diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-0.txt | 1521 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-0.zip | bin | 34834 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-h.zip | bin | 169281 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-h/55451-h.htm | 1823 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 49012 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-h/images/ormeau.jpg | bin | 36834 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-h/images/seal1.jpg | bin | 12927 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-h/images/seal2.jpg | bin | 12749 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-h/images/seal3.jpg | bin | 12427 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/55451-h/images/seal4.jpg | bin | 11670 -> 0 bytes |
13 files changed, 17 insertions, 3344 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f2e37a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #55451 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55451) diff --git a/old/55451-0.txt b/old/55451-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4c5bc30..0000000 --- a/old/55451-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1521 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 48, May -29, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 48, May 29, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: August 28, 2017 [EBook #55451] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, MAY 29, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - - - - - - THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL. - - NUMBER 48. SATURDAY, MAY 29, 1841. VOLUME I. - -[Illustration: ORMEAU, COUNTY OF DOWN, THE SEAT OF THE MARQUESS OF -DONEGAL.] - -In the selection of subjects for illustration in our Journal, there are -none which we deem more worthy of attention, or which give us greater -pleasure to notice, than the mansions of our resident nobility and -gentry; and it is from this feeling chiefly that we have made choice -of Ormeau, the fine seat of the Marquess of Donegal, as eminently -deserving an early place among our topographical notices. Many finer -places may indeed be seen in Ireland, belonging to noblemen, of equal -or even inferior rank; but there are, unfortunately, few of these in -which the presence of their lordly owners is so permanently to be found -cementing the various classes of society together by the legitimate bond -of a common interest, and attracting the respectful attachment of the -occupiers and workers of the soil by the cheering parental encouragement -which it is the duty of a proprietor to bestow. - -Ormeau is situated on the east side of the river Lagan, above a mile -south of Belfast. - -The mansion, which, as our view of it will show, is an extensive pile -of buildings in the Tudor style of architecture, was originally built -as a cottage residence in the last century, and has since gradually -approximated to its present extent and importance, befitting the rank -of its noble proprietor, by subsequent additions and improvements. It -has now several very noble apartments, and an extensive suite of offices -and bed-rooms; but as an architectural composition, it is defective as a -whole, from the want of some grand and elevated feature to give variety -of form to its general outline, and relieve the monotonous effect of so -extensive a line of buildings of equal or nearly equal height. - -The original residence of the family was situated in the town of Belfast, -which may be said to have grown around it, and was a very magnificent -castellated house, erected in the reign of James I. Its site was that -now occupied by the fruit and vegetable markets, and it was surrounded -by extensive gardens which covered the whole of the ground on which -Donegal-place and the Linen Hall now stand. Of this noble mansion, -however, there are no vestiges now remaining. It was burnt in the year -1708, by an accidental fire, caused by the carelessness of a female -servant, on which occasion three daughters of Arthur, the third Earl of -Donegal, perished in the flames; and though a portion of the building -which escaped destruction was afterwards occupied for some years, the -family finally removing to their present residence, its preservation was -no longer necessary. - -The demesne surrounding Ormeau is not of great extent, but the grounds -are naturally of great pastoral beauty, commanding the most charming -views of Belfast Lough and adjacent mountains, and have received all the -improvements that could be effected by art, guided by the refined taste -of its accomplished proprietress. - -We have only to add, that ready access to this beautiful demesne is -freely given to all respectable strangers--a privilege of which visitors -to the Athens of the North should not fail to avail themselves. - - P. - - - - -THE IRISH SHANAHUS, - -BY WILLIAM CARLETON. - - -The state of Irish society has changed so rapidly within the last -thirty or forty years, that scarcely any one could believe it possible -for the present generation to be looked upon in many things as the -descendants of that which has immediately gone before them. The old -armorial bearings of society which were empanelled upon the ancient -manners of our country, now hang like tattered scutcheons over the tombs -of customs and usages which sleep beneath them; and unless rescued -from the obliterating hand of time, scarcely a vestige of them will be -left even to tradition itself. That many gross absurdities have been -superseded by a social condition more enlightened and healthy, is a -fact which must gratify every one who wishes to see the general masses -actuated by those principles which follow in the train of knowledge and -civilisation. But at the same time it is undeniable that the simplicity -which accompanied those old vestiges of harmless ignorance has departed -along with them; and in spite of education and science, we miss the old -familiar individuals who stood forth as the representatives of manners, -whose very memory touches the heart and affections more strongly than the -hard creations of sterner but more salutary truths. For our own part, -we have always loved the rich and ruddy twilight of the rustic hearth, -where the capricious tongues of blazing light shoot out from between the -kindling turf, and dance in vivid reflection in the well-scoured pewter -and delft as they stand neatly arranged on the kitchen-dresser--loved, -did we say? ay, and ever preferred it to philosophy, with all her lights -and fashion, with all her heartlessness and hypocrisy. For this reason -it is, that whilst retracing as it were the steps of our early life, and -bringing back to our memory the acquaintances of our youthful days, we -feel our hearts touched with melancholy and sorrow, because we know that -it is like taking our last farewell of old friends whom we shall never -see again, from whom we never experienced any thing but kindness, and -whose time-touched faces were never turned upon us but with pleasure, and -amusement, and affection. - -In this paper it is not with the Shanahus whose name and avocations are -associated with high and historical dignity, that we have any thing to -do. Our sketches do not go very far beyond the manners of our own times; -by which we mean that we paint or record nothing that is not remembered -and known by those who are now living. The Shanahus we speak of is the -dim and diminished reflection of him who filled a distinct calling -in a period that has long gone by. The regular Shanahus--the herald -and historian of individual families, the faithful genealogist of his -long-descended patron--has not been in existence for at least a century -and a half, perhaps two. He with whom we have to do is the humble old -man who, feeling himself gifted with a strong memory for genealogical -history, old family anecdotes, and legendary lore in general, passes a -happy life in going from family to family, comfortably dressed and much -respected--dropping in of a Saturday night without any previous notice, -bringing eager curiosity and delight to the youngsters of the house he -visits, and filling the sedate ears of the old with tales and legends, in -which, perhaps, individuals of their own name and blood have in former -ages been known to take a remarkable and conspicuous part. - -Indeed, there is no country in the world where, from the peculiar -features of its social and political changes, the chronicles of the -Shanahus would be more likely to produce such a powerful effect as in -Ireland. When we consider that it was once a country of princes and -chiefs, each of whom was followed and looked up to with such a spirit of -feudal enthusiasm and devoted attachment as might naturally be expected -from a people remarkable for the force of their affection and the power -of imagination, it is not surprising that the man who, in a state of -society which presented to the minds of so many nothing but the records -of fallen greatness or the decay of powerful names, and the downfall -of rude barbaric grandeur, together with the ruin of fanes and the -prostration of religious institutions, each invested with some local or -national interest--it is not surprising, we say, that such a man should -be welcomed, and listened to, and honoured, with a feeling far surpassing -that which was awakened by the idle jingle of a Provençal Troubadour, or -the gorgeous dreams begotten by Arabian fiction. Neither the transition -state of society, however, nor the scanty diffusion of knowledge among -the Irish, allowed the Shanahus to produce any permanent impression -upon the people; and the consequence was, that as the changes of society -hurried on, he and his audience were carried along with them; his -traditionary lore was lost in the ignorance which ever arises when a ban -has been placed upon education; and from the recital of the high deeds -and heroic feats of by-gone days, he sank down into the humble chronicler -of hoary legends and dim traditions, for such only has he been within the -memory of the oldest man living, and as such only do we intend to present -him to our readers. - -The most accomplished Shanahus of this kind that ever came within our -observation, was a man called Tom Grassiey, or Tom the Shoemaker. He was -a very stout well-built man, about fifty years of age, with a round head -somewhat bald, and an expansive forehead that argued a considerable reach -of natural intellect. His knowing organs were large, and projected over a -pair of deep-set lively eyes, that scintillated with strong twinklings of -humour. His voice was loud, his enunciation rapid, but distinct; and such -was the force and buoyancy of his spirits, added to the vehemence of his -manner, that altogether it was impossible to resist him. His laughter was -infectious, and so loud that it might be heard of a calm summer evening -at an incredible distance. Indeed, Tom possessed many qualities that -rendered him a most agreeable companion: he could sing a good song for -instance, dance a hornpipe as well as any dancing-master, and we need not -say that he could tell a good story. He could also imitate a Jew’s harp -or trump upon his lips with his mere fingers in such a manner that the -deception was complete; and it was well known that flocks of the country -people used to crowd about him for the purpose of hearing his performance -upon the ivy leaf, which he played upon by putting it in his mouth, and -uttering a most melodious whistle. Altogether, he was a man of great -natural powers, and possessed such a memory as the writer of this never -knew any human being to be gifted with. He not only remembered everything -he saw or was concerned in, but everything he heard also. His language, -when he spoke Irish, was fluent, clear, and sometimes eloquent; but when -he had recourse to the English, although his fluency remained, yet it was -the fluency of a man who made an indiscriminate use of a vocabulary which -he did not understand. His pedantry on this account was highly ludicrous -and amusing, and his wit and humour surprisingly original and pointed. -He had never received any education, and was consequently completely -illiterate, yet he could repeat every word of Gallagher’s Irish Sermons, -Donlevy’s Catechism, Think Well On’t, the Seven Champions of Christendom, -and the substance of Pastorini’s and Kolumb Kill’s Prophecies, all by -heart. Many a time I have seen him read, as he used to call it, one of Dr -Gallagher’s Sermons out of the skirt of his big-coat; a feat which was -looked upon with twice the wonder it would have produced had he merely -said that he repeated it. But to read it out of the skirt of his coat! -Heavens, how we used to look on with awe and veneration, as Tom, in a -loud rapid voice, “rhymed it out of him,” for such was the term we gave -to his recital of it! His learning, however, was not confined to mere -English and Irish, for Tom was also classical in his way, and for want -of a better substitute it was said could serve mass, which must always -be done in Latin. Certain it was that he could repeat the _Deprofundis_, -and the Seven Penitential Psalms, and the _Dies Iræ_, in that language. -We need scarcely add, that in these learned exhibitions he dealt largely -in false quantities, and took a course for himself altogether independent -of syntax and prosody; this, however, was no argument against his natural -talents, or the surprising force of his memory. - -Tom was also an easy and happy _Improviser_ both in prose and poetry; -his invention was indeed remarkably fertile, but his genius knew no -medium between encomium and satire. He either lashed his friends, for -the deuce an enemy he had, with rude and fearful attacks of the latter, -or gave them, as Pope did to Berkley, every virtue under heaven, and -indeed a good many more than ever were heard of beyond his own system of -philosophy and morals. - -Tom was a great person for attending wakes and funerals, where he -was always a busy man, comforting the afflicted relatives with many -learned quotations, repeating _ranns_, or spiritual songs, together -with the Deprofundis or Dies Iræ, over the corpse, directing even the -domestic concerns, paying attention to strangers, looking after the -pipes and tobacco, and in fact making himself not only generally useful, -but essentially necessary to them, by his happiness of manner, the -cordiality of his sympathy, and his unextinguishable humour. - -At one time you might see him engaged in leading a Rosary for the -repose of the soul of the departed, or singing the Hermit of Killarney, -a religious song, to edify the company; and this duty being over, he -would commence a series of comic tales and humorous anecdotes, which he -narrated with an ease and spirit that the best of us all might envy. The -Irish heart passes rapidly from the depths of pathos to the extremes of -humour; and as a proof of this, we can assure our readers that we have -seen the nearest and most afflicted relatives of the deceased carried -away by uncontrollable laughter at the broad, grotesque, and ludicrous -force of his narratives. It was here also that he shone in a character of -which he was very proud, and for the possession of which he was looked -up to with great respect by the people; we mean that of a polemic, or, -as it is termed, “an arguer of Scripture,” for when a man in the country -parts of Ireland wins local fame as a controversialist, he is seldom -mentioned in any other way than as a great arguer of Scripture. To argue -scripture well, therefore, means the power of subduing one’s antagonist -in a religious contest. Many challenges of this kind passed between Tom -and his polemical opponents, in most or all of which he was successful. -His memory was infallible, his wit prompt and dexterous, and his humour -either broad or sarcastic, as he found it convenient to apply it. In -these dialectic displays he spared neither logic nor learning: where an -English quotation failed, he threw in one of Irish; and where that was -understood, he posed them with a Latin one, closing the quotation by -desiring them to give a translation of it; if this too were accomplished, -he rattled out the five or six first verses of John in Greek, which some -one had taught him; and as this was generally beyond their reading, it -usually closed the discussion in his favour. Without doubt he possessed -a mind of great natural versatility and power; and as these polemical -exercitations were principally conducted in wake-houses, it is almost -needless to say that the wake at which they expected him was uniformly a -crowded one. - -Tom was very punctual in attending fairs and markets, which he did for -the purpose of bringing to the neighbouring farmers a correct account -of the state of cattle and produce; for such was the honour in which -his knowledge and talents were held, that it was expected he should -know thoroughly every topic that might happen to be discussed. During -the peninsular war he was a perfect oracle, but always maintained that -Bonaparte never would prosper, in consequence of his having imprisoned -the Pope. He said emphatically, that he could not be shot unless by a -consecrated bullet, and that the said bullet would be consecrated by -an Irish friar. It was not Bonaparte, he insisted, who was destined to -liberate Ireland: that could never be effected until the Mill of Louth -should be turned three times with human blood, and that could not happen -until a miller with two thumbs on each hand came to be owner of the mill. -So it was prophesied by _Beal Dearg_, or the man with the red mouth, that -Ireland would never be free until we first had the Black Militia in our -own country, and that no rebellion ever was or could be of any use that -did not commence in the Valley of the Black Pig, and move upwards from -the tail to the head. These were axioms which he laid down with great and -grave authority; but on none of his authentic speculations into futurity -did he rely with more implicit confidence than the prophecy he generously -ascribed to St Bridget, that George the Fourth would never fill the -throne of England. - -Tom had a good flexible voice, and used to sing the old Irish songs of -our country with singular pathos and effect. He sang Peggy Slevin, the -Red-haired Man’s Wife, and Shula Na Guira, with a feeling that early -impressed itself upon my heart. Indeed we think that his sweet but -artless voice still rings in our ears; and whilst we remember the tears -which the enthusiasm of sorrow brought down his cheeks, and the quivering -pause in the fine old melody which marked what he felt, we cannot help -acknowledging that the memory of these things is mournful, and that the -hearts of many, in spite of new systems of education and incarcerating -poor-houses, will yearn after the homely but touching traits which marked -the harmless Shanahus, and the times in which he lived. Many a tear has -he beguiled us of in our youth when we knew not why we shed them. One of -these sacred old airs, especially, we could never resist, “the Trougha,” -or “the Green Woods of _Trough_;” and to this day we remember with a -true and melancholy recollection that whenever Tom happened to be asked -for it, we used to slink over to his side and whisper, “Tom, don’t sing -_that_; it makes me sorrowful;” and Tom, who had great goodness of heart, -had consideration for the feelings of the boy, and sang some other. But -now all these innocent fireside enjoyments are gone, and we will never -more have our hearts made glad by the sprightly mirth and rich good -humour of the Shanahus, nor ever again pay the artless tribute of our -tears to his old pathetic songs of sorrow, nor feel our hearts softened -at the ideal miseries of tale or legend as they proceeded in mournful -recitative from his lips. Alas! alas! knowledge may be power, but it is -_not_ happiness. - -Such is, we fear, an imperfect outline of Tom’s life. It was one of ease -and comfort, without a care to disturb him, or a passion that was not -calmed by the simple but virtuous integrity of his life. His wishes were -few, and innocently and easily gratified. The great delight of his soul -was not that he should experience kindness at the hands of others, but -that he should communicate to them, in the simple vanity of his heart, -that degree of amusement and instruction and knowledge which made them -look upon him as a wonderful man, gifted with rare endowments; for in -what light was not that man to be looked upon who could trace the old -names up to times when they were great, who could climb a genealogical -tree to the top branch, who could repeat the Seven Penitential Psalms -in Latin, tell all the old Irish tales and legends of the country, and -beat Paddy Crudden the methodist horse-jockey, who had the whole Bible -by heart, at arguing Scripture? Harmless ambition! humble as it was, and -limited in compass, to thee it was all in all; and yet thou wert happy in -feeling that it was gratified. This little boon was all thou didst ask -of life, and it was kindly granted thee. The last night we ever had the -pleasure of being amused by Tom was at a wake in the neighbourhood, for -it somehow happened that there was seldom either a wake or a dance within -two or three miles of us that we did not attend; and God forgive us, -when old Poll Doolin was on her death-bed, the only care that troubled -us was an apprehension that she might recover, and thus defraud us of a -right merry wake! Upon the occasion we allude to, it being known that -Tom Grassiey would be present, of course the house was crowded. And when -he did come, and his loud good-humoured voice was heard at the door, -heavens! how every young heart bounded with glee and delight! - -The first thing he did on entering was to go where the corpse was laid -out, and in a loud rapid voice repeat the Deprofundis for the repose -of her soul, after which he sat down and smoked a pipe. Oh, well do I -remember how the whole house was hushed, for all was expectation and -interest as to what he would do or say. At length he spoke--“Is Frank -Magaveen there?” - -“All’s that left o’ me’s here, Tom.” - -“An’ if the sweep-chimly-general had his due, Frank, that wouldn’t be -much; and so the longer you can keep him out of that same, the betther -for yourself.” - -“Folly on Tom! you know there’s none of us all able to spake up to _you_, -say what you will.” - -“It’s not so when you’re beside a purty girl, Frank. But sure that’s not -surprisin’; you were born wid butther in your mouth, an’ that’s what -makes your orations to the fair sect be so soft an’ meltin’, ha, ha, ha! -Well, Frank, never mind; there’s worse where you’ll go to: keep your own -counsel fast: let’s salt your gums, an’ you’ll do yet. Whisht, boys; I’m -goin’ to sing a _rann_, an’ afther that Frank an’ I will pick a couple o’ -dozen out o’ yez ‘to box the Connaughtman.’” Boxing the Connaughtman is -a play or diversion peculiar to wakes; it is grotesquely athletic in its -character, but full, besides, of comic sentiment and farcical humour. - -He then commenced an Irish rann or song, the substance of which was as -follows, according to his own translation:-- - -“St Patrick, it seems, was one Sunday morning crossing a mountain on his -way to a chapel to say mass, and as he was an humble man (coaches wern’t -then invented, at any rate) an’ a great pedestrium (pedestrian), he took -the shortest cut across the mountain. In one of the lonely glens he met -a herd-caudy, who spent his time in eulogizin’ his masther’s cattle, -according to the precepts of them times, which was not by any means so -larned an’ primogenitive as now. The countenance of the dog was clear -an’ extremely sabbathical; every thing was at rest barring the little -river before him, an’ indeed one would think that it flowed on with more -decency an’ betther behaviour than upon other sympathising occasions. -The birds, to be sure, were singin’, but it was aisy to see that they -chirped out their best notes in honour of the day. ‘Good morrow on you,’ -said St Patrick; ‘what’s the raison you’re not goin’ to prayers, my fine -little fellow?’ - -‘What’s prayers?’ axed the boy. St Patrick looked at him with a very -pitiful and calamitous expression in his face. ‘Can you bless yourself?’ -says he. ‘No,’ said the boy. ‘I don’t know what it means?’ ‘Worse and -worse,’ thought St Patrick. - -‘Poor bouchal, it isn’t your fault. An how do you pass your time here?’ - -‘Why, my mate (food) ’s brought to me, an’ I do be makin’ kings’ crowns -out of my rushes, whin I’m not watching the cows an’ sheep.’ - -St Patrick sleeked down his head wid great dereliction, an’ said, ‘Well, -acushla, you do be operatin’ kings’ crowns, but I tell you you’re born -to wear a greater one than a king’s, an’ that is a crown of glory. Come -along wid me.’ - -‘I can’t lave my cattle,’ said the other, ‘for fraid they might go -astray.’ - -‘Right enough.’ replied St Patrick, ‘but I’ll let you see that they -won’t.’ Now, any how St Patrick undherstood cattle irresistibly himself, -havin’ been a herd-caudy (boy) in his youth; so he clapped his thumb to -his thrapple, an’ gave the Soy-a-loa to the sheep, an’ behould you they -came about him wid great relaxation an’ respect. ‘Keep yourselves sober -an’ fictitious,’ says he, addressin’ them, ‘till this boy comes back, an’ -don’t go beyant your owner’s property; or if you do, it’ll be worse for -yez. If you regard your health durin’ the approximatin’ season, mind an’ -attend to my words.’ - -Now, you see, every sheep, while he was spakin’, lifted the right fore -leg, an’ raised the head a little, an’ behould when he finished, they -kissed their foot, an’ made him a low bow as a mark of their estimation -an’ superfluity. He thin clapped his finger an’ thumb in his mouth, gave -a loud whistle, an’ in a periodical time he had all the other cattle on -the hill about him, to which he addressed the same ondeniable oration, -an’ they bowed to him wid the same polite gentility. He then brought the -lad along wid him, an’ as they made progress in the journey, the little -fellow says, - -‘You seem frustrated by the walk, an’ if you’ll let me carry your bundle, -I’ll feel obliged to you.’ - -‘Do so,’ said the saint; ‘an’ as it’s rather long, throw the bag that the -things are in over your shoulder; you’ll find it the aisiest way to carry -it.’ - -Well, the boy adopted this insinivation, an’ they went ambiguously along -till they reached the chapel. - -‘Do you see that house?’ said St Patrick. - -‘I do,’ said the other; ‘it has no chimley on it.’ - -‘No,’ said the saint; ‘it has not; but in that house, Christ, he that -saved you, will be present to-day.’ An’ the boy thin shed tears, when -he thought of the goodness of Christ in saving one that was a stranger -to him. So they entered the chapel, an’ the first thing the lad was -struck with was the beams of the sun that came in through the windy -shinin’ beside the altar. Now, he had never seen the like of it in a -house before, an’ thinkin’ it was put there for some use or other in the -intarior, he threw the wallet, which was like a saddle-bag, across the -sunbeams, an’ lo an’ behould you the sunbeams supported them, an’ at the -same time a loud sweet voice was heard, sayin’, ‘This is my servant St -Kieran, an’ he’s welcome to the house o’ God!’ St Patrick then tuck him -an’ instructed him in the various edifications of the larned languages -until he became one of the greatest saints that ever Ireland saw, with -the exception an’ liquidation of St Patrick himself.” - -Such is a faint outline of the style and manner peculiar to the -narratives of Tom Grassiey. Indeed, it has frequently surprised not only -us, but all who knew him, to think how and where and when he got together -such an incredible number of hard and difficult words. Be this as it -may, one thing was perfectly clear, that they cost him little trouble -and no study in their application. His pride was to speak as learnedly -as possible, and of course he imagined that the most successful method -of doing this was to use as many sesquipedalian expressions as he could -crowd into his language, without any regard whatsoever as to their -propriety. - -Immediately after the relation of this legend, he passed at once into -a different spirit. He and Frank Magaveen marshalled their forces, and -in a few minutes two or three dozen young fellows were hotly engaged in -the humorous game of “Boxing the Connaughtman.” Boxing the Connaughtman -was followed by “the Standing Brogue” and “the Sitting Brogue,” two -other sports practised only at wakes. And here we may observe generally, -that the amusements resorted to on such occasions are never to be found -elsewhere, but are exclusively peculiar to the house of mourning, where -they are benevolently introduced for the purpose of alleviating sorrow. -Having gone through a few more such sports, Tom took a seat and addressed -a neighbouring farmer, named Gordon, as follows:--“Jack Gordon, do you -know the history of your own name and its original fluency?” - -“Indeed no, Tom, I cannot say I do.” - -“Well, boys, if you derogate your noise a little, I’ll tell you the -origin of the name of Gordon; it’s a story about ould Oliver Crummle, -whose tongue is on the look-out for a drop of wather ever since he went -to the lower story.” This legend, however, is too long and interesting -to be related here: we are therefore forced to defer it until another -opportunity. - - - - -SEALS OF IRISH CHIEFS. - -By George Petrie, R.H.A., M.R.I.A. - -(Concluded from No. 45.) - - -The next seal which I have to exhibit, belongs to a chief of another -and nobler family of Thomond, the O’Briens, kings of the country, and -descendants of the celebrated monarch Brian Boru. This seal is also from -the collection of the Dean of St Patrick’s, and was purchased a few years -since in Roscrea. Its type is unlike the preceding, as, instead of the -armed warrior, it presents in the field the figure of a griffin. - -The inscription reads, _Sigillum: Brian: I Brian_. - -[Illustration] - -In the genealogies of this illustrious family, which are remarkable for -their minuteness and historical truth, two or three chiefs bearing the -Christian name of Brian occur. But from the character of the letters on -this seal, I have little hesitation in assigning it to Brian O’Brian, -who, according to the Annals of the Four Masters, succeeded to the -lordship of Thomond in 1343, and was killed in 1350. - -The next seal which I have to exhibit is also from the Dean’s collection, -and, though of later date, is on many accounts of still higher interest -than perhaps either of the preceding. It is the seal of a chief of the -O’Neills, whose family were for seven hundred years the hereditary -monarchs of Ireland. - -[Illustration] - -This seal was found about ten years since in the vicinity of Magherafelt, -in the county of Derry, and was purchased by the Dean from a shopkeeper -in that town some years after. The arms of O’Neill, the bloody hand, -appear on a shield, and the legend reads, _Sigillum Maurisius_ [Maurisii] -_ui Neill_. The name Mauritius, which occurs in this inscription, does -not occur in the genealogies of the O’Neill family, and is obviously but -a latinised form of the name Murtogh or Muircheartach, which was that of -two or three chiefs of the family; and of these I am inclined to ascribe -this seal to Murtogh Roe, or the Red O’Neill, lord of Clanaboy, who, -according to the Annals of the Four Masters, died in 1471. - -These are all the seals of Irish princes which have fallen under my -observation. But there remain two of equal antiquity, but which belonged -to persons of inferior rank, which it may interest the Academy to see. -The first, which is in my own collection, exhibits the figure of an -animal, which I must leave to the zoologists of the Academy to describe, -with the legend _Sigillum Mac Craith Mac I Dafid_. - -[Illustration] - -The O’Dafys were an ancient family in Thomond, and are still very -numerous in the county of Clare. - -The next and last is from the cabinet of the Dean, and is very remarkable -in having the head of a helmeted warrior cut on a cornelian within the -legend, which reads, _Sigillum Brian: O’Harny_. - -[Illustration] - -The O’Harnys are a very ancient and still numerous family in Kerry, -descendants of the ancient lords of that country, and remarkable in -history as poets and musicians. - -I have only to add, that it will be observed that these seals are all of -a round form, which characterises the seals of secular persons, while -those belonging to ecclesiastics were usually oval. - - - - -ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES. - -BY JOHN O’DONOVAN. - -Fourth Article. - - -Having in the last article spoken of the origin of surnames in Ireland, -and of the popular errors now prevailing respecting them, I shall next -proceed to notice certain epithets, sobriquets, &c., by which the Irish -chieftains and others of inferior rank were distinguished. - -Besides the surnames, or hereditary family names, which the Irish people -assumed from their ancestors, it appears from the authentic annals that -most, if not all, of their chieftains had attached to their Christian -names, and sometimes to their surnames, certain cognomens by which -they were distinguished from each other. These cognomens, or, as they -may in many instances be called, sobriquets, were given them from some -perfection or imperfection of the body, or some disposition or quality -of the mind, from the place of birth, or the place of fosterage, and -very frequently from the place of their deaths. Of the greater number of -these cognomens, the pedigree of the regal family of O’Neill furnishes -examples, as Niall Roe, _i. e._ Niall the Red, who flourished about the -year 1225, so called from his having red hair; Hugh Toinlease (a name -which requires no explanation), who died in 1230; Niall More, _i. e._ -Niall the Great, who died in 1397; Con Bacach, _i. e._ Con the Lame, who -was created Earl of Tyrone in 1542. Among the same family we meet Henry -Avrey, _i. e._ Henry the Contentious, Shane an Dimais, _i. e._ John the -Proud. Of the cognomens derived from the places in which and the families -by whom they were fostered, the pedigree of the same family affords -several instances, as Turlogh Luineach, so called from his having been -fostered by O’Luney, chief of Munterluney in Tyrone; Niall Conallach, so -called from his having been fostered by O’Donnell, chief of Tirconnell; -Shane Donnellach, so called from his having been fostered by O’Donnelly -(An Four Masters, 1531 and 1567); and Felim Devlinach, so called from -his foster-father O’Devlin, chief of Munter-Devlin, near Lough Neagh, -in the present county of Londonderry. Various examples of cognomens -given to chieftains from the place or territory in which they were -fostered, are to be met with in other families, as, in that of O’Brien, -Donogh Cair-breach, who was so called from his having been fostered by -O’Donovan, chief of Carbery Aeva, the ancient name of the plains of the -county of Limerick. In the regal family of Mac Murrough of Leinster, -Donnell Cavanagh was so called from having been fostered by the Coarb -of St Cavan, at Kilcavan, near Gorey, in Hy-Dea, in the present county -of Wexford. This cognomen of Donnell has been adopted for the last two -centuries as a surname by his descendants, a thing very unusual among -Irish families. In the family of Mac Donnell of Scotland, John Cahanach -was so called from his having been fostered by O’Cahan or O’Kane, in the -present county of Londonderry. - -In the pedigrees of other families, various instances are on record of -cognomens having been applied by posterity to chieftains from the place -of their deaths; in the family of O’Neill, for example, Brian Chatha an -Duin, or “of the battle of Down,” was so called by posterity from his -having been killed in a battle fought at Downpatrick in the year 1260; -in the family of O’Brien, Conor na Siudaine, from the wood of Suidain in -Burren, in which he was killed in the year 1267; and in the family of Mac -Carthy, the celebrated Fineen Reanna Roin, from his having been killed -at the castle of Rinn Roin in the year 1261, after a brilliant career of -victory over the English. - -On this subject of cognomens and sobriquets among the Irish, Sir Henry -Piers wrote as follows in the year 1682, in a description of the county -of Westmeath, written in the form of a letter to Anthony Lord Bishop of -Meath, and published in the first volume of Vallancey’s Collectanea:-- - -“Every Irish surname or family name hath either O or Mac prefixed, -concerning which I have found some make this observation, but I dare -not undertake that it shall hold universally true, that such as have O -prefixed were of old superior lords or princes, as O’Neal, O’Donnell, -O’Melaghlin, &c., and such as have Mac were only great men, viz, -lords, thanes, as Mac Gennis, Mac Loghlin, Mac Doncho, &c. But however -this observation [may] hold, it is certain they take much liberty, -and seem to do it with delight, in giving of nicknames; and if a man -have any imperfection or evil habit, he shall be sure to hear of it -in the nickname. Thus, if he be blind, lame, squint-eyed, grey-eyed, -be a stammerer in speech, be left-handed, to be sure he shall have -one of these added to his name; so also from his colour of hair, as -black, red, yellow, brown, &c.; and from his age, as young, old; or -from what he addicts himself to, or much delights in, as in draining, -building, fencing, or the like; so that no man whatever can escape a -nickname who lives among them, or converseth with them; and sometimes so -libidinous are they in this kind of raillery, they will give nicknames -_per antiphrasim_, or contrariety of speech. Thus a man of excellent -parts, and beloved of all men, shall be called _grana_, that is, naughty -or fit to be complained of; if a man have a beautiful countenance or -lovely eyes, they will call him Cueegh, that is, squint-eyed; if a -great housekeeper, he shall be called Ackerisagh, that is greedy.” -(_Collectanea_, vol. I. p. 113.) - -In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when the Irish families -increased, and their territories were divided into two and three parts -among rival chieftains of the same family, each of the chieftains adopted -some addition to the family surname for the sake of distinction. Thus, -among the O’Conors of Connaught we find O’Conor Don, _i. e._ O’Conor the -brown-haired, and O’Conor Roe, or the red-haired. This distinction was -first made in the year 1384, when Torlogh Don and Torlogh Roe, who had -been for some time in emulation for the chieftainship of the territory -of Shilmurry, agreed to have it divided equally between them; on which -occasion the former was to be called O’Conor Don, and the latter O’Conor -Roe. (See Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Charles O’Conor). It is -now supposed by many of the Irish that the epithet Don postfixed to the -name of the chief of the O’Conors is a Spanish title! while those who -are acquainted with the history of the name think that he should reject -it as being a useless sobriquet, and more particularly now, as there is -no O’Conor Roe from whom he needs to be distinguished. It is true that -the O’Conor Don might now very lawfully be called the O’Conor, as there -is no O’Conor Roe or O’Conor Sligo, at least none who take the name; but -as he had borne it before O’Conor Roe disappeared, we would not advise -it to be rejected for another generation, as we think that an O’Conor -Roe will in the meantime make his appearance, for we are acquainted with -an individual of that name who knows his pedigree well, but is not -sufficiently wealthy to put himself forward as an Irish chieftain. - -In the same province we find the Mac Dermots of Moylurg divided into -three distinct families the head of whom was, _par excellence_, styled -the Mac Dermot, and the other two who were tributary to him called, the -one Mac Dermot Roe, _i. e._ the Red, and the other Mac Dermot Gall, -or the Anglicised. In Thomond we find the Mac Namaras split into two -distinct families, distinguished by the names of Mac Namara Fin, _i. e._ -the Fair, and Mac Namara Reagh, or the Swarthy. In Desmond the family -of Mac Carthy split into three powerful branches, known by the names of -Mac Carthy More or the Great, Mac Carthy Reagh or the Swarthy, and Mac -Carthy Muscryagh, _i. e._ of Muskerry. Beauford asserts with his usual -confidence that Mac Carthy Reagh signifies Mac Carthy the King, but this -is utterly fallacious, for the epithet, which is anglicised Reagh, is -written _riach_ and _riabhach_, in the original annals of Inisfallen and -of the Four Masters, and translated _fuscus_ by Philip O’Sullivan Beare -(who knew the import of it far better than Beauford) in his History of -the Irish Catholics published at Lisbon in 1621. The O’Sullivans split -into the families of O’Sullivan More and O’Sullivan Beare; the O’Donovans -into those of O’Donovan More, O’Donovan Locha Crot, and O’Hea O’Donovan; -the O’Kennedys of Ormond into those of O’Kennedy Finn, O’Kennedy Roe, and -O’Kennedy Don; the O’Farrells of Annally into those of O’Farrell Bane, -_i. e._ the White, and O’Farrell Boy, or the Yellow, &c., &c. - -The foregoing notices are sufficient to show the nature of the surnames -in use among the ancient Scotic or Milesian Irish families. It will -be now expected that I should say a few words on the effect which the -Anglo-Norman invasion and the introduction of English laws, language, -and names, have had in changing or modifying them, and on the other hand -the influence which the Irish may have had in changing or modifying the -English names. - -After the murder, in 1333, of William de Burgo, third Earl of Ulster -of that name, and the lessening of the English power which resulted -from it, many if not all of the distinguished Anglo-Norman families -located in Connaught and Munster became hibernicised--_Hibernis ipsis -Hiberniores_--spoke the Irish language, and assumed surnames in imitation -of the Irish by prefixing Mac (but never O in any instance) to the -Christian names of their ancestors. Thus the De Burgos in Connaught took -the name of Mac William from their ancestor William de Burgo, and were -divided into two great branches, called Mac William Oughter and Mac -William Eighter, _i. e._ Mac William Upper and Mac William Lower, the -former located in the county of Galway, and the latter in that of Mayo; -and from these sprang many offshoots who took other surnames from their -respective ancestors, as the Mac Davids of Glinsk, the Mac Philbins of -Dun Mugdord in Mayo, the Mac Shoneens, now Jennings, and the Mac Gibbons, -now Fitzgibbons. The Berminghams of Dunmore and Athenry in Connaught, -and of Offaly in Leinster, took the name of Mac Feoiris, from Pierce, -the son of Meyler Bermingham, who was one of the principal heads of that -family in Ireland. The head of the Stauntons in Carra took the name of -Mac Aveely. The chief of the Barretts of Tirawley took the name of Mac -Wattin, and a minor branch of the same family, located in the territory -of the Two Backs, lying between Lough Con and the river Moy, assumed that -of Mac Andrew, while the Barretts of Munster took the now very plebeian -name of Mac Phaudeen, from an ancestor called Paudeen, or Little Patrick. -The De Exeters of Gallen, in Connaught, assumed the surname of Mac Jordan -from Jordan De Exeter, the founder of that family; and the Nangles of the -same neighbourhood took that of Mac Costello. Of the Kildare and Desmond -branches of the Fitzgeralds there were two Mac Thomases, one in Leinster, -and the other in the Desies, in the now county of Waterford, in Munster. -A branch of the Butlers took the name of Mac Pierce, and the Poers, or -Powers, that of Mac Shere. The Freynes of Ossory took the name of Mac -Rinki, and the Barrys that of Mac Adam. In the present county of Kilkenny -were located two families, originally of great distinction, who took -the strange name of Gaul, which then signified Englishman, though at an -earlier period it had been a term applied by the Irish to all foreigners; -the one was Stapleton, who was located at Gaulstown, in the parish of -Kilcolumb, barony of Ida, and county of Kilkenny; the other a branch of -the Burkes, who obtained extensive estates in that part of Ireland, and -dwelt at Gaulstown, in the barony of Igrine. The writer, who is the sixth -in descent from the last head of this family, has many of his family -deeds, in which he styles himself sometimes Galle and sometimes Galle -alias Borke; on his tomb, however, in his family chapel at Gaulskill, he -is called Walterus De Burgo without the addition of Galle, and is there -said to be descended from the Red Earl of Ulster. His descendants now -all retain the name of Gaul, as do those of his neighbour Stapleton. The -Fitzsimons, in Westmeath, took the name of Mac Ruddery, and the Wesleys -that of Mac Falrene, &c. &c. - -Edmund Spenser, secretary to the Lord Arthur Grey (deputy of Ireland -under Queen Elizabeth in the year 1580), attempted to prove that many -distinguished families then bearing Irish surnames, and accounted of -Irish origin, were really English. This, however, is undoubtedly false, -and is a mere invention of the creative fancy of that great poet and -politician: but as it has been received as truth by Sir Charles Coote -and other English writers, we shall show how Spenser deceived himself or -was deceived on this point. He instances the following families: 1, The -Mac Mahons of Oriel in Ulster, who, as he states on the authority of the -report of some Irishmen, came first to Ireland with Robert de Vere, Earl -of Oxford, under the name of Fitz-Ursula: 2, The Mac Mahons of the South: -3, The Mac Sweenys of Munster: 4, The Mac Sheehys of Munster: 5, The -O’Brins or O’Byrnes of Leinster: 6, The O’Tooles of the same province: -7, The Cavanaghs: 8, The Mac Namaras of Thomond. But he gives no proof -for his assertions but the report of some Irishmen, corroborated by -etymological speculations of his own; and as the report of some unnamed -persons can have no weight with us when in direct contradiction of the -authentic annals of the country, I shall slightly glance at some of -the most important of his etymological evidences, and then give my own -proofs of the contrary. To prove that the Mac Mahons of Oriel are the -Fitz-Ursulas, he says that _Mahon_ signifies _bear_ in Irish, and hence -that Mac Mahon is a translation of Fitz-Ursula; but granting that _Mahon_ -does mean a _bear_, it does not follow that Mac Mahon is a translation of -Fitz-Ursula. But we have stronger reasons to urge than to prove that this -is a _non sequitur_, for we have the testimony of the authentic pedigree -of the Mac Mahons of Oriel, and of the annals of Ulster, that the Mac -Mahons had been located in Oriel and had borne that name long before -the English invasion. The Mac Mahons and Mac Namaras of the south are a -branch of the Dal-Cais, a great tribe located in Thomond, whose history -is as certain from the ninth century as that of any people in Europe. -The Mac Sweenys and Mac Sheehys of Munster are of Irish origin, but -their ancestors removed to Scotland in the tenth century, or beginning -of the eleventh, and some of their descendants returned to Ireland in -the beginning of the fourteenth century, and were hereditary leaders of -Gallowglasses to many Irish chieftains. To prove that the Byrnes, Tooles, -and Cavanaghs, are of British origin, he has recourse also to etymology, -which is a great lever in the hand of a historical charlatan, and says, -in the first place, that _Brin_ in the Welsh language means woody, and -that hence the O’Brins or O’Byrnes must be of Welsh origin. But admitting -that _Brin_ does in the Welsh language mean woody, what has that to do -with O’Brain, the original Irish name of O’Byrne, especially when it can -be proved that that surname was called after Bran, king of Leinster, who -was usually styled Bran Duv, _i. e._ the Black Raven, from the colour of -his hair, and his thirst for prey. Secondly, to prove that O’Toole is a -Welsh name, he says that _tol_ means hilly in the Welsh language! and so -does _tol_ in Irish bear this meaning. But what, I would ask, has that to -do with O’Tuathail, or descendants of Tuathal, the son of Ugaire, from -whom this family have taken their surname? The name Tuathal, signifying -_the lordly_, has no more to do with _tol_, a hill, than it has with the -English word _tool_, to which it has been anglicised for the last two -centuries. Thirdly, to prove that the name Cavanagh is of Welsh origin, -he asserts that Kaevan in Welsh signifies _strong_ in English. This may -be true; but what has the signification of the Welsh word Kaevan to do -with the name of the Mac Murroghs of Leinster, who assumed the cognomen -of Cavanagh from Donnell Cavanagh, the son of Dermot Mac Murrogh, who had -himself received this name from his having been fostered at Kilcavan in -the north-east of the present county of Wexford? _Spectatum admissi risum -teneatis amici?_ - -These errors of Spenser have been already exposed by Dr Jeffry Keating, a -man of learning and undoubted honesty, but of great simplicity, which is -characteristic of the age in which he lived, also by Gratianus Lucius, -and by the learned Roderic O’Flaherty, who has devoted a chapter of his -Ogygia to prove that Spenser, though a distinguished poet, can have no -claim to credit as a historian. Spenser’s purpose in fabricating this -story about the Mac Mahons was to hold them up as objects of hatred -to the Irish and English people, as being descended from the murderer -of Thomas à Becket. He never succeeded, however, in convincing Ever -Mac Cooley, or any other of the rebels of the Farney, that they were -descended from the Beares of England! Spenser also asserts that _it was -said_ that most of the surnames ending in _an_, though then considered -Irish, were in reality English, such as Hernan, Shinan, Mungan, &c. I -do not, however, believe a word of this latter assertion of the great -English poet, but conclude, with the simple and honest Keating, that, “as -being a poet, he gave himself, as was usual with the profession, licence -to revel in poetic fictions, which he dressed in flowery language to -decoy his reader.” For we know that there is not a single instance on -record of any Anglo-Norman family having taken any Irish names except -such as they formed from the names or titles of their own ancestors by -prefixing Mac, which they considered equivalent to the Norman Fitz, as -Mac Maurice, Mac Gibbon, Mac Gerald, Mac William, which are equivalent -to Fitz-Maurice, Fitz-Gibbon, Fitz-Gerald, Fitz-William. In this manner, -however, the great Anglo-Norman families of the south and west of -Ireland, who were after all more French and Irish than they were English -(their ancestors having dwelt scarcely a century in England), nearly all -hibernicised their names. It seems rather curious that Spenser has not -furnished any list of those Anglo-Norman families who really hibernicised -their names, while he was so minute in naming those who were not English, -but whom he wished to make appear as such, in order to be enabled to -censure them the more harshly for their treasons and rebellions. He -contents himself by stating that there were great English families in -Ireland who, he regretted to say, had become Irish in name and feeling. -The manner in which he states this fact is worthy of consideration, and I -shall therefore insert his very words here as they appear in the Dublin -edition:--“Other great houses there bee of the English in Ireland, which -thorough licentious conversing with the Irish or marrying or fostering -with them, or lacke of meet nurture [_i. e._ education or rearing], -or such other unhappy occasions, have degendred from their auncient -dignities, and are now growne ‘_as Irish as O’Hanlon’s breech_,’ as the -proverbe there is.” - -Sir Henry Piers of Tristernagh, in the county of Westmeath, complains of -the same custom among the families of English descent, in about a century -after Spenser’s period. - -“In the next place, I rank the degeneracy of many English families as -a great hindrance of the reducing this people to civility, occasioned -not only by fostering, that is, having their children nursed and bred -during their tender years by the Irish, but much more by marriages -with them, by means whereof our English in too many great families -became in a few generations one both in manners and interest with the -Irish, insomuch as many of them have not doubted [_i. e._ hesitated] -to assume even Irish names and appellations: instances whereof are but -too many even to this day: thus a Bermingham is called by them Mac -Yoris, Fitz-Simmons, Mac Kuddery [_recte_ Mac-Ruddery], Wesley [_i. e._ -Wellesley], Mac Falrene, &c., and from men thus metamorphosed what could -be expected?”--_Collectanea_, vol. I. p. 105. - -On the other hand, the Irish families who lived within the English -pale and in its vicinity gradually conformed to the English customs, -and assumed English surnames; and their doing so was deemed to be of -such political importance that it was thought worthy the consideration -of parliament: accordingly it was enacted by the statute of 5 Edward -IV (1465), that every Irishman dwelling within the English pale, then -comprising the counties of Dublin, Meath, Louth, and Kildare, should take -an English surname. This act is so curious as illustrating the history of -Irish family names, that it demands insertion in this place. - -“An act, that the Irish men dwelling in the counties of Dublin, Myeth, -Uriell, and Kildare, shall goe apparelled like English men, and weare -theire beards after the English maner, sweare allegeance, and take -English surname.”--_Rot. Parl. ca. 16._ - -“At the request of the Commons it is ordeyned and established by -authority of the said parliament, that every Irish man that dwells -betwixt or amongst Englishmen in the county of Dublin, Myeth, Uriell, -and Kildare, shall goe like to one Englishman in apparell, and shaveing -off his beard above the mouth, and shal be within one yeare sworne the -liege man of the king in the hands of the lieutenant or deputy, or such -as he will assigne to receive this oath for the multitude that is to be -sworne, and shall take to him an English surname of one towne, as Sutton, -Chester, Trym, Skryne, Corke, Kinsale; or colour, as white, blacke, -browne; or arte or science, as smith or carpenter; or office, as cooke, -butler; and that he and his issue shall use this name under payne of -forfeyting of his goods yearely till the premises be done, to be levied -two times by the yeare to the king’s warres, according to the discretion -of the lieutenant of the king or his deputy.”--5 _Edward_ IV. cap. 3. - -“In obedience to this law,” observes Harris, in his additions to Ware, -“the Shanachs took the name of Foxes, the Mac Gabhans of Smiths, Geals of -Whites, the Branachs of Walshes, and many others; the said words being -only literal translations from the Irish into the English language.” -Harris, however, I may remark, is very much mistaken when he supposes -that the Branachs (Breaṫnaiġ, _i. e._ _Britones_) of the English pale in -Ireland are an Irish family, or that any ancient Irish family had borne -that name before the Anglo-Norman and Welsh families settled in Ireland -towards the latter end of the twelfth century; and he is also wrong in -assuming that the Irish word for _Geal_, white, was by itself ever used -as the name of any family in Ireland. In the other two instances he is -correct; for the head of the O’Caharnys of Teffia, who was usually styled -the Shinnagh, translated his name into Fox, and the Mac-an-Gowans and -O’Gowans translated their name into Smith. - -The importance thus attached by this act to the bearing of an English -surname soon induced many of the less distinguished Irish families of the -English pale and its vicinity to translate or disguise their Irish names, -so as to make them appear English ones, as Mac Intire to Carpenter, -Mac Spallane to Spenser, Mac Cogry to L’Estrange, &c.; but the more -distinguished families of the pale and its vicinity, as Mac Murrogh, -O’Brennan, O’Kayly, and others, retained with pride their original Irish -names unaltered; for while they could look back with pride on a long line -of ancestors, they could not bear the idea of being considered as the -descendants of tradesmen and petty artizans, a feeling which prevails at -the present day, and will prevail for ever; for though a man has himself -sunk into poverty, he still feels a pride in believing that he is of -respectable origin. It is certain, however, that the translation and -assimilation of Irish surnames to English ones was carried to a great -extent in the vicinity of Dublin and throughout Leinster; and hence it -may at this day be safely concluded that many families bearing English -surnames throughout the English pale are undoubtedly of Milesian or -Danish origin. - -It appears, however that this statute had not the intended effect; for, -about a century after its having passed, we find Spenser recommending a -renewal of it, inasmuch as the Irish had then become as Irish as ever. -His words on this point are highly interesting, as throwing great light -on the history of Irish surnames towards the close of the sixteenth -century, and we shall therefore lay them before the reader:-- - -“Moreover, for the better breaking of these heads _and_ [of?] septs which -(I told you) was one of the greatest strengthes of the Irish, methinkes -it should be very well to renewe that ould statute which was made in the -reigne of Edward the Fourth in Ireland, by which it was commanded, that -whereas all men used to be called by the name of their septs, according -to the severall nations, and had no surnames at all, that from henceforth -each one should take upon himself a severall surname, either of his trade -and faculty, or of some quality of his body or minde, or of the place -where he dwels, so as every one should be distinguished from the other, -or from the most part, whereby they shall not only not depend upon the -head of their sept, as now they do, but also in time learne quite to -forget his [their] Irish nation. And herewithal would I also wish all the -O’s and the Mac’s which the heads of septs have taken to their names, -to be utterly forbidden and extinguished. For, that the same being an -ordinance (as some say) first made by O’Brien for the strengthening of -the Irish, the abrogating thereof will as much enfeeble them.” - -Towards the close of the next century we find Sir Henry Piers of -Tristernagh, in his account of the county of Westmeath, rejoicing that -the less distinguished Irish families were beginning to take English -surnames:-- - -“These, I suppose, may be reckoned among the causes of the slow progress -this nation hath made towards civility and accommodation to our English -laws and customs; yet these notwithstanding, this people, especially -in this and the adjoining counties, are in our days become more polite -and civil [civilized] than in former ages, and some very forward to -accommodate themselves to the English modes, particularly in their habit, -language, and surnames, which _by all manner of ways they strive to make -English or English like_; this I speak _of the inferior rank of them_. -Thus you have Mac Gowan surname himself Smith; Mac Killy, Cock; Mac -Spallane, Spenser; Mac Kegry, L’Estrange, &c., herein making small amends -for our degenerate English before spoken of.” - -But I have exceeded the space which the Journal allows for this article, -and I must defer the remainder to a future number, promising the reader -that I shall make every effort to bring the subject of Irish surnames to -a conclusion in two additional articles. - - * * * * * - -ARISTOCRATIC TRAVELLING.--Mr Theobald was at that instant speaking to -Lord Bolsover. “Listen,” said the Earl of Rochdale to Arlington, “and -you will hear some of the uses and advantages of travel.” Arlington -accordingly directed his attention to the speakers. “I will just tell -you what I did,” said Mr Theobald. “Brussels, Frankfort, Berlin, Vienna, -Munich, Milan, Naples, and Paris, and all that in two months. No man -has ever done it in less.” “That’s a fast thing; but I think I could -have done it,” said Lord Bolsover, “with a good courier. I had a fellow -once who could ride a hundred miles a-day for a fortnight.” “I came from -Vienna to Calais,” said young Leighton, “in less time than the government -courier. No other Englishman ever did that.” “Hem! I am not sure of -that,” said Lord Bolsover. “But I’ll just tell you what I have done: from -Rome to Naples in nineteen hours; a fact, upon my honour; and from Naples -to Paris in six days.” “Partly by sea?” interrogated Leighton. “No! all -by land,” replied Lord Bolsover, with a look of proud satisfaction. -“I’ll just tell you what I did,” Mr Leighton chimed in again, “and I -think it is a good plan--it shows what one _can_ do. I went straight on -end, as fast as I could, to what was to be the end of my journey. This -was Sicily. So straight away I went there at the devil’s own rate, and -never stopped anywhere by the way; changed horses at Rome and all those -places, and landed in safety in----I forget exactly how long from the -time of starting, but I have got it down to an odd minute. As for the -places I left behind, I saw them all on my way back, except the Rhine, -and I steamed down that in the night-time.” “I have travelled a good deal -by night,” said Theobald. “With a _dormeuse_ and travelling lamp I think -it is pleasant, and a good plan of getting on.” “And you can honestly -say, I suppose,” said Denbigh, “that you have slept successfully through -as much fine country as any man living?” “Oh, I did see the country,” -replied Theobald, “that is, all that was worth seeing. My courier knew -all about that, and used to stop and waken me whenever we came to -anything remarkable. Gad! I have reason to remember it, too, for I caught -an infernal bad cold one night when I turned out by lamp-light to look -at a waterfall. I never looked at another.” There was a pause in the -conversation, and the group moved onwards to another room.--_Arlington, a -Tale, by the Hon. Mr Lister._ - - * * * * * - -Truth will never be palatable to those who are determined not to -relinquish error, but can never give offence to the honest and -well-meaning; for the plain-dealing remonstrances of a friend differ as -widely from the rancour of an enemy as the friendly probe of a physician -from the dagger of an assassin.--_E. W. Montague._ - - * * * * * - -PARENTAL DUTIES.--Bring thy children up in learning and obedience, yet -without outward austerity. Praise them openly, reprehend them secretly. -Give them good countenance and convenient maintenance, otherwise thy -life will seem their bondage, and what portion thou shalt leave them at -thy death they will thank death for it, and not thee. And I am persuaded -that the foolish cockering of some parents, and the overstern carriage -of others, cause more men and women to take ill courses than their own -vicious inclinations. Marry thy daughters in time, lest they marry -themselves; and train not up thy sons in the wars, for he that sets up -his rest to live by that profession can hardly be an honest man or a good -Christian; besides, it is a science no longer in request than use, for -soldiers in peace are like chimneys in summer.--_Lord Burleigh’s Maxims._ - - - - -HALF AN HOUR IN IRELAND. - -(_From Charles O’Malley._) - - -When the Bermuda transport sailed from Portsmouth for Lisbon, I happened -to make one of some four hundred interesting individuals, who, before -they became food for powder, were destined to try their constitutions on -pickled pork. The second day after our sailing, the winds became adverse; -it blew a hurricane from every corner of the compass but the one it -ought; and the good ship, that should have been standing straight for the -Bay of Biscay, was scudding away with a double-reefed topsail towards -the coast of Labrador. For six days we experienced every sea-manœuvre -that usually preludes a shipwreck; and at length, when, what from sea -sickness and fear, we had become utterly indifferent to the result, the -storm abated, the sea went down, and we found ourselves lying comfortably -in the harbour of Cork, we had a strange suspicion on our minds that the -frightful scenes of the past week had been nothing but a dream. - -“Come, Mr Medlicot,” said the skipper to me, “we shall be here for -a couple of days to refit; had you not better go ashore and see the -country?” - -I sprung to my legs with delight; visions of cowslips, larks, daisies, -and mutton chops, floated before my excited imagination, and in ten -minutes I found myself standing at that pleasant little inn at Cove, -which, opposite Spike Island, rejoices in the name of the Goat and -Garters. - -“Breakfast, waiter,” said I; “a beefsteak--fresh beef, mark ye; fresh -eggs, bread, milk, and butter, all fresh.” No more hard tack, thought I, -no salt butter, but a genuine land breakfast. - -“Up stairs, No. 4, sir,” said the waiter, as he flourished a dirty -napkin, indicating the way. - -Up stairs I went, and in due time the appetizing little _dejeune_ made -its appearance. Never did a miser’s eye revel over his broad acres with -more complacent enjoyment than did mine skim over the mutton and the -muffin, the teapot, the trout, and the devilled kidney, so invitingly -spread out before me. Yes, thought I, as I smacked my lips, this is the -reward of virtue; pickled pork is a probationary state that admirably -fits us for future enjoyments. I arranged my napkin upon my knee, I -seized my knife and fork, and proceeded with most critical acumen to -bisect a beefsteak. Scarcely, however, had I touched it, when with a loud -crash the plate smashed beneath it, and the gravy ran piteously across -the cloth. Before I had time to account for the phenomenon, the door -opened hastily, and the waiter rushed into the room, his face redolent -with smiles, while he rubbed his hands in an ecstacy of delight. - -“It’s all over, sir;” said he, “glory be to God, it’s all done.” - -“What’s over? what’s done?” said I with impatience. - -“M’Mahon is satisfied,” replied he, “and so is the other gentleman.” - -“Who and what the devil do you mean?” - -“It’s over, sir, I say,” replied the waiter again; “he fired in the air.” - -“Fired in the air,” said I. “Did they fight in the room below stairs?” - -“Yes, sir,” said the waiter with a benign smile. - -“That will do,” said I, as seizing my hat I rushed out of the house, and -hurrying to the beach took a boat for the ship. Exactly half an hour had -elapsed since my landing, but even those short thirty minutes had fully -as many reasons, that although there may be few more amusing, there are -some safer places to live in than the green island. - - * * * * * - -All men are masked; the world is one universal disguise, each individual -endeavouring to fathom his neighbour’s intentions, at the same time -wishing to hide his own, and, above all, striving to secure a reputable -character rather by words than deeds. - - * * * * * - -Persons who are always innocently cheerful and good-humoured are very -useful in the world; they maintain peace and happiness, and spread a -thankful temper amongst all who live around them.--_Miss Talbot._ - - * * * * * - - Printed and published every Saturday by GUNN and CAMERON, at - the Office of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, - College Green, Dublin.--Agents:--R. GROOMBRIDGE, Panyer Alley, - Paternoster Row, London; SIMMS and DINHAM, Exchange Street, - Manchester; C. DAVIES, North John Street, Liverpool; JOHN - MENZIES, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; and DAVID ROBERTSON, - Trongate, Glasgow. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -48, May 29, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, MAY 29, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55451-0.txt or 55451-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/4/5/55451/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/55451-0.zip b/old/55451-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 472c708..0000000 --- a/old/55451-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55451-h.zip b/old/55451-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2b92f65..0000000 --- a/old/55451-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55451-h/55451-h.htm b/old/55451-h/55451-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 5f752a2..0000000 --- a/old/55451-h/55451-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1823 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 48, May 29, 1841, by Various. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2,h3 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -hr { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; -} - -hr.tb { - width: 45%; - margin-left: 27.5%; - margin-right: 27.5%; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - width: 40em; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.antiqua { - font-style: normal; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.gap4 { - margin-top: 4em; -} - -.irish { - font-family: "Duibhlinn", "Uncial Antiqua", uncial, cursive; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: smaller; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -@media handheld { - -img { - max-width: 100%; - width: auto; - height: auto; -} - -.blockquote { - margin-left: 5%; - margin-right: 5%; -} -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 48, May -29, 1841, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. 48, May 29, 1841 - -Author: Various - -Release Date: August 28, 2017 [EBook #55451] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, MAY 29, 1841 *** - - - - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span></p> - -<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1> - -<table summary="Headline layout"> - <tr> - <td class="smcap">Number 48.</td> - <td class="center">SATURDAY, MAY 29, 1841.</td> - <td class="right smcap">Volume I.</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/ormeau.jpg" width="500" height="350" alt="Ormeau" /> -</div> - -<h2>ORMEAU, COUNTY OF DOWN, THE SEAT OF THE MARQUESS OF DONEGAL.</h2> - -<p>In the selection of subjects for illustration in our Journal, -there are none which we deem more worthy of attention, or -which give us greater pleasure to notice, than the mansions -of our resident nobility and gentry; and it is from this feeling -chiefly that we have made choice of Ormeau, the fine -seat of the Marquess of Donegal, as eminently deserving an -early place among our topographical notices. Many finer -places may indeed be seen in Ireland, belonging to noblemen, -of equal or even inferior rank; but there are, unfortunately, -few of these in which the presence of their lordly owners is -so permanently to be found cementing the various classes of -society together by the legitimate bond of a common interest, -and attracting the respectful attachment of the occupiers and -workers of the soil by the cheering parental encouragement -which it is the duty of a proprietor to bestow.</p> - -<p>Ormeau is situated on the east side of the river Lagan, -above a mile south of Belfast.</p> - -<p>The mansion, which, as our view of it will show, is an extensive -pile of buildings in the Tudor style of architecture, -was originally built as a cottage residence in the last century, -and has since gradually approximated to its present extent -and importance, befitting the rank of its noble proprietor, by -subsequent additions and improvements. It has now several -very noble apartments, and an extensive suite of offices -and bed-rooms; but as an architectural composition, it is defective -as a whole, from the want of some grand and elevated -feature to give variety of form to its general outline, and relieve -the monotonous effect of so extensive a line of buildings -of equal or nearly equal height.</p> - -<p>The original residence of the family was situated in the -town of Belfast, which may be said to have grown around it, -and was a very magnificent castellated house, erected in the -reign of James I. Its site was that now occupied by the fruit -and vegetable markets, and it was surrounded by extensive -gardens which covered the whole of the ground on which -Donegal-place and the Linen Hall now stand. Of this noble -mansion, however, there are no vestiges now remaining. It -was burnt in the year 1708, by an accidental fire, caused by -the carelessness of a female servant, on which occasion three -daughters of Arthur, the third Earl of Donegal, perished in -the flames; and though a portion of the building which escaped -destruction was afterwards occupied for some years, -the family finally removing to their present residence, its -preservation was no longer necessary.</p> - -<p>The demesne surrounding Ormeau is not of great extent, -but the grounds are naturally of great pastoral beauty, commanding -the most charming views of Belfast Lough and adjacent -mountains, and have received all the improvements that -could be effected by art, guided by the refined taste of its accomplished -proprietress.</p> - -<p>We have only to add, that ready access to this beautiful -demesne is freely given to all respectable strangers—a privilege -of which visitors to the Athens of the North should not -fail to avail themselves.</p> - -<p class="right">P.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">THE IRISH SHANAHUS,<br /> -<span class="smaller">BY WILLIAM CARLETON.</span></h2> - -<p>The state of Irish society has changed so rapidly within the -last thirty or forty years, that scarcely any one could believe -it possible for the present generation to be looked upon in -many things as the descendants of that which has immediately -gone before them. The old armorial bearings of society -which were empanelled upon the ancient manners of our -country, now hang like tattered scutcheons over the tombs of -customs and usages which sleep beneath them; and unless -rescued from the obliterating hand of time, scarcely a vestige -of them will be left even to tradition itself. That many gross -absurdities have been superseded by a social condition more -enlightened and healthy, is a fact which must gratify every one -who wishes to see the general masses actuated by those principles -which follow in the train of knowledge and civilisation. -But at the same time it is undeniable that the simplicity which -accompanied those old vestiges of harmless ignorance has departed -along with them; and in spite of education and science, -we miss the old familiar individuals who stood forth as the -representatives of manners, whose very memory touches the -heart and affections more strongly than the hard creations of -sterner but more salutary truths. For our own part, we have -always loved the rich and ruddy twilight of the rustic hearth, -where the capricious tongues of blazing light shoot out from -between the kindling turf, and dance in vivid reflection in the -well-scoured pewter and delft as they stand neatly arranged on -the kitchen-dresser—loved, did we say? ay, and ever preferred -it to philosophy, with all her lights and fashion, with all her -heartlessness and hypocrisy. For this reason it is, that whilst -retracing as it were the steps of our early life, and bringing -back to our memory the acquaintances of our youthful days, -we feel our hearts touched with melancholy and sorrow, because -we know that it is like taking our last farewell of old -friends whom we shall never see again, from whom we never -experienced any thing but kindness, and whose time-touched -faces were never turned upon us but with pleasure, and amusement, -and affection.</p> - -<p>In this paper it is not with the Shanahus whose name and -avocations are associated with high and historical dignity, that -we have any thing to do. Our sketches do not go very far -beyond the manners of our own times; by which we mean that -we paint or record nothing that is not remembered and known -by those who are now living. The Shanahus we speak of is -the dim and diminished reflection of him who filled a distinct -calling in a period that has long gone by. The regular Shanahus—the -herald and historian of individual families, the -faithful genealogist of his long-descended patron—has not -been in existence for at least a century and a half, perhaps -two. He with whom we have to do is the humble old man -who, feeling himself gifted with a strong memory for genealogical -history, old family anecdotes, and legendary lore in -general, passes a happy life in going from family to family, -comfortably dressed and much respected—dropping in of a -Saturday night without any previous notice, bringing eager -curiosity and delight to the youngsters of the house he visits, -and filling the sedate ears of the old with tales and legends, -in which, perhaps, individuals of their own name and blood -have in former ages been known to take a remarkable and conspicuous -part.</p> - -<p>Indeed, there is no country in the world where, from the -peculiar features of its social and political changes, the chronicles -of the Shanahus would be more likely to produce such -a powerful effect as in Ireland. When we consider that it -was once a country of princes and chiefs, each of whom was -followed and looked up to with such a spirit of feudal enthusiasm -and devoted attachment as might naturally be expected -from a people remarkable for the force of their affection -and the power of imagination, it is not surprising that the -man who, in a state of society which presented to the minds -of so many nothing but the records of fallen greatness or the -decay of powerful names, and the downfall of rude barbaric -grandeur, together with the ruin of fanes and the prostration -of religious institutions, each invested with some local or national -interest—it is not surprising, we say, that such a man -should be welcomed, and listened to, and honoured, with a feeling -far surpassing that which was awakened by the idle jingle -of a Provençal Troubadour, or the gorgeous dreams begotten -by Arabian fiction. Neither the transition state of society, -however, nor the scanty diffusion of knowledge among the -Irish, allowed the Shanahus to produce any permanent impression -upon the people; and the consequence was, that as -the changes of society hurried on, he and his audience were -carried along with them; his traditionary lore was lost in the -ignorance which ever arises when a ban has been placed upon -education; and from the recital of the high deeds and heroic -feats of by-gone days, he sank down into the humble chronicler -of hoary legends and dim traditions, for such only has -he been within the memory of the oldest man living, and as -such only do we intend to present him to our readers.</p> - -<p>The most accomplished Shanahus of this kind that ever -came within our observation, was a man called Tom Grassiey, -or Tom the Shoemaker. He was a very stout well-built man, -about fifty years of age, with a round head somewhat bald, -and an expansive forehead that argued a considerable -reach of natural intellect. His knowing organs were large, -and projected over a pair of deep-set lively eyes, that scintillated -with strong twinklings of humour. His voice was -loud, his enunciation rapid, but distinct; and such was the -force and buoyancy of his spirits, added to the vehemence of -his manner, that altogether it was impossible to resist him. -His laughter was infectious, and so loud that it might be -heard of a calm summer evening at an incredible distance. -Indeed, Tom possessed many qualities that rendered him a -most agreeable companion: he could sing a good song for instance, -dance a hornpipe as well as any dancing-master, and we -need not say that he could tell a good story. He could also -imitate a Jew’s harp or trump upon his lips with his mere -fingers in such a manner that the deception was complete; and -it was well known that flocks of the country people used to -crowd about him for the purpose of hearing his performance -upon the ivy leaf, which he played upon by putting it in his -mouth, and uttering a most melodious whistle. Altogether, he -was a man of great natural powers, and possessed such a memory -as the writer of this never knew any human being to be -gifted with. He not only remembered everything he saw or -was concerned in, but everything he heard also. His language, -when he spoke Irish, was fluent, clear, and sometimes eloquent; -but when he had recourse to the English, although -his fluency remained, yet it was the fluency of a man who -made an indiscriminate use of a vocabulary which he did -not understand. His pedantry on this account was highly -ludicrous and amusing, and his wit and humour surprisingly -original and pointed. He had never received any -education, and was consequently completely illiterate, yet -he could repeat every word of Gallagher’s Irish Sermons, -Donlevy’s Catechism, Think Well On’t, the Seven -Champions of Christendom, and the substance of Pastorini’s -and Kolumb Kill’s Prophecies, all by heart. Many a time I -have seen him read, as he used to call it, one of Dr Gallagher’s -Sermons out of the skirt of his big-coat; a feat which was -looked upon with twice the wonder it would have produced -had he merely said that he repeated it. But to read it out of -the skirt of his coat! Heavens, how we used to look on with -awe and veneration, as Tom, in a loud rapid voice, “rhymed -it out of him,” for such was the term we gave to his recital -of it! His learning, however, was not confined to mere English -and Irish, for Tom was also classical in his way, and for -want of a better substitute it was said could serve mass, -which must always be done in Latin. Certain it was that he -could repeat the <cite>Deprofundis</cite>, and the Seven Penitential -Psalms, and the <cite>Dies Iræ</cite>, in that language. We need scarcely -add, that in these learned exhibitions he dealt largely in false -quantities, and took a course for himself altogether independent -of syntax and prosody; this, however, was no argument -against his natural talents, or the surprising force of his -memory.</p> - -<p>Tom was also an easy and happy <em>Improviser</em> both in prose -and poetry; his invention was indeed remarkably fertile, but -his genius knew no medium between encomium and satire. -He either lashed his friends, for the deuce an enemy he had, -with rude and fearful attacks of the latter, or gave them, as -Pope did to Berkley, every virtue under heaven, and indeed a -good many more than ever were heard of beyond his own system -of philosophy and morals.</p> - -<p>Tom was a great person for attending wakes and funerals, -where he was always a busy man, comforting the afflicted relatives -with many learned quotations, repeating <em>ranns</em>, or spiritual -songs, together with the Deprofundis or Dies Iræ, over -the corpse, directing even the domestic concerns, paying attention -to strangers, looking after the pipes and tobacco, and -in fact making himself not only generally useful, but essentially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> -necessary to them, by his happiness of manner, the cordiality -of his sympathy, and his unextinguishable humour.</p> - -<p>At one time you might see him engaged in leading a Rosary -for the repose of the soul of the departed, or singing the Hermit -of Killarney, a religious song, to edify the company; and this -duty being over, he would commence a series of comic tales -and humorous anecdotes, which he narrated with an ease and -spirit that the best of us all might envy. The Irish heart -passes rapidly from the depths of pathos to the extremes of -humour; and as a proof of this, we can assure our readers that -we have seen the nearest and most afflicted relatives of the -deceased carried away by uncontrollable laughter at the broad, -grotesque, and ludicrous force of his narratives. It was here -also that he shone in a character of which he was very proud, -and for the possession of which he was looked up to with great -respect by the people; we mean that of a polemic, or, as it is -termed, “an arguer of Scripture,” for when a man in the country -parts of Ireland wins local fame as a controversialist, he is -seldom mentioned in any other way than as a great arguer of -Scripture. To argue scripture well, therefore, means the -power of subduing one’s antagonist in a religious contest. Many -challenges of this kind passed between Tom and his polemical -opponents, in most or all of which he was successful. His -memory was infallible, his wit prompt and dexterous, and his -humour either broad or sarcastic, as he found it convenient to -apply it. In these dialectic displays he spared neither logic nor -learning: where an English quotation failed, he threw in one -of Irish; and where that was understood, he posed them with -a Latin one, closing the quotation by desiring them to give -a translation of it; if this too were accomplished, he rattled -out the five or six first verses of John in Greek, which some -one had taught him; and as this was generally beyond their -reading, it usually closed the discussion in his favour. Without -doubt he possessed a mind of great natural versatility -and power; and as these polemical exercitations were principally -conducted in wake-houses, it is almost needless to say -that the wake at which they expected him was uniformly a -crowded one.</p> - -<p>Tom was very punctual in attending fairs and markets, -which he did for the purpose of bringing to the neighbouring -farmers a correct account of the state of cattle and produce; -for such was the honour in which his knowledge and talents -were held, that it was expected he should know thoroughly -every topic that might happen to be discussed. During the -peninsular war he was a perfect oracle, but always maintained -that Bonaparte never would prosper, in consequence of his -having imprisoned the Pope. He said emphatically, that he -could not be shot unless by a consecrated bullet, and that the -said bullet would be consecrated by an Irish friar. It was -not Bonaparte, he insisted, who was destined to liberate Ireland: -that could never be effected until the Mill of Louth -should be turned three times with human blood, and that -could not happen until a miller with two thumbs on each hand -came to be owner of the mill. So it was prophesied by <i lang="ga">Beal -Dearg</i>, or the man with the red mouth, that Ireland would never -be free until we first had the Black Militia in our own country, -and that no rebellion ever was or could be of any use that did -not commence in the Valley of the Black Pig, and move upwards -from the tail to the head. These were axioms which -he laid down with great and grave authority; but on none of -his authentic speculations into futurity did he rely with more -implicit confidence than the prophecy he generously ascribed to -St Bridget, that George the Fourth would never fill the -throne of England.</p> - -<p>Tom had a good flexible voice, and used to sing the old Irish -songs of our country with singular pathos and effect. He -sang Peggy Slevin, the Red-haired Man’s Wife, and Shula Na -Guira, with a feeling that early impressed itself upon my heart. -Indeed we think that his sweet but artless voice still rings in our -ears; and whilst we remember the tears which the enthusiasm -of sorrow brought down his cheeks, and the quivering pause -in the fine old melody which marked what he felt, we cannot -help acknowledging that the memory of these things is mournful, -and that the hearts of many, in spite of new systems of -education and incarcerating poor-houses, will yearn after the -homely but touching traits which marked the harmless Shanahus, -and the times in which he lived. Many a tear has he -beguiled us of in our youth when we knew not why we shed -them. One of these sacred old airs, especially, we could never -resist, “the Trougha,” or “the Green Woods of <em>Trough</em>;” and -to this day we remember with a true and melancholy recollection -that whenever Tom happened to be asked for it, we used -to slink over to his side and whisper, “Tom, don’t sing <em>that</em>; -it makes me sorrowful;” and Tom, who had great goodness -of heart, had consideration for the feelings of the boy, and -sang some other. But now all these innocent fireside enjoyments -are gone, and we will never more have our hearts made -glad by the sprightly mirth and rich good humour of the Shanahus, -nor ever again pay the artless tribute of our tears to -his old pathetic songs of sorrow, nor feel our hearts softened -at the ideal miseries of tale or legend as they proceeded in -mournful recitative from his lips. Alas! alas! knowledge -may be power, but it is <em>not</em> happiness.</p> - -<p>Such is, we fear, an imperfect outline of Tom’s life. It -was one of ease and comfort, without a care to disturb him, or -a passion that was not calmed by the simple but virtuous integrity -of his life. His wishes were few, and innocently and -easily gratified. The great delight of his soul was not that -he should experience kindness at the hands of others, but that -he should communicate to them, in the simple vanity of his -heart, that degree of amusement and instruction and knowledge -which made them look upon him as a wonderful man, -gifted with rare endowments; for in what light was not that -man to be looked upon who could trace the old names up -to times when they were great, who could climb a genealogical -tree to the top branch, who could repeat the Seven -Penitential Psalms in Latin, tell all the old Irish tales and -legends of the country, and beat Paddy Crudden the methodist -horse-jockey, who had the whole Bible by heart, at arguing -Scripture? Harmless ambition! humble as it was, and limited -in compass, to thee it was all in all; and yet thou wert -happy in feeling that it was gratified. This little boon was -all thou didst ask of life, and it was kindly granted thee. The -last night we ever had the pleasure of being amused by Tom -was at a wake in the neighbourhood, for it somehow happened -that there was seldom either a wake or a dance within -two or three miles of us that we did not attend; and God forgive -us, when old Poll Doolin was on her death-bed, the only -care that troubled us was an apprehension that she might recover, -and thus defraud us of a right merry wake! Upon the -occasion we allude to, it being known that Tom Grassiey -would be present, of course the house was crowded. And -when he did come, and his loud good-humoured voice was -heard at the door, heavens! how every young heart bounded -with glee and delight!</p> - -<p>The first thing he did on entering was to go where the -corpse was laid out, and in a loud rapid voice repeat the Deprofundis -for the repose of her soul, after which he sat down -and smoked a pipe. Oh, well do I remember how the whole -house was hushed, for all was expectation and interest as to -what he would do or say. At length he spoke—“Is Frank -Magaveen there?”</p> - -<p>“All’s that left o’ me’s here, Tom.”</p> - -<p>“An’ if the sweep-chimly-general had his due, Frank, that -wouldn’t be much; and so the longer you can keep him out of -that same, the betther for yourself.”</p> - -<p>“Folly on Tom! you know there’s none of us all able to -spake up to <em>you</em>, say what you will.”</p> - -<p>“It’s not so when you’re beside a purty girl, Frank. But -sure that’s not surprisin’; you were born wid butther in your -mouth, an’ that’s what makes your orations to the fair sect be -so soft an’ meltin’, ha, ha, ha! Well, Frank, never mind; -there’s worse where you’ll go to: keep your own counsel fast: -let’s salt your gums, an’ you’ll do yet. Whisht, boys; I’m -goin’ to sing a <i lang="ga">rann</i>, an’ afther that Frank an’ I will pick a -couple o’ dozen out o’ yez ‘to box the Connaughtman.’” Boxing -the Connaughtman is a play or diversion peculiar to wakes; -it is grotesquely athletic in its character, but full, besides, of -comic sentiment and farcical humour.</p> - -<p>He then commenced an Irish rann or song, the substance -of which was as follows, according to his own translation:—</p> - -<p>“St Patrick, it seems, was one Sunday morning crossing a -mountain on his way to a chapel to say mass, and as he was -an humble man (coaches wern’t then invented, at any rate) -an’ a great pedestrium (pedestrian), he took the shortest cut -across the mountain. In one of the lonely glens he met a -herd-caudy, who spent his time in eulogizin’ his masther’s -cattle, according to the precepts of them times, which -was not by any means so larned an’ primogenitive as now. -The countenance of the dog was clear an’ extremely sabbathical; -every thing was at rest barring the little river -before him, an’ indeed one would think that it flowed on with -more decency an’ betther behaviour than upon other sympathising -occasions. The birds, to be sure, were singin’, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> -it was aisy to see that they chirped out their best notes in honour -of the day. ‘Good morrow on you,’ said St Patrick; -‘what’s the raison you’re not goin’ to prayers, my fine little -fellow?’</p> - -<p>‘What’s prayers?’ axed the boy. St Patrick looked at -him with a very pitiful and calamitous expression in his face. -‘Can you bless yourself?’ says he. ‘No,’ said the boy. ‘I -don’t know what it means?’ ‘Worse and worse,’ thought -St Patrick.</p> - -<p>‘Poor bouchal, it isn’t your fault. An how do you pass -your time here?’</p> - -<p>‘Why, my mate (food) ’s brought to me, an’ I do be makin’ -kings’ crowns out of my rushes, whin I’m not watching the -cows an’ sheep.’</p> - -<p>St Patrick sleeked down his head wid great dereliction, an’ -said, ‘Well, acushla, you do be operatin’ kings’ crowns, but -I tell you you’re born to wear a greater one than a king’s, an’ -that is a crown of glory. Come along wid me.’</p> - -<p>‘I can’t lave my cattle,’ said the other, ‘for fraid they might -go astray.’</p> - -<p>‘Right enough.’ replied St Patrick, ‘but I’ll let you see -that they won’t.’ Now, any how St Patrick undherstood cattle -irresistibly himself, havin’ been a herd-caudy (boy) in his -youth; so he clapped his thumb to his thrapple, an’ gave the -Soy-a-loa to the sheep, an’ behould you they came about him -wid great relaxation an’ respect. ‘Keep yourselves sober an’ -fictitious,’ says he, addressin’ them, ‘till this boy comes back, -an’ don’t go beyant your owner’s property; or if you do, it’ll be -worse for yez. If you regard your health durin’ the approximatin’ -season, mind an’ attend to my words.’</p> - -<p>Now, you see, every sheep, while he was spakin’, lifted the -right fore leg, an’ raised the head a little, an’ behould when -he finished, they kissed their foot, an’ made him a low bow -as a mark of their estimation an’ superfluity. He thin clapped -his finger an’ thumb in his mouth, gave a loud whistle, -an’ in a periodical time he had all the other cattle on the hill -about him, to which he addressed the same ondeniable oration, -an’ they bowed to him wid the same polite gentility. -He then brought the lad along wid him, an’ as they made -progress in the journey, the little fellow says,</p> - -<p>‘You seem frustrated by the walk, an’ if you’ll let me carry -your bundle, I’ll feel obliged to you.’</p> - -<p>‘Do so,’ said the saint; ‘an’ as it’s rather long, throw the -bag that the things are in over your shoulder; you’ll find it -the aisiest way to carry it.’</p> - -<p>Well, the boy adopted this insinivation, an’ they went -ambiguously along till they reached the chapel.</p> - -<p>‘Do you see that house?’ said St Patrick.</p> - -<p>‘I do,’ said the other; ‘it has no chimley on it.’</p> - -<p>‘No,’ said the saint; ‘it has not; but in that house, Christ, -he that saved you, will be present to-day.’ An’ the boy thin -shed tears, when he thought of the goodness of Christ in -saving one that was a stranger to him. So they entered the -chapel, an’ the first thing the lad was struck with was the -beams of the sun that came in through the windy shinin’ beside -the altar. Now, he had never seen the like of it in a -house before, an’ thinkin’ it was put there for some use or other -in the intarior, he threw the wallet, which was like a saddle-bag, -across the sunbeams, an’ lo an’ behould you the sunbeams -supported them, an’ at the same time a loud sweet voice -was heard, sayin’, ‘This is my servant St Kieran, an’ he’s welcome -to the house o’ God!’ St Patrick then tuck him an’ instructed -him in the various edifications of the larned languages -until he became one of the greatest saints that ever Ireland -saw, with the exception an’ liquidation of St Patrick himself.”</p> - -<p>Such is a faint outline of the style and manner peculiar to -the narratives of Tom Grassiey. Indeed, it has frequently -surprised not only us, but all who knew him, to think how and -where and when he got together such an incredible number of -hard and difficult words. Be this as it may, one thing was perfectly -clear, that they cost him little trouble and no study in -their application. His pride was to speak as learnedly as possible, -and of course he imagined that the most successful method -of doing this was to use as many sesquipedalian expressions -as he could crowd into his language, without any regard whatsoever -as to their propriety.</p> - -<p>Immediately after the relation of this legend, he passed at -once into a different spirit. He and Frank Magaveen marshalled -their forces, and in a few minutes two or three dozen -young fellows were hotly engaged in the humorous game of -“Boxing the Connaughtman.” Boxing the Connaughtman -was followed by “the Standing Brogue” and “the Sitting -Brogue,” two other sports practised only at wakes. And -here we may observe generally, that the amusements resorted -to on such occasions are never to be found elsewhere, but are -exclusively peculiar to the house of mourning, where they are -benevolently introduced for the purpose of alleviating sorrow. -Having gone through a few more such sports, Tom -took a seat and addressed a neighbouring farmer, named Gordon, -as follows:—“Jack Gordon, do you know the history of -your own name and its original fluency?”</p> - -<p>“Indeed no, Tom, I cannot say I do.”</p> - -<p>“Well, boys, if you derogate your noise a little, I’ll tell -you the origin of the name of Gordon; it’s a story about ould -Oliver Crummle, whose tongue is on the look-out for a drop -of wather ever since he went to the lower story.” This legend, -however, is too long and interesting to be related here: we -are therefore forced to defer it until another opportunity.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">SEALS OF IRISH CHIEFS.</h2> - -<p class="center">By George Petrie, R.H.A., M.R.I.A.</p> - -<p class="center">(Concluded from No. 45.)</p> - -<p>The next seal which I have to exhibit, belongs to a chief of -another and nobler family of Thomond, the O’Briens, kings -of the country, and descendants of the celebrated monarch -Brian Boru. This seal is also from the collection of the Dean -of St Patrick’s, and was purchased a few years since in Roscrea. -Its type is unlike the preceding, as, instead of the armed warrior, -it presents in the field the figure of a griffin.</p> - -<p>The inscription reads, <cite>Sigillum: Brian: I Brian</cite>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> -<img src="images/seal1.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Drawing of the seal of a chief of the O’Briens" /> -</div> - -<p>In the genealogies of this illustrious family, which are remarkable -for their minuteness and historical truth, two or three -chiefs bearing the Christian name of Brian occur. But from the -character of the letters on this seal, I have little hesitation in -assigning it to Brian O’Brian, who, according to the Annals -of the Four Masters, succeeded to the lordship of Thomond -in 1343, and was killed in 1350.</p> - -<p>The next seal which I have to exhibit is also from the -Dean’s collection, and, though of later date, is on many accounts -of still higher interest than perhaps either of the preceding. -It is the seal of a chief of the O’Neills, whose -family were for seven hundred years the hereditary monarchs -of Ireland.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> -<img src="images/seal2.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Drawing of the seal of a chief of the O’Neills" /> -</div> - -<p>This seal was found about ten years since in the vicinity of -Magherafelt, in the county of Derry, and was purchased by -the Dean from a shopkeeper in that town some years after. -The arms of O’Neill, the bloody hand, appear on a shield, -and the legend reads, <cite>Sigillum Maurisius <span class="antiqua">[Maurisii]</span> ui Neill</cite>. -The name Mauritius, which occurs in this inscription, does -not occur in the genealogies of the O’Neill family, and is obviously -but a latinised form of the name Murtogh or Muircheartach, -which was that of two or three chiefs of the family; -and of these I am inclined to ascribe this seal to Murtogh -Roe, or the Red O’Neill, lord of Clanaboy, who, according to -the Annals of the Four Masters, died in 1471.</p> - -<p>These are all the seals of Irish princes which have fallen -under my observation. But there remain two of equal antiquity, -but which belonged to persons of inferior rank, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> -it may interest the Academy to see. The first, which is in my -own collection, exhibits the figure of an animal, which I must -leave to the zoologists of the Academy to describe, with the -legend <cite>Sigillum Mac Craith Mac I Dafid</cite>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> -<img src="images/seal3.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Drawing of the seal of one of the O’Dafys" /> -</div> - -<p>The O’Dafys were an ancient family in Thomond, and are -still very numerous in the county of Clare.</p> - -<p>The next and last is from the cabinet of the Dean, and is -very remarkable in having the head of a helmeted warrior -cut on a cornelian within the legend, which reads, <cite>Sigillum -Brian: O’Harny</cite>.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 250px;"> -<img src="images/seal4.jpg" width="250" height="250" alt="Drawing of the seal of one of the O’Harnys" /> -</div> - -<p>The O’Harnys are a very ancient and still numerous -family in Kerry, descendants of the ancient lords of that -country, and remarkable in history as poets and musicians.</p> - -<p>I have only to add, that it will be observed that these seals -are all of a round form, which characterises the seals of secular -persons, while those belonging to ecclesiastics were -usually oval.</p> - -<h2 class="gap4">ORIGIN AND MEANINGS OF IRISH FAMILY NAMES.</h2> - -<p class="center">BY JOHN O’DONOVAN.</p> - -<h3>Fourth Article.</h3> - -<p>Having in the last article spoken of the origin of surnames -in Ireland, and of the popular errors now prevailing respecting -them, I shall next proceed to notice certain epithets, sobriquets, -&c., by which the Irish chieftains and others of inferior -rank were distinguished.</p> - -<p>Besides the surnames, or hereditary family names, which the -Irish people assumed from their ancestors, it appears from the -authentic annals that most, if not all, of their chieftains had -attached to their Christian names, and sometimes to their surnames, -certain cognomens by which they were distinguished -from each other. These cognomens, or, as they may in many -instances be called, sobriquets, were given them from some -perfection or imperfection of the body, or some disposition or -quality of the mind, from the place of birth, or the place of -fosterage, and very frequently from the place of their deaths. -Of the greater number of these cognomens, the pedigree of the -regal family of O’Neill furnishes examples, as Niall Roe, <i>i. e.</i> -Niall the Red, who flourished about the year 1225, so called -from his having red hair; Hugh Toinlease (a name which requires -no explanation), who died in 1230; Niall More, <i>i. e.</i> -Niall the Great, who died in 1397; Con Bacach, <i>i. e.</i> Con the -Lame, who was created Earl of Tyrone in 1542. Among the -same family we meet Henry Avrey, <i>i. e.</i> Henry the Contentious, -Shane an Dimais, <i>i. e.</i> John the Proud. Of the cognomens -derived from the places in which and the families by -whom they were fostered, the pedigree of the same family affords -several instances, as Turlogh Luineach, so called from his -having been fostered by O’Luney, chief of Munterluney in -Tyrone; Niall Conallach, so called from his having been fostered -by O’Donnell, chief of Tirconnell; Shane Donnellach, -so called from his having been fostered by O’Donnelly -(An Four Masters, 1531 and 1567); and Felim Devlinach, so -called from his foster-father O’Devlin, chief of Munter-Devlin, -near Lough Neagh, in the present county of Londonderry. -Various examples of cognomens given to chieftains -from the place or territory in which they were fostered, -are to be met with in other families, as, in that of -O’Brien, Donogh Cair-breach, who was so called from his -having been fostered by O’Donovan, chief of Carbery Aeva, -the ancient name of the plains of the county of Limerick. In -the regal family of Mac Murrough of Leinster, Donnell Cavanagh -was so called from having been fostered by the Coarb -of St Cavan, at Kilcavan, near Gorey, in Hy-Dea, in the present -county of Wexford. This cognomen of Donnell has -been adopted for the last two centuries as a surname by his -descendants, a thing very unusual among Irish families. In -the family of Mac Donnell of Scotland, John Cahanach was -so called from his having been fostered by O’Cahan or O’Kane, -in the present county of Londonderry.</p> - -<p>In the pedigrees of other families, various instances are on -record of cognomens having been applied by posterity to chieftains -from the place of their deaths; in the family of O’Neill, -for example, Brian Chatha an Duin, or “of the battle of Down,” -was so called by posterity from his having been killed in a -battle fought at Downpatrick in the year 1260; in the family -of O’Brien, Conor na Siudaine, from the wood of Suidain in -Burren, in which he was killed in the year 1267; and in the -family of Mac Carthy, the celebrated Fineen Reanna Roin, -from his having been killed at the castle of Rinn Roin in the -year 1261, after a brilliant career of victory over the English.</p> - -<p>On this subject of cognomens and sobriquets among the -Irish, Sir Henry Piers wrote as follows in the year 1682, in a -description of the county of Westmeath, written in the form -of a letter to Anthony Lord Bishop of Meath, and published -in the first volume of Vallancey’s Collectanea:—</p> - -<p>“Every Irish surname or family name hath either O or -Mac prefixed, concerning which I have found some make this -observation, but I dare not undertake that it shall hold universally -true, that such as have O prefixed were of old superior -lords or princes, as O’Neal, O’Donnell, O’Melaghlin, &c., -and such as have Mac were only great men, viz, lords, thanes, -as Mac Gennis, Mac Loghlin, Mac Doncho, &c. But however -this observation [may] hold, it is certain they take much -liberty, and seem to do it with delight, in giving of nicknames; -and if a man have any imperfection or evil habit, he shall be -sure to hear of it in the nickname. Thus, if he be blind, lame, -squint-eyed, grey-eyed, be a stammerer in speech, be left-handed, -to be sure he shall have one of these added to his -name; so also from his colour of hair, as black, red, yellow, -brown, &c.; and from his age, as young, old; or from what he -addicts himself to, or much delights in, as in draining, building, -fencing, or the like; so that no man whatever can escape -a nickname who lives among them, or converseth with them; -and sometimes so libidinous are they in this kind of raillery, -they will give nicknames <i lang="la">per antiphrasim</i>, or contrariety of -speech. Thus a man of excellent parts, and beloved of all -men, shall be called <em>grana</em>, that is, naughty or fit to be complained -of; if a man have a beautiful countenance or lovely -eyes, they will call him Cueegh, that is, squint-eyed; if a great -housekeeper, he shall be called Ackerisagh, that is greedy.” -(<cite>Collectanea</cite>, vol. I. p. 113.)</p> - -<p>In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, when the Irish families -increased, and their territories were divided into two -and three parts among rival chieftains of the same family, -each of the chieftains adopted some addition to the family surname -for the sake of distinction. Thus, among the O’Conors -of Connaught we find O’Conor Don, <i>i. e.</i> O’Conor the -brown-haired, and O’Conor Roe, or the red-haired. This -distinction was first made in the year 1384, when Torlogh Don -and Torlogh Roe, who had been for some time in emulation -for the chieftainship of the territory of Shilmurry, agreed to -have it divided equally between them; on which occasion the -former was to be called O’Conor Don, and the latter O’Conor -Roe. (See Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Charles -O’Conor). It is now supposed by many of the Irish that the -epithet Don postfixed to the name of the chief of the O’Conors -is a Spanish title! while those who are acquainted with -the history of the name think that he should reject it as being -a useless sobriquet, and more particularly now, as there is no -O’Conor Roe from whom he needs to be distinguished. It is -true that the O’Conor Don might now very lawfully be called -the O’Conor, as there is no O’Conor Roe or O’Conor Sligo, at -least none who take the name; but as he had borne it before -O’Conor Roe disappeared, we would not advise it to be rejected -for another generation, as we think that an O’Conor -Roe will in the meantime make his appearance, for we are acquainted -with an individual of that name who knows his pedigree<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> -well, but is not sufficiently wealthy to put himself forward -as an Irish chieftain.</p> - -<p>In the same province we find the Mac Dermots of Moylurg -divided into three distinct families the head of whom was, <i lang="fr">par -excellence</i>, styled the Mac Dermot, and the other two who -were tributary to him called, the one Mac Dermot Roe, <i>i. e.</i> -the Red, and the other Mac Dermot Gall, or the Anglicised. -In Thomond we find the Mac Namaras split into two distinct -families, distinguished by the names of Mac Namara Fin, <i>i. e.</i> -the Fair, and Mac Namara Reagh, or the Swarthy. In Desmond -the family of Mac Carthy split into three powerful -branches, known by the names of Mac Carthy More or the -Great, Mac Carthy Reagh or the Swarthy, and Mac Carthy -Muscryagh, <i>i. e.</i> of Muskerry. Beauford asserts with his -usual confidence that Mac Carthy Reagh signifies Mac Carthy -the King, but this is utterly fallacious, for the epithet, which -is anglicised Reagh, is written <i lang="ga">riach</i> and <i lang="ga">riabhach</i>, in the -original annals of Inisfallen and of the Four Masters, and -translated <i lang="la">fuscus</i> by Philip O’Sullivan Beare (who knew the -import of it far better than Beauford) in his History of the -Irish Catholics published at Lisbon in 1621. The O’Sullivans -split into the families of O’Sullivan More and O’Sullivan -Beare; the O’Donovans into those of O’Donovan More, -O’Donovan Locha Crot, and O’Hea O’Donovan; the O’Kennedys -of Ormond into those of O’Kennedy Finn, O’Kennedy -Roe, and O’Kennedy Don; the O’Farrells of Annally into -those of O’Farrell Bane, <i>i. e.</i> the White, and O’Farrell Boy, -or the Yellow, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>The foregoing notices are sufficient to show the nature of -the surnames in use among the ancient Scotic or Milesian -Irish families. It will be now expected that I should say a -few words on the effect which the Anglo-Norman invasion -and the introduction of English laws, language, and names, -have had in changing or modifying them, and on the other hand -the influence which the Irish may have had in changing or -modifying the English names.</p> - -<p>After the murder, in 1333, of William de Burgo, third Earl -of Ulster of that name, and the lessening of the English -power which resulted from it, many if not all of the distinguished -Anglo-Norman families located in Connaught and -Munster became hibernicised—<i lang="la">Hibernis ipsis Hiberniores</i>—spoke -the Irish language, and assumed surnames in imitation -of the Irish by prefixing Mac (but never O in any instance) -to the Christian names of their ancestors. Thus the De -Burgos in Connaught took the name of Mac William from -their ancestor William de Burgo, and were divided into two -great branches, called Mac William Oughter and Mac William -Eighter, <i>i. e.</i> Mac William Upper and Mac William -Lower, the former located in the county of Galway, and the -latter in that of Mayo; and from these sprang many offshoots -who took other surnames from their respective ancestors, -as the Mac Davids of Glinsk, the Mac Philbins of Dun -Mugdord in Mayo, the Mac Shoneens, now Jennings, and the -Mac Gibbons, now Fitzgibbons. The Berminghams of Dunmore -and Athenry in Connaught, and of Offaly in Leinster, -took the name of Mac Feoiris, from Pierce, the son of Meyler -Bermingham, who was one of the principal heads of that family -in Ireland. The head of the Stauntons in Carra took the -name of Mac Aveely. The chief of the Barretts of Tirawley -took the name of Mac Wattin, and a minor branch of -the same family, located in the territory of the Two Backs, -lying between Lough Con and the river Moy, assumed that of -Mac Andrew, while the Barretts of Munster took the now -very plebeian name of Mac Phaudeen, from an ancestor called -Paudeen, or Little Patrick. The De Exeters of Gallen, in -Connaught, assumed the surname of Mac Jordan from Jordan -De Exeter, the founder of that family; and the Nangles of -the same neighbourhood took that of Mac Costello. Of the -Kildare and Desmond branches of the Fitzgeralds there were -two Mac Thomases, one in Leinster, and the other in the -Desies, in the now county of Waterford, in Munster. A -branch of the Butlers took the name of Mac Pierce, and the -Poers, or Powers, that of Mac Shere. The Freynes of Ossory -took the name of Mac Rinki, and the Barrys that of -Mac Adam. In the present county of Kilkenny were located -two families, originally of great distinction, who took the -strange name of Gaul, which then signified Englishman, -though at an earlier period it had been a term applied by the -Irish to all foreigners; the one was Stapleton, who was located -at Gaulstown, in the parish of Kilcolumb, barony of Ida, -and county of Kilkenny; the other a branch of the Burkes, -who obtained extensive estates in that part of Ireland, and -dwelt at Gaulstown, in the barony of Igrine. The writer, who -is the sixth in descent from the last head of this family, has -many of his family deeds, in which he styles himself sometimes -Galle and sometimes Galle alias Borke; on his tomb, however, -in his family chapel at Gaulskill, he is called Walterus De -Burgo without the addition of Galle, and is there said to be descended -from the Red Earl of Ulster. His descendants now -all retain the name of Gaul, as do those of his neighbour Stapleton. -The Fitzsimons, in Westmeath, took the name of Mac -Ruddery, and the Wesleys that of Mac Falrene, &c. &c.</p> - -<p>Edmund Spenser, secretary to the Lord Arthur Grey -(deputy of Ireland under Queen Elizabeth in the year 1580), -attempted to prove that many distinguished families then -bearing Irish surnames, and accounted of Irish origin, were -really English. This, however, is undoubtedly false, and is -a mere invention of the creative fancy of that great poet and -politician: but as it has been received as truth by Sir Charles -Coote and other English writers, we shall show how Spenser -deceived himself or was deceived on this point. He instances -the following families: 1, The Mac Mahons of Oriel in Ulster, -who, as he states on the authority of the report of some -Irishmen, came first to Ireland with Robert de Vere, Earl of -Oxford, under the name of Fitz-Ursula: 2, The Mac Mahons -of the South: 3, The Mac Sweenys of Munster: 4, The Mac -Sheehys of Munster: 5, The O’Brins or O’Byrnes of Leinster: -6, The O’Tooles of the same province: 7, The Cavanaghs: -8, The Mac Namaras of Thomond. But he gives no -proof for his assertions but the report of some Irishmen, corroborated -by etymological speculations of his own; and as -the report of some unnamed persons can have no weight with -us when in direct contradiction of the authentic annals of the -country, I shall slightly glance at some of the most important -of his etymological evidences, and then give my own -proofs of the contrary. To prove that the Mac Mahons of -Oriel are the Fitz-Ursulas, he says that <em>Mahon</em> signifies <em>bear</em> -in Irish, and hence that Mac Mahon is a translation of Fitz-Ursula; -but granting that <em>Mahon</em> does mean a <em>bear</em>, it does -not follow that Mac Mahon is a translation of Fitz-Ursula. -But we have stronger reasons to urge than to prove that this -is a <i lang="la">non sequitur</i>, for we have the testimony of the authentic -pedigree of the Mac Mahons of Oriel, and of the annals of -Ulster, that the Mac Mahons had been located in Oriel and -had borne that name long before the English invasion. The -Mac Mahons and Mac Namaras of the south are a branch of -the Dal-Cais, a great tribe located in Thomond, whose history -is as certain from the ninth century as that of any people in -Europe. The Mac Sweenys and Mac Sheehys of Munster -are of Irish origin, but their ancestors removed to Scotland -in the tenth century, or beginning of the eleventh, and some -of their descendants returned to Ireland in the beginning of -the fourteenth century, and were hereditary leaders of Gallowglasses -to many Irish chieftains. To prove that the -Byrnes, Tooles, and Cavanaghs, are of British origin, he has -recourse also to etymology, which is a great lever in the hand -of a historical charlatan, and says, in the first place, that -<em>Brin</em> in the Welsh language means woody, and that hence the -O’Brins or O’Byrnes must be of Welsh origin. But admitting -that <em>Brin</em> does in the Welsh language mean woody, what has -that to do with O’Brain, the original Irish name of O’Byrne, -especially when it can be proved that that surname was called -after Bran, king of Leinster, who was usually styled Bran -Duv, <i>i. e.</i> the Black Raven, from the colour of his hair, and -his thirst for prey. Secondly, to prove that O’Toole is a -Welsh name, he says that <em>tol</em> means hilly in the Welsh language! -and so does <em>tol</em> in Irish bear this meaning. But what, -I would ask, has that to do with O’Tuathail, or descendants -of Tuathal, the son of Ugaire, from whom this family have -taken their surname? The name Tuathal, signifying <em>the -lordly</em>, has no more to do with <em>tol</em>, a hill, than it has with the -English word <em>tool</em>, to which it has been anglicised for the last -two centuries. Thirdly, to prove that the name Cavanagh is -of Welsh origin, he asserts that Kaevan in Welsh signifies -<em>strong</em> in English. This may be true; but what has the signification -of the Welsh word Kaevan to do with the name of -the Mac Murroghs of Leinster, who assumed the cognomen -of Cavanagh from Donnell Cavanagh, the son of Dermot Mac -Murrogh, who had himself received this name from his having -been fostered at Kilcavan in the north-east of the present -county of Wexford? <i lang="la">Spectatum admissi risum teneatis amici?</i></p> - -<p>These errors of Spenser have been already exposed by Dr -Jeffry Keating, a man of learning and undoubted honesty, but -of great simplicity, which is characteristic of the age in which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span> -he lived, also by Gratianus Lucius, and by the learned -Roderic O’Flaherty, who has devoted a chapter of his Ogygia -to prove that Spenser, though a distinguished poet, can have -no claim to credit as a historian. Spenser’s purpose in fabricating -this story about the Mac Mahons was to hold them up -as objects of hatred to the Irish and English people, as being -descended from the murderer of Thomas à Becket. He never -succeeded, however, in convincing Ever Mac Cooley, or any -other of the rebels of the Farney, that they were descended -from the Beares of England! Spenser also asserts that <em>it -was said</em> that most of the surnames ending in <em>an</em>, though then -considered Irish, were in reality English, such as Hernan, -Shinan, Mungan, &c. I do not, however, believe a word -of this latter assertion of the great English poet, but conclude, -with the simple and honest Keating, that, “as being a poet, -he gave himself, as was usual with the profession, licence to -revel in poetic fictions, which he dressed in flowery language -to decoy his reader.” For we know that there is not a single -instance on record of any Anglo-Norman family having taken -any Irish names except such as they formed from the names -or titles of their own ancestors by prefixing Mac, which they -considered equivalent to the Norman Fitz, as Mac Maurice, -Mac Gibbon, Mac Gerald, Mac William, which are equivalent -to Fitz-Maurice, Fitz-Gibbon, Fitz-Gerald, Fitz-William. -In this manner, however, the great Anglo-Norman families of -the south and west of Ireland, who were after all more -French and Irish than they were English (their ancestors -having dwelt scarcely a century in England), nearly all hibernicised -their names. It seems rather curious that Spenser -has not furnished any list of those Anglo-Norman families -who really hibernicised their names, while he was so minute -in naming those who were not English, but whom he wished -to make appear as such, in order to be enabled to censure them -the more harshly for their treasons and rebellions. He contents -himself by stating that there were great English families -in Ireland who, he regretted to say, had become Irish in -name and feeling. The manner in which he states this fact is -worthy of consideration, and I shall therefore insert his very -words here as they appear in the Dublin edition:—“Other -great houses there bee of the English in Ireland, which -thorough licentious conversing with the Irish or marrying or -fostering with them, or lacke of meet nurture [<i>i. e.</i> education -or rearing], or such other unhappy occasions, have degendred -from their auncient dignities, and are now growne ‘<cite>as Irish -as O’Hanlon’s breech</cite>,’ as the proverbe there is.”</p> - -<p>Sir Henry Piers of Tristernagh, in the county of Westmeath, -complains of the same custom among the families of -English descent, in about a century after Spenser’s period.</p> - -<p>“In the next place, I rank the degeneracy of many English -families as a great hindrance of the reducing this people to -civility, occasioned not only by fostering, that is, having their -children nursed and bred during their tender years by the -Irish, but much more by marriages with them, by means -whereof our English in too many great families became in a -few generations one both in manners and interest with the -Irish, insomuch as many of them have not doubted [<i>i. e.</i> hesitated] -to assume even Irish names and appellations: instances -whereof are but too many even to this day: thus a Bermingham -is called by them Mac Yoris, Fitz-Simmons, Mac -Kuddery [<i lang="la">recte</i> Mac-Ruddery], Wesley [<i>i. e.</i> Wellesley], Mac -Falrene, &c., and from men thus metamorphosed what could -be expected?”—<cite>Collectanea</cite>, vol. I. p. 105.</p> - -<p>On the other hand, the Irish families who lived within the -English pale and in its vicinity gradually conformed to the -English customs, and assumed English surnames; and their -doing so was deemed to be of such political importance that it -was thought worthy the consideration of parliament: accordingly -it was enacted by the statute of 5 Edward IV (1465), -that every Irishman dwelling within the English pale, then -comprising the counties of Dublin, Meath, Louth, and Kildare, -should take an English surname. This act is so curious -as illustrating the history of Irish family names, that it demands -insertion in this place.</p> - -<p>“An act, that the Irish men dwelling in the counties of -Dublin, Myeth, Uriell, and Kildare, shall goe apparelled like -English men, and weare theire beards after the English maner, -sweare allegeance, and take English surname.”—<cite>Rot. Parl. -ca. 16.</cite></p> - -<p>“At the request of the Commons it is ordeyned and established -by authority of the said parliament, that every -Irish man that dwells betwixt or amongst Englishmen in the -county of Dublin, Myeth, Uriell, and Kildare, shall goe like -to one Englishman in apparell, and shaveing off his beard -above the mouth, and shal be within one yeare sworne the liege -man of the king in the hands of the lieutenant or deputy, or -such as he will assigne to receive this oath for the multitude -that is to be sworne, and shall take to him an English surname -of one towne, as Sutton, Chester, Trym, Skryne, Corke, -Kinsale; or colour, as white, blacke, browne; or arte or -science, as smith or carpenter; or office, as cooke, butler; and -that he and his issue shall use this name under payne of forfeyting -of his goods yearely till the premises be done, to be -levied two times by the yeare to the king’s warres, according -to the discretion of the lieutenant of the king or his deputy.”—5 -<cite>Edward</cite> IV. cap. 3.</p> - -<p>“In obedience to this law,” observes Harris, in his additions -to Ware, “the Shanachs took the name of Foxes, the Mac Gabhans -of Smiths, Geals of Whites, the Branachs of Walshes, -and many others; the said words being only literal translations -from the Irish into the English language.” Harris, however, -I may remark, is very much mistaken when he supposes -that the Branachs (<span class="irish">Breaṫnaiġ</span>, <i>i. e.</i> <em>Britones</em>) of the English -pale in Ireland are an Irish family, or that any ancient Irish -family had borne that name before the Anglo-Norman and -Welsh families settled in Ireland towards the latter end of -the twelfth century; and he is also wrong in assuming that the -Irish word for <i lang="ga">Geal</i>, white, was by itself ever used as the name -of any family in Ireland. In the other two instances he is -correct; for the head of the O’Caharnys of Teffia, who was -usually styled the Shinnagh, translated his name into Fox, -and the Mac-an-Gowans and O’Gowans translated their name -into Smith.</p> - -<p>The importance thus attached by this act to the bearing of -an English surname soon induced many of the less distinguished -Irish families of the English pale and its vicinity -to translate or disguise their Irish names, so as to make them -appear English ones, as Mac Intire to Carpenter, Mac Spallane -to Spenser, Mac Cogry to L’Estrange, &c.; but the more -distinguished families of the pale and its vicinity, as Mac Murrogh, -O’Brennan, O’Kayly, and others, retained with pride -their original Irish names unaltered; for while they could look -back with pride on a long line of ancestors, they could not -bear the idea of being considered as the descendants of tradesmen -and petty artizans, a feeling which prevails at the present -day, and will prevail for ever; for though a man has himself -sunk into poverty, he still feels a pride in believing that he is -of respectable origin. It is certain, however, that the translation -and assimilation of Irish surnames to English ones was -carried to a great extent in the vicinity of Dublin and throughout -Leinster; and hence it may at this day be safely concluded -that many families bearing English surnames throughout -the English pale are undoubtedly of Milesian or Danish origin.</p> - -<p>It appears, however that this statute had not the intended -effect; for, about a century after its having passed, we find -Spenser recommending a renewal of it, inasmuch as the Irish -had then become as Irish as ever. His words on this point -are highly interesting, as throwing great light on the history -of Irish surnames towards the close of the sixteenth century, -and we shall therefore lay them before the reader:—</p> - -<p>“Moreover, for the better breaking of these heads <em>and</em> [of?] -septs which (I told you) was one of the greatest strengthes -of the Irish, methinkes it should be very well to renewe that -ould statute which was made in the reigne of Edward the -Fourth in Ireland, by which it was commanded, that whereas -all men used to be called by the name of their septs, according -to the severall nations, and had no surnames at all, that -from henceforth each one should take upon himself a severall -surname, either of his trade and faculty, or of some quality -of his body or minde, or of the place where he dwels, so as -every one should be distinguished from the other, or from the -most part, whereby they shall not only not depend upon the -head of their sept, as now they do, but also in time learne -quite to forget his [their] Irish nation. And herewithal would -I also wish all the O’s and the Mac’s which the heads of septs -have taken to their names, to be utterly forbidden and extinguished. -For, that the same being an ordinance (as some say) -first made by O’Brien for the strengthening of the Irish, the -abrogating thereof will as much enfeeble them.”</p> - -<p>Towards the close of the next century we find Sir Henry -Piers of Tristernagh, in his account of the county of Westmeath, -rejoicing that the less distinguished Irish families were -beginning to take English surnames:—</p> - -<p>“These, I suppose, may be reckoned among the causes of -the slow progress this nation hath made towards civility and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span> -accommodation to our English laws and customs; yet these -notwithstanding, this people, especially in this and the adjoining -counties, are in our days become more polite and civil -[civilized] than in former ages, and some very forward to accommodate -themselves to the English modes, particularly in -their habit, language, and surnames, which <em>by all manner of -ways they strive to make English or English like</em>; this I speak -<em>of the inferior rank of them</em>. Thus you have Mac Gowan surname -himself Smith; Mac Killy, Cock; Mac Spallane, Spenser; -Mac Kegry, L’Estrange, &c., herein making small -amends for our degenerate English before spoken of.”</p> - -<p>But I have exceeded the space which the Journal allows for -this article, and I must defer the remainder to a future number, -promising the reader that I shall make every effort to -bring the subject of Irish surnames to a conclusion in two additional -articles.</p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Aristocratic Travelling.</span>—Mr Theobald was at that -instant speaking to Lord Bolsover. “Listen,” said the Earl -of Rochdale to Arlington, “and you will hear some of the -uses and advantages of travel.” Arlington accordingly directed -his attention to the speakers. “I will just tell you -what I did,” said Mr Theobald. “Brussels, Frankfort, -Berlin, Vienna, Munich, Milan, Naples, and Paris, and all -that in two months. No man has ever done it in less.” “That’s -a fast thing; but I think I could have done it,” said Lord -Bolsover, “with a good courier. I had a fellow once who -could ride a hundred miles a-day for a fortnight.” “I came -from Vienna to Calais,” said young Leighton, “in less time -than the government courier. No other Englishman ever -did that.” “Hem! I am not sure of that,” said Lord Bolsover. -“But I’ll just tell you what I have done: from Rome -to Naples in nineteen hours; a fact, upon my honour; and -from Naples to Paris in six days.” “Partly by sea?” interrogated -Leighton. “No! all by land,” replied Lord -Bolsover, with a look of proud satisfaction. “I’ll just tell you -what I did,” Mr Leighton chimed in again, “and I think it -is a good plan—it shows what one <em>can</em> do. I went straight -on end, as fast as I could, to what was to be the end of my -journey. This was Sicily. So straight away I went there at -the devil’s own rate, and never stopped anywhere by the way; -changed horses at Rome and all those places, and landed in -safety in——I forget exactly how long from the time of -starting, but I have got it down to an odd minute. As for -the places I left behind, I saw them all on my way back, except -the Rhine, and I steamed down that in the night-time.” -“I have travelled a good deal by night,” said Theobald. -“With a <i lang="fr">dormeuse</i> and travelling lamp I think it is pleasant, -and a good plan of getting on.” “And you can honestly say, -I suppose,” said Denbigh, “that you have slept successfully -through as much fine country as any man living?” “Oh, I -did see the country,” replied Theobald, “that is, all that was -worth seeing. My courier knew all about that, and used to -stop and waken me whenever we came to anything remarkable. -Gad! I have reason to remember it, too, for I caught an infernal -bad cold one night when I turned out by lamp-light to -look at a waterfall. I never looked at another.” There was -a pause in the conversation, and the group moved onwards -to another room.—<cite>Arlington, a Tale, by the Hon. Mr Lister.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4">Truth will never be palatable to those who are determined -not to relinquish error, but can never give offence to the honest -and well-meaning; for the plain-dealing remonstrances -of a friend differ as widely from the rancour of an enemy as the -friendly probe of a physician from the dagger of an assassin.—<cite>E. -W. Montague.</cite></p> - -<p class="gap4"><span class="smcap">Parental Duties.</span>—Bring thy children up in learning and -obedience, yet without outward austerity. Praise them openly, -reprehend them secretly. Give them good countenance and -convenient maintenance, otherwise thy life will seem their -bondage, and what portion thou shalt leave them at thy death -they will thank death for it, and not thee. And I am persuaded -that the foolish cockering of some parents, and the -overstern carriage of others, cause more men and women to -take ill courses than their own vicious inclinations. Marry -thy daughters in time, lest they marry themselves; and train -not up thy sons in the wars, for he that sets up his rest to live -by that profession can hardly be an honest man or a good -Christian; besides, it is a science no longer in request than use, -for soldiers in peace are like chimneys in summer.—<cite>Lord Burleigh’s -Maxims.</cite></p> - -<h2 class="gap4">HALF AN HOUR IN IRELAND.</h2> - -<p class="center">(<i>From Charles O’Malley.</i>)</p> - -<p>When the Bermuda transport sailed from Portsmouth for -Lisbon, I happened to make one of some four hundred interesting -individuals, who, before they became food for powder, -were destined to try their constitutions on pickled pork. The -second day after our sailing, the winds became adverse; it -blew a hurricane from every corner of the compass but the -one it ought; and the good ship, that should have been standing -straight for the Bay of Biscay, was scudding away with a -double-reefed topsail towards the coast of Labrador. For six -days we experienced every sea-manœuvre that usually preludes -a shipwreck; and at length, when, what from sea sickness and -fear, we had become utterly indifferent to the result, the storm -abated, the sea went down, and we found ourselves lying comfortably -in the harbour of Cork, we had a strange suspicion -on our minds that the frightful scenes of the past week had -been nothing but a dream.</p> - -<p>“Come, Mr Medlicot,” said the skipper to me, “we shall -be here for a couple of days to refit; had you not better go -ashore and see the country?”</p> - -<p>I sprung to my legs with delight; visions of cowslips, -larks, daisies, and mutton chops, floated before my excited -imagination, and in ten minutes I found myself standing at -that pleasant little inn at Cove, which, opposite Spike Island, -rejoices in the name of the Goat and Garters.</p> - -<p>“Breakfast, waiter,” said I; “a beefsteak—fresh beef, -mark ye; fresh eggs, bread, milk, and butter, all fresh.” No -more hard tack, thought I, no salt butter, but a genuine land -breakfast.</p> - -<p>“Up stairs, No. 4, sir,” said the waiter, as he flourished a -dirty napkin, indicating the way.</p> - -<p>Up stairs I went, and in due time the appetizing little -<i lang="fr">dejeune</i> made its appearance. Never did a miser’s eye revel -over his broad acres with more complacent enjoyment than -did mine skim over the mutton and the muffin, the teapot, the -trout, and the devilled kidney, so invitingly spread out before -me. Yes, thought I, as I smacked my lips, this is the reward -of virtue; pickled pork is a probationary state that admirably -fits us for future enjoyments. I arranged my napkin upon my -knee, I seized my knife and fork, and proceeded with most -critical acumen to bisect a beefsteak. Scarcely, however, had I -touched it, when with a loud crash the plate smashed beneath -it, and the gravy ran piteously across the cloth. Before I had -time to account for the phenomenon, the door opened hastily, -and the waiter rushed into the room, his face redolent with -smiles, while he rubbed his hands in an ecstacy of delight.</p> - -<p>“It’s all over, sir;” said he, “glory be to God, it’s all done.”</p> - -<p>“What’s over? what’s done?” said I with impatience.</p> - -<p>“M’Mahon is satisfied,” replied he, “and so is the other -gentleman.”</p> - -<p>“Who and what the devil do you mean?”</p> - -<p>“It’s over, sir, I say,” replied the waiter again; “he fired -in the air.”</p> - -<p>“Fired in the air,” said I. “Did they fight in the room below -stairs?”</p> - -<p>“Yes, sir,” said the waiter with a benign smile.</p> - -<p>“That will do,” said I, as seizing my hat I rushed out of the -house, and hurrying to the beach took a boat for the ship. -Exactly half an hour had elapsed since my landing, but even -those short thirty minutes had fully as many reasons, that -although there may be few more amusing, there are some safer -places to live in than the green island.</p> - -<p class="gap4">All men are masked; the world is one universal disguise, -each individual endeavouring to fathom his neighbour’s intentions, -at the same time wishing to hide his own, and, above -all, striving to secure a reputable character rather by words -than deeds.</p> - -<p class="gap4">Persons who are always innocently cheerful and good-humoured -are very useful in the world; they maintain peace -and happiness, and spread a thankful temper amongst all who -live around them.—<cite>Miss Talbot.</cite></p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<div class="blockquote"> - -<p>Printed and published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn</span> and <span class="smcap">Cameron</span>, at the Office -of the General Advertiser, No. 6, Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.—Agents:—<span class="smcap">R. -Groombridge</span>, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row, London; -<span class="smcap">Simms</span> and <span class="smcap">Dinham</span>, Exchange Street, Manchester; <span class="smcap">C. Davies</span>, North -John Street, Liverpool; <span class="smcap">John Menzies</span>, Prince’s Street, Edinburgh; -and <span class="smcap">David Robertson</span>, Trongate, Glasgow.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, Vol. 1 No. -48, May 29, 1841, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, MAY 29, 1841 *** - -***** This file should be named 55451-h.htm or 55451-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/5/4/5/55451/ - -Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading -Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from -images generously made available by JSTOR www.jstor.org) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project -Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you -charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you -do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the -rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose -such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and -research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do -practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is -subject to the trademark license, especially commercial -redistribution. - - - -*** START: FULL LICENSE *** - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project -Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at -http://gutenberg.org/license). - - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy -all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. -If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the -terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or -entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement -and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" -or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the -collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an -individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are -located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from -copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative -works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg -are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project -Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by -freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of -this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with -the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by -keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project -Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in -a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check -the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement -before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or -creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project -Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning -the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United -States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate -access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently -whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, -copied or distributed: - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived -from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is -posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied -and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees -or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work -with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the -work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 -through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the -Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or -1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional -terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked -to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the -permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any -word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or -distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than -"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version -posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), -you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a -copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon -request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other -form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided -that - -- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is - owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he - has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the - Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments - must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you - prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax - returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and - sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the - address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to - the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - -- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or - destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium - and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of - Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any - money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days - of receipt of the work. - -- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set -forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from -both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael -Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the -Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm -collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain -"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or -corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual -property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a -computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by -your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with -your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with -the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a -refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity -providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to -receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy -is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further -opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER -WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO -WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. -If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the -law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be -interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by -the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any -provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance -with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, -promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, -harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, -that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do -or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm -work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any -Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. - - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers -including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists -because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from -people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. -To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 -and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive -Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at -http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent -permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. -Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered -throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at -809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email -business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact -information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official -page at http://pglaf.org - -For additional contact information: - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To -SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any -particular state visit http://pglaf.org - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. -To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate - - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic -works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm -concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared -with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project -Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. - - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. -unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. - - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: - - http://www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - - -</pre> - -</body> -</html> diff --git a/old/55451-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/55451-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f16c0ef..0000000 --- a/old/55451-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55451-h/images/ormeau.jpg b/old/55451-h/images/ormeau.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f989516..0000000 --- a/old/55451-h/images/ormeau.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55451-h/images/seal1.jpg b/old/55451-h/images/seal1.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8d20bce..0000000 --- a/old/55451-h/images/seal1.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55451-h/images/seal2.jpg b/old/55451-h/images/seal2.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8e67a4b..0000000 --- a/old/55451-h/images/seal2.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55451-h/images/seal3.jpg b/old/55451-h/images/seal3.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d98db5b..0000000 --- a/old/55451-h/images/seal3.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/55451-h/images/seal4.jpg b/old/55451-h/images/seal4.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index d8e858e..0000000 --- a/old/55451-h/images/seal4.jpg +++ /dev/null |
