that the bit grinds down into -the earth. When one length of pipe, called a joint, has almost -disappeared into the hole, men screw another joint onto the top of it. -Now the engine turns the double-length pipe, and the bit digs down -deeper. - -Men, working on the floor and high up in the derrick, hoist more and -more joints into position and screw them together as the bit goes on -down. After a while, the bit gets dull. A new one must be put on. So, -strong cables that run over wheels at the top of the derrick begin -lifting the whole string of pipe out. Joint by joint, they unscrew the -pipe and stack it out of the way. When the last joint comes up, men -change the bit. Then back the pipe goes, joint after joint, into the -hole. - -Wells must often be drilled more than two miles deep before the bit -breaks through into an underground reservoir of oil. That means that the -string of drilling pipe must be two miles long. The machines that help -to handle it are very strong, but on many rigs, men have to use their -own muscles a great deal, too. - -For deep drilling, the most modern rigs have a lot of fine new -machinery. Automatic tongs take a tight grip on the drilling pipe when -it is being unscrewed. Men used to work the tongs by hand. Mechanical -hands - -[Illustration] - -now keep the bottom joints from dropping back into the hole, and arms -high up in the derrick do the job of stacking the pipe. - -The skillful men who work with the pipes and the machinery call -themselves roughnecks. The driller is the one who actually controls the -drilling pipe. He never says he is digging a well. He says he is “making -hole.” - -[Illustration] - -Almost all deep wells are now drilled by the turning pipe and bit, which -are called a rotary rig. But sometimes you can see an old-fashioned -cable rig at work. It makes hole with a bit that pounds its way down -into earth and rock. A cable raises the bit, and then lets it fall down -with a bang that chips away a hole. On both kinds of rig, the hole is -cleaned out with water. The water turns the rock dust into mud, which is -then pumped out. - -The cable rig idea is about two thousand years old! That long ago -Chinese drillers made water wells, salt wells and even oil wells. The -picture shows what one of these ancient rigs was like. - -Look first of all at the long board attached to the rope that goes up -over a roller and down into the well. Then look at the platform behind -the board. Men jumped from this platform down onto the board. That -jerked on the rope and pulled the drilling bit up in the well hole. When -a man jumped off the board, the bit fell down and chipped away some -rock. Round and round a whole crew of men raced, jumping onto the board -and climbing back onto the platform as fast as they could. Still it took -a long time to drill a well--sometimes as long as ten years. - -[Illustration] - -Now look at the big wheel turned by a bull at the right. This wheel -lifted the pipe made of hollow bamboo that you see at the left. The -pipe was actually a bailer. Every once in a while the men poured water -into the hole, let the bailer down and hauled up mud. Then the bit could -go on drilling. Oil workers today still call the wheel which winds up -cable “the bull wheel.” - - -PIPELINE MACHINES - -When a well brings in oil, a new group of men and machines go to work. -They lay a pipeline, through which the oil can be pumped to factories -called refineries. Some pipelines are hundreds of miles long. - -After surveyors have decided just where the line should go, bulldozers -clear away brush, push over trees, heave big boulders to one side, -making a wide pathway across country. In many places, the pathway is -good enough for trucks to follow. They bring in lengths of pipe and lay -them down end to end. Where the going is rough, a caterpillar tractor -carries the pipe, one length at a time, hanging from a side-boom. - -Now welding crews go to work fastening the ends of the pipe-lengths -together. When they have finished, the “hot-dope gang” comes along. They -are men who cover the pipe with a wrapping and then with a hot asphalt -mixture to protect the metal. - -Meantime, a wonderful machine called a trencher has been at work. This -is a cat attached to a rig which - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -looks very much like an old-fashioned water wheel. Each bucket on the -wheel has steel teeth. The cat turns the wheel and pulls it forward. The -buckets scoop up earth, and spill it out onto a belt that dumps it in a -heap at one side. The trencher plugs ahead, uphill and down, digging a -ditch just the right width and depth. - -Following behind the trencher, cats with booms hoist up the snaky -pipeline and ease it over into the trench. Finally, bulldozers backfill -the trench. That is, they cover the pipe with the dirt that the trencher -left alongside. On one job, the men had to work at top speed in the -desert and in rocky, mountainous country. They were all so glad they’d -finally succeeded in getting the pipeline built that they put on a -celebration. Whooping and hollering, they tossed their sweat-stained -hats into the trench in front of the bulldozer as it backfilled the last -few feet of earth. - -[Illustration] - -Even after that there was one more tool that had work to do before oil -could be pumped through their pipeline. It is a peculiar gadget that -looks like a bunch of cowboy spurs hooked up with pieces of tin can and -some old plates. The weird contraption is called the go-devil, and it -has the job of traveling, perhaps hundreds of miles, inside the pipe, -pushing out anything that could clog the line. Water pumped into the -line behind the go-devil forces it through the pipe. - -In one line, the go-devil brought out chunks of wood, pieces of -rock--and several rabbits, skunks and rattlesnakes that had decided the -pipe would make good headquarters! Now the powerful pumps could go to -work shoving oil through the line. - - -MINING MACHINERY - -Oil pumps today are much better and stronger than the first pumps ever -built, but they are direct descendants of the ones that were invented -for use in English coal mines long ago. In fact, those early pumps were -the great-granddaddies of all modern machines. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -Coal miners in England had dug so far beneath the surface of the earth -that the shafts and tunnels were in danger of filling up with water. -Neither manpower nor the power of horses hitched to pumps could do the -tremendous job of keeping the mines dry. Something much stronger was -needed. In order to find a new kind of power, inventors began -experimenting with steam. The first workable steam engines were made to -pump out coal mines more than two hundred years ago. - -After a while steam engines began to pull trains over rails and drive -ships through the water. They ran threshing machines on farms. Then -inventors used their new knowledge about power to make other kinds of -engines driven by gasoline or electricity or oil. - -[Illustration] - -At last some of this new machinery began to work its way back into the -mines. Power driven elevators carried the men up and down shafts to -their work. But the miners still did all the coal digging and loading -by hand. - -Today many miners use power-driven drills for digging. Mechanical -loaders pick up the loose coal and put it into small cars on the tracks -in the tunnel. A little electric locomotive pulls the cars away to the -elevator which hoists them up above ground. - -The most remarkable digger of all is the one you’ll see on the next -page. It rolls along a track deep underground until it comes to the -place where its operator wants to cut coal. He pushes a control, and the -machine’s long neck reaches up. The cutting head, at the end of the -neck, starts biting into the coal. The head does its work much faster -and easier than men with hand tools ever could. - -[Illustration] - -Outside the mine, machines sort the coal according to size and load it -into railroad cars. - -[Illustration] - -Unloading machinery empties the cars in many places, too. There’s one -coal yard where a woman, pushing buttons, controls machines that do -everything--unload cars, store the coal according to its size in tall -bins, and load the trucks that will deliver it to customers. This is how -the yard works: - -Each railroad car empties its coal in a stream onto a moving belt. The -belt carries the coal to a machine called a giraffe, which works like an -escalator. The giraffe lifts the coal into a tall hopper. - -[Illustration] - -The woman who runs the coal yard sits in an office with a big window, -where she can look out and see everything that’s going on. When a truck -has backed up to a hopper, ready to load, she pushes a button. Coal -drops down out of the hopper onto another giraffe which lifts it into -the body of the truck. As soon as the truck is filled, push goes a -button and the loading stops. - - -LOADERS, LIFTERS AND SUCH - -Moving belt machines work at other jobs, too. They load sand into trucks -and cargo into ships. - -On some piers, huge vacuum cleaners empty ships full of sugar or wheat. -At ports on the Great Lakes, machines reach down into ore-carrying ships -and unload them with great speed. At the end of each of these unloaders -hangs a clamshell bucket. Just above the bucket is a little room where a -man sits and watches what goes on. He signals to the operator, telling -him just where to drop the bucket so it can pick up a mouthful of ore. -The ship can be unloaded by two men who do nothing but signal to each -other and push levers. But usually there are several machines working at -the same time so that the job goes as quickly as possible. - -When iron ore has been turned into steel bars or wheels or gears, -another kind of lifter can handle them. This one does its work with a -huge electro-magnet that holds heavy weights when electricity is running -through it. The operator drops the magnet onto the load of iron or steel -that he wants to lift. Then he turns on the electricity which makes the -magnet and the piece of metal stick together. The operator moves the -load wherever it is supposed to go. Then he turns off the electricity. -The magnet lets loose and is ready for another job. - - -MACHINES FOR LUMBER, TOO - -Machines dug and loaded and delivered the coal that keeps your house -warm. Machines helped cut the lumber that went into building your house, -too. - -Far out in the woods, power-driven saws sliced quickly through the -trunks of great trees. Caterpillar tractors hauled the logs out along -rough forest trails. - -Perhaps the cats, using booms, lifted the logs onto extra-long trailers -behind trucks and started them on the way to the sawmill. Or the cats -may have snaked the logs to a river so they could float downstream to a -sawmill. - -[Illustration] - -No matter how the logs reached the sawmill, they were put at last onto -belts which pushed them against huge whirling saws. A whole set of saws, -all whining and screaming at once, turned the thick log into boards. -Other machines planed the boards to make them smooth and then cut them -to exactly the right sizes. Finally lift-trucks picked up great piles of -board at once, whizzed them away and hoisted them elevator-fashion into -high stacks. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - - -BRAIN POWER - -[Illustration] - -The operators of most machines sit where they can see what they are -doing, or where they can get signals from helpers. But there is one that -does things in a new way. Its operator just watches television in his -cab. He never sees the parts of his machine at work. Instead, he looks -at the television screen. A television camera on the roof of the -building photographs what is going on below. This is what the eye of the -camera sees: One machine that gathers up pieces of scrap metal and dumps -them into a squeezer; the squeezer that presses the scraps into neat -bundles; a conveyor that loads the bundles into a railroad car. - -The operator watches the moving picture. Then he pushes levers that -control the loaders and other levers that send a car on its way when it -is full. The only thing he can’t do is switch on a regular TV program -and watch a show while he works! - -[Illustration] - -The time may come when people who operate other kinds of machines will -find television helpful in many ways. Meantime, scientists who know how -television works also know how to make the most wonderful machines of -all. Instead of saving muscle-power, these machines save brain-power. -They solve very complicated mathematical problems at lightning speed. -In fact, they are called “thinking machines.” They add, subtract, -multiply, divide and do figuring that many college professors can’t even -do. - -Partly for fun, and partly to discover new things, the thinking-machine -experts have also invented mechanical animals. They’ve made turtles that -can walk all around a room without bumping into anything. They’ve made a -little wire-whiskered mechanical mouse that can actually sniff about -until it finds something it is supposed to find--just the way a real -mouse sniffs out a piece of cheese. The machine-mouse even “remembers” -where it went, and it runs straight to its cheese the next time. - -The machines you’ve read about in this book are mostly outdoor machines, -operated by one man or a small crew of men. These are only a few of the -marvellous inventions that you can find at work every day. Of course, -there are hundreds and thousands of others in factories, making cloth, -shaping automobile parts, printing books, doing the important work the -world needs done. But, no matter how marvellous and complicated they -are, they will never be as wonderful as the men who have invented them -and built them and used them. When we talk about machines, we’re really -talking about people. - - -FUNNY NAMES - -Some machines resemble animals in the way they look or the things they -do, and so they have animal names. Besides the caterpillar with its -crawler treads and the crane with its long neck, here are some others: - -[Illustration] - -ALLIGATOR GRAB--a tool used to pick up things that get dropped into oil -well holes. - -CAMEL-BACK CRANE--this one has a hump in its boom. - -FISHTAIL BIT--a drilling tool which is shaped like a fish’s tail. - -KANGAROO PLOW--a plow equipped with strong springs so it can hop over -rocks or tree stumps, instead of getting caught on them. - -SHEEP’S FOOT TAMPER--a heavy road roller with spikes that pack earth -down, the way a flock of sheep does. - -WORM LOADER--a long screw that twists round and round to push its load -along. - - - - -INDEX - -airplane duster, 26 - -asphalt spreader, 65 - - -bailer, 34 - -baler, automatic, 26-27 - -beet digger, 42 - -bit, 69 - -blower, 28 - -boom, 9, 49, 51, 55, 74, 85 - -“box seat,” 22 - -bucker, 53 - -bulldozer, 45, 55, 57, 61, 67, 74, 77 - -bull wheel, 73, 74 - - -cable rig, 72 - -catcher, 53 - -caterpillar, 45, 46, 60, 67, 68, 74, 77, 85 - -cats, 68 - -cement mixer, 65 - -chicken picker, 24-25 - -Chinese drillers, 73-74 - -chisel plow, 32 - -clamshell, 49, 84 - -coal digger, 81 - -coal loaders, 81 - -coal mining, 9, 78-83 - -corn cutter, 25 - -corn picking machine, 21 - -corn planter, 19 - -cotton picker, 37-38 - -cotton planter, 37 - -crane, 10, 49-52, 54, 85 - -crawler tractor, 45 - -crawlers, 10, 48, 49 - -crowd shovel, 49 - -“cub” tractor, 44 - -cultivator, 21 - -cutter heads, 15 - -cutting head, 81 - -cyclone, 39 - - -derrick, 69 - -Diesel engine, 47 - -dipper, 49 - -“dogging,” 52 - -dredges, 14-15 - -driller, 72 - -driverless plow, 32-35 - - -earth mover, 58 - -egg machinery, 24 - -egg sorter, 24 - -electro-magnet, 84 - -escalators, 83-84 - - -farm machines, 18-45 - - -giraffe, 83 - -go-devil, 77-78 - -gooseneck trailer, 48 - -grader, 61-64 - -grass planter, 26 - - -harrow, 18 - -hay baler, 26-27 - -hay blower, 67 - -hay rake, 27 - -hay stacker, 28-29 - -heater, 53 - -hoe, compressed air, 36, 37 - -“hot-dope gang,” 74 - -house, 49 - -house moving, 58 - - -jackhammers, 12 - -jib, 52 - -joint, 70 - - -lumbering machinery, 85-86 - - -magnet crane, 84 - -“making hole,” 72 - -manure scoop, 24 - -mechanical mouse, 89 - -milking machine, 29-32 - -mining, machinery 78-83 - -motor grader, 61-64, 67 - -motor scraper, 57 - -mowing machine, 26 - -Muskeg schooner, 69 - - -nut harvester, 41 - - -oil wells, 69-74 - -ore unloaders, 84 - -overhead crane, 10 - - -“package job,” 22 - -piggy-back crane, 10 - -pile driver, 13 - -pipelines, 74-78 - -plow, 17, 18, 32, 33, 34, 35 - -post-hole digger, 16 - -potato digger, 42 - -powder monkey, 60 - -power shovel, 47-48 - -pull-shovel, 49 - -pumps, 78-80 - - -reaper, 22, 42 -rig, 70 - -ripper, 61 - -rivet gun, 53 - -rivet man, 53 - -road building machines, 55-68 - -rock crusher, 12 - -rock rake, 60 - -rotary rig, 72 - -rotolactor, 30-32 - -roughnecks, 72 - - -scraper, 61 - -seed planter, 67 - -shovel, 9, 47-48, 49 - -signals, 52, 84, 88 - -silage blower, 26 - -skull cracker, 54 - -snow plow, 45, 67 - -spraying machines, 38-39 - -spud, 15 - -squeezer, 89 - -steam engines, 80 - -steam roller, 66 - -steam shovel, 47-48 - -suction dredge, 57 - - -tandem roller, 65 - -tassel picker, 40-41 - -television, 88, 89 - -“thinking machines,” 89 - -tomato planter, 22 - -tongs, 70 - -tractor, 17, 18, 44, 45, 58, 61 - -trailer houses, 69 - -tree-dozer, 17 - -tree-shaker, 41 - -trencher, 74-77 - -turntable, 51 - -turtle, 89 - -two-gang plow, 18 - - -vacuum unloaders, 84 - - -welding crew, 74 - -well drilling, 69-74 - -wheat planting machine, 22 - -windrower, 27 - -wrecker, 54 - -[Illustration] - - The author and the artist wish to thank the following for their - help in making this book possible: Miss Elsie Eaves, Manager, - Business News Department, _Engineering News-Record_; Margaret - Gossett; Mr. Harold Spitzer; _The Lamp_, published by the Standard - Oil Company (New Jersey); the Caterpillar Corp.; the General Motors - Corp., the New Jersey Bell Telephone Co.; the Florida Land Clearing - Equipment Co.; the Walker-Gordon Laboratory Co.; the many - manufacturers of digging, road-building and other specialized - machines; a bumper crop of tractor and farm implement makers; and - farmer friends who proudly showed their equipment in action. - - * * * * * - -$1.50 - - MACHINES AT WORK - - _By_ Mary Elting - - _Illustrated by_ Laszlo Roth - -There are machines to dig, to hammer, to push--to do every kind of heavy -job and to make work thousands of times easier and faster. - -On farms, in the mines, in cities where huge buildings are built and out -in the woods where powerdriven saws slice through great trees, many -kinds of special machines do many kinds of remarkable jobs. - -Can you imagine a giant shovel so huge that it took 45 freight cars to -haul it from factory to mine? Do you know that there is a machine that -plucks the feathers off chickens, ones that pick corn, dig potatoes? -Inventors of machines work on everything--they even had fun making a -mechanical mouse that can sniff about until it finds a piece of “cheese” -and then “remember” and run straight to it next time! - -As marvelous and complicated as all these machines are, the author -points out that no inventions will ever be as wonderful as the men who -invented them--and the men who make them work. - -You will find this book an exciting companion to TRAINS AT WORK, SHIPS -AT WORK, TRUCKS AT WORK. - - Garden City Books - - Garden City, New York - - * * * * * - - TRUCKS AT WORK - - _By_ Mary Elting - - _Illustrated by_ Ursula Koering - -This is a book about the sort of trucks that you see every day, as well -as the most wonderful out-of-the-way trucks that you may not yet have -discovered. It tells of city trucks, with their endless and fascinating -cargoes, trucks that help on the farm, and trucks that rumble along the -country roads hauling anything from horse-stables to houses. - -The author also tells you how the drivers arrange their routes, and how -they learned to foil hijackers--and the pictures will tell you just as -much as the text. You can see how a truck is loaded so that nothing gets -smashed or spoilt; and how a truck Roadeo tests the skill of the men who -drive the huge trailer rigs. There is lots of fun here besides useful -information. - - Garden City Books - - Garden City, New York - - * * * * * - - FOUR INFORMATIVE BOOKS - - [Illustration: TRUCKS AT WORK] - -Every kind of truck.... loads they haul, the way the drivers.... arrange - their routes, how to foil.... hijackers and how a truck Roadeo.... is - run are vividly presented in story and colorful pictures. - - _ILLUSTRATED BY URSULA KOERING_ - - [Illustration: SHIPS AT WORK] - -Freighters and tankers, tugs and giant ocean liners are shown in action. - Vivid text and colorful pictures take you right through the world of - ships and show you the life of the men who sail them. - - _ILLUSTRATED BY MANNING DE V. LEE_ - - [Illustration: TRAINS AT WORK] - - Many different kinds of locomotives, trains and special cars are all -shown in action. You can see the different jobs engineers, brakemen and - signalmen do. Colorful pictures show railroading realistically and in - full detail. - - _ILLUSTRATED BY DAVID LYLE MILLARD_ - - - MACHINES AT WORK - -Machines that dig, hammer, push--in non-technical language, the author - explains the fascinating things they do, how they work and something - about the men who run them. Full-color pictures show each machine in - action. - - _ILLUSTRATED BY LASZLO ROTH_ - - ALL - BY - MARY - ELTING - - - GARDEN CITY BOOKS--GARDEN CITY--NEW YORK - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Machines at Work, by Mary Elting Folsom - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MACHINES AT WORK *** - -***** This file should be named 55482-0.txt or 55482-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/4/8/55482/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Chuck Greif -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: Machines at Work - -Author: Mary Elting Folsom - -Release Date: September 3, 2017 [EBook #55482] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MACHINES AT WORK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Chuck Greif -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="" -style="border: 2px black solid;margin:auto auto;max-width:50%; -padding:1%;"> -<tr><td class="c"> -<span class="nonvis">In certain versions of this etext [in certain browsers] -clicking on the image -will bring up a larger version.</span> - -<p class="c"> -<a href="#INDEX">Index</a>: -<a href="#a">a</a>, -<a href="#b">b</a>, -<a href="#c">c</a>, -<a href="#d">d</a>, -<a href="#e">e</a>, -<a href="#f">f</a>, -<a href="#g">g</a>, -<a href="#h">h</a>, -<a href="#j">j</a>, -<a href="#l">l</a>, -<a href="#m">m</a>, -<a href="#n">n</a>, -<a href="#o">o</a>, -<a href="#p">p</a>, -<a href="#r">r</a>, -<a href="#s">s</a>, -<a href="#t">t</a>, -<a href="#v-i">v</a>, -<a href="#w">w</a>.<br /> -(etext transcriber's note)</p></td></tr> -</table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_002" id="page_002"></a>{2}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/cover_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="380" height="500" alt="Image unavailable: MACHINES -AT WORK - -MARY ELTING -ILLUSTRATED BY -LASZLO ROTH" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_003" id="page_003"></a>{3}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_002_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_002_sml.jpg" width="500" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_004" id="page_004"></a>{4}</span></p> - -<div class="blk"><div class="blkk"> -Copyright 1953 by Duenewald Printing Corporation.<br /> -Lithographed in the United States of America.<br /> -</div></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_005" id="page_005"></a>{5}</span></p> - -<p class="cb">MACHINES AT WORK</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_003_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_003_sml.jpg" width="240" height="260" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_006" id="page_006"></a>{6}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_004_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_004_sml.jpg" width="456" height="626" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_007" id="page_007"></a>{7}</span></p> - -<p class="cb"><big><big> -<img src="images/machines.jpg" -width="400" -alt="Image unavailable: MACHINES - -AT WORK - -By Mary Elting" -/></big></big><br /><br /> -<img src="images/colophon.jpg" -width="90" -alt="Image unavailable: colophon" -/> -<br /><br /> -ILLUSTRATED BY<br /> -<big>LASZLO ROTH</big><br /> -<br /> -GARDEN CITY BOOKS <span style="margin-left: 2em;">GARDEN CITY, N. Y.</span><br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_008" id="page_008"></a>{8}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_005_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_005_sml.jpg" width="500" height="333" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_009" id="page_009"></a>{9}</span></p> - -<h2>MAN-MADE GIANTS</h2> - -<p>You could do everything that the machines in this book do. For some of -the jobs, of course, you’d have to get friends to help you. But people -have always been able to work and build wonderful things, using just -their muscles. And they can do a very great deal more when they use -their brains, too. They can invent machines to make work thousands of -times easier and faster.</p> - -<p>The big machine in the picture is a shovel that’s used for digging an -enormous hole. In one bite, its scoop can tear out a chunk of earth more -than twice as tall as a man. Its long arm, called the boom, lifts the -load as high as the top of a seven story building, then swings around -and drops it almost a city block away.</p> - -<p>There are only a few shovels like this in the world. They were -especially made to work where beds of coal lie close to the surface of -the earth, covered by a layer of soil. The shovels clear away the soil -so that other machines can dig out the coal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_010" id="page_010"></a>{10}</span></p> - -<p>When a giant shovel has cleared off one spot, its crawlers begin to -turn, and it creeps slowly ahead. But it can’t travel on roads. It’s far -too big and heavy and tall—so big, in fact, that it came to the mine in -separate pieces. Forty-five freight cars were needed to haul all the -parts for just one machine from the factory to the mine. Then experts -put the parts together right where the shovel was to start digging.</p> - -<p>And dig it does. In one minute its scoop can bite out as much dirt as -3,600 men could dig just using their muscles to lift ordinary hand -shovels!</p> - -<p>The giant shovel is one of the biggest machines ever made, but there’s -another that can lift even bulkier things. It is an overhead crane that -works in a shipyard.</p> - -<p>Often the crane hoists big boilers out of ships so that repair men can -work on them. It is so huge that it carries another crane on its back. -The piggy-back crane—that’s its real name—reaches down and lifts -things off the deck of the ship, too.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 156px;"> -<a href="images/ill_007_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_007_sml.jpg" width="156" height="162" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> -<p>Hammering is another kind of muscle work that<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_011" id="page_011"></a>{11}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_008_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_008_sml.jpg" width="460" height="614" alt="Image unavailable: strongman" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_009_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_009_sml.jpg" width="468" height="298" alt="Image unavailable: rock crusher" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_012" id="page_012"></a>{12}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">machines can do quickly and easily. Suppose the water pipes under your -street need mending. Repair men have to tear up the pavement in order to -reach the pipes. So they bring in jack hammers to do the pounding. -Strong blasts of air run the hammers, and, in no time, the pavement is -broken up.</p> - -<p>Crushed rock was used for making the paved street in the first place. It -came from a big machine called a rock crusher, which breaks up chunks of -stone into small pieces. Strong jaws inside the crusher chew at the -stone until they have made it into bits that are just the right size.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_013" id="page_013"></a>{13}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_010_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_010_sml.jpg" width="468" height="578" alt="Image unavailable: pile driver" /></a> -</div> - -<p>An even bigger pounding machine is the pile driver. It can hammer a -great thick log down into the ground almost as easily as a man can -hammer a nail through a board. One kind of pile driver does its pounding -job with a steam piston. Another kind lifts a heavy weight and lets it -bang down on top of the log, called a pile. The one in the picture<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_014" id="page_014"></a>{14}</span> -works in a harbor. It drives piles deep into the earth that lies under -water. A whole group of piles make the foundation for a pier in the -harbor, for ships to tie up alongside.</p> - -<p>Harbors and rivers must be kept safe for ships. If mud and sand pile up -in a thick layer on the bottom, ships may get stuck. So dredges go to -work clearing the mud and sand away. Often a clean-up job takes a long -time. The men who run the machinery live on board the dredge, just as -sailors live on a ship.</p> - -<p>Some dredges have scoops that dig under water. Others, like the one in -the picture, use giant suction pumps. The mud or sand they suck up is -called spoil.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_015" id="page_015"></a>{15}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_011_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_011_sml.jpg" width="500" height="162" alt="Image unavailable: dredge" /></a> -</div> - -<p>If there’s hard-caked mud on the bottom, cutter heads break it up. Then -it’s ready to be pumped out through huge steel pipes that stretch away -from the dredge like a great snake and pour the spoil out on land.</p> - -<p>Of course, a dredge must stay in one place while it is working. So it -carries along two huge spikes called spuds. These move straight up and -down at the stern of the dredge. When they ram into the earth -underwater, they keep the dredge from drifting.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 194px;"> -<a href="images/ill_013_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_013_sml.jpg" width="194" height="622" alt="Image unavailable: borer" /></a> -</div> - -<p>A spud is so heavy that it pokes its own hole in the muddy bottom of a -river or harbor. But making holes on dry land is a different problem. -For instance, you can’t just poke a telephone pole into the hard -ground,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_016" id="page_016"></a>{16}</span> or pound it in easily with a pile driver, either. So, in many -places, a machine bores holes for telephone poles, just the way a -carpenter bores a hole with a brace and bit. Then the machine’s long -arms reach out, lift a pole into the air and plug it down neatly into -place.</p> - -<p>Long ago our ancestors discovered how to use simple tools—such as -hammers, shovels, crowbars and rollers. These things seem very ordinary -to us, but they were really wonderful discoveries. The clever men who -invented them were providing ideas, one by one, which scientists and -engineers used much later. Our great machines are combinations of many, -many things that men discovered from using simple tools.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_017" id="page_017"></a>{17}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_012_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_012_sml.jpg" width="458" height="254" alt="Image unavailable: tree-dozer" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>POWERFUL PUSHERS</h2> - -<p>The giant shovel digs; the overhead crane lifts; the pile driver pounds. -All machines multiply the power that’s in the muscles of men—or of -animals. The pushingest animal is an elephant. In some places in the -world, elephants are trained to clear land by putting their foreheads -against a tree and heaving until the tree topples over.</p> - -<p>A tree-dozer can out-push an elephant. The one in the picture has a -special forehead built in front. With a slow, steady shove, it clears -the way for roads or opens up fields for farms.</p> - -<p>Farmers used to dig their fields by hand. Then they hitched horses to -plows. Now a tractor does the work, but we still measure its strength in -horsepower.</p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 128px;"> -<a href="images/ill_014_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_014_sml.jpg" width="128" height="79" alt="Image unavailable: elephant" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_018" id="page_018"></a>{18}</span></p> - -<h2>MACHINES FOR FARMERS</h2> - -<p>Dan is a farmer. He knows how to use almost any kind of farm machine, -and he has lots of them. The most important is his tractor, for it is -busy all year round. Sometimes it pushes. Sometimes it pulls. Or it may -stand still and lend its power to other machinery.</p> - -<p>When the frost is out of the soil in the spring, Dan backs his tractor -into the tool shed and bolts on a plow. This one is a two-gang plow—it -can make two furrows in the earth at the same time. Dan touches a lever. -The blades of the plow lift up so they can’t dig into the farmyard and -the road, and Dan chugs off to the field. Another touch on the lever -sends the blades down. In a few minutes, Dan has made the first furrows -across the field.</p> - -<p>Now he has to turn. He lifts the plow and steps on the left brake pedal. -While the big left wheel stands still, the right one keeps going and -turns the tractor, ready to start the next furrows. When Dan wants to -stop, he steps on both the left and right brake pedals at once.</p> - -<p>After plowing comes harrowing. The tractor pulls a different implement -for this job—a whole row of saucer-shaped metal discs that chew up the -soil and spread it out evenly. Now Dan is ready to plant corn.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_019" id="page_019"></a>{19}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_015_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_015_sml.jpg" width="460" height="618" alt="Image unavailable: harrowing disc" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_020" id="page_020"></a>{20}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_016_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_016_sml.jpg" width="362" height="207" alt="Image unavailable: corn planter rear" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The corn planter does five jobs in one trip down the field. It makes -trenches for two rows of corn. It drops corn seeds into the trenches. It -drops fertilizer alongside to give food to the young plants. It covers -the seeds. And it leaves a mark all along the field to show exactly -where the tractor should go to plant the next row of seeds. Dan follows -the mark very carefully. All the rows must be exactly the same distance -apart, because the tractor will have to go through the field again to -cut out the weeds after the corn starts to grow. If the rows are badly -spaced, the tractor wheels will squash some of the plants.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_017_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_017_sml.jpg" width="412" height="200" alt="Image unavailable: corn planter side" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_021" id="page_021"></a>{21}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_017a_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_017a_sml.jpg" alt="Image unavailable: cultivator" /></a> -</div> - -<p>When Dan was a little boy, he used to help his father hoe the corn by -hand, getting rid of weeds and loosening the soil. Now he has an -implement called a cultivator which does the job.</p> - -<p>After the corn is well up, Dan pulls the cultivator through the field, -driving carefully, with the wheels between the rows. Small blades on the -cultivator cut through the weeds and break the soil into loose chunks. -The pictures show several kinds of cultivator blades.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_017b_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_017b_sml.jpg" width="461" height="135" alt="Image unavailable: hand tools" /></a> -</div> - -<p>All summer long the corn grows tall. Dan waits till the ears are dry -before he harvests them, ready for his cows and chickens to eat in -winter.</p> - -<p>Dan’s farm is small, so he can’t afford to buy a big corn-picking -machine. But his neighbor Al has one that he rents out, and one morning -Dan drives it to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_022" id="page_022"></a>{22}</span> cornfield. His tractor seems lost inside the -picking machine. Gatherers that look like the pointed snouts of huge -mice creep along in front of the tractor close to the ground. One by one -the stalks of corn go into the machine, which snaps the ears off. Then -revolving claws and rubber paddles rip off the husks, and an elevator -carries the clean ears back to a wagon which the tractor pulls along. In -a very short time, Dan’s whole field is done.</p> - -<p>Corn isn’t the only thing that grows on Dan’s farm. He raises tomatoes -for the market, too. At planting time, he needs two helpers who ride on -little seats very close to the ground behind the tractor. They put the -tender little tomato plants one by one into a trench which the planting -machine digs, and then a special wheel covers the roots with earth.</p> - -<p>Dan has some wheat fields, too. In the spring, after the ground is -harrowed, a wide planting machine sows many rows of wheat at a time. And -it drops out fertilizer to feed the plants on the same trip.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_018_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_018_sml.jpg" width="500" height="319" alt="Image unavailable: cornfield" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Many farmers use their tractors for harvesting wheat, but Dan doesn’t. -Instead, he rents a shiny red<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_023" id="page_023"></a>{23}</span> reaper which he calls a “package job,” -because it moves itself along and does the whole harvesting at once. It -cuts the wheat, shakes the grain loose from the stalk and separates it -from the husks. If there are weeds growing in the wheat, the machine -separates the weed seeds from the wheat kernels and spills them into -different bags.</p> - -<p>Dan sits high in the air at the front of the machine. He says he has a -“box seat.” Behind him on a bench sits<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_024" id="page_024"></a>{24}</span> a helper who ties the bags as -they fill up and puts new bags in place. Dan says it won’t be long -before somebody invents a machine that will reap the wheat, grind the -flour and bake bread right there in the field!</p> - -<p>All of Dan’s machines are wonderful inventions, but they can be -dangerous, too, if people are careless. To give himself and his helpers -warning, he has painted bright stripes and markers around open places -where fingers might get caught in moving parts.</p> - -<h2>EGGS, TOO</h2> - -<p>Dan has a flock of fine white Leghorn chickens. He takes care of them by -machinery, for eggs are a crop, too. The hens live in cages with wire -floors, so that they keep very clean. All their droppings go through the -wire to a platform below. With a special scoop, run by his tractor, Dan -cleans the manure from the platform and puts it in a pile to be used as -fertilizer on the fields.</p> - -<p>Every day the chickens have their meals brought to them on a moving -belt. The eggs they lay drop through their nests onto another belt that -carries them away. Finally a machine sorts the eggs according to size, -ready for packing.</p> - -<p>Some farmers raise chickens for the market. Of course, the feathers must -be taken off after the chickens have been killed. There are machines for -this, too. One<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_025" id="page_025"></a>{25}</span> kind has mechanical fingers that pluck the feathers as -chickens go past on a moving belt.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_019_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_019_sml.jpg" width="454" height="356" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>MACHINES FOR BIGGER FARMS</h2> - -<p>Dan’s neighbor Al has a big dairy farm, with lots of cows to milk every -day, and land enough to grow their feed. Besides his corn picker, Al has -other special machines. One of them cuts corn while it is still green, -chops it up fine and loads it into a truck. The truck has a sort of cage -over it to keep the corn from spilling out. Next, Al turns his tractor -into a stationary engine which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_026" id="page_026"></a>{26}</span> runs a blowing machine. A wide belt from -a pulley on the tractor turns the blower, which shoots the chopped-up -corn to the top of a storage tower called a silo. The green stuff -ferments in the silo and turns into wonderful food for the cows.</p> - -<p>Al’s fields are so big that he needs larger plows than the one Dan uses. -He hires an airplane to spread dust that kills plant-eating insects.</p> - -<p>Al plants his hayfields with a seeding machine that he pulls behind the -tractor. Grass seed is so tiny that it can’t be planted deep. Al’s -seeder sprinkles just the right amount of seed on the soil, and then -squeezes a thin covering of earth on top. He says the machine “tucks -each seed to bed.”</p> - -<p>After the mowing machine has cut the hay, Al pulls his automatic baler -across the field. The baler scoops the hay up, then presses it into a -box-shaped bundle,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_027" id="page_027"></a>{27}</span> slices it off neat and square, and ties it with -strong twine. One by one the bales drop out on the field, ready for a -truck to pick them up.</p> - -<p>Some farmers rake their hay into long heaps called windrows before they -bale it. The machine that does this job has many teeth that whirl round -and push the hay sidewise into the windrows. The whole field has a -rolling look, like ocean waves.</p> - -<p>The hay must be dry before it goes into the barn. If it isn’t, it may -get moldy. And green hay may even be dangerous. It can actually make -heat enough to start a fire.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_020_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_020_sml.jpg" width="500" height="352" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>To be sure his hay keeps well, Al<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_028" id="page_028"></a>{28}</span> has a blower that circulates air -around the barn and dries the bales completely.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_021_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_021_sml.jpg" width="426" height="200" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Some farmers use machines that tie the hay into round bales. Others -don’t bale it at all. They use stackers to pile it into tall stacks -where it is kept till the cows are ready to eat it.</p> - -<p>The stacker fits onto the tractor. When it was first invented, farmers -thought it was a sort of luxury, because<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_029" id="page_029"></a>{29}</span> it was used so seldom. Then -they discovered that they could put it to work on other jobs, too. If a -platform of boards is fitted across the forks of the stacker, it turns -into an elevator that a man can stand on. Then he can paint the barn or -pick apples from high branches without having to climb up and down -ladders.</p> - -<h2>MILKING MACHINES</h2> - -<p>It would take a lot of work to milk all of Al’s cows. So he uses milking -machines. When a man milks a cow, he squeezes with his fingers. Instead -of fingers, the milking machine has four soft rubber funnels that fit -over the cow’s teats. A pump squeezes the funnels, presses the milk out -and sends it through hoses to the milk can.</p> - -<p>A farmer has only two hands. His milking machine has four funnels with -hoses. So it can work much faster, and he can have several machines -going at once.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_022_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_022_sml.jpg" width="500" height="123" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>You’d never guess it, but a cow is a nervous, fussy animal. She lets -down her milk easily if the same person<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_030" id="page_030"></a>{30}</span> or the same machine squeezes on -her teats with the same rhythm every day, but any kind of change or -hurry upsets her. Then she’s hard to milk. And so Al’s machine is built -with a very accurate timer which makes the funnels squeeze exactly -forty-eight times a minute.</p> - -<p>A good farmer tries to make life calm and comfortable for his cows. Even -the names for some things in Al’s barn have a comfortable sound. The -place where the cows wait to be milked is called the loafing pen. The -room where they stand for milking is kept perfectly clean, and it’s -called the milking parlor.</p> - -<p>Before the machine is attached, the cows’ udders and teats must be -washed clean. Al has fixed an upside-down shower bath for his cows. He -built a concrete pen with sprays coming up through the floor. The -showers clean the cows and make them feel so calm that he never has any -trouble milking them.</p> - -<p>The fanciest milking parlor of all has a machine in it called a -Rotolactor. It is really a quiet, slow merry-go-round. Cows amble up a -ramp and step into stalls on the gently moving platform. A man attaches -milking machines to them, one after the other. By the time each cow has -been carried halfway around the big circle, her milk has been pumped out -into a glass tank that sits on a rack above her. A man takes off the -rubber cups, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_031" id="page_031"></a>{31}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_023_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_023_sml.jpg" width="454" height="622" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_032" id="page_032"></a>{32}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">gate opens in front of the cow, and she steps off onto another ramp that -goes from the center of the merry-go-round, underneath it and out to the -barnyard. Twenty-five cows at a time can be milked on the Rotolactor.</p> - -<div class="figleft" style="width: 198px;"> -<a href="images/ill_024_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_024_sml.jpg" width="198" height="126" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Automatic gadgets empty the milk from the glass tanks, wash them, -sterilize them and get them ready for the next round. All the time men -are busy keeping the stalls clean and tending to the machinery. Most -dairies milk the cows twice a day, but the Rotolactor milks three times.</p> - -<h2>MACHINES FOR EVERY JOB</h2> - -<p>The Rotolactor was invented for one particular kind of huge dairy. But -farmers everywhere like to have good machinery to do special jobs.</p> - -<p>For hilly country, there’s a plow that has one of its blades higher than -the other so it can work on a slope. There are chisel plows that dig up -hard soil by clawing at it with strong steel fingers.</p> - -<p>One farmer in Texas decided to make his tractor do the plowing all by -itself, after he had driven it once around the field to give it a start. -He invented a guide<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_033" id="page_033"></a>{33}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_025_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_025_sml.jpg" width="440" height="570" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_034" id="page_034"></a>{34}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">wheel that went ahead of the tractor in the furrow he had made. Now the -guide led the tractor around in a spiral that got narrower and narrower -until at last it stopped in the center of the plowed field. Another<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_035" id="page_035"></a>{35}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_026_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_026_sml.jpg" width="500" height="240" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Texan, with a bigger field and more machines, had a larger idea. He set -three tractors loose without drivers, one behind the other. Away they -went, round and round. If one traveled too fast and caught up with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_036" id="page_036"></a>{36}</span> -one ahead, they stopped. The only work he had to do was go out and start -them up again!</p> - -<p>There have even been experiments in guiding plows by remote control -radio, the way airplanes can be guided. The farmer just sits under a -tree and pushes buttons in a control box.</p> - -<h2>COTTON MEANS HARD WORK</h2> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_027_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_027_sml.jpg" width="422" height="291" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Cotton is a crop that has always taken an enormous amount of work. Even -after cultivating machines were invented, men had to go through the -fields twice every year and hoe out weeds around the plants by hand. One -farmer rigged up a contraption that made hoeing<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_037" id="page_037"></a>{37}</span> easier. He hitched an -air compressor to his tractor and ran hoses from the compressor to four -special hoes. Then the escaping air jiggled the hoes in the men’s hands -and saved the work of swinging them up and down.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_028_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_028_sml.jpg" width="410" height="204" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Nowadays some of the big cotton farmers have an easier way of solving -the problem. They just keep the weeds from growing in the first place. -As the planting machine drops the cotton seeds, it spreads weed killer -along each side of the row. This killer is a particular kind of chemical -that keeps the weeds from sprouting, but it does not hurt the cotton. -The only weeds that grow in the field come up between rows where it’s -easy for a cultivator to scratch them under.</p> - -<p>At cotton picking time, machines now do the work<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_038" id="page_038"></a>{38}</span> in many places. Cotton -is ready to pick when the little round heads of white fluff called bolls -break open. Not all the bolls on one plant burst at the same time. A man -who picks by hand can tell by looking which ones are ready. Of course -the machine doesn’t have eyes, but its tiny barbed steel fingers catch -up only the opened bolls. The fingers are fixed on a turning drum. They -pluck the cotton from the plant, carry it around to be pulled off and -blown through a big pipe into a large basket behind the driver.</p> - -<p>People have been trying for at least a hundred years to invent a perfect -cotton picker, and they haven’t succeeded yet. The machines still can’t -do as careful a job as skilled men and women can do by hand.</p> - -<h2>SPRAYING MACHINES</h2> - -<p>Nobody could possibly do by hand all of the spraying that protects -farmers’ crops. Mechanical sprayers come in many shapes and sizes. The -most usual sort for big fields travels along behind a tractor, shooting -chemicals out from nozzles in a pipe that is twenty or thirty or even -sixty feet wide.</p> - -<p>Some of the special sprayers are queer looking machines. One of them has -six squirmy arms, bent in different directions so that they get the -chemicals underneath leaves and on top as well. The kind that sprays<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_039" id="page_039"></a>{39}</span> -fruit trees pumps chemicals out of twelve pipes at once. It works so -hard and fast that farmers call it a cyclone.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_029_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_029_sml.jpg" width="464" height="346" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Then there is a sprayer that can be used for several different kinds of -job. One day the farmer hitches it up to a tank near cattle pens. As the -cattle walk down a narrow path between two fences, he sprays them with a -chemical that kills bothersome insects. Next day, he may want to paint -his fence. So he rigs the machine up differently and shoots paint onto -the boards.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_040" id="page_040"></a>{40}</span></p> - -<h2>HOME WORK</h2> - -<p>All of this sounds as if everything that a farmer could need must have -been invented by now. The fact is that there are new inventions coming -along all the time, and farmers themselves make many of them. Every day -in the week some farmer is likely to think up something he needs, then -go to work making it. Here is a sample:</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_030_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_030_sml.jpg" width="462" height="416" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Many farmers specialize in raising a kind of corn called hybrid corn. In -order to make it grow properly, they must pick the tassels off the tops -of some of the corn plants. Each tassel has to be picked by hand, and -it’s a slow job in a big field. So<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_041" id="page_041"></a>{41}</span> one farmer rigged up a machine that -gives four tassel-pickers a comfortable ride all at the same time, and -it gets the job done much more than four times as fast as before.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_031_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_031_sml.jpg" width="462" height="294" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<h2>WONDERFUL INVENTIONS</h2> - -<p>It would take a whole book just to list the other machines that help -different kinds of farmers. But here are some that are fun to know -about:</p> - -<p>One clever contraption attached to a tractor grabs hold of nut trees and -gives them a hard shaking. The nuts fall on the ground, ready for a kind -of giant vacuum sweeper to come and suck them into a truck.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_042" id="page_042"></a>{42}</span></p> - -<p>Crops that grow underneath the earth need their own sort of harvesting -machine. There are potato diggers and many others. The sugar beet digger -works in a particularly clever way. Machine fingers feel for the beet -tops. They set off a knife which cuts the tops off while other fingers -lift the beet out and put it on an elevator which removes the clods of -dirt as it travels. Once in a while the machine makes a mistake and -delivers a stone, or a chunk of mud at the end of the elevator. Men do -nothing but throw the junk away and let the beets slide into the truck -that travels alongside.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_032_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_032_sml.jpg" width="500" height="335" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>A farmer always has to keep an eye on what his implements are doing, -unless he has a helper who rides along on machines like this big reaper. -When the tractor<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_043" id="page_043"></a>{43}</span></p> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 412px;"> -<a href="images/ill_033_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_033_sml.jpg" width="412" height="558" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_044" id="page_044"></a>{44}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">pulls a cultivator or a planter, the driver must turn his head often to -see how the work is going. For a long time, farmers complained that this -was a pain in the neck, and they really meant that their necks hurt from -turning so much. Some of them actually went back to using horses, -because they could either walk or sit behind horse-drawn machines. So -the farm machine makers had to change as many of the machines as they -could, placing them beside the tractor or out in front where the driver -can watch what is going on.</p> - -<p>Tractors themselves come in many sizes and shapes. Some are built very -high off the ground so they can pass over tall crops without hurting the -plants. Some have four wheels that can be pushed close together for work -in one field and pulled wide apart for work in another. Some have three -wheels.</p> - -<p>Mostly, farmers buy tractors the way people buy automobiles. They pick a -model they happen to like and then argue that it’s the best in the -world. Of course, a little light “cub” tractor is easier to handle than -a big one, but it can’t do the hard work of a heavy model with huge rear -wheels and tires. And here’s something about the tires—farmers often -fill them with water instead of air to give them more weight when they -grip the ground. In winter, these farmers must put antifreeze<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_045" id="page_045"></a>{45}</span> not only -in the radiator but in the tires as well!</p> - -<p>On enormous farms where very heavy work must be done, there are often -crawler tractors to do it. Instead of tires they have caterpillar treads -that give a better grip on the ground. Then they can pull a whole string -of plows the way you see them in the picture, staggered out behind.</p> - -<p>This kind of tractor was first named caterpillar by only one -manufacturer. But people liked the idea, and they began to call all -crawlers caterpillars.</p> - -<p>A caterpillar is powerful enough to push a snow plow, too. Or it can -bulldoze out a hole for a watering pond or a cellar for a new building.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_046" id="page_046"></a>{46}</span></p> - -<h2>BUILDING MACHINES</h2> - -<p>Charlie is the man who can tell you about driving a caterpillar tractor. -He works in a city, helping to put up big buildings, and he knows how to -use other construction machines, too. In fact, Charlie grew up with -machines, for his father and his uncles and his grandfather were -construction workers. It often happens that families pass along their -knowledge of building from the older to the younger men, and they are -very proud of their skills. Charlie uses the caterpillar tractor with a -bulldozer blade to push heaps of earth and rock into a pile, ready for -the shovel to load on a truck.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_034_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_034_sml.jpg" width="500" height="336" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_047" id="page_047"></a>{47}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_048" id="page_048"></a>{48}</span> </p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_035_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_035_sml.jpg" width="500" height="85" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>People often call the shovel a “steam shovel,” but that’s not its right -name. You hardly ever see a real steam shovel any more. Years ago the -big digging machines were driven by regular steam engines. Before they -could start to work on a job, the men had to build a fire in the boiler -and wait until they had enough steam pressure to make the shovel go. Of -course, this wasted a lot of time. So, when very strong gasoline and -Diesel engines came along, builders began using them for their shovels -instead of steam engines.</p> - -<p>Many shovels and other construction machines ride to work on long -gooseneck trailers. They travel faster that way than they could on their -own crawlers. And, in cities, the caterpillar treads might damage the -pavement. To load and unload a shovel, the operator sets a short ramp of -heavy planks against the trailer. Then the shovel creeps up and down on -its own crawlers.</p> - -<p>The kind of shovel that’s used on a job depends upon the work that must -be done. If a basement has to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_049" id="page_049"></a>{49}</span> be dug through hard rocky earth, Charlie -may operate a crowd shovel, which crawls down into the hole. The shovel -has a heavy dipper with teeth along the rim. When it digs, it crowds its -teeth down into the ground. Charlie, sitting inside the cab, called the -house, swings the dipper outward and up, then dumps the load into a -truck.</p> - -<p>Another shovel digs in the opposite way. It’s called a pull shovel. The -teeth dig down and toward the driver. It can work from a bank and -doesn’t have to go down inside the hole at all.</p> - -<p>Sometimes Charlie uses a crane to get loose earth out of a hole. The -crane has a long boom with wheels at the tip. Cables run over the -wheels. Charlie fastens a kind of bucket called a clamshell to the -cables. With its mouth open, the clamshell drops down over a heap of -rocks and earth. Then Charlie starts machinery that pulls up on the -cable. The jaws of the clamshell squeeze together and come up with a -load of earth. Now Charlie<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_050" id="page_050"></a>{50}</span> swings the whole crane around till the -clamshell is hanging above a truck. He pulls a cable that opens the -bucket, and the earth and stone tumble out.</p> - -<p>After the basement for a building has been dug, Charlie uses the crane -for other jobs. Men hook the cables to heavy steel beams, and Charlie -lifts them into position.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_038_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_038_sml.jpg" width="500" height="336" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>No matter what he is doing, he has a lot to watch out for. He must know -which of four brake pedals to<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_051" id="page_051"></a>{51}</span> use at any moment and which of four hand -levers to pull. One lever works the turntable which swings the whole -house around. One moves the boom up and down. The other two control the -cables.</p> - -<p>At the same time, Charlie must watch what’s going<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_052" id="page_052"></a>{52}</span> on outside. A man -stands on the job giving signals. Thumbs up mean “Take the boom up.” -Thumbs down mean “Lower the boom.” When the signal man points up with -his first finger, it means “Raise the cable.” If he wiggles the finger, -it means “faster.” When Charlie is lifting a beam and has to hold it for -a while in the air, he says he “takes a strain and dogs it off.” Dogging -is his word for setting the brake on the cable.</p> - -<p>Things are always likely to fall around a construction job, so the men -who work on the ground have steel caps in their shoes to protect their -toes. They wear steel helmets on their heads, too!</p> - -<p>As the building goes up, Charlie’s crane lifts loads higher and higher. -After a while he has to put a jib on the boom. This is an extension that -makes it longer. When the building goes too high for his crane to reach, -Charlie works another crane. It sits on top of the building’s framework -and reaches down from there.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_037_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_037_sml.jpg" width="500" height="105" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>After Charlie lifts a big steel girder into position, other men bolt it -in place then fasten it tight with<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_053" id="page_053"></a>{53}</span> rivets. A man called a heater gets -the rivets red-hot in a fire. Using tongs, he tosses them one at a time -to the catcher who reaches for them—not with a mitt but with a kind of -cup. The catcher pokes a rivet in a hole, and two other men fasten it -tight. One of them, the bucker, holds the rivet in position with a bar, -and the rivet man pounds the other end flat with a rivet gun. (The gun -works like a jack hammer, and it makes an awful racket.)</p> - -<p>When you’re down in the street, it’s hard to realize that there may be a -heavy wind blowing across the bare girders of a tall new building. High -in the air, men have to keep their balance on narrow places and walk -with sure feet. There are families who specialize in work far above the -solid ground. Boys learn from their fathers how to walk safely without -being afraid—although almost everyone is frightened at first. And, of -course, everyone is careful. In New York a group of Mohawk Indians have -worked on many high buildings where men like Charlie did the beginning -work.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_054" id="page_054"></a>{54}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_036_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_036_sml.jpg" width="500" height="318" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Once in a while Charlie helps to wreck an old building before putting up -a new one. First, a crew of men go in and take away everything that can -be used again or sold for junk. With specially made crowbars, they pry -away floors and door frames. They take out furnaces and plumbing -fixtures. Then Charlie gets to work with his crane. At the end of a -cable he fastens a heavy steel ball, called a skull cracker. Then,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_055" id="page_055"></a>{55}</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_056" id="page_056"></a>{56}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">swinging the boom, he bashes the skull cracker into the wall of the old -building. Over and over, the ball strikes the mortar and bricks. Cracks -spread, and big chunks of the wall start tumbling to the ground. In a -little while Charlie and his machine have made a heap of rubble out of a -house that it took dozens of men to put up.</p> - -<h2>BUILDING A ROAD</h2> - -<p>Once Charlie worked on a road-building job. There he used a crane and a -shovel and many other machines besides. This particular road had to -cross a big swamp near the ocean. So the first problem was to fill up -the swamp with something solid. In order to get enough earth and rock -for the fill, men would have had to tear<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_057" id="page_057"></a>{57}</span> down a whole mountain. Instead -they called in suction dredge machinery for the job. The huge pumps -sucked sand from the bottom of the sea and poured it through pipes onto -the swampy ground. When the water drained away, millions of tons of fine -white sand were left.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_039_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_039_sml.jpg" width="500" height="145" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Charlie helped level the sand off with a bulldozer. Then he moved on to -a place where a hilly spot had to be leveled. There he drove a carrying -scraper, a machine with a scoop between its front wheels and its rear -wheels. The sharp scoop scraped up a load of earth, and Charlie drove -off to dump it in a low spot. When he got there, a pusher blade at the -back of<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_058" id="page_058"></a>{58}</span> the scoop pushed the earth out. Round and round he went, -without having to stop for loading or unloading.</p> - -<p>Other men used a different machine like the one in the picture. This -earth mover carried more in one load than the motor scraper, and it was -better for hauling earth longer distances. For very short hauls, Charlie -drove a fast little tractor. At least it looked small compared to the -giant machines. It pushed a scoop in front of it like a shovel, then -lifted a load, turned swiftly and dumped the earth where it was needed a -few yards away.</p> - -<p>Charlie’s road was going to be a special highway for speedy traffic. In -order to make it as safe as possible, the crossroads had to be lifted up -over the new highway. Crews of men built these overpasses. First they -used the huge earth-moving machines to make little hills on each side of -the highway. Then they built bridges of concrete and steel between the -hills.</p> - -<p>At one place, there were two houses on the exact spot where the hill for -an overpass had to be made. Instead of tearing the houses down, moving -men just carried them away with the furniture still inside. First they -raised the houses off the ground with jacks. Next a tractor backed a -wide, low trailer up close to each house. Using special machinery and -rollers, the men<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_059" id="page_059"></a>{59}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_040_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_040_sml.jpg" width="454" height="624" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_060" id="page_060"></a>{60}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">eased the whole building onto the trailers. That same night, the houses -were set down on new foundations, and the people went right on living in -them.</p> - -<p>At one place, a big ledge of rock was in the way of the new road. Men -called powder monkeys blasted the ledge to smithereens with explosive. -Then Charlie came in with his caterpillar tractor and a rock rake. -Unlike a garden rake, which you pull, Charlie’s rock rake scratched up -rocks and pushed them ahead of it. He shoved all the loose chunks of -stone away, but several big ones were too far underground for the rake -to pry them loose. So Charlie put a ripper on behind his tractor.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_041_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_041_sml.jpg" width="454" height="308" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_061" id="page_061"></a>{61}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_042_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_042_sml.jpg" width="414" height="248" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The ripper had strong prongs that could dig down deep and get a good -hold on a boulder. The frame that held the prongs was hollow. For very -heavy work, Charlie filled the hollow frame with sand to give it a lot -of weight so the prongs wouldn’t slip. To pry out the very largest -boulders, Charlie sometimes got another driver to hitch his caterpillar -onto the ripper. Then the two tractors, chugging together, did the job.</p> - -<p>After the bulldozers and scrapers and rakes had built a rough bed for -the highway, Charlie helped to smooth it down and get it all ready for -finishing. He used a long six-wheel motor grader for the job.</p> - -<p>The motor grader had its Diesel engine in the rear,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_062" id="page_062"></a>{62}</span> above the four -wheels that did the pushing. The guiding wheels were way off at the -front, and in between was the scraping blade, placed where Charlie could -watch it.</p> - -<p>Charlie could set the blade at almost any angle, just as a barber can -tilt a long-bladed razor. And Charlie was proud of the way he had left -the road almost as smooth as a barber leaves a man’s face.</p> - -<p>Charlie could play tricks with the motor grader’s front wheels, too. -Besides steering them in the ordinary way, he often made them lean over -toward the right or the left. To look at them, you’d think they were -broken, but they were only tilting to do a special job. They were -actually in a tug-of-war with the blade and<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_063" id="page_063"></a>{63}</span> the earth it was pushing. -The weight of the earth against the blade pulled the grader toward one -side. But the leaning of the wheels pulled in the opposite direction. So -the two pulls balanced each other. Charlie could guide the grader in a -straight line without having a wrestling match with his steering wheel.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_043_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_043_sml.jpg" width="500" height="208" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Charlie leaned his wheels when the grader went around a bend in the -road, too. They helped the long machine to turn easily. If he had to -back into a ditch,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_064" id="page_064"></a>{64}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_044_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_044_sml.jpg" width="500" height="142" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p class="nind">he didn’t worry. The great wheels adjusted themselves to the sloping -earth. All six wheels stayed on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_065" id="page_065"></a>{65}</span> ground, and the machine never got -hung up the way a four-wheeled automobile would.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_045_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_045_sml.jpg" width="436" height="258" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>When the earth had been smoothed down, it was time to put the hard -surface on. Trucks brought in crushed rock to make a solid bed. Concrete -mixers covered the rock with concrete. And asphalt spreaders put a coat -of asphalt on top.</p> - -<p>Wherever the asphalt wasn’t spread evenly, men with rakes finished the -job by hand. Then came the tandem roller to pack it down and make the -surface smooth.</p> - -<p>A Diesel engine moved the roller’s great weight quickly back and forth -over the asphalt. In no time the road was as smooth as a table top. If -the driver wanted<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_066" id="page_066"></a>{66}</span> to, he could turn his seat sideways. Then he could -easily see whether he was guiding the roller straight forward and -straight back.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_046_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_046_sml.jpg" width="500" height="112" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Many people call road rollers “steam rollers.” That’s because the first -ones really were driven by steam engines. Men have a lot less fuss and -bother with a modern Diesel-engined tandem. There’s no need to start the -fire or shovel coal to keep steam up. You can still see some steam -rollers at work, though, because they are strong machines that last a -long time. But when one wears out, it is replaced with a modern roller.</p> - -<p>After the roller finished smoothing all the asphalt down, Charlie’s road -was ready for traffic, but the job still wasn’t quite done. All along -the highway the machines had left bare banks of earth. These had to be -protected from the weather—just the way a house is protected with a -coat of paint. The best coat for the<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_067" id="page_067"></a>{67}</span> earth is grass of one kind or -another. So Charlie turned gardener. In some places he used the motor -grader again to prepare the soil so that seed could be planted. With the -blade of his grader hung away out at the side and pointed up in the air, -he smoothed off the steep banks. Running along the edge of the road, he -filled in the soft shoulders.</p> - -<p>Then a seed-planter sowed the grass. And finally Charlie used the -strangest machine of all. It chugged and puffed and spit out great -mouthfuls of hay, which fell over the newly-planted grass! The hay -protected the grass seed and kept it moist until its roots were growing -strongly in the soil.</p> - -<h2>MORE ROAD WORK</h2> - -<p>The road was finished now, but some of the machines still had work ahead -of them. In fact, road work is never ended.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_068" id="page_068"></a>{68}</span></p> - -<p>All summer long, tractors pull mowing machines beside the highways, -cutting the grass. Brush and small trees must be kept cleared away so -that drivers can see ahead. In winter, the motor graders and the snow -plows can keep the road clear. But in places where heavy snow piles up -into drifts, caterpillar tractors often push special snow plows that eat -through the drifts with powerful whirling blades. With one motion these -plows dig out the snow and throw it off to one side of the road.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar treads work better in snow than wheels with tires. So -the “cats” are used all winter long in the Far North. There they even -pull whole trailer trains on runners. The one in the picture is hauling<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_069" id="page_069"></a>{69}</span> -Muskeg schooners, which are really trailer houses on sleds. Muskeg is an -Indian word for swamp. The cats pull the schooners over frozen, -snow-covered swamps.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_047_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_047_sml.jpg" width="500" height="158" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>You may wonder why anyone wants to use a trailer home in the roadless -wastes of the Far North. The fact is that men work there the year round, -prospecting for oil. When they think they have located oil there or -anywhere else, well-drilling machinery goes to work.</p> - -<h2>DRILLING MACHINES</h2> - -<p>Everybody knows that oil wells and derricks go together. The tall -derrick towers are needed to hoist drilling equipment in and out of the -hole.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_048_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_048_sml.jpg" width="466" height="618" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>When men start to drill a well, they fasten a cutting tool, called a -bit, to a piece of pipe which hangs upright<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_070" id="page_070"></a>{70}</span> in the derrick. Machinery -turns the whole thing round and round, so that the bit grinds down into -the earth. When one length of pipe, called a joint, has almost -disappeared into the hole, men screw another joint onto the top of it. -Now the engine turns the double-length pipe, and the bit digs down -deeper.</p> - -<p>Men, working on the floor and high up in the derrick, hoist more and -more joints into position and screw them together as the bit goes on -down. After a while, the bit gets dull. A new one must be put on. So, -strong cables that run over wheels at the top of the derrick begin -lifting the whole string of pipe out. Joint by joint, they unscrew the -pipe and stack it out of the way. When the last joint comes up, men -change the bit. Then back the pipe goes, joint after joint, into the -hole.</p> - -<p>Wells must often be drilled more than two miles deep before the bit -breaks through into an underground reservoir of oil. That means that the -string of drilling pipe must be two miles long. The machines that help -to handle it are very strong, but on many rigs, men have to use their -own muscles a great deal, too.</p> - -<p>For deep drilling, the most modern rigs have a lot of fine new -machinery. Automatic tongs take a tight grip on the drilling pipe when -it is being unscrewed. Men used to work the tongs by hand. Mechanical -hands<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_071" id="page_071"></a>{71}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_049_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_049_sml.jpg" width="500" height="176" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_072" id="page_072"></a>{72}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">now keep the bottom joints from dropping back into the hole, and arms -high up in the derrick do the job of stacking the pipe.</p> - -<p>The skillful men who work with the pipes and the machinery call -themselves roughnecks. The driller is the one who actually controls the -drilling pipe. He never says he is digging a well. He says he is “making -hole.”</p> - -<p>Almost all deep wells are now drilled by the turning pipe and bit, which -are called a rotary rig. But sometimes you can see an old-fashioned -cable rig at work. It makes hole with a bit that pounds its way down -into earth and rock. A cable raises the bit, and then lets it fall down -with a bang that chips away a hole. On both<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_073" id="page_073"></a>{73}</span> kinds of rig, the hole is -cleaned out with water. The water turns the rock dust into mud, which is -then pumped out.</p> - -<p>The cable rig idea is about two thousand years old! That long ago -Chinese drillers made water wells, salt wells and even oil wells. The -picture shows what one of these ancient rigs was like.</p> - -<p>Look first of all at the long board attached to the rope that goes up -over a roller and down into the well. Then look at the platform behind -the board. Men jumped from this platform down onto the board. That -jerked on the rope and pulled the drilling bit up in the well hole. When -a man jumped off the board, the bit fell down and chipped away some -rock. Round and round a whole crew of men raced, jumping onto the board -and climbing back onto the platform as fast as they could. Still it took -a long time to drill a well—sometimes as long as ten years.</p> - -<p>Now look at the big wheel turned by a bull at the right. This wheel -lifted the pipe made of hollow bamboo<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_074" id="page_074"></a>{74}</span> that you see at the left. The -pipe was actually a bailer. Every once in a while the men poured water -into the hole, let the bailer down and hauled up mud. Then the bit could -go on drilling. Oil workers today still call the wheel which winds up -cable “the bull wheel.”</p> - -<h2>PIPELINE MACHINES</h2> - -<p>When a well brings in oil, a new group of men and machines go to work. -They lay a pipeline, through which the oil can be pumped to factories -called refineries. Some pipelines are hundreds of miles long.</p> - -<p>After surveyors have decided just where the line should go, bulldozers -clear away brush, push over trees, heave big boulders to one side, -making a wide pathway across country. In many places, the pathway is -good enough for trucks to follow. They bring in lengths of pipe and lay -them down end to end. Where the going is rough, a caterpillar tractor -carries the pipe, one length at a time, hanging from a side-boom.</p> - -<p>Now welding crews go to work fastening the ends of the pipe-lengths -together. When they have finished, the “hot-dope gang” comes along. They -are men who cover the pipe with a wrapping and then with a hot asphalt -mixture to protect the metal.</p> - -<p>Meantime, a wonderful machine called a trencher has been at work. This -is a cat attached to a rig which<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_075" id="page_075"></a>{75}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_050_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_050_sml.jpg" width="464" height="612" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_076" id="page_076"></a>{76}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_051_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_051_sml.jpg" width="466" height="614" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_077" id="page_077"></a>{77}</span></p> - -<p class="nind">looks very much like an old-fashioned water wheel. Each bucket on the -wheel has steel teeth. The cat turns the wheel and pulls it forward. The -buckets scoop up earth, and spill it out onto a belt that dumps it in a -heap at one side. The trencher plugs ahead, uphill and down, digging a -ditch just the right width and depth.</p> - -<p>Following behind the trencher, cats with booms hoist up the snaky -pipeline and ease it over into the trench. Finally, bulldozers backfill -the trench. That is, they cover the pipe with the dirt that the trencher -left alongside. On one job, the men had to work at top speed in the -desert and in rocky, mountainous country. They were all so glad they’d -finally succeeded in getting the pipeline built that they put on a -celebration. Whooping and hollering, they tossed their sweat-stained -hats into the trench in front of the bulldozer as it backfilled the last -few feet of earth.</p> - -<p>Even after that there was one more tool that had work to do before oil -could be pumped through their pipeline. It is a peculiar gadget that -looks like a bunch of cowboy spurs hooked up with pieces of tin can and -some old plates. The weird contraption is called the go-devil, and it -has the job of traveling, perhaps hundreds of miles, inside the pipe, -pushing out anything<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_078" id="page_078"></a>{78}</span> that could clog the line. Water pumped into the -line behind the go-devil forces it through the pipe.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_052_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_052_sml.jpg" width="230" height="88" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>In one line, the go-devil brought out chunks of wood, pieces of -rock—and several rabbits, skunks and rattlesnakes that had decided the -pipe would make good headquarters! Now the powerful pumps could go to -work shoving oil through the line.</p> - -<h2>MINING MACHINERY</h2> - -<p>Oil pumps today are much better and stronger than the first pumps ever -built, but they are direct descendants of the ones that were invented -for use in English coal mines long ago. In fact, those early pumps were -the great-granddaddies of all modern machines.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_053_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_053_sml.jpg" width="500" height="328" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_079" id="page_079"></a>{79}</span></p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_080" id="page_080"></a>{80}</span></p> - -<p>Coal miners in England had dug so far beneath the surface of the earth -that the shafts and tunnels were in danger of filling up with water. -Neither manpower nor the power of horses hitched to pumps could do the -tremendous job of keeping the mines dry. Something much stronger was -needed. In order to find a new kind of power, inventors began -experimenting with steam. The first workable steam engines were made to -pump out coal mines more than two hundred years ago.</p> - -<p>After a while steam engines began to pull trains over rails and drive -ships through the water. They ran threshing machines on farms. Then -inventors used their new knowledge about power to make other kinds of -engines driven by gasoline or electricity or oil.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_054_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_054_sml.jpg" width="500" height="127" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>At last some of this new machinery began to work its way back into the -mines. Power driven elevators carried the men up and down shafts to -their work. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_081" id="page_081"></a>{81}</span> the miners still did all the coal digging and loading -by hand.</p> - -<p>Today many miners use power-driven drills for digging. Mechanical -loaders pick up the loose coal and put it into small cars on the tracks -in the tunnel. A little electric locomotive pulls the cars away to the -elevator which hoists them up above ground.</p> - -<p>The most remarkable digger of all is the one you’ll see on the next -page. It rolls along a track deep underground until it comes to the -place where its operator wants to cut coal. He pushes a control, and the -machine’s long neck reaches up. The cutting head, at the end of the -neck, starts biting into the coal. The head does its work much faster -and easier than men with hand tools ever could.</p> - -<p>Outside the mine, machines sort the coal according to size and load it -into railroad cars.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_082" id="page_082"></a>{82}</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_055_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_055_sml.jpg" width="500" height="337" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_083" id="page_083"></a>{83}</span></p> - -<p>Unloading machinery empties the cars in many places, too. There’s one -coal yard where a woman, pushing buttons, controls machines that do -everything—unload cars, store the coal according to its size in tall -bins, and load the trucks that will deliver it to customers. This is how -the yard works:</p> - -<p>Each railroad car empties its coal in a stream onto a moving belt. The -belt carries the coal to a machine called a giraffe, which works like an -escalator. The giraffe lifts the coal into a tall hopper.</p> - -<p>The woman who runs the coal yard sits in an office with a big window, -where she can look out and see everything that’s going on. When a truck -has backed up to a hopper, ready to load, she pushes a button. Coal -drops down out of the hopper onto another giraffe which lifts it into -the body of the truck. As soon as the truck is filled, push goes a -button and the loading stops.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_084" id="page_084"></a>{84}</span></p> - -<h2>LOADERS, LIFTERS AND SUCH</h2> - -<p>Moving belt machines work at other jobs, too. They load sand into trucks -and cargo into ships.</p> - -<p>On some piers, huge vacuum cleaners empty ships full of sugar or wheat. -At ports on the Great Lakes, machines reach down into ore-carrying ships -and unload them with great speed. At the end of each of these unloaders -hangs a clamshell bucket. Just above the bucket is a little room where a -man sits and watches what goes on. He signals to the operator, telling -him just where to drop the bucket so it can pick up a mouthful of ore. -The ship can be unloaded by two men who do nothing but signal to each -other and push levers. But usually there are several machines working at -the same time so that the job goes as quickly as possible.</p> - -<p>When iron ore has been turned into steel bars or wheels or gears, -another kind of lifter can handle them. This one does its work with a -huge electro-magnet that holds heavy weights when electricity is running -through it. The operator drops the magnet onto the load of iron or steel -that he wants to lift. Then he turns on the electricity which makes the -magnet and the piece of metal stick together. The operator moves the -load wherever it is supposed to go. Then he turns off the electricity. -The magnet lets loose and is ready for another job.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_085" id="page_085"></a>{85}</span></p> - -<h2>MACHINES FOR LUMBER, TOO</h2> - -<p>Machines dug and loaded and delivered the coal that keeps your house -warm. Machines helped cut the lumber that went into building your house, -too.</p> - -<p>Far out in the woods, power-driven saws sliced quickly through the -trunks of great trees. Caterpillar tractors hauled the logs out along -rough forest trails.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the cats, using booms, lifted the logs onto extra-long trailers -behind trucks and started them on the way to the sawmill. Or the cats -may have snaked the logs to a river so they could float downstream to a -sawmill.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_056_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_056_sml.jpg" width="442" height="298" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_086" id="page_086"></a>{86}</span></p> - -<p>No matter how the logs reached the sawmill, they were put at last onto -belts which pushed them against huge whirling saws. A whole set of saws, -all whining and screaming at once, turned the thick log into boards. -Other machines planed the boards to make them smooth and then cut them -to exactly the right sizes. Finally lift-trucks picked up great piles of -board at once, whizzed them away and hoisted them elevator-fashion into -high stacks.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_057_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_057_sml.jpg" width="500" height="339" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_087" id="page_087"></a>{87}</span> </p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_088" id="page_088"></a>{88}</span> </p> - -<h2>BRAIN POWER</h2> - -<p>The operators of most machines sit where they can see what they are -doing, or where they can get signals from helpers. But there is one that -does things in a new way. Its operator just watches television in his -cab. He never sees the parts of his machine at work. Instead, he<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_089" id="page_089"></a>{89}</span> looks -at the television screen. A television camera on the roof of the -building photographs what is going on below. This is what the eye of the -camera sees: One machine that gathers up pieces of scrap metal and dumps -them into a squeezer; the squeezer that presses the scraps into neat -bundles; a conveyor that loads the bundles into a railroad car.</p> - -<p>The operator watches the moving picture. Then he pushes levers that -control the loaders and other levers that send a car on its way when it -is full. The only thing he can’t do is switch on a regular TV program -and watch a show while he works!</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_058_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_058_sml.jpg" width="466" height="402" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>The time may come when people who operate other kinds of machines will -find television helpful in many ways. Meantime, scientists who know how -television works also know how to make the most wonderful machines of -all. Instead of saving muscle-power, these machines save brain-power. -They solve very complicated mathematical problems at lightning speed. -In<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_090" id="page_090"></a>{90}</span> fact, they are called “thinking machines.” They add, subtract, -multiply, divide and do figuring that many college professors can’t even -do.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_059_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_059_sml.jpg" width="464" height="176" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Partly for fun, and partly to discover new things, the thinking-machine -experts have also invented mechanical animals. They’ve made turtles that -can walk all around a room without bumping into anything. They’ve made a -little wire-whiskered mechanical mouse that can actually sniff about -until it finds something it is supposed to find—just the way a real -mouse sniffs out a piece of cheese. The machine-mouse even “remembers” -where it went, and it runs straight to its cheese the next time.</p> - -<p>The machines you’ve read about in this book are mostly outdoor machines, -operated by one man or a small crew of men. These are only a few of the -marvellous inventions that you can find at work every day. Of course, -there are hundreds and thousands of others in factories, making cloth, -shaping automobile parts, printing books, doing the important work the -world needs done. But, no matter how marvellous and complicated they -are, they will never be as wonderful as the men who have invented them -and built them and used them. When we talk about machines, we’re really -talking about people.<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_091" id="page_091"></a>{91}</span></p> - -<h2>FUNNY NAMES</h2> - -<div class="figright" style="width: 350px;"> -<a href="images/ill_062_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_062_sml.jpg" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a><br /> -<a href="images/ill_060_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_060_sml.jpg" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a><br /> -<a href="images/ill_061_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_061_sml.jpg" alt="[Image unavailable.]" /></a> -</div> - -<p>Some machines resemble animals in the way they look or the things they -do, and so they have animal names. Besides the caterpillar with its -crawler treads and the crane with its long neck, here are some others:</p> - -<p class="hang"> -ALLIGATOR GRAB—a tool used to pick up things that get dropped into oil well holes.<br /> -</p><p class="hang"> -CAMEL-BACK CRANE—this one has a hump in its boom.<br /> -</p><p class="hang"> -FISHTAIL BIT—a drilling tool which is shaped like a fish’s tail.<br /> -</p><p class="hang"> -KANGAROO PLOW—a plow equipped with strong springs so it can hop over rocks or tree stumps, instead of getting caught on them.<br /> -</p><p class="hang"> -SHEEP’S FOOT TAMPER—a heavy road roller with spikes that pack earth down, the way a flock of sheep does.<br /> -</p><p class="hang"> -WORM LOADER—a long screw that twists round and round to push its load along.<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_092" id="page_092"></a>{92}</span></p> - -<h2 class="c"><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2> - -<p class="c"><a href="#a">a</a>, -<a href="#b">b</a>, -<a href="#c">c</a>, -<a href="#d">d</a>, -<a href="#e">e</a>, -<a href="#f">f</a>, -<a href="#g">g</a>, -<a href="#h">h</a>, -<a href="#j">j</a>, -<a href="#l">l</a>, -<a href="#m">m</a>, -<a href="#n">n</a>, -<a href="#o">o</a>, -<a href="#p">p</a>, -<a href="#r">r</a>, -<a href="#s">s</a>, -<a href="#t">t</a>, -<a href="#v-i">v</a>, -<a href="#w">w</a>.</p> - -<p class="nind"> -<a name="a" id="a"></a>airplane duster, <a href="#page_026">26</a><br /> - -asphalt spreader, <a href="#page_065">65</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="b" id="b"></a>bailer, <a href="#page_034">34</a><br /> - -baler, automatic, <a href="#page_026">26-27</a><br /> - -beet digger, <a href="#page_042">42</a><br /> - -bit, <a href="#page_069">69</a><br /> - -blower, <a href="#page_028">28</a><br /> - -boom, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_051">51</a>, <a href="#page_055">55</a>, <a href="#page_074">74</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a><br /> - -“box seat,” <a href="#page_022">22</a><br /> - -bucker, <a href="#page_053">53</a><br /> - -bulldozer, <a href="#page_045">45</a>, <a href="#page_055">55</a>, <a href="#page_057">57</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a>, <a href="#page_074">74</a>, <a href="#page_077">77</a><br /> - -bull wheel, <a href="#page_073">73</a>, <a href="#page_074">74</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="c" id="c"></a>cable rig, <a href="#page_072">72</a><br /> - -catcher, <a href="#page_053">53</a><br /> - -caterpillar, <a href="#page_045">45</a>, <a href="#page_046">46</a>, <a href="#page_060">60</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a>, <a href="#page_068">68</a>, <a href="#page_074">74</a>, <a href="#page_077">77</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a><br /> - -cats, <a href="#page_068">68</a><br /> - -cement mixer, <a href="#page_065">65</a><br /> - -chicken picker, <a href="#page_024">24-25</a><br /> - -Chinese drillers, <a href="#page_073">73-74</a><br /> - -chisel plow, <a href="#page_032">32</a><br /> - -clamshell, <a href="#page_049">49</a>, <a href="#page_084">84</a><br /> - -coal digger, <a href="#page_081">81</a><br /> - -coal loaders, <a href="#page_081">81</a><br /> - -coal mining, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_078">78-83</a><br /> - -corn cutter, <a href="#page_025">25</a><br /> - -corn picking machine, <a href="#page_021">21</a><br /> - -corn planter, <a href="#page_019">19</a><br /> - -cotton picker, <a href="#page_037">37-38</a><br /> - -cotton planter, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br /> - -crane, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_049">49-52</a>, <a href="#page_054">54</a>, <a href="#page_085">85</a><br /> - -crawler tractor, <a href="#page_045">45</a><br /> - -crawlers, <a href="#page_010">10</a>, <a href="#page_048">48</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a><br /> - -crowd shovel, <a href="#page_049">49</a><br /> - -“cub” tractor, <a href="#page_044">44</a><br /> - -cultivator, <a href="#page_021">21</a><br /> - -cutter heads, <a href="#page_015">15</a><br /> - -cutting head, <a href="#page_081">81</a><br /> - -cyclone, <a href="#page_039">39</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="d" id="d"></a>derrick, <a href="#page_069">69</a><br /> - -Diesel engine, <a href="#page_047">47</a><br /> - -dipper, <a href="#page_049">49</a><br /> - -“dogging,” <a href="#page_052">52</a><br /> - -dredges, <a href="#page_014">14-15</a><br /> - -driller, <a href="#page_072">72</a><br /> - -driverless plow, <a href="#page_032">32-35</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="e" id="e"></a>earth mover, <a href="#page_058">58</a><br /> - -egg machinery, <a href="#page_024">24</a><br /> - -egg sorter, <a href="#page_024">24</a><br /> - -electro-magnet, <a href="#page_084">84</a><br /> - -escalators, <a href="#page_083">83-84</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="f" id="f"></a>farm machines, <a href="#page_018">18-45</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="g" id="g"></a>giraffe, <a href="#page_083">83</a><br /> - -go-devil, <a href="#page_077">77-78</a><br /> - -gooseneck trailer, <a href="#page_048">48</a><br /> - -grader, <a href="#page_061">61-64</a><br /> - -grass planter, <a href="#page_026">26</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="h" id="h"></a>harrow, <a href="#page_018">18</a><br /> - -hay baler, <a href="#page_026">26-27</a><br /> - -hay blower, <a href="#page_067">67</a><br /> - -hay rake, <a href="#page_027">27</a><br /> - -hay stacker, <a href="#page_028">28-29</a><br /> - -heater, <a href="#page_053">53</a><br /> - -hoe, compressed air, <a href="#page_036">36</a>, <a href="#page_037">37</a><br /> - -“hot-dope gang,” <a href="#page_074">74</a><br /> - -house, <a href="#page_049">49</a><br /> - -house moving, <a href="#page_058">58</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="j" id="j"></a>jackhammers, <a href="#page_012">12</a><br /> - -jib, <a href="#page_052">52</a><br /> - -joint, <a href="#page_070">70</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="l" id="l"></a>lumbering machinery, <a href="#page_085">85-86</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="m" id="m"></a>magnet crane, <a href="#page_084">84</a><br /> - -“making hole,” <a href="#page_072">72</a><br /> - -manure scoop, <a href="#page_024">24</a><br /> - -mechanical mouse, <a href="#page_089">89</a><br /> - -milking machine, <a href="#page_029">29-32</a><br /> - -mining, machinery <a href="#page_078">78-83</a><br /> - -motor grader, <a href="#page_061">61-64</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a><br /> - -motor scraper, <a href="#page_057">57</a><br /> - -mowing machine, <a href="#page_026">26</a><br /> - -Muskeg schooner, <a href="#page_069">69</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="n" id="n"></a>nut harvester, <a href="#page_041">41</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="o" id="o"></a>oil wells, <a href="#page_069">69-74</a><br /> - -ore unloaders, <a href="#page_084">84</a><br /> - -overhead crane, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -<br /> -“<a name="p" id="p"></a>package job,” <a href="#page_022">22</a><br /> - -piggy-back crane, <a href="#page_010">10</a><br /> - -pile driver, <a href="#page_013">13</a><br /> - -pipelines, <a href="#page_074">74-78</a><br /> - -plow, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_018">18</a>, <a href="#page_032">32</a>, <a href="#page_033">33</a>, <a href="#page_034">34</a>, <a href="#page_035">35</a><br /> - -post-hole digger, <a href="#page_016">16</a><br /> - -potato digger, <a href="#page_042">42</a><br /> - -powder monkey, <a href="#page_060">60</a><br /> - -power shovel, <a href="#page_047">47-48</a><br /> - -pull-shovel, <a href="#page_049">49</a><br /> - -pumps, <a href="#page_078">78-80</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="r" id="r"></a>reaper,<span class="pagenum"><a name="page_093" id="page_093"></a>{93}</span> <a href="#page_022">22</a>, <a href="#page_042">42</a><br /> -rig, <a href="#page_070">70</a><br /> - -ripper, <a href="#page_061">61</a><br /> - -rivet gun, <a href="#page_053">53</a><br /> - -rivet man, <a href="#page_053">53</a><br /> - -road building machines, <a href="#page_055">55-68</a><br /> - -rock crusher, <a href="#page_012">12</a><br /> - -rock rake, <a href="#page_060">60</a><br /> - -rotary rig, <a href="#page_072">72</a><br /> - -rotolactor, <a href="#page_030">30-32</a><br /> - -roughnecks, <a href="#page_072">72</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="s" id="s"></a>scraper, <a href="#page_061">61</a><br /> - -seed planter, <a href="#page_067">67</a><br /> - -shovel, <a href="#page_009">9</a>, <a href="#page_047">47-48</a>, <a href="#page_049">49</a><br /> - -signals, <a href="#page_052">52</a>, <a href="#page_084">84</a>, <a href="#page_088">88</a><br /> - -silage blower, <a href="#page_026">26</a><br /> - -skull cracker, <a href="#page_054">54</a><br /> - -snow plow, <a href="#page_045">45</a>, <a href="#page_067">67</a><br /> - -spraying machines, <a href="#page_038">38-39</a><br /> - -spud, <a href="#page_015">15</a><br /> - -squeezer, <a href="#page_089">89</a><br /> - -steam engines, <a href="#page_080">80</a><br /> - -steam roller, <a href="#page_066">66</a><br /> - -steam shovel, <a href="#page_047">47-48</a><br /> - -suction dredge, <a href="#page_057">57</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="t" id="t"></a>tandem roller, <a href="#page_065">65</a><br /> - -tassel picker, <a href="#page_040">40-41</a><br /> - -television, <a href="#page_088">88</a>, <a href="#page_089">89</a><br /> - -“thinking machines,” <a href="#page_089">89</a><br /> - -tomato planter, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br /> - -tongs, <a href="#page_070">70</a><br /> - -tractor, <a href="#page_017">17</a>, <a href="#page_018">18</a>, <a href="#page_044">44</a>, <a href="#page_045">45</a>, <a href="#page_058">58</a>, <a href="#page_061">61</a><br /> - -trailer houses, <a href="#page_069">69</a><br /> - -tree-dozer, <a href="#page_017">17</a><br /> - -tree-shaker, <a href="#page_041">41</a><br /> - -trencher, <a href="#page_074">74-77</a><br /> - -turntable, <a href="#page_051">51</a><br /> - -turtle, <a href="#page_089">89</a><br /> - -two-gang plow, <a href="#page_018">18</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="v-i" id="v-i"></a>vacuum unloaders, <a href="#page_084">84</a><br /> - -<br /> -<a name="w" id="w"></a>welding crew, <a href="#page_074">74</a><br /> - -well drilling, <a href="#page_069">69-74</a><br /> - -wheat planting machine, <a href="#page_022">22</a><br /> - -windrower, <a href="#page_027">27</a><br /> - -wrecker, <a href="#page_054">54</a><br /> -</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_063_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_063_sml.jpg" width="396" height="164" alt="Image unavailable: TRUCKS AT WORK" /></a> -</div> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>The author and the artist wish to thank the following for their -help in making this book possible: Miss Elsie Eaves, Manager, -Business News Department, <i>Engineering News-Record</i>; Margaret -Gossett; Mr. Harold Spitzer; <i>The Lamp</i>, published by the Standard -Oil Company (New Jersey); the Caterpillar Corp.; the General Motors -Corp., the New Jersey Bell Telephone Co.; the Florida Land Clearing -Equipment Co.; the Walker-Gordon Laboratory Co.; the many -manufacturers of digging, road-building and other specialized -machines; a bumper crop of tractor and farm implement makers; and -farmer friends who proudly showed their equipment in action.</p></div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_094" id="page_094"></a>{94}</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p class="r"> -$1.50<br /> -</p> - -<p class="cb"><big><big>MACHINES<br /> AT WORK</big></big></p> - -<p class="c"><i>By</i> Mary Elting</p> - -<p class="c"><i>Illustrated by</i> Laszlo Roth</p> - -<p>There are machines to dig, to hammer, to push—to do every kind of heavy -job and to make work thousands of times easier and faster.</p> - -<p>On farms, in the mines, in cities where huge buildings are built and out -in the woods where powerdriven saws slice through great trees, many -kinds of special machines do many kinds of remarkable jobs.</p> - -<p>Can you imagine a giant shovel so huge that it took 45 freight cars to -haul it from factory to mine? Do you know that there is a machine that -plucks the feathers off chickens, ones that pick corn, dig potatoes? -Inventors of machines work on everything—they even had fun making a -mechanical mouse that can sniff about until it finds a piece of “cheese” -and then “remember” and run straight to it next time!</p> - -<p>As marvelous and complicated as all these machines are, the author -points out that no inventions will ever be as wonderful as the men who -invented them—and the men who make them work.</p> - -<p>You will find this book an exciting companion to TRAINS AT WORK, SHIPS -AT WORK, TRUCKS AT WORK.</p> - -<p class="c"> -<b>Garden City Books</b><br /> -<br /> -Garden City, New York<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_095" id="page_095"></a>{95}</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p class="cb"><big><big>TRUCKS AT<br /> WORK</big></big></p> - -<p class="c"><i>By</i> Mary Elting</p> - -<p class="c"><i>Illustrated by</i> Ursula Koering</p> - -<p>This is a book about the sort of trucks that you see every day, as well -as the most wonderful out-of-the-way trucks that you may not yet have -discovered. It tells of city trucks, with their endless and fascinating -cargoes, trucks that help on the farm, and trucks that rumble along the -country roads hauling anything from horse-stables to houses.</p> - -<p>The author also tells you how the drivers arrange their routes, and how -they learned to foil hijackers—and the pictures will tell you just as -much as the text. You can see how a truck is loaded so that nothing gets -smashed or spoilt; and how a truck Roadeo tests the skill of the men who -drive the huge trailer rigs. There is lots of fun here besides useful -information.</p> - -<p class="c"> -<b>Garden City Books</b><br /> -<br /> -Garden City, New York<br /> -</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page_096" id="page_096"></a>{96}</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<a href="images/ill_064_lg.jpg"> -<img src="images/ill_064_sml.jpg" width="486" height="640" alt="Image unavailable: back cover of the book - -FOUR INFORMATIVE BOOKS - -Every kind of truck.... loads they haul, the way the drivers.... arrange -their routes, how to foil.... hijackers and how a truck Roadeo.... is -run are vividly presented in story and colorful pictures. - -ILLUSTRATED BY URSULA KOERING - -Freighters and tankers, tugs and giant ocean liners are shown in action. -Vivid text and colorful pictures take you right through the world of -ships and show you the life of the men who sail them. - -ILLUSTRATED BY MANNING DE V. LEE - -Many different kinds of locomotives, trains and special cars are all -shown in action. You can see the different jobs engineers, brakemen and -signalmen do. Colorful pictures show railroading realistically and in -full detail. - -ILLUSTRATED BY DAVID LYLE MILLARD - -MACHINES AT WORK - -Machines that dig, hammer, push—in non-technical language, the author -explains the fascinating things they do, how they work and something -about the men who run them. Full-color pictures show each machine in -action. - -ILLUSTRATED BY LASZLO ROTH - -ALL -BY -MARY -ELTING - -GARDEN CITY BOOKS—GARDEN CITY—NEW YORK" /></a> -</div> - -<hr class="full" /> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Machines at Work, by Mary Elting Folsom - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MACHINES AT WORK *** - -***** This file should be named 55482-h.htm or 55482-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/4/8/55482/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, Chuck Greif -and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at -http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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